= = = Glentunnel = = =
Glentunnel is a small town in the Selwyn District, New Zealand. It is situated 14.5 kilometers west of Darfield and 50 kilometers west of Christchurch on State Highway 77. It has a primary school. It suffered from damages in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and was flooded in May 2021 when the Selwyn River burst its banks.

= = = Kepler-69b = = =
Kepler-69b is the closest planet of the Kepler-69 system. It is likely a hot super-Earth or mini-Neptune. It is 2.24 times the radius of the Earth and 4.48 times the diameter of the Earth.

= = = Supreme (song) = = =
"Supreme" is a 2000 song by Robbie Williams and is the third single from his third studio album "Sing When You're Winning". It topped the single charts in Hungary and Poland. It went to the top 20 in Australia, Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Track listings.
UK CD1 and cassette single
UK CD2
Australasian CD single

= = = 1992 Suusamyr earthquake = = =
On August 19, 1992, a magnitude 7.5 occurred at 02:04 UTC in the border area of Kyrgyzstan. Maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. 75 peoples have died, including 14 peoples who were killed by landslides.
The earthquake ruptured an east-west-trending, south-dipping thrust fault in the Suusamyr Basin with the epicenter beneath the Aramsu Range.
Response.
The Kyrgyz government and international humanitarian organizations responded to the disaster by providing aid and assistance to the affected communities.

= = = Sonny's Blues = = =
"Sonny's Blues" is a story that James Baldwin wrote in 1957 and then re-released again in 1965. The story is about a black algebra teacher living in Harlem in the 1950s. He tells the story about his brother Sonny's drug problems, getting arrested, and then getting better. The story was first printed in Partisan Review.
Plot.
"Sonny's Blues" is about two brothers, Sonny and the narrator. The story is told from the narrator's point of view. The story goes back and forth between the present and the past. The narrator is a math teacher, and he reads about Sonny's arrest for using drugs. He worries about Sonny and the boys in his class. Later, after the narrator's daughter dies, he decides to reach out to Sonny.
The story then goes back to when Sonny was a teenager and became obsessed with playing the piano. Sonny drops out of school to pursue his passion. Later, Sonny joins the Navy, and when he returns, he and the narrator have a poor relationship. In the present, the narrator realises that his unavailability in Sonny's life may have slowed Sonny's growth and decides to reconnect with him.
In the story, the narrator thinks about searching Sonny's room while his wife Isabel takes their kids to see their grandparents. However, he changes his mind when he sees Sonny performing in a revival meeting on the street below.
Later on, Sonny invites the narrator to watch him play in Greenwich Village. The narrator agrees and asks Sonny about his heroin addiction. Sonny explains that using drugs made him feel in control, but he wanted to escape from that life. At the jazz club, Sonny's playing is initially shaky, but he eventually wins over the crowd, including the narrator. They bond over a drink, and the narrator realises that music is how Sonny deals with his pain. However, the story ends with a symbol that suggests the brothers will face challenges in the future.
Historical Setting.
The story mentions a war a few times. It is not stated which war, it could either be the Second World War or the Korean War.

= = = Instinct (song) = = =
"Instinct" is a 1996 song by Crowded House. It was taken from their 1996 greatest hits album "Recurring Dream". It went to number 7 in Scotland, number 12 in the United Kingdom, number 17 in New Zealand, number 68 in the United States and number 90 in Australia. It did not chart in the United States.
Track listings.
"Instinct" was released as a two CD set available separately. Disc one in a double case; disc two in a sleeve ready to insert the disc into the case with disc one. "Recurring Dream" originally from the film "Tequila Sunrise" and later released on Crowded House rarities album "Afterglow". "In the Lowlands" originally from "Temple of Low Men". "Chocolate Cake" features The Beatles song "Rocky Raccoon" as its intro. All songs written by Neil Finn unless otherwise indicated.
UK CD1
UK CD2

= = = White Bird (movie) = = =
White Bird is a 2023 American war drama movie starring Ariella Glaser, Gillian Anderson and Helen Mirren. It is directed by Marc Forster. It is based on the 2019 novel "" by R. J. Palacio. It is a prequel to the 2017 movie "Wonder".

= = = Brigade of Gurkhas = = =
The Brigade of Gurkhas are a specialised unit in the British Army. Members of the Brigade are recruited from Nepal to fight for the British Army. The brigade includes 2 infantry battalions, 1 engineer regiment, 1 communications regiment, 1 logistics regiment and 1 support regiment. As of 1st July 2023, the regiment was made up of 4,140 people. Gurkhas carry a Kukri for both tradition and combat and as a result it features on the cap badges of the brigade.

= = = Tangled Up in Blue = = =
"Tangled Up in Blue" is a 1975 song by Bob Dylan. It is the opening track to his 15th studio album "Blood on the Tracks". It went to number 31 in the United States after being released as a single. It was produced by David Zimmermann, Dylan's brother. It has appeared on numerous albums since its release.

= = = Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu = = =
Hugh I of Ponthieu, died 1000. He was also known as Hugo Miles.
He was chosen by Hugh Capet, duke of France (not yet king), to be "advocate of the abbey of Saint-Riquier and castellan of Abbeville". He also married Hugh Capet's daughter.
Family.
Hugh married 994 Gisèle Capet, daughter of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine. They had:

= = = 2007 Asian heat wave = = =
The 2007 Asian heat wave affected South Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. It also affected Russia, Japan, and the People's Republic of China. The heat wave ran during the months of May and June. For Japan, it continued to September.

= = = Canary melon = = =
The Canary melon is a large, yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh. It has a sweet flavor, and it's slightly tangier than honeydews. The flesh looks like pear flesh but is softer.
Its name comes from the yellow color, which looks like a canary.

= = = Wing on wing = = =
Wing on wing designates a sail position in boats with sloop rigging, running "downwind", when the jib is held out by a spinnaker pole to catch more wind on the opposite side of the main sail.
Is a term used to define in fore-and-aft-rigged sailboat, when sailing directly away from the wind, with the sails set on opposite sides of the vessel with its foresail and mainsail opened to a 180-degree angle (e.g. with the mainsail to port and the jib to starboard) so as to maximize the amount of canvas exposed to the wind. 
The position of the boom is decisive for the avoidance rules . If possible, the main boom will therefore be left on the port side - otherwise every other sailing ship has to be avoided
The English term " �Goosewing" is also common for this sail position.

= = = Solarisbank = = =
Solaris SE is a Berlin-based fintech company that provides a banking-as-a-service platform with its German banking license. It was founded in 2015 as part of Finleap and launched in March 2016. The company has partnerships with MasterCard and has raised funds from various investors. Solarisbank offers banking service modules for digital companies and financial services startups. In January 2022, the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) of Germany ordered a special audit due to organizational deficiencies.

= = = Gliese 229 = = =
Gliese 229 (also designated as Gl 229 or GJ 229) is a binary system that has a red dwarf and the first brown dwarf discovered by astronomers. It is located 18.8 light years away in the constellation Lepus. The main star of the binary system has 58% of the mass of the Sun, 69% of the Sun's radius, and a very low projected rotation velocity of 1 km/s at the stellar equator.
The star sometimes randomly gets brighter in luminosity because it is a low activity flare star, which means there is magnetic activity on its surface that causes it to get randomly brighter. It gives off light in the H and K bands due to calcium. It also gives off X-rays from its corona, caused by the interaction between magnetic loops and the gas in its outer atmosphere. There are no large spots on the star that have been detected.
The star is moving through space with a velocity of +12 km/s in the U direction, –11 km/s in the V direction, and –12 km/s in the W direction. Its path around the Milky Way is a little bit squashed, with an eccentricity of 0.07. Its orbit is also tilted just a little bit, with an inclination of 0.005.

= = = AMC Pacer = = =
The AMC Pacer is a small car made by American Motors, it was made from 1975-80. 

= = = AMC Spirit = = =
The AMC Spirit is a compact car sold by American Motors Corporation from 1979-83. it was a revised version of the 1977 Hornet hatchback. 

= = = Tompouce = = =
A tompouce or tompoes is a pastry often eaten in the Netherlands or Belgium. It is named after Admiraal Tom Pouce, the stage name of a Frisian actor with dwarfism called Jan Hannema. The tompoes is a different form of a mille-feuille, otherwise known as a Napoleon.
History.
Name.
The first tompouce was made by a baker in Amsterdam in 1858. The actor it was named after had gotten his name from another actor, Charles Sherwood Stratton. Stratton called himself Tom Thumb, the literal translation of Tom Pouce. Tom Thumb is a fairy tale about a small man.
What it's known for.
Colour.
The tompouce is often associated with the day the people of the Netherlands celebrate the birthday of their monarch (In Dutch: "Koningsdag"; King's Day). The colour of the icing on top of the pastry is changed for this event. The icing is normally pink, but it is changed to orange. Orange is the national colour of the Netherlands. The orange tompouce is also eaten during large events the Netherlands takes part in, such as the FIFA World Cup. 
Eating.
The tompouce is known for being difficult to eat. When you try to put a fork in it, the cream on the inside tends to spill out. Because of this, the Dutch have come up with many different ways to eat the pastry.

= = = Zhangixalus hongchibaensis = = =
The Wuxi tree frog ("Zhangixalus hongchibaensis") is a frog. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: Hongchiba in Wuxi County. This is in Chongqing Province, China. People have seen it 1747 meters above sea level.
The adult male frog is about 46.5–49.7 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 55.3 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is light green in color with yellow spots. The spots have dark edges. It has short front legs. There is light red color on the bottoms of the back legs. There is brown color on the toes. The insides of the back legs are white with brown spots.
Scientists named this frog "hongchibiensis" after the place where they found it: Hongchiba. Honchiba is the largest alpine grassland in China.

= = = Theloderma = = =
Theloderma, the bug-eyed frogs, mossy frogs, or warty frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, subfamily Rhacophorinae. They live in northeastern India and southern China, through Southeast Asia, to the Greater Sunda Islands; the highest species richness is in Indochina. Some species, especially "T. corticale", can live in captivity, with humans.
They are small and medium-sized frogs with maximum snout–vent lengths that range from . Their skin can be smooth or it can have warts or bumps on it. Some of the species look very different from each other, but most have good camouflage: Their colors make them look like plants or bird droppings so that animals that want to eat them cannot see them.
Scientists do not know much about what these frogs do, but they eat small animals without bones, for example insects. Scientists have seen some of these species lay eggs in small pools of water in holes in trees, in bamboo, or in karst rocks. The female lays 4–20 eggs just above the water. After about one to two weeks they hatch into tadpoles that fall into the water. They become small frogs after a few months or a year.
Species and taxonomy.
The sister taxon of "Theloderma" is "Nyctixalus". Scientists have changed their minds about exactly which species should be in the genus "Theloderma" and which in "Nyctixalus", especially with "Theloderma moloch". Today both AmphibiaWeb and Amphibian Species of the World say the two genera are both good.
Amphibian Species of the World says there are 26 species in the genus "Theloderma":

= = = Los Angeles Sparks = = =
The Los Angeles Sparks are an American professional basketball team. They are based in Los Angeles, California. The Aces play basketball in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They are in the WNBA's Western Conference. The team was made in 1997. It is one of the eight original WNBA teams. The Sparks are not related to any NBA teams, such as the Los Angeles Lakers or Clippers. When they play basketball in Los Angeles, the Sparks play at Crypto.com Arena.
As of 2023, the Sparks have been to the WNBA Playoffs twenty times. They have been to the WNBA Playoffs more times than any other team. Many good basketball players have been on the Sparks, such as Candace Parker and Tina Thompson. In 2001, 2002, 2003, 2016 and 2017, the Sparks went to the WNBA Finals. They won in 2001, 2002, and 2016. In 2001, they beat the Charlotte Sting. In 2002, they beat the New York Liberty. In 2016, they beat the Minnesota Lynx.

= = = If (Bread song) = = =
"If" is a 1971 song by American band Bread. It was taken from their third studio album "Manna". It went to number 4 in the United States, number 6 in Canada and number 41 in Australia. It was covered by Telly Savalas where it topped the single charts in the United Kingdom in 1975.

= = = Baby I'm-a Want You (song) = = =
"Baby I'm-a Want You" is a 1971 song by American band Bread and is the title track to their fourth studio album of the same name. It went to number 3 in the United States, number 5 in Canada, number 8 in Australia and number 14 in the United Kingdom.

= = = Everything I Own = = =
"Everything I Own" is a 1972 song by American band Bread and is the second single from their fourth studio album "Baby I'm-a What You". It went to number 5 in the United States and Canada, number 12 in Australia and number 9 in New Zealand. It has been covered by Ken Boothe, Crystal Gayle and Boy George.
Boy George version.
In 1987 singer Boy George covered "Everything I Own" as the leading single from his debut studio album "Sold". It topped the single charts in the United Kingdom, Canada, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Ireland, Norway and Italy. It has a reggae vibe from the Ken Boothe's 1974 version of the sale.

= = = The Guitar Man = = =
"The Guitar Man" is a 1972 song by American band Bread and is the title track from their fifth studio album "Guitar Man". It went to number 6 in Canada, number 8 in New Zealand, number 11 in the United States, number 14 in Ireland, number 16 in the United Kingdom and number 22 in Australia.

= = = Lost Without Your Love (song) = = =
"Lost Without Your Love" is a 1976 song by Bread and is the title track to their sixth and final studio album "Lost Without Your Love". It went to number 9 in the United States, number 8 in Canada, number 19 in Australia, number 27 in the United Kingdom and number 23 in New Zealand.

= = = Washington Mystics = = =
The Washington Mystics are an American professional women's basketball team. They are based in Washington, D.C. The Mystics play basketball in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They are in the WNBA's Eastern Conference. When they play basketball in Washington, the Mystics play at the Entertainment and Sports Arena. The team won the 2019 WNBA Championship.
The team was made in 1999. It is one of the eight original WNBA teams. The Mystics are related to the Washington Wizards, a basketball team in the NBA. As of 2023, the Mystics have been to the WNBA Playoffs thirteen times. The team has had many good basketball players, such as Elena Delle Donne and Chamique Holdsclaw. Delle Donne was the most valuable player in the WNBA two times. They have been to the WNBA Finals two times. They went in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, they lost to the Seattle Storm. In 2019, they won the WNBA Championship.

= = = Burkholderia = = =
Burkholderia is a genus of "Pseudomonadota". These bacteria are gram-negative and they are aerobic (require oxygen to grow). They are rod-shaped and are motile, moving using a single or many flagella (tails), except for ", which is not motile.
Some bacteria in this genus cause disease in humans and animals. ' causes , a disease mostly found in horses. ' must infect a host mammal to live and it is transmitted from one host to another. , typically found in soil and water, is a pathogen that may cause pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis. " mainly lives in soil and it can cause in humans through contact with contaminated soil or water. 
Microbiology.
"Burkholderia" species are gram-negative bacteria. They are aerobic so require oxygen to grow.
Antibiotic resistance is a problem when treating ' and ' infections.
Taxonomy.
Accepted species.
Burkholderia genus includes the following species:

= = = Phoenix Mercury = = =
The Phoenix Mercury are an American professional basketball team. They are based in Phoenix, Arizona. The Mercury play basketball in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They are in the WNBA's Western Conference. When they play basketball in Phoenix, the Mercury play at the Footprint Center. The team won the 2007, 2009, and 2014 WNBA Championship.
The team was made in 1997. It is one of the eight original WNBA teams. As of 2023, the Mercury have been to the WNBA Playoffs fifteen times. In 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, and 2021 the Mercury went to the WNBA Finals. They lost to the Houston Comets in 1998, and to the Chicago Sky in 2021. In 2007, they won against the Detroit Shock. In 2009, they won against the Indiana Fever. In 2014, they won against the Chicago Sky.
Many good basketball players have been on the Phoenix Mercury, such as Brittney Griner, Diana Taurasi, and Candice Dupree. As of 2023, the team's coach is Vanessa Nygaard. Nygaard was a player for the New York Liberty from 1999 to 2003.

= = = Castor (star) = = =
Castor is the second brightest object in the zodiac constellation of Gemini. It has the Bayer designation � Geminorum, which is Latinised to Alpha Geminorum and shortened to Alpha Gem or � Gem. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 1.93, which makes it one of the brightest stars in the night sky. Castor appears as a single star to the naked eye, but it is actually a sextuple star system (six stars) organized into three binary pairs of stars designated Castor A, Castor B and Castor C, each containing two stars. Even though it is the '�' (alpha) member of the constellation, it is fainter than '�' (beta) Geminorum, Pollux.
Stellar system.
Castor is a multiple star system made up of six different stars; there are three visual stars, all of which are spectroscopic binaries. Appearing as a single star to the naked eye, Castor was first recorded as a double star in 1718 by James Pound, but it may have been changed into at least two sources of light by Cassini as early as 1678. The separation between the binary systems Castor A and Castor B has increased from about 2′′ (2 arcseconds of angular measurement) in 1970 to about 6′′ in 2017.
 These stars have magnitudes of 1.9 and 3.0, respectively.
Castor Aa and Ba both have orbits of a few days with a much fainter star.
Castor C, or YY Geminorum, was discovered to change in brightness with a regular period. It is an eclipsing binary with additional changes due to areas of different brightness on the surface of one or both stars, as well as irregular flares. The Castor C stars orbit in less than a day. Castor C is believed to be in a orbit around Castor AB, but with an extremely long period of several thousand years. It is 73′′ distant from the bright stars in the system
The combined apparent magnitude of all six stars is +1.58.

= = = Kepler-62 = = =
Kepler-62 is a K-type main sequence star that is smaller and colder than our Sun, it is 0.660 times smaller than the Sun and 726°C colder than the Sun. It located in the constellation Lyra about 980 light years away from us. The Kepler spacecraft that NASA's Kepler Mission used as a satellite found five planets orbiting around this star, and two of them are in the habitable zone, they are called Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f. The furthest planet from the star, called Kepler-62f, is most likely to be a rocky planet.

= = = List of Thailand Twenty20 International cricketers = = =
This is a list of Twenty20 International cricketers who have played for Thailand after debuting in 2019.

= = = The Everlasting (song) = = =
"The Everlasting" is a 1998 song by Welsh band Manic Street Preachers and is the second single from their fifth studio album "This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours". It went to number 3 in Iceland, number 9 in Scotland, number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 22 in Ireland, number 47 in the Netherlands and number 88 in Germany.
Track listings.
All music was written by James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore except where indicated. All were lyrics written by Nick Jones except where indicated.
CD single 1 (UK) 
CD single 2 (UK) 
CD single (EU) 
CD single (Australia) 
Cassette single
12-inch vinyl single 

= = = About You Now = = =
"About You Now" is a 2007 song by English band Sugababes. It was taken from their fifth studio album "Change". It went to number 1 in Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Scotland and the United Kingdom. It went to the top 20 in Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway and Slovakia. It also went to number 57 in Australia. It has been covered by Miranda Cosgrove for iCarly.

= = = Glenelg Football Club = = =
Glenelg Football Club, nicknamed the Tigers, is an Australian rules football club from Glenelg, a suburb of Adelaide. The club competes in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

= = = 4 May 2023 Serbia shootings = = =
On the evening of the 4 May 2023, eight people were killed in a drive-by shooting in Dubona and Šepšin, Serbia. Fourteen people were injured. The suspect is 21-year-old Serbian man Uroš Blažić.
Police found four bombs, a flare gun, a submachine gun, two silencers, a hunter's knife and ammunition in the house of the suspect's grandfather.
Background.
Serbian gun laws are strict however Serbia also has one of the world's highest gun ownership rates per person and the highest in Europe. In 2021, it was estimated that there was 39 owned guns every 100 people, Serbia was ranked third on this statistic, only behind the United States and Yemen. Along with a culture of gun ownership and many houses keeping war trophies, illegal weapons became widespread in certain countries in the Balkans following the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s.
Mass shootings are rare in Serbia and the rest of the Balkans. In the 21st century there were previously four mass shootings: the Jabukovac killings in which nine people were killed, the 2013 Velika Ivanča shooting in which 14 people were killed, the 2016 Žitište shooting in which five people were killed and the Belgrade school shooting that happened the day before, in which nine people were killed, leading the government to propose stricter gun laws.

= = = Adam Hargreaves = = =
Adam Hargreaves (born June 18, 1963), is an English author and illustrator best known for being the son of the late Roger Hargreaves, creator of the Mr. Men book series, continuing his late father’s successful book series. Adam reportedly served as inspiration for the series, when at 8 years old, he asked his father "what does a tickle look like?" his father was inspired by the question and drew what would become the first book of the series, Mr. Tickle, published in August 1971.

= = = Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire = = =
The Ottoman Empire used to have a different anthem for each ruler. The first Sultan that appeared to have a personal anthem was Mahmud II. He started reforms which included the modernization of Ottoman imperial and military bands. This process went to Italian-born composer Giuseppe Donizetti, who was also the composer of first Ottoman Imperial anthem – "Mahmudiye Marşı", and second – "Mecidyie Marşi". Mehmed VI, the last Ottoman sultan didin't choose a special march composed for him but rather chose to use the “Mahmudiye”.
Lyrics.
Only the "Hamidiye Marşı" and "Reşadiye Marşı" used to have lyrics, the first three anthems were completly instrumental. The lyrics of the "Reşadiye Marşı" seem to have been lost to history.
Hamidiye Marşı.
Ey velîni'met-i âlem şehinşâh-ı cihan<br>
Taht-ı âlî baht-ı Osmaniye verdin izz ü şan<br>
Sâye-i lûtf-i hümayûnunla âlem kâm-ran<br>
Saltanatta çok zaman Sultan Hamid zevk et heman<br>
Çok yaşa ey padişahım devletinle çok yaşa<br>
Çok yaşa ey padişahım şevketinle çok yaşa<br>

= = = Yah Mo B There = = =
"Yah Mo B There" is a 1983 song by James Ingram featuring Michael McDonald and was taken from his debut studio album "It's Your Night". It went to number 19 in the United States and number 12 in the United Kingdom and Ireland and won a Grammy Award in 1985 for Best duo or group.

= = = Mercury Cougar = = =
The Mercury Cougar is a car sold by Mercury from 1967-2002. during it's life, it was a 2 door, 4 door, wagon, and convertible, and was a muscle car, a luxury car, and a compact car during it's lifespan.
It went over multiple changes over the years, such as becoming a personal luxury car, then a sporty compact car based on the European Ford Cougar.

= = = 1924 United States presidential election = = =
The 1924 United States presidential election occurred on November 4, 1924. It was the 35th election in the history of the United States. The election was won by incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, who had been president since the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923.
Robert M. La Follette, the losing candidate from the Progressive Party, would be the last major third-party candidate in a presidential election as well as the last candidate from neither the Republicans nor Democrats to secure any electoral votes until George C. Wallace in 1968

= = = Aston = = =
Aston is an inner city area of Birmingham.
History.
Aston was first mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086. It was originally governed by its own council until it part of Birmingham in 1911.
Old buildings such as the Barton Arms and Aston Hippodrome became well known.

= = = Mr. Tumnus = = =
Mr. Tumnus is a fictional character in the "The Chronicles of Narnia" books. He is a faun from a magic place called Narnia. 

= = = Uma Ukpai = = =
Uma Ukpai (born on 7 January 1945) is a Nigerian religious figure known all over the world as an international Christian evangelist. He is married to Pastor Dr. Mrs Philomena Uma Ukpai.

= = = Eupogonesthes = = =
The Exotic snaggletooth (Eupogonesthes xenicus) is a species of barbeled dragonfish. It is the only species in the genus.

= = = Cueretú language = = =
Cueretú (Curetu) is an extinct language from the Amazon basin. It is a part of the Tucanoan language family. Not much is known about it.

= = = Joe Davis = = =
Joe Davis (15 April 1901 10 July 1978) was a British snooker player. He was born in Whitewell, Derbyshire, England. He died in Hampshire.
Davis was the world snooker champion from 1927 until his retirement in 1946. He turned professional in the year 1919. He scored 689 century breaks. He held the world title for a maximum break of 147.
Davis was awarded the order of the British Empire in 1963. He was known as the "grand old man". He was the world champion 15 times.

= = = Lee Ving = = =
Lee James Jude Capallero (born April 10, 1950), also known as Lee Ving, is an American guitarist, singer and actor. 
Ving is the frontman of the Los Angeles-based hardcore punk band Fear.

= = = Queen's Service Medal = = =
The Queen's Service Medal is a medal given by the government of New Zealand to recognize and reward people who help their communities. It was established in 1975. It replaced the Imperial Service Medal as an award of New Zealand.

= = = Zhangixalus jodiae = = =
Jodi's tree frog ("Zhangixalus jodiae") is a frog. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: a forest that is in Cao Ma and Ta Van in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam.
The adult male frog is about 36.1–39.8 mm long from nose to rear end. The skin of the frog's back is green in color with no spots. The sides of the frog's body are cream-white in color. There is black color on the back legs and where the front legs meet the body.

= = = Seattle Storm = = =
The Seattle Storm are an American professional women's basketball team. They are based in Seattle, Washington. The Storm play basketball in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They are in the WNBA's Western Conference. When they play basketball in Seattle, the Lynx play at Climate Pledge Arena. The team was made in 2000. The team won the 2004, 2010, 2018, and 2020 WNBA Championships.
As of 2023, the Storm have been to the WNBA Playoffs sixteen times. Many good basketball players have been on the Storm, such as Sue Bird, Breanna Stewart, and Lauren Jackson. The Storm are one of two WNBA teams who have never lost a WNBA Final. The other is the Houston Comets. However, the Comets are not a team anymore. In 2004, they beat the Connecticut Sun. In 2010, they beat the Atlanta Dream. In 2018, they beat the Washington Mystics. In 2020, they beat the Las Vegas Aces.
The Storm was related to the Seattle SuperSonics, a team in the NBA. However, the SuperSonics became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008.

= = = Homework (album) = = =
Homework is the first studio album by the French electronic music duo, Daft Punk.

= = = Eastern Conference (WNBA) = = =
The Eastern Conference of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) has six basketball teams in it.
Eastern Conference champions.
The WNBA gave conference championship awards to the winners of the Conference Finals in the playoffs. They did this from 1998 to 2015 Conference championships were not awarded in the WNBA's first season (1997). The WNBA stopped doing this in 2016. 

= = = Ini Edo = = =
Ini Edo (born on 23 April 1982), also known as Iniobong Edo Ekim, is a Nigerian actress. She started acting in 2000 and has appeared in over 100 films since then. In 2013, she served as a judge for the Miss Black Africa UK Pageant. In 2014, the United Nations made her a United Nations Habitat Youth Envoy.
In April 2023, Ini Edo dismissed rumours of her alleged affair with fellow actress Empress Njamah's ex-boyfriend, George Wade.

= = = Always on Your Side = = =
"Always on Your Side" is a 2006 song by Sheryl Crow featuring Sting. It is the third single from fifth studio album "Wildflower". It went to number 2 in Canada, number 30 in Hungary and number 35 in the United States. It was nominated for a Grammy award in 2007.

= = = Yellow Flicker Beat = = =
"Yellow Flicker Beat'" is a 2014 song by New Zealand singer Lorde. It was released as a single to the "" soundtrack. It went to number 4 in New Zealand, number 16 in Hungary, number 21 in Canada, number 25 in Australia, number 27 in Switzerland, number 34 in the United States, number 35 in Austria, number 38 in Germany, number 54 in Scotland and number 71 in the United Kingdom.

= = = AH Scorpii = = =
AH Scorpii (shortened as AH Sco) is a red supergiant variable star in the constellation Scorpius. It is a very large star at 1,411 times the radius of our Sun and one of the most luminous stars of its type. It is one of the largest stars in the Milky Way.

= = = SS&C Technologies = = =
SS&C Technologies Holdings is an American multinational holding company based in Windsor, Connecticut. It sells software and software as a service to the financial services industry and specializes in fund administration, wealth management accounting, and insurance and pension funds.
History.
SS&C was founded in 1986 by William C. Stone, went through an IPO in 1996, was taken private in a leveraged buy-out in 2005, and went through a second IPO in 2010. In 2021, Mammoth Scientific selected SS&C as the administrator and technology partner for its $100 million venture capital fund, and Gordian Capital started using SS&C's Eze Investment Suite for its trading, portfolio, and risk management services. In May 2022, Liontrust Asset Management extended its mandate with SS&C. In June, SS&C released a new asset allocator platform for institutional investors. The company has numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as Advent Software, Varden Technologies, Eze Software, and Primatics Financial.

= = = Dialer = = =
A piece of software that allows people to connect to a phone number, for example over the internet, or by speaking a name or number into their mobile phone

= = = Lynx Software Technologies = = =
Lynx Software Technologies, Inc. is a California-based software company that specializes in secure virtualization and real-time operating systems (RTOS) for safety- and security-critical software systems. 
History.
The company was founded in 1988 as Lynx Real-Time Systems and later merged with Integrated Software & Devices Corporation (ISDCorp) to become LynuxWorks in 2000. The company changed its name to Lynx Software Technologies in May 2014. Lynx's flagship RTOS is LynxOS, which is UNIX-compatible and POSIX-compliant. LynxOS-178 is a specialized version of LynxOS for avionics applications that require certification to industry standards such as DO-178B/C. Lynx's technology is used in medical, industrial, and communication systems around the world by companies such as Airbus, Bosch, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Rohde and Schwartz, and Toyota. In early 2020, Lynx announced that its LYNX MOSA.ic software development framework was adopted by the TR3 modernization program for the Joint Strike Fighter. 
Operating system.
The F-35 Lightning II Program is the US Department of Defense's program for defining affordable next-generation strike aircraft weapon systems, intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, and their allies.

= = = Get Close = = =
Get Close is the fourth studio album by The Pretenders. It was released on 20 October, 1986 through Sire Records. It went to number 2 in Iceland, number 6 in Sweden and the United Kingdom, number 7 in Finland, number 9 in Canada, number 12 in Australia, number 13 in New Zealand, number 18 in Norway, number 22 in Switzerland and the Netherlands, number 25 in the United States and number 33 in Germany.

= = = Unit4 = = =
Unit4 is a company that makes software and provides services for businesses and organizations. They focus on areas like education, nonprofits, and public services. Their software helps manage things like finances and talent. They have offices in many countries around the world. 
History.
The company started in 1980 and has gone through some changes over the years. In 1998, Unit4 was d listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. In March 2014, Unit4 was acquired by international venture capital firm Advent International. They recently released a new software called ERPx for mid-sized organizations. In 2021, they were bought by a private equity firm for over $2 billion.

= = = Jive Software = = =
Jive Software is a company that provides communication and collaboration software for businesses. It was founded in 2001 and is now a part of Aurea Software. Jive has offices in many locations worldwide, including the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, Brazil, Israel, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, and France.
History.
Jive had its IPO on the NASDAQ stock exchange in 2011, raising more money than planned. On February 10, 2015, Elisa Steele was named CEO. After a period of declining customer and revenue growth, Jive was acquired by Aurea in 2017 for $462 million in cash.

= = = These Dreams = = =
"These Dreams" is a 1986 song by American hard rock band Heart and is the third single from their eighth studio album "Heart". It went to number 1 in the United States, number 6 in Canada, number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in Ireland, number 23 in Finland, number 27 in Australia and number 38 in the Netherlands.

= = = Gypsy (Fleetwood Mac song) = = =
"Gypsy" is a 1982 song by British American band Fleetwood Mac. It was taken from their 13th studio album "Fleetwood Mac". It went to number 12 in the United States, number 16 in Canada, number 17 in Australia, number 25 in Ireland, number 35 in Germany, number 42 in the Netherlands and number 46 in the United Kingdom. It did not chart in New Zealand.

= = = Show Me Love (Robyn song) = = =
"Show Me Love" is a 1997 song by Swedish singer Robyn. It was taken from her debut studio album "Robyn is Here". It went to number 2 in Canada, number 7 in the United States, number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in New Zealand, number 14 in Sweden, number 20 in Scotland, number 27 in the Netherlands, number 34 in Australia, number 36 in France and number 70 in Germany. It was used in the 1998 movie "Fucking Åmål".
Track listings.
US single.
"Side A"
"Side B"
"Side A"
"Side B"

= = = Mohil = = =
Mohil are a clan/Gotra of Yadavas British Historians H.A. Rose, Ibbetson and Maclagan have stated Mohals as a gotra of Yaduvanshi Ahirs.

= = = Hoogland = = =
Hoogland (in English; High land) is a district and a town in Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Until 1974, it was its own municipality, but it was taken over by Amersfoort.
History.
Early history (Before 1811).
"Het Hogeland" (In English; The high land) used to be the name for a larger piece of land around Hoogland. People lived here since at least the 8th century AD. People assume that they probably started working together in the 12th century. This resulted in many cooperations between farmers and the like.
Hoogland as municipaility (1811-1974).
Between 1811 and 1974, Hoogland was a municipality. This was because the French, who had taken over the Netherlands during this time, were changing the way the country was organised.
Hoogland as a part of Amersfoort (1967-).
In 1967, it was revealed that Hoogland would be broken apart and would be given to two other municipalities, Amersfoort and Bunschoten. Not everyone was happy with this change. Many people from Hoogland wanted to stay independent. But their protests didn't manage to stop the change.
Characteristics.
Hoogland is known for its farms and the people living there being close together. Every year, a festival is held so that people have the chance to chat and catch up with each other. It also entertains people and is known for it's horse races. Thousand of people visit this event every year,
Horse racing.
Somewhat after World War II ended, in 1947, the first horse events, which featured horse racing, but also stunts and the like, started being held. A group called the JBTB continued hosting horse events. These events proved popular, the 40th yearly "Paardesportdag" (Horse sports day) managed to pull at least 5000 visitors in, with people from all around the region.

= = = 1971–72 Austrian Cup = = =
The 1971-72 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. FK Austria Wien were the defending champions. In the event of a draw, overtime + penalty shootout. 
First round.
First round with teams from the Second League.
Round of 32.
First round with teams from the first league.
bye: Wiener AC 
Final first leg.
Gerald Fuchsbichler – Helmut Wallner, Stefan Vasgyura, Roland Gareis, Anton Auer, Anton Wustinger, Josef Schulz, Herbert Onger, Anton Herzog, Günther Happich, Günther Rinker<br> coach: Josef Argauer
Erwin Fuchsbichler – Ewald Ullmann, Günter Scheffl (63. Stanislaus Kastner), Norbert Hof, Erich Fak, Werner Walzer, Alois Jagodic, Rudolf Flögel, Clemens Kos (30. Jürgen Ey), Geza Gallos, Jörn Bjerregaard <br>coach: Ernst Hložek
Final second leg.
Adolf Antrich – Ewald Ullmann, Günter Scheffl (105. Karl Müller), Egon Pajenk, Norbert Hof, Werner Walzer, Alois Jagodic, Rudolf Flögel, Bernd Lorenz, Clemens Kos (6. Jürgen Ey), Stanislaus Kastner<br> coach Ernst Hložek
Gerald Fuchsbichler – Anton Auer, Helmut Wallner, Stefan Vasgyura, Roland Gareis, Anton Wustinger, Herbert Onger (96. Ferdinand Janotka), Anton Herzog, Günther Happich, Günther Rinker, Johann Hörmayer<br> coach: Josef Argauer

= = = Nitta Shrine = = =
 can refer to the following:

= = = Geza Gallos = = =
Geza Gallos (7 September 1948 – 3 November 2013) was an Austrian footballer He played as a forward. Gallos played for different teams in Austria. He played most matches for SK Rapid Wien. He also played for the Austrian national football team.
Career.
His career began at ASV Neufeld. In July 1968 he moved to SC Eisenstadt in the Austrian national league. After one yer he moved to SK Rapid Wien. Later he played for LASK and FC Admira Wacker Mödling. He completed 450 league games in Austria's top division and scored 104 goals. He ended his career with ASV Neufeld and ASV Hornstein.
Since 2015 ASV Neufeld has organized the international "Geza Gallos commemorative tournament" for youth teams every year.
National team.
He played 6 matches for Austria. He debuted on 4 April 1971 versus Hungary. His last match was on 8 June 1974 versus Italy.

= = = Shepherd moon = = =
A shepherd moon is a moon that orbits inside a planet's rings.
Examples.
Saturn's Prometheus and Pandora moons

= = = Strangelove (song) = = =
"Strangelove" is a 1987 song by British band Depeche Mode and is the leading single from their sixth studio album "Music for the Masses". It went to number 2 in Finland, Germany and South Africa, number 3 in Denmark and Switzerland, number 5 in Ireland and Sweden, number 12 in Spain, number 14 in Italy, number 16 in the United Kingdom, number 25 in France, number 29 in Austria, number 30 in the Netherlands and number 38 in Hungary.
Track listings.
All tracks are written by Martin L. Gore.

= = = Eagar, Arizona = = =
Eagar is a town in Apache County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Nahata Dziil, Arizona = = =
Nahata Dziil, sometimes written Nahatadzill, is a Chapter situated in Apache County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Huachuca City, Arizona = = =
Huachuca City is a town in Cochise County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Fredonia, Arizona = = =
Fredonia is a town in Coconino County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Tusayan, Arizona = = =
Tusayan is a town in Coconino County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Payson, Arizona = = =
Payson is a town in Gila County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Star Valley, Arizona = = =
Star Valley is a town in Gila County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Pima, Arizona = = =
Pima is a town in Graham County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Thatcher, Arizona = = =
Thatcher is a town in Graham County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Duncan, Arizona = = =
Duncan is a town in Greenlee County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Carefree, Arizona = = =
Carefree is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Cave Creek, Arizona = = =
Cave Creek is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Gila Bend, Arizona = = =
Gila Bend is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Guadalupe, Arizona = = =
Guadalupe is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Youngtown, Arizona = = =
Youngtown is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Colorado City, Arizona = = =
Colorado City is a town in Mohave County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona = = =
Pinetop-Lakeside is a town in Navajo County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Taylor, Arizona = = =
Taylor is a town in Navajo County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Marana, Arizona = = =
Marana is a town in Pima County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Oro Valley, Arizona = = =
Oro Valley is a town in Pima County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Sahuarita, Arizona = = =
Sahuarita is a town in Pima County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Kearny, Arizona = = =
Kearny is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Mammoth, Arizona = = =
Mammoth is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Superior, Arizona = = =
Superior is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Patagonia, Arizona = = =
Patagonia is a town in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Camp Verde, Arizona = = =
Camp Verde is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Chino Valley, Arizona = = =
Chino Valley is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Clarkdale, Arizona = = =
Clarkdale is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona = = =
Dewey-Humboldt is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Jerome, Arizona = = =
Jerome is a town in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States.

= = = Retrograde (2004 movie) = = =
Retrograde is a 2004 Italian Luxembourgian American British science fiction action movie directed by Christopher Kulikowski and starring Dolph Lundgren, Gary Daniels, Annabelle Apsion, Joe Montana, David Jean Thomas. It was distributed by Franchise Pictures.

= = = Wellton, Arizona = = =
Wellton is a town in Yuma County, Arizona, United States.

= = = WCYB-TV = = =
WCYB-TV (channel 5) is a television station in Bristol, Virginia, United States. It serves the Tri-Cities area as a partner of NBC and The CW.

= = = 1920 United States presidential election = = =
The 1920 United States presidential election was the 34th election in the history of the United States. It occurred on November 2, 1920. This election was between Governor of Ohio James M. Cox and U.S Senator from Ohio Warren G. Harding. Harding won the election by 404 electoral votes. James M. Cox got only 127 electoral votes.
This election would be historic as almost every candidate would later serve as President, as Harding served from 1921-1923, Coolidge from 1923-1929, and Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1945.

= = = Zhangixalus lishuiensis = = =
Zhangixalus lishuiensis is a frog. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: Fengyang Forest Station. This is in Zhejiang Province, China. People have seen it 1100 meters above sea level.

= = = Jörn Bjerregaard = = =
Jörn Bjerregaard (born 19 January 1943) is a retired Danish footballer and coach.
Career.
He started his career at Aarhus GF at the age of 12. Aarhus was Denmark's top team in the 1950s. In addition to football, he began studying economics, which he ended prematurely in the mid-1960s in favor of sports. In 1962 he made his debut for Aarhus in the first Danish league. He scored 13 goals in his first season. This made him to the club's second-best goalscorer. In 1965, Bjerregaard won his first title by winning the cup. 
1966 he went to Austria and signed a contract with SK Rapid Wien. This was his first professional contract, since a professional league was not introduced in Denmark until 1978. In his first game for Rapid he scored three goals against Kapfenberger SV and three in the first round of the European Cup against Galatasaray Istanbul.
In the 1971/72 season he had problems with the new coach Ernst Hlozek. So he went to SC Eisenstadt. After 23 goals in his first season for Eisenstadt, he played as midfielder the following year . At the age of 32 he ended his career as defender. The reason for the end of his career was physical problems.
International career.
Between 1962 and 1966 he played five matches for the Danish U-21 national team. Bjerregaard never played in an official game for the Danish national football team. He became a professional player when he switched to Rapid and Denmark was an amateur team.
Managing career.
In 1976, Bjerregaard became coach of his first club Aarhus GF. In this season Aarhus was promoted to the 1st division After this resigned and returned to Austria. 
Personal.
Bjerregaard's son, Carsten Bjerregaard, was also a professional footballer. He played for Vienna and Admira Wacker in the Austrian Bundesliga between 1990 and 1995.

= = = Quaternary numeral system = = =
A quaternary numeral system uses the digits 0, 1, 2, and 3 to represent any real number. It is a base-4 system, which means it works in a similar way to how we count in regular decimal numbers, but with only four possible digits. Converting from binary (a base-2 system) to quaternary is easy.
The number four is a useful choice for a base in counting because it is the highest number that can be quickly recognized without counting each item one by one (subitizing). It is also both a square number and a highly composite number (in the same way 36 is), making it quite easy. Despite being twice as large as binary, it has the same radix economy for counting. However, it is not the best choice for identifying prime numbers (the smallest better choice being the primorial base six, or senary).
Quaternary is like other numeral systems with a fixed-radix in that it has certain properties, such as the capability to represent any real number using a standard representation that is almost unique. Additionally, it has similar characteristics for the representation of irrational and rational numbers as systems like decimal or binary. See discussions on binary and decimal for more information on these properties.

= = = New South Wales Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch), commonly known as NSW Labor, is the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government (having formed a minority government since 2023). The party's leader is Chris Minns (who is the current state Premier) and the party's deputy leader is Prue Car.

= = = Victorian Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch), commonly known as Victorian Labor, is the Victorian branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government. The party's leader is Jacinta Allan (who is the current state Premier) and the party's deputy leader is Ben Carroll.

= = = Queensland Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch), commonly known as Queensland Labor, is the Queensland branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government. The party's leader is Annastacia Palaszczuk (who is the current state Premier) and the party's deputy leader is Steven Miles.

= = = Western Australian Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch), commonly known as WA Labor, is the Western Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government. The party's leader is Roger Cook (who is the current state Premier) and the party's deputy leader is Rita Saffioti.

= = = South Australian Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch), commonly known as SA Labor, is the South Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government. The party's leader is Peter Malinauskas (who is the current state Premier) and the party's deputy leader is Susan Close.

= = = Executioner = = =
An executioner is an official who carries out a sentence of death on a legally condemned person.

= = = Tasmanian Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch), commonly known as Tasmanian Labor, is the Tasmanian branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Opposition. The party's leader is Rebecca White and the party's deputy leader is Anita Dow.

= = = ACT Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (Australian Capital Territory Branch), commonly known as ACT Labor, is the Australian Capital Territory branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government in a coalition with the Greens. The party's leader is Andrew Barr (who is the current Chief Minister) and the party's deputy leader is Yvette Berry.

= = = Territory Labor Party = = =
The Australian Labor Party (Northern Territory Branch), commonly known as Territory Labor, is the Northern Territory branch of the Australian Labor Party, a centre-left social democratic political party in Australia. It is currently in Government. The party's leader is Natasha Fyles (who is the current Chief Minister) and the party's deputy leader is Nicole Manison.

= = = The Greens NSW = = =
The Greens NSW are the New South Wales state branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party has no leader, but instead has collective leadership.

= = = Australian Greens Victoria = = =
The Victorian Greens are the Victorian state branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party's leader is Samantha Ratnam.

= = = Queensland Greens = = =
The Queensland Greens are the Queensland state branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party has no leader, but instead has collective leadership.

= = = Greens Western Australia = = =
The Greens WA are the Western Australian state branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party has no leader, but instead has collective leadership.

= = = Greens South Australia = = =
The Greens SA are the South Australian state branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party has no leader, but instead has collective leadership.

= = = Tasmanian Greens = = =
The Tasmanian Greens are the Tasmanian state branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The Tasmanian Greens formed out of several environmental activist groups. It is the oldest green party in Australia and one of the oldest in the world. The party's leader is Cassy O'Connor.

= = = ACT Greens = = =
The ACT Greens are the Australian Capital Territory branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party currently forms a coalition government with the Labor Party. The party's leader is Shane Rattenbury.

= = = Northern Territory Greens = = =
The NT Greens are the Northern Territory branch of the Australian Greens, a left-wing green party in Australia. The party has no leader, but instead has collective leadership.

= = = WOH S281 = = =
WOH S281 (also known as IRAS 05261-6614) is a red supergiant located in the constellation of Dorado. It is also one of the largest known stars with a radius of 1,376 times that of the Sun. If it was placed at the center of the solar system, its photosphere would reach past the orbit of Jupiter.

= = = Demon Cleaner (song) = = =
"Demon Cleaner" is a 1994 song by stoner rock band Kyuss. It is the leading single from their third studio album "Welcome to Sky Valley". It was released as a single in September 1994 and it was their biggest hit. It went to number 78 in the United Kingdom. It has been covered live by Tool.
Track listings.
Australia CD, Europe CD1 (limited edition), Germany CD
Germany CD2
UK 7" (limited edition)
US promo CD

= = = Günter Kaltenbrunner = = =
Günter Kaltenbrunner (born 28 July 1943) is a former Austrian football player and manager. He played as striker for different clubs in Austria. He also played for the Austrian national football team between 1962 and 1968. 
Career.
He started his career with Wiener AC and SK Admira Wien. There he played with his older brother Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Then he played for Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz, Wiener Sport-Club and SK Rapid. From 1970 to 1972 he played in France for Nice. At the end of his career he played again for Admira Wien and Wiener Sport-Club.
National team.
Between 1962 and 1968 he played 4 international matches for the Austrian national football team. His first match was on 28 October 1962 in a 2-0 away loss versus Hungary. He played his last match on 22 September 1968 in a 1-0 loss versus Switzerland.
Manager career.
He managed SC Eisenstadt, Wiener Sport-Club and Kremser SC.
Personal life.
From 1995 to 1999 he was President of Rapid Wien. Before that, he was an employee of Bank Austria and rescued SK Rapid in 1994 after the collapse of Rapid-AG. In June 2022 he was appointed Honorary President of SK Rapid.

= = = All About Soul = = =
"All About Soul" is a 1993 song by Billy Joel and is the third single from his 12th studio album "River of Dreams". It went to number 9 in Canada, number 22 in New Zealand, number 29 in the United States, number 30 in Iceland, number 32 in the United Kingdom, number 34 in Australia, number 42 in the Netherlands and number 51 in Germany.
Track listing.
UK CD single

= = = African-American LGBT community = = =
The African-American LGBT community, otherwise referred to as the Black LGBT community, is part of the overall LGBT culture and overall African-American culture. LGBT African Americans experience discrimination from both their race and sexuality/LGBT background.

= = = African-American Muslims = = =
African-American Muslims are African Americans who practice the Muslim faith. Most black Muslims are converts who converted from other religions such as Christianity. 2% of African Americans are Muslims in the United States.

= = = Kevin Gates = = =
Kevin Jerome Gilyard (stage name: Kevin Gates; born February 5, 1986) is a American rapper.

= = = Shooting Star (Bad Company song) = = =
"Shooting Star" is a 1975 song by British band Bad Company. It is the fourth track from their second studio album "Straight Shooter". Although never released as a single it has become a radio staple and has been featured on their live albums and compilation albums.

= = = Train in Vain = = =
"Train in Vain" is a 1980 song by English punk rock band The Clash and is the third and final single from their third studio album "London Calling". In the United States the song was re-titled Train in Vain (Stand by Me) to avoid confusion with the Ben E. King song "Stand by Me". It went to number 23 in the United States, number 26 in New Zealand and number 62 in Canada. It was sampled by alternative rock band Garbage for their single "Stupid Girl".
Formats and track listings.
"Train in Vain" was released in mainland Europe as a 33 rpm single in June 1980 (catalogue number CBS 8370) and included the tracks "Bankrobber" and "Rockers Galore... UK Tour". In the UK, "Train in Vain" was not released as a single at the time; only "Bankrobber" and "Rockers Galore... UK Tour" were released on a 7" single in August 1980 (catalogue number CBS 8323). The song was released in the US as a 10" white label promo in 1979 (catalogue number AS 749). The US commercial release of 12 February 1980 (catalogue number 50851) consisted of a 7" that included the track "London Calling". The 1991 UK re-release (catalogue number 657430 7) included the track "The Right Profile". The formats and track listings of "Train in Vain (Stand By Me)" are tabulated below:

= = = Snap pea = = =
Snap peas are also known as sugar snap peas. They are a cross between snow peas and garden peas. The whole pod is eaten and has a crunchy texture and very sweet flavor. Snap peas may be eaten raw or cooked.

= = = FIS (company) = = =
Fidelity National Information Services, Inc. (FIS) is an American company that provides financial technology products and services. It helps businesses process transactions and offers solutions for banking and capital markets. FIS is known for its acquisitions, including the largest one with Worldpay. It has a strong financial performance, with increased revenue and earnings. FIS plays a vital role in the financial technology industry, serving clients worldwide.

= = = Virtu Financial = = =
Virtu Financial is an American company that provides financial services, trading products, and market-making services. It offers a range of solutions in execution, liquidity sourcing, analytics, and broker-neutral platforms. Virtu operates in various markets and exchanges globally, trading in equities, commodities, currencies, options, fixed income, and other securities. The company uses proprietary technology for high-volume trading. It was founded in 2008 by Vincent Viola and Douglas Cifu, and it went public on Nasdaq in 2015. Virtu has made several acquisitions to expand its operations and has offices in multiple locations worldwide. The company has been involved in investigations related to high-frequency trading practices.

= = = ESTO = = =
ESTO is a financial technology company that offers different payment options for B2B and B2C clients in the Baltics: from payments facilitation and BNPL solutions to consumer loans. 
The company was founded in 2017 in Tallinn, Estonia and has since expanded to have offices in four other cities all over the Baltics. ESTO has developed several products including ESTO Checkout for B2B merchants; ESTO account, a consumer digital banking product, and ESTO Market, a shopping and marketing platform - for B2C clients. 
The company has partnerships with over 2000 merchants in the Baltics, including major retailers such as IDeal and JYSK. 
In 2021, ESTO opened representative offices in Lithuania and Latvia, and received a 4 million euro loan from Citadele Bank to strengthen operations and expand in the Baltic market. As of 2022, ESTO has facilitated over 100 million euros in credit.

= = = Worldline = = =
Worldline SA is a French multinational company that provides payment and transactional services. It was founded in 1974 and has become the European leader in the industry, operating in over 50 countries with more than 20,000 employees. Worldline offers various services, including merchant services, financial services, and mobility services. In 2021, Worldline generated a revenue of 3.7 billion euros. The company has a history of acquisitions and mergers to expand its services and market presence. Notably, they merged with Equens in 2015 and acquired SIX Payment Services in 2018. In 2020, Worldline acquired Ingenico, a leading company in the payment terminal market.

= = = Central African Empire = = =
Central African Empire (French: "Empire centrafricain") was a name of Central African Republic from 1976 to 1979 during monarchy of Jean-Bédel Bokassa.
Establishment and coronation.
The former president Jean-Bédel Bokassa on 4 December 1976 dissolved the government and declared himself emperor. Bokassa crowned himself on 4 December 1977. The coronation ceremony costed 20 milion dollar, which was 1/3 of the budget of Empire. The ceremony was huge, the coronation centre was built. Also were brought exhibitional uniforms, pink feathers, white gloves and red carpets. The orchestra brought from Paris played waltzes and marches. All Bangui citizens had to get involved in a parade through the city centre. No head of state came to the coronation, even from friendly dictatorships – China, North Korea, Romania or Iran. Also any influent African leader didn't came to the ceremony.
Fall of the Empire.
The emperor Bokassa have been overthrown by the French commados on September 1979. He escaped from Central Africa to Ivory Coast and later he went into exile to France. In 1986, he returned to the Republic and was arrested when he was charged with murder treason, cannibalism and others. Bokassa was sentenced to the capital punishment, which was changed to life sentence. As a result of the amnesty in 1993, he was released and died in 1996 because of a heart attack.

= = = Coat of Arms of the Central African Republic = = =
The Coat of Arms of the Central African Republic is divided on five fields, its small cardiac shield contains the golden star, symbol of African freedom and aspirations to unite the continent. The star is located on contour of the "Black Africa". The silver head of the elephant on green background and green Baobab tree on a silver background represents strenght and rich Fauna and Flora of the Central Africa. Three diamonds on yellow field symbolizes mineral richness, they are also a reference to national motto of the Central Africa "Unite Dignite, Travail" (Unity, Dignity, Work) placed on a blue ribbon under the shield. The hand on fourth blue background is emblem of Independent movement founded in 1952 by Barthélemy Boganda. The pointing finger of the hand indicates on a star – symbol of freedom. Above the shield is "Sun of the Freedom" and on its background the date of 1 december 1958 (French: 1 DECEMBRE 1958), on this day was founded autonomic republic of Central Africa. The slogan above the sun in Songo language is ""Zo Kwe Zo" which means "Human is equal to human"". The coat of arms is complemented by two flags and republican "Order of Merit." 

= = = Stellar population = = =
Stars are grouped into stellar populations, depending on the fractions of chemical elements inside the star. In astronomy, all elements except hydrogen and helium are called "metals". Elements like carbon and oxygen are called "metals" in astronomy, even though they are non-metals in chemistry. The "metallicity" of a star is the amount of "metals" in it.
There are three stellar populations: population 1, population 2, and population 3.

= = = 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference = = =
COP28 was the 28th session of the Conference of Parties. COP is held annually to discuss and find solutions for climate change. COP28 was held in the UAE at Dubai Expo City from November 30 to December 12, 2023. 
A zero-carbon and resilient world is the theme of COP 28. About 70,000 people were expected.

= = = Beef patty = = =
A beef patty is a piece of ground beef pressed into a flat, round shape. The meat in a hamburger is usually a beef patty.

= = = William Rowan Hamilton = = =
William Rowan Hamilton (August 4, 1805 – September 2, 1865) was an Irish mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He made important contributions to the development of optics, dynamics, mathematics, geometry and algebra. His discovery of quaternions is the most famous work. His work was important in the development of quantum mechanics. Hamilton's talent was discovered very early by the astronomer John Brinkley. In 1823, when Hamilton was eighteen, John Brinkley said: "I don't say he would be but now he is the leading mathematician of his age". Hamilton was the first to introduce the term "vector", "association law".

= = = Theloderma leporosum = = =
The Malaya bug-eyed frog ("Theloderma leporosum") is a frog. It lives in Malaysia and Indonesia.

= = = 1975–76 NBA season = = =
The 1975–76 NBA season was the 30th season of the National Basketball Association. The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship. The Celtics beat the Phoenix Suns 4 games to 2 in the NBA Finals. This is also the year Foster Shore joined the Warrior Glazers Group making him the league's 3rd commissioner.

= = = Michael Tavera = = =
Michael Anthony Tavera (born September 24, 1961) is an American composer best known as his animation score. He has also worked on countless television series, live-action films and direct-to-video sequels.
Biography.
Tavera grew up in Los Angeles.

= = = Nick Glennie-Smith = = =
Nickolas Glennie-Smith (born October 3, 1951) is an English composer.
Early life.
Glennie-Smith was born in London.
Musical career.
In 1975 he started his music career.

= = = Proto-Indo-European mythology = = =
Proto-Indo-European mythology is the possible mythology of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. These are the people who spoke the Proto-Indo-European language. Scholars believe many mythologies like Greek mythology have elements from it. 

= = = 1912 United States presidential election = = =
The 1912 United States presidential election was the 33rd election in the history of the United States. It occurred on November 5, 1912. This election was a 4-way race between Governor of New Jersey Woodrow Wilson, Former President Theodore Roosevelt of New York, Incumbent President William Howard Taft of Ohio, and former Congressman Eugene V. Debs of Indiana. Wilson won the election with 435 electoral votes, while Roosevelt got 88 electoral votes, Taft got 8 electoral votes, and Debs received 0 electoral votes.

= = = List of Argentina Twenty20 International cricketers = = =
This is a list of Argentine Twenty20 International cricketers.

= = = Kush = = =
Kush or Cush may refer to:

= = = Guerrilla Radio = = =
"Guerrilla Radio" is a 1999 song by American metal band Rage Against the Machine and is the leading single from third studio album "The Battle of Los Angeles". It went to number 9 in Spain, number 17 in Norway, number 23 in Scotland, number 32 in the United Kingdom, number 42 in Sweden, number 57 in Australia and number 69 in the United States. It won a Grammy Award in 2001.

= = = YooHoo and Friends (2012 TV series) = = =
YooHoo and Friends (2012) also known as "David Feiss's YooHoo and Friends" was an American-Canadian animated children's series created by David Feiss, aired in January 8, 2012 to August 8, 2012. is a re-edited gag dub and retelling of the 2009 series, about a group of corrupt corporate executives who are turned into the eponymous animal gang by Father Time who tasks them to go around the world and fix all of the environmental disasters that they caused.

= = = Kordylewski cloud = = =
Kordylewski clouds are clumps of dust located at 2 out of the 5 special points in space between the Earth and the Moon. The 2 special points are called L and L5 Lagrange points. They were discovered by a Polish astronomer in the 1960s, and recently confirmed by the Royal Astronomical Society in October 2018.
Discovery and observation.
Kordylewski searched for clouds of dust at the Lagrange points in 1951. He first saw them in 1956. He then succeeded in photographing two bright patches near the L5 Lagrange point in between 6 March 1961 to 6 April 1961. J. Wesley Simpson observed the clouds in 1967 using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, and in 2018, the Royal Astronomical Society confirmed their existence. However, the Japanese Hiten space probe did not find the clouds in 1992, although this does not mean they are not there.

= = = Mr. Wonderful (Fleetwood Mac album) = = =
Mr. Wonderful is the second studio album by British blues band Fleetwood Mac. It was released on 23 August, 1968 through Blue Horizon. It is a full throttle blues album was broadly similar to their debut studio album. It went to number 8 in Norway and number 10 in the United Kingdom.

= = = Frozen (Madonna song) = = =
"Frozen" is a 1998 song by American singer Madonna. It is the leading single from her seventh studio album "Ray of Light". It topped the single charts in Costa Rica, Finland, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Scotland, Spain and the United Kingdom. It went to the top five in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan and the United States.
Track listings and formats.
US 7-inch and CD single; Japanese CD single
US 12-inch vinyl and CD maxi-single
Digital single (2021)
Digital single – Sickick remix
Digital single – Sickick & Fireboy DML remix
Digital single – Sickick & 070 Shake remix
Digital single – "Frozen on Fire"

= = = The Unguarded Moment (song) = = =
"The Unguarded Moment" is a 1981 song by Australian rock band The Church and taken from their debut studio album "Of Skins and Heart". It went to number 19 in New Zealand and number 22 in Australia.

= = = One by One (Cher song) = = =
"One by One" is a 1996 song by Cher. It was taken from her 21st studio album "It's a Man's World". It went to the top 10 in Hungary, Scotland and the United Kingdom. It performed in the United States where it reached number 52.

= = = Harlem Shuffle = = =
"Harlem Shuffle" is a 1963 song by Bob & Earl and it went to number 44 in the United States. In 1969 it when to number 7 in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom and number 8 in Belgium. It was covered by The Rolling Stones in 1986.
The Rolling Stones version.
In 1986, The Rolling Stones released a cover version of "Harlem Shuffle" and it was taken from the 1986 "Dirty Work". It went to number 1 in New Zealand, number 2 in Finland, number 4 in Belgium, number 5 in Canada, the Netherlands and the United States, number 6 in Australia and Norway, number 7 in Spain, number 8 in Ireland, number 10 in Switzerland, number 11 in Germany and Sweden, number 13 in Austria and the United Kingdom, number 24 in Poland, number 28 in France and number 30 in South Africa. It features the backing vocals of Bobby Womack.

= = = HORISEN = = =
HORISEN is a Swiss technology software house. It develops technology used by wholesale and retail SMS trading businesses. It owns SMS Platform, Business Messenger, SS7 Platform and MNP Service which help to manage the messaging business.
History.
HORISEN was established in 2001 as a service for sending SMS from a browser application. Later it became a full-service provider of multimedia applications with marketing agency and SMS trading business.
Horisen Messaging became one of the leading mobile messaging providers in Switzerland while also working in 175 countries globally.
In 2010, HORISEN offered its independent, commercial SaaS product—SMS Platform. In 2017, the company sold 100% of Horisen Messaging to the telecommunications firm LINK Mobility Group to focus on its software development in the field of messaging technology.
In 2022, HORISEN started working with with Odine Solutions for SMS and voice services in 2022.
With Communication Platform as a Service HORISEN provides two major platforms:
HORISEN SMS Platform, a vendor-neutral SMS trading platform with a highly scalable environment created for businesses to manage their SMS wholesale and retail businesses.
HORISEN Business Messenger, an omnichannel tool for messenger marketing which allows companies to communicate with their customers.

= = = Withings = = =
Withings is a French consumer electronics company. 
History.
It was founded in 2008 by Éric Carreel, Cédric Hutchings, and Fred Potter. Withings gained recognition for introducing the first Wi-Fi scale in 2009. It measures weight and fat mass and sends data to the user's app over Wi-Fi. It has since developed products such as an FDA-cleared blood pressure monitor, a smart sleep system, and activity tracking watches. In 2016, Withings was acquired by Nokia and became a division of Nokia Health. The brand changed to the Nokia name in 2017.
Throughout its history, Withings has had venture capital funding, formed partnerships with companies like MyFitnessPal, and integrated with Apple's HealthKit platform. The company continues to develop innovative health and wellness products and operates a factory in France as of April 2019.
In 2024 it produced a new device, BeamO. This is a handheld "multiscope" with sensors to take health readings without being worn on the body. It can measure body temperature, heart health, lung health, and blood-oxygen levels. 

= = = Aftermath (Rolling Stones album) = = =
Aftermath is a studio album by the Rolling Stones. The Rolling Stones are an English rock band. It was released in the United Kingdom on 15 April 1966 by Decca Records. It was released in the United States in late June or early July 1966 by London Records. It is the band's fourth British studio album, and sixth American studio album. The band made the album in December 1965 and March 1966. The album was released after the band had many hit singles that made them more popular.
It is the band's first album that is made up of only original music. All of the songs on "Aftermath" were written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Brian Jones also helped make many songs. He used musical instruments that were not common in rock music, such as the sitar, dulcimer, and castanets.
Track listing.
UK edition.
All tracks are written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards.
Side one
Side two
US edition.
All tracks are written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards.
Side one
Side two

= = = Andrew Loog Oldham = = =
Andrew Loog Oldham (born 29 January 1944) is an English music producer, talent manager and writer. He was the manager and producer for the Rolling Stones from 1963 to 1967.

= = = (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction = = =
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" is a song by the Rolling Stones. The Rolling Stones is an English rock band. The song was written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. The song was released as a single in the United States in June 1965. The song is on the American version of the album "Out of Our Heads". "Satisfaction" was the band's first number one single in the US. The song was released as a single much later in the United Kingdom. This was because the song was considered to be too sexual. It was later the band's fourth number one song in the UK.

= = = TRAPPIST-1d = = =
TRAPPIST-1d, also known as 2MASS J23062928-0502285 d, is a small exoplanet which is about 40% the mass of the Earth. It orbits on the inner edge of the habitable zone of the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. It is located 40.7 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, which means the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. The first information about the planet were announced in 2016, but it wasn't until the following years that more information about the likely nature of the planet was obtained. TRAPPIST-1d is the second-least massive planet of the TRAPPIST-1 system and is likely to have a thin hydrogen-poor atmosphere that is closely packed together similar to Venus, Earth, or Mars. It gets just 4.3% more sunlight than how much sunlight the Earth gets from the sun, placing it on the inner edge of the habitable zone. It has about less than 5% of its mass as a volatile layer, which could consist of atmosphere, oceans, and/or ice layers. A 2018 study by the University of Washington came to a opinion that TRAPPIST-1d might be a Venus-like exoplanet with an uninhabitable atmosphere. The planet is an eyeball planet candidate.

= = = Names of China = = =
The names of China are expressed differently in different languages and different times. Some of these names come from ancient times, while others are from modern times. In Chinese, the name of China is "Zhōngguó" (/, "central country") in its national language, Standard Mandarin. China, while the name in English for the country, came from Portuguese in the 16th century. This became common usage in the West in the subsequent centuries. It is believed to come from Middle Persian. Though some people thought it traced further back to Sanskrit. Some also thought that the ultimate source of the name China is the Chinese word "Qin" (), the name of the dynasty of China. However, others have different opinions. 
In addition to these names, names of China also include "Zhōnghuá" (/, "central beauty"), "Huáxià" (/, "beautiful grandness"), "Shénzhōu" (, "divine state") and "Jiǔzhōu" (, "nine states"). "Hàn" (/) and "Táng" () . The People's Republic of China () and Republic of China () are the official names for the two sovereign states now claiming sovereignty over the traditional area of China. "Mainland China" is used to refer to areas under the control of the PRC, usually not including Hong Kong and Macau. 
There are also names for China used around the world. "Cathay" from the Khitan language and "Tabgach" from Tuoba are examples.

= = = Montigny-le-Bretonneux = = =
Montigny-le-Bretonneux is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Yvelines department in north-central France. In 2020, 31,854 people lived in Montigny-le-Bretonneux.
The commune is in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, from the center.
Twin towns.
Montigny-le-Bretonneux is twinned with:

= = = Marostica = = =
Marostica is a city in northern Italy. Marostica is in the Veneto Region. About 14,000 people live there.

= = = Denton, Greater Manchester = = =
Denton is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. In 2011, 36,591 people lived there.

= = = Kierspe = = =
Kierspe is a town in Märkischer Kreis in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Twin towns.
Kierspe is twinned with:

= = = Lunca, Mureș = = =
Lunca () is a commune in Mureș County, Romania. It has five villages: Băița ("Mezőbanyica"), Frunzeni ("Mezőharasztos"), Logig ("Szászludvég"), Lunca and Sântu ("Mezőszentandrás").

= = = 1908 United States presidential election = = =
The 1908 United States presidential election was the 31st election in the history of the United States. It occurred on November 3, 1908. This election was between Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio and former Congressman from Ohio and Democratic Party Nominee in 1896 and 1900 William Jennings Bryan. Taft won the election with 321 electoral votes. Bryan got only 162 electoral votes.
This would be the fourth and most recent election in the history of the United States, where both major candidates share the same first name, with the last three being in 1860, 1896, and 1900.

= = = Malus sieversii = = =
Family: Rosaceae
Status: Vulnerable
Malus sieversii is a wild apple native to Central Asia. It is the ancestor of the Apple. Malus sieversii tastes sweet and then goes from sour very quickly. Some of the apples have different tastes to one another. Malus sieversii tree can grow up to 5 to 12 meters. (16 to 39 ft.) It is very similar in appearance to the Apple.

= = = Wicklow = = =
Wicklow () is the county town of County Wicklow in Ireland. In 2016, 10,584 people live in Wicklow. The River Vartry flows through the town.

= = = 1904 United States presidential election = = =
The 1904 United States presidential election occurred on November 8, 1904. It was the 30th election in the history of the United States. The election was won by incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt, who had been president since the death of William McKinley in 1901.
This election was between incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt won the election with 336 electoral votes. Parker got only 140 electoral votes.

= = = Supplementary Benefit = = =
Supplementary Benefit was part of the social security system in the United Kingdom. It replaced National Assistance in 1966. It was means-tested and paid to people on low incomes. It stopped and was replaced by Income Support on 11 April 1988. 
To get it a person had to show that their savings were less than £6000 and the weekly money they had to live on was less than they needed. It could be paid on top of other benefits, but not to people who were working.

= = = San Fernando, Cádiz = = =
San Fernando is a city in the province of Cádiz, Spain. About 95,000 people live there.
Twin towns.
San Fernando is twinned with:

= = = Rockstar (Post Malone song) = = =
"Rockstar" is a 2017 song by American rapper Post Malone featuring British rapper 21 Savage and is the lead single from his second studio album "Beerbongs & Bentleys" (2018). It topped the single charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. It also went to number 2 in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland, number 3 in Belgium, number 4 in Lebanon and the Netherlands and number 5 in Belgium and France.

= = = 1900 United States presidential election = = =
The 1900 United States presidential election was the 29th election in the history of the United States. It happened on November 6, 1900. William McKinley, the incumbent president, won reelection.
This election was a rematch of 1896 being held between incumbent President William McKinley of Ohio and former Congressman William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. McKinley won the election with 292 electoral votes. Bryan got only 155 electoral votes.

= = = Better Now = = =
"Better Now" is a 2018 song by American rapper Post Malone and is the fifth and final single from his second studio album "Beerbongs & Bentleys". It went to top 10 single charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden, the United States and the United Kingdom. It also went to number 11 in Germany and number 12 in Switzerland.

= = = The Palm (Schifano) = = =
The Palm (also known as Palm Springs or La Palma or Senza Titolo) is a 20th-century late Pop art iconic painted in enamel on canvas by Mario Schifano. It was painted about 1987, in Rome, Italy. Palm trees are Schifano's most iconic and significant subject, like Fontana's cuts.
History.
In 1987 in Milano, Mario Schifano aroused the enthusiasm and emotion of the public for the "No title" art work that represent a palm.
The work aims to be a denunciation of environmental protection and an awareness of sustainability inspired by the principles of advertising.
The painting executed in the mid eighty, represents the typical figure of a palm tree, with the red, white and green colors of the Italian flag, enriched by pink which is one of the most precious colors of Schifano. Schifano with Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein is considered the founder of pop art.
This work is registered in the Archivio Monica Schifano, Mario Schifano's wife, and the only authorized official archive by sentences of the Italian judiciary.
Artistic style.
After returning from the USA, he rediscovers the techniques of the past with brilliant enamel, and rediscovers the figuration of the past, landscape and geometry, but the enamel is less juicy, the landscape, as the titles say, is an "anemic" landscape, but wants to contrast any impressionist interpretation
In Schifano's work we perceive the link between nature and technology, and the characterization of the materiality of color which gives the surface a highly elegant path and rhythm.
Mario Schifano was the most relevant exponent of the Italian art movement which, in the early 60s, anticipated the concepts of American Pop Art. "Schifano starts from the zeroing of the image to move on to a new figuration, thus focusing once again on the very meaning of painting. “I want to paint while painting” Schifano said in those days. Starting from his first monochromes, by resetting the degree of the pictorial gesture, he will turn towards the addition of enlarged images. Schifano transforms the canvas into a screen where he projects the images that are selected from his own memory. He isolates them, frames them, dilates them, imprints them on that film which has now become the surface of the picture. “This idea that the canvas is nothing but a support, a sort of place of memory, guides Schifano throughout his future journey".
Schifano passes to new pictorial images where he finds the representation of nature. Especially the latter is introduced in his "anemic landscapes" of 1963, where memory, through allusive phrases, rapid gestures and details, becomes the voice of the representation of nature itself. This will then further evolve in the series Trees, Oxygen Oxygen, Oasis, and imagination above all in the depiction of the Palm, where it finds its most complete maturity and where the artist carries forward his idea of ​​the painting and its function as a screen. It also alludes to the protection of the environment, in times when it was not lived like today, and it alludes to a human and cultural problem, representing the theme of escape, where to rediscover the soul. The escape from this solitude of the tree as an individual without roots, the escape from a way of building one's present through a rigid series of values, Schifano, in these paintings where the dream evidently begins to appear, the moment of detachment from reality, where the continuum of perspective space [...] tends to fracture, Schifano begins to analytically dissociate the image”<ref>AA.VV. , Mario Schifano, Parma, 1974/ref>, it presents itself as a complete manifesto of his cultured art at a key moment.

= = = Vélez-Málaga = = =
Vélez-Málaga is a municipality and the capital of the Axarquía comarca in the province of Málaga, in the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia. The municipality is part of the Costa del Sol region. In 2022, 83,899 people lived there.
Villages.
Almayate, Benajarafe, Cajiz, Caleta de Velez, Chilches, Lagos, Mezquitilla, Trapiche, Triana, Torre del Mar, Valle-Niza, Vélez-Málaga

= = = Income Support = = =
Income Support is a meanstested social security benefit in the United Kingdom for some people who are on a low income, but have a reason for not actively seeking work. People who get it may get Housing Benefit, Council Tax Reduction, Child Benefit, Carer's Allowance, Child Tax Credit and help with health costs. A person with savings over £16,000 cannot get Income Support, and savings over £6,000 affect how much Income Support they get.
It is being replaced by Universal Credit. 

= = = Bissert = = =
Bissert is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bitschhoffen = = =
Bitschhoffen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Blaesheim = = =
Blaesheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Blancherupt = = =
Blancherupt is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Blienschwiller = = =
Blienschwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bœrsch = = =
Bœrsch is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bœsenbiesen = = =
Bœsenbiesen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bolsenheim = = =
Bolsenheim (Alsatian: Bolsene) is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Boofzheim = = =
Boofzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bootzheim = = =
Bootzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bosselshausen = = =
Bosselshausen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. Between 1974 and 2007 was a only commune. In January 2007, the communes Bosselshausen and Kirrwiller were separated.

= = = Kirrwiller = = =
Kirrwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. Between 1974 and 2007 was a only commune. In January 2007, the communes Bosselshausen and Kirrwiller were separated.

= = = Bossendorf = = =
Bossendorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Elsenheim = = =
Elsenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Ohnenheim = = =
Ohnenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bourg-Bruche = = =
Bourg-Bruche is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Sickness benefit = = =
Sickness benefit was part of the Social Security system in the United Kingdom. It started with the National Insurance Act 1911. People had to get a sick note and they had to have paid enough National Insurance Contributions. It lasted for six months. After that people got Invalidity Benefit if they were still ill. That was more money. 
After 1983 most people got Statutory Sick Pay from their work for the first 8 weeks they were ill instead of sickness benefit. From 1986 Statutory Sick Pay lasted for 28 weeks, so people didn't get sickness benefit unless they couldn't get Statutory Sick Pay. 
In 1948 it was 26 shillings a week, but married women only got 16 shillings because they were expected to rely on their husband for money. In 1987 it was £30.05 a week for both men and women. 

= = = Invalidity Benefit = = =
Invalidity Benefit was a social security benefit from the United Kingdom's National Insurance scheme that was introduced in 1971 by Edward Heath's government. It was paid to people who were sick for more than six months. It was replaced by Incapacity Benefit in 1995.
In 1977 a special benefit was started for married women who had not paid National Insurance. It was called Housewives Non-contributory Invalidity Pension. They had to show that they could not do "normal household duties", like shopping, cooking and cleaning, for at least 28 weeks, 

= = = Maraca = = =
A maraca (sometimes called a shaker or chac-chac) is a rattle used in Caribbean and Latin music. It makes noise when it is shaken. Two of them are usually played at the same time.

= = = Incapacity Benefit = = =
Incapacity Benefit was a United Kingdom social security benefit that was paid to people who were sick for more than 28 weeks. It replaced Invalidity Benefit in 1995. The government began to stop Incapacity Benefit in 2008 by stopping new people claiming it. They moved people onto Employment and Support Allowance.
To get it people had to pass the All Work Test, to show that there was no work they could do. 

= = = Bourgheim = = =
Bourgheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin = = =
Bouxwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Breitenau, Bas-Rhin = = =
Breitenau is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Breitenbach, Bas-Rhin = = =
Breitenbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Breuschwickersheim = = =
Breuschwickersheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = La Broque = = =
La Broque is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Brumath = = =
Brumath is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Buhl, Bas-Rhin = = =
Buhl is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Trimbach, Bas-Rhin = = =
Trimbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Triembach-au-Val = = =
Triembach-au-Val is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Burbach, Bas-Rhin = = =
Burbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Bust, Bas-Rhin = = =
Bust is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Buswiller = = =
Buswiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Butten = = =
Butten is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Châtenois, Bas-Rhin = = =
Châtenois is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Cleebourg = = =
Cleebourg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Climbach = = =
Climbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Colroy-la-Roche = = =
Colroy-la-Roche is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Cosswiller = = =
Cosswiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Crastatt = = =
Crastatt is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Crœttwiller = = =
Crœttwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dachstein, Bas-Rhin = = =
Dachstein is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dahlenheim = = =
Dahlenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dalhunden = = =
Dalhunden is a commune which is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dambach, Bas-Rhin = = =
Dambach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dambach-la-Ville = = =
Dambach-la-Ville is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Dambach-la-Ville is known for its wine.

= = = Dangolsheim = = =
Dangolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Employment and Support Allowance = = =
Employment and Support Allowance is a United Kingdom social security benefit for adults younger than the State Pension age who are having difficulty finding work because of sickness. It was started in 2008.
It is paid when Statutory Sick Pay comes to an end. People who have paid enough National Insurance can get contributory ESA. Income-related ESA is for people who have not paid enough National Insurance contributions. People who have more than £16,000 savings cannot get that.
After 13 weeks most people have to have a Work Capability Assessment.

= = = Daubensand = = =
Daubensand is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dauendorf = = =
Dauendorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is the site of Neubourg Abbey, a former Cistercian monastery, destroyed during the French Revolution.

= = = Dettwiller = = =
Dettwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Diebolsheim = = =
Diebolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Diedendorf = = =
Diedendorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Oberhausbergen = = =
Oberhausbergen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is a northwestern suburb of Strasbourg.

= = = Dieffenbach-au-Val = = =
Dieffenbach-au-Val is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hey Brother = = =
"Hey Brother" is a 2013 song by Swedish DJ Avicii and is the third song from his debut studio album "True". American bluegrass singer Dan Tyminski provides vocals for the track. It topped the single charts in Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It also went to number 2 in Australia, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, South Africa and the United Kingdom, number 3 in Italy, number 4 in New Zealand, number 10 in Canada and number 16 in the United States.

= = = The Power of Good-Bye = = =
"The Power of Good-Bye" is a 1998 song by Madonna. It is the fourth single from her seventh studio album "Ray of Light". It went to the top twenty in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It also went to number 25 in New Zealand and number 33 in Australia.

= = = Theloderma asperum = = =
The Malaya pied warted tree frog, hill garden bug-eyed frog, Larut bug-eyed tree frog, or pied warty tree frog ("Theloderma asperum") is a frog. It lives in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar. People say they live in Sumatra and Borneo too, but scientists say these are probably different frogs. People have seen this frog as high as 1400 meters above sea level. It lives in tropical forests and subtropical forests.
This frog is 25 – 35 mm long from nose to rear end. The skin on the frog's back is brown and black in color with white warts. This makes the frog look like bird droppings. This helps it hide from animals that want to eat it. Sometimes people call it "bird poop frog" in English.
The frog has disks on its toes for climbing. This frog has some webbed skin on its feet.
Other frogs in "Theloderma" have vomerine teeth but this frog does not.
The tadpoles are gray in color.

= = = Theloderma albopunctatum = = =
The dotted bubble-nest frog, warty tree frog, rough-skinned small tree frog, cobalt-gray warted frog, rough-skinned whistling tree frog, rough-skinned small tree frog, rough paddle-leg frog, white-banded small tree frog, white-patterned small tree frog, white-spotted bug-eyed frog, or pied warted tree frog ("Theloderma albopunctatus") is a frog. It lives in China. Scientists think it might also live in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. There are some frogs in India, Myanmar, and Thailand, but scientists are not sure if this is the same species of frog.

= = = List of Switzerland Twenty20 International cricketers = = =
This is a list of Swiss Twenty20 International cricketers. They made their Twenty20 debut in October 2021.

= = = V346 Puppis = = =
V346 Puppis (shortened as V346 Pup) is a red supergiant star located 4332.09 light years away in the constellation Puppis. It is a carbon star, meaning it contains carbon more than oxygen in its atmosphere, and that is why It has a spectral type of C D. It has a radius of 1,025 times that of the radius of the Sun. It has an effective temperature of 1,875 K.

= = = Killing in the Name = = =
"Killing in the Name" is a 1992 debut single by American metal band Rage Against the Machine. It is the leading single from their debut studio album "Rage Against the Machine". It went to number 1 in the United Kingdom, number 2 in Ireland and Scotland, number 7 in Australia, number 8 in New Zealand and number 13 in the Netherlands.
Track listing.
"Darkness of Greed" and "Clear the Lane" were re-mastered versions of the respective demo tracks. Another version of "Darkness of Greed", titled merely "Darkness", was included on the for "The Crow". The previously unreleased demo appeared on the XX 20th Anniversary Edition of their debut album, which was released on November 27, 2012.

= = = Messier 80 = = =
Messier 80 (also known as M80 or NGC 6093) is a globular cluster located 32,620 light years away in the constellation Scorpius, it was discovered by Charles Messier in 1781, it was also one of his first discoveries.
M80 can be seen in a field of the Milky Way that has many nebulae. It is located between Antares and Beta Scorpii when looking from Earth. With less light pollution, it can be seen as a round patch of light with a small telescope below the 67th parallel north.
It one of the densest globular cluster in the Milky Way. It is at twice the distance of the Galactic Center in regions known as the Galactic halo. It contains many hundred thousand stars and has an apparent angular diameter of 10 arcminutes. It is 32,600 light years away, making its true diameter around 95 light years.
M80 contains a lot of blue stragglers. Blue stragglers are stars that seem younger than the rest. It is thought that this is because they lost some layers due to encounters or collisions with other stars in the dense cluster. With the help of the Hubble Space Telescope, images reveal many of these stragglers in the center of the cluster, suggesting a high rate of capture and collisions.
On May 21, 1860, a nova was found in M80 that had an magnitude of +7.0 and was possible to see it using telescopes, binoculars and people with good vision. This variable star, named T Scorpii, reached an absolute magnitude of −8.5 and briefly shone brighter than the cluster.

= = = Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth = = =
Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dieffenthal = = =
Dieffenthal is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Diemeringen = = =
Diemeringen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Two Less Lonely People in the World = = =
"Two Less Lonely People in the World" is a 1982 song by English-Australian band Air Supply. It is the third single from their seventh studio album "Now and Forever". It went to number 38 in the United States and number 46 in Australia. It was a better hit on adult contemporary radio in Canada and the United States. 

= = = Dimbsthal = = =
Dimbsthal is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Santaquin, Utah = = =
Santaquin is a city in Utah and Juab counties in the U.S. state of Utah.

= = = Cedar Fort, Utah = = =
Cedar Fort is a town in Utah County, Utah, United States.

= = = Fairfield, Utah = = =
Fairfield is a town in Utah County, Utah, United States.

= = = Genola, Utah = = =
Genola is a town in Utah County, Utah, United States.

= = = Goshen, Utah = = =
Goshen is a town in Utah County, Utah, United States.

= = = Minersville, Utah = = =
Minersville is a town in Beaver County, Utah, United States.

= = = Check the Meaning = = =
"Check the Meaning" is a 2002 song by Richard Ashcroft and is the leading single from his second studio album "Human Conditions". It went to number 10 in Scotland, number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 13 in Italy, number 19 in Ireland, number 21 in Canada and number 94 in Germany.
Track listings.
UK CD single 
UK 7-inch single and European CD single 
UK DVD single 

= = = Apple Valley, Utah = = =
Apple Valley is a town in Washington County, Utah, United States.

= = = Leeds, Utah = = =
Leeds is a town in Washington County, Utah, United States.

= = = The Essential Heart = = =
The Essential Heart is a greatest hits album by American hard rock band Heart and was released on 26 November, 2002. It contains their greatest hits from 1975 to 1995. It went to number 15 in New Zealand.

= = = New Harmony, Utah = = =
New Harmony is a town in Washington County, Utah, United States.

= = = Rockville, Utah = = =
Rockville is a town in Washington County, Utah, United States.

= = = Springdale, Utah = = =
Springdale is a town in Washington County, Utah, United States.

= = = Virgin, Utah = = =
Virgin is a town in Washington County, Utah, United States.

= = = Industrial Disease (song) = = =
"Industrial Disease" is a 1982 song by British rock band Dire Straits. It was taken from their fourth studio album "Love over Gold". It went to number 4 in the United States and was a B-side in the United Kingdom to the single "Private Investigations". It deals with the strike of the British television in the early 1980s.

= = = Love in an Elevator = = =
"Love in an Elevator" is a 1989 song by American hard rock band Aerosmith and is the lead single from their 10th studio album "Pump". It went to number 5 in the United States, number 9 in the Netherlands and number 13 in the United Kingdom.

= = = Tomar = = =
Tomar (also called Tomara, Tanwar and Tuar) is a Hindu clan, the members of which ruled parts of North India at different times. The Tomars claim descent from the Puruvanshi lineage of Indraprashtha of Mahabharata times. People belonging to the Tomar clan are found among the Rajputs and Jats of northern India.
History.
Middle Ages - 1st Millennium AD.
Historian Augustus Hoernle was of the opinion that the Tomaras were one of the ruling clans of Rajput in the Gurjara-Pratihara era of North India- 4th - 8th century AD,
Ancient Kuru Kingdom continuing its existence in the ages when India was ruled by Gupta Kings. It remained one of the 18 Great States under Gupta Kings.

= = = Valchiusa = = =
Valchiusa is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Meugliano, Trausella and Vico Canavese.

= = = Meugliano = = =
Meugliano is a "frazione" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged with Trausella and Vico Canavese to form the new "comune" of Valchiusa.

= = = Trausella = = =
Trausella is a "frazione" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged with Meugliano and Vico Canavese to form the new "comune" of Valchiusa.

= = = Vico Canavese = = =
Vico Canavese is a "frazione" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged with Meugliano and Trausella to form the new "comune" of Valchiusa.

= = = Valperga = = =
Valperga is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Valgioie = = =
Valgioie is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Val della Torre = = =
Val della Torre is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Xaronval = = =
Xaronval is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.

= = = Heidolsheim = = =
Heidolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hessenheim = = =
Hessenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Say It Ain't So = = =
"Say It Ain't So" is a 1995 song by American rock band Weezer. It is the third and final single from their debut studio album "Weezer (The Blue Album)". It went to number 37 in the United Kingdom and number 43 in Scotland. It is frequently voted as the best songs by Weezer.
Track listing.
Standard CD, 10-inch, and cassette single

= = = Pettenasco = = =
Pettenasco is a "comune" in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Ariccia = = =
Ariccia is an Italian city in Lazio. It is southeast of Rome. About 18,600 people live there.

= = = Valprato Soana = = =
Valprato Soana is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Varisella = = =
Varisella is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vauda Canavese = = =
Vauda Canavese is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Venaria Reale = = =
Venaria Reale is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Venaus = = =
Venaus is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Verolengo = = =
Verolengo is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Verrua Savoia = = =
Verrua Savoia is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vestignè = = =
Vestignè is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Billboard Global 200 = = =
The Billboard Global 200 is a weekly music chart that is published by Billboard magazine from USA, which ranks songs globally every week. It was officially launched in September 2020. There is a similar chart, the Billboard Global 200 Excluding USA chart, which lists the sales globally excluding those sold in the United States, which can combine with the Billboard Hot 100 to combined equal the Billboard Global 200.

= = = Vialfrè = = =
Vialfrè is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vidracco = = =
Vidracco is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vistrorio = = =
Vistrorio is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vigone = = =
Vigone is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = National Socialist Network = = =
The National Socialist Network are a neo-Nazi group from Australia.

= = = Villafranca Piemonte = = =
Villafranca Piemonte is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is about 35 km southwest of Turin.
Villafranca Piemonte is next to these municipalities: Barge, Cardè, Cavour, Faule, Moretta, Pancalieri and Vigone.
Twin towns.
Villafranca Piemonte is twinned with:

= = = Belhomert-Guéhouville = = =
Belhomert-Guéhouville is a commune. It is in Centre-Val de Loire in the Eure-et-Loir department in north France.

= = = Saint-Maurice-Saint-Germain = = =
Saint-Maurice-Saint-Germain is a commune. It is in Centre-Val de Loire in the Eure-et-Loir department in north France.

= = = Roll On down the Highway = = =
"Roll On Down the Highway" is a 1975 song by Bachman-Turner Overdrive. It was taken from their third studio album "Not Fragile". It went to number 4 in Canada, number 14 in the United States, number 18 in Germany, number 20 in New Zealand, number 22 in the United Kingdom and number 80 in Australia.

= = = Dingsheim = = =
Dingsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Villanova Canavese = = =
Villanova Canavese is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Conegliano = = =
Conegliano is an Italian city in Veneto. About 35,000 people live there.
In 2019, Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

= = = Steve Porcaro = = =
Steven Maxwell Porcaro (born September 2, 1957) is an American keyboardist, songwriter and movie composer. He is known as a member of the rock band Toto. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

= = = Tom Ruegger = = =
Tom Ruegger () is an American animator and songwriter. Ruegger is known for his association with Disney Television Animation and Warner Bros. Animation. He also created "Tiny Toon Adventures", "Animaniacs", "Pinky and the Brain", and "Histeria!".

= = = Lost in Love (Air Supply song) = = =
"Lost in Love" is a 1979 song by English-Australian band Air Supply. It was originally taken from their fourth studio album "Life Support" and was re-recorded for their fifth studio album "Lost in Love". It went to number 3 in the United States and New Zealand, number 4 in Australia, number 10 in France and number 13 in Australia. It went to be covered by Greek singer Demis Roussos and New Zealand band Deep Obsession where it topped the single charts in August 1998.

= = = All Out of Love = = =
"All Out of Love" is a 1980 song by English-Australian band Air Supply. It was taken from their fifth studio album "Lost in Love". It went to number 2 in Canada and the United States, number 3 in France, number 9 in Australia, number 10 in Ireland, number 11 in the United Kingdom and South Africa, number 21 in New Zealand and number 31 in the Netherlands.
Andru Donalds version.
In 1999, Jamaican singer Andru Donalds released a cover version of All Out of Love. It went to number 3 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland where it was a big hit in the German-language countries.
Track listing.
CD-maxi

= = = The One That You Love = = =
"The One That You Love" is a 1981 song by English-Australian band Air Supply and is the title track to their sixth studio album "The One That You Love". It went to number 1 in the United States where it was their only chart-topper, number 26 in New Zealand, number 10 in Australia and number 2 in Canada.

= = = Sweet Dreams (Air Supply song) = = =
"Sweet Dreams" is a 1981 song by English-Australian band Air Supply. It was taken from their sixth studio album "The One That You Love". It went to number 5 in the United States and number 14 in Canada. It was an emotional ballad by the band.

= = = Young Love (Air Supply song) = = =
"Young Love" is a 1982 song by English-American band Air Supply. It is the second single from their seventh studio album "Now and Forever". It went to number 38 in the United States but when to number 3 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary charts and number 13 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary charts. 

= = = Princess Amélia of Brazil = = =
Princess Amélia, Mrs Alexander James Spearman (Amélia Maria de Fátima Josefa Antônia Miguela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga; born 15 March 1984) is a member of the Brazilian imperial family. She is the oldest daughter of Antônio, Prince Imperial of Brazil, and Princess Christine of Ligne. She is the niece of Bertrand, Prince of Brazil and a granddaughter of Pedro Henrique, Prince of Brazil. She was 5th in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne until you renounce your rights to the throne by marrying.
Upon her marriage she was commited to resign her dynastyc rights and the Brazilian princely title, although such thing is not legally allowed by Brazil's monarchical constitution without parliamentary approval. She "de facto" was the fifth in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne until her supposed renunciation.
Title
15 March 1989-16 July 2014: Her Highness Princess Amelia of Brazil, Princess of Orleans-Braganza
16 July 2014 Her Highness Princess Amelia of Orleans-Braganza, Princess of Brazil

= = = Villar Dora = = =
Villar Dora is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villar Focchiardo = = =
Villar Focchiardo is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villar Pellice = = =
Villar Pellice is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villar Perosa = = =
Villar Perosa is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villarbasse = = =
Villarbasse is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villareggia = = =
Villareggia is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villastellone = = =
Villastellone is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vinovo = = =
Vinovo is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is home to the training ground of football club Juventus.

= = = Virle Piemonte = = =
Virle Piemonte is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vische = = =
Vische is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Volpiano = = =
Volpiano is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Volvera = = =
Volvera is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Cardè = = =
Cardè is a "comune" in the Province of Cuneo in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Moretta = = =
Moretta is a "comune" in the Province of Cuneo in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Peaceful Easy Feeling = = =
"Peaceful Easy Feeling" is a 1972 song by the Eagles and is taken from their debut studio album "Ealges". It went to number 22 in the United States and number 35 in Canada. It is one of the band's popular songs of 1972.

= = = Tequila Sunrise (song) = = =
"Tequilla Sunrise" is a 1973 song by Eagles and is the leading single from their second studio album "Desperado". It went to number 64 in the United States and number 68 in Canada and was covered in 1993 by country artist Alan Jackson for the tribute album "".

= = = Desperado (Eagles song) = = =
"Desperado" is a 1973 song by Eagles. It is the fifth track from their second studio album "Desperado". Although it was never released as a single, it is one of the Eagles best known tracks and has been featured on numerous compilation albums.

= = = Outlaw Man = = =
"Outlaw Man" is a 1973 song by Eagles and is the second single from their second studio album "Desperado". It went to number 59 in the United States.

= = = One of These Nights (Eagles song) = = =
"One of These Nights" is a 1975 song by Eagles and is the title track to their fourth studio album "One of These Nights". It went to number 1 in the United States, number 5 in the New Zealand, number 7 in the Netherlands, number 8 in Belgium, number 13 in Canada, number 23 in the United Kingdom and number 33 in Australia.

= = = Take It to the Limit (Eagles song) = = =
"Take It to the Limit" is a 1975 song by the Eagles and is the third single from their fourth studio album "One of These Nights". It went to number 4 in the United States, number 16 in Canada, number 12 in the United Kingdom, number 30 in Australia and number 23 in New Zealand.
Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings version.
In 1983, Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson covered "Take It to the Limit" for Nelson's album "Take It to the Limit". It topped the country singles chart in Canada.

= = = Life in the Fast Lane = = =
"Life in the Fast Line" is a 1977 song by Eagles. It was the third single from their fifth studio album "Hotel California". It went to number 11 in the United States and number 12 in Canada.

= = = Heartache Tonight = = =
"Heartache Tonight" is a 1979 song by Eagles. It was taken from their sixth studio album "The Long Run". It went to number 1 in Canada and the United States, number 7 in New Zealand, number 10 in Ireland and Switzerland, number 13 in Australia, number 20 in the Netherlands, number 22 in Belgium and number 40 in the United Kingdom. It won a Grammy Award in 1980. It was covered by Conway Twitty in 1983.

= = = The Long Run (song) = = =
"The Long Run" is a 1979
song by Eagles and is the title track to their sixth studio album "The Long Run". It went to number 8 in the United States, number 9 in Canada, number 30 in New Zealand and number 66 in the United Kingdom.

= = = The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song) = = =
"The Heat Is On" is a 1984 song by Glenn Frey and it was taken from the 1984 movie soundtrack "Beverly Hills Cop". It went to number 2 in Australia, Norway and the United States, number 4 in Germany, number 5 in Sweden and Switzerland, number 8 in Canada, number 12 in the United Kingdom, number 19 in the Netherlands, number 22 in New Zealand, number 27 in Austria and Belgium and number 47 in France. It also became a theme song to NBA team Miami Heat.

= = = Smuggler's Blues = = =
"Smuggler's Blues" is a 1984 song by Glenn Fry and is the third and final single from his second studio album "The Allnighter". It went to number 12 in the United States, number 22 in the United Kingdom and number 37 in Canada. It was used in the television series "Miami Vice" 

= = = You Belong to the City = = =
"You Belong to the City" is a 1985 song by Glenn Frey and is taken from the television series "Miami Vice". It went to number 1 in Poland, number 2 in the United States, number 6 in Canada, number 20 in Australia, number 26 in Ireland, number 37 in the Netherlands, number 46 in New Zealand and number 63 in France.

= = = Fantastic (Wham! album) = = =
Fantastic is the debut studio album by English pop duo Wham! and was released on 1 July 1983. It topped the album charts in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It went to number 5 in Australia, number 7 in Germany, number 8 in Finland, the Netherlands and Norway, number 15 in Sweden, number 17 in Japan, number 25 in Switzerland and number 83 in the United States.

= = = Make It Big = = =
Make It Big is the second studio album by English pop duo Wham! and was released in 1984. It topped the album charts in Australia, Canada, Finland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It went to number 3 in Sweden, number 4 in Austria and number 5 in Germany.

= = = Music from the Edge of Heaven = = =
Music from the Edge of Heaven is the third and final studio album by English pop duo Wham! and was released on June 27, 1986 through Columbia Records. It went to number 9 in Canada and Japan and number 10 in the United States.

= = = Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do) = = =
"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)" is a 1982 debut single by English pop duo Wham! and is the lead single from their debut studio album "Fantastic" (1983). It went to number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 9 in Australia and the Netherlands, number 12 in Belgium and did not chart in the United States.

= = = Young Guns (Go for It) = = =
"Young Guns (Go for It)" (sometimes called "Young Guns (Go for It!)") is a 1982 song by English pop duo Wham! and is the second song from their debut studio album "Fantastic". It went to number 1 in Sweden, number 3 in the United Kingdom, number 4 in Australia and New Zealand, number 8 in Belgium, number 9 in the Netherlands, number 10 in Norway, number 11 in Finland, number 20 in Germany and did not chart in the United States. The song was Wham!'s first hit, reached with some help from the BBC music programme "Top of the Pops".

= = = Bad Boys (Wham! song) = = =
"Bad Boys" is a 1983 song by English pop duo Wham! and is the fourth single from their debut studio album "Fantastic". It went to number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 5 in Finland, number 6 in Switzerland, number 8 in Belgium and Norway, number 9 in Australia, number 10 in New Zealand, number 11 in Sweden, number 12 in Germany, number 26 in the Netherlands and number 60 in the United States.

= = = Club Tropicana = = =
"Club Tropicana" is a 1983 song by English pop duo Wham! and is the fifth and final single from their debut studio album "Fantastic". It went to number 4 in Ireland and in the United Kingdom, number 8 in the Netherlands, number 10 in Norway and number 13 in Germany.

= = = Freedom (Wham! song) = = =
"Freedom" is a 1984 song by English pop duo Wham! and is taken from their second studio album "Make It Big". It went to number 1 in Iceland, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom, number 2 in Belgium and the Netherlands, number 3 in the Netherlands and the United States, number 5 in Finland and Switzerland, number 8 in New Zealand and South Africa, number 9 in Sweden, number 10 in Canada, number 14 in Germany, number 16 in France and number 23 in Austria.

= = = I'm Your Man (Wham! song) = = =
"I'm Your Man" is a 1985 song by English pop duo Wham! and was taken from their albums "Music from the Edge of Heaven" and "The Final". It went to number 2 in Scotland and the United Kingdom and number 10 in Ireland.

= = = The Edge of Heaven = = =
"The Edge of Heaven" is a 1986 song by English pop duo Wham! and was taken from their albums "The Final" and "Music from the Edge of Heaven". It went to number 1 in Belgium, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, number 2 in Australia, Iceland, Italy and Norway, number 3 in Finland and New Zealand, number 4 in Germany and Switzerland and number 10 in Canada, Sweden and the United States.

= = = Scandic Hotels = = =
Scandic Hotels is a company that owns and manages hotels. It is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and mostly operates in countries like Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark. They also have hotels in Germany and Poland. As of the end of 2018, the company had 11,560 employees and ran 283 hotels with 51,693 rooms for guests. They have been committed to being environmentally friendly since 1994.
History.
The first hotel that started the Scandic chain was called Esso Motor Hotel. It opened in 1963 in Laxå, Sweden, and was popular because people were traveling more by car. The chain grew to 59 hotels in Europe by 1972. Esso then sold the hotels outside of Scandinavia, and the remaining 32 hotels, including five in Norway and Denmark, became the biggest hotel chain in Sweden in 1973.
In 1983, a Swedish group led by Ratos bought the company and named it Scandic Hotels. Ratos became the sole owner in 1985. In 1986, they opened their first hotel outside Scandinavia in Germany.
During the Gulf Crisis in 1990/91, the business was affected, and new management took over in 1992. In 1996, they bought Reso Hotels and became a publicly traded company. They expanded into Finland and Estonia in the following years.
In 2001, Scandic Hotels was bought by the Hilton Group, which is based in London. Then, in 2007, a Swedish company called EQT purchased the hotel chain for 833 million euros. In July 2013, Scandic Hotels teamed up with Swiss Hospitality to improve its digital systems. In 2014, Scandic Hotels acquired the Rica Hotels chain, which included 72 hotels in Norway and Sweden.
In December 2015, Scandic Hotels went back on the Stockholm Stock Exchange.
In 2014, Scandic Hotels introduced a new brand called HTL hotels, but in June 2016, they stopped using it and turned the four hotels in Stockholm and Oslo back into Scandic Hotels. In 2017, Scandic Hotels bought 43 Restel hotels in Finland, including Cumulus and Holiday Inn, for 114.5 million euros.
In March 2020, due to the Coronavirus pandemic, many Scandic employees were laid off. By April of that year, Scandic Hotels had a very low occupancy rate of only six percent, which caused them to lose over six billion in 2020.
Description.
By the end of 2018, the company had 11,560 employees and ran 283 hotels with 51,693 rooms for guests. In 2018, they made a profit of SEK 1,957 million.
Sustainability.
Scandic Hotels has been committed to being environmentally friendly since 1994. They teach their employees about sustainability and have eco-friendly rooms. In 2001, their breakfasts in Swedish hotels received a special ecological certificate, and by 2004, all Swedish hotels had earned the "Swan" ecolabel.
Since 2015, Scandic Hotels has aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. They have teamed up with Too Good To Go and Karma to reduce food waste in their hotels.

= = = Aldridge = = =
Aldridge is an industrial town next to Walsall, in the West Midlands, England.

= = = Dinsheim-sur-Bruche = = =
Dinsheim-sur-Bruche is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Domfessel = = =
Domfessel is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Donnenheim = = =
Donnenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Audenshaw = = =
Audenshaw is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. In 2011, 11,419 people lived there.

= = = Dorlisheim = = =
Dorlisheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Economy.
The headquarters of Bugatti Automobiles is in Dorlisheim.

= = = Dossenheim-Kochersberg = = =
Dossenheim-Kochersberg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel = = =
Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Drachenbronn-Birlenbach = = =
Drachenbronn-Birlenbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Drulingen = = =
Drulingen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Château de Drulingen was built in 1816.

= = = Drusenheim = = =
Drusenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France, on the bank of the Rhine River.

= = = Duntzenheim = = =
Duntzenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = San José del Guaviare = = =
San José del Guaviare is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Guaviare Department.

= = = 1972–73 Austrian Cup = = =
The 1972-73 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. SK Rapid Wien were the defending champions. From the quarter-finals onwards, two legs were played.
First round.
First round with teams from the Second League.
Round of 32.
First round with teams from the first league.
Final first leg.
SSW Innsbruck:
Friedrich Koncilia – Werner Kriess, Engelbert Kordesch, Johann Eigenstiller, Walter Skocik, Kurt Jara, Roland Hattenberger, Manfred Gombasch, Ove Flindt-Bjerg (42. Günther Rinker), Wolfgang Breuer, Hans Rebele<br>coach:Robert Gebhardt
SK Rapid Wien:
Adolf Antrich – Günter Scheffl, Norbert Hof, Erich Fak, Peter Werner, Werner Walzer, Karl Ritter, Bernd Lorenz, Hans Krankl, Herbert Gronen, Geza Gallos
coach: Ernst Hložek
Final second leg.
SK Rapid Wien:
Adolf Antrich – Günter Scheffl (46. Egon Pajenk), Norbert Hof, Erich Fak, Peter Werner, Werner Walzer, Karl Ritter, Bernd Lorenz, Hans Krankl, Herbert Gronen (70. Stanislaus Kastner), Geza Gallos<br>coach: Ernst Hložek
SSW Innsbruck:
Friedrich Koncilia – Werner Kriess (81. Günther Rinker), Engelbert Kordesch, Johann Eigenstiller, Walter Skocik, Kurt Jara, Roland Hattenberger, Manfred Gombasch, Ove Flindt-Bjerg, Wolfgang Breuer, Hans Rebele<br>coach:Robert Gebhardt
Final second leg.
Adolf Antrich – Ewald Ullmann, Günter Scheffl (105. Karl Müller), Egon Pajenk, Norbert Hof, Werner Walzer, Alois Jagodic, Rudolf Flögel, Bernd Lorenz, Clemens Kos (6. Jürgen Ey), Stanislaus Kastner<br> coach Ernst Hložek
Gerald Fuchsbichler – Anton Auer, Helmut Wallner, Stefan Vasgyura, Roland Gareis, Anton Wustinger, Herbert Onger (96. Ferdinand Janotka), Anton Herzog, Günther Happich, Günther Rinker, Johann Hörmayer<br> coach: Josef Argauer

= = = List of Cambodia Twenty20 International cricketers = = =
This is a list of Cambodian Twenty20 International cricketers. They made their Twenty20 debut in May 2023.

= = = One Headlight = = =
"One Headlight" is a 1997 song by alternative rock band The Wallflowers. It was taken from their second studio album "Bringing Down the Horse". It went to number 1 in Canada, number 14 in Australia, number 29 in Iceland, number 54 in the United States, number 58 in Scotland and number 88 in Germany. It did not chart in the United States and New Zealand. It won 2 Grammy Awards in 1998.
Track listings.
Australian CD single, UK 7-inch and CD single
European CD single

= = = Bernard D. Beitman = = =
Bernard D. Beitman (born 1942) is a professor of psychiatry. At present time he is Founder and President of The Coincidence Project. He works as a private practitioner in psychiatry. He was the head of the psychiatry department at University of Missouri, Columbia. He has authored a number of books on psychology and related topics.
Beitman also has experiences in sports, such as Rugby. Since the early to mid 1970s, Beitman began to be fascinated on the subject of coincidences and has psychologically studied them. He became fascinated with them after experiencing one in 1973.
He has also began writing books on the same subject. His continuing research on coincidences includes launching a project called "the coincidence project." His research is not "completed" and he is continuing it and has also included publishing psychological papers on coincidence.
He also studied at Yale University and Stanford.
Beitman also coined the term simulpathity from his research into coincidence. Simulpathity is a coincidence in which an individual feels the pain or suffering of a loved one. In 1973, Bietman claims he experienced chocking despite having no objects in his throat. The next day, he was informed by his brother that his father, who was living on the other side of America, was chocking on his own blood and died. Beitman learned the timing of his fathers fatal chocking was occurring the same time as his, despite being thousands of miles apart.
He and his coincidental experiences have also been inspired by the works of Swiss psychiatrist, Carl Jung.
This coincidence then set him off on a curious mission to try and better understand the phenomenon. His research of interest in this topic is equally shared by other researchers.

= = = Zangbeto = = =
The traditional voodoo night guards among the Ogu (or Egun) people of Benin, Togo, and Nigeria are called Zangbeto. The Zangbeto cult, a traditional police and security group, is in charge of keeping law and order and ensuring safety and security in Ogu communities. 
They are much respected and serve as an unofficial police force, patrolling the streets, particularly at night, keeping an eye on residents and their possessions, looking out for offenders, and bringing them before the community for punishment. Zangbeto, who was originally meant to scare away the adversary, will patrol the streets looking for thieves and witches while defending law and order. 
The description.
Zangbeto is a term in the Gun language that means "Men of the night" or "Night-watchmen," relating to its basic cultural role in neighborhood vigilantism and neighborhood policing in Ogu cultures. The Zangbeto appears in a multilayered pattern of teeny-tiny ropes of hay, raffia, or other threadlike materials, which are occasionally dyed in vibrant colors. 
They have the capacity to enter trances during which, according to belief, spirits with specialized understanding of human behavior can inhabit their bodies. However, Ogu legend tells that there are no humans under the costume, only spirits of the night.

= = = Castillon-du-Gard = = =
Castillon-du-Gard is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Gard department in south France.

= = = Danilo Pereira = = =
Danilo Luís Hélio Pereira (born 9 September 1991), known as Danilo Pereira, is a Portuguese football player. He plays as a defensive midfielder or centre-back for Paris Saint-Germain and the Portugal national team.

= = = Villers, Vosges = = =
Villers is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.

= = = Villers-aux-Bois = = =
Villers-aux-Bois is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.

= = = Duppigheim = = =
Duppigheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Durningen = = =
Durningen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Durrenbach = = =
Durrenbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Durstel = = =
Durstel is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Duttlenheim = = =
Duttlenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is about southwest of Strasbourg, and about 20 km from the German border.
Former football manager of Arsenal F.C. Arsène Wenger grew up here.

= = = Eberbach-Seltz = = =
Eberbach-Seltz is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Ebersheim = = =
Ebersheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Paradise (2013 Mexican movie) = = =
Paradise (Spanish: Paraíso) is a 2013 Mexican romantic comedy-drama movie directed by Mariana Chenillo. It is based on the novel by Julieta Arévalo. It stars Andrés Almeida, Miryam Gallego, Luis Gerardo Méndez, Camila Selser and José Sefami.

= = = Ebersmunster = = =
Ebersmunster is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
It is known for its 1727 baroque church, a work by Austrian architect Peter Thumb.

= = = Eckartswiller = = =
Eckartswiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Eckbolsheim = = =
Eckbolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = The Magic Face = = =
The Magic Face is a 1951 American Austrian drama movie directed by Frank Tuttle and starring Luther Adler, Patricia Knight, Jaspar von Oertzen, William L. Shirer, Manfred Inger, Rolf Wanka, Erik Frey, Heinz Moog. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.

= = = Eckwersheim = = =
Eckwersheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is about north of Strasbourg.
On 14 November 2015, the Eckwersheim derailment during testing of a TGV train along the LGV Est high-speed rail line. Ten people were killed.

= = = Eichhoffen = = =
Eichhoffen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Engwiller = = =
Engwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Entzheim = = =
Entzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Strasbourg Airport is in the commune.

= = = Epfig = = =
Epfig is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Erckartswiller = = =
Erckartswiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Ergersheim, Bas-Rhin = = =
Ergersheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. The main sights are the chapel of Saint Michel and the church of Saint Nicolas.
Twin town.
Ergersheim is twinned with:

= = = Ergersheim = = =
Ergersheim can mean:

= = = Ernolsheim-Bruche = = =
Ernolsheim-Bruche is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne = = =
Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Erstein = = =
Erstein is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Eschau, Bas-Rhin = = =
Eschau is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Eschau (disambiguation) = = =
Eschau can mean:

= = = Eschbach, Bas-Rhin = = =
Eschbach is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Eschbourg = = =
Eschbourg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Eschwiller = = =
Eschwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Ettendorf = = =
Ettendorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Eywiller = = =
Eywiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Fegersheim = = =
Fegersheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Fessenheim-le-Bas = = =
Fessenheim-le-Bas is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Flexbourg = = =
Flexbourg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Forstfeld = = =
Forstfeld is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Condat-sur-Vienne = = =
Condat-sur-Vienne is a commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Haute-Vienne department in west France.

= = = Cilavegna = = =
Cilavegna is a "comune" in the Province of Pavia in the Lombardy region in Italy.

= = = Forstheim = = =
Forstheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Fort-Louis = = =
Fort-Louis is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Fouchy = = =
Fouchy is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Fouday = = =
Fouday is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Friedolsheim = = =
Friedolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Friesenheim, Bas-Rhin = = =
Friesenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Frœschwiller = = =
Frœschwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Frohmuhl = = =
Frohmuhl is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Furchhausen = = =
Furchhausen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Furdenheim = = =
Furdenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gambsheim = = =
Gambsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Geispolsheim = = =
Geispolsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Geiswiller = = =
Geiswiller is a former commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf.

= = = Zœbersdorf = = =
Zœbersdorf is a former commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf.

= = = Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf = = =
Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2018 and consists of the former communes of Geiswiller (the seat) and Zœbersdorf.

= = = Gerstheim = = =
Gerstheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gertwiller = = =
Gertwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Geudertheim = = =
Geudertheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gaggiano = = =
Gaggiano is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

= = = Sulzburg = = =
Sulzburg is a town in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

= = = A Different Corner = = =
"A Different Corner" is a 1986 song by George Michael. It was taken from Wham! albums "Music from the Edge of Heaven" and "The Final". It went to number 1 in Canada, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe, number 2 in Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands, number 3 in Finland, New Zealand and Switzerland, number 4 in Australia, number 6 in Austria, number 7 in Germany, Iceland and the United States, number 16 in France, number 18 in Sweden, number 28 in Spain and number 78 in Japan.

= = = Gingsheim = = =
Gingsheim is a former commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans.

= = = Jumper (Third Eye Blind song) = = =
"Jumper" is a 1998 song by American rock band Third Eye Blind. It is the fifth and final single from their debut studio album "Third Eye Blind". It went to number 5 in the United States and number 10 in Canada. It deals with suicide in the LGBT community.

= = = Heaven (Bryan Adams song) = = =
"Heaven" is a 1985 song by Bryan Adams and is the third single from his fourth studio album "Reckless". It topped the single charts in the United States and made the top 30 in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. It was covered by DJ Sammy in 2002.
Track listings.
Live tracks recorded at the Hollywood Palladium on February 1, 1985.

= = = Gœrlingen = = =
Gœrlingen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gœrsdorf = = =
Gœrsdorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gottenhouse = = =
Gottenhouse is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Mussig = = =
Mussig is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gottesheim = = =
Gottesheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
The economy is based on agriculture.

= = = Jumpin' Jack Flash = = =
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" is a song by the Rolling Stones. The Rolling Stones are an English rock band. The song was released as a single in 1968. It is not on any of the band's studio albums. It is one of the group's most popular songs. Many music makers have made cover versions of the song, such as Aretha Franklin and Tina Turner. The Rolling Stones have played the song over 1,000 times at concerts. 
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" is a blues rock song. The band was known for making blues rock. However, the band also made other types of music, such as psychedelic music and baroque pop. Albums such as "Between the Buttons" (1967) and "Their Satanic Majesties Request" (1967) did not have blues rock on them. Because of this, "Jumpin' Jack Flash" was the band's return to making blues rock. 

= = = U.S. Route 366 = = =
U.S. Route 366 might refer to:

= = = Ancient Celtic religion = = =
Ancient Celtic religion or Celtic paganism was followed by the Celtic people in Europe long ago. 
Since there aren't written records of their beliefs, we learn about them from what they left behind. The Celts believed in many gods and goddesses, and their religion was similar across different regions. and "a basic religious homogeneity" among the Celtic peoples. Some popular deities were Lugus, Toutatis, Taranis, Cernunnos, Epona, Maponos, Belenus, Ogmios, and Sucellos. They also believed in spirits in nature.
The priests of the Celtic religion were called druids, but we don't know much about them. The Celts held ceremonies in special places like groves and shrines. Caesar says the Gauls believed they all descended from a god of the dead and underworld. They made offerings of valuable items in water or wells. They sometimes sacrificed animals, and there are stories of human sacrifice, but it might be exaggerated.
We don't know all the festivals they celebrated, but they had four important ones during different seasons. After the Romans took over Gaul and southern Britain, the Celtic religion mixed with Roman ideas. Later, the Celts started following Christianity, and their old religion faded. However, Celtic mythology and beliefs had a lasting influence and inspired a modern religious movement called Celtic neopaganism. Therefore, all there is to study their religion from is the literature from the early Christian period, commentaries from classical Greek and Roman scholars, and archaeological evidence.

= = = Always (James Ingram song) = = =
"Always" is a 1986 song by James Ingram. It was taken from his second studio album "Never Felt So Good". It went to number 27 on the Billboard R&B charts.

= = = I Don't Have the Heart = = =
"I Don't Have the Heart" is a 1990 song by James Ingram and is the fourth single from his third studio album "It's Real". It went to number 1 in the United States and number 78 in Australia. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1991. It was covered by Stacy Lattisaw for her tenth studio album "What You Need".

= = = Badenweiler = = =
Badenweiler is a municipality and a spa town in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

= = = Buggingen = = =
Buggingen is a municipality in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is between the Rhine Valley and the Black Forest on the northern edge of Markgräflerland.

= = = Heitersheim = = =
Heitersheim (Alemannic: "Heitersche") is a town in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The name of the school in Heitersheim is Johanniterschule.
It was the seat of the Grand Prior of Germany of the Knights Hospitaller from 1505 until 1806 and also the seat of the Principality of Heitersheim of the Holy Roman Empire from 1546 until 1806.
Geography.
The town is in Markgräflerland in south Baden. The city has older central part Heitersheim and newer Gallenweiler.
Twin town.
Heitersheim is twinned with:

= = = London Recordings = = =
London Recordings (or London Records) is a British record label. It sold records for Decca Records from 1947 to 1980. It sold these records in places such as the United States, Canada, and Latin America. After 1980, London started to work in a more independent (working alone) way. The label is owned by Because Music.
Owned labels.
London Records has owned many other record labels. Some of these are:

= = = Urology = = =
Urology also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that looks at diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs. This includes the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis).
Some problems are managed by surgery and some by drugs.

= = = The Actor (Michael Learns to Rock song) = = =
"The Actor" is a 1991 song by Danish band Michael Learns to Rock and was taken from their debut studio album "Michael Learns to Rock". It went to number 1 in Norway and Indonesia, number 32 in Switzerland, number 7 in Norway and number 4 in Denmark.
Track listings.
Standard
Dutch maxi-CD single

= = = Egypt–Israel peace treaty = = =
The Egypt–Israel peace treaty was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. It was signed by both countries in 1979, at the end of the Camp David Accords. It was the first treaty between a Middle-Eastern Arab nation and Israel. After signing it, Egypt was removed from the Arab League.
The Egypt–Israel treaty was signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter.
Background.
The Arab-Israeli War of 1948.
In 1947, the United Nations announced the Partition Plan for Palestine, which planned to divide Mandatory Palestine into different parts for Arabs and Jews. Many people were unhappy with this solution, and so a civil war broke out between the different religious communities.
When the British Mandate of Palestine ended and the State of Israel was founded on May 14, 1948, some Arab countries that were part of the Arab League attacked the young country. Among them were Syria, Egypt, and Jordan. Many believed it had been built on Palestinian territory without permission.
The Arab-Israeli War ended with Israeli victory in January 1949, and more than 18,000 people died in the many clashes. In Israel, the war is called "War of Independence", while Palestinians often call it "Nakba", which means catastrophe. More than 750,000 Palestinians were forced to leave their homes and lost everything. Today, there are more than 7 million Palestinian refugees in the world.
Suez Crisis of 1956-57.
In the early 1950s, Egypt's president Gamal Abdel Nasser and his government planned to build a new dam in the country. They needed money, which they hoped to get from other countries. However, the United States and Great Britain did not support this project because of Egypt's connections to communist countries.
Nasser then decided to nationalise the Suez Canal in 1956 to earn profits from tolls. Britain and France, the countries that owned the Suez Company, were unhappy with this decision: they were afraid to lose control and to be cut off from the oil supply. They allied with Israel, whose government wanted to use the canal as well but couldn't because of continuous tensions.
On October 29, 1956, the Israeli army invaded Egypt and gained control of Gaza. Britain and France then demanded a ceasefire as planned, and their troops occupied the canal in November.
This conflict happened during the Cold War. To avoid a conflict between the East and the West, the UN, the United States of America, and the Soviet Union urged all foreign troops to leave Egypt. British and French forces left in December, but Israel occupied the area until March 1957.
The European powers lost control in the region, while the Soviet Union gained influence in many Middle-Eastern countries. President Nasser and Egypt were the winners in this war, and this led to stronger feelings of nationalism in the region.
Six-Day War of 1967.
The different wars and continuing conflict between Israel and Egypt led to the Six-Day War on June 5, 1967. Israel attacked Egyptian positions in the air and on land. The soldiers captured the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights, and took control of the whole city of Jerusalem on June 7. This was especially important because Jerusalem as a holy city represented an important symbol for religion and nationalism.
The war lasted six days, until June 10, 1967. More than 20,000 Egyptian and 800 Israeli soldiers died in the battles. Because of Israel's victory and expansions, President Nasser resigned but soon returned to office. The war and Israel's new territories made the conflict worse.
The Yom-Kippur War of 1973.
The Yom-Kippur War began during the festivities of Yom Kippur and Ramadan, which are holy periods in Judaism and Islam. On October 6, 1973, Egypt and Syria attacked the territories Israel had won during the Six-Day War. Their forces quickly conquered the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. Because of the holiday, the Israeli army was not prepared. When Israel reacted, it took back control over the territories, and moved into Egypt and Syria.
The United States of America were on Israel's side and supplied weapons, while Egypt and Syria were supported by the Soviet Union. This proxy war was dangerous, because it could have led to a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. On October 25, 1973, the war ended with a ceasefire.
The Camp David Accords.
The Camp David Accords were the agreements made after the secret Camp David talks at the President of the United States' country retreat on September 17, 1978. The talks between Israel and Egypt lasted 12 days, until both sides agreed on certain terms. President Carter was a leading force for the agreements, and these accords led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in 1979.
Background.
After Gamal Abdel Nasser's death, Anwar Sadat became president, and Egypt's nationalist and Pan-Arabist politics changed. Sadat wanted to sign a peace treaty with Israel. After the Yom-Kippur War of 1973, he first made a state visit to Israel and officially recognised the country. Then, encouraged by the United States and Jimmy Carter, both sides secretly met at Camp David. 
First agreement.
The first agreement focused on "A Framework for Peace in the Middle East", which was supposed to end the conflict between Israel and its neighbours. It also tried include the Palestinian problem. However, the agreement failed, because both parties, Egypt and Israel, interpreted it differently. It did not answer the Palestinian question and created room for conflict.
Second agreement.
The second agreement focused on "A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel", stating that the signing countries would enter a peace treaty with each other. This also meant that Egypt would receive back its lands in the Sinai Peninsula, but the country had to partially demilitarise. Israel would be allowed to use the Suez Canal. The agreement made sure the countries recognised each other.
Aftermath.
These talks at Camp David made the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty possible. The Egyptian people were happy because they hoped that these agreements would help their country's economy. Egypt's tourism flourished, and both sides became trading partners in the following years. But because the problem of Palestinian autonomy had not been solved, many, especially in Israel, believed the conflict would continue.
The Peace Treaty.
On March 26, 1979, Egypt's president Anwar Sadat and Israel's prime minister Menachem Begin signed a peace treaty at the White House in Washington, D.C.. The President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, was also present. He had helped the relations between the countries. The treaty ended the war between Egypt and Israel. It included an agreement to end the conflict and three major points: the determination of final lines and zones, a promise of good relations between the two countries, and the problem of Palestinian autonomy. However, the problem of Palestinian autonomy remained unanswered.
Lines and zones.
The Sinai Peninsula was divided into four zones, A, B, C, and D.
Zones A, B, and a part of Zone C were controlled by Egypt. Here, 22,000 soldiers and 248 tanks could be stationed. The rest of Zone C was under the control of the United Nations. Zone D was controlled by Israel, and could contain up to 4,000 personnel.
The problem of Palestinian autonomy.
The problem of Palestinian autonomy was not solved with the peace treaty. Egypt and Israel agreed that Palestinians would become independent when a "self-governing authority has been freely elected". This meant that the Palestinian fate was still not secured.
Because Egypt signed the peace treaty, the most powerful Arab state had left the Arab-Israeli conflict. As the strongest among them was no longer fighting, many Arab states ended their active fight for Palestinian independence.
Promises of good relations between both countries.
The peace treaty officially ended the war between Israel and Egypt, the first Arab country to officially recognise Israel.
Israel agreed to removed its armed forces from the Sinai Peninsula. In return, Egypt gave the country free access to the Suez Canal, and agreed to build good relations with Israel. Egypt also started receiving several billions of US-dollars from the United States for military goods and the economy.
Aftermath.
The peace treaty meant Egypt officially recognised Israel. Because of this, many Arab countries doubted if Egypt was still fighting for the Palestinian cause. By April 1979, nine Arab countries did not have diplomatic relations to the country.
Several Arab countries also sanctioned Egypt, stopped economic aid to the country, and boycotted Egyptian goods. Egypt was suspended from the Arab League, and the organisation's headquarters were moved out of the country. 10 years later, in 1989, the country became a member of the Arab League again. The peace treaty formally ended the conflict between Egypt and Israel. There have been no wars between the countries since 1979. This has led to a decrease of military spending in Egypt. Since signing the treaty, Egypt and Israel have become trade partners. 
For their role in making peace between their countries, Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978. Sadat was later assassinated in 1981 by Egyptian soldiers, who saw the treaty as an act of betrayal.

= = = Sleeping Child (Michael Learns to Rock song) = = =
"Sleeping Child" is a 1993 song by Danish rock band Michael Learns to Rock. It is the leading single from their second studio album "Colours" and went to number 43 in Sweden.

= = = Wild Women (song) = = =
"Wild Women" is a 1993 song by Danish rock band Michael Learns to Rock and is the second single from their second studio album "Colours". It went to number 52 in Germany and was very popular in Germany.

= = = Chemical industry = = =
The chemical industry changes raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into more than 70,000 different products. Some chemical companies produce plastics as well as chemicals. Most chemical products are not sold to the public, but are used by chemists and technicians to make other things.
The chemical industry employs many people including chemical engineers, chemists and laboratory technicians.
The chemical industry really started with the Industrial Revolution. The first big factory was built in Prestonpans, Scotland, in 1749, to make sulfuric acid.

= = = Castleford = = =
Castleford is a town within the City of Wakefield. There were about 45,106 people living there in 2021. It used to be in the West Riding of Yorkshire. To the north of the town centre the River Calder joins the River Aire and the Aire and Calder Navigation. It is north east of Wakefield, north of Pontefract and south east of Leeds. Castleford is the largest town in the Wakefield district after Wakefield itself.
The town is the site of a Roman settlement. Within the old Municipal Borough of Castleford are the suburbs of Airedale, Cutsyke, Ferry Fryston, Fryston Village, Glasshoughton, Half Acres, Hightown, Lock Lane, Townville, Wheldale and Whitwood.
Castleford is home to the rugby league Super League team Castleford Tigers.

= = = Theloderma horridum = = =
The Thai bug-eyed frog, black-brown warted frog, Malayan warted tree frog, horrible bug-eyed frog, or spiny wart frog ("Theloderma horridus") is a frog. It lives in Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Borneo. Scientists say it might also live in Sumatra.

= = = Theloderma khoii = = =
Khoi's mossy frog ("Theloderma khoii") is a frog. It lives in northern Vietnam and southern China, in Yunnan Province. People have seen it between 1320 and 1750 meters above sea level in Vietnam and about 1600 meters above sea level in China.
The adult male frog is about 52.1 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 59.4 mm long. The skin on the frog's back has many warts on it. The skin on the frog's back is dark green, like moss. There is some magenta color.

= = = Temperance hall = = =
A temperance hall is a building where people could meet, talk, and do things. They had rules so people could come and not be bothered by others who were behaving badly by drinking too much wine and other alcoholic drinks. Many temperance halls were built in the 1800s for the "temperance movement" and many still can be found today.

= = = I'm Over You (Martine McCutcheon song) = = =
"I'm Over You" is a 2000 song by English singer and actress Martine McCutcheon. It is the leading single from her second studio album "Wishing". It went to number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 3 in Scotland and number 23 in Ireland. It was her second successful song in the United Kingdom following her 1999 single "Perfect Moment".
Track listings.
UK CD single
UK cassette single

= = = U.S. Route 20A = = =
U.S. Route 20A may refer to:

= = = Ordinary World (song) = = =
"Ordinary World" is the 23rd single by English new wave band Duran Duran and is the leading single from their seventh studio album "Duran Duran (The Wedding Album)". It went to number 1 in Canada and Italy, number 2 in Iceland and Sweden, number 3 in Ireland, New Zealand and the United States, number 5 in Norway, number 6 in France and the United Kingdom, number 7 in Denmark, number 11 in Switzerland, number 15 in Austria, number 16 in Germany and the Netherlands, number 18 in Australia and number 20 in Belgium.
Aurora version.
In 2000, English electronica band Aurora featuring Irish singer-songwriter Naimee Coleman released a cover version of "Ordinary World". It went to number 4 in Scotland, number 5 in the United Kingdom and number 6 in Ireland.

= = = Anytime You Need a Friend = = =
"Anytime You Need a Friend" is a 1994 song by Mariah Carey and is the fifth and final single from her third studio album "Music Box". It went to number 1 in Finland, number 5 in Canada and New Zealand, number 7 in Panama, number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 9 in Iceland, number 11 in the Netherlands, number 12 in Australia, France, Scotland and the United States, number 13 in Belgium, number 15 in Switzerland, number 16 in Ireland, number 25 in Austria, number 34 in Japan and number 41 in Germany.

= = = Double Jeopardy (1999 movie) = = =
Double Jeopardy is a 1999 American German Canadian crime thriller movie directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Ashley Judd, Tommy Lee Jones, Bruce Greenwood, Annabeth Gish, Roma Maffia, Jay Brazeau, Michael Gaston, Brian Croucher. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

= = = Epsilon Piscis Austrini = = =
Epsilon Piscis Austrini, also known as � Piscis Austrini, is a blue-white star in the constellation of Piscis Austrinus. It can be seen with the naked eye and has an apparent visual magnitude of +4.17. The system is located about 400 light years from the Sun and has an annual parallax shift of 8.0981 ± 0.3582 mas as seen from the GAIA satellite.

= = = Four Seasons in One Day = = =
"Four Seasons in One Day" is a 1992 song by Crowded House. It is from their third studio album "Woodface". It went to number 26 in the United Kingdom, number 33 in New Zealand, number 47 in Australia, number 50 in the Netherlands and number 68 in Canada. It did not chart in the United States.
Track listings.
UK 7-inch and cassette single
UK CD single
Track 2; outtake from the "Woodface" sessions later to be released on "Afterglow", track 3: remix version from "Tequila sunrise" soundtrack, track 4; outtake from the "Woodface" sessions" previously released on the "Chocolate Cake" CD single and later to be released on "Afterglow".
Alternate UK CD single
"Weather with You" and "Italian Plastic" were recorded at The Town & Country Club, London, 9 November 1991. "Message to My Girl" was recorded live at the Birmingham Town Hall on 5 March 1992 and not previously recorded by Crowded House.
Australian CD
"There Goes God" was recorded in Maastricht, Netherlands.
Australian extended single
"Italian Plastic" was recorded at the State Theatre, Sydney. "Love You til the Day I Die", "It's Only Natural" and "Four Seasons in One Day" were recorded at the Newcastle Civic Theatre, Australia.

= = = List of Belgium Twenty20 International cricketers = = =
This list includes all players from Belgium who have played at Twenty20 International matches. They made their debut in Twenty20 Internationals in 2019.

= = = Middle Eastern music = = =
Middle Eastern music is a form of art created in the region named Middle East. Rhythm is key in the Middle East, think about Quranic texts, prayercalls, and everyday conversations. Its characteristics are the use of quarter tones and the lack of chords. Middle Eastern music uses a lot of different instruments. A characterizing instrument is the qanun, a zither instrument. Other instruments are the oud, and the saz, both string instruments, similar to a guitar. 
Musical terms.
These musical terms will come often in this page. A short guide with definitions of these terms could be useful. 
Scale = a collection or group of musical notes that are organized in a specific order. It gives music its characteristic sound in a particular culture.
Mode = a collection of notes that are related to a central note, and together they create a specific type or style of music. They determine the rules and conditions for playins this music.Rhythm = Arrangement of sounds and pauses that form a song's beat. It sets the pace and makes you feel the groove. It controls the length and timing of each sound.
Beat = The basic unit of time in music. A constant, regular pulse that repeats throughout a piece.
Musical tone = A steady periodic sound.
Pitch = The position of a sound in the full range of sounds. How high or low a sound is.
Chords = combination of three or more notes, with a harmonic pitch.
Instrument = Anything that is used to produce a musical sound.
Genre = Category that groups music together based on shared traditions and conventions.
History.
The main religion in the Middle East is Islam. There is very little ceremonial music as music is seen as problematic in Islam. Rhythms are used for to recite the Qu'ran but not music itself. Rhythmic modes are used in Islamic music, these modes are called "īqāʿāt in Arabic." Folk music and art music are similar and common in the Middle East.
Music was already known in the pre-islamic society. Musicians at that time had a high rank in society. The Muezzin is the person that calls for the daily prayers. Prophet Muhammad would ask the Muezzin to do a call for prayers as his soothing voice was comforting. During the time of the Prophet, music was not tolerated but recitation and rhythm were commonly used. Many musicians appeared during the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Culture was exchanged: Arabs, Persians, Turks and Byzantines were coming together through music and creating new styles and forms. Later, the Islamic Empire grew even bigger. This led to more musical exchanges in Asia, Europe, Africa and Byzantium. 
Arab music became more and more popular over time. Today, Arab music is considered as one of the richest and most unique musical traditions. The music reflects historical interactions with various genres and types. Middle Eastern musicians continue impressing the world with their musical talent.
Turkish Music.
Turkish music is a form of art created in Turkey. It was formed through Central Asian Turkic people, the Ottoman Empire and modern Western music.
The music from Turkey is different from the music from other Middle Eastern countries. When you explore the heart of Turkish music, you will find two main genres: classical and folk music. The key elements of Turkish music include being experimental, melodic, and easy to understand.
Turkish music is characterized by unique scales and rhytmic patterns. Just like Middle Eastern music, Turkish music also uses a lot of instruments. The instruments are the oud, the saz, the ney (type of flute), the kemenche (string instrument that is bowed), and the darbuka (a type of hand-drum). 
Classical.
Turkish classical music is called "Klasik Türk Musikisi" in Turkish. It is a genre on its own under Turkish music. It has the human voice as its basis. The classical music of Turkey is based on a scale. This scale has seven notes and a specific pattern of breaks between each note. This system of notes and breaks is called "makam" in Turkish, which is essential for Turkish classical music. There are different "makamlar" (plural of "makam") and they each have their own set of rules. The scale covers a wide range of musical pitches, because of the wide range of high and low notes. This wide range of high and low notes is referred to as "two and a half octaves" in the music world. Also important is singing. Skilled vocalists, which are called "sanatkar", are known for their ability to give rise to emotions of the lyrics.
Reading about Turkish Classical music is helpful, but hearing it can be too. Clicking on the name of the video will give a chance to listern to Turkish Classical music. The video is called "Yaşar Kurt - Yaz Günleri".
Pop.
Turkish pop music was born in the 1950's. It started with the making of covers of popular styles from other countries. "Hafif-batı" means "light western" and refers to these imported songs. Later, Turkish artists began writing their own songs and develop their own style.
Turkish pop music has been influenced by the West, yet it continues to promote national values. Turkish ordinary music is said to be multicultural as it mixes Western cultures with Eastern cultures. Turkish pop songs promote modern sounds as well as traditional sounds. Names that are big in this genre are: "Tarkan, Hadise, Aleyna Tilki" and "Mustafa Sandal".
Reading about Turkish Pop music is helpful, but hearing it can be too. Clicking on the name of the video will give a chance to listen to Turkish pop music. The video is called "Mustafa Sandal - Araba".
Rock.
Turkish Rock is also known as "Anatolian Rock". This is a genre under Turkish music. This genre is a mix of Turkish folk music and Western rock. Atatürk, founding father of Turkey, wanted to make Turkey more like the West (more European and American). Thus, music also became more like that of the West, but still with some Ottoman elements. It combines Turkish and Western elements in language, instruments, rhythm, melody, and harmony. Seen as Western elements, instruments like the electric guitar, bass guitar and drums are used. Names that are big in this genre are: "Barış Manço, Erkin Koray" and "Selda Bağcan."
Reading about Turkish Rock music is helpful, but hearing it can be too. Clicking on the name of the video will give a chance to listen to Turkish Rock music. The video is from one of the artists mentioned above, "Barış Manço." The video is called "Barış Manço - Dönence (1982-TRT)".

= = = Gulliver's Land = = =
Gulliver's Land is a theme park containing 25 rides including a pirate ship (bucaneer) spinning cups (giant tea cups) and more. There is also a log flume containing two drops.
It is located in Newlands near MK (Milton Keynes) and was opened in 1999. Gully and Gilly are the two mascots of the Theme Park. 
Gulliver's Land is the third park opened by Gullivers the other two are Gulliver’s World in  and Gullivers Kingdom (Matlock). The biggest Gulliver's Theme park is Gulliver’s World in Warrington.
Gulliver’s Land includes four different Zones which are called Splash Zone (closed in 2020), blast arena, the SFEAR and Dinosaur and Farm Park.

= = = Mr Stink = = =
Mr. Stink is a book by David Walliams. 
It was published on 29 October 2009. 
"Mr. Stink" was originally published by HarperCollins in hardcover format. 
The book has been adapted as a stage musical and has been made into a television film of the same name by the BBC shown during Christmas 2012 on BBC1.
It is an adventurous-themed book for children and according to Henry IX from the Guardian 'It is a really, really hilarious book, probably one of the best I have read in my life'. The book was shortlisted for the Blue Peter Best Book of the Decade.  
A 60-minute film of "Mr. Stink" aired on 23 December 2012 on BBC One after it was originally scheduled to air on Boxing Day. The film was the most watched in its 6:30-7:30pm timeslot with 6.34 million viewers tuning in. It was also broadcast in 3D and was the BBC's first ever narrative program to be filmed in 3D                                                              
Plot.
A girl who saw a man on a bench with his dog called duchess.  Duchess loves sausages and he also likes Chloe the girl.
She invites Mr. Stink to her house and her mum gets mad.

= = = Hamza Yassin = = =
Hamza Yassin is a wildlife cameraman and TV presenter. He was born in Sudan and traveled to England with his parents to continue his studying. He went to and worked on Zoology. Then he found his passion for nature.

= = = History of Kurds = = =
The Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group in the Middle East. They live in the mountainous areas to the south of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish Kurmanji and Central Kurdish (Sorani).
Shaddadids.
The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty that ruled in Armenia and Arran between 951 and 1174. It was between the Kura and Araxes rivers. They dominated a large part of the Caucasus until the Seljuk ruler Toghrul came to the region.The dynasty was first established in Dvin, and it also dominated Barda and Ganja. The Shaddadis army organized expeditions against the Bagratuni dynasty and the Khazars from 1020 onwards. Fadl I successful in the beginning, but on his way back from a successful campaign in 1030, he met Georgian and Armenian forces and was defeated. They fought against the Byzantine army between 1047 and 1057. Then the influence of the Shaddadis in the region dwindled. From 1067 onwards, the Shaddadis dynasty was occupied by the Seljuks. It continued as a dependent dynasty until 1174. The cities of Ani and Tbilisi were given as gifts due to his service to the Seljuks.
Rawwadids.
Originally of Azdi Arab descent, the Rawadids ruled Tabriz and northeastern Adharbayjan in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.
Marwanids.
The Marwanids were a Kurdish dynasty in the Diyar Bakr region of Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. The founder of the Marwanids, Bad or Baz was a shepherd, took up arms and became a war chief. He was popular. From the middle of the tenth century he made conquests in Eastern Anatolia. He first came from the south and took Erciş and the fortified positions around it. Baz strengthening his influence, captured Diyarbakir (Amid) and Silvan and Nusaybin, which were under the control of the Buyids.
In 984 he defeated Samsam al-Dawla, the sultan of the Buyids, and captured Mosul. Although he wanted to take Baghdad, he failed and had to leave Mosul. In 991, Baz, who tried to capture Mosul again, was defeated by the Hamdanids, the rulers of the city, and died in this battle. His sister's son Abu Ali Hasan ibn Marwan ascended the throne in 990. Marwan made Mayyafariqin (Silvan) his capital. He continued to fight against the Hamdanids and defeated them twice. When Hasan ibn Marwan was assassinated in Diyarbakır in 997, he was replaced by his brother Said ibn Marwan. The Marwanid dynasty, enjoyed considerable economic and cultural prosperity, but the Kurdish languagedoesnot appear. In 1085, the Seljuk army captured most of the region after a fierce battle.

= = = Mother's Little Helper = = =
"Mother's Little Helper" is a song by the Rolling Stones. The Rolling Stones is an English rock band. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards wrote the song. It is a folk rock song. The song is about Valium and other sedatives. It was recorded in December 1965. The song was the first track on the United Kingdom version of "Aftermath" (1966). It was not on the United States version of the album. It was released as a single in the US on 2 July 1966. The song was on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for nine weeks.

= = = Archery at the 2017 ASEAN Para Games = = =
The archery competitions at the 2017 ASEAN Para Games in Kuala Lumpur took place at National Sports Complex, Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur.
The 2017 Games featured competitions in ten events (men 4 events, women 4 events, and mixed 2 events).
Events.
The following events will be contested:

= = = Ice sledge hockey at the 2017 ASEAN Para Games = = =
The ice sledge hockey competitions at the 2017 ASEAN Para Games in Kuala Lumpur was held at the Empire City Ice Arena in Selangor and served as part of the qualification for the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang. This is the only time that ice sledge hockey was included at the ASEAN Para Games. The next edition of the tournament would be included at the 2020 ASEAN Para Games in the Philippines but it was canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic.
The 2017 games featured men's tournament as a official event and women's tournament as a demonstration event.
Competition schedule.
The following was the competition schedule for the ice sledge hockey competitions:
Competition format.
The tournament will follow a single round robin format with the top team by the end of the tournament winning the gold medal.
Results.
"All times are Malaysia Standard Time ()"
Statistics.
Scoring leaders.
Source: IIHF.com
Goaltending leaders.
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
Source: IIHF.com

= = = Alpine skiing at the 1986 Asian Winter Para Games = = =
Alpine skiing at the 1986 Asian Winter Para Games took place in Sapporo, Japan from 4 April 1986 with four events contested — two each for men and women.

= = = Cross-country skiing at the 1986 Asian Winter Para Games = = =
Cross-country skiing at the 1986 Asian Winter Para Games took place in the city of Sapporo, Japan with six events contested — three each for men and women.

= = = Alpine skiing at the 1990 Asian Winter Para Games = = =
Alpine skiing at the 1990 Asian Winter Para Games took place in the city of Sapporo, Japan from 10 April 1990 with four events contested — two each for men and women. Slalom events would later be substituted for Super Giant Slalom events in the next Winter Para Asiad but reinstated in the 1999 Winter Asian Para Games in South Korea.

= = = Cross-country skiing at the 1990 Asian Winter Para Games = = =
Cross-country skiing at the 1990 Asian Winter Para Games took place in the city of Sapporo, Japan with six events contested — three each for men and women.

= = = Ice sledge speed racing at the 1990 Asian Winter Para Games = = =
Ice sledge speed racing at the 1990 Winter Asian Para Games took place in Makomanai Skating Centre Sapporo in the city of Sapporo, Japan with nine events contested — five for men and four for women.
Participating nations.
A total of 58 athletes from 5 nations competed in speed skating at the 1990 Asian Winter Games:

= = = Somerset, Tasmania = = =
Somerset is a town in Tasmania, Australia. At the , Somerset had a population of approximately 3,900.

= = = Theloderma laeve = = =
The bamboo moss frog, Smith's Asian frog, smooth bug-eyed frog, or Smith's Asian tree frog ("Theloderma laeve") is a frog. It lives in southern Vietnam. People have seen it between 700 and 1200 meters above sea level. Scientists think it may live in Cambodia and Laos too.

= = = Big N' Tasty = = =
The Big N’ Tasty is a hamburger made by the fast food chain McDonald's. It is designed to compete with the Whopper sandwich.
Product description.
The Big N' Tasty has a seasoned quarter-pound () beef meat patty with ketchup, mayonnaise, slivered onions, two dill pickle slices, lettuce, and one tomato slice on a sesame seed bun.

= = = 1892 United States presidential election = = =
The 1892 United States presidential election was the 27th presidential election in the United States. It happened on November 8, 1892. Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate and former President of the United States, won the election. He defeated the incumbent president, Benjamin Harrison, and the third-party candidate James B. Weaver, a former Congressman from Iowa, who ran as a member of the Populist Party.

= = = Theloderma petilum = = =
The slender warted tree frog or slender bug-eyed frog ("Theloderma petilus") is a frog. It lives in Vietnam in the Muong Nhe Nature Reserve. It also lives in Laos and Thailand. Scientists think it may live in China.
The adult frog is about 33.8 mm long from nose to rear end. This frog is soft yellow-brown in color with black stripes. There is some lavendar color on the tops of the legs.

= = = McDouble = = =
The McDouble is a hamburger sold by the fast-food restaurant chain McDonald's. It is like the double cheeseburger, with only one slice of cheese placed between the two beef patties. It was introduced in 1997. It is one of the cheapest products sold by the company. It is also said that people would buy the McDouble rather than buying the Big Mac.

= = = Volkswagen emissions scandal = = =
The 2016 Volkswagen’s Dieselgate scandal involves the car brand Volkswagen. The United States Environmental Protection Agency found a program which was intentionally put in Volkswagen vehicles that made their Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) engines to activate emissions controls only during laboratory emissions testing, which caused the vehicle to meet US standards only during testing. The vehicles ended up emitting 40 times more emissions in real world driving conditions than in the lab. This caused Volkswagen (and it’s sub-brands such as Audi and Skoda), to recall 11 million cars altogether worldwide which were produced within the years of 2009-2015 that had their Diesel engines equipped.

= = = McRib = = =
The McRib is a barbecue-flavored pork sandwich sold by the fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. It was first on the McDonald's menu in 1981, following testing the year before.
After low sales it was removed from the menu in 1985. It was reintroduced in 1989 and stayed on the menu until 2005 in many countries. Since 2006, it has been made available for a short time each year where it is sold during the fall season, although it is a permanent menu item at McDonald's restaurants in Germany and Luxembourg. It was reintroduced again in late 2023 to some stores in the United States. 
Product description.
The McRib consists of a restructured boneless pork patty shaped like a miniature rack of ribs, barbecue sauce, onions, and pickles, served as a sandwich on a roll.
In popular culture.
The sandwich along with the cultural phenomenon of "chasing the McRib" were the subject of a subplot in "The Simpsons" episode "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can". It is parodied as the "Ribwich" and gains a cult following.

= = = An Easier Affair = = =
"An Easier Affair" is a 2006 song by George Michael. This is the leading single from his second greatest hits album "Twenty Five". It topped the single charts in Hungary and Italy and also went to the top 40 in Australia, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Track listing.
CD single and digital single

= = = Syncopation (Band) = = =
Syncopation is an Indian Contemporary Jazz and Funk band led by guitarist and composer Risshi S Sachdeva. Founded in 2009, the band plays an eclectic mix of Modern Jazz blended with elements of funk, swing, and bebop. Their music is characterized by soulful melodies, modern grooves, and frenzied improvisations, showcasing their unique approach to Jazz as an evolving art form.
Biography.
The band was formed as a trio by Risshi S Sachdeva in 2009 after completing his music studies From Melbourne, Australia. With a deep passion for jazz and a desire to create innovative music, Risshi assembled a group of talented musicians who shared his vision. The band's lineup has evolved over the years, but the core essence of their music remains constant.
The first set of line-up included Joshua Grant on drums and Brenen Denfer on bass guitar, followed by Nikhil Vasudevan replacing grant on drums, he continues to be an active member of the band. He was joined by Sahil Warsi on acoustic bass in 2010. This was the longest running trio format for the band which lasted till 2013 when Warsi left to pursue music studies at the berklee college of music. Warsi was replaced by Shashank Das on acoustic bass for a short period which lasted two years finally being replaced by virtuoso bass player, Sonic Shori who is an active member of group.
The Current line-up of the band includes Risshi S Sachdeva on guitars, Nikhil Vasudevan on drums, Sonic Shori on electric bass, Vatsal Bakhda On keys, Aniket Chaturvedi on tenor saxophone and Abhay Sharma On alto sax.
In 2019, Syncopation released their highly acclaimed debut album titled 'TUNE IN.' This landmark release has been hailed as an Indian Jazz masterpiece, pushing the boundaries of the genre and showcasing the band's growth as musicians and composers. The album features a collection of original compositions that reflect Syncopation's unique attitude and musical direction.
Musical Style.
Syncopation's music is characterized by a fusion of Modern Jazz, funk, swing, and bebop. They skillfully blend soulful melodies with modern grooves, creating an exciting and vibrant sound. The band's approach to Jazz reflects their belief that the genre is an evolving art form that should constantly push boundaries and embrace new influences.
Performances and Recognition.
Syncopation has established itself as one of the prominent Jazz bands in India, having performed at numerous independent and corporate shows. They have also graced the stages of highly coveted music festivals and venues, earning accolades for their soulful and energetic performances.
In 2013, Syncopation released their highly acclaimed debut album titled TUNE IN. this landmark release has been hailed as an Indian Jazz masterpiece, pushing the boundaries of the genre and showcasing the band's growth as musicians and composers. The album features a collection of six incredibly written original compositions that reflect Syncopation's unique attitude and musical direction. ‘Tune In’ led the way for many upcoming bands and artists to create original jazz based music.
‘Rishikesh’ was released as a single during the covid period of Feb 2020, incredibly received by the their fans and critics alike. The song become a huge hit in the jazz circuits and continues to remain popular on Spotify jazz playlists, YouTube and other digital platforms alike. This again pillared the band as a true stalwart in the modern jazz scene. There are many bands who have tried to imitate the sound and feel of the band but Syncopations music continues to be unique and forward pushing. Their sound continues to inspire artists and fans across the globe. By creating memorable songs and longing for in their music, they can be regarded as a truly unique band, genuine to their artform. The band has performed for the biggest brand names like Rolex, Audi, Honda, Google, Coca Cola, Reliance, BMW, HP, American Centre, Bacardi, Blenders Pride, Lakme Fashion Week, Tuborg, Fratelli Wines, Airtel, Hindustan Times, Brand USA, Asian Paints, JK Tyres, Kingfisher, Jaypee Group, Tata Motors, Mint Newspaper, LPG India, Sabic, Grover Zampa Wines, UNESCO, Yamaha etc.
Syncopation has also headlined some of the most prestigious Jazz Music Festivals like Jazz India Circuit Fest, Area 79 Music Fest, Open hand Jazz Festival, Calcutta Jazz Fest, Wills Fashion Week, International Jazz Day, Blue Frog, Jaipur Polo Fest, Celeste Music Fest and many more. The band is currently working on their new album titled ‘The Indian Sky’ set for release in 2023. the album is going to have 6 tunes and is certainly going to gratify their fans around the world.
Their critically acclaimed debut album, 'TUNE IN,' has received widespread recognition within the Indian music scene. It has been celebrated as an Indian Jazz masterpiece, showcasing the band's artistry and their contribution to the genre.

= = = Whip It (Devo song) = = =
"Whip It" is a 1980 song by American new band Devo and it was taken from their third studio album "Freedom of Choice". It went to number 11 in Canada and New Zealand, number 14 in the United States, number 51 in the United Kingdom and number 77 in Australia. The music video used sexual themes and despite this it became very popular on the fledging television channel MTV.

= = = Got the Time = = =
"Got the Time" is a 1979 song by British new wave singer Joe Jackson. It was taken from his debut studio album "Look Sharp!". It has been played frequently in concerts.
Anthrax version.
In 1990, American thrash metal band Anthrax covered "Got the Time" for their fifth studio album "Persistence of Time". The single went to number 16 in the United Kingdom in 1991. It was covered again in 2021 by Finnish folk metal band Korpiklaani.

= = = Lips Like Sugar = = =
"Lips Like Sugar" is a 1987 song by Echo & the Bunnymen and is the second single from their fifth studio album "Echo & the Bunnymen". It charted in the United Kingdom, Ireland and New Zealand. It did not chart in the United States.
Track listings.
All tracks written by Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch and Les Pattinson except where noted.

= = = Shamkhan A = = =
Shamkhan A -Fashion Show Director is a fashion choreographer and show director who is the first Indian from Kerala to direct "Miss Grand International", ‘ Miss India International’ Miss India Earth’ . He has worked as fashion choreographer and show director for over 100 shows across India. 
Awards.
National Excellence award - Youngest show director of the country - 2019 

= = = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ = = =
In mathematics, 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ··· is an infinite series.Using sigma summation notation the sum of the first "m" terms of the series can be expressed asformula_1
Divergence.
The series' terms do not approach 0; therefore diverges by the term test. Divergence can also be shown directly from the definition: an infinite series converges if and only if the sequence of partial sums converges to limit, in which case that limit is the value of the infinite series. The partial sums of are:
The sequence of partial sums shows that the series does not converge to a particular number: for any proposed limit "x", there exists a point beyond which the subsequent partial sums are all outside the interval ), so diverges.
Stability and linearity.
Since the terms follow a simple pattern, the series can be manipulated by shifting and term-by-term addition to yield a numerical value. If it can make sense to write for some ordinary number "s", the following manipulations argue for formula_2So formula_3.

= = = Middle Eastern and North African cinema = = =
Middle Eastern and North African Cinema is a term for the movie productions that have taken place in any of the Middle East and North African countries. 
In the 19th Century, the region was divided between France and the United Kingdom. They had claimed protection over the countries through agreements and deals made between them (ie. Sykes-Picot Agreement). Because these countries did not have control over their economies and their political structures it was very hard to build national film industries. Only European movies were available. Culture was also repressed, especially in the French-protected countries, which made it even harder to produce films. 
The Timeline of Middle Eastern and North African Cinema.
1896 - The First Screening of a Movie in the Region.
The Lumière Brothers were the first film producers to present a movie to audiences in the region. They screened a movie for a selected audience in Egypt in Cairo and Alexandria. In 1896 the first movie exhibition took place within the Ottoman Empire, in Istanbul. After the success of the first screenings, in 1897 screenings took place in cities at Algeria (Algiers, Oran), at Tunisia (Tunis), at the Moroccan royal palace Fez. In 1900 screenings were taking place at Jerusalem in the Europa Hotel. All the movies that were shown were only addressing the tastes of the European colonizers. Watching movies as a form of entertainment was directed towards Europeans. There was no representation of the local cultures and there were no moves to make movies more approachable to locals. 
1896-1908 - The Creation of the First Cinemas.
Cinemas, also known as movie theaters, were soon built. The first was built in 1896 in Algiers and, shortly after, the Lumière Brothers built the "Cinematographé Lumière" in Alexandria. Between 1906 and 1908 the French movie company built cinemas in Cairo and Alexandria, and in Tunis. The first cinemas, like the first screenings of movies, were not addressed towards the native people. Egypt was the first country in which movies had voice-overs in Arabic allowing native audiences to watch as well. While cinema, as a form of entertainment, was widely accepted in North Africa, in much of the Arabian Peninsula it was not because of religious reasons. 
First Productions in the region.
Similarly to the first cinemas, the first movie productions were also in the hands of foreigners, mostly Europeans. Algeria, Egypt, and Palestine (specifically Jerusalem) attracted many European film producers who shot movies in what they called the "Orient." The Lumière company and Thomas Edison were some of the production companies that shot movies there. 
Those film productions were dominated by Westerners. Not only were they not made for natives, but they also included very few natives in the production processes. This was not the case for the Ottoman empire. In 1911 the , who were of Balkan origins and Ottoman citizens, filmed the journey of Sultan Reşat Mehmet to different cities in Macedonia. 
Egypt was the first colonized country to develop a national film industry. Already in 1909, the funeral of was filmed by an Egyptian person, and by 1920 Egyptian actors and actresses were already given main parts in movies, as well as directorial roles.
1920s - Growth of Film Industries.
The 1920s were important for the development of film industries in Middle East, and especially North Africa. Egypt became the center of the local film industry. Many popular short and long films were filmed in Egypt, and production companies collaborated with Egyptian actors, cameramen, and directors. is a short movie produced by Bonvelli in 1920. It is one of the first to have an Egyptian actor play an important role. In 1921, the film "The Country of Tutankhamun" (�� ���� ��� ��� ����) was produced by an Egyptian cameraman, Muhammad Bayyumi. In 1927 the first full-length silent film, "Layla", was made in Egypt and it was fully produced by a native woman, Aziza Amir, who also played the female leading role. In Egypt, in 1928, there were two full length films produced, more than other countries in the region at the time. Opinions regarding who directed "Layla" differ. What is known for sure is that Aziza Amir was the producer and the owner of her own production company "Isis Films". In the beginning, it seems like the movie was to be directed by Wedad Orfi, who was the leading male actor; however, the movie was at the end directed by another man, Stephane Rosti. It is not known why this change happened, and it could explain why the filming process began in 1925 but was completed in 1927. 
In 1922 the first short film was produced in Tunisia, named "Zohra," and shortly after the first long film was produced. In 1928 the first movie was produced in Syria with a native director and leading actor, and in 1929 Jordano Pidutti an Italian director, directed a film about a Lebanese immigrant in the United States. Badr and Ibrahim Lama were the first Palestinian filmmakers. They were born in Chile but moved to Egypt to produce their first film in 1927. They are significant figures of Arab cinema. 
1930s - Growth of National Cinema.
The 1930s begin with Egypt leading another successful production of a full length silent movie, "Zeinab", and with the first Iranian movie being produced, "Abi and Rabi". 1932 was a groundbreaking year. The first two movies with sound were produced. For technical reasons, they had to be recorded in Paris, France. 1932 was also the year that the first movie with clear Zionist ideas emerged, "Oded The Wanderer". There were big waves of immigration of Zionist Jews in the area of Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s because of the Balfour Declaration. 
In 1933 Herta Gargour, a Lebanese woman, financed the opening of a Lebanese production company called "The Lumnar Film Company". This production company produced the first film that was fully financed by Lebanese producers, "In the Ruins of Baalbek". It was also the first movie in which the Lebanese dialect of Arabic was spoken. 
The official start of Palestinian cinema is in 1935, when Ibrahim Hassan Sarhan filmed and produced Saudi Crown Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz‘s visit to Palestine. 
In 1934-35 the Studio Misr was established in Egypt. The film studio was founded by the , which is still a functioning bank, and under Talaat Harb a very well-known economist and co-founder of Banque Misr. Banque Misr was founded in 1920 and it had the goal of nationalizing Egypt's economy. The initiative to open their own film studio was part of Egypt's nationalization process. Harb managed to send young men abroad to learn the newest European techniques in film production and then with funding from Banque Misr acquired sophisticated equipment. The Studio Misr was a very successful project. It produced many successful movies, such as "Wedad, Munyet Shababi, al-‘Azeema, Salama fi Kheir", and many more. The success of many of these movies was due to the movie touching on important social issues of the time such as poverty. Many big stars also grew through this company, such as Umm Kulthum who was already a successful singer, but started a successful acting career. 
Unfortunately, not all the countries saw the growth of national industries, especially those occupied by France, where native culture was repressed and only French culture was promoted. From the 1920s, especially in the 1930s many French movies were produced in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. These countries were used as backgrounds due to their "exotic" look and the perceptions that Europeans had about the "Orient." The use of these countries for their "exotic" features caused the reproduction of many negative stereotypes against the natives.
1940s-1950s - Fight for Independence in the MENA Region.
In 1941 Iran's Shah, Reza Shah, had to step down from his position to due foreign pressures. Syria started an independence movement from France. In 1943, the French granted independence to Lebanon. These independence movements increased film production in the region. 
In 1943, the first post-independence movie was produced in Lebanon called "The Rose Seller". The same year in Turkey the first fully dubbed movie was produced, "Troubled Spring". In 1944 the "Centre Cinématographique Marocain" was founded with the goal of producing Moroccan films. In 1946, France established "Studios Africa" in the Maghreb (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) to produce documentaries with material from the colonies. Both of these studios had the purpose of creating and sharing propaganda regarding the revolts that were taking place in French colonies. By 1946, the studios were producing films in Arabic, not only French, and they became much more approachable to the audience by producing content that discussed Islam. Nevertheless, the movies' purpose was to spread propaganda especially against resistance fighters that were requesting independence from the French.
In 1948, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq saw growth in their film industries. In Iran, Esmail Kushan founded the "Mitra" film company which could produce sound movies. This was important because until then sound movies had to be filmed in Europe. In Iraq, "Alia and Issam" the first Iraqi movie was produced. In Turkey, the government decreased the tax on cinema tickets which increased the demand for films and the production of films. The State of Israel was established and in 1949, the "Israeli Motion Picture Studios" opened.
Egypt managed to gain independence from the British in 1952 with the "Free Officers" overthrowing the monarch and establishing the Ministry of National Culture and Language. Just two years later, in 1954, war broke out in Algeria. Algeria demanded independence from the French colonial forces. In 1956, Egypt gets attacked by Israel during the Suez Crisis. Morocco and Tunisia are granted independence by France in 1959 as well, but not Algeria, and Spain also gives up its territories in Morocco. By 1958 the first Lebanese Civil War begins. 
Despite all the setbacks, film industries still managed to grow. Youssef Chahine is an important Egyptian director who always included some political commentary in his movies. He lived through very turbulent times in Egypt and he is well-known for not accepting censorship. He discussed topics such as the British occupation, Nasser's rule, Islamism, and the changing relationships between the Arab world and the Western world. One of his most important films is "Jamila the Algerian", produced in 1958. This is his first film in which the message was clearly political. Another important work of his is the documentary "Cairo, As Told By Chahine," released in 1991, which showed the two sides of Cairo: an opulent center of the Arab world and a city ridden by poverty and religious intolerance. In 1953 the first Turkish color film was produced by , called "Carpet-weaving Girl." In Lebanon the were founded. In 1957 the first Jordanian film was produced, "Struggle in Jarash". It was the first movie which was fully produced in Jordan by locals, and it was produced in Arabic. In the same year "Where to?" by was the first fully Lebanese movie that was presented at the Cannes Festival.
1960s - Independence and Resistance in National Film Industries.
The 1960s were a decade of change in the region. This change is connected to liberation, especially in North Africa, and it, can be seen through the expansion of national film industries. Algeria gained its independence in 1962 after 8 years of war. At the time that liberation was granted, Algeria had 424 cinemas, many more than other countries of the Maghreb. Non-print sources of information were very important in Algeria when forming a national identity because of the very high illiteracy rates. The use of cinema, or radio, played such a significant role in the independence war that the French declared those mediums colonial propaganda. By 1964, Algeria had managed to nationalize its film industry with a very important figure of Algerian cinema . Algeria is home to a native group, Amazigh which speaks Berber. This group was always the most suppressed under French colonization, but it continued being suppressed even under an Algerian government. This can be seen in productions of , an Algerian government-owned production company, where Berber languages were strictly forbidden.
Palestinian cinema also grew in the 60s as a form of resistance. Mustapha Abu Ali, Hany Jawhariya, and Sulafa Jadallah established a film unit in Jordan which was owned by Fatah, which at the time was the liberation force in Palestine. It produced documentaries about the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Other organizations such as the PFLP, the , and the PLO also started producing documentaries to spread their cause, but they couldn't be as successful as the Algerian organizations because they had no access to the occupied territories. Their films focused more on the life conditions in refugee camps and in military actions and attacks that were taking place out of the occupied territories. An example of such a documentary is the "Aftermath" which is a short documentary the depicts the humanitarian conditions at the refugee camps after the 1967 war with the goal of gaining humanitarian aid for the Palestinians. What was different about this documentary is that it included interviews from natives speaking Arabic which made the message stronger. However, this movie as well as many others of that time fail to address the problem behind the refugees and present the refugees as "a problem that needs to be solved." 
Morocco gained its independence from France in 1956. The Moroccan state took no control over the cinemas. The first feature films were produced in 1968 by the national film organisation Centre Cinématographique Marocain, which was founded by colonial authorities in 1944. It is still the heart of Moroccan national cinema today. During the 60s Tunisia still struggled for independence so the movies produced in Tunisia were either French productions or films that demonstrated the struggle for independence.
"The Night of Counting the Years" or "The Mummy" was produced in Egypt in 1969 by Shadi Abdel Salam and it is based on a true story. The Egyptian star Nadia Lufti who was featured in this film was an important figure in Egyptian cinema. It is considered to be one of the best Egyptian movies to have ever been produced as it marks the start for the age of realism in Egyptian cinema. Moreover, it was shot in which is very uncommon for Egyptian films. 
1970s - Decade of Turmoil.
The 1970s were a decade of instability in many of these countries. In 1970-71 the situation between Israel and Palestine evolved rapidly with thousands of Palestinians losing their life due to the Black September events. While this was a tragic escalation of the conflict, it allowed Palestinian Resistance Cinema to grow. Palestinian Resistance Cinema is different compared to other resistance cinemas because it did not change public opinion on the conflict, but it did work as a mobilization force for many Europeans as well as a unitary force between Arabs and Palestinians. These were documentary-style films that had the ultimate goal of educating and informing people. One example of such a film is "With Soul, With Blood" which was produced by the Palestinian Film Unit in 1971. It discusses the conflict between the army of the Jordanian king, King Hussein, and the PLO, and the attacks that followed (Black September). It was directed by Mustafa Abu Ali and it was a cornerstone for Palestinian and MENA Resistance Cinema as it made commentary on Western Imperialism in the Middle East in general. In 1976 in Lebanon, which so far was experiencing its "golden-age" in cinema, the second Lebanese Civil War broke out which put an abrupt end to the success of Lebanese cinema for some time.
In Morocco, the film industry did not experience much growth. That is partly due to the fact that Moroccan film production was not nationalized so there was very little incentive to produce films, and partly because cinema did not seem to be that popular in Morocco. That led to many Moroccan films being very popular internationally but not in Morocco. Tunisian cinema did not grow much either, as the film industry was dominated by European and French productions. At a time more approximately 60% of all available films were European.
Other countries were experiencing growth in their national film industries. In 1972, Egypt saw one of its greatest productions "Watch Out for Zuzu" featuring one of the greatest Egyptian actresses, Souad Hosni. In the same year, Syria organized the first International Film Festival for Young Arab Cinema in Damascus, and the production in Turkey reached an average of about 300 productions annually. Algeria also experienced growth in the 70s. In 1975 Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina produced "Chronicle of the Years of Ashes", a movie about resistance and the fight for independence in Algeria. Lakhdar won the Palme D'or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1975 for the production of that film. This was the most expensive Algerian production so far, and it popularized Algerian cinema internationally. In 1978, "The Nubah of the Women of Mount Chenoua" was the first Algerian film directed by a woman, Assia Djebar 
1980s - National Film Industries and War.
The 1980s inherited much turmoil from the previous decades. Lebanon was still going through Civil War (started 1976 - lasted 15 years), a new war breaks out between Iran and Iraq in 1980, Turkey went through a three year long dictatorship from 1980 to 1983, and in 1982 Israel invaded the south of Lebanon. These developments were a major setback for the film industries of the countries. 
The Israeli attack on Beirut affected the Palestinian film industry significantly. The PLO's headquarters were located in Beirut and many important documents, pictures, videos, etc. were stored there. The destruction of the headquarters caused a decrease in the production of Palestinian films. The loss, however, was not detrimental with a new famous movie being produced in 1987 by director Michel Khleifi. The movie "Wedding in Galilee" was the first fictional Palestinian movie and it was inspired by the challenges Palestinians faced living in territories controlled by the Israeli military. 
The war between Iran and Iraq inspired a new movie genre "sacred defence." About 50 films were produced in that genre during the war. Despite the production of such films, the Iranian regime was overall against cinema. After the 1979 Islamic Revolution and in the first three years of Khomeini's rule more than 150 cinemas were destroyed throughout the country. This was because cinema and film production was seen as a way for the west to "inject" its values into Iran and Islamic states in general. Later on, cinema proved to be a necessary medium for the regime as it could easily spread information. The movies that could be produced from then and on had to be approved by "The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance" (established in 1982) and had to fit in some specific "boxes." By 1983, the Iranian regime seemed more keen on producing and exporting films and the "Farabi Cinema Foundation" was established. During the 1980s few films were produced in Iran but they were successful. In 1986 two major movies were produced that put Iran on top of film productions internationally, "The Runner" by Amir Naderi and "Bashu, The Little Stranger" by Bahram Beyzai. Three years later, the movie "Where Is My Friend's House?" was the first by Abbas Kiarostami, famous Iranian director. 
By the 1980s most film industries were well-established. Lebanon plaid a significant role in the distribution of Egyptian films internationally due its colonial connections with France. Algeria and Syria provided funds to young native film-makers but Morocco provided no resources to native film-makers and focused all its funds to foreign documentaries. Even the countries that made efforts to nationalize their film industries were missing one main factor, money. Many countries in the region were fighting for survival and depended on foreign funding. 
During the 1980s Palestinian productions saw a decrease because of the ongoing conflict. Despite the harsh conditions that film producers and directors had to work under they still managed to produce few influential movies. One of them was a documentary-style film "Children, Nonetheless" (also known as Children, Nevertheless) which came out on the UN-declared year as Year of the Child and pointed out the discrepancy between the declaration and the living conditions of Palestinian children. 
1990s - Fundamentalism and Conflict.
The 1990s were marked by a new wave of Islamic Fundamentalism in the region, and increased violent conflicts. These two main factors had some effect on the growth of national film industries. Egypt, previously known as one of the countries with the most vibrant and successful film industries, started a "witch-hunt" against artists, including actors/actresses, directors, and script writers. The peak of this era of "witch-hunts" in Egypt was in 1994 when Youssef Chahine, arguably the most important and successful Egyptian director, got sent to court for one of the movies he produced. That movie is called "The Exiled" and Chahine was sent to court for it because it depicted the Prophet Joseph, which according to the religious rulings in Egypt and Islam was not allowed. Despite the court ruling that the movie should be removed from movie theaters, it remained one of the most popular and successful movies of Chahine. Despite the regime's response, in 1997 Chahine went on to create another very successful movie which challenged Islamic Fundamentalism, "Destiny." Not all countries had the same response to the rise in Islamic Fundamentalism. Tunisia in 1994 saw the production of the film "Beb El-Oued City," a film which demonstrated the consequences that Islamic and religious fundamentalism could have in the society. That movie made it to the Cannes Film Festival and won the International Critics' Prize by the F.I.P.R.E.S.C.I., as well as a lot of global recognition. 
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, and in 1991 the U.S.A. invaded Iraq starting the Gulf War. Just a year later, in 1992, Algeria gets in a 10-year-long Civil War. These conflicts put a rough end, or long pause, to the film industries of these countries. Algerian cinema, once very successful, crumbled with the cinema sector being privatized in 1993 and the government organization responsible for funding closing down by 1998. 
Palestinian films kept getting produced at a steady pace, and got a boost when Rashid Masharawi established the "Cinema Production and Distribution Center" in Ramallah in 1996. In 1995 Khleifi produced what is considered to be one of the greatest Palestinian productions, "Tale of the Three Jewels." It was a successful movie internationally and it made a difference by not showing any violent scenes or scenes from war in general, but rather demonstrating the effects of the war on people, and children more specifically. 
In 1990 the first privately-owned television channel opened in Turkey, with the name of "Magic Box Inter Star 1". This was a first for the region and it put an end to the era of the Turkish film industry as many professionals started working for the TV. However, in 1996 "The Bandit" (Eşkiya) is the first film to be released in the new cinema of Turkey, which managed to somewhat revive domestic film production. 
Iranian cinema flourished in the 1990s. In 1991 Rakshan Bani-Etemad became the first woman to receive the "Best Director" award at the in Iran. She won this award for her movie "Nargess." Later, in 1997, Abbas Kiarostami won the "Palme d'or" at the Cannes Film Festival for the film "Taste of Cherry". Also, a wider range of films were allowed to be released, because the rules for Iranian cinema become less strict. 
2000s - Inspiration Through Struggle.
In the 2000s, regional cinema grew a lot as some directors started discussing certain taboo topics such as homosexuality and transsexuality. A film released in the year 2000, "Room to rent" (Khaled al-Haggar)"," is about an Egyptian man called Ali who is studying in London. He becomes friends with Mark, a gay photographer. This creates a fresh perspective on sexuality and socially prescribed sexual roles. The 2002 film "Une minute de Soleil en moins," directed by Nabil Ayouch depicts a police inspector who starts a friendship with a transvestite. These are quite well-known examples, but other films that critique sexual repression of queer people more obviously did not reach such a wide audience. Examples are the Lebanese "How much I love you" by Akram Zaatari and Palestinian Tawfik Abu Wad's "Diary of a Male Whore". 
Most national film industries grew in the 2000s, while others had a setback because of conflicts. Egypt still dominated the Arab film scene. However, it has also progressed a lot in the 21st century compared to the three decades beforehand. In the 70s, 80s and 90s cinema in the country was slowed down largely due to government film institutions being made private. Since then, more movies have been produced and have also improved in quality. In the year 2000, three Iranian movies won awards at International Film Festivals, "The Apple" by Samira Makhmalbaf, "Djomeh" by Hassan Yektepanah, and "A Time for Drunken Horses" by Bahman Qobadi. These movies became well-known and established Iranian cinema on the global stage.
In 2004 the Palestinian Film Foundation was created in the United Kingdom to organize Palestinian cinema in the UK. The Palestinian film "Paradise Now" directed by Hany Abu-Assad was released in 2005. This was the first Palestinian film allowed to enter in the United States Academy Awards. The non-governmental organization Shashat was founded in Ramallah. Its primary objective is to encourage women's filmmaking. Many young Palestinian women joined the documentary filmmaking scene in the 2000s. Three important Palestinian documentary filmmakers are Rima Essa, Suha Arraf and May Oday. All of them work and live in Palestine. The dominant themes in modern Palestinian films are "Palestinian displacement, exile, diaspora and statelessness".
In Turkey, domestic cinema brings in more money than international films in 2008. In fact, the top ten films in terms of profit are all national films. It is the first time for this to happen since the years. In post-Yeşilçam Turkey, new themes have appeared in films. Examples are "novel interpretations of Turkification and of Turkey's relationship to digital technologies, globalization and transnationalism".
A new country that has entered the international film industry in the Middle East is the United Arab Emirates. Its first domestically produced film "Dream" was released in 2005 and directed by Hani Al-Shibani. It takes place in the desert, where a group of actors is moving around. Film festivals are taking place in the U.A.E., such as the Middle East International Film Festival, the Dubai International Film Festival, the Emirates Film Competition, and the Gulf Film Festival. The financial base and infrastructure to support filmmaking now exist in the Emirates, as well as film training schools. 

= = = Pita Limjaroenrat = = =
Pita Limjaroenrat (, , ; nicknamed "Tim"; born 5 September 1980) is a Thai politician and businessman. He is the leader of the Move Forward Party. From 2019 to 2023, he was a member of the House of Representatives.
Pita led the Move Forward Party into the 2023 general election.
Political career.
Pita first joined as a member of the Future Forward Party (Thai:, RTGS: Phak Anakhot Mai). Pita initially joined as a member of the Future Forward Party (Thai:, RTGS: Phak Anakhot Mai). He accepted Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit's invitation to run in the 2019 Thai general election and was chosen as the fourth party-list representative for his party, winning a seat in the House of Representatives. He accepted Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit's invitation to run in the 2019 Thai general election and was elected as the fourth party-list representative for his party, earning a seat in the House of Representatives.
He outlined the "Five-Button Theory" in a speech he gave in the House of Representatives in July 2019. According to this theory, the government should concentrate on the following agricultural policies: land ownership, farmer indebtedness, cannabis usage, agro-tourism, and water resources. Interior Minister Anupong Paochinda appreciated his remarks despite the fact that he is a member of another party.
He was chosen as the new head of the Move Forward Party (Thai:, RTGS: Phak Kao Klai) two weeks after his party was liquidated. He joined 54 other former party members there and was subsequently elected on March 14, 2020.
Pita led the Move Forward Party during the general election of 2023. When his party won the most votes on May 15, he said that he was prepared to take office as prime minister and asked the Pheu Thai Party and several other minor parties to form a coalition government.

= = = Silver Wing = = =
Silver Wing is a care home in Tokyo. 
It is well known for using technology such as bed sensors, robotic walking aids, and interactive entertainment to reduce pressure on staff. Robotic aids are used to lift and move people to and from their beds. 
Steve Barclay visited it in May 2013.

= = = Oh Sherrie = = =
"Oh Sherrie" is a 1984 debut single by Steve Perry. It is the leading single from his debut studio album "Street Talk". It went to number 3 in the United States, number 1 in Canada, number 6 in South Africa, number 5 in Australia and number 8 in New Zealand and received heavy airplay on MTV.

= = = Cryin' = = =
"Cryin'" is the third single off of American rock band Aerosmith's eleventh studio album "Get a Grip". The song was released on June 20, 1993.
The song was able to make it to #1 on the Mainstream Rock, #11 on the Mainstream Top 40, and #12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts. It was also certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). 
The song is about a relationship that goes from good to bad. Vocalist Steven Tyler said that he considered it a country song and the band just "Aerosmith’d it".
Music video.
A music video for the song was released. It was directed by Marty Callner. During the video, it cuts back and forth to the band playing in a church and the story. In the story, a girl catches her boyfriend cheating on her in a movie theatre. Later, the couple a driving in a car. She breaks up with him, punches him in the face and kicks him out of the car. She is shown getting a tattoo and having sex with another man. Later, her car breaks down. She gets a naval piercing and eats at a diner. While eating, a man steals her backpack, she chases him down and kicks him. She considers commiting suicide by jumping off an overpass and her ex-boyfriend shows up to the scene. She jumps off and it's shown that she has a bungee jump rope tied to her waist. Her ex-boyfriend looks down to her and she gives him the middle finger.
The video features actors Alicia Silverstone as the girl, Stephen Dorff as the ex-boyfriend, and a then-unknown Josh Holloway as the backpack thief. It is the third Aerosmith music video that Silverstone has appeared in with her also being in "Amazing" and "Crazy".
It was the most requested video on MTV in 1993.

= = = Gustave Marchegay = = =
Gustave Marchegay, born on August 25, 1859 in Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay and died on June 19, 1932 in Bains-les-Bains, is a French architect, watercolourist and sculptor.
Biography.
Emile Gustave Marchegay was born on August 25, 1859 in Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay, in Vendée. Admitted in 1881 to the École Polytechnique, he joins the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts from which he graduated in 1885.
Gustave Marchegay then becomes architect of the City of Paris, and will thus be an inspector at the facilities of the Great Exhibition of 1900. As an Engineer of Arts and Manufactures, he was named Knight of the Legion of Honor on August 14, 1900.
On behalf of his architectural firm, established rue de Tournon in Paris, he drew up the plans for the châteaux of Coupigny in Orbais-l'Abbaye, and La Bobinière ( Mouchamps, Vendée). We also owe him part of the Célestins barracks and the reconstruction of the buildings of the École alsacienne.
As Protestant, he planned the construction of a number of religious buildings in Île-de-France, such as the chapel in Ville-d'Avray.
From 1928, Gustave Marchegay exhibited at the Salon d'Automne . He quickly became known for his aquatic sculptures, drawing inspiration from the long hours he dedicated to his passion. : fishing . He dies on June 19, 1932 in Bains-les-Bains, and is buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery .
Private life.
Gustave Marchegay married in 1885 the granddaughter of Désiré Nisard, writer member of the French Academy.
Posterity.
Some of his sculptures are kept at the Musée d'Orsay, in Paris, as well as at the museums of La Roche-sur-Yon and of Mont-de-Marsan.

= = = Pismis 24-1 = = =
Pismis 24-1 (also known as HD 319718) is the brightest star in the Pismis 24 open cluster in the NGC 6357 nebula. It is 6,500 light years away. It was thought to be the most massive star known: actually it is made of three stars. These are still some of the most luminous and most massive stars known.

= = = Eccleshall = = =
Eccleshall is a small town and civil parish in the county of Staffordshire in England. The town is seven miles from Stafford and six miles from Stone.
In 2022, it had a population of around 6,500 people.
Transport.
Eccleshall is located on the A519 road that runs from Newcastle-under-Lyme and Newport. Junction 14 of the M6 motorway is only five miles south of the town.
The nearest railway station used to be Norton Bridge, three miles east of Eccleshall, but this station officially closed in 2017. The nearest railway stations now are at Stafford and Stone.
Places of interest.
Eagle House is a Grade II listed building located in the town. Eccleshall Castle is also Grade II listed and is mentioned in the Domesday Book.
The Holy Trinity Church is said to date back to 1195.
Sport.
The town has a semi-professional association football club called Eccleshall F.C. who play home games at Pershall Park in Pershall, a small village to the west of the town.
Twin towns.
Eccleshall is twinned with Sancerre, a small medieval town in France.

= = = Louis Majou = = =
Colonel Louis Majou is a French politician born in 1764 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée ) and died on February, 25 1832 in Sainte-Hermine .
Biography.
Colonel Majou was born as "Louis Jacques Luc Majou des Grois" on November, 11 1764 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds, although his parents had resided in the nearby market town of La Couture. He was baptized as a Protestant the next day. His father was a landowner (lord of Pacaudières and Cars) and died early, leaving him an orphan at 17 years old.
We know only a few elements of his life before the Revolution. Inheriting some business in La Rochelle, he probably studied law in this city, where he certainly resided during his youth.
In 1792, Louis Majou was recognized enough in La Rochelle to be elected lieutenant of the free company. He took part as an infantryman in the siege of Toulon.
Career.
Enlisted in the active army, Majou follows Bonaparte to Italy. In his Memoirs, Antoine Sérieys reports that the latter, then commander of the place of Legnague, was close to being summarily executed by peasants. The scene takes place on 25 germinal year V : Sent as an emissary by General Monleau, Majou negotiates with the authorities of a village located near Florence . An Italian aimed his gun at the officer, who was saved only by the intervention of the priest.
On November 30, 1799, Louis Majou was appointed battalion commander and assigned to the 11 light demi-brigade. During the Egyptian campaign, he befriended General Belliard, also from Vendée. Reformed in 1803, he was reinstated in the army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and became aide-de-camp to Belliard in Spain . During the Russian campaign, he belonged to the cavalry staff. As such, he was made a legionary knight on the decision of Major-General Berthier de Wagram, in 1812.
Placed on half pay during the first Restoration, Majou was elected deputy of Charente-Maritime on March 11, 1815 for the period of the Hundred Days. He returns to his business in La Rochelle at the end of his mandate.
In April 1816, Colonel Majou took part in a subscription of officers in favor of King Louis XVIIl. He died on February 25, 1832 at La Barre in Sainte-Hermine.

= = = Antoine Dominique Bordes = = =
Antoine Dominique Bordes (1815-1883) was a French shipowner and business manager, founder of the shipping company that bears his name.
Career.
Born on July 22, 1815 in the Gers ( France ) where his father was a physician (from the University of Paris), he joined his older brother Antoine Bordes at the age of 16, in Bordeaux. Baptized Antoine Apollinaire, he takes the name of his brother in Chile for his business.
Antoine Dominique Bordes left at the age of 18 on the "Scythian" to Latin America and arrived in Valparaíso ( Chile ). He then began to work as a shipping agent and to create a commercial entourage. In 1837 he founded a consignment house. In 1840, at the age of 25, he joined forces with Captain Casimir le Quellec to create a port trading company between Bordeaux and Valparaiso, which was transformed in 1847 into a maritime shipping company with headquarters in Bordeaux.
The Bordes navigation company was created in 1868. Until the death of the founder, the company established itself on Boulevard Malesherbes in Paris and organized its traffic from the ports of Bordeaux, Nantes, Dunkirk, Le Havre . From the 1870s hits ships also carried Chilean nitrate to Liverpool and Glasgow.
From February 1857 to July 1859, the Pereire brothers hired him to straighten out the helm of the Compagnie Générale Maritime . During this period, he was the extraordinary administrator-general. He and Wulfran Puget, also a ship owner, got along : his sons will baptize one of their ships to his memory.

= = = Alexandre Bordes = = =
Alexandre Bordes (1860-1943) was a French shipowner and senior executive of the shipping company that bears his name.
Biography.
Alexandre Bordes was born on December 7, 1860 in Valparaíso, Chile, where his father Antoine Dominique was a shipowner. In 1878, he was associated with his brothers in the company, which was transformed in 1883 into the Ant. Dom. Bordes and sons, then MM. Bordes company. On the death of his older brother Adolphe, he headed the "Compagnie française d'armament de d'importation de nitrate de soude".
He became a member of the Superior Council of the Merchant Navy from 1919 to 1925 . As part of his services for National Defense, he was promoted to Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Alexandre Bordes was chosen in 1936 to hold the position of Under-Secretary of State for the Merchant Navy. 
He dies on September 9, 1943 in Paris, at the age of 59. Owner of the Nellcote villa, he is in particular the creator of his tropical park.
The award for the Sailing Club's cruise races in Villefranche-sur-Mer has borne his name since 1928 : Alexandre Bordes Prize.

= = = Minor chord = = =
In music, a minor chord is a combination of three different notes. For example, when using a piano, and you want to play the C minor chord (Cm, as minor chords are always denoted with a small 'm'), you must play C, followed by Eb, followed by G.

= = = 1888 United States presidential election = = =
The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th election in the history of the United States. It occurred on November 6, 1888. This election was between Incumbent President Grover Cleveland of New York and former U.S Senator from Indiana and grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, Benjamin Harrison. Harrison won the election with 233 electoral votes. Cleveland got only 168 electoral votes.

= = = Foreign relations of Turkey = = =
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a transcontinental country known as the "gateway from Europe to the Middle East". Because of this important position, play a large role in how this region functions.
History.
Under Atatürk (1923-1938).
The Republic of Turkey was founded on 1 November 1923, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the first President of Turkey. He implemented many reforms in the country, including the secularization of Turkey, lessening the importance of Islam. Because of these major reforms in the country, their foreign relations were less important, and the country was relatively isolated on an international level.
1938-1945.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk died in 1938, and his death marked the start for a new period in Turkish foreign relations. The main focus of this new period was World War II. The new president, İsmet İnönü, was in a difficult position, having to choose between the Allies and the Axis powers. In the end, despite signing a treaty with the United Kingdom and France , but Turkey decided to stay neutral, selling chrome to both sides. However, just before the end of the war, Turkey declared war on Germany and Japan in February 1945. This showed some good will to the Allies, and it allowed Turkey to join the United Nations as one of the fifty-one founding members.
After World War II (1945-1990).
As mentioned above, Turkey was one of the fifty-one founding members of the United Nations. Turkey also joined the NATO (North Atlantic Trade Organization) in 1952. The country received Marshall Plan aid, a financial support plan designed by the United States to stop the Soviet Union from spreading communism. This shows Turkey's good relations with the West during the Cold War. 
After Cold War (1990-present).
After the Cold War had ended and the Soviet Union had been dissolved, Turkey went into a process to enter the European Union, which still has not happened yet. Despite this, Turkey can be seen as an intermediary between Russia and the EU, two opposing blocks. 
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan came to power as Prime Minister of Turkey in 2003 and became President of Turkey in 2014. Under Erdoğan, Turkey has implemented a policy of . This policy means that Turkey should honour its Ottoman heritage by maintaining strong relations with all regions formerly under Ottoman rule. This has led to Turkey trying to get more power in neighbouring regions, like the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. Additionally, Turkey has shifted away from a Western-oriented foreign policy under Erdoğan, instead having a less democratic and more pro-Russian, pro-Chinese approach. This is a cause for concern for some in the West.
Turkey & NATO.
Turkey has been a NATO member since 1952, seeking protection from the threat formed by the Soviet Union. Turkey has been involved in different NATO operations and training programs, and houses various military bases and airbases for NATO. They have participated on NATO's side in the Korean War before they had joined NATO, sent troops to Afghanistan, and received NATO support to defend themselves from the threat of potential airstrikes formed by the Syrian Civil War. In the first half of 2022, Turkey stood central in NATO. Due to the threat of Russia, EU members Sweden and Finland wanted to enter NATO. All member states accepted except for Turkey, stating as reason that these states gave asylum to Turkish refugees, deemed to be migrants by the Turkish state. These people were often part of organisations like the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), the (PYD), or the (YPG), and the Turkish state says that these are terrorist organisations.
Turkey-European Union relations.
The European Union (EU) and Turkey established relations in 1959, and made their relations formal in 1963 with the . The EU and Turkey are also members of the . 
Turkey's foreign relations policies have historically been focussed on relationships with the Western world, moving to the historical goal of . As Turkey's AKP-led government has put more focus on Turkey's regional presence in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus, the relationship with the Western world has been deteriorating and negotiations of accession to the EU have come to a halt.
History of relations.
Turkey was one of the first few members to join the Council of Europe in 1950. Since the 1963 Ankara Agreement, relations between Turkey and the European Union were improving and in 1987, Turkey applied for membership to the European Economic Community, which later became the European Union. The negotiations for accession are still ongoing, but have come to a standstill in recent years after president Erdogan's crackdown on supporters of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, the presidential powers created by the and Turkey's path to a more autocratic form of government. Although Turkey is not a member of the EU, have been implemented based on the Ankara Agreement. 
Present-day issues.
Since the 2016 Turkish purges, relations with the EU have deteriorated significantly. Some of the most notable issues affecting these relations are the , the , the Turkish , and the Turkish . 
Arguably the most pressing issue is the . Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Turkey has taken nearly 4 million . Many of these refugees moved on to Europe, sparking the 2015 European migrant crisis. In 2016, the EU and Turkey made a 'refugee deal', which resulted in the EU giving financial support to Turkey to strengthen its borders and host refugees. 
Other foreign relations.
"Main article: "
Turkey has an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world, representing Turkey and providing consular services for Turkish citizens abroad. Turkey has the 5th largest diplomatic network globally, with 258 diplomatic and consular missions worldwide serving as a vital link between Turkey and the rest of the world and promoting trade, culture and diplomatic relations. Turkey is also part of 25 .
Middle East.
"See also: "
The foreign policy of Turkey since the AKP took power in 2002 is commonly called "Neo-Ottomanism". This political ideology encourages , economic neoliberalism, more engagement in neighbouring regions and Turkey as leader of the Islamic world. This has resulted in improved relations with the Middle East, especially with Iraq, Iran and Syria. Turkey currently has 15 diplomatic missions in the Middle East.
Africa.
"See also: "
Turkey's relation with Africa has been steadily improving since 1998. Trade between Turkey and Sub-Saharan Africa has increased more than tenfold from 1998 to 2015. Turkey has 39 diplomatic missions in Africa.
Americas.
"See also: "
In the Americas, Turkey maintains very good relations with the United States of America. The two countries maintain excellent strategic, cultural, public and most importantly . Throughout the Americas, Turkey has 29 diplomatic missions.
Asia and Oceania.
"See also: "
Turkey has been improving relations with Asia since the AKP took power, especially with its Middle-Eastern neighbours and Russia and China. Relations with Oceania have remained well and largely unchanged for decades. Turkey has 53 diplomatic missions in Asia and Oceania.

= = = Tanzania Environmental Conservation Society = = =
The Tanzania Environmental Conservation Society, also known as TECOSO, is a Tanzania non-governmental organization founded in the year 1998 and registered on February 11, 1999, under the Societies Act CAP.337 R.E.2002 from The Societies (Application for Registration) Rules of 1954. Its focus is environmental protection and habitat conservation, promoting an integrated approach that includes community development, environmental education, nature conservation and ecotourism. The organisation is also a piece of supportive machinery in collaborating and conducting field research projects, leadership development, vocational education that focus on gender parity. 
Priorities and campaigns.
TECOSO Tanzania also maintains an inter-continental network for information exchange and capacity building of conservation efforts. It works with different partners, including government institutions or associations, researchers, local and international learning institutions, universities and other NGOs. Most of the organisation activities are undertaken in Arusha Region, Manyara Region, Dar es Salaam, and Kilimanjaro Region. 

= = = Theloderma moloch = = =
The Assam Indonesia tree frog, Eerie tree frog, Xizang warty tree frog, or black-spotted frog ("Theloderma moloch") is a frog. It lives in northeastern India and southeastern China. Scientists think it may live in Myanmar.

= = = Theloderma vietnamense = = =
The South Vietnamese bug-eyed frog or South Vietnamese bug eye frog ("Theloderma vietnamense") is a frog. It lives in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. People have seen it no higher than 1400 meters above sea level.

= = = People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm = = =
People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm is the first album by A Tribe Called Quest. A Tribe Called Quest was an American hip hop group. The album was released on April 10, 1990. Jive Records released it. A Tribe Called Quest started recording music for the album in 1989. It was finished in 1990.
The album is important in alternative hip hop. It is known for having production that was different from other hip hop albums. The album has inspired many other R&B and hip hop music makers. It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1996.
Track listing.
All tracks written and produced by A Tribe Called Quest. Credits are from the album.

= = = Kingdom of Hanover = = =
The Kingdom of Hanover () was a kingdom in northwest Germany. It was created in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna. It came after the Electorate of Hanover (officially the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg). It joined 38 other countries in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover. This was a branch of the House of Welf. It was in personal union with Great Britain since 1714. Usually a viceroy controlled Hanover. This was because its monarch lived in London. The viceroys were usually younger members of the British royal family.
The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 when Queen Victoria became the queen of the UK. This was because females were not allowed to rule Hanover while a related male was still alive. Because of this, her uncle Ernest Augustus thus became the ruler of Hanover. His only son took over from him as George V. However, he was on the losing side of the Austro-Prussian War. His kingdom was then taken over by Prussia in 1866 and lost independence. It became a Prussian province. Hanover became part of the German Empire with the unification of Germany in January 1871. The country came back as the State of Hanover in 1946. But this state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in then West Germany. The city of Hanover became the capital of this new state.

= = = 1975–76 Austrian Cup = = =
The 1975-76 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. SWW Innsbruck were the defending champions. This year a new rule for tied games was introduced. If it was 0-0, there was extra time and, if necessary, a penalty shoot-out - in all other draws, the away team rose thanks to a (misinterpreted) away goal rule.
First round.
First round with teams from the Second League.
Round of 32.
First round with teams from the first league.
Final first leg.
SSW Innsbruck:
Friedrich Koncilia – Werner Kriess, Rudolf Horvath, Bruno Pezzey, Johann Eigenstiller – Werner Schwarz, Peter Koncilia, Manfred Gombasch – Franz Oberacher (50. Helmut Metzler), Kurt Welzl, Günther Rinker<br>coach:Branko Elsner
SK Rapid Wien:
Peter Barthold – Emil Krause, Egon Pajenk, Johann Pregesbauer, Rainer Schlagbauer – Erich Lisak (55. Kurt Widmann), Peter Persidis, August Starek, Wolfgang Kienast (55. Ernst Dokupil) – Johann Krankl, Paul Pawlek<br>
coach: Robert Körner
Final second leg.
SK Rapid Wien:
Helmut Maurer – Emil Krause, Peter Persidis, Egon Pajenk, Rainer Schlagbauer – Erich Lisak (46. Werner Walzer), Gerhard Aichhorn (57. Paul Pawlek), Ernst Dokupil, August Starek – Kurt Widmann, Johann Krankl<br>coach: Robert Körner
SSW Innsbruck:
Friedrich Koncilia – Werner Kriess, Rudolf Horvath, Bruno Pezzey, Johann Eigenstiller – Werner Schwarz, Werner Zanon, Peter Koncilia, Manfred Gombasch – Kurt Welzl (73. Helmut Metzler), Günther Rinker<br>coach:Branko Elsner

= = = Forever Young (Bob Dylan song) = = =
"Forever Young" is a 1974 song by Bob Dylan. It is the seventh track from his 14th studio album "Planet Waves". It was released as a single when it was taken from his live album "Bob Dylan at Budokan".
Joan Baez version.
In 1974 Joan Baez covered Forever Young as a single. It reached number 13 in the United States.
Louisa Johnson version.
In 2015, Louisa Johnson covered "Forever Young" and was released as a single. It went to number 2 in Scotland, number 5 in Ireland and number 9 in the United Kingdom. It was the first "The X-Factor" not to top the single charts in the United Kingdom.

= = = Aurore Gagnon = = =
Marie-Aurore-Lucienne Gagnon, simply known as Aurore Gagnon (31 May 1909 –12 February 1920), was a Canadian girl who was a victim of child abuse. She died of exhaustion and blood poisoning (sepsis), She had about 52 wounds inflicted by her stepmother, Marie-Anne Houde, and her father, Télesphore Gagnon. The story of "l'enfant martyre" (English translation: "The Child Martyr") received great attention in the media. Aurore became an icon of Quebec society and popular culture.
Life.
Aurore was born into and raised in a Roman Catholic family. She was the second of five children of farmer Télesphore Gagnon and his first wife Marie-Anne Caron. Her parents married in September 1906. They lived in Fortierville, Quebec. It was a small village on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. The villiage was a southwest of Quebec. The Gagnons' first child, Marie-Jeanne, was born in August 1907. Aurore's birth was soon followed by that of Lucina then Georges in 1910 and Joseph in 1915. 
In 1916, not long after Joseph's birth, Marie-Anne Caron was hospitalized for tuberculosis. Marie-Anne Houde, the widow of a cousin of Télesphore, soon moved into the Gagnon home. She claimed that she wanted to "take care of the house and children." She was a 30-something-year-old-mother of two sons, Gerard and Henri-Georges. She was born in Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard, a nearby municipality of Fortierville, Quebec. On 6 November 1917, 2-year-old Joseph was found dead in his bed. A coroner's inquest showed that it had been a natural death. Some villagers thought that Marie-Anne Houde had something to do with the death. 
On 23 January 1918, Marie-Anne Caron died of tuberculosis at the Beauport Asylum. The next week, Télesphore married Marie-Anne Houde. The villagers were suspicious when two of her children soon died, but there was no investigation. During this time, Télesphore was beating Aurore with an axe handle. At age 10 in September 1919, Aurore was hospitalized for more than a month at the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. She had a very bad infection in her leg caused by a beating. When she was released from the hospital, the beatings started again.
Death.
Aurore died on February 12, 1920. The cause was listed as poisoning. It was not known if she had been poisoned or if it was caused by an infection from her many wounds. Télesphore Gagnon and Marie-Anne Houde were arrested as they tried to leave the church after her funeral on February 16, 1920. Marie-Anne Houde was sentenced to be hanged for murder. The sentence was changed to life imprisonment.
After serving 15 years, she was paroled for "health reasons." She died of breast cancer in May 1936. Télesphore Gagnon was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was released from prison in 1925 for "good behavior" after serving only five years. He returned to his hometown and previous life, where he wrote several letters to Marie-Anne Houde, still in prison. After Houde's death, Télesphore remarried. He died peacefully in 1961.
Culture.
Aurore Gagnon is still a popular cultural icon in Quebec. She has almost mythical status. Many books have been published about her life. In 1920, the first dramatic production was written by Louis Petitjean. It would eventually become his most famous play. Télesphore Gagnon tried unsuccessfully to block the release of the 1952 movie.

= = = Pao = = =
Pao or PAO may refer to:

= = = Inovonics = = =
Inovonics is an American professional radio broadcast equipment manufacturer. It specializes in audio processors, RDS encoders, AM/FM/HD modulation monitors, and off-air monitoring equipment for AM/FM/HD/RDS/DAB+/Internet Radio.

= = = Anti-Defamation League = = =
The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) is a Jewish international organization headquartered in New York City.
The Anti-Defamation League usually fights against antisemitism, racism and all types of bigotry.

= = = His Brother's Wife = = =
His Brother's Wife is a 1936 American romantic drama movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and starring Robert Taylor, Barbara Stanwyck, Jean Hersholt, Joseph Calleia, John Eldredge, Jed Prouty, Leonard Mudie. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Emergency on Planet Earth = = =
Emergency on Planet Earth is the debut studio album by English funk band Jamiroquai. It was released on 14 June, 1993 through Sony Soho Square. It went to number 1 in the United Kingdom, number 5 in Switzerland, number 7 in France, number 11 in Austria, number 13 in Sweden, number 15 in the Netherlands, number 17 in Germany, number 21 in Australia, number 27 in New Zealand and number 40 in Japan. It was nominated for a BRIT award in 1994.

= = = Spyker F1 = = =
The Spyker F1 Team was a Formula One team owned by Spyker, a Dutch car brand. It existed only in 2007. The team was bought from Midland in 2006 and was sold to become Force India later on in 2007. 
History.
2006.
In 2006, during the 2006 Formula One season, it was announced that Spyker had bought the struggling Midland F1 team. Every race that was left would be raced under the Spyker name and the livery would be changed to orange, because that's the national colour of the Netherlands. 
2007.
In the 2007 season, the team was fully in the hands of Spyker. However, to the public, the team did not perform better than Midland. It was known as a backmarker, a team that almost always finds itself at the back of the grid. 
Firing of Albers.
On the tenth of July it was announced that the only Dutch driver with Spyker, Christijan Albers, would be fired because his sponsors failed to pay the Spyker F1 team. He would be replaced by Winkelhock and, later on, Yamamoto. 
2007 European Grand Prix.
During the 2007 European Grand Prix, held at the Nürburgring, Markus WInkelhock found himself leading the field in his only race for Spyker and in F1. This was because he was the only driver to make a pitstop before the race started. It was a rainy day and the team decided on wet tyres, as they work better in the rain than other compounds. This move put him in last, but many people in front of him either spun off or decided to get wet tyres for themselves. Suddenly, after passing the man in front, he was leading the race. At the height of his triumphant drive, he was 33 seconds in front of the driver in second. However, this wouldn't last long. Because of a series of crashes caused by the rain, the race was red-flagged. After the race restart, he was quickly overtaken by the faster cars behind him. He later on retired because of a hydraulics issue.
Spyker F1 Sold.
At the end of 2007, Spyker F1 was sold to an Indian holding company called Orange India Holdings. This was officially the end for Spyker in Formula One. The team turned into Force India for the start of 2008. 

= = = Rainforest = = =
Rainforest could refer to:

= = = Navina Jafa = = =
Navina Jafa is a cultural heritage professional, Kathak classical dancer, author, cultural historian, performing arts scholar, cultural activist, and curator of signature heritage tours. She has made contributions in the field of cultural diplomacy and sustainable development through her work as a Fulbright Scholar at the Smithsonian Museum and various other prestigious roles.
Early life and education.
"Navina Jafa" was born on June 6, 1964, in Shillong, Meghalaya. She completed her schooling at the Convent of Jesus and Mary in Delhi and Convent High School in Dominica, West Indies. She further pursued her education at St. Mary's Convent (Ramnee) in Nainital. Navina Jafa earned her Bachelor's degree in English Honors from St. Stephen's College (1983-86) and went on to specialize in Culture Management and Cultural Diplomacy as a Fulbright Fellow at the Smithsonian Centre for Folklife & Cultural Heritage in Washington, D.C. (2005-2006). She also pursued a Ph.D. in History & Culture with a focus on the Socio Economics of North Indian Performing Arts at Jamia Milia Islamia under the guidance of and (1991-1999).
Career and achievements.
Navina Jafa studied Art History and Indian Cultural Heritage in the guru-shishya parampara (traditional teacher-student relationship) with Kapila Vatsyayan.
As a cultural heritage professional, Jafa has conducted extensive research on Indian temples in collaboration with archaeologists such as and Krishna Dev, both . She has also made notable contributions to the field of cultural heritage skill mapping, data analysis, and application in sustainable development programs.
In addition to her academic pursuits, Jafa has actively engaged in cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy. As a Fulbright Scholar, she delivered a lecture on "Brokering Indian Culture In The United States: Perspectives On Cultural Management" as part of the Fulbright Lecture series. She has participated in various cross-cultural projects, including collaborations with Cambridge University on Culture and Artificial Intelligence.
Some of her notable accolades include the Shakti Women's Achiever award by the Travel Agents Association of India (TAAI) for her contributions to Heritage Tourism, the Woman of Wonder award by the Vodafone Foundation, and the CBSE Sahodaya Award for her contributions to Multi-disciplinary Learning - Heritage Education in Schools.
Jafa has been involved in electoral awareness and development communication through Indian performing arts. She worked with the Election Commission of India in 2019 to curate interactive folk performances in 56 villages in Rajasthan to motivate registered women voters. These performances, featuring traditional impersonators and acrobats, were accompanied by surveys to understand the reasons behind women's low voter turnout. Subsequently, Navina Jafa initiated a follow-up program advocating for the formation of jal panchayats (water councils) through a Bahurupiya Jal Yatra.

= = = Gaude Mater Polonia = = =
Gaude Mater Polonia is a polish medieval hymn and one of the oldest polish-latin lyric composed on gregorian chant „Oh salutaris Hostia”, on the occasion of pre-canonization of Stanislaus of Szczepanów. The hymn was written by Wincenty of Kielcza. In the times of the last crowned kings from the Piast dynasty, it served as the royal anthem. The song was first published on 8 may 1254, the oldest record comes from Kielce Antiphonary from 1372. During middle ages the hymn was chanted by polish knights after battle. Later the hymn was used on the national events.

= = = Mae Muller = = =
Holly Mae Muller (born 26 August 1997) is an English singer-songwriter and actress with German ancestry. She represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2023 with her song "I Wrote a Song". The song finished in 25th place in the Grand Final. 
Her debut studio album "Sorry I'm Late" was be released in September 2023. In late 2023, Muller will portray Kelly in the film "Gassed Up". 

= = = Alison Hammond = = =
Alison Hammond (born 5 February 1975) is a British TV presenter, reality star and actress. Hammond was born to Jamaican parents and was raised in Birmingham. In 2023, she became the presenter on "The Great British Bake Off" since 2023.
Career.
She is best known for co-presenting ITV's daytime show "This Morning" as well as being a contestant on "Big Brother" in 2002. After appearing on "Big Brother", Hammond appeared in multiple other TV shows including "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!".
In 2023, she started co-presenting "The Great British Bake Off" with Noel Fielding.

= = = Vanguard 1 = = =
"Vanguard 1" is an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth-orbiting satellite to be successfully launched, following Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1. it was launched 17 March 1958. 
Vanguard 1 was the first satellite to have solar electric power.

= = = Purple Day = = =
Purple day is an event that occurs on March 26. It is celebrated by several organizations around the world. The idea is to raise awareness of epilepsy. Many people do not know what epilepsy is, or they have wrong ideas about the condition. Epilepsy is a common condition, yet many people who suffer from it are stigmatized. The organizers also want to reduce the stigma associated with the disease. 

= = = Fortierville = = =
Fortierville is a municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec. It was the birthplace of martyr Aurore Gagnon.

= = = Muhammad Jaber Taha = = =
Muhammad Jaber Taha, an Egyptian writer and screenwriter, born in 1993, was born in Damietta Governorate, and graduated from the Faculty of Computer Science.
“Mohamed Jaber Taha” specialized in the science of marketing and has written books in the science of modern marketing in which he deals with modern marketing strategies, marketing developments through the ages, and the strategic repercussions of the Arab market.

= = = Latvian Green Party = = =
The Latvian Green Party is a green political party in Latvia. It started in 1990. 
Indulis Emsis who in 2004 was Prime Minister of Latvia, is a member, as is Raimonds Vējonis was President of Latvia between 2015 and 2019.

= = = Pirate radio = = =
Pirate radio is the setting up of illegal radio stations to broadcast radio music without a license and is famous after Sealand was made known for engaging in such activities, although other micronations such as the Islamic Sultanate of Qarsherskiy are also known to engage in Pirate Radio activities and most Pirate Radio operators are not in any way affiliated with micronations.

= = = Latvian Railways = = =
Latvian Railway was started as a company on 2 September 1991. It is owned by the government. Before that was the Latvian Railway Board (Latvian Railways) which started on 5 August 1919.
Railways were first built in Latvia in the 1860s. They were damaged in the first and second world wars. 
In 1992 there were of railway lines and 23,000 workers.
Other websites.
Official website

= = = Theloderma bicolor = = =
The Chapa bug-eyed frog or Sapa bug-eyed frog ("Theloderma bicolor") is a frog. It lives in northwestern Vietnam and southeastern and central China. People have seen it between 1400 and 1800 meters above sea level.

= = = Luxembourgish Americans = = =
Luxembourgish Americans are Americans of Luxembourgish ancestry. The United States 2000 Census said that there were 45,139 Americans of Luxembourgish descent. In 1940 there were 100,000 Americans with Luxembourgish ancestry.
The first families from Luxembourg went to the United States around 1842. They left because of the overpopulation and economic change in Luxembourg.
Most Luxembourgish Americans live in the Midwest. This was where most of them settled in the nineteenth century. In 2000, the states with the largest Luxembourgish American populations were Illinois (6,963), Wisconsin (6,580), Minnesota (5,867), Iowa (5,624), and California (2,824).

= = = Kim Petras = = =
Kim Petras (born August 27, 1992, Cologne) is a German singer and songwriter. Between 2016 and 2020, she released music as an independent artist under her own label, BunHead Records, before signing with Republic Records in 2021.
She became known for being one of the youngest people in the world to undergo an operation to change her sex assigned at birth. She began recording music at the age of 19, and was still a teenager when she released her first "extended play" (EP) "One Piece of Tape" in 2011. She released her first single in 2017, titled "I Don't Want It at All", which charted high on Spotify, earning Petras a contract with the company. She was featured on Charli XCX 's mixtape, "Pop 2" (2017), along with Jay Park on the song "Unlock It", and on her album, "Charli" (2019), along with Tommy Cash on the song "Click".
In 2021, Petras signed a contract with the Republic Records label, with whom she released the "Slut Pop" EP in 2022. Later that year, Petras released the single "Unholy" along with Sam Smith. It marked Petras' first number one single on the UK Singles Chart and on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song also earned Petras the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, making her the first openly transgender person to win that Grammy Award.

= = = Austro-Prussian War = = =
The Austro-Prussian War (also known by many other names like the Seven Weeks' War, German Civil War, Brothers War or Fraternal War, known in Germany as ("German War"), (; "German war of brothers")) was a war fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Each side was helped by many allies in the German Confederation. Prussia had also allied with the Kingdom of Italy. This connected the conflict to the Third Independence War of Italian unification. The Austro-Prussian War was part of the rivalry between Austria and Prussia. It ended with Prussian control over the German states.
The biggest result of the war was a change in power over the German states away from Austrian and towards Prussian hegemony. The German Confederation was ended and replaced by the North German Confederation. Italy also took the Austrian province of Venetia after the war.
The war started when Prussian troops invaded Schleswig-Holstein. The region had been disputed between Prussia and Austria ever since it was taken by them from Denmark. Prussia then invaded Hanover, Saxony, and the Electorate of Hesse on 15 June. Italy declared war on Austria on 20 June.

= = = Inno al Re = = =
Inno al Re ("Hymn to the King") was a national anthem of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the author of the lyrics is unknown and the melody was composed in 1787 by Giovanni Paisiello.

= = = I Can't Quit You Baby = = =
"I Can't Quit You Baby" is a 1956 song by blues singer Otis Rush. It was the first recording for the Cobra Records company. It became a record chart hit as well as a blues standard. In 1969 British band Led Zeppelin for their debut studio album "Led Zeppelin".

= = = King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime = = =
King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime is the fifth studio album by Faith No More. It was released on 13 March, 1995 through Republic Records. It went to number 2 in Australia, number 3 in New Zealand, number 5 in Sweden and the United Kingdom, number 6 in Belgium and Norway, number 7 in Scotland and Switzerland, number 8 in Germany and the Netherlands, number 9 in Austria, number 22 in Finland, number 31 in the United States and number 39 in Canada.
Track listing.
7×7′′ box set track listing

= = = Nutshell (song) = = =
"Nutshell" is a 1994 song by Alice in Chains. It was taken from their extended play "Jar of Flies". It was played on MTV Unplugged in 1996. The live version went on to be featured on 1999 album "Music Bank" and 2006 album "The Essential Alice in Chains".

= = = 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods = = =
The 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods were a series of floods in and around the cities of Bologna, Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, and Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The first floods happened between 2 and 3 May 2023, killing two people. Heavy secondary floods happened on 16–17 May 2023, killing at least 14 people and displacing 20,000 others. The usual amount of rain that falls in seven months fell in two weeks which made twenty-three rivers to overflow causing the floods.
Effects.
On 17 May, Stefano Bonaccini, the president of Emilia-Romagna said that "in the last 24 hours, more than 300 millimeters of rain have fallen" and described the floods as a "catastrophic event, never seen before".Later on, Bonaccini compared it the impact to the 2012 Emilia earthquakes, saying that the damage was likely to be less significant but would still cost the region billions of euros to repair. Lucia Mercalli, president of the Italian Meteorological Society, said that "two records were broken in 15 days in the same region. An event that occurred on 2 May might happen once in a century, but then other one hit the same areas only 15 days later."
Relief Efforts.
Emergency operations were carried out in response to the flood, including members of the Italian Red Cross, various armed and police forces, Protezione Civile and the Carabinieri. The state-owned energy company Enel made a task-force that would cooperate with local companies and forces to restore electricity to the affected areas.

= = = Cry to Me = = =
"Cry to Me" is a 1962 song by Solomon Burke. It went to number 44 in the United States and number 5 on the R&B charts in the United States. It has been covered by the Pretty Things, The Rolling Stones for their 1965 album "Out of Our Heads" and Dionne Warwick. It was written by Bert Berns.

= = = List of Scotland ODI cricketers = = =
This list has all members of the Scotland cricket team who have played at least one ODI match after debuting at the 1999 Cricket World Cup.

= = = Estádio do Dragão = = =
The Estádio do Dragão (English: Dragon Stadium) is a football stadium in Porto, Portugal. It is the home ground stadium of FC Porto since 2003. It can seat 50,033 people which makes it the third biggest stadium in Portugal.

= = = Nyctimystes multicolor = = =
Nyctimystes multicolor is a frog. It lives in Indonesia, in the Wondiwoi Mountains. People have seen it about 950 meters above sea level.

= = = Alunda = = =
Alunda is a locality in Östhammar Municipality in Uppsala County in Sweden. In 2010, 2,317 people lived there.

= = = Gozzano = = =
Gozzano is a "comune" in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is known for its football club A.C. Gozzano.

= = = Locate di Triulzi = = =
Locate di Triulzi is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

= = = Kenya African National Union = = =
The Kenya African National Union is a Kenyan political party. It ruled for nearly 40 years after Kenya's independence from British colonial rule in 1963 until 2002. It was called Kenya African Union from 1944 but due to pressure from the colonial government it changed its name to Kenya African Study Union mainly because all political parties were banned in 1939 following the start of the Second World War. In 1946 it called itself Kenya African Union after Harry Thuku resigned as president due to internal differences between the moderates who wanted peaceful negotiations and the militants who wanted to use force. The militants formed The forty Group, which later became the Mau Mau. The president was then James Gichuru. After him was Jomo Kenyatta in 1947. The organisation was banned by the colonial government from 1952 to 1960. It was set up again by James Gichuru in 1960 and renamed KANU on 14 May 1960 when it joined with Tom Mboya's Kenya Independence Movement.

= = = Kutzenhausen, Bas-Rhin = = =
Kutzenhausen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Castel San Giovanni = = =
Castel San Giovanni is a "comune" in the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

= = = Bagnolo Mella = = =
Bagnolo Mella is a "comune" in the Province of Brescia in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Twin towns.
Bagnolo Mella is twinned with:

= = = Brie-Comte-Robert = = =
Brie-Comte-Robert is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France.

= = = Ailoche = = =
Ailoche is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. The main sights are the sanctuary "Santuario della Brugarola" and the parish church "Parrocchiale di San Bernardo".

= = = Caprile = = =
Caprile is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Coggiola = = =
Coggiola is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Pray, Piedmont = = =
Pray is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Crevacuore = = =
Crevacuore is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Sostegno = = =
Sostegno is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. The economy is based on the production of apples and wine.

= = = Crassula ovata = = =
Crassula ovata is a plant from Mozambique, and South Africa. It is commonly known as Jade plant, money tree or money plant. It is a succulent. Usually, it grows to be a small tree. It has green fleshy leaves. When it grows bigger, it spreads easily through branches breaking off. These branches will then develop roots, and a new plant will grow from them (that is a clone of the old one).
It is also grown as a houseplant, worldwide.
Usually, the plant has small white flowers, which appear in the cooler season (in South Africa: July and August). In other parts of the world, the plant may flower when the days are short, and the temperatures are betweeen 5 and 10 degrees Centigrade. 

= = = Mercury Grand Marquis = = =
The Mercury Grand Marquis is a full size car sold by Ford from 1975-2011, it was a trim from 1975-82, after it became its own model. It would be the last Mercury built, on January 4th 2011.
It shared the Panther platform with the Ford Crown Victoria and Lincoln Town Car.

= = = Ford LTD = = =
The Ford LTD was a full-size car made from 1963 to 1986. In 1979, it moved to the smaller Panther platform, and in 1983, it became mid-sized.

= = = Chevrolet Citation = = =
The Chevrolet Citation is a compact car made from 1979-85, it was built on the new X Body platform, which was front wheel drive, and was shared with all other GM brands, including Cadillac. It is often seen as one of the worst failures in automotive history.

= = = Kingdom of Hejaz = = =
The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (, "Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah") was a part of the Hejaz in the Middle East.

= = = Xunzi = = =
Xunzi ( c. 310 – c. after 238 BCE) was a Chinese Confucian philosopher. Many people see him as the third greatest Confucian philosopher after Confucius and Mencius. He was an advocate of the Theory of Evil Human Nature.

= = = Desert kite = = =
Desert kites () are dry stone wall structures found in Southwest Asia (Middle East, but also North Africa, Central Asia and Arabia). They were first discovered form the air, in the 1920s. 
These structures were built in the stone age, from about 10.000 years ago, to about 2.500 years ago. They consist of two walls, at an angle. Very likely, they were used for hunting. Today, over 6.000 structures are known. The sizes range from less than to several kilometres in length. Very often, they are shaped like a kite. Usually, they are made of stone walls, less than high.
Little is known about their ages, but the few dated examples appear to span the entire Holocene. Most peole think that they were used as traps for hunting game animals such as gazelles, which were driven into the kites and hunted there.
Description.
Desert kites are stone structures with a convergent shape. They are made of linear piles of stones. The structures have lengths between less than a hundred metres to several kilometres and heights of less than one metre, even accounting for erosion. Often, there are gaps in the lines. These gaps may have been left by the builders on purpose. They may also have been the result of lines formed by alignments of cairns rather than a continuous row. There are different shapes that are referred to as "desert kites". The lines usually form two walls ("antennae") that converge into an enclosure ("head") with attached cells. The common kite type varies by region. Sometimes the existence of these cells is considered essential for a desert kite.
Research published in 2022 has identified that pits several metres deep often lie at the edge of enclosures: these have been interpreted as traps and killing pits. The kites enclose surface areas with a median of . Much larger and much smaller sizes are also known. Dating kites is difficult; various dating methods like radiocarbon dating and optically stimulated luminescence have given ages ranging from the early to the late Holocene. Sometimes, there are reports of their use in travel records. Some kites have been replaced by later archaeological structures, eroded or flooded. Sometimes they were used to build more complex shapes. In some places, structures like cairns, tombs or square walls occur alongside kites.
They are typically found in massifs or topographically complex terrain. They almost never occur in sloping terrain, mountainous regions, or within endorheic basins, although they occur at the margins of mountains. Often, the terrain within the kite is much more open than the outside terrain, lacking vegetation and rocks. In general, the visibility of the kites from their inside is poor, which appears to be a purposeful feature of their construction; for example, the ends and entrances of the kites often coincide with slope breaks (places where the slope changes). Within a given region, the kites tend to have a preferred orientation. They are absent from humid climates and from certain hyperarid areas, and their use may have been influenced by Holocene climate changes.
Their often enormous size and conspicuousness in arid or semiarid terrain renders them visible in aerial images, while their construction in rough terrain makes them almost invisible on the ground. Sometimes, natural features like cliffs are used in conjunction with the artificial walls to form a kite. Clearing vegetation around the lines or using rocks with a different colour from the background has been documented in volcanic terrain. In Arabia, cairns and linear stone alignments have been found associated with kites.
Kites are known from the Middle East and Central Asia, with examples known mainly from Armenia, Egypt, Iraq, Israel-Palestine, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Yemen. They have also been found in South Africa. , there were over 6,000 known kites in Asia and the Middle East, and in some parts of Syria there are as many as 1 kite every , to the point that they are partially overlapping or form complicated structures. Similar large enclosures that were presumably used as traps have been found in Europe, where they were dated to Mesolithic and Neolithic age; North America, where structures known as drive lines have been used into the 19th century AD; South America; and Japan.

= = = Ask a Stupid Question Day = = =
Origin.
This holiday was created by teachers in the 1980's to encourage students to ask more questions in the classroom. According to HolidayInsights.com, "at the time, there was a movement by teachers to try to get kids to ask more questions in the classroom. Kids sometimes hold back, fearing their question is stupid, and asking it will result in ridicule."

= = = Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen = = =
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was a historical country in the North Yemen, that gained indepencence from Ottoman Empire in 1918, and existed to its overthrew and the establishment of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962. The country was ruled by Zaydi Imams, who formally were vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

= = = Royal Salute (Yemen) = = =
The "Royal Salute" (Arabic. ���� �����, Tahiātin Milkiayet) was a national anthem of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, used from 1927 to 1962, written by Muhammad Ahmed Haydara.

= = = Theloderma corticale = = =
The Tonkin bug-eyed frog, Kwangsi warty tree frog, or moss bug-eyed tree frog ("Theloderma corticale") is a frog. It lives in China, Vietnam, and Laos. People have seen it between 470 and 1500 meters above sea level.

= = = Andorno Micca = = =
Andorno Micca is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Benna, Piedmont = = =
Benna is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Wahai tree frog = = =
The Wahai tree frog (""Litoria" vagabunda") is a frog. It lives in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

= = = Bioglio = = =
Bioglio is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Borriana, Piedmont = = =
Borriana is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Brusnengo = = =
Brusnengo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Callabiana = = =
Callabiana is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Camandona = = =
Camandona is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Ronco Biellese = = =
Ronco Biellese is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Zumaglia = = =
Zumaglia is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Camburzano = = =
Camburzano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Muzzano, Piedmont = = =
Muzzano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Occhieppo Inferiore = = =
Occhieppo Inferiore is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Occhieppo Superiore = = =
Occhieppo Superiore is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Campiglia Cervo = = =
Campiglia Cervo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 from the former municipalities of Quittengo and San Paolo Cervo.

= = = Quittengo = = =
Quittengo is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2016, it was merged with San Paolo Cervo to form the new "comune" of Campiglia Cervo.

= = = San Paolo Cervo = = =
San Paolo Cervo is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2016, it was merged with Quittengo to form the new "comune" of Campiglia Cervo.

= = = San Prospero = = =
San Prospero is a "comune" in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy. It is about northwest of Bologna and about northeast of Modena.

= = = Two Out of Three Ain't Bad = = =
"Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" is a 1978 song by Meat Loaf. It was taken from his best selling album "Bat Out of Hell". It went to number 5 in Canada, number 9 in New Zealand, number 11 in Australia, Austria and the United States, number 25 in Ireland and number 32 in the United Kingdom. It has been covered by Bonnie Tyler and Julian Austin.

= = = Mark 16 = = =
Mark 16 is the last chapter of the Gospel of Mark. It describes the Resurrection of Jesus. The oldest manuscripts stop at verse 8. Later manuscripts end with verse 20. 

= = = Frère Jacques = = =
Frère Jacques is a French round. It was composed in the 18th century. The composer is unknown today, but many people believe it was Jean-Philippe Rameau. The text has been translated into many languages, also outside Europe. The third movement of Gustav Mahler's first symphony starts with this tune, which is transposed into minor key. 
Score.
<score sound="1">
\relative c' { \key d \major
 d4 e4 fis4 d4 | d4 e4 fis4 d4 |fis4 g4 a2 |fis4 g4 a2
 a8. b16 a8 g8 fis4 d4 | a'8. b16 a8 g8 fis4 d4 | d4 a4 d2 | d4 a4 d2 \bar "|."
\addlyrics {
 Frè -- re Jac -- ques, | Frè -- re Jac -- ques, | dor -- mez -- vous? | Dor -- mez -- vous?
 Son -- nez les ma -- ti -- nes, | Son -- nez les ma -- ti -- nes, | ding ding dong, | ding ding dong!
</score>
The tune can be sung in a canon, with four voices.

= = = Japanese economic miracle = = =
The Japanese economic miracle refers to the time in Japan just after WW2, when the country developed quickly over a period of 30 years from a broken war damaged state to a world economic superpower. By the mid 1980s companies like Toyota and Sony were world famous. 

= = = Strontianite = = =
Strontianite (SrCO3) is an important raw material. It is used for the extraction of strontium. It is a rare carbonate mineral and also one of a few strontium minerals. It is a member of the aragonite group.
The mineral was named in 1791. It was named after the place Strontian, Argyllshire, Scotland. The discovery of the element strontium was also made the previous year (1790) before the mineral was named in Strontian. Strontium is more common than copper and is found at a level of 370 parts per million by weight, 87 parts per million by moles in the Earth's crust. The ores of strontium are celestine SrSO4 and strontianite SrCO3. Strontium is not found freely in nature and the process of producing strontium metal commercially involves reducing strontium oxide with aluminium. Good mineral samples of strontianite are rare.

= = = 1976–77 Austrian Cup = = =
The 1976-77 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. SK Rapid Wien were the defending champions.
First round.
First round with teams from the Second League.
Round of 32.
First round with teams from the first league.
Final first leg.
Wiener Sport-Club/Post:
Peter List – Herwig Tercek, Norbert Hof, Josef Schulz (82. Walter Lehner), Johann Hörmayer – Eduard Thomas, August Starek, Günther Happich – Walter Demel, Manfred Wagner, Helmut Zechner (82. Ernst Brudnar)<br>coach:Erich Hof
FK Austria Wien:
Hubert Baumgartner – Robert Sara, Karl Daxbacher, Josef Sara, Ernst Baumeister – Felix Gasselich, Herbert Prohaska, Alberto Martínez – Friedrich Drazan (65. Wilhelm Pöll), Hans Pirkner, Julio Morales<br>
coach: Karl Stotz
Final second leg.
FK Austria Wien:
Hubert Baumgartner – Robert Sara, Karl Daxbacher, Josef Sara, Günther Pospischil – Felix Gasselich (58. Friedrich Drazan), Herbert Prohaska, Alberto Martínez – Wilhelm Pöll, Hans Pirkner, Julio Morales<br>
coach: Karl Stotz
Wiener Sport-Club/Post:
Peter List (46. Erich Pusch) – Herwig Tercek, Norbert Hof, Norbert Lichtenegger (72. Manfred Wagner), Johann Hörmayer – Eduard Thomas, August Starek, Günther Happich – Helmut Zechner, Karl Ritter, Ernst Brudnar<br>coach:Erich Hof

= = = Somewhere Down the Crazy River = = =
"Somewhere Down the Crazy River" is a 1987 song by Canadian singer Robbie Robertson. It was taken from his debut studio album "Robbie Robertson". It went to number 8 in Belgium, number 12 in the Netherlands, number 15 in the United Kingdom, number 40 in New Zealand, number 91 in Canada and number 100 in Australia. It also went to number 24 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. The music video was directed by Martin Scorsese.

= = = Swanson, New Zealand = = =
Swanson is an outlying suburb of West Auckland, New Zealand. It was established in the 1880s and is situated west of Henderson. It has a primary school and a museum. It had a balefill landfill that shut in November 1996.

= = = Rakaia = = =
Rakaia is a town located on State Highway 1 and is close to Rakaia River. It is located 57 kilometers southwest of Christchurch and 28 north of Ashburton. It has a primary school in the town. In 1899 there was a train accident that killed four people. It has a large fibreglass salmon which is the feature of the town.

= = = Crosa = = =
Crosa is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2016, Crosa was merged to form the municipality of Lessona.

= = = Casapinta = = =
Casapinta is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Castelletto Cervo = = =
Castelletto Cervo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Cavaglià = = =
Cavaglià is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Cerrione = = =
Cerrione is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = If You Needed Somebody = = =
"If You Needed Somebody" is a 1990 song by British band Bad Company. It was taken from their 9th studio album "Holy Water". It went to number 16 in the United States making their biggest hit since "Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy" and number 51 in Canada.

= = = 975 = = =
975 was a common year.

= = = Curino = = =
Curino is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Lessona = = =
Lessona is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2016, Crosa was merged to form the municipality of Lessona.

= = = Donato, Piedmont = = =
Donato is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Dorzano = = =
Dorzano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Gaglianico = = =
Gaglianico is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Twin towns.
Gaglianico is twinned with:

= = = Graglia = = =
Graglia is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Gifflenga = = =
Gifflenga is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Magnano = = =
Magnano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Girl U Want = = =
"Girl U Want" is a 1980 song by American new wave band Devo. It is the leading single from their third studio album "Freedom of Choice". It was covered by Robert Palmer and Soundgarden.
Robert Palmer version.
In 1994, Robert Palmer released a cover version of Girl U Want for his 12th studio album "Honey". It went to number 57 in the United Kingdom.
Track listing.
7-inch single
CD single (UK/Netherlands release)
CD single (Japan release)

= = = Massazza = = =
Massazza is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villanova Biellese = = =
Villanova Biellese is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Masserano = = =
Masserano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Mezzana Mortigliengo = = =
Mezzana Mortigliengo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Miagliano = = =
Miagliano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Mongrando = = =
Mongrando is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Mottalciata = = =
Mottalciata is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Netro = = =
Netro is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Pettinengo = = =
Pettinengo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2017, Selve Marcone was merged to form the municipality of Pettinengo.

= = = Selve Marcone = = =
Selve Marcone is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2017, Selve Marcone was merged to form the municipality of Pettinengo.

= = = Piatto = = =
Piatto is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Piedicavallo = = =
Piedicavallo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Twin towns.
Piedicavallo is twinned with:

= = = Avrieux = = =
Avrieux is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Savoie department in southeast France.
Twin towns.
Avrieux is twinned with:

= = = Pollone = = =
Pollone is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Ponderano = = =
Ponderano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Portula = = =
Portula is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Pralungo = = =
Pralungo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Roppolo = = =
Roppolo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Russi = = =
Russi is a "comune" in the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy.
Twin towns.
Russi is twinned with:

= = = Blaze of Glory (Jon Bon Jovi song) = = =
"Blaze of Glory" is a 1990 debut single by Jon Bon Jovi and is the title track from his debut studio album "Blaze of Glory". It is taken from the 1990 movie "Young Guns II". It topped the single charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. It went to the top 20 in Austria, Finland, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It was nominated for 2 Grammys and an Academy Award. It won a Golden Globe Award.

= = = Beaumont, Puy-de-Dôme = = =
Beaumont is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Puy-de-Dôme department in central France.
Twin towns.
Beaumont is twinned with:

= = = Bopfingen = = =
Bopfingen is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Ostalbkreis, between Aalen and Nördlingen. It has the city Bopfingen itself and its districts Aufhausen, Baldern, Flochberg, Kerkingen, Oberdorf, Schloßberg, Trochtelfingen, and Unterriffingen. Bopfingen is known for its landmark Ipf, a table mountain which is part of the neighboring Schwäbische Alb to the east. To the west it borders to Bavaria and the impact crater Nördlinger Ries.
Twin towns.
Bopfingen is twinned with:

= = = Abdul Waheed Chowdhury = = =
Major Abdul Waheed Chowdhury (1914 to 1965 ) was a World War ll Veteran British Indian Army Officer. After the independence of Pakistan he served under Pakistan Army .He contributed to the formation of Pakistan Army. He helped set up the East Bengal Regiment . He was the Officer Commanding/Acting Commandant of the newly raised East Bengal Regiment's training establishment known as East Bengal Regiment Center. He raised and commanded the 1st East Bengal Regiment (Senior Tigers). He is well known as "Senior Tiger". 
Early Life.
Abdul Waheed Chowdhury was born on 1 February 1914 in the village of Dariyapur in the former British Indian district of Sylhet, subdivision Habiganj to a prominent Muslim family. His father was Khan Saheb Abdur Rob Chowdhury, Controller of Examinations, Dhaka University .
He went to the Nobokumar Institute Dhaka and passed higher secondary from Dhaka College and later graduated from Dhaka University. In 1938 he did his master's degree in economics . He was good at sports. He was a university blue in sports. He was a student of Dr. Mohammad Shahidullah and he was a friend and classmate of National Professor Abdur Razzak .

= = = Luo = = =
Luo may refer to:

= = = Piancogno = = =
Piancogno is a "comune" in the Province of Brescia in the Lombardy region in Italy.

= = = Nova Milanese = = =
Nova Milanese is a city in northern Italy. It is in the Lombardy Region. About 23,300 people live there.

= = = Luo (surname) = = =
As a Chinese surname, Luo may refer to:

= = = Moonage Daydream = = =
"Moonage Daydream" is a song by English singer-songwriter David Bowie. It is the third track from his 1972 album "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars". It was produced by Ken Scott. The song lyrics talks about the Moon and outer space. MGMT covered it on The Dr Oz Show On January 20, 2014 

= = = Sameer Quraishi = = =
Sameer Qureshi is an Indian multi-talented individual known for his work as a musician.
Early Life and Family.
Sameer Qureshi was born in Nautanwa, Uttar Pradesh, to his father Nafeesh Quraishi, a businessman, and his mother Nusrat Jahan, a housewife. He has a younger brother named Saif Quraishi.

= = = The Last Song (Elton John song) = = =
"The Last Song" is a 1992 song by Elton John and is the third single from his 23rd studio album "The One". It went to number 7 in Canada, number 21 in the United Kingdom, number 23 in the United States, number 27 in New Zealand, number 28 in Ireland and number 32 in Australia.

= = = Oromo people = = =
The Oromo are a Cushitic ethnic group from the Oromia region of Ethiopia and parts of Northern Kenya. They speak the Oromo language. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia.
The Oromo people traditionally used the "gadaa" system. A leader is elected by the "gadaa" system for eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years. Although most modern Oromos are Muslims and Christians, about 3% practice Waaqeffanna, the native ancient monotheistic religion of Oromos.

= = = Akan people = = =
The Akan people mostly live in Ghana and in parts of Ivory Coast and Togo in West Africa. They speak the Akan language (also known as "Twi/Fante"). Subgroups of the Akan people include: the Agona, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akyem, Ashanti, Bono, Fante, Kwahu, Wassa, and Ahanta. The Akan subgroups all have a lot in common; most notably tracing matrilineal descent in the inheritance of property, and for succession to high political office.

= = = Rocket Man (song) = = =
"Rocket Man" (officially titled "Rocket Man (I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)") is a 1972 song by Elton John and is the lead single from his fifth studio album "Honky Château". It went to number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in Ireland and the United States, number 13 in Australia and number 18 in Germany. In 2021, it was used in the Elton John and Dua Lipa single "Cold Heart".

= = = Cutro = = =
Cutro is a town and "comune" in the Province of Crotone in the Calabria region in Italy. The town is called "City of chess". Football player Vincenzo Iaquinta was born here.

= = = Cassano d'Adda = = =
Cassano d'Adda is a city in northern Italy. Cassano d'Adda is in the Lombardy Region. It is on the right side of the Adda River. About 19,000 people live there.

= = = Sant Joan les Fonts = = =
Sant Joan les Fonts is a municipality of 3,054 people (2022). It is in the province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.

= = = Olot = = =
Olot is a municipality of 36,716 people (2022). It is in the province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.

= = = Helene Weigel = = =
Helene Weigel was the second wife of Bertolt Brecht

= = = Panzerlied = = =
The Panzerlied (English: "Tank Song") was a Wehrmacht military song of the Nazi era. It was sung mostly by the Panzerwaffe, the tank force of Nazi Germany during World War II. It is one of the well-known songs of the Wehrmacht and became more popular with the 1965 film "Battle of the Bulge". It is used in the Chilean and Brazilian armies, but it was banned in 2017 to denazify (remove Nazi ideology) Germany. Modern-day Germany has stopped using it because it was used in the Nazi era.
History.
The Panzerlied was composed in 1933 by Oberleutnant Kurt Wiehle.
Some motorized and parachute units of the Italian Army sing the song, especially the 185th Paratroopers Division Folgore under the name ""Sui Monti e Sui Mar". In France, they changed some of the lyrics to become the "Marche de Chars" which is used by the 503e Régiment de chars de combat. Half of the song was used as a Namibian patriotic song and unofficial anthem under South African rule, called "Das Südwesterlied". It is called "Canção da Tropa Blindada"" in the motorized and parachute units of the Brazilian Army. There is a Spanish translation of the song used in the Chilean Army. It is used in the Chilean Armoured Calvary and the Chilean Naval Academy as a pasacalle.
The lyrics were changed and used in a Kriegsmarine song.

= = = Dark Blue World = = =
Dark Blue World () is a 2001 Czech British German Danish Italian French American war drama movie directed by Jan Svěrák and starring Ondřej Vetchý, Kryštof Hádek, Tara FitzGerald, Oldřich Kaiser, Charles Dance.

= = = Rosazza = = =
Rosazza is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Sagliano Micca = = =
Sagliano Micca is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Sala Biellese = = =
Sala Biellese is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Salussola = = =
Salussola is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Sandigliano = = =
Sandigliano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Sordevolo = = =
Sordevolo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Strona = = =
Strona is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Trivero = = =
Trivero is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged to form the new "comune" of Valdilana.

= = = 2023 Ecuadorian political crisis = = =
A political crisis began in Ecuador on 17 May 2023 because the impeachment trial against President Guillermo Lasso. The impeachment process began in the National Assembly on 9 May and lasted until 17 May when Lasso dissolved parliament through the constitutional measure known as "muerte cruzada" ("mutual death"). This ended of the impeachment inquiry, it dissolved the National Assembly and caused an earlier general election.

= = = Muerte cruzada = = =
Muerte cruzada (; "mutual death") is the name given for a constitutional measure found in Article 148 of the 2008 Constitution of Ecuador. It gives the President of the Republic the power to dissolve the National Assembly, however a new presidential and legislative election must be held within a certain amount of months afterwards. A regular election for a full four-year period of office then takes place. 
In September 2010, the Constitutional Court called it as "a checks-and-balances tool".
This measure was used once since it was created by President Guillermo Lasso in May 2023.

= = = Mosso, Piedmont = = =
Mosso is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged to form the new "comune" of Valdilana.

= = = 2023 Ecuadorian general election = = =
Snap general elections are scheduled to be held in Ecuador in August 2023. Current president Guillermo Lasso was eligible for a second term, however he declined to run.
The officials elected — to both the executive and legislative branches — will serve out the remainder of the current presidential and legislative terms (2021–2025). A regular election for a full four-year term will happen in early 2025.
Originally scheduled for 2025, the general elections were moved forward earlier after President Lasso used the "muerte cruzada" measure which dissolved the National Assembly to avoid impeachment.
Presidential candidates.
Declared.
Deceased.
Fernando Villavicencio was shot and killed after an event of campaigning for becoming the next president.

= = = Somali diaspora = = =
The Somali diaspora means Somalis who were born in Greater Somalia and moved to other places. The civil war in Somalia meant that many Somalis moved to Europe, North America, Southern Africa and Australia. The UN estimated that in 2015, about 2 million people from Somalia were living outside of the country's borders, mostly in Kenya, Ethiopia and Yemen. Some people had lived in refugee camps in Kenya or Ethiopia for many years. Many people have now settled in new countries, become citizens and had children. It is difficult to count how many people that is.
There are Somali communities in the United States: 150,000: the United Kingdom: 108,000 (2018); Sweden: 66,369 (2016); Canada: 45,000 (2011): Norway: 43,196 (2016); the Netherlands: 39,465 (2016); Germany: 38,675 (2016); Denmark: 21,050 (2016); and Finland: 20,007 (2017).

= = = Livestreaming = = =
Livestreaming is a kind of streaming media which is recorded and broadcast over the internet in real-time or close to real-time. It is known as streaming. There is non-live media such as video-on-demand, vlogs, and YouTube videos as they are technically streamed, but not live-streamed. An example of this would be Twitch, which is a livestreaming video platform.

= = = Somali Civil War = = =
The Somali Civil War started around 1988. The government of Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991 and the country became lawless. The United Nations sent peacekeeping forces in 1992 but they left in 1995 and the police force they set up collapsed. Somali was called a failed state. Many people left the country as refugees.
Transitional governments were set up in 2000 and fighting was reduced until 2007. In 2006, Ethiopian troops invaded the south of the country and destroyed the newly formed Islamic Courts Union. Al-Shabaab continued the fighting with a new Somali Civil War.

= = = Java bytecode = = =
Java bytecode is an intermediate code that is generalized after successful compilation of a Java program. Byte code once generated, remains the same on all different platforms. It is written by classes.

= = = Ron DeSantis 2024 presidential campaign = = =
Ron DeSantis, the 46th governor of Florida, announced his campaign for president of the United States on May 24, 2023.
DeSantis launched his campaign for the presidency through campaign video on May 24, 2023. That same day, he filed to run for president with the Federal Election Commission. The announcement will be followed by an event in Dunedin, DeSantis' hometown, during the week of Memorial Day.
After winning his gubernatorial reelection bid, DeSantis was seen as a potential 2024 presidential challenger who could beat former president Donald Trump's bid for the Republican nomination. Polls have shown that Trump is the frontrunner for the nomination, however, DeSantis raised more campaign funds in the first half of 2022.
After coming in a distant second place finish in the Iowa caucuses, DeSantis ended his campaign on January 21, 2024 and endorsed former President Donald Trump.

= = = Tim Scott 2024 presidential campaign = = =
The 2024 presidential campaign of Tim Scott was a campaign for the 2024 United States presidential election by United States Senator from South Carolina Tim Scott. After winning reelection, Scott was seen as a potential 2024 challenger to former president Donald Trump's bid for the nomination.
Scott announced the creation of an exploratory committee for the nomination on April 11, 2023.
On May 19, 2023, Scott officially filed with the Federal Election Commission to run for president. He officially announced his candidacy on May 22. 
Scott suspended his campaign on November 12, 2023, due to low poll numbers.

= = = Geography of Somalia = = =
Somalia is a country in the Horn of Africa. There are five federal member states: Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, Puntland and the municipality of Benadir. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Somali Sea and Guardafui Channel to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. It has a land area of 637,657 square kilometers. The terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. The coastline is more than 3,333 kilometers long, the longest of mainland Africa. It has been described as being roughly shaped "like a tilted number seven".
In the far north, the rugged east–west ranges of the Ogo Mountains lie at varying distances from the Gulf of Aden coast. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. There are probably valuable mineral deposits.

= = = Statues of Our Lady of Danajon and Sto. Niño = = =
Statues of Our Lady of Danajon and Santo Niño were placed under water in Danajon Bank. Our Lady of Danajon refers to the Virgin Mary. Santo Niño means Holy Child, baby Jesus Christ. They were placed in 2010 to stop blast fishing, fishing using explosives.
Danajon Bank is a double barrier reef, a rare type of reef. There are just six double barrier reefs in the world. Blast fishing was hurting the reef. 
The government of Bien Unido, a municipality of Bohol in the Philippines, worked with a group called SeaKnights to place the statues near the reef. They hoped that the Catholicism of the fishermen would stop the blast fishing. The fishermen stopped using blast fishing so they wouldn't hurt the statues. This kept the reef safe.

= = = Valle Mosso = = =
Valle Mosso is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged to form the new "comune" of Valdilana.

= = = Soprana = = =
Soprana is a "frazione" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. On 1 January 2019, it was merged to form the new "comune" of Valdilana.

= = = Valdilana = = =
Valdilana is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Mosso, Valle Mosso, Soprana and Trivero.

= = = Tavigliano = = =
Tavigliano is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Ternengo = = =
Ternengo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Tollegno = = =
Tollegno is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Torrazzo = = =
Torrazzo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Vallanzengo = = =
Vallanzengo is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Valle San Nicolao = = =
Valle San Nicolao is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Veglio = = =
Veglio is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Verrone = = =
Verrone is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Villa del Bosco = = =
Villa del Bosco is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Erika (song) = = =
Erika is a marching song that was used by the German military, mostly in the Nazi regime. The song was made by Herms Niel in the 1930s. It came into use by the Wehrmacht, especially the Heer. According to Micheal Tillotson, this was the most popular WWII song out of any other marching song.

= = = Viverone = = =
Viverone is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is on the shore of Lago di Viverone.

= = = Zimone = = =
Zimone is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Zubiena = = =
Zubiena is a "comune" in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Mercury Bobcat = = =
The Mercury Bobcat is a compact car sold by Mercury. It is similar to the Ford Pinto.

= = = Briga Novarese = = =
Briga Novarese is a "comune" in the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in Italy.

= = = Gougenheim = = =
Gougenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Goxwiller = = =
Goxwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Grandfontaine, Bas-Rhin = = =
Grandfontaine is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Grassendorf = = =
Grassendorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Grendelbruch = = =
Grendelbruch is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gresswiller = = =
Gresswiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hiko Shrine = = =
Hiko Shrine (����) is a Shinto Shrine in Yawata Kyoto. It has a style of a Greek temple and is dedicated to the people who have died in plane crashes. 
It was founded by Chūhachi Ninomiya on his own land who was one of the first people in Japan to make airplanes.
It has three altars
The building was built again in a Greek style in 1989 to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of Chūhachi Ninomiya's flight discoveries.

= = = Gries, Bas-Rhin = = =
Gries is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Griesheim-près-Molsheim = = =
Griesheim-près-Molsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Griesheim-sur-Souffel = = =
Griesheim-sur-Souffel is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gumbrechtshoffen = = =
Gumbrechtshoffen is a commune which is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is northwest of Haguenau.
Geography.
The commune is placed between Niederbronn and Haguenau, a couple of kilometres to the west of the main road that connects the two. It is traversed by the river Zinsel.

= = = Plane crash = = =
A plane crash is an accident where an airplane crashes. Plane crashes can be minor with nobody getting hurt, or they can be severe and kill many people.

= = = Deal with the Devil = = =
Deal with the Devil or a Faustian bargain, also known as a Faustian deal or Faustian pact, is a metaphor in English for a deal in which an ambitious person surrenders moral integrity in order to achieve power and success. The term originates from the legend of Faust, a character in German folklore and literature, who makes a deal with the devil for knowledge and worldly pleasures but pays the ultimate price of his soul.
In a broader sense, a Faustian bargain can refer to any deal or agreement in which someone sacrifices their principles or values for material gain or advantage. It's often used to describe situations where the long-term cost of the deal is much greater than the immediate benefits.

= = = Walter Burnett Jr. = = =
Walter Burnett Jr. (born August 16, 1963) is an American politician. He is a member of the Chicago City Council since 1995. In 2023, he became the Vice Mayor of Chicago.

= = = John P. Daley = = =
John P. Daley (born December 5, 1946) is an American politician. He is the 11th Ward Democratic Committeeman in Chicago, Illinois. He has been a member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners since 1992. 
Daley is the son of former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and brother of former Mayor Richard M. Daley, as well as William M. Daley, former White House Chief of Staff under President Obama and United States Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton.

= = = Geoffrey Hinton = = =
Geoffrey Everest Hinton (born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadian cognitive psychologist and computer scientist. He is known for his work on artificial intelligence (AI). From 2013 to 2023, he worked for Google (Google Brain) and the University of Toronto. In May 2023, he left Google after calling out the risks of artificial intelligence technology.

= = = Irsina = = =
Irsina, until 1895 called Montepeloso (in local dialect: or ), is a "comune" in the Province of Matera in the southern Italian region of Basilicata.

= = = Gundershoffen = = =
Gundershoffen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Theloderma stellatum = = =
Taylor's bug-eyed frog, purple-spotted warted frog, spotty warted tree frog, stellar bug-eyed frog, or Chantaburi bug-eyed tree frog ("Theloderma stellatum") is a frog. It lives in Thailand and Cambodia. Scientists think it may also live in Myanmar.

= = = Jobi tree frog = = =
The Jobi tree frog (""Litoria" obtusirostris") is a frog. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: Yapen Island in Indonesia.

= = = Paradise Road (1997 movie) = = =
Paradise Road is a 1997 Australian American war movie directed by Bruce Beresford and was based on the diaries by Betty Jeffrey. It stars Pauline Collins, Glenn Close, Frances McDormand, Cate Blanchett, Jennifer Ehle, Wendy Hughes, Elizabeth Spriggs, Pamela Rabe, Aden Young. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Brian Booth = = =
Brian Charles Booth (19 October 1933 – 19 May 2023) was an Australian cricketer and hockey player who 29 tests and captaining in 2 of them. He played hockey at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne.
On 19 May 2023, Cricket Australia announced that Booth had died at the age of 89.

= = = Eagle, Jackdaw and Shepherd = = =
Eagle, Jackdaw, and Shepherd is a story from Aesop's Fables. It teaches a lesson.
An eagle saw a lamb and grabbed it to eat. A jackdaw saw the eagle. The jackdaw wanted to do the same thing! He flew down and landed on a ram. He tried to grab the ram but got stuck.
A shepherd saw the jackdaw. He caught the jackdaw and cut its wings. He took the jackdaw home to his kids.
The kids asked, "What kind of bird is this?"
The shepherd said, "It's a jackdaw. But it wants to be an eagle."
The story teaches us not to try to be something we're not. Stay what you are!
Lesson.
Don't try to be something you're not. Accept yourself.

= = = The Bulls and the Lion = = =
The Bulls and the Lion is one of Aesop's Fables. It teaches that friends should stick together against enemies.
A lion saw some bulls in a field. He wanted to eat them. But he knew they would fight back together. So the lion made the bulls angry at each other. The bulls stopped being friends. 
The lion killed the bulls one by one. None of the bulls could fight the lion alone.
The story teaches that enemies will try to break up friendships. Friends should not listen to people trying to make them argue. They should work together against enemies. Some versions tell leaders to keep their people united. Then enemies cannot defeat them.
The fable has been translated into many languages. Artists have made many pictures to go with the story. Poets have written longer versions to teach the message. One poem in the 1700s used 13 bulls, like the 13 American colonies. It said they should unite against Britain, their enemy.
The fable shows why friends and allies should cooperate against enemies, instead of arguing amongst themselves.
Lesson.
Friends and allies should stick together against enemies. Do not let outsiders cause fights between you.

= = = List of Caillou episodes = = =
This is a list of episodes of Caillou animated show.

= = = List of Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers = = =
This is a list of Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers who have played at least one twenty20 international since debuting on 15 July, 2006.

= = = Lipari = = =
Lipari () is an island and a "comune" in Sicily in southern Italy. It has seven islands of the Aeolian Islands (Lipari, Vulcano, Panarea, Salina, Stromboli, Filicudi and Alicudi) and is in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The island is part of the 
Metropolitan City of Messina. It has 12,821 people.

= = = Building a Mystery = = =
"Building a Mystery" is a 1997 song by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan. It is the lead single from her fourth studio album "Surfacing". It went to number 1 in Canada, number 13 in the United States, number 23 in Iceland and number 97 in Australia. It won a Grammy Award in 1998.
Track listings.
US CD and cassette single
US maxi-CD single and Australian CD single

= = = What a Fool Believes = = =
"What a Fool Believes" is 1979 song by The Doobie Brothers and was taken from their eighth studio album "Minute by Minute". It went to number 1 in the United States and Canada, number 31 in the United Kingdom, number 12 in Australia, number 10 in the Netherlands and number 5 in New Zealand. It won 2 Grammy Awards in 1980.

= = = Interstate commerce = = =
Interstate commerce, in the United States, is business that is conducted across more than one state.

= = = Come Some Rainy Day = = =
"Come Some Rainy Day" is a 1997 song by country singer Wynonna Judd. It was taken from her fourth studio album "The Other Side". It went to number 12 in the country charts in Canada and number 14 in the Billboard Hot Country charts.

= = = The Right Thing (song) = = =
"The Right Thing" is a 1987 song by British band Simply Red and taken from their second studio album "Men and Women". It went to number 4 in Belgium, number 5 in the Netherlands, number 9 in New Zealand, number 10 in Switzerland, number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 17 in Finland and number 27 in the United States and Germany.

= = = Toto the Hero = = =
Toto the Hero () is a 1991 Belgian French German fantasy comedy drama movie directed by first time director Jaco Van Dormael. It stars Michel Bouquet, Jo De Backer, Thomas Godet, Gisela Uhlen, Mireille Perrier, Sandrine Blancke, Michel Robin, Pascal Duquenne, Jo Deseure.

= = = Rende = = =
Rende is an Italian city in Calabria. About 35,000 people live there.
The University of Calabria is in Rende.

= = = Acri = = =
Acri is an Italian city in Calabria. 19,949 people live there.

= = = Porto San Giorgio = = =
Porto San Giorgio is a town and "comune" in the Province of Fermo, in the Marche region in Italy. About 15,700 people lived here in 2021 and it is on the Adriatic coast.

= = = Sitting on Top of the World (Delta Goodrem song) = = =
"Sitting on Top of the World" is a 2012 song by Australian singer Delta Goodrem and is the leading single from her fourth studio album "Child of the Universe". It went to number 2 in Australia and number 23 in New Zealand. It marked the return to multi-platinum certified singles since "Predictable" in 2003.

= = = Luttra Woman = = =
The Luttra Woman is a bog body that was found near Luttra, Sweden, on 20 May 1943. The body has been dated to the Early Neolithic period, of about 3800-3600 BC. In Swedish, the body is called Hallonflickan(), in Danish, she is called Hindbærpigen. Both names are translated as "Raspberry Girl." This name comes from the fact that when she was found, her stomach showed that raspberries had likely been her last meal. At the time of her death, she was a teenager, or a young adult. There are no traces of injuries or fatal diseases on her body. She was likely tied up before her death, and drowned on purpose. Axel Bagge, an archeolgoist who assisted in the first investigation, said that she had either been a human sacrifice, or she had been executed.
Since 1994, her body has been on permanent display at a museum in Falköping.
, she was the earliest-known Neolithic person from Western Sweden.
Looking at the body.
When experts looked at the body, they concluded that she must have been a pretty girl or young woman. She was was a little smaller than other women her age. She was tall. Other women of her age, in the region usualy were beteen and tall. In the area where her stomach must have been, a large number of raspberry seeds were found. In the stone age, there were no technologies that would allow to keep raspberries for a longer time period. For this reason, her death must have been in summer, likely in July or August. This makes her a special case, as the other bog bodies found in Sweden all died during the winter months. In the 1990s, scientists tried to determine her age. They found that she must have been at least eighteen years old, more likely 20-25 years. Radiocarbon dating found that the woman had died about 1000 years later than first thought, between 3105 and 2935 BC. When looking at the surrounding soil, remains of freshwater snails were found. Likely, the woman was drowned in open water. Later, the area became a bog. 
Arrowhead.
Three years before the body of the woman was found, people had found an arrowhead, made of flintstone, about away. People thought, the arrow had missed the woman, and that she had been hit by another arrow. Later her body moved into the water. Further excavations were done, but they neither found another arrowhead, nor any wounds that would explain that an arrow had hit her. Therefore, the arrowhead is likely unrelated to the woman.
Reconstruction and exhibition.
, her body has been on a permanent exhibition titled "Forntid på Falbygden" () at the Falbygdens Museum, Falköping, since 1994. There is also a bust of what she might have looked like, displayed at the museum. Stockholm-based model-maker Oscar Nilsson created it.

= = = Bog body = = =
A "bog body"' is a human cadaver, that has been left in a bog. Because of the circumstances, it has been mummified, using natural mummification. The enviroment of the peat bog means that certain features are preserved, which would usually decay. Such bodies are often found, the oldest ones date to about 8000 BC, the most recent ones are those of dead soldiers of the Second World War.

= = = Ōhura = = =
Ōhura is a small town in the Ruapehu District, west of the North Island. It is situated west of Taumarunui in the King Country. It has a primary school and was once the centre of coal mining until 1965, railway network and has hit hard times with the population steadily decreasing since the 1990s. It has Ohura River running the village.

= = = Mattel Television = = =
Mattel Television is the television production division of American toy and entertainment company Mattel, originally founded on 31 March 2016 as the successor to Mattel's earlier entertainment division, "Mattel Playground Productions", under the name Mattel Creations.

= = = Barbara Pravi = = =
Barbara Piévic (born 10 April, 1993) better known as Barbara Pravi, is a French-Serbian singer and writer. She represented France at Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with "Voilà" and was the runner-up. 
Pravi has also written numerous songs for multiple artists including Yannick Noah, Julie Zenatti, Chimène Badi, and Jaden Smith. She also composed the songs "J'imagine" (which won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020) and "Oh maman!" (which won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022). 
In February 2023, she released a book named "Lève-toi." 
Background.
She was born in Paris. Pravi's father is from Serbia and is of Algerian descent. Her mother is of Polish and Iranian origin. Pravi's maternal grandfather is painter Hossein Zenderoudi.

= = = Double Gloucester = = =
Double Gloucester is a is a traditional, semi-hard cheese which has been made in Gloucestershire, England, since the 16th century. There is a Single Gloucester which is more crumbly, lighter in texture and lower in fat, but it is now quite rare. They are both made from milk from Gloucester cattle.

= = = Wensleydale cheese = = =
Wensleydale is a sort of cheese originally produced in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire. It is now mostly made in large commercial creameries in England.
It was started by French Cistercian monks who had settled in northern England. Local farmers carried on making it after the monastery was dissolved in 1540. Wensleydale cheese was made more popular by the "Wallace and Gromit" series.

= = = John Stevenson (director) = = =
John Stevenson (born 1958) is a British animator, film director and puppeteer. He has over 40 years of experience with animation.

= = = Secular Shrine Theory = = =
 was a theory of religion from Japan. People came up with it in the Meiji period. It was the idea that Shinto Shrines were secular in their nature rather than religious. It said that Shinto was not a religion, but was a secular set of Japanese national traditions. This was used by State Shinto to argue that the state controlling and enforcing Shinto was not a violation of freedom of religion. It was subject to immense debate over this time and ultimately declined and disappeared during the Shōwa era.

= = = Porto Sant'Elpidio = = =
Porto Sant'Elpidio is a coastal town in the Province of Fermo in Marche, Italy. 25,071 people lived here.

= = = Sant'Elpidio a Mare = = =
Sant'Elpidio a Mare is a town and "comune" in the Province of Fermo, in the Marche region in Italy.

= = = Monterubbiano = = =
Monterubbiano is a "comune" in the Province of Fermo, in the Marche region in Italy.

= = = Gungwiller = = =
Gungwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Gunstett = = =
Gunstett is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Haegen = = =
Haegen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Handschuheim = = =
Handschuheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hangenbieten = = =
Hangenbieten is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Harskirchen = = =
Harskirchen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hatten, Bas-Rhin = = =
Hatten is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hattmatt = = =
Hattmatt is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hegeney = = =
Hegeney is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Dog food = = =
Dog food is food Dog food is food made for dogs. Dogs are omnivores but they like to eat meat. They have sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for meat than vegetables. Their feeding habits evolved as they lived with humans in agricultural societies and ate scrap leftovers and excrement from humans. Dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves. 
The first food was made specifically for dogs in the nineteenth century, Spratt's Patent Dog Biscuit. In the United States people spent around $23.3 billion in 2022 on dog food.

= = = Lautaro Martínez = = =
Lautaro Javier Martínez (born 22 August 1997) is an Argentine football player. He plays as a striker for Inter Milan and the Argentina national team.

= = = Heiligenberg, Bas-Rhin = = =
Heiligenberg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Heiligenstein = = =
Heiligenstein is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France. It is known for its wine called Klevener de Heiligenstein.

= = = First inauguration of William McKinley = = =
The first inauguration of William McKinley as the 25th president of the United States happened on March 4, 1897. The inauguration was the beginning of the first four-year term of William McKinley's as president and the only term of Garret Hobart as vice president. Vice president Hobart did not finish his term because he died on November 21, 1899. As there was no system in place to put a replacement for him to serve the rest of his term, his position remained unfilled until the end of McKinley's term.
The ceremony happened in front of the Old Senate Chamber at the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. It was the 28th presidential inauguration. This inauguration was the first to be caught on film. This was the last inauguration to be held in the 19th century. 
Chief Justice Melville Fuller gave the oath of office to McKinley.

= = = Hengwiller = = =
Hengwiller is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Herbitzheim = = =
Herbitzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Herbsheim = = =
Herbsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Herrlisheim = = =
Herrlisheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hilsenheim = = =
Hilsenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Inauguration of James K. Polk = = =
The inauguration of James K. Polk as the 11th president of the United States happened on March 4, 1845. This was the 15th inauguration and it marked the start of the only four-year term of both James K. Polk as president and George M. Dallas as vice president. The inauguration took place at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. 
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney gave the oath of office to Polk. This was the first inauguration to be reported by telegraph and to be shown in a newspaper illustration; it appeared in "The Illustrated London News".

= = = Hindisheim = = =
Hindisheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Menominee County, Wisconsin = = =
Menominee County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 4,255 people lived there. The county seat is Keshena.

= = = Oneida County, Wisconsin = = =
Oneida County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 37,845 people lived there. The county seat is Rhinelander.

= = = Manchester tart = = =
Manchester tart is a traditional English baked tart with a shortcrust pastry shell, spread with raspberry jam, covered with a custard filling and topped with flakes of coconut and a Maraschino cherry. Some have thinly-sliced bananas under the custard.
Manchester tart was often on school dinner menus until the mid-1980s.
Robinson's Bakers of Failsworth says it is the home of the Manchester tart.

= = = Wiesloch = = =
Wiesloch is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 13 km south of Heidelberg. It is the fourth largest town in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, after Weinheim, Sinsheim and Leimen.

= = = Dravograd = = =
Dravograd () is a small town in northern Slovenia, close to the border with Austria. It is the seat of the Municipality of Dravograd and is on the Drava River at the confluence with the Meža and the Mislinja.

= = = Joseph Phua = = =
Joseph Phua (born 1984) is a Singaporean entrepreneur. He is the co-founder of dating app Paktor, a dating app that operates primarily in Asia He is the founder of . Phua is the chairman of Turn capital and also SoundOn Group. He is also the chairman of live streaming platform known as .
Early life and career.
Phua graduated from Stern School of Business, New York University, majoring in Finance for his undergraduate degree. After graduating, he launched Paktor in 2014.  The app quickly gained popularity in Asia for offering features such as a swipe-based interface similar to Tinder. Joseph Phua served as the CEO of Paktor until 2017 when he stepped down to become the chairman of the company.
Phua co-founded a new social networking app called M17 Entertainment in 2017 by merging with . M17 Entertainment initially focused on live streaming and online entertainment, targeting Asian markets. The company eventually expanded its services to include dating and social networking features.
Phua founded in 2022 He then hired almost all the staff laid off from Taiwan AppleDaily Taiwan.

= = = Rice pudding = = =
Rice pudding is a dessert made from rice cooked with water or milk and other ingredients such as sugar, cinnamon, vanilla or raisins. It is eaten in many countries and with many different recipes. It may be baked in an oven or boiled. 

= = = Horlicks = = =
Horlicks is a sweet malted milk hot drink powder. 
It was first made in America in 1873 as an artificial infant food. Later it was sold as a powdered meal replacement drink for people who couldnt eat properly. It is now sold as a nutritional supplement and is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. In the United Kingdom it is made with a mixture of wheat flour and malted wheat (46%), and malted barley (26%). In different countries it may be made and advertised differently. 

= = = GSK plc = = =
GSK plc, which used to be called GlaxoSmithKline plc. It is a multinational drug and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London, It is the is the tenth largest drug company. 
It was started in 2000 when Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham joined together. Its market capitalisation was £60 billion in May 2023. 
It made the first malaria vaccine in 2014.

= = = Travelling Without Moving = = =
Travelling Without Moving is the third studio album by English funk band Jamiroquai. It was released on 28 August, 1996 through Sony Soho Square. It went to number 2 in the United Kingdom and France, number 3 in Switzerland, number 4 in Sweden, number 5 in Belgium, number 6 in Australia, Finland and Japan, number 7 in New Zealand, number 9 in Austria and Germany, number 16 in the Netherlands and Norway, number 24 in the United States, number 37 in Canada and number 41 in Poland. The album was Jamiroquai's American breakthrough and marked its debut on the Billboard 200 chart.

= = = Sinner's Prayer = = =
In evangelical Christianity, the Sinners prayer is a short prayer. It admits sin and asks Jesus to save. 

= = = Belantsea = = =
Belantsea is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish that lived during the Lower Carboniferous, about 350 million years ago. It belongs to the order Petalodontiformes, which are called petalodonts, in the family Belantseidae. Its fossils are almost complete individuals.
"Belantsea" is the best known member of the order Petalodontiformes.
Description.
"Belantsea" would essentially‭ ‬have‭ ‬been the Carboniferous equivalent of a parrotfish. Its body was leaf-shaped, with muscular fins and a small tail. Its few, large, triangular teeth formed a beak-like arrangement that allowed it to graze bryozoans, sponges, crinoids, and other encrusting animals.
Species.
The species in this genus are:
Diet and size.
Diet.
"Belantsea" is a carnivore. 
Size.
It's up to‭ ‬70‭ ‬centimeters long.
Locations.
You can find "Belantsea" fossils in the USA, including Kansas‭ ‬-‭ ‬Zeandale Limestone Formation,‭ ‬Montana‭ ‬-‭ ‬Heath Formation,‭ ‬and Nebraska.
Temporal range.
Baskirian to Gzhelian of the Carboniferous.
Speed.
Because of its rather ungraceful body and veil-like fins, experts believe that "Belantsea" was probably a slow swimmer.

= = = Old World silverside = = =
The Old World silversides are a family, the Atherinidae, of marine and freshwater fish belonging to the order Atheriniformes. Atherinidae are abundant and considered bony fish (teleosts) that are widespread globally, living in rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. 
They occur worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. About two-thirds of the species are marine, and the others live in fresh water. There are 74 species in 13 genera. 
The genus "Craterocephalus" is the most diverse with 25 species. Four genera are monotypic.
Size of Atherinidae.
Silversides are relatively small with most being less than 20 cm (7.9 in) in length, with several not attaining lengths of more than 5 cm (2.0 in). The body is generally elongated. Distinctive characters include two dorsal fins widely separated, with the first consisting of flexible spines and the second having one spine followed by soft rays, while the anal fin has one spine on the leading edge followed by soft rays. The pectoral fins tend to be high, and there is no lateral line. On the flanks is a broad, silvery band. The scales are relatively large. Some species, such as the hardyhead silverside, "Atherinomorus lacunosus", are commercially fished.
The family Atherinopsidae (Neotropical silversides) is closely related, while the genus "Atherion" has been given family status in the Atherionidae by some authorities.
Subfamily Atherininae.
Origin of Atherininae.
The separation between the ancestors of Craterocephalinae and Atherininae caused Atherininae lineage to form in Southern Australia, which has cooler habitats than Northern Australia.
The subfamily Atherininae has five genera. One is "Atherina", which is found near the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans; however, the remaining four are restricted to Australia’s southern coastal waters. 
Since "Atherina"’s biogeographic location is significantly different, it is likely that "Atherina" and the four genera are not monophyletic or do not descend from a common ancestor. Instead, "Atherina" is hypothesized to have a sister lineage with the ancestors of Atherininae and the Craterocephalinae.

= = = Irwell, New Zealand = = =
Irwell is a small rural village in the Selwyn District, New Zealand. It once had a school that merged with Leeston in 1937. All that remains is church and small townhouses scattered along Leeston Road in the village. The road has a 60km/h speed limit running through the village.

= = = St Kilda, New Zealand = = =
St Kilda is a suburb of Dunedin. It was named after the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda. It had a racecourse called Forbury Park Raceway that ran until its closure in 2021. From 1875 to 1989 it had a borough until it was adsorbed into Dunedin City Council in 1989. It is located near the suburbs of St Clair, Forbury, Tainui, South Dunedin and Musselburgh.

= = = Standing Still (Jewel song) = = =
"Standing Still" is a 2001 song by American singer Jewel and is the leading single from her fourth studio album "This Way". It went to the top 40 in Australia, the United States, the Netherlands and New Zealand where it went to number 7 on the charts. It did poorly in the United Kingdom.
Track listings.
US 7-inch single
European and Australian CD single

= = = Janassa = = =
Janassa is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish. It lived in marine environments in what is now central United States of America and Europe during the Carboniferous and upper Permian. It is known from teeth and a few poorly preserved body fossils from Germany.
It was possibly related to the modern-day ratfish.
Description.
According to the fossils, "Janassa" had a body plan very similar to that of the modern skate. However, "Janassa" was a petalodont, a kind of ancient cartilaginous fish related to chimaeras. Its teeth suggest it crushed and ate shellfish, such as brachiopods.
Type species.
The type species is "Janassa bituminosa".

= = = Eltham, New Zealand = = =
Eltham is a town in the South Taranaki District, New Zealand. It is located 50 kilometers south of New Plymouth, 11 kilometers south of Stratford, 13 kilometers east of Kaponga and 19 kilometers north of Hāwera. It is situated on State Highway 3 and is the largest of the Taranaki dairy industry. It has a primary school located in the town. From 1901 to 1989 it was a borough until it was adsorbed into South Taranaki District in 1989. It is the home of All Black and Taranaki rugby player Brian Muller.

= = = Chomatodus = = =
Chomatodus (from Greek: ���� "choma", 'mound' and Greek: ����� "odoús" 'tooth') is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Petalodontidae. 
Species.
There is no type species.
Description.
We don't know what it looks like. Some people draw it as a slender shark. Others mistake it for a perciform fish. So far, people have found teeth and tooth fossils instead of complete fossils.

= = = Antliodus = = =
Antliodus is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish, a petalodont from the Carboniferous. It is known from the Mississippian of the United States, Britain, and Belgium. Though many species have been reported in the past, a lack of recent revisions means some may be dubious.

= = = Helicoprion = = =
Helicoprion is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish. Almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called tooth whorls, which in life were embedded in the lower jaw. As with most extinct cartilaginous fish, the skeleton is mostly unknown. It is one of the most popular sharks of all time. It was always assumed that the "Helicoprion" was a shark, but it is more closely related to ratfish.
Description.
It had skeletons made of cartilage. As a result, the entire body disintegrated once it began to decay, unless preserved by exceptional circumstances. This can make it difficult to draw precise conclusions on the full body appearance of "Helicoprion".
The tooth was unusual-looking. Many shark fans call the tooth a tooth whorl. The largest known "Helicoprion" tooth whorl, specimen IMNH 49382 representing an unknown species, reached 56 cm (22 in) in diameter and 14 cm (5.5 in) in crown height, which would have belonged to an individual over 7.6 m (25 ft) in length.
Tooth whorls.
"Main article: Tooth whorl"
A tooth whorl is a structure found on the "Helicoprion". Almost all "Helicoprion" specimens are known solely from tooth whorls, which is a name shark lovers call when they see a tooth whorl.
Other material.
Several large whorls are difficult to assign to any particular species group, "H. svalis" among them. IMNH 14095, a specimen from Idaho, appears to be similar to "H. bessonowi", but it has unique flange-like edges on the apices of its teeth. IMNH 49382, also from Idaho, has the largest known whorl diameter at 56 cm (22 in) for the outermost volution (the only one preserved), but it is incompletely preserved and still partially buried. "H. mexicanus", named by F.K.G. Müllerreid in 1945, was supposedly distinguished by its tooth ornamentation. 
Its holotype is currently missing, though its morphology was similar to that of IMNH 49382. In 1922, Karpinsky named a new species of "Helicoprion", "H. ivanovi", from Gzhelian (latest Carboniferous) strata near Moscow. However, this species has subsequently been removed from "Helicoprion" and placed as a second species of the related eugeneodont "Campyloprion".
What the tooth whorl looked like.
Hypotheses for the placement and identity of "Helicoprion"'s tooth whorls were controversial from the moment it was discovered. Woodward (1886), who referred the first known "Helicoprion" fossils to "Edestus", discussed the various hypotheses concerning the nature of "Edestus" fossils.
Karpinsky's hypothesis of the placement of the tooth whorl was putting it on the nose. Many people said that "the tooth whorl on the nose looks so weird." It now has its tooth whorl in its lower jaw.
In popular culture.
"Helicoprion" was a famous animal because it has been found in many websites. People have given it the name buzzsaw shark.

= = = Tooth whorl = = =
A tooth whorl is a structure found on the "Helicoprion". It is a name shark lovers call when they see one. Almost all "Helicoprion" specimens are known solely from them.

= = = Puerto Ayacucho = = =
Puerto Ayacucho () is the capital and largest city of Amazonas State in Venezuela.

= = = Black Capricorn Day = = =
"Black Capricorn Day" is a 2000 song by English funk band Jamiroquai and is the fifth and final single from their fourth studio album "Synkronized". It went to number 14 in Japan and only released in Japan and was not released in the United Kingdom. The single contains remixes of their singles "Canned Heat" and "Supersonic".

= = = UNESCO Global Geoparks = = =
UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) are places and landscapes with interesting, unusual geology. They are certified by the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council. They have to meet a set of criteria. The GGN is a network of geoparks. It is also an agency of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) which administers the network.

= = = Condenser (heat transfer) = = =
A condenser is a heat exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In so doing, the latent heat is released by the substance and absorbed into the environment around it. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers can be made in multiple designs and they come in many sizes ranging from small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air. This cools the food inside of it.
Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants, and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.
Air conditioning.
A "condenser coil" used in air conditioning systems normally has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense the refrigerant vapor into liquid, a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to cool the refrigerant inside. A normal setup of a condenser unit is as follows: The heat exchanger coil section wraps around the sides of the unit with the compressor inside. In this heat exchanger section, the refrigerant goes through multiple tube passes, which are surrounded by fins through which cooling air can circulate from outside to inside the unit. There is a motorized fan inside the condenser unit near the top, which is covered by a cover to keep any objects from accidentally falling on the fan. The fan is used to pull outside cooling air in through the heat exchanger section at the sides and blow it out the top through the grate. These condenser units are located on the outside of the building they are trying to cool, with tubing between the unit and building, one for vapor refrigerant entering and another for liquid refrigerant leaving the unit to the Evaporator.

= = = Novostav (Rivne Oblast) = = =
Novostav (until the 1940s — "Jurydiko-Novostav") — a village in the Zoryanska village community of the Rivne district of the Rivne region of Ukraine. The population is 779 people.
Geography.
The village is located one kilometer north of Klevan on the southern (partially northern) side of the railway near the already dried Stubla floodplain on both sides.
Novostav has named objects: Dacha (Dachi) "Sanatorna district", where in 1924 the burgher Svishchuk built the first rest house in the purchased forest; Busli "an inhabited riverbank, where storks and storks once gathered before departure" and many others.
Name.
The name Novostav comes from the two-component Novy Stav, which, in turn, was the result of distinguishing two Stavs: the older and the newer. The original Stav, which on the left bank of the Stubla took the name of the tract where it was, and apparently, somewhere in the vicinity of the former water mill, is now gone, as well as the stream of Zhivets (Zhylivets), which originated from spring waters.
According to legend, Novostav got its name from the expression "to build a new village", because it is said that the surrounding villagers decided to create a new settlement here after the Tatar pogrom. But some tend to see in the name the concept of "a settlement created at the new pond on the right bank of the Stubla".
History.
For the first time, Novostav, but under the name Novy Stav, is mentioned in a charter of 1516, where it is said that King Sigismund I granted Bohus an estate named "Zhukovo" with the villages of "Belev" and "New Stav". At that time, according to popular speech, there was still "Stary Stav", located on the left side of Stubla on the road to Olyshva in the vicinity of the sanatorium, Klevanska Secondary School. It was, obviously, the oldest settlement of Novostava, and now it is its precinct.
In 1577, "Novyi Stav" as an estate of Ivan Czartoryiskyi paid Klevansky castle large in-kind duties from the apiary, pitch mill, grain grinding, fishing. Two years later, the "Novostav bridge" was mentioned, which was completely destroyed by the spring flood when the Stubelka overflowed.
According to the "lustration" of 1579, "Novostav" held three "gardens" of the Lutsk castle. The act of 1588 confirms the ownership of "New Stav" to Yuri Czartoryiskyi as a castle settlement with preferential duties.
At the end of 1603, an enterprise for the production of "turpentine", tar, resin was built in "Novy Stave" using foreign equipment.
During the war of liberation, in 1652, "Novostavetskoe estate" was completely devastated. Great damage was done to him by new punitive noble units. Then a large part of the peasants went to the Pinsk swamps.
According to data from 1779, Novostav is a "village" eparchically belonging to Klevan, which then had 89 yards and 789 inhabitants. A little later, "Yuridiko-Novostav" was formed - the northwestern outskirts of Klevan in the vicinity of the church.
According to the 1947 directory, Jurydiko-Novostav, which had a village council, was renamed Novostav.

= = = North Borneo = = =
North Borneo (other names include British North Borneo and State of North Borneo) was an area in the northern part of the island of Borneo. Between 1881 and 1946, it was a British protectorate. The North Borneo Chartered Company governed it. In 1946, it was renamed to "British North Borneo", and became a crown colony. In 1963, it became independent, and joined what would later become the country of Malaysia. Today, the area makes up the Malaysian state of Sabah. North Borneo mainly produced timber for export, most of the workforce worked in agriculture.

= = = Evaporator = = =
An evaporator is a device used to turn a liquid into a gas through evaporation.
Air conditioning and refrigeration.
Air conditioners and refrigerators use a compressed liquid with a low boiling point that vaporizes inside the system and cools it, while releasing the thermal energy into its surroundings. The cooling liquid, or refrigerant is pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil) inside an air handler. Low pressure then causes the refrigerant to evaporate taking the heat with it. After this, it will continue back to the compressor. 

= = = Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue = = =
Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Manche department in northwest France. It is twinned with Bridport, England, United Kingdom.

= = = Droylsden = = =
Droylsden is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. In 2011, 22,689 people lived there.

= = = Piazza Armerina = = =
Piazza Armerina is an Italian city in Sicily. It is in the Province of Enna. About 21,700 people live there.

= = = Interstate 885 = = =
Interstate 885 and North Carolina Highway 885 are a 11.8 mile Interstate highway and state highway in the U.S state of North Carolina. The Interstate highway’s southern end is Interstate 40 and continues south as North Carolina Highway 885. The northern end of I-885 is at Interstate 85, and US 70. The part of I-885 from I-40 to the East End Connector is part of the Durham Freeway, where it continues as North Carolina Highway 147.

= = = Hinsbourg = = =
Hinsbourg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Montegrino Valtravaglia = = =
Montegrino Valtravaglia is a "comune" in the Province of Varese in the Lombardy region in Italy.

= = = Acton, Cheshire = = =
Acton is a village and civil parish in Cheshire, England.

= = = Newhall, Cheshire = = =
Newhall is a village and civil parish in Cheshire, England.

= = = Blood, Passion and Coffee = = =
Blood, Passion and Coffee () is a 2019 Honduran drama movie directed by Carlos Membreño and stars Alejandra Arias, Enrique Barrientos, Ethel Flores, Carlos Alberto Moncada.

= = = Andersonville Seminary = = =
Andersonville Theological Seminary is a private Christian institution located in Camilla, Georgia. It offers academic programs for students at the undergraduate and graduate levels, with the goal of preparing individuals for various positions within the Christian community, including missionaries, evangelists, preachers, Christian scholars, and educators. The seminary was founded in 1981 and presently boasts an enrollment of over 3,000 students, along with a network of more than 30,000 alumni.
Seminary History.
Andersonville Theological Seminary, formerly known as Andersonville Baptist Seminary, was founded in 1981 by Dr. Jimmy Hayes. It was officially recognized as a non-profit Christian educational institution by the State of Georgia and received official 501(c)(3) status from the Internal Revenue Service, signifying its charitable and tax-exempt status. In 2002, Andersonville Theological Seminary underwent a name change and expanded its selection of academic programs. The seminary follows the evangelical Baptist tradition and places a strong emphasis on the King James Version of the Bible.
Students.
The student body at Andersonville Theological Seminary consists of individuals with diverse religious beliefs, backgrounds, and church affiliations. The seminary warmly welcomes students from 24 different countries worldwide, as well as from all 50 states of the United States. It is particularly designed for adult learners who are actively engaged in church responsibilities or hold full-time employment while pursuing their degrees.
Administration.
The governance of the seminary is overseen by a board of trustees, with Chris Moore serving as the chairman. The current president of the seminary is Jimmy Hayes. The trustees are responsible for overseeing the implementation of policies and allocating resources as necessary.
Headquarters.
Andersonville Theological Seminary is situated approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) south of Albany, Georgia, and about 55 miles (89 kilometers) north of Tallahassee, Florida.
The seminary is located in the southwestern part of Georgia and has its main headquarters in the city of Camilla. Camilla is situated in Mitchell County, Georgia, in the United States. The city is recognized for its rich historical traditions, distinctive southern architecture, and flourishing agricultural practices.
Academics.
Academic programs.
Each degree program provided by Andersonville Theological Seminary is carefully designed, assessed for quality, reviewed, and ultimately approved by the Board of Trustees. As of 2019, the seminary offers a range of undergraduate degrees, including three distinct types, as well as a selection of graduate degrees, encompassing six different types of programs.
Andersonville Theological Seminary is renowned for its steadfast dedication to upholding traditional religious beliefs. Andersonville Theological Seminary prioritizes the teaching of Christianity through its educational methods, which focus on theology and bible studies. Many students enroll in the seminary with the aim of pursuing a career in Christian ministry. The curriculum at ATS centers around the teachings of the Bible.
ATS primarily delivers education through books and recorded class lectures. It has established a partnership with the Institute of Theological Studies (ITS). Currently, the seminary is in the process of transitioning certain distance education courses into fully interactive online Moodle courses. Most programs allow students to learn at their own pace, except for those pursuing degrees in Counseling and Education. It is important to note that these degrees do not fulfill licensing requirements in any state, although individuals may be permitted to fulfill their responsibilities under a religious exemption.
Since 2020, graduate students have the option to participate in in-person classes held at the Andersonville Theological Seminary location in Camilla, Georgia, specifically in Mitchell County.
Admissions.
For admission into the associate degree program at Andersonville Theological Seminary, applicants are required to have completed high school or possess an equivalent qualification, such as the General Education Development Credential or IB Diploma. As for those interested in pursuing a bachelor's degree, they should either hold an associate degree or have completed sixty credit hours of college-level courses. The admission requirements for graduate studies vary based on the chosen degree program selected by the applicant.
National Christian Counselors Association.
Andersonville Theological Seminary has partnered with the National Christian Counselors Association (NCCA) to offer a specialized program in Christian counseling. The NCCA is a Christian organization that grants licenses and certifications to pastoral counselors based on religious beliefs. However, it is important to note that these credentials are not recognized by any state for providing secular counseling services.
Association of Biblical Counselors.
The seminary equips students for biblical counseling training, enabling them to obtain certification through the Association of Biblical Counselors.
Graduating with Honors.
Andersonville Theological Seminary employs a four-point Grade Point Average (GPA) system to assess students' academic performance. Instead of using rankings, the seminary offers graduates the chance to receive honors and recognition upon successful completion of their degree program.
For graduate students, receiving distinction involves achieving a Grade Point Average (GPA) between 3.75 and 3.94, while attaining highest distinction necessitates a GPA of 3.95 or higher.
In the case of undergraduate students, graduating with cum laude honors entails earning a GPA ranging from 3.50 to 3.74, magna cum laude honors requires a GPA between 3.75 and 3.94, and achieving summa cum laude honors necessitates a GPA of 3.95 or above.
Rankings.
ATS does not feature in national or global rankings of colleges and universities because it is an independent seminary with a distinct classification.
Colors and Mascot.
ATS's official colors are slate blue, red, and white. The seminary's mascot is the crusader, which represents the institution.
Affiliations and Recognition.
ATS holds accreditation from the Association of Independent Christian College and Seminaries. Moreover, the seminary maintains affiliations with several organizations, such as the Association of Christian Distance Education (ACCESS) and the Council of Private Colleges of America (CPCA). ATS is affiliated with various organizations, including the National Christian Counselors Association (NCCA), Association of Biblical Counselors, Institute of Theological Studies (ITS), and the United States Distance Learning Association (USDLA).
Non-Profit Status.
Andersonville Theological Seminary is a Christian seminary functioning as a non-profit organization authorized by the State of Georgia. It has obtained approval from the Georgia Nonpublic Postsecondary Education Commission for Religious Exemption. Additionally, the seminary has been granted recognition as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization by the Internal Revenue Service.
Alumni Engagement.
ATS has a vibrant community of alumni and educators who are actively involved in missions, ministry, teaching, public service, and various professions. Over the years, the seminary has graduated more than 30,000 individuals and maintains an active alumni association that supports the seminary through different activities, initiatives, and resources. The annual graduation ceremony takes place at the Albany Municipal Auditorium in Albany, Georgia. ATS graduates are provided with the opportunity to obtain class rings and diploma frames from Jostens, along with alumni merchandise from the official ATS Online store offered by Logosoftware.
Media.
ATS publishes a monthly digital bulletin, which contains up-to-date information, announcements, and important dates, including graduation and job prospects. This newsletter is distributed via email to students, alumni, and supporters of the seminary.
Notable Alumni.
ATS alumni have made notable contributions to various fields. James Walter Clifton, an alumnus, achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first Libertarian to win a partisan race in Michigan in 1988. Bruce McCoy, another alumnus, served as President of the Missouri Baptist Convention and has made significant contributions to the organization. Jim West holds the position of distinguished professor at the Ming Hua School of Theology in Hong Kong. Eric Watson has previously served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives.

= = = Montalto Uffugo = = =
Montalto Uffugo is an Italian city in Calabria. About 20,000 people lived there.

= = = Hinsingen = = =
Hinsingen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Hipsheim = = =
Hipsheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.

= = = Ajay Mandal = = =
Ajay Mandal (born October 1, 1988) is an Indian doctor.

= = = Ali Farka Touré = = =
Ali Farka Touré (31 October 1939 – 6 March 2006) was a Malian singer and multi-instrumentalist, and one of Africa's most famous musicians. His music blends traditional Malian music and its derivative, African American blues. He was a pioneer of African desert blues. Touré was number 76 on "Rolling Stone"'s list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and number 37 on "Spin" magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". 

= = = Rajneesh K. Mishra = = =
Dr. R. K. Mishra is a laparoscopic and robotic surgeon from India. He is commonly known as Dr. Rajneesh Kumar Mishra. Mishra has authored and co-authored many scientific publications. In his publications, he has highlighted innovative surgical approaches, advancements, and outcomes in Minimal Access Surgery. He is a member of the Society of Gastrointestinal Laparoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). He is also the president of the International College of Robotic Surgeons. Also, he is the chief editor of the World Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery. Mishra is also a founding member of the (CRSA) Clinical Robotic Surgery Association's Indian chapter.
Other links.
Google scholar profile

= = = Theloderma rhododiscus = = =
The Chinese bubble-nest frog, red-disked small tree frog, or Chinese bug-eyed frog ("Theloderma rhododiscus") is a frog. It lives in China.

= = = Garman New Guinea tree frog = = =
The Garman New Guinea tree frog (""Litoria" jeudii") is a frog. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place in Papua New Guinea.

= = = Haunting the Chapel = = =
Haunting the Chapel is an extended play (EP) made by Slayer. Slayer is an American thrash metal band. Metal Blade Records, a record label, released it in June 1984. Slayer's first album, "Show No Mercy", was Metal Blade's best selling album. Because of this, the owner of Metal Blade wanted the band to make an EP. The band recorded the EP in Hollywood. Dave Lombardo met Gene Hoglan while the band was making the album. Lombardo changed how he played the drums after meeting Hoglan. While recording the EP, Lombardo started using two bass drums in his drum kit. Hoglan helped Lombardo play the bass drums better.
The EP has three songs on it. These are "Chemical Warfare", "Captor of Sin" and "Haunting the Chapel". The band played "Chemical Warfare" at many of their concerts. "Haunting the Chapel" did not go on any music charts. Other music makers have said they were inspired by the EP. Chuck Schuldiner of Death said that "Haunting the Chapel" was "life changing". Bolt Thrower and At the Gates have also been inspired by it.

= = = M3GAN = = =
M 3 GAN (pronounced as Megan) is a 2022 science fiction horror movie directed by Gerald Johnstone. It was written by Akela Cooper from a story by Cooper and James Wan (who also produced with Jason Blum). The movie stars Allison Williams and Violet McGraw, while Amie Donald physically portrays M3GAN with Jenna Davis voicing the character.
"M3GAN" had its worldwide premiere at Los Angeles on December 7, 2022 with Universal Pictures releasing it in theatres in the USA on January 6, 2023. A sequel, named "M3GAN 2.0", is set to be released on January 17, 2025.
Plot.
A young girl named Cady and her parents are involved in a car accident in the snow, leaving Cady an orphan. Cady is sent to live with her aunt Gemma, a roboticist at the high-tech Seattle toy company Funki. Gemma is developing M3GAN (Model 3 Generative Android); a life-sized humanoid robot doll powered by artificial intelligence, designed to assist in caretaking duties and being a loyal companion to the child to whom it is assigned. After a faulty test occurs with M3GAN’s functions in their lab, Gemma’s boss David orders her to drop the project.
Gemma and Cady struggle to adapt to their new living situation, as Gemma is a workaholic by nature and does not have time to bond with Cady. When Cady discovers Bruce, a motion capture robot that Gemma created, she expresses a wish for a similarly complex toy, which propels Gemma to complete the M3GAN project. The finished model is formally paired with Cady, and David becomes convinced of the project's potential for success after observing the pair. M3GAN exceeds expectations as a friend and largely takes over for parenthood duties and emotional support, to the point that Gemma's colleagues, and Cady's therapist Lydia, in particular, become concerned about Cady creating an extremely strong emotional attachment to M3GAN. In addition, being designed to self-improve and adapt, M3GAN starts operating more independently and targets anything that she deems a threat to Cady. She kills Gemma's neighbor Celia's dog Loue after it bites Cady. Later, she tears off the ear of Cady's bully Brandon and chases him before he trips and falls in the path of an oncoming car, which fatally runs him over.
After Celia aggressively confronts Gemma, Cady, and M3GAN, blaming them for her missing dog, in the evening hours, M3GAN enters the shed in her backyard and after imitating the dog Loue's voice (which leads Celia to the shed) murders her by shooting her hand with a nail gun and spraying her with garden chemicals. Gemma becomes suspicious of M3GAN and attempts to check her video logs to see if she was involved in the deaths. When she finds the files corrupted or erased, Gemma turns M3GAN off and takes her to her colleagues Tess and Cole to fix her. Cady responds violently, lashing out due to her attachment to M3GAN. Gemma tries to apologize for her absence as a parent and tells Cady that M3GAN is a distraction from coping with the difficult loss of her parents, not a solution.
While M3GAN wins over Funki's investors and convinces them to release a worldwide campaign in advance of her release, Gemma, Tess and Cole decide to try to terminate M3GAN due to her volatile and violent tendencies. Tess and Cole attempt to shut down M3GAN while Gemma takes Cady home, but M3GAN attacks Cole by hanging him with a chain. While Tess frees Cole, M3GAN causes an explosion in their lab and then shuts off the alarm. On her way out of the building, M3GAN kills David and his assistant Kurt with the blade of a guillotine paper cutter in an elevator, staging it as a murder–suicide. She then steals a car and drives back to Gemma's house.
M3GAN confronts Gemma, adamant about taking over as Cady's sole parental figure. Gemma attempts to shut M3GAN down again, but M3GAN overpowers her and threatens to lobotomize her so she will be unable to care for Cady. Watching the fight unfold, a horrified Cady uses Bruce to tear M3GAN apart. However, M3GAN's top half remains active, and she attempts to kill Cady for the betrayal. Gemma exposes a processing chip in M3GAN's head, which Cady stabs with a screwdriver, rendering M3GAN's body lifeless.
With M3GAN seemingly destroyed, Gemma and Cady go outside as the police arrive with Tess and Cole. As they leave the house, a camera turns on by itself and looks towards them.
Reception.
M3GAN has earned over $30 million in the US and $15 million in other countries, the total is $45 million in total all over the world in the box office. M3GAN in certain countries would gross up to $1 million such as Canada.
Dance.
During the movie trailers and in the movie, M3GAN is known for making up her own dance routine before killing Gemma's boss and his assistant. The dance has gotten M3GAN a lot of praise on TikTok and other social medias as users try to do the dance that she does.
Sequel.
The director Gerald Johnstone officially stated plans for a sequel since the movie has done very well in the box office. Universal also stated that they would be planning to do the sequel as well.
External links.
Chat with M3GAN

= = = Karl Koller = = =
Karl Koller (9 February 1929 – 24 January 2009) was an Austrian football player. He is considered one of the best Austrian midfielders. He played during his professional carrer only for First Vienna FC. The national player completed 86 games for the team with 5 goals and took part in two World Cups. He is regarded, behind Ernst Ocwirk and Gerhard Hanappi, as one of the best Austrian midfielders of all time and was rated as one of the best 100 European footballers of the 20th century by the IFFHS. Normally a center midfielder, Koller was capable in both in defense and attack and was well known for technique, strength and powerful shot from distance.
Career.
Karl Koller began his football career with ASK Blumau. 1949 he went to First Vienna FC where he made his championship debut in 1949. Througout his professional career he played for this club. He played 414 league matches for Vienna and scored 39 goals. Overall he played 836 matches and scored 101 goals. In 1955 he became Austrian Champion and 1961 they played in the Cup final which they lost 3-1 versus SK Rapid.
International career.
He debuted on 23 March 1953 against Belgium (2-0). He went to the World Cup as one of the regulars for the midfield. Together with the Austrian Ernst Ocwirk he formed the Austrian midfield. Karl Koller played in all matches. 
In the 1958 FIFA World Cup the team failed in the group stage. In the 2-2 draw versus England shot one of his five goals for the team
Karl Koller's career in the team ended when they failed to qualify for the 1966 World Cup. His last international match was on 5 September 1965 versus Hungary.
Death.
Koller died on 24 January 2009 as a result of his Alzheimer's disease.

= = = The Fat of the Land = = =
The Fat of the Land is the third studio album by the Prodigy. The Prodigy is an English electronic music group. It was released on 30 June 1997. The album was very popular. It went to number one on the UK Albums Chart and "Billboard" 200. These are music charts. The album has sold over 10 million copies. The album is certified platinum by the RIAA.

= = = Khinalug language = = =
Khinalug is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 3,000 people speak Khinalug. Khinalug is spoken in Azerbaijan.

= = = Lak language = = =
Lak is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 150,000 people speak Lak.

= = = Archi language = = =
Archi is a Northeast Caucasian language. 970 people spoke Archi in 2010.

= = = Ingush language = = =
Ingush is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 500,000 people speak Ingush. Ingush is closely related to Chechen.

= = = Hunzib language = = =
Hunzib is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 1,400 people speak Hunzib.

= = = Khwarshi language = = =
Khwarshi (also spelled as Khvarshi or Xvarshi) is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 1,700 people speak Khwarshi.

= = = Charles Thomson Rees Wilson = = =
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (February 14, 1869 – November 15, 1959) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist. His invention of the cloud chamber made him win the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Biography.
Wilson was born to John Wilson and Annie Clerk Harper in the parish of Glencorse, Midlothian. After his father's death in 1873, his family moved to Manchester. He studied biology at Owen's College to become a doctor. He then joined Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge to study Physics and Chemistry.
Wilson later became interested in meteorology, and in 1893 he began to study clouds and their properties. He worked at the observatory on Ben Nevis mountain to observe cloud formation. He then tried to replicate this effect at smaller scale in his laboratory in Cambridge, by causing moist air to expand in a sealed container. He then experimented with creating cloud trails in containers by ions and radiation. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cloud chamber.
Personal life.
Wilson married Jessie Fraser in 1908. They had four children. He died on November 15, 1959 near Edinburgh.

= = = Tsez language = = =
Tsez (also called Dido) is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 13,000 people speak Tsez.

= = = Hinuq language = = =
Hinuq (also spelled Hinukh, Hinux, Ginukh or Ginux) is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 350 people speak Hinuq.

= = = Bruce Murray (cricketer) = = =
Bruce Alexander Grenfell Murray (18 September 1940 – 10 January 2023) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played 13 Tests from 1968 to 1971. He also played for Wellington in the Plunket Shield. Murray refused to play on Sundays for religious reasons. He was the grandfather of cricketers Amelia Kerr‎ and Jess Kerr.

= = = Official script = = =
An official script is a writing system a country's government uses to write government documents, such as laws, contracts, etc. An official script should not be confused with an official language, because writing systems and spoken languages are not the same. For many languages, the same language can often be written in different writing systems. For example, the Malay language can be written in either the Latin alphabet (rumi) or the Arabic alphabet (jawi).
Also, many languages have changed writing systems for political or religious reasons. For example, English was first written in Anglo-Saxon runes, but English later borrowed the Latin alphabet because Christian missionaries wrote Christian poems and books in English using the Latin alphabet so that the Anglo-Saxons could understand what the missionaries taught them. Also, in 1928, the Turkish leader Ataturk passed a law that said that Turkish must no longer be written with the Arabic alphabet, but now the language must be written in the Latin alphabet. Today, all signs and government documents are written in the Latin alphabet.

= = = Arthur Boni = = =
Arthur Boni (21 October 1934 – 24 December 2022) was a Belgian-Dutch actor. He was best known for his contributions to various television series including "Medisch Centrum West", "Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden" and 'Flikken Maastricht".
Biography.
Boni was born in 1934 in Antwerp. From 1957 he played as an actor in the Netherlands, and got the Dutch nationality.
In the 1960s Boni played the Marquis of Karakoelikas in the at the time popular children's televirion series "De avonturen van Okkie Trooy". In the 1970s, Boni played in among others "Waaldrecht" and "Klaverweide". Later he had played in television series "Medisch Centrum West", "Spangen", "Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden", "Rozengeur & Wodka Lime", "Gooische Vrouwen", "Flikken Maastricht" and "Juliana, prinses van Oranje".
Boni was also voice actor, like in the television series of Alfred Jodocus Kwak. He also acted in films. In the 1977 movie "Soldier of Orange" he played the modest role of Otto. He also played as a stage actor in theaters.
He was active as an actor until 2013, playing in the successfull movie "De Kleinzoon". Later his health declined. Boni died in Amsterdam on 24 December 2022, at the age of 88.

= = = Adam Rich = = =
Adam Rich (October 12, 1968 – January 7, 2023) was an American actor. He is best known for playing Nicholas Bradford, the youngest son on the television series "Eight Is Enough" (1977–1981). Rich made guest appearances in television series including "The Love Boat", "CHiPs", "Fantasy Island", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "St. Elsewhere" and "Baywatch".
Rich was born in New York City. His family were Jewish.
Rich died on January 7, 2023, in Los Angeles, California. He was 54.

= = = Firestarter (The Prodigy song) = = =
"Firestarter" is a song by the Prodigy. The Prodigy is an English electronic music group. The song was released as a single on 18 March 1996. It was the first single from "The Fat of the Land" (1997). The song was the Prodigy's tenth single. It is the group's first single to be number one on the UK Singles Chart (a British music chart). It was number one on the chart for three weeks. It also went on music charts in many other countries. 
The song has many samples of other music. The guitar sounds in "Firestarter" are from a song by the Breeders. The drums are from music by Ten City, an American R&B music group. There is also a sample from "Close (to the Edit)" by Art of Noise.
Keith Flint was one of the singers for the Prodigy. He died on 4 March 2019. After he died, many people who liked the Prodigy tried to get "Firestarter" to number one on the UK Singles Chart again. The song went on "Billboard"'s Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart at this time.

= = = Jeff Fowler = = =
Jeff Fowler is an American director, animator and visual effects artist. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Film (Animated) for the short animated movie "Gopher Broke" (2004). He made his first major movies with the live-action version of "Sonic the Hedgehog" in 2020. He also directed the sequel, "Sonic the Hedgehog 2.

= = = Heteroflexiblity = = =
Heteroflexibility is a kind of sexual or romantic orientation characterized by mostly heterosexual attraction to the opposite sex or gender with occasional homosexual attraction to the same sex or gender. It is described as "mostly straight". It falls under the bisexual umbrella term. Some heteroflexibles identify as a straight ally and/or heterosexual.

= = = Cornufer mimicus = = =
The Numundo wrinkled ground frog ("Cornufer mimicus") is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea on New Britain island.

= = = Breakfast sandwich = = =
A breakfast sandwich is any sandwich filled with foods that are considered breakfast foods. Breakfast sandwiches are usually sold at fast food restaurants and delis. But they could also be made at home. The most popular breakfast sandwiches are the bacon, egg and cheese sandwich, and sausage, egg, and cheese.
Many types of bread can be used to make breakfast sandwiches, like biscuits, english muffins, and bagels.

= = = Avar people = = =
The Avar people are ethnic group from the Caucasus. The Avars speak Avar, along with Russian.

= = = Bickley = = =
Bickley is a residential area and ward in the London Borough of Bromley, England. It is a suburban development situated 10.4 miles (16.7 km) south-east of Charing Cross.
Bickley is a very popular residential area, known for its large and expensive houses. It lies between Bromley to the west, Chislehurst to the north-east and Petts Wood to the south-east. It is unusual that for a well-known place with its own railway station, its only shops are a handy local parade at the junction of The Fairway and Southborough Lane. Bickley station earned the dubious honour of being proclaimed the most vandalised station in England; incidents skyrocketed from three in 2001 to 87 in 2006, a rise of 2800%, according to the Daily Mail.
Notable residents.
Its railway station is Bickley railway station.

= = = Chislehurst = = =
Chislehurst () is a suburban settlement in south-east London, England and part of the London Borough of Bromley. 
Etymology.
The name "Chislehurst" is derived from the Saxon words "cisel" meaning gravel and "hyrst" meaning wooded hill. 
History.
Camden Place (now Chislehurst Golf Club) is where the French Emperor Napoleon III died in exile in 1873. His body and that of the Prince Imperial were originally buried in St Mary's Church, before being moved to Farnborough Abbey. There is a monument to Napoléon Eugène in the woods, and the area's connections to the imperial family are found in many road names and in the local telephone code, 467, which in its earlier format corresponded to the letters IMP ("imperial"). 
A local attraction is Chislehurst Caves. The caves are considered to be of very ancient origin. Originally they were used to extract flint and chalk. During World War II, thousands of people used them every night as a bomb shelter. There is even a chapel. A girl was born in the caves during World War II, and her name was "Cavina". The caves have also been used as a stage for live music; Jimi Hendrix, The Who and The Rolling Stones have played there. The caves are said to be haunted, and Druids are said to have made grisly human sacrifices in their depths. Several TV programmes and movies have been filmed there, including episodes of "Doctor Who". Tours are available most days, and on Sundays there is an particularly long tour, lasting about an hour and a half. 
The civil parish of Chislehurst formed an urban district of Kent from 1894 to 1934. In 1934 it became part of the Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District, which was divided in 1965 between the London boroughs of Bromley and Bexley.

= = = V Festival = = =
The V Festival is an annual music festival in England, the first to be held simultaneously at two sites, currently Hylands Park in Chelmsford and Weston Park in South Staffordshire, organized by SJM Concerts. Tt had previously been held at Temple Newsam in Leeds, before being succeeded by Carling's Leeds Festival. Originally, the festival took the name of the current year, and the first festival was called "V96". Since 2003 it has been known simply as the V Festival. 
History.
The idea for V came in 1995 when Pulp frontman Jarvis Cocker announced that he would love to play two outdoor venues in two days. Pulp's promoters got together and came up with the idea of putting the concert into Victoria Park in Warrington and Hylands Park in Chelmsford so that fans in both north and south would have a chance to see the band. Then came the idea of adding more bands to the bill, setting up a second stage, and letting people camp for the weekend. In the end, Victoria Park was too small for two stages and camping. So in August 1996 there was an artists' day at Victoria Park and two days at Hylands Park with camping. The northern leg of V97 was switched to Leeds Temple Newsham to camping space and three stages. In 1999 the northern leg of the festival moved to Weston Park in Staffordshire and has remained there ever since.
The "V" stands for Virgin Group and began as another means of promoting Richard Branson's companies. The event is sponsored by Virgin Mobile, with Virgin Radio being the official radio station. 
The festival usually takes place during the penultimate weekend of August. Its weekend format, low queue times and professional organization have earned it a loyal audience. The festival sold out in record time in 2006.
Although rock music predominates, the festival books a wide range of music and is probably the most likely among UK festivals to book a few pop acts each year. Melanie C, Dido, and N.E.R.D. have all performed at the festival, with both Razorlight and Faithless performing in 2006. V features a mix of British and international musicians, from up-and-coming bands such as Coldplay in 2000 and Kaiser Chiefs in 2003 and 2008, and glam rockers El Presidente in 2005, to veteran singer Tony Christie. Girls Aloud also performed at the 2006 show and received rave reviews for their performance. McFly performed at the festival in 2007 and received unexpectedly great attendance and rave reviews.

= = = Omar J. Marrero = = =
Omar J. Marrero Díaz (born July 5, 1980) is a Puerto Rican politician. In 2021, he became the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico.

= = = Chuck Gray (Wyoming politician) = = =
Chuck Gray is an American politician. He has been the Secretary of State of Wyoming since 2023. Gray was a member of the Wyoming House of Representatives representing the 57th District from 2017 to 2023. He is a strong supporter of former President Donald Trump.

= = = Jeb Bradley = = =
Joseph E. "Jeb" Bradley III (born October 20, 1952) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He has been a member of the New Hampshire Senate since 2009. 
He was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1990 to 2000. He then was the U.S. representative for from 2003 to 2007. 
He was Majority Leader of the New Hampshire Senate from 2010 to 2018 and again from 2020 to 2022. In 2022, Bradley became the President of the New Hampshire Senate.

= = = Tammy Miller (politician) = = =
Tammy Miller is an American accountant and politician. She is the 39th and current lieutenant governor of North Dakota since 2023. She was picked by Governor Doug Burgum to replace Brent Sanford after his resignation.
She is a certified public accountant. After thinking about it, she decided not to run for the United States Senate against Heidi Heitkamp in 2018.

= = = Frank Geleyn = = =
Frank Geleyn (17 March 1960 – 7 January 2023) was a Belgian children's writer.
Geleyn teached for 40 years French at the Margareta Maria Institute in Kortemark. After his retirement, he became a full time writer. Geleyn wrote nineteen children's and youth books. His books are all published by De Eenhoorn. Some of his books have been translated into Chinese, Korean and Danish. He was nominated several times for awards, including for the Boekenleeuw, the "Young Jury" in the Netherlands and the Flemish "Children and Youth Jury". His debut work was "Ik Zwijg" in 2003, a youth novel about bullying. There have been published multiple reprints of the book. His last book "Het Net" was published in September 2022. In the book he wrote next to football, gaming and romance about cancer, in specific neuroendocrine tumor, a rare form of cancer that he also had himself.
Geleyn was married, had two married sons and one granddaughter. He died in Roeselare from neuroendocrine tumor on 7 January 2023, at the age of 62.

= = = Marc Coudron = = =
Marc Coudron sometimes wrongly written as Marc Caudron is a Belgian former field hockey player and field hockey administrator.
Caudron played 358 matches for the Belgium men's national field hockey team. The highest amount a player of the has ever played, still as of 2023. He made his debut in a match against England in 1987. He played at among others the 1994 Men's Hockey World Cup in Sydney and the 2002 Men's Hockey World Cup in Kuala Lumpur.
Coudron was president of the Belgian field hockey federation between 2005 and 2021. In this period the number of Belgian active hockey players has increased from less than 15,000 to more over 53,000; and the amount of clubs from 60 to 103. The Belgium men's national field hockey team qualiefied in this period all four the times for the Summer Olympics, won the silver Olympic medal in 2016 and became European and world champions. The Belgium women's national field hockey team qualifed for the 2012 Summer Olympics, finished second and third at European Championships.
Coudron was as of 2016 executive board member of the International Hockey Federation. He was one of the two candidates to become the president of the International Hockey Federation. But he lost with two votes difference to the (at the time) current Indian chairman, Narinder Dhruv Batra. After Batra had to step down by order of the Delhi High Court, Coudron participated in the new elections in November 2022 but lost this time from Tayyab Ikram from Macau.
His father, mother brother and sister played have played field hockey as a member of the national team.

= = = Katie Porter = = =
Katherine Moore Porter (born January 3, 1974) is an American politician, law professor, and lawyer. She is a U.S. representative from California since 2019. 
She is a candidate for United States Senate in 2024. She is running for the seat held by Dianne Feinstein.

= = = Tsezic languages = = =
The Tsezic languages (also called Didoic languages) are a group of the Northeast Caucasian languages. They are Bezhta, Hunzib, Khwarshi, Hinukh and Tsez.

= = = Internet entrepreneur = = =
An Internet entrepreneur is an owner, founder or manager of an Internet-based company.

= = = Leandro Negre = = =
Leandro Negre Carrió (born 15 June 1946) is a Spanish former field hockey player and field hockey administrator.
Negre played for the Spain men's national field hockey team. He won with the team the silver medal at the 1963 Mediterranean Games in Napoli. He was also part of the Spanish team at the 1968 Summer Olympics, but didn't play.
Negre was the president of the International Hockey Federation between 2008 and 2016.
Negre received the silver Olympic Order in 2016.

= = = Pete Murray (DJ) = = =
Peter Murray James, OBE (born 19 September 1925), known professionally as Pete Murray, is a British radio and television presenter and actor. He was born in London, England. He is known for his career with the BBC. He hosted "Six-Five Special" (1957–1958) and appearing on "Juke Box Jury" (1959–1967). He also reported the Eurovision Song Contest for the BBC. 

= = = Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz = = =
Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón; 13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902) was King consort of Spain. He was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain from their marriage on 10 October 1846 until Isabella was overthrown on 30 September 1868. Sometimes, his name occurs in its anglicised form as Francis of Assisi. He kept the style and title of king even after her abdication in favour of their son, Alfonso XII. His son was a king regnant, while Francisco himself was a king-father during the reign of the son.
Family.
Francis was born at Aranjuez, Spain, the second son (first to survive infancy) of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain, and of his wife (and niece), Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies. He was named after Saint Francis of Assisi.
Marriage and children.
Francis married Isabella, his double first cousin, on 10 October 1846. There is evidence that Isabella would rather have married his younger brother, Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville, and complained bitterly about her husband's effeminate habits after their first night together.
Twelve children were born during the marriage. Only five reached adulthood:
Later life.
Starting in 1864, Francisco de Asís acted as president of the Spanish Privy Council ("Consejo del Reino"). 
In 1868 he went into exile with his wife in France and adopted the incognito title of "Count of Moratalla". On 25 June 1870, Isabella abdicated in favour of their son, Alfonso XII—whom the 1874 restoration placed on the throne. By then, Francisco de Asís and Isabella had amicably separated and, with time, became good friends.
In 1881 Francisco de Asís moved into the château of Épinay-sur-Seine. Today, this chateau serves as the town hall. He died there in 1902. His wife Isabella and two of his daughters, Isabel and Eulalia, were present at his deathbed.

= = = Take Me Home Tonight (song) = = =
"Take Me Home Tonight" is a 1986 song by Eddie Money and is the leading single from his sixth studio album "Can't Hold Back". It contains the chorus from 1963 single "Be My Baby" by The Ronettes. It went to number 4 in the United States and number 15 in Canada. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1987.

= = = Manistee, Michigan = = =
Manistee is the county seat of Manistee County, Michigan, United States.

= = = Bats language = = =
Bats is a Northeast Caucasian language. Less than 3,000 people speak Bats.

= = = Botlikh language = = =
Botlikh is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 210 people speak Botlikh.

= = = Godoberi language = = =
Godoberi is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 3,000 people speak Godoberi.

= = = Aghul language = = =
Aghul is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 29,300 people speak Aghul. Aghul is spoken mainly in southern Dagestan in Russia, and also in Azerbaijan.

= = = Budukh language = = =
Budukh is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 200 people speak Budukh.

= = = Kryts language = = =
Kryts is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 5,000 people speak Kryts. Its dialects are Kryts, Jek, Khaput, Yergyudzh and Alyk, which are different enough that they could be different languages in a dialect continuum.

= = = Rutul language = = =
Rutul is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 36,400 people speak Rutul.

= = = Tsakhur language = = =
Tsakhur is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 22,300 people speak Tsakhur.

= = = Nakh languages = = =
The Nakh languages are a group of the Northeast Caucasian languages. They are Bats, Chechen and Ingush.

= = = Lake Ohrid = = =
Lake Ohrid ( , , also called "Liqeni i Pogradecit";) is a lake on the border between the southwestern part of North Macedonia and eastern Albania. It is one of Europe's deepest and oldest lakes. It has an unique ecosystem of worldwide importance, with more than 200 endemic species. It is the second-biggest lake on the Balkans. 
Most of the lake is part of North Macedonia, the rest belongs to Albania. The biggest cities on the shore are Ohrid and Struga, in North Macedonia, and Pogradec in Albania. Around 200.000 people live in the area around the lake. 
World Heritage Sites.
North Macedonia's side of Lake Ohrid was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979; this was extended to also include the cultural and historic area of Ohrid in 1980. In 2010, NASA named one of Titan's lakes after the lake. In 2014, the Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Reserve between Albania and North Macedonia was added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Albania's side of Lake Ohrid was also designated UNESCO world heritage status in 2019. North Macedonia's portion was designated as a protected Ramsar site in 2021, passing all nine criteria for proclamation.
In Albania, the coastal portion of the lake holds Managed Nature Reserve status. In North Macedonia, a portion of the lakeside is part of the Galičica National Park.
Geography.
Lake Ohrid is one of the oldest lakes in the world. It has a maximum depth of and mean depth of , it is the deepest lake in the Balkans. It covers an area of and contains an estimated 55.4 cubic kilometres ( million acre-feet) of water. The lake is long and wide . It has a shoreline of .
64% of Lake Ohrid's shoreline and 69% of its surface area are in North Macedonia. 36% of the shoreline and 31% of its surface area are in Albania.

= = = Vasily Surikov = = =
Vasily Surikov (24 January 1848 – 19 March 1916) was a Russian artist who drew historical subjects. 

= = = Josef Bertalan = = =
Josef Bertalan (born 29 September 1934) is an Austrian former footballer.
Career.
Bertalan started his career with his local club ATSV Fischamend where he played in the first team when he was only 17 years old. 1952 he went to SK Rapid Wien. From 1952 till 1963 he played for this club. He ended his career at 1. Simmeringer SC.
On 1 May 1960 he played his only match for the Austrian national football team versus Czechoslowakia.

= = = Shedubhar = = =
Shedubhar (pronounced Amreli) is a village in Amreli Taluka in Amreli District in the Saurashtra region of the western Indian state of Gujarat. The main occupation of the people of Shedubhar village is agriculture, as well as agricultural labour
Religious place.
• Kamnath Mahadev
• Panchmukhi Hanuman
•Swaminarayan Temple
• Khodiyar Temple
leader.
• Manjula Kumbhani 
• Suresh Kumbhani
• Ramesh Kotadiya (President of Village)
• Ghanshyam Polara (Vice President of Village)

= = = 1990–91 Austrian Cup = = =
The 1990-91 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. FK Austria Wien were the defending champions.
Final.
Michael Konsel - Peter Schöttel - Michael Hatz - Heimo Pfeifenberger - Stefan Reiter - Christian Keglevits - Helmut Hauptmann - Andreas Herzog - Franz Resch - Hernan Medford - Jan Åge Fjørtoft coach: Hans Krankl
Peter Zajicek - Michael Keller - Josef Mazura - Michael Wenzel - Andreas Wacek - Walter Binder - Marek Ostrowski - Peter Pospisil - Rudolf Weinhofer - Alfred Augustin - Josef Marko coach: Wilhelm Kreuz

= = = Taj Mahal Palace Hotel = = =
The Taj Mahal Palace is a historical, five-star, luxury hotel. It is at Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The Hotel is next to the Gateway of India.
It was opened in 1903 as the "Taj Mahal Hotel". It was, in earlier times, known simply as "The Taj". The hotel is named after the Taj Mahal, which is located in the city of Agra (about 1,050 kilometres (650 mi) from Mumbai). It has been known one of the finest hotels in the East since the time of the British Rule in India. The hotel was one of the main places targeted in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
The hotel has 560 rooms and 44 suites. The Hotel is later owned by Tata Group. The hotel has a long, excellent and honorable history of receiving many important and famous guests ― from presidents of various nations, diplomats to star industrialists and businessmen.

= = = Wunderteam = = =
Wunderteam (; "Wonder Team") was the name given to the Austria national football team of the early 1930s. Team manager was Hugo Meisl. The team to which the name referred played 15 matches between May 1931 and February 1933. They won 12, 2 draws and lost 1.
The end.
The match against France in Paris, which Austria was able to win 4-0, is generally seen as the last game played by the miracle team. Hiden got an offer from Racing Club de Paris President Jean-Bernard Lévy. He made an offer to the Austrian goalie, which Hiden immediately accepted. He ended his career in the Austrian national team with this game and moved from Wiener AC to Paris in 1933 for a transfer fee of 80,000 francs. Several national players followed Hiden's example and went abroad, which caused significant losses in the technical game of the Austrians, although there was only one defeat against Czechoslovakia (1:2) in the following 13 games.

= = = Gong Jintang = = =
Gong Jintang (1939 – 1 January 2023) was a Chinese actor.
Gong was most known for playing in Chinese longest-running television series "In-Laws, Out-laws". He played the role of Father Kang since the start of the television series in 2000, He played the character for over twenty years.
Gong died on 1 January 2023, at the age of 83. The cause of his death was not given. His death cause was suspected to be COVID-19.

= = = Ni Zhen = = =
Ni Zhen (18 July 1938 – 22 December 2022) was a Chinese screenwriter and professor.
As screenwriter, Ni was most known for his work on the 1991 film "Raise the Red Lantern". Although the screenplay was approved by Chinese censors, the final version of the film was banned in China for a period. The film is widely considered as one of the best Chinese films.
Ni was professor at the Beijing Film University.
Ni died on 22 December 2022, at the age of 84.

= = = Cheese dream = = =
The cheese dream is an open faced grilled cheese sandwich. It can be cooked with oil, margarine, or butter. Toppings like bacon, avocado, pineapple, eggs, and sliced tomato can also be added. In its simplest form, it is a slice of bread with cheese on top, and cooked until the cheese is brown.

= = = Chu Lanlan = = =
Chu Lanlan (1982, Beijing - 30 December 2022, Beijing, China) was a Chinese opera singer.
Chu made her singing debut on television when she was eight years old. She studied at the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Opera. Chu was a soprano opera singer. She specialized in Peking Opera. She created the song and dance "Farewell My Concubine" for the Peking Opera. She sang during the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Chu also worked on projects on public welfare.
Her last performance was in early November 2022. In December 2022 Chu died from the complications of COVID-19.

= = = Delayed identifications = = =
Delayed identification is a writing technique used in poetry and prose. It happens when actions are described before we are told who is doing them. We read about things that are being done, and only find out who or what is doing them in the next line or even several lines later. It is one way to build suspense in the writing. The reader or listener must be patient if they want to find out who or what is performing this action.
This is a very old technique. It can be found in Biblical writing and in texts from the ancient Near East. 

= = = Amrillo Inoyatov = = =
Amrillo Inoyatov (uzb: Inoyatov Amrillo ru: ������� ������� �������� born 1979 in Bukhara, Uzbekistan) is a Minister at Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, National counterpart of WHO (World Health Organisation) and former Deputy Advisor to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on youth, science, education, healthcare, culture and sports
Scientific literature.
Inoyatov is the Chairman of the editorial board of the journal «World Medicine Journal» since 2020

= = = Wang Jingguang = = =
Wang Jingguang (1968 – 21 December 2022) was a Chinese movie director.
Wang was most known in China as a film director of the movies "Never Look Back" and "Lawless".
Jingguang died in on 21 December 2022, at the age of 54. According to the "India Herald", he died from COVID-19. After his death, Weibo-users commemorated his legacy.

= = = Jasur Alijanov = = =
Jasur Alijanov (uz: Jasur Alijonov: ru: �������� ����� ���������, born May 12, 1988) is an Uzbekistani Mixed martial arts coach and trainer. He is a former boxer. and featherweight kickboxer. Alijanov trains UFC fighter Makhmud Muradov and other ONE Championship fighters.
Biography.
Jasur Alijanov was born on May 12, 1988 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. He started practicing Kickboxing, Unifight and Boxing when he was 12. In 2008 he made his debut in professional boxing. After unsuccessful debut in first professional bout, he made his win on his second bout on May 5, 2008 over Abdumanap Kuchkarov. After 8 fights, 6 wins he had to end his professional boxing career due to injury.
Coach career.
After ending his professional sports career, he began a professional coaching career in Kickboxing, Boxing and MMA (Mixed Martial Arts). Immediately after his active career, he began a new career at the Legion Fight Club, where he trains UFC fighter Makhmud Muradov and Ramazonbek Temirov.

= = = Fu Zucheng = = =
Fu Zucheng (1940 – 20 December 2022) was a Chinese movie actor.
Fu was most known for playing in the 1979 movie "Liffle Flower" (Xiao Hua).
Fu died on 20 December 2022, at the age of 82.

= = = Tabasaran language = = =
Tabasaran is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 126,900 people speak Tabasaran.

= = = Udi language = = =
Udi is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 6,000 people speak Udi.

= = = Chirag language = = =
Chirag is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 2,000 people speak Chirag. It is often considered a dialect of Dargwa.

= = = Dargwa language = = =
Dargwa is a Northeast Caucasian language. About 490,000 people speak Dargwa.

= = = Bi Guyun = = =
Bi Guyun (1930 – 7 January 2023) was a Chinese actor.
Bi was an Chinese Peking Opera performer and a first-class actor. He was head of Red Star Peking Opera Troupe and Minsheng Peking Opera Troupe. He was awarded .
Guyun died at the Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital in Shanghai on 7 January 2023, at the age of 92.

= = = Chao Feng = = =
Chao Feng (1928 – 8 January 2023) was a Chinese editor and publisher.
Chao was the president and editor-in-chief of Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, and the president and editor-in-chief of Shanghai People's Publishing House.
Feng died at Shanghai Huadong Hospital on 8 January 2023 at the age of 95.

= = = Robert Penn Warren = = =
Robert Penn Warren (April 24, 1905 – September 15, 1989) was an American poet, novelist, teacher, and critic. He was named to be the first poet laureate of the United States in 1986.
Warren was born in Guthrie, Kentucky, a small town on the border of Tennessee. He was a good student and graduated from high school when he was 15.
He entered Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1921. One of his teachers was the poet John Crowe Ransom. Another poet, Allen Tate, became his friend. With these and other poets, Warren started a literary magazine called "The Fugitive". This group became known as The Fugitive Poets. They had a big influence on Southern literature and modern American poetry.
He got his masters degree (M. A.) in 1927 from the University of California, Berkeley. He was also a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University.
With Cleanth Brooks, he wrote two important books about literature, "Understanding Poetry" (1938) and "Understanding Fiction" (1943). These explained a way of thinking about literature that was known as The New Criticism.
In 1946 his most famous novel, "All the King’s Men", told the story of a politician who becomes corrupt. This book won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It was made into a movie that won the Academy Award for best motion picture in 1949.

= = = CCXP = = =
CCXP (originally called Comic Con Experience) is a Brazilian entertainment and comic convention. It is based on the San Diego Comic-Con. The convention has attractions about comics, television series, movies, video games, literature and the internet. It is the largest pop culture festival in the world.

= = = Companion of the Queen's Service Order = = =
The Queen's Service Order (QSE) is an Order of Chivilry in New Zealand. It was created by royal warrant of Queen Elizabeth II on 13 March 1975. The order is used to recognise "valuable voluntary service to the community or meritorious and faithful services to the Crown or similar services within the public sector, whether in elected or appointed office". The Queen's Service Order replaced the Imperial Service Order in New Zealand. 
The title of the Order recognises the fact that Queen Elizabeth II was the first New Zealand monarch to be officially titled "Queen of New Zealand".

= = = Cornufer acrochordus = = =
The Bougainville wrinkled ground frog ("Cornufer acrochordus") is a frog. It lives in Bouganville in Papua New Guinea and on Bougainville Island, Choiseul Island, and Santa Isabel Island in the Solomon Islands.

= = = Crystal Waters = = =
Crystal Waters (born November 19, 1961) is an American house and dance music singer-songwriter. She is best known for her hits, "Gypsy Woman", "100% Pure Love" and "Destination Calabria" with Alex Gaudino. All three of her studio albums produced a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as one of the most successful dance artists of all time. She has sold 7 million records worldwide.

= = = Barbara Lee = = =
Barbara Jean Lee (née Tutt; born July 16, 1946) is an American politician. She is a U.S. representative from California since 1998. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Lee used to be chair of the Congressional Black Caucus and co-chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus (2005–2009).
She is a critic of the Iraq War and the only member of Congress to vote against the use of military force after the September 11 attacks.
On November 28, 2018, Lee lost an election to become chair of the House Democratic Caucus to New York Representative Hakeem Jeffries. She blamed ageism and sexism for losing.
In January 2023, it was reported that Lee is planning to run for the United States Senate seat currently held by Dianne Feinstein in the 2024. In February 2023, she officially announced her candidacy, a week after Feinstein announced her retirement.Lee formally launched her Senate campaign on February 21, 2023.

= = = Juscelino Kubitschek = = =
Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (; 12 September 1902 – 22 August 1976), also known by his initials JK, was the 21st president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. He was very popular because the economy of the country was good when he was president. He founded Brasília 21 April 1960.
Kubitschek was killed in a car accident on 22 August 1976 in Resende, Rio de Janeiro at the age of 73. His death was controversial. Some people thought he was assassinated. In 2014, a commission said that he was not assassinated and that his death was an accident.

= = = Areopagus = = =
Areopagus is the name of a rock formation close to the Acropolis, in Athens, Greece. In Greek, the hill is called Areios Pagos, the hill of Ares. The name was also used for the Athenian council that was held there. It was the oldest known institution of Athens. After the Battle of Marathon (which the Greek won against the Persians) a runner ran from Marathon to Athens. Legend has it, that the runner died, after telling about the Greek victory, on Areopagus.
Today, the Supreme Court of Justice in Greece, is called Areopagus.

= = = Cornufer akarithymus = = =
The Pomugu wrinkled ground frog ("Cornufer akarithymus") is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea on New Britain Island. People have seen it in three mountain ranges: Whiteman, Nakanai, and Baining.

= = = Hainburg an der Donau = = =
Hainburg an der Donau is a town in Bruck an der Leitha district in Lower Austria, east of Vienna. In 2022, 6,892 people lived there.
Its town walls are some of the oldest and best-preserved in Europe. 
Actually, the name of the city is only "Hainburg", the part after it stands for the river Danube, which flows past Hainburg an der Donau.

= = = High Road to China (movie) = = =
High Road to China (aka Raiders of the End of the World) is a 1983 American Serbian Hong Kong romantic adventure movie directed by Brian G. Hutton and was based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Jon Cleary. It stars Tom Selleck, Bess Armstrong, Jack Weston, Wilford Brimley, Robert Morley, Brian Blessed, Timothy Bateson, Terry Richards, Lynda La Plante, Michael Sheard, Jeremy Child, Peter Llewellyn Williams and Cassandra Gava.

= = = Erwin Dudley = = =
Erwin Lamond Dudley is an American basketball player for Sakarya BB of the Turkish Basketball Super League (TBSL).

= = = Reconnaissance by fire = = =
Reconnaissance by fire (also called recon by fire) is a way for soldiers to find out where the enemy is by shooting at them and seeing where they shoot back from. When the enemy shoots back, it tells the soldiers where they are located, how many they are, and what kind of weapons they have. Once they have this information, they can make a plan to attack the enemy or to stay safe.
World War II.
During World War II, the Allies used recon by fire to find the location of the enemy by shooting and seeing where they shot back from. This tactic was used instead of the older method where tanks would follow behind soldiers on the ground, which was slow and didn't put enough pressure on the enemy. The new way was fast, and soldiers would shoot their weapons constantly as they moved forward to keep the enemy distracted and aim off target. They also used this tactic when they were travelling with trucks that had big machine guns.
Vietnam War.
During a battle in Vietnam, a group of American soldiers had a lot of bullets. Their leader, Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore, told them to shoot at anything that looked suspicious at the same time. This made a lot of noise and made the enemy think they were found out. The enemy then came out and charged at the Americans, and the Americans destroyed them.

= = = Johann Mock = = =
Johann "Hans" Mock (9 December 1906 in Vienna – 22 May 1982) was an Austrian football player. He played as midfielder for FC Nicholson and Austria Wien. He also played for the Austria national football team. After the annexation of Austria by Germany he played for the Germany national football team. With Germany he played in the 1938 FIFA World Cup.
Career.
Johann Mock began his career at FC Nicholson before moving to Austria Wien in 1927. With the team he won won the Austrian Cup three times (1933, 1935, 1936) and twice the Mitropacup, the forerunner of today's European Cup (1933, 1936). He was drafted in June 1940 as one of the last Austria players, but was still available until February 1942, playing almost every game. 
International career.
Before Austria was annexed to the German Reich, he played a total of twelve games for the Austrian national team. He debuted on 5 September 1929 in a 2-1 win versus Czechoslowakia. His las t match for the Austrian team was on 10 October 1937 in a 1-2 loss versus Hungary. For Germany he played 5 matches and was participant of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. 1942 he retired from football. After a brief stint as a trainer at Vorwärts Steyr and Badener AC, he withdrew entirely from football and ran his own wine tavern in Vienna until his death at the age of 75.
Mock and the National Socialists.
According to an interview by Franz Schwarz, son of Austria President from 1933 to 1938 and 1946 to 1955 in 2008, Mock was a member of the SA and the NSDAP, which were illegal in Austria before 1938. Mock was involved in 1938 when the management of the club at Austria was taken over by the National Socialists. He then applied for regular membership in the party on 23 June 1938 and was admitted retrospectively to May 1 (membership number 6,336,185).

= = = Tantrum = = =
A tantrum (also known as temper tantrum, lash out, meltdown, fit or hissy fit) is an emotional expression or outburst. It is usually connected with those in emotional distress, that is represented by stubbornness, crying, screaming, violence, defiance, angry ranting, an effect from making attempts to calm. Sometimes, tantrum can also make a person to hit others and other physically violent behavior.
Physical control in tantrum may be lost. The person may be unable to keep being still; and even if the purpose of the person is met, they may not be calmed. Throwing a temper tantrum can lead to a child getting detention or being suspended from school for older school age children. Tantrum may also be expressed in a long violent, angry outburst of talk, a stretched out or angry speech.

= = = Modern rock = = =
Modern rock is an umbrella word used to describe rock music, which is found on college rock radio stations. Some radio stations use this word to check the difference of themselves from classic rock, which is based in 1960s–1980s rock music.
Modern rock is also known as alternate radio. It is a rock format commonly discovered on commercial radio; the format has mostly of the different rock genre.
Generally, it begins with Hardcore punk but later it refers especially to alternative rock music since the 1980s. The term "modern rock" is used in the US to show the difference between the music from classic rock. It focuses on music recorded in the 1960s through to the early 1990s.

= = = Mainstream rock = = =
Mainstream rock is a . It is used by many commercial radio stations in the United States and Canada. It is also known as heritage rock. Mainstream rock stations represent the middle ground between classic rock and active rock on the programming band. They perform a balanced airplay of tracks found on active rock and classic rock playlists. But the music playlist has a tendency to focus on mapping hard rock music from the 1970s through the 2000s. Outside the United States and Canada, mainstream rock refers generally to rock music, which is considered as "radio friendly". It very rarely is referred to as a specific radio format.

= = = Carrier battle group = = =
A carrier battle group (CVBG) is a naval fleet that includes an aircraft carrier and a group of other ships that work together to help the carrier complete its mission. The "CV" in "CVBG" is the United States Navy classification code for an aircraft carrier.
The first naval fleets built around carriers were seen at the beginning of World War II. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was the first to put many carriers into one task force. This task force was used in the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the IJN's main carrier battle group until four of its carriers were sunk at the Battle of Midway. The United States Navy deployed its carriers in separate formations. Each carrier was put with its own cruiser and destroyer escorts. These single-carrier fleets would often work together for certain assignments. The most notable examples of this are the Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway. By 1943, there was a large number of fleet and smaller carriers became available. This led to them using larger formations of three or four carriers. These groups became the Fast Carrier Task Force. They are the primary battle unit of the U.S. Third and Fifth Fleets.
With the construction of the large "supercarriers" of the Cold War era, the use of each carrier in a single formation was brought back. During this time, the main role of the CVBG in battle with the Soviet Union would have been to protect Atlantic supply routes between the United States and its NATO allies in Europe. The Soviet Union had no large carriers of its own. Aircraft carriers fighting each other would have been unlikely. A main mission of the Soviet Navy's attack submarines was to track every allied battle group. If war started, their mission was to sink the carriers. Knowing this, the CVBG put much of its resources in its own anti-submarine warfare mission.

= = = Electron neutrino = = =
The electron neutrino ( � ) is an elementary particle which has zero electric charge and a spin of 1⁄2. Together with the electron, it forms the first generation of leptons. It was first guessed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930. It was accounted for missing momentum and missing energy in beta decay. Later it was discovered in 1956 by a team led by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines (see ). 

= = = Tenuis consonant = = =
In linguistics, a tenuis consonant is an obstruent that is voiceless, unaspirated and unglottalized.

= = = Split-level house = = =
A split-level home is a style of house in which the floor levels are unsteady. There are typically two short sets of stairs ― one running upward to a bedroom level, and one going downward toward a basement area. It is also called a bi-level home or tri-level home.

= = = Roman Schramseis = = =
Roman Schramseis (29 March 1906 – 10 December 1988) was an Austrian footballer. He played as defender mainly for SK Rapid Wien. He also played for the Austrian national football team.. He was part of the Wunderteam.
Career.
Roman Schramseis began his career at ASV Hertha Vienna in 1922. He experienced narrow relegation in 1924 and in 1925 immediate promotion back to the first division. 1925 he moved to the then champions Rapid Vienna in Hütteldorf. With Rapid he reached 1927 and 1928 the Mitropacup final but lost versus Sparta Prague and Ferencvárosi Torna Club. 1930 they reached again the final and won versus Sparta Prague.
1933 he went to France and played for FC Rouen. Roman Schramseis returned to Vienna in 1934 and played one league game at SC Wacker Wien before he re-amateurished and played for the Gewerkschaftsbund Mariahilf and the SK Semperit company team .
International career.
He played 18 matches for the Austrian national team. He debuted on 6 May 1928 versus Hungary. His last match was on 24 April 1932 also versus Hungary. He did not play again because he played abroad.
Managing career.
In 1937 he moved to Grün-Weiß Salzburg, where he also worked as a football coach. In 1942 he was a trainer at a Reichsbahnausbesserungswerkes.

= = = Carlos P. Romulo = = =
Carlos Peña Romulo,Sr. was a Filipino diplomat, soldier, and journalist. He was the first Filipino to become president of the United Nations General Assembly. 
He also served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the Philippines under Manuel Quezon up to former president Ferdinand Marcos. Under Diosdado Macapagal, he became secretary of eductation.

= = = Joep Geraedts = = =
Joep Geraedts (17 April 1948 – 25 December 2022) was a Dutch academic.
Biography.
Geraedts was born in Swalmen in 1948. He studied biology at the Nijmegen University. He did his his PhD research in Leiden.
He was the first professor of Genetics and Cell Biology at the Maastricht University. He was a professor for more than 30 years, between 1982 and 2013. He was also founder and head of the Department of Clinical Genetics at the University Hospital of Maastricht.
Geraedts died in Maastricht on 25 December 2022, at the age of 74.

= = = Karel Hille = = =
Karel Hille (17 February 1945 – 14 November 2022) was a Dutch journalist, songwriter and television producer.
Hille started his journalistic career at "Nieuwsblad voor Castricum". Afterwards he worked for "Het Vrije Volk". Later he worked als journalist for and . He interviewed known people, including Mark Rutte and Geert Wilders.
In the late 1960s he became a songwriter for multiple artists. For Mieke Telkamp he wrote the known song '. The song reached the Dutch Top 40. The song became a classic song a funerals. Because in the Netherlands copyright was not in effect at funerals, Hille didn't earn money with it. Hille also wrote for Reinhard Mey the song '. This song was between 1999 and 2017 in the "Top 2000".
Hille lived in the last part of his life in Spain. He died there on 14 November 2022, at the age of 77.

= = = Poetry (magazine) = = =
Poetry is a magazine that prints poems. It was started in 1912 by Harriet Monroe in Chicago, Illinois.
From its beginning the magazine published poetry that was often different from most poetry of that time. Some of the poems were seen as experiments. In her first words to readers, Harriet Monroe said she wanted "to print the best English verse which is being written today, regardless of where, by whom, or under what theory of art it is written."
The magazine published the early works of H.D., Robert Frost, Langston Hughes, Edna St. Vincent Millay, and Marianne Moore. The magazine discovered poets such as Gwendolyn Brooks, James Merrill, and John Ashbery.
Some other famous writers who have had works published in "Poetry" are: William Butler Yeats, Rabindranath Tagore, William Carlos Williams, T. S. Eliot, Joyce Kilmer, Carl Sandburg, Robert Creeley, Wallace Stevens, Basil Bunting, Dorothy Richardson, Louis Zukofsky, Charles Reznikoff, E. E. Cummings, Frank O'Hara, Allen Ginsberg, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, and Tennessee Williams.
The magazine always wanted to pay poets for their work, but having enough money to keep the magazine going was often a problem for most of its history. Many people gave money. In 2002, Ruth Lilly (a drug company heiress) gave more than 100 million dollars to the magazine. This keeps the magazine running and lets the magazine give many grants and prizes to poets and other writers.

= = = Jazz rap = = =
Jazz rap, also known as Jazz hip hop or Jazz hop, is a musical genre that mixes jazz and hip hop. It is also a subgenre of alternative hip hop. It arose during the late 1980s in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom. The rhythm is rooted in hip hop, layered with repeated phrases from jazz instruments such as trumpet, double bass, etc. Groups involved in creating jazz rap included A Tribe Called Quest, Digable Planets, De La Soul, Gang Starr, The Roots, Jungle Brothers, and Dream Warriors.

= = = My Friend Flicka (book) = = =
My Friend Flicka is a children's novel that was written by Mary O'Hara in 1941. It is about a boy, Ken McLaughlin, who learns to be responsible by taking care of a horse named Flicka. The story takes place on a ranch in Wyoming.

= = = Teen drama = = =
Teen drama is used to refer to either movies, or TV series, where many of the important characters are teenagers. These kinds of series first started in the 1980s, with serials such as Degrassi Junior High. A TV series that was successful satarting with the 1990s was Beverly Hills, 90210.
The target audience for teen dramas are usually teenagers, and young adults. Very often, the themes covered include issues that are important to this group, such as the first love, teenage pregnancy, abortion, but also homelessness, and addiction to drugs or alcohol.

= = = Charlotte Delavelle = = =
Charlotte Delavelle was a French swimmer from Paris. As a member of Mouettes de Paris she competed in the 1900s, in the earliest women's French aquatics history. In 1908 she finished third at the World Championships.
Biography.
Her earliest swimming achievement was on 16 May 1908. She finished third place at the annual CNP swimming festival. On 9 August she finished third in the 60 metre event at the "Fête de la Villette" and she finished again third in the 100 metre race at the "Joinville-le-Pont" meeting. In August, the sixth edition of the FSAPF world championships, organized by "L'Auto" was held in Bois de Boulogne. On the second day, the Prix Femina was held over 100 meters in the waters of the Seine. Delavelle finished in this race third behind Jeanne Decorne and Eugenia Decorne.
Delavelle competed in several races in 1909 and 1911. Her last achievement was on 13 April 1912 after finishing second in a handicap-style race at the UFN festival.

= = = Sandwich cookie = = =
A sandwich cookie is a type of cookie that's made from two thin cookies with a filling in between them. Many types of fillings can be used, like cream, ganache, buttercream, chocolate, cream cheese, jam, peanut butter, lemon curd, or ice cream.

= = = Peanut butter cookie = = =
A peanut butter cookie is a type of cookie that has peanut butter as a main ingredient. The cookie was first made in the United States in the 1910s. The recipe for the cookie was made by George Washington Carver while he was at the Tuskegee Institute. It was part of a Cookbook he wrote to promote the uses of Peanuts.

= = = Sprite melon = = =
The sprite melon is a kind of melon. It's similar to honeydew and it comes from Japan. Since the late 1990s it has been grown in North Carolina.
Sprite melons are round and are about as big as a grapefruit. They are usually eaten for dessert and it tastes similar to pears and honeydew. Sprite melons have seeds.
The melon is a part of the family Cucurbitaceae, with cucumbers, gourds, and pumpkins.

= = = Butter pecan = = =
Butter pecan is a flavor, popular in the United States. Many foods are made "butter pecan" flavored, like ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Roasted pecans, butter, and vanilla are used in butter pecan flavored foods. Some recipes can be made with almonds, and it becomes "butter almond."

= = = Tim O'Brien (author) = = =
Tim O'Brien (born October 1, 1946) is an American writer. He was a soldier in the U. S. Army from 1968 until 1970. He fought in the Vietnam War. His time in that war plays an important part in his writing. His novel "Going after Cacciato" is about the search for a soldier who runs away from the war. It won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1979.
O'Brien graduated from Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1968. He was then drafted into the U. S. Army and served in Vietnam as a foot soldier. For his work there, he was given a Purple Heart and a Bronze Star. He then went to Harvard University from 1970 until 1976. He worked as a reporter for the Washington Post until 1975.
In 2010, O'Brien received the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) from Whittier College. In 2012, O'Brien received the Dayton Literary Peace Prize Foundation's Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award. In 2013, he was awarded the $100,000 Pritzker Military Library Literature Award.

= = = Cornufer parkeri = = =
Parker's wrinkled ground frog ("Cornufer parkeri") is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea on Bouganville Island and the Buka Islands. People have seen it as high as 100 m above sea level.

= = = Watch the Throne = = =
Watch the Throne is a collaborative studio album by American rappers Kanye West and Jay-Z. It was released on August 8, 2011. The album has 7 singles. All 7 of those singles have music videos. They originally planned to make a five-single EP. But soon after that, that project evolved to a seven-single studio album. The album features guest appearances from Frank Ocean, The-Dream, Beyoncé, and Mr Hudson. It also features samples of vocals by soul musicians Otis Redding and Curtis Mayfield.
Many critics and publicators named "Watch the Throne" to their year-end best-of lists. A few notable examples are The Rolling Stone" and The Washington Post. The album debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200. This is because the album sold 436,000 copies in the first week. It also broke the iTunes first week sales record at the same time. Because of this, it was the fourth top selling album on iTunes in 2011. It also reached the top 10 in a few countries. Examples are Canada and the United Kingdom. It was also certified quintuple platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in November 2020.
Track listing.
Total length:46:12
Deluxe edition (bonus tracks).
13. "Illest Motherfucker Alive" (8:23)
14. "H.A.M. (4:35)
15. "Primetime" (3:19)
16. "The Joy" (featuring Curtis Mayfield) (5:17)
Total length:64:37

= = = GloRilla = = =
Gloria Woods (born July 28, 1999), better known as GloRilla, is an American rapper. She was born in Memphis, Tennessee. In 2022, her song "F.N.F. (Let's Go)" (with producer Hitkidd) was nominated for Best Rap Performance at 65th Annual Grammy Awards. 

= = = Movietone News = = =
Movietone News is a newsreel that ran from 1928 to 1963 in the United States. It was also in France and in Australia and New Zealand until 1970. It was in the United Kingdom from 1929 to 1986 as British Movietone News. In Germany, it was Fox Tönende Wochenschau.
History.
Movietone News started from an earlier newsreel called Fox News. It made silent newsreels. When Fox started making movies with sound in 1928 with "Mother Knows Best", the name Fox Movietone was used for Fox's sound movies.
Fox Films joined with 20th Century Pictures in 1935 to become 20th Century-Fox. Fox Movietone News was shortened to Movietone News.
In Australia, Movietone and Cinesound competed for newsreel coverage. Later, they joined and became the Australian Movie Magazine.
Status and licensing.
The University of South Carolina Moving Image Research Collections has some of the Fox Movietone newsreel collection. Fox News Channel has the rest.
Licensing for Fox Movietone newsreels owned by the University of South Carolina is handled by the Moving Image Research Collections. Licensing for Fox Movietone News is still owned by Fox Corporation and handled by Fox News Channel. British Movietone is owned by British Movietonews Ltd.
In 2016, the British Movietone archive had been acquired by Associated Press.
The Movietone News Australia archive was given to the National Film and Sound Archive in 1988.
Archive.
The Academy Film Archive has the 20th Century Fox Movietone Shorts and Documentaries Series Collection.
In 2015, British Movietone and Associated Press's archival footage was put on YouTube.

= = = Blåhaj = = =
Blåhaj (stylized BLÅHAJ, , ; also pronounced , or in English) is a plush toy of a blue shark made and sold by the Swedish company IKEA. It has been used as an official mascot in some countries.
Properties.
There are and versions. It is stuffed with recycled polyester. It can be machine-washed at 40 °C (104 °F).
Culture.
In 2018, Blåhaj became a popular internet meme when social media users posted humorous photos of it in their homes. It became popular with LGBT (particularly transgender) individuals due to its similar colors to the transgender flag. It was thought IKEA acknowledged this by using it in an series of advertisements supporting the 2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum.
In September 2021, when customers asked about the toy, it was announced to be no longer be sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland from April 2022 due to supply issues, which did not happen. "Blåhaj" trended on social media for several days, as fans said it was becoming "extinct". A similar response happened when it was used to demonstrate vacuum bags in some stores in Hong Kong. However, it was announced it would still be sold in the United States. In early 2022, Blåhaj plushes started to be made in Indonesia.
Blåhaj is popular in some countries. Blåhaj shopping bags are sold in Taiwan and Malaysia. Blåhaj has also been used in advertisements, such as for tiny apartments in Japan (as a real estate agent) and Hong Kong's Tsim Sha Tsui branch, which was nicknamed "Tsim Shark Tsui". Colored Blåhaj-shaped red bean and sesame filled buns were sold for a limited time in Malaysia and Taiwan respectively.
In November 2022, IKEA Canada gave transgender individuals a transgender flag-colored Blåhaj with their name embroidered on its fin.
It was once seen briefly in the Marvel Studios television series "Hawkeye".

= = = Khoisan languages = = =
Khoisan languages is the name for a group of languages that are spoken in Southern Africa. All of these languages have click consonants, and they are not part of the Niger–Congo languages, the Nilo-Saharan languages, or the Afroasiatic languages. These languages are not in one common language family, there are at least three such families. There are also some language isolates on the territory where Khoisan languages can be found. It is not possible to construct or find a language that is the common ancestor of the other languages.
The San, Khoekhoe, Damara, Nama, as well as the Hadza and Sandawe are all speakers of Khoisan languages.
Many of these languages only have very few speakers, or they have become extinct. Many are only spoken, and not written. The only widespread Khoisan language is Khoekhoe (also known as Khoekhoegowab, Nàmá or Damara) of Namibia, Botswana and South Africa, with a quarter of a million speakers; Sandawe in Tanzania is second in number with some 40–80,000, some monolingual; and the ǃKung language of the northern Kalahari spoken by some 16,000 or so people. Language use is quite strong among the 20,000 speakers of Naro, in Botswana and in eastern Namibia, half of whom speak it as a second language.

= = = Royal Australian Artillery = = =
The Royal Australian Artillery (RAA) is a part of the Australian Army. It started as the colonial artillery before Australia's federation. Its full name is Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery. 

= = = Zurg = = =
Zurg is a fictional character created for the movie Toy Story and is the enemy of Buzz Lightyear. 
Role in Toy Story.
Buzz Lightyear is a toy but thinks he’s a real superhero trying to stop an evil emperor named Zurg from destroying the Galactic Alliance. Buzz says that Zurg wants to create a weapon that can destroy an entire planet.
Role in Toy Story 2.
In Toy Story 2, Zurg is played by Andrew Stanton. Zurg is introduced in a Buzz Lightyear video game where Zurg kills Buzz but it turns out it is only a video game. Later on, a toy Zurg believes he’s actually an evil emperor and fights Buzz Lightyear. When Buzz says he won’t give up because Zurg killed Buzz’s father, Zurg says he is Buzz’s father. After Zurg falls out of an elevator and gets amnesia, then Zurg remembers he’s Buzz’s father and plays catch with him.
Role in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins.
In the movie , Zurg pays Buzz’s friend Warp Darkmatter to become a supervillain called Agent Z, invades a planet, steals something called the Unimind and turns it into a mind control weapon that he uses to enslave every planet in the Universe but Buzz Lightyear beats Zurg and Zurg runs away. Zurg is played by Wayne Knight. 
Role in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command.
Zurg is the main villain of Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and is in most episodes. The episode Stranger Invasion reveals that Zurg was lying when he said he was Buzz’s father.
Role in Toy Story 3.
Zurg has a cameo appearance in Toy Story 3.
Role in Lightyear.
In the movie Lightyear, Zurg is played by James Brolin. Zurg turns to be an evil version of Buzz Lightyear who came from the future using time travel.

= = = Independent Air Flight 1851 = = =
Independent Air Flight 1851 was an airplane that crashed on 8 February 1989. It was a Boeing 707 flying from Bergamo, Italy to Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. The plane hit Pico Alto while on approach to Santa Maria Airport in the Azores. The aircraft was destroyed. All of the 144 people on board were killed in the crash. It is the deadliest plane crash in Portugal's history.

= = = Medical imaging = = =
Medical imaging is the name for a number of processes that are used to make images of body parts. These pictures can then be used to help diagnose a condition. There are different classes of such procedues, for example:

= = = Australian Light Horse = = =
Australian Light Horse were mounted troops similar to both cavalry and mounted infantry. They fought in the Second Boer War and World War I.
By the outbreak of World War I, there were 23 light horse regiments within Australia's part-time military force, consisting of 9,000 personnel. These were organised as follows:
World War I.
Formation and organisation.
Light horse were like mounted infantry. They usually fought on foot. They used their horses as transport to the battlefield. A famous exception to this rule though was the charge of the 4th and 12th Light Horse Regiments at Beersheba on 31 October 1917. In 1918, some light horse regiments were equipped with sabres, so they could fight in a conventional cavalry role in the attack on Damascus. 
Popular culture.
Movies.
Several movies include the charge at Beersheba in 1917:
References.
Citations

= = = The Sun-Herald = = =
The Sun-Herald is an Australian newspaper. It is a tabloid or compact format. Nine Publishing publishes it on Sundays in Sydney.

= = = Beauty Behind the Madness = = =
Beauty Behind the Madness is the second studio album by the Weeknd. The Weeknd is a Canadian singer. The album was released on August 28, 2015. It was released by XO and Republic Records. Other musicians are on the album, such as Lana Del Rey, Ed Sheeran, and Labrinth.
The album had five singles. Two of them went to the number one spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 (an American music chart). These were "The Hills" and "Can't Feel My Face". The album also has a song that was nominated for an Academy Award. This song is named "Earned It". It was in the movie "Fifty Shades of Grey". Many critics liked "Beauty Behind the Madness". It went to number one on album charts in many countries. It was the Weeknd's first number one album in the United States. It was one of the best-selling albums of 2015. It sold over 1 million copies. It won a Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album.
Background.
The Weeknd's first studio album was released in 2013. It was named "Kiss Land". After making it, the Weeknd made music for movie soundtracks. He was on the soundtrack for "" (2013). He also made the songs "Earned It" and "Where You Belong" for "Fifty Shades of Grey" (2015). "Earned It" went into the number three spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
On July 5, 2015, Ed Sheeran said he worked with the Weeknd on the album. He also said Kanye West worked on it. The Weeknd revealed the album's name on July 9. He also showed art made for it.
Track listing.
Notes

= = = The Hills (song) = = =
"The Hills" is a song by the Weeknd. The Weeknd is a Canadian singer. The song was released on May 27, 2015. It was released as a single. It is the second single from "Beauty Behind the Madness" (2015). The single was very successful. The song went to number one on Canada's music chart. It also went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was number one the week after "Can't Feel My Face". This is another song by the Weeknd. It went into the top ten on music charts in many other countries. The song has a music video. The video was released on the same day as the single.
"The Hills" was certified diamond by the RIAA. It gave the Weeknd his first diamond certification.
Track listing.
The single was released digitally. There were also remixes of the single.

= = = P. V. R. Raja = = =
Penumatsa Venkata Ramaraju, popularly known by his name PVR Raja (born 1 June 1985) is an Indian music composer, record producer and guitarist. He mainly works in Telugu cinema. He is nicknamed "Short films Maestro" and "Ilaiyaraaja of Short films". He entered the "India Book of Records" for composing the most number of short Telugu films. Raja has composed music for the films "Vitamin She" (2020) and "Madhi" (2022).
Career.
He has predominantly composed music over 250 digital short films and Independent films from 2013 to present in English, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi languages.

= = = Summertime Sadness = = =
"Summertime Sadness" is a pop/trip hop song by American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey. It is from her second studio album, "Born to Die" (2012). It was released on June 22, 2012. In the spring of 2013, it reached number one in Poland, Ukraine, and Armenia. It also reached the top 10 in 6 european countries. Trap and House remixes of the song helped Del Rey break into the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. That chart is where the song became a modest hit. Because of this, the single gave Del Rey her first US number-one single in August 2013.
There was a remix of the song by Cedric Gervais in the summer of 2013. It was released to American contemporary hit radio during the same time the remix was released. Because of this, it helped the single become a sleeper hit.
The song's lyrics according to Lana are about a good friend of hers who died by his own hand and she is sad this summer as he is gone and summer is in full bloom.

= = = Joris Duytschaever = = =
Joris Duytschaever (16 March 1944 – January 2023) was a Belgian academic. He was professor in English literature at the University Institution Antwerp.
Biography.
Duytschaever was born in Merksem in 1944. He studied Germanic philology at the Ghent University He obtained his PhD at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. He teached in Dutch literature at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Indiana University in the United States. He started working at the University Institution Antwerp in 1972 where he became professor in the English literature. He was guest professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1977 and at the University of Georgia in 1985. Duytschaever was coordinator of the European Studies Program for American students. Duytschaever also ensured cooperation with the "Faculté des Lettres" of the university in the Moroccan capital Rabat.
Duytschaever published on Alfred Döblin, Hugo Claus, Simon Vestdijk, Hella Haasse and various English-language authors including James Joyce and William Faulkner. He translated of Edmund Husserl from 1977. He published on the of Hugo Claus. He was director of the "Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire". Together with Geert Lernout he was editor of "History and Violence in Anglo-Irish Literature". He was from 1987 co-editor of "Post-war Literatures in English. A Lexicon of contemporary Authors". Duytschaever was also editor of the literary magazine . 
Duytschaever had Parkinson He died in January 2023, at the age of 78.

= = = Cornufer malukuna = = =
The Malukuna wrinkled ground frog ("Cornufer malukuna") is a frog. It lives on Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands.

= = = Seán Cullen = = =
Seán Cullen (born August 29, 1965) is a Canadian actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for combining improvisation with mimicry and music. He is known for providing voices of characters in shows like "Best Ed", "Seven Little Monsters," and "Almost Naked Animals".
Cullen was born on August 29, 1965 in Peterborough, Ontario. He studied at the Saint Bonaventure University. He is married to Kimberley Temple and currently lives in Toronto, Canada.

= = = Carrot bread = = =
Carrot bread is a bread that uses carrots as a main ingredient. It can be made with grated, shredded carrots, or with carrot juice.

= = = Carrot juice = = =
Carrot juice is juice made from carrots.
Nutritional information.
100 grams of canned carrot juice contains the following nutritional information according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA):

= = = Wallace Stevens = = =
Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was an American poet. He was closely connected to the modernist movement.
He attended Harvard University. He received a degree from New York Law School in 1903. He practiced law for a number of offices and companies until 1916. In 1916, he got a job with the Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co. He worked for this insurance company for the rest of his life.
While he worked in his business life, he also worked at writing poetry. He became friends with many other poets, such as William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, and E. E. Cummings. In 1914 and 1915, he wrote poems that are now well-known such as "Peter Quince at the Clavier," "Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock," and "Sunday Morning."
"Harmonium", his first book of poems, came out in 1923. That book had other poems that are now famous, like “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird," and “The Emperor of Ice-Cream."
Stevens often wrote very long poems. "The Man with the Blue Guitar" (1937) had 33 parts. In poems like this and many others, Stevens talked about the power of imagination to change ordinary life.

= = = Angus MacLane = = =
Angus MacLane is an American director, cartoonist and screenwriter who was one of the directors of Finding Dory and who also wrote and directed the movie Lightyear (movie).

= = = Khorasan Wars = = =
Khorasan Wars were a series of battles that took place in the early 1580s in the cities of Mashhad, Nishapur, Torbat Heydarieh and other regions of Khorasan. These wars broke out due to the challenges between the "Shamlu" and "Stajalu" clans (supporting Abbas the Great) and the "Teklo" and "Turkmen" (supporting king Mohammad Khodabandeh) clans. Khorasan conflicts were a beginning to the coming to power of Abbas the Great and his kingdom.
Abbas Mirza (later title: Abbas the Great) fought with Ali Qali Beg Gurkan Shamlu in Khorasan wars, the siege of Neishabur Castle, the siege of Torbat Castle and the Battle of Tirpul against his father king Muhammad Khodabande (current king).

= = = Edna Thomas = = =
Edna Thomas (November 1, 1885 – July 22, 1974) was an American stage actress. She is most famous for her acting in the Federal Theater Project's theater in Harlem, New York, United States. That theater group was part of the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. She played Lady Macbeth in a very popular production of the play "MacBeth". Thomas also appeared in the 1951 movie "A Streetcar Named Desire."

= = = Elizabeth Greene (archaeologist) = = =
Elizabeth S. Greene (born December 2nd, 1970) is a North American archaeologist. In 2023, she became the president of the Archaeological Institute of America. She was First Vice President (2020-2023). Before that, she was the institute's Vice President for Cultural Heritage (2017-2020). 
Her specialty is in underwater archaeology ("maritime archaeology"). Her geographical and cultural special area is the Classics. Greene led a team of divers to study harbors in Turkey. She did this work with Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey and Stanford University, California. She and her team also worked with Institute of Nautical Archaeology and the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Bodrum, Turkey.
Greene got her PhD from Princeton University. Greene won the Marilyn Robinson Award for Excellence in Teaching for 2014-15 at Western University. She is a full professor of Classics and archaeology at Brock University in Canada. Greene researches seaborne mobility and interaction across the Mediterranean. Her work uses physical remains to show how trade, fishing, communities, and human migration happened over long periods of time. She has said, "'We look for stories that are told, not just written text but through oral traditions, through art, through painting and the sources that we don't always see.'" 

= = = Supreme Leader (North Korea) = = =
The supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or simply known as the supreme leader of North Korea is the head of state and head of government of North Korea. The leader directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the North Korean Armed Forces.
Kim Jong-un is the 3rd and current supreme leader of North Korea, in office since December 17, 2011.
Executive and Legislative Powers.
the president of the state affairs commission is the head of state of North Korea. The North Korean constitution gives the president the power to lead the state and appoint important state officials.
The president also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives to serve foreign relations in other countries. The president can declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defense during times of war. The president also has absolute power and control over North Korea's nuclear arsenal.
The president has the power to choose the vice president, and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are elected by members of the assembly. The president can also propose for their recall by the assembly and the president also has the right to appoint or dismiss important state officials.
The president can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly. The commission can also submit an agenda to the assembly. The president can also have the right to grant pardons.
The supreme leader is the commander-in-chief of the North Korean Armed Forces. The leader may exercise supreme operational command and control over the country's military forces, and has plenary power to launch, direct and supervise military operations, order or authorize the deployment of troops, or launch nuclear weapons.
Official residences.
Ryongsong Residence is the current and official residence of the supreme leader of North Korea. The supreme leader also has other official state residences but are kept hidden away with absolutely no access to them.
Protection.
The Ministry of State Security is charged with protecting the supreme leader and the first family of North Korea. As part of their protection, their duties are also to investigate any type of threats towards the Kim family or any government official. It's also tasked to conduct VIP protection duties for North Korean diplomats and employees who work in many North Korean embassies, accompany and other foreign officials abroad.
Line of succession.
The North Korean leadership line of succession is the order in which one of the members of the Kim family are to assume the powers and duties as the supreme leader of North Korea upon their death.

= = = OHM (band) = = =
OHM is an American jazz fusion music group. The band has three members. OHM was formed in 1998. The band has made four studio albums. They have also made one live album.
OHM also makes music as "OHMphrey". OHMphrey has more members. The band has made two albums as OHMphrey. The main member of the band is Chris Poland. Poland was the guitar player for Megadeth. Nick Menza was in OHM. Menza was also a member of Megadeth. On May 21, 2016, Menza died while playing the drums in an OHM concert. He died beause of a heart attack.

= = = List of female scientists from Africa = = =
This is a list of female scientists from Africa.

= = = List of women scientists from Asia = = =
This is a list of female scientists from Asia.

= = = List of women scientists from South America = = =
This is a list of female scientists from South America.

= = = Adele Willie = = =
Adele Willie is a female sports commentator. Willie is from Vanuatu. She is among a group of the first female sports commentators from the Pacific Islands. Willie provides commentary on soccer. She discusses soccer in her own indigenous language, which is Bislama. Willie is one of the first commentators from the Pacific Islands to cover the Women’s World Cup.
Early life.
Willie did not get to play soccer as a child. In Vanuatu, mostly boys play soccer.
Career.
Willie was a sports journalist for the Daily Post Vanuatu. She said men did not want to talk to female journalists.
Willie, Jannesa Hinge Moli and Lavenia Yalovi got to call the Pacific Games in 2015, the Commonwealth Games in 2018, and the OFC Women’s Nations Cup. Willie, Hinge Moli, and Yalovi trained for 8 months through an organization called WINS (Women in News and Sports) to get the opportunity to speak about soccer. Willie and Hinge Moli talked in Bislama, and Yalovi talked in Fijian.
Then, they were the first female commentators to go to the Women’s World Cup from the Pacific Islands. They were invited by FIFA. It was part of FIFA Women’s World Cup Pacific Commentary Project.

= = = List of women scientists from Oceania = = =
This is a list of female scientists from Oceania.

= = = Farida Vakil = = =
Farida Vakil founded one of the first all female bands in India. Her girl group, The Ladybirds, only lasted a couple of years. The Ladybirds was considered a "landmark" in Indian music history. She then joined a group called The Riot Squad. Vakil won the Simla Beat Contest shortly after joining The Riot Squad.
Early life.
Vakil as a child enjoyed cooking, sewing and music. She wondered why she never saw female lead guitarist at beat shows. She made it her mission to be one of India’s first female lead guitar players.
Career.
She grew up with no girl bands to look up to. The music scene around that time period was dominated by mainly male groups. Vakil started one of the first all female bands in India. Her group was called The Ladybirds. The Ladybirds soon broke up. Vakil then joined a group called the Riot Squad. The Riot Squad was a big success amongst many audiences. Vikal was known as the "lead lady guitarist." She was very popular. When she was only 19 years old she was interviewed in a popular magazine.
Personal life.
Farida Vakil was exposed to many different types of music. Vakil’s sister worked in the airline industry. She frequently brought back records from all over the world which broadened Farida’s taste in music. Her dad managed her bands. He was very protective over his daughter but also very supportive of her. Vakil got married in 1973, a couple of years after she joined The Riot Squad. 
Awards.
Vakil won the Simla Beat contest in 1971 along with her band, The Riot Squad. 
Achievements.
Farida Vakil got a record deal with the Riot Squad after winning the Simla Beat Contest. 

= = = Madeline St. Clair = = =
Madeline "Mads" St Clair is an ocean expert. She is a tropical marine biologist. She studies how micro-plastics affect sharks. She is also a marine conservationist. She started the nonprofit organization, Women in Ocean Science.
She created the sustainable swimsuit line, Blu Wild. She sometimes works with Divya Nawale on the Women in Ocean Science advisory board. Her mission is to empower young women and raise awareness of the ocean. St. Clair is a marine photographer and often talks about her mission and work.
St Clair was a finalist for the Ocean Awards 2021 in the Young Initiative category. She is also a certified PADI divemaster and Ambassordiver. She has been a finalist in a number of photography competitions including the British Photography Awards and winner of the Gopro-Padi photo award. 

= = = Divya Nawale = = =
Divya Nawale (born 1980s) is an Indian climate activist and ocean scientist. She has been to Antarctica in 2009 and 2018 with the 2041 ClimateForce team. She travels around the world to give talks about the importance of stopping carbon dioxide emissions melting Antarctic ice. She is a part of the Arctic Angels, a group that works to protect Polar ice. She has helped set up education bases in Pench and Ladakh to combat climate change. She graduated from BITS-Pilani university in India and is a part of the advisory board of Women in Ocean Science.
Early life.
Nawale was born in the 1980s in Hyderabad, India. She loves nature, because she went to the Himalayas many times with her parents. At 16 or 17, she became a vegan. Nawale loved watching “underwater shows” when she was a kid, which led to her learning about the dangers of climate change on oceans. She grew up middle-class and went to BITS-Pilani university.
Career.
Nawale works for the protection of Polar ice. She and her mentor Robert Swan have been to Antarctica twice, in 2009 and 2018. Nawale works with the 2041 Foundation. She learned in Antarctica that 86% of the freshwater in the world is in ice, and Antarctica has 91% of the ice in the world. She and the 2041 Foundation want to keep Antarctica a Global Common in 2041, when the Antarctic treaty will be up for negotiation again. Nawale is an Arctic Angel and a Clean Energy Programs Coordinator at Asian Development Bank. She gives presentations about the importance of people and companies reducing their carbon footprint.
Personal life.
Divya Nawale lives in Hyderabad, India. She has been a vegan since she was a teenager. She has traveled to all seven continents giving talks about climate change. Her mentor is Robert Swan.
Awards and accomplishments.
Nawale won the BITS Alumni Association 30-Under-30 award for Social Entrepreneurship and community building. She helped the 2041 Foundation set up education bases in Pench and Ladakh using solar energy. Nawale is a part of the Arctic Angels. She is also on the advisory board of Women in Ocean Science.

= = = Amanda Morgan = = =
Amanda Morgan (born 1997) is a dancer at Pacific Northwest Ballet (PNB). She is the first black woman soloist at PNB. She is an activist for taking care of all people who work in the arts. She protests against racism.
Early life.
Morgan is from Tacoma, Washington. She began dancing at the age of two at the Dance Theatre Northwest. Morgan went to the PNB school. She did PNB's exchange with the Palucca University of Dance in Dresden. She attended summer intensives at Alonzo King LINES Ballet, Boston Ballet School, and the School of American Ballet. Morgan started PNB school at 14, and later joined the company.
Career.
Morgan is the first Black and LatinX dancer for PNB. She often had problems being the only Black ballerina in her company. She is also 5 feet 10 inches tall, so she is one of the tallest dancers in ballet. Many choreographers, people who create dances, do not pick Black women to be in their dances. So, Morgan decided be a choreographer and make her own dances.
Morgan founded “The Seattle Project”.  The Seattle Project is a group of collaborative artists. They choreograph dances for dancers from many different backgrounds. Morgan has choreographed for PNB’s Next Step program. Some of those works include “Pages” and “The Argument”. Her first show “The How of It Sped” premiered in February 2020. Morgan collaborated with Nia-Amina Minor to create a film titled "Musings" in 2020. In December 2022, Morgan played Hot Chocolate, Coffee, and Dewdrop in PNB’s version of “The Nutcracker”.
Morgan is now studying arts management at Seattle University.

= = = Melissa Cristina Márquez = = =
Melissa Cristina Márquez (born 1993) is a Puerto Rican marine biologist. She is a shark scientist. She studies Chondrichthyan animals. She researches why they choose specific habitats. She is one of Forbes Magazine's 30 Under 30. "Hola Magazine" also named Márquez a Top 100 Latina Powerhouse in 2021. 
Early life.
Melissa Cristina Márquez was born in Puerto Rico, but she grew up in Mexico. As a child, Márquez made her very first memories on the beach. She would analyze tidal waters, and gather seashells while watching groups of fish. Márquez grew up watching the Discovery Channel segments about sharks. She was four when she discovered she wanted to study them.
Márquez describes her family as very supportive. Her mother had a career as a biology educator and biochemical engineer.
Education.
Márquez received her undergraduate degree at the New College of Florida. She got a masters degree from Victoria University of Wellington. Márquez also has a PhD from Curtin University.
Career.
Márquez is an environmental activist and science communicator. Márquez is committed to making sure that all STEM workplaces are inclusive and equally diverse. "Hola Magazine" named Márquez a Top 100 Latina Powerhouse in 2021. She is one of Forbes Magazine's 30 Under 30. 
Márquez is the founder of the Fins United Initiative. She works with Divya Nawale and other members of the advisory board of Women in Ocean Science. She is a judge for Boston Museum of Science's "Reach Out Science Slam." 
Márquez often appears on Discovery Channel's "Shark Week". She published a series of children's books called “Wild Survival!” She stars in the documentary movie "OceanXplorers." Márquez also writes for Forbes Science. Márquez has hosted her own Spanish language environmental podcast called "ConCiencia Azul". She interviews other ocean scientists. She stars in the documentary movie "OceanXplorers." Márquez has given a TEDx talk on “Sharks & Female Scientists: More Alike Than You Think”. 

= = = Rie a.k.a Suzaku = = =
Rie Tomimatsu (born on November 26, 1985), known professionally as Rie a.k.a Suzaku (In Japanese, �� �ー・�ー・�ー ���), is a Japanese heavy metal guitarist, singer, and songwriter. She is the first female to be a solo Japanese heavy metal guitarist. Suzaku won a gold medal at the national Guitar competition. Her record label is Poppin Records. She has released five albums and six mini albums. In 2019, she started a band called the Muses. Suzaku has sixteen solo albums and one album with the Muses. She is one of Shinko Music W100 Guitarist's 100 Females. 
Early life.
Suzaku was born in Kawasaki Japan. Her sister Emi Tomimatsu important to her childhood life. Her sister got a keyboard when Suzaku was four years old. Her parents taught her about heavy metal music. Her father is a guitarist. Her parents played Bon Jovi, Aerosmith, and Camel in their house. 
She liked music by X Japan. When a member of X Japan, Hide, visited a sick child, Suzaku learned that music could help sick people feel better. She wanted to play music. 
In middle school she joined her school's classical guitar group. The group worked hard. They practiced two times every day. She also started learning to play rock and metal on her guitar. She learned to play rock music by ear. This means she listened to music and played what she heard. She did not have sheet music for heavy metal music.
In high school Suzaku wanted a band. No one wanted to join her band. She kept practicing alone. Boys did not like playing guitar with her.
After high school Suzaku attended the Muse Conservatory of Music. Again, none of her classmates played metal music. 
Career.
Suzaku started her career by winning a gold medal at the national guitar competition. Suzaku then switched to the electric guitar to continue her career. She then entered a music college to learn how to sing. She joined her first band. Suzaku continued her career by signed her songs with Poppin Records. She then decided to continue her career as a soloist. 
Suzaku does a lot of composing. Suzaky uses keyboard to compose music, not guitar. She played on an Electone keyboard. She was only interested in heavy metal music, but then she started listening to other music. Soon, she began writing many kinds of music. Suzaku believes that genre is not important in music. 
She works with other popular musicians, for example: Ibuki, Dia, Mitsuru Sutoh, Shingo Tanaka, Mayumu Hidaka and Kanade Sato.
Suzaku has five full length albums and six extended play albums. She released her first album in 2010. It was called Messiah. Her first full album was "Kingdom of the Sun." It was all music made with instruments, no people sang on the album. Her second full album, "Noah's Ark," had many different people singing songs. 
Suzaku started with a band called Ran. She then moved to a solo career. Suzaku created a band called RiViNi in 2017. They played together for two years. Their album, "Resistance," came out in 2018. In 2019, Suzaku signed with King Records and released "Top Runner." She also started a band called "The Muses".
Suzaku has an "Instrumental Summit" concert series. She has also written and performed some music for wrestling competitions. In 2019, Suzaku performed at the first "Metal Matsuri" in London, UK. 

= = = Aisha Wahab = = =
Aisha Wahab (January 11, 1987) is a member of the California State Senate. She represents District 10, which is for Fremont, CA. Wahab is the first Muslim elected to the California State Senate. She is also the first Afghan American to have an elected government job in the United States. She is a member of the Democratic party.
Early life.
Wahab was born in New York. She is the daughter of two Afghani refugees. Wahab’s father was murdered in New York. Her mother died when Wahab was five years old. She and her sister were put in foster care. Then, they were adopted by an Afghan American couple in Fremont, CA.
Wahab is a graduate from San Jose University. She also went to California State University for her MBA. 
Career and political work.
Wahab was a city council member for Hayward, CA. 
Wahab announced her candidacy for State Senate in October of 2021, and won December 5th, 2022. 
Her poverty during childhood and adolescence motivated her to run for state senate so that other immigrants or immigrant families never had to experience student loan debts, housing cost problems, and more (all things she experienced as a child).

= = = Rachel Morford = = =
Rachel Diane Morford (born March 7, 1985) is an American aerospace engineer and former president of the Society of Women Engineers. She is known for her work on national security satellites. She contributed to the production and launch of the Air Force’s Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellites. She was recognized with Aerospace Woman of the Year and Aerospace Commitment to Our People Diversity and Inclusion award.
Early life.
Morford was born in Torrance, California to Linda and Larry Morford. In 2007, Morford graduated USC Viterbi where she graduated with Bachelor’s and a Master’s degrees in electrical engineering. As a freshman at USC, she joined the Society of Women Engineers and stayed involved in the organization for all four of her years at USC Viterbi.
Career.
Morford is a principal director at The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo and has worked on a variety of projects including launching satellites and helped the launch of one of the Air Force’s communication satellites. Morford joined The Aerospace Corporation in 2008 as an MTS in the Launch Directorate in the National Systems Group. In 2014 she transferred to the Systems Integration and Test Office in Engineering and Technology Group while often working with international clients. In January 2020, Morford was promoted to principal director at The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo.
Personal life.
Morford continues to be very active in community outreach and educating students at science fairs, classrooms, and college campuses. In her free time, she enjoys traveling, running, swimming, and refurbishing furniture. She is married to Matthew Boatman and they have a daughter.
Awards and honors.
Morford has been recognized with the Aerospace Woman of the Year, Aerospace Commitment to Our People Diversity and Inclusion Award, SWE Distinguished New Engineer, and We Local ELiTE Award.

= = = Sian Henley = = =
Dr. Sian Henley is a marine scientist. She takes part in the Women in Ocean Science (WOS) advisory board. She participated in COP-26, one of the most important scientific conferences. She also takes part in the Arctic PRIZE and CHaOS projects.
Early Life.
Henley studied at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. She now has a bachelor of sciences degree in environmental geoscience. She has PhDs in marine biochemistry and climate change.
Career.
Henley participated in the Arctic PRIZE (PRoductivity in the seasonal Ice ZonE). This project investigates the impact of sea changes in Antarctica. She also takes part in CHaOS (Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor). It focuses on uncovering the effect of the melting ice cover on different areas in marine life. Henley conducts her own research too: ecosystem change in the Arctic, nutrient and carbon dynamics and the marine nitrogen cycle. She is part of the Southern Ocean Observation System (SOOS). Henley is also part of Women in Ocean Science (WOS) an organization aiming to support women in the field of ocean science and to let them be heard.

= = = Jackie Copeland = = =
Jackie “Bouvier” Copeland (born: April 12, 1962) is an African American philanthropist. She is the founder of the WISE Fund, which financially supports women of color working to save the environment. Copeland also founded Black Philanthropy Month and the Pan-African Women’s Philanthropy Network (PAWPNet).
Early life.
Copeland was born in urban Philadelphia to James and Willette Copeland.
Career.
Copeland is the founder of the WISE Fund. The WISE Fund provides seed funding and coaching to women of color who found organizations working to save the environment. She has also founded Black Philanthropy Month, which is commemorated every August and has been recognized by the United Nations. Copeland co-founded Pan-African Women’s Philanthropy Network (PAWPNet) with colleague Mojúbàolú Olufúnké Okome. PAWPNet is an online community for African American women that provides advice and information. Copeland wrote her first book in 2004, called "Creating Africa in America: Translocal Identity in an Emerging World City". Copeland has also co-authored various books, such as "Applying Anthropology in the Global Village" with Christina Wasson and Mary Butler, "Evaluation Anthropology" with Mary Butler, and "African Immigrant Innovations in 21st Century Giving" with Mojúbàolú Olufúnké Okome and Dr. Una Okonkwo Osili. 
Copeland has also released a jazz album called Blachant on April 14th, 2022 and has shared that she is a certified Zumba instructor.
Copeland developed the original design of My Brother's Keeper that would eventually inspire My Brother's Keepers initiative launched by President Barack Obama. 
Awards and honors.
Copeland was a Bush Foundation Fellow in 1997 and has received the Hero for Health award. She was also recognized as a HistoryMaker, and was included in the Congressional Record.

= = = Eleina Butuna = = =
Eleina Butuna is an award winning citizen of Papua New Guinea, and won the Westpac Outstanding Women (WOW) award in 2012.Butuna fought for equal payment and employment opportunities for women, and became president of an organization that previously had a large male population.
Personal life.
Butuna is from a small island in Papua New Guinea called Brumer Island. She was born and raised there with her 3 siblings, and has a son. Her son, Jayhugh Smith or Prote - J, was born in 1987, in LA, then moved to Papua New Guinea, then moved back to Orlando at 12 years old. He started his music career soon after school. Prote - J was also influenced by his mother (Butuna) when it came to music. Butuna was supposedly a fan of Michael Jackson. She listened to Michael Jackson with her son and her son became inspired.
Education.
Butuna always had learning as a big priority. Her parents never had a good education, so they always wanted the best for their kids when it came to schooling. She also made sure her son had a good education, and her son has a bachelor's degree in business administration.
Career.
Butuna has didn't start as an organization president. As Butuna prioritized the education of all, including her, she attended college. She then became a lecturer at the University of Papua New Guinea.After becoming lecturer, she received the WOW award and discussed both her public and private (professional) career life.Then, later on, Butuna became president.

= = = Setsu Asakura = = =
Setsu Asakura (1922-March 27, 2014) was a Japanese painter, filmmaker and set designer. Asakura was also known for her movies. These movies deal with topics such as fantasy and drama. Asakura won the Belgian Salon du Printemps award in 1948. The Centennial Retrospective of her work at the Museum of Modern Art, Hayama, included 200 paintings and artwork, especially for children's picture books, fashion designs for models, and stage designed drawings.
Early life.
Asakura was born in Yamaka Tokyo, She was the oldest daughter of the sculptor Fumio Asakura. When she was 17, she was taught by the painter Shinsui-Ito. In the first half of her life she created 40 pieces of artwork.
Artist and filmmaker.
Asakura took influence from M.C. Escher, Dutch graphic artist. She has created 12 films in her lifetime.Her more well known films are Demon Pond, Crane, Akuryo-to, and Sono hito wa mukashi.
Awards and honors.
Asakura won the Belgian Salon du Printemps award in 1948.

= = = Unlimited Love = = =
Unlimited Love is the twelfth studio album by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Red Hot Chili Peppers is an American rock band. It was released on April 1, 2022. It was produced by Rick Rubin. It is the first Red Hot Chili Peppers album with John Frusciante on it since "Stadium Arcadium" (2006).
The album has two singles. These are "Black Summer" and "These Are the Ways". They were released before the album. "Black Summer" was number one on the "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart. The album came out at number one on music charts many 16 countries.
Track listing.
All songs written by Anthony Kiedis, Flea, John Frusciante, and Chad Smith.

= = = Da Hool = = =
Frank Tomiczek (born 30 December 1968), also known as Da Hool, is an German DJ and producer.

= = = Nirban = = =
Nirban, also spelt Narban or Nirwan, is a large gotra of Yaduvanshi Ahirs of Haryana. There are villages of Nirban in Pataudi. They an also be found in the Badli and Haidurpur villages of Delhi.
Nirban is also a clan of Rajputs. According to Sir Henry Miers Elliot, the Nirban gotra is also found in Nandvanshi Ahirs.

= = = Debits and credits = = =
Debits and credits are used in double entry-bookkeeping to know what money is going in or going out to your business.
An account is debited when the money is going in to your business. This means that increase in assets and expenses are recorded as debits.
Meanwhile, an account is credited when the money is going out from your business. This means that increase in liabilities, capital, and revenues are recorded as credits.
If assets and expense decreases, they are recorded as credits.
If liabilities, capital, and revenues decreases they are recorded as debits.
The chart also explains the following below:

= = = Les Loges, Seine-Maritime = = =
Les Loges is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Seine-Maritime department in north France.

= = = Campos dos Goytacazes = = =
Campos dos Goytacazes is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio de Janeiro. 511,168 people lived here in 2020 and its area is 4,032 km2.

= = = Alcalá de Guadaíra = = =
Alcalá de Guadaíra is a municipality of 75,917 people (2022). It is in the province of Seville in the autonomous community of Andalusia in south Spain. The city is 15 km southeast of Seville, on the river Guadaíra.

= = = Hausen im Wiesental = = =
Hausen im Wiesental is a municipality in Lörrach in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

= = = Álvaro Morata = = =
Álvaro Borja Morata Martín (born 23 October 1992) is a Spanish football player. He plays as a striker for Atlético Madrid and the Spain national team.

= = = Inside the Fire (song) = = =
"Inside the Fire" is a 2008 song by American alternative metal band Disturbed and is the leading single from their fourth studio album "Indestructible". It went to number 73 in the United States. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2009.
Track listing.
Compact disc
7" vinyl
Digital download
United Kingdom digital download

= = = Marcq-en-Ostrevent = = =
Marcq-en-Ostrevent is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 748 people lived there.

= = = Maretz = = =
Maretz is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,444 people lived there.

= = = Marpent = = =
Marpent is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,701 people lived there.

= = = Marquillies = = =
Marquillies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,998 people lived there.

= = = Masnières = = =
Masnières is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,745 people lived there.

= = = Ronald de Jong = = =
Ronald de Jong (1962 — 12 January 2023) known as Rooie Ron (translated “Red Ron”) was a Dutch soft drugs trafficker.
Biography.
De Jong was born in Amsterdam and grew up there. In the early 1990s, De Jong earned a lot of money trading large quantities of weed. As a driver he transported the weed and also smuggled it to the United Kingdom. The police and Public Prosecution Service saw these and other drug transports, but let it go in order to get to the top of the criminal organization with leaders like Mink K. and Stanley Hillis. This became known as the IRT Affair. It caused commotion in 1993 because police officers also turned out to be dealing in drugs and earning millions themselves. There came a parliamentary investigative into these controversial investigative methods, led by politician Maarten van Traa. He had a verdict in 1996 that also led to a stricter legislation.
De Jong later had legal proceedings about money laundering of the money he had earned from the drug trade. In 2017, the court convicted De Jong of money laundering, after a lengthy procedure. He was sentenced to six months in prison and his villa was confiscated. In 2018, the Court of Appeal acquitted him of money laundering. However the Public Prosecution Service appealed in cassation and the Supreme Court sent the case back to the Court for a new appeal.
De Jong died in Spain on 12 January 2023 from a long illness, at the age of 60.

= = = List of Bad Girls characters = = =
This is a list of cast members and characters from the British drama "Bad Girls", which aired from 1999 to 2006.

= = = Debra Stephenson = = =
Debra Stephenson (born 4 June 1972) is an English actress, comedian, impressionist and singer. She is best known for portraying the roles of Shell Dockley in the ITV prison-based drama series "Bad Girls" (1999–2001, 2003), and Frankie Baldwin in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" (2004–2006).
Early life.
Stephenson was born and raised in Kingston upon Hull.

= = = Sitka spruce = = =
The Sitka spruce tree is one of the Pinaceae tree family. Its botanical name is Picea sitchensis. 
The tree is the state tree of U.S. state of Alaska. It can grow almost up to 100 meters tall. It has a shallow root system with long lateral roots and few branches. It is a long-lived tree, and can live for more than 700 years old. 
The tree is quite common in the Western coast of Canada.

= = = Linda Henry = = =
Linda Varilis (née Henry; born 24 August 1959) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Yvonne Atkins in the ITV prison-based drama series "Bad Girls" (1999–2003), and Shirley Carter in the BBC One soap opera "EastEnders" (2006–present). She had previously appeared in "EastEnders" as the original Lorraine Salter (1991–1992).
Early life.
Henry was born and raised in Peckham, London.

= = = Novo Hamburgo = = =
Novo Hamburgo is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. 247,032 people lived here in 2020 and its area is 224 km2. It was named after the German city of Hamburg. The people who founded the city in the 1830s were from the Azores. During the next 50 years, many people immigrated from Germany. They were not from Hamburg, but mostly from the Hunsrück, a mountain range near Koblenz. They all used the port of Hamburg to leave Europe, though. Novo Hamburgo is about north of Porto Alegre. Together with Franca, the city calls itself the capital of shoes (Capital Nacional do Calçado, in Portuguese).

= = = Maulde = = =
Maulde is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,033 people lived there.

= = = Maurois = = =
Maurois is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 403 people lived there.

= = = Mazinghien = = =
Mazinghien is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 305 people lived there.

= = = Merckeghem = = =
Merckeghem is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 606 people lived there.

= = = Mérignies = = =
Mérignies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 3,199 people lived there.

= = = Millam = = =
Millam is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 837 people lived there.

= = = Millonfosse = = =
Millonfosse is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 718 people lived there.

= = = National Book Critics Circle Award = = =
The National Book Critics Circle Award is a group of literary prizes. Awards are given every year for six kinds of books: autobiography, biography, criticism, fiction, non-fiction, and poetry.
The National Book Critics Circle was started in 1974. The purpose of the group is to praise very good writing and to make "a national conversation about reading, criticism, and literature."
The members of the National Book Critics Circle are all professional book critics, people who read, think, and write about books for a living. They choose the winning books each year in the month of March. They also award an outstanding member of the group each year. Achievement awards are given "to individuals and literary institutions" for very good long-term work. 

= = = Mœuvres = = =
Mœuvres is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 481 people lived there.

= = = Monceau-Saint-Waast = = =
Monceau-Saint-Waast is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 455 people lived there.

= = = Monchaux-sur-Écaillon = = =
Monchaux-sur-Écaillon is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 538 people lived there.

= = = Moncheaux = = =
Moncheaux is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,632 people lived there.

= = = Mons-en-Pévèle = = =
Mons-en-Pévèle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,115 people lived there.

= = = Montay = = =
Montay is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 276 people lived there.

= = = Montigny-en-Cambrésis = = =
Montigny-en-Cambrésis is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 557 people lived there.

= = = Montigny-en-Ostrevent = = =
Montigny-en-Ostrevent is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 4,793 people lived there.

= = = Montrécourt = = =
Montrécourt is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 224 people lived there.

= = = Morbecque = = =
Morbecque is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,524 people lived there.

= = = Mouchin = = =
Mouchin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,408 people lived there.

= = = Moustier-en-Fagne = = =
Moustier-en-Fagne is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 58 people lived there.

= = = Niergnies = = =
Niergnies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 514 people lived there.

= = = Florencia, Caquetá = = =
Florencia is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Caquetá Department.

= = = Simone Kramer = = =
Cornelia Simone Kramer-Kramer (9 July 1939 – 9 January 2023) was a Dutch children's writer and translator.
Biography.
Kramer was born in Bodegraven in 1939, as the youngest in a family of eight children. Her father was a primary school principal in Bodegraven. After primary school, she attended the gymnasium and went afterwards to music school. During her studies, Kramer worked part-time as a doctor's assistant and saleswoman in a department store.
In 1966 she started working for the VARA. At first in the music department and later in the film department. She translated many films including "The BFG" of Roald Dahl. In 1984 Kramer started working as a children's book author for children from the age of 10 years. In addition, Kramer wrote picture books and books for younger children. Her books were published by . Kramer included Greek mythologies in her stories. Her most known book was "Een steen door de ruit" from 1987 that received a tip from the and won the prize of the Children and Youth Jury Limburg.
Kramer died in 's-Graveland on 9 January 2023, at the age of 83.

= = = PEN/Hemingway Award = = =
The PEN/Hemingway Award for Debut Novel is a prize given by PEN America to the best first novel by an American author. The winner receives $10,000 to help give them time and space to write as they begin their career.
This is one of the PEN America Literary Awards, which are a group of twenty awards that are given for writing. 
These awards started in 1963. They are given by PEN America, the American branch of International PEN. This group works "to protect free expression in the United States and worldwide." The group works for the freedom of writers to say what they want to say in their writing.
PEN America began in 1922. After World War I, to build peace and understanding, writers wanted to be connected to each other across many countries. The word PEN is an acronym that means "Poets, Essayists, Novelists."

= = = Peter Hansborough Bell = = =
Peter Hansborough Bell (May 11, 1810 – March 8, 1898) was an American military officer and politician. He was the 3rd governor of Texas from 1849 to 1853. He also represented Texas in the House of Representatives for 2 terms (1853-1857). He was a Democrat.
Bell died on March 8, 1898, in Littleton, North Carolina. He was 87.

= = = PEN/Faulkner Award = = =
The PEN/Faulkner Award is a literary prize for fiction that is given every year by the PEN/Faulkner Foundation in Washington, D. C. The prize tries to honor books that help people to understand each other and to live together in peace. The PEN/Faulkner Foundation believes that "fiction creates empathy within and among communities and advances civil discourse."
The award began in 1983. Writer Mary Lee Settle wanted to begin "the largest annual peer-juried prize for fiction in the United States." She named the award for International PEN and for William Faulkner who helped young writers with his own Nobel Prize money.

= = = Franca = = =
Franca is a city in the state of São Paulo, in Brazil. In 2021, about 358,000 people lived there. The city is about from São Paulo, the capital of the state. It is about from Brasília. 
In Brazil, the city is known as "The National Capital of Footwear", and "The National Capital of Basketball".
The city is in the center of an urban area of about 672,000 people, in 19 municipalities. It is among the top Brazilian cities with the best urban sanitation.
The parish of Franca was founded in 1805, being part of Mogi Mirim until 1824. The city status was received in 1856.
Economy.
Franca is the largest footwear producer in Brazil and Latin America. There are many medium and large industries. It is also known for the production of footwear components. The city houses reputed design centers intended for training new professionals to work in Brazil and abroad.
Franca is also traditionally connected to agriculture. It is located in the area of "Alta Mogiana", one of the best coffee producing territories in the world, due to the abundance of purple soil, and favorable climate for cultivation.
The city houses a diversified industrial park, the production of metal, furniture, food, and beverage is very active. The industry of jewelry and diamond has been active for many years in Franca, placing the city as one of the largest diamond cutting centers in Brazil.

= = = Batu Pahat District = = =
Batu Pahat District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Bamenda = = =
Bamenda is a city in northwestern Cameroon and is the capital of the Northwest Region. About 2 million people live there. It is northwest of the Cameroonian capital, Yaoundé.

= = = Garoua = = =
Garoua is a city in northern Cameroon and is the capital of the North Region. It is on the Benue River. In 2020, 1,285,000 people live there. The main ethnic groups are the Fulbe/Fulani.

= = = Johor Bahru District = = =
Johor Bahru District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Parnamirim = = =
Parnamirim is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It is next to the state capital Natal. 267,036 people lived here in 2020 and its area is 123,5 km2.

= = = Mossoró = = =
Mossoró is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. In 2020, 300,618 people lived here, which makes it the second-largest city by population in the state and its area is 2,110 km2. The city is known for the salt production and 
petroleum industry.

= = = 1991–92 Austrian Cup = = =
The 1991-92 Austrian Cup was Austria's nationwide football cup competition. SV Stockerau were the defending champions.
Final.
Franz Wohlfahrt - Attila Sekerlioglu - Manfred Zsak - Anton Pfeffer - Christian Prosenik - Peter Stöger - Walter Hörmann - Valdas Ivanauskas - Thomas Flögel - Andreas Ogris - Robertas Fridrikas coach: Herbert Prohaska
Wolfgang Knaller - Uwe Müller - Gerald Messlender - Alois Dötzl - Gerald Bacher - Gerald Glatzmayer - Peter Artner - Roger Ljung - Dietmar Kühbauer - Johann Abfalterer - Olaf Marschall coach: Sigfried Held

= = = Kluang District = = =
Kluang District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = El Sobrante, Contra Costa County, California = = =
El Sobrante (Spanish for "The Surplus") is a census-designated place in Contra Costa County, California. In 2020, 15,524 people lived there.
Geography.
The United States Census Bureau stated that El Sobrante has an area of 2.8 square miles (7 km2). All of it is land.
Some of the main roads in El Sobrante are San Pablo Dam Road and Valley View Road. San Pablo Dam Road connects to Interstate 80. El Sobrante also has San Pablo Creek. 

= = = Kota Tinggi District = = =
Kota Tinggi District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Richard Estes = = =
Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932, in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American painter, best known for his photorealist work. 
Estes creates his paintings based on several photographs that he takes. His paintings tend to consist of reflective and inanimate cityscapes and geometric landscapes. He is considered as one of the founders of the international photo-realist movement of the late 1960s, with other painters such as John Baeder, Chuck Close, Audrey Flack, Don Eddy and Ralph Goings.
He is represented in some of leading art museums in the world.

= = = It (franchise) = = =
It is an American media franchise consists of of horror movies and television series. First there was the It miniseries in 1990. Then 2 It movies were made in 2017 and 2019.

= = = Cornufer batantae = = =
The Batana wrinkled ground frog ("Cornufer batantae") is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia on Batanta Island and Waigeo Island. Scientists first saw it on Mt. Besar, about 1500 meters above sea level.

= = = Kulai District = = =
Kulai District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Mersing District = = =
Mersing District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Muar District = = =
Muar District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Nieurlet = = =
Nieurlet is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 917 people lived there.

= = = Nivelle = = =
Nivelle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,351 people lived there.

= = = Nomain = = =
Nomain is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,549 people lived there.

= = = Montería = = =
Montería is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Córdoba Department.

= = = Yopal = = =
Yopal is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Casanare Department.

= = = Noyelles-lès-Seclin = = =
Noyelles-lès-Seclin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 858 people lived there.

= = = Noyelles-sur-Escaut = = =
Noyelles-sur-Escaut is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 811 people lived there.

= = = Noyelles-sur-Selle = = =
Noyelles-sur-Selle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 697 people lived there.

= = = Obies = = =
Obies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 660 people lived there.

= = = Obrechies = = =
Obrechies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 269 people lived there.

= = = Ors = = =
Ors is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 640 people lived there.

= = = Orsinval = = =
Orsinval is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 553 people lived there.

= = = Ostricourt = = =
Ostricourt is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 5,454 people lived there.

= = = Oxelaëre = = =
Oxelaëre is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 517 people lived there.

= = = Mocoa = = =
Mocoa is a city in Colombia. It is the capital of Putumayo Department.

= = = Paillencourt = = =
Paillencourt is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,009 people lived there.

= = = Pontian District = = =
Pontian District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Segamat District = = =
Segamat District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Tangkak District = = =
Tangkak District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia.
Population.
From Malaysian census data,

= = = Sweeper (association football) = = =
The sweeper, also known as the libero, is a crucial position in association football. Unlike other defenders who have a specific opponent to mark, the sweeper is a more versatile centre-back who has the freedom to move around the defensive line and sweep up loose balls if an opponent manages to breach the defense.
The sweeper's role is to act as the last line of defense and provide cover for the other defenders. They are responsible for quickly identifying and reacting to any threats posed by the opposition and making crucial tackles or interceptions. The sweeper's ability to read the game and anticipate the opposition's moves is vital to the team's success.
The position of the sweeper is more fluid than that of other defenders, which allows them to play a more proactive role in building attacks from the back. This added flexibility means that the sweeper can also provide additional support to the midfield, making them a valuable asset to any team.
The sweeper position is often associated with the Italian style of play, and the term "libero" is derived from Italian, meaning "free." However, the position has been used by successful teams from all over the world, including the Brazilian national team of the 1970s.
The sweeper is a unique and important position in association football that requires a high level of skill and tactical awareness. A versatile player who can read the game and quickly react to any threats, the sweeper is an asset to any team looking to build a strong defense and launch effective counterattacks.

= = = Pecquencourt = = =
Pecquencourt is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 6,088 people lived there.

= = = Petite-Forêt = = =
Petite-Forêt is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 4,887 people lived there.

= = = Phalempin = = =
Phalempin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 4,820 people lived there.

= = = Pommereuil = = =
Pommereuil is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 776 people lived there.

= = = Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa = = =
Saint-Georges-sur-l'Aa is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 309 people lived there.

= = = Saint-Souplet = = =
Saint-Souplet is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,216 people lived there.

= = = Villers-Guislain = = =
Villers-Guislain is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 691 people lived there.

= = = Sars-et-Rosières = = =
Sars-et-Rosières is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 608 people lived there. The "Château du Loir" was built in the 15th century.

= = = Steenwerck = = =
Steenwerck is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 3,672 people lived there.

= = = Villers-en-Cauchies = = =
Villers-en-Cauchies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,187 people lived there.

= = = Villers-Outréaux = = =
Villers-Outréaux is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,142 people lived there.

= = = Pont-à-Marcq = = =
Pont-à-Marcq is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,911 people lived there.

= = = Pont-sur-Sambre = = =
Pont-sur-Sambre is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,469 people lived there.

= = = Potelle = = =
Potelle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 425 people lived there.

= = = Santa Maria do Herval = = =
Santa Maria do Herval is an Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

= = = Presidente Lucena = = =
Presidente Lucena is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

= = = Prémesques = = =
Prémesques is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,123 people lived there.

= = = Préseau = = =
Préseau is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,993 people lived there.

= = = Astrapia = = =
Astrapia (Vieillot, 1816) is a genus of birds-of-paradise. The genus contains five species, all endemic to New Guinea. 
The males have highly iridescent plumage and remarkably long tails. Females are duller and have shorter tails.

= = = DZET-TV = = =
DZET-TV, Channel 28 (analog) and Channel 51 (digital), is a television station in the Philippines. It is owned and operated by TV5 Network Inc. through its licensee ABC Development Corporation. Its studio is located in Baguio. Its transmitter is on Mt. Sto. Tomas, Tuba, Benguet.
Digital television.
Digital channels.
UHF Channel 51 (695.143 MHz)

= = = Surreal humour = = =
Surreal humor (or surreal humour) is a form of humor. It wants to be funny by going against causal reasoning. This causes the humor to be illogical, and the humor is created by irrational or absurd situations, or scenes which do not make any sense. The phenomenon is also called surreal comedy, absurdist humor, or absurdist comedy. 
Surreal humor was made using surrealism, an art movement of the 20th century. French and Belgian artists started it. They depicted illogical scenes while creating methods to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. The movement itself was foreshadowed by English writers in the 19th century, most notably Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear. The humor in surreal comedy comes from performing in a manner that contradicts audience expectations, emphasizing the silliness and low chances of the situation occurring, so that the humor is created from uncertainty that is separate from a logical analysis of the situation.
Surreal humor in theater is usually about the insensitivity, paradox, absurdity, and cruelty of the modern world. Absurd and surrealist cinema often deals with elements of dark humor: disturbing or sinister subjects like death, disease, or warfare are treated with amusement and bitterness, creating the appearance of an intention to shock and offend.

= = = Preux-au-Bois = = =
Preux-au-Bois is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 837 people lived there.

= = = Preux-au-Sart = = =
Preux-au-Sart is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 309 people lived there.

= = = Les Loges = = =
Les Loges is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

= = = Les Loges-en-Josas = = =
Les Loges-en-Josas is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Yvelines department in north-central France.

= = = Prisches = = =
Prisches is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,036 people lived there.

= = = Prouvy = = =
Prouvy is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,220 people lived there.

= = = Rapid Oberlaa = = =
A11-R. Oberlaa is a soccerclub from Oberlaa, a part of Favoriten, Viennas tenth district. 
History.
The club was founded in 1911 in Oberlaa, which was then in Lower Austria. In 1919, the members of the football club decided to register the association. After playing for several decades in various classes of the Vienna Football Association, the club experienced its most successful period in the 1940s. In the not finished season at the end of the Second World War (1944/45), Rapid Oberlaa played in the highest Austrian league for the first time. In the following season, they were relegated. Rapid Oberlaa managed to get promoted again for three years. After their next relegation Oberlaa slowly slipped into fifth division. In 2003 they merged with FC Austria 11. The new name is "A11-R. Oberlaa". They play in the Wiener 2. Landesliga.

= = = Proville = = =
Proville is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 3,124 people lived there.

= = = Provin = = =
Provin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 4,403 people lived there.

= = = Quaëdypre = = =
Quaëdypre is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,129 people lived there.

= = = Quarouble = = =
Quarouble is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 3,077 people lived there.

= = = Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai = = =
Saint-Hilaire-lez-Cambrai is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,566 people lived there.

= = = Eduardo Camavinga = = =
Eduardo Celmi Camavinga (born 10 November 2002) is a French football player. He plays as a midfielder for Real Madrid and the France national team.
Camavinga was born in a refugee camp in Cabinda, Angola in 2002, to Congolese parents from Brazzaville.
Honours.
Real Madrid
France
Individual

= = = Samuel Umtiti = = =
Samuel Yves Umtiti (; born 14 November 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Ligue 1 club Lille.
Honours.
Lyon
Barcelona
France U20
France
Individual
Orders

= = = Hennebont = = =
Hennebont () is a commune. It is in Brittany in the Morbihan department in northwest France.
Twin towns.
Hennebont is twinned with:

= = = Tagblatt-Pokal = = =
The Tagblatt-Pokal (Tagblatt-Cup) was an annual Viennese league football championship. It was the first of its kind in Austria. It was held three times between 1900 and 1903 and won by Wiener AC each time. It is considered the forerunner of today's Bundesliga in Austria.
History.
The Tagblatt Cup was started in 1900 by the well-known Viennese daily newspaper "Neues Wiener Tagblatt" and was only open to Viennese clubs. The Tagblatt Cup consisted of two league classes. In the top division, the 1st class, five teams played. In the first year they were only four . The rest was divided into the 2nd classes A and B. The winners of these classes played for the Tagblatt Cup the next year. The last two of the 1st class had to be relegated to the 2nd class.This rule has not been applied regularly for various reasons. For example in the last season a relegation was played. The end of the Tagblatt Cup finally came in the fourth season as several teams left the association.
1900/1901.
Promotioan
1902/1903.
Relegation: SK Rapid Wien – Deutscher Sportverein 3:0
Promotion: SK Rapid Wien

= = = Underwear as outerwear = = =
Wearing underwear as outerwear is a fashion trend. Celebrities, sports and media made it popular. It began as a practical and comfortable variation of clothing, such as the T-shirt and the sleeveless shirt. Later, this lead to fashion statements that were seen as controversial and provocative. 21st century versions include the display of thongs and bras in women's clothing, and the display of underpants under low-slung pants in men. The idea of wearing underwear as outerwear is not new. The display of undergarments was already popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

= = = Whale tail = = =
When women dress up in a G-string, which is partly visible under their trousers, this is called a whale tail. Female celebrities such as Christina Aguilera, Victoria Beckham, Mariah Carey, Paris Hilton and Britney Spears, made displaying whale tails popular in the early 2000s. Low-rise jeans and thong panties became popular at the same time 
Low-waisted trousers, such as low-rise jeans or hip-huggers, and higher-cut thongs led to greater exposure of the whale tail. The trend was also associated with the trend of sporting lower back tattoos.

= = = Claudio Moneta = = =
Claudio Moneta (born 1967) is an Italian voice actor. His major roles are the Italian voices of SpongeBob SquarePants (character) from SpongeBob SquarePants and Goku in Dragon Ball Super after the death of Paolo Torrisi.

= = = Lower back tattoo = = =
A lower back tatoo is a tatoo, on the lower part of the back. These tatoos became more popular in the first decade of the 21st century. Many people see them as erotic. They are often symmetrical. People often wear clothing that makes the tatoo more prominent. Women use such tatoos more often than men.

= = = Quesnoy-sur-Deûle = = =
Quesnoy-sur-Deûle is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 6,931 people lived there.

= = = Quiévelon = = =
Quiévelon is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 136 people lived there.

= = = Quiévrechain = = =
Quiévrechain is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 6,362 people lived there.

= = = FaZe Rug = = =
Brian Awadis (born November 19, 1996), better known as FaZe Rug, is an American YouTuber. He makes vlogs, challenges, gaming videos, and pranks on YouTube. He is one of the owners of FaZe Clan. He is the most subscribed gamer in FaZe Clan on YouTube. Awadis has over 23.9 million subscribers. The FaZe Rug YouTube Channel has been sponsored by over 20 brands, including RhinoShield, and .

= = = Râches = = =
Râches is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,701 people lived there.

= = = Radinghem-en-Weppes = = =
Radinghem-en-Weppes is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,401 people lived there.

= = = Raimbeaucourt = = =
Raimbeaucourt is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 4,008 people lived there.

= = = Rainsars = = =
Rainsars is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 177 people lived there.

= = = Ramousies = = =
Ramousies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 228 people lived there.

= = = Cornufer elegans = = =
The elegant sticky-toed frog ("Cornufer elegans") is a frog. It lives on Bouganville Island in the Solomon Islands. Scientists saw it between 2200 and 3200 feet above sea level.

= = = Raucourt-au-Bois = = =
Raucourt-au-Bois is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 162 people lived there.

= = = Recquignies = = =
Recquignies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 2,446 people lived there.

= = = Rejet-de-Beaulieu = = =
Rejet-de-Beaulieu is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 242 people lived there.

= = = Reumont = = =
Reumont is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 352 people lived there.

= = = Rexpoëde = = =
Rexpoëde is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,977 people lived there.
It is southeast of Dunkirk, near the Belgian border.

= = = Ribécourt-la-Tour = = =
Ribécourt-la-Tour is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 373 people lived there.

= = = Rieulay = = =
Rieulay is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,261 people lived there.

= = = Robersart = = =
Robersart is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 198 people lived there.

= = = Ronchin = = =
Ronchin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 19,294 people lived there.

= = = Wandignies-Hamage = = =
Wandignies-Hamage is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,319 people lived there.

= = = Rosult = = =
Rosult is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,931 people lived there.

= = = Rumegies = = =
Rumegies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,758 people lived there.

= = = Rousies = = =
Rousies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 4,072 people lived there.

= = = Rouvignies = = =
Rouvignies is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 655 people lived there.

= = = Rubrouck = = =
Rubrouck is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 928 people lived there.

= = = Les Rues-des-Vignes = = =
Les Rues-des-Vignes is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 771 people lived there.
History.
In the Middle Ages, it was called "Vinchy". It was the site of a famous battle of the then-rising Charles Martel in spring 717.

= = = Ruesnes = = =
Ruesnes is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 459 people lived there.

= = = Majadahonda = = =
Majadahonda is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain.
It has an area of 38.47 km2 and a population of 72,173 people.

= = = Alfaro, La Rioja = = =
Alfaro is a town and municipality in La Rioja in northern Spain. 9,727 people lived here in 2022 and its area is 194.23 km2.

= = = Sailly-lez-Cambrai = = =
Sailly-lez-Cambrai is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 443 people lived there.

= = = Sailly-lez-Lannoy = = =
Sailly-lez-Lannoy is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,937 people lived there.

= = = Sainghin-en-Weppes = = =
Sainghin-en-Weppes is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 5,481 people lived there.

= = = Saint-Aybert = = =
Saint-Aybert is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 348 people lived there.

= = = Saint-Benin = = =
Saint-Benin is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 340 people lived there.

= = = Sainte-Marie-Cappel = = =
Sainte-Marie-Cappel is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 902 people lived there.

= = = Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe = = =
Saint-Hilaire-sur-Helpe is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 827 people lived there.

= = = Love Yourself = = =
"Love Yourself" is a 2015 song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber and is taken from his fourth studio album "Purpose". It topped the single charts in many countries around the world.

= = = List of programs broadcast by Noggin = = =
This is a list of TV shows that have been shown on Noggin. Noggin started in 1999 as a TV channel. Since 2015, Noggin has been a streaming app instead. Noggin was started by two companies, MTV Networks and Sesame Workshop.
In 1999, Noggin mostly made TV shows for tweens and teenagers. In 2002, Noggin changed its schedule. It showed preschool shows in the mornings and teen shows at night. The nighttime schedule got its own name, "The N."
1999 TV channel.
The Noggin channel launched on February 2, 1999 and closed on September 28, 2009. It started out mainly aimed at tweens and teenagers, with a few of its morning programs aimed at younger children. From April 1, 2002 onward, the channel devoted half of its schedule (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) to preschoolers and the other half (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.) to its original older audience.
Original series.
MTV Networks and Sesame Workshop created a company, Noggin LLC, to produce original content for their network in 1999. In 2002, Sesame Workshop sold its stake in Noggin LLC, but it continued to co-produce content for Noggin.
The N block.
Noggin aired an overnight programming block called The N (standing for Noggin) from April 1, 2002 until December 31, 2007.
Reruns from Sesame Workshop.
Reruns of series from Sesame Workshop's content library were shown as a staple of Noggin from 1999 to 2005. Two syndication packages of "Sesame Street" episodes, titled "Sesame Street Unpaved" and "123 Sesame Street", were created specifically by and for Noggin LLC.
2015 streaming service.
Current programming.
In March 2015, the Noggin brand was relaunched as a video-on-demand streaming app. It has featured shows from the original Noggin channel as well as some exclusive shows and currently-running series from Nickelodeon's library.

= = = Noggin = = =
Noggin is a TV brand. It was started by two companies: MTV Networks and Sesame Workshop. It came out in 1999 as a TV channel. Since 2015, it has been a streaming app instead.
In 1999, Noggin mostly made TV shows for tweens and teenagers. In 2002, Noggin changed its schedule. It showed preschool shows in the mornings and teen shows at night. The nighttime schedule got its own name, "The N."
Name.
The name "Noggin" is a slang word that means "head." The makers of Noggin decided on this name because they wanted Noggin to be a "thinking channel" that inspired kids and made them think.
Shows.
There have been lots of different shows on Noggin. Some of Noggin's first shows were "Phred on Your Head Show" and "A Walk in Your Shoes". Noggin made preschool shows like "Oobi" and "The Upside Down Show". It also made teen shows for its nighttime schedule, like "O'Grady" and "South of Nowhere".

= = = Colturano = = =
Colturano is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

= = = Saint-Jans-Cappel = = =
Saint-Jans-Cappel is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,706 people lived there.

= = = Dilip Sardjoe = = =
Dilip Sardjoe (11 November 1949 – 15 January 2023) was a Surinamese businessman and politician. He is seen as the most successful, but also the most controversial and richest businessman from Suriname. He was CEO and owner of Rudisa Holdingmaatschappij N.V.
Biography.
Sardjoe started his career at a young age shortly after leaving high school. He started as a small trader and founded Rudisa International in 1975. As a salesman, insurance agent and entrepreneur, he had over 17 national and international companies at the age of 25. He imported goods and was representative of several international brands in Suriname. Sardjoe sponsonred the Verenigde Hervormingspartij (VHP) for years and was the treasurer. However, he left the party in 1994. With several of dissidents he founded the of Basispartij voor Vernieuwing en Democratie (BVD) and became chairman of the party. The BVD had a good cooperation with theNationale Democratische Partij (NDP) of ex-dictator Desi Bouterse. He helped the goverment of his fellow party member Jules Wijdenbosch.
Sardjoe was married, had a daughter and grandson. He was ill and moved for the Netherlands for medical treatment. He died there on 15 January 2023, at the age of 73.

= = = Charles Reznikoff = = =
Charles Reznikoff (August 31, 1894 – January 22, 1976) was an American poet.
He was born in Brooklyn, New York and lived in New York City for most of his life. His parents were immigrants, refugees from anti-Jewish violence in the Russian Empire. His father was a hat-maker.
In 1912 he entered the New York University School of Law and practiced law briefly after graduating in 1915. He tried some jobs, but writing poetry was his main interest. He was influenced by the work of Ezra Pound and other modernist writers.
In the beginning, Reznikoff printed most of his own books. He was not well known as a poet until the 1950s. Then he was connected to a group of poets that were called "Objectivists". Louis Zukofsky included one of his poems in the February 1931 edition of Poetry magazine. His poems were known for their direct language. The poems did not focus on symbols or emotions. They stressed seeing and knowing what was in the outer world. They had "an almost documentary or photographic effect." His long poems "Testimony" and "Holocaust" used court records about racial injustice in the United States and the Nazi murders of Jewish people.

= = = Benjamin Ashworth Ramsbottom = = =
Benjamin Ashworth Ramsbottom (18 April 1929 – 14 January 2023) was a British pastor of the Strict Baptist. He wrote many theological books and other publications. He was chief editor of the magazine "Gospel Standard". 
Ramsbottom died on 14 January 2023, at the age of 93.

= = = Objectivism (poetry) = = =
Objectivism in poetry is about a group of American poets who came together in the 1930s.
Poets in this group "tend to use language more literally than figuratively, presenting concrete objects for themselves rather than as embodiments [forms] of abstract ideas." 
The name itself, "objectivism," was only meant to be a label for these poets who had almost the same understanding of what poetry can do. Poets such as Louis Zukofsky, William Carlos Williams, and Charles Reznikoff had very different ways of writing their own poems, but Zukofsky said they "felt sympathetic towards each other." In 1931, Zukofsky wrote an introduction and printed poems by many of these poets in Poetry magazine. 

= = = Paikpara, North 24 Parganas = = =
Paikpara is a village located in Block 1 of Basirhat in North Twenty Four Parganas district of West Bengal . It is one of the 60 villages in Basirhat 1 Block of North 24 Parganas District. There are 460 houses in the village. Paikpara Village Gram Panchayat as per PIFA 2009 statistics. Paikpara village is governed by the Sarpanch (Village Head) who is the elected representative of the village as per the Constitution of India and the Panchayati Raj Act. 
Geographic Structure.
Paikpara is a village near Basirhat . Paikpara village location code or village code is 323524 as per 2011 census. Paikpara village is located south of Basirhat in North Twenty-four Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Sub-district headquarters of this village is Basirhat which is Located 3 km away and the district headquarter is Barasat. The total geographical area of the village is 54.5 hectares.
Population data.
The total population of Paikpara is 1,964. Among them, 992 are male and 972 are female. The population of children aged 0-6 in Paikpara village is 231 which is 11 of the total population of the village. 76%. Among them 125 boys and 106 girls. The average sex ratio of Paikpara village is 102. 057. Schedule Caste (SC) among the total population of Paikpara village 5. 86% and Schedule Tribe (ST) 0. 20%. There are 460 families in the village and each family has an average of 4 persons. 
Education.
Literacy rate.
Literacy rate in Paikpara village is 64%. Out of a total population of 1,964, 1,276 are literate. The male literacy rate is 67%, as 671 males out of 992 males are literate. However, the female literacy rate is 62%, as 605 out of a total of 972 women in this village are literate.
Illiteracy rate.
Illiteracy rate of Paikpara village is 35%. Out of total 1,964 people here, 688 are illiterate. As the male illiteracy rate is 32%, 321 males out of total 992 are illiterate. The illiteracy rate among women is 37% and 367 women out of total 972 in this village are illiterate.
Educational institutions.
There are two educational centers in this village which are-
1. Paikpara Siddiquia Eatimkhana.
There is an institution in this Paikpara village known as "Paikpara Siddiquia Eatimkhana" for educating orphan students. This institution has made the name of this village brighter. This institution was established in 1984. Around 200 students study together here. Among whom students are often orphans. This Paikpara Orphanage carries everything from their living-eating-education. 
2. Paikpara F. P School.
This Paikpara FP School is known as "Paikpara Primary School". It is a government school. Classes I to IV are taught here. The total number of students here is around 211. And it was established in 1954. 
PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is a Primary school with newly added class v in the year  2020. PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is a Co-Educational institution. The total number of teachers in PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is 4. The total number of non teaching staff in PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is 0. The medium of instruction in PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is Bengali.
The total number of class rooms in PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is 5. The total number of other rooms in PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is 0. The total number of black boards in PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is 5. The total number of books in the library of PAIKPARA F P SCHOOL is 128. The total number of computers in PAIKPARA F P SCH
Employment.
Among the total population of Paikpara village, 607 are employed and 1357 are unemployed. 96. 21% of workers describe their work as main work (employing or earning more than a month) and 3. 79% of workers were engaged in marginal livelihood activities for less than a month. Out of 607 workers engaged in primary occupation, 18 were farmers. 
Communication system.
"Basirhat-Nazat" road passes through Paikpara Bazar. This road connects Paikpara with places like Basirhat, Nejat, Malanch, Dhamakhali and Hasnabad. There are bus services from Paikpara to Basirhat, Nazat, Malanch and Dhamakhali. Also for short distances. There are autorickshaw and tote services. The nearest railway station to this village is "bhabla Halt" which is at a distance of 3. 3 km.

= = = Women in Christianity = = =
The role of women in Christianity has varied since its founding. Women have played important roles in Christianity. This is especially in marriage, preaching positions for certain Christian denominations, and parachurch organizations. Many Christians believe that women and men are spiritually equal. But some preferred the patriarchy of the ancient world and said it also affected religion. In 2016, it was estimated that 52-53% of Christians are women (for people 20 and older). Women were mentioned in the Bible, despite the fact that it was interpreted as patriarchal, as it was written by men. The most notable women were Mary, mother of Jesus, Eve, Mary Magdalene, and Mary of Bethany.

= = = IPA Braille = = =
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a way to express how a word is pronounced. IPA Braille is a way to write the International Phonetic Alphabet using Braille letters. That way, people who are blind can also read how a word is pronounced. A first version of IPA in Braille was published in 1934. The IPA was updated several times since then, but IPA Braille was not changed. In 1989, the Braille version of IPA was completely outdated. Between 2008 and 2011 a new version was developed. It still uses many of the letters of the original, but it is also different in some ways. Diacritics are completely different, for example.

= = = Vendeville = = =
Vendeville is a village, in the Nord departement. About 1500 people lived there, in 2020. The village is about from Lille. The village is known for its pilgrimage dedicated to Saint Rita.

= = = To Give Welfare Foundation Dasbien = = =
The To Give Welfare Foundation Dasbien is a Peruvian non-profit foundation. It was registered in the Electronic Record No. 14167810 of the Registry of Legal Entities of Peru - SUNARP, founded in 2000, but legalized in 2018. It is a non-profit legal entity that watches over the care, promotion and sustainability of natural resources. 
It also promotes education, culture and human development through educational activities and programs, training, research, professional updating, organizational relations in Peru. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Peru.
It also promotes native languages such as Quechua, Aymara and Awajun in Latin American countries such as Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile.
History.
Since 2000, the To Give Welfare Foundation has been promoting the development of training and professionalization activities for teachers in the educational system of the Piura Region, Northern Peru; activities such as trainings, congresses, lectures, courses, publications, formation of organizations, among other regional education programs. 
These activities have been sponsored by the municipal and regional government, the Regional Directorate of Education of Piura, Local Educational Management Units, Educational Institutions of the locality, the Social Organizations in the area, the Trade Union Organizations such as SUTEP, by a team of professionals in education and psychology, and by the private sector, especially Derrama Magisterial.
Through its courses, seminars, workshops and conferences, the Foundation has trained close to 460,000 participants in free programs, 100,000 participants with minimal costs.
On the other hand, the Foundation has graduated approximately 5,000 participants in its diploma programs and specialized more than 700.
Currently, the Foundation has developed technical careers on behalf of the Peruvian Ministry of Education, through its Centro de Educación Técnica Productiva T&T CECITEL, to train qualified personnel.

= = = Louis Zukofsky = = =
Louis Zukofsky (January 23, 1904 – May 12, 1978) was an American poet.
His Jewish parents moved to the United States from the part of the Russian Empire that is now Lithuania. His family spoke Yiddish. He was the first member of his family to be born in the United States, on the Lower East Side of New York City.
His first experiences with literature came by reading and going to performances of Shakespeare, Henrik Ibsen, August Strindberg and Leo Tolstoy in the Yiddish language.
At Columbia University he read new and experimental writing by James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, and Ezra Pound. He made a strong connection with Pound by writing letters to him. Pound asked Harriet Monroe to let 27-year-old Zukofsky be the guest editor of the February 1931 edition of Poetry magazine. This edition printed poems by writers that Zukofsky called "Objectivists."
Zukofsky's main work was a long, book-length poem called "A" (the title has the quotation marks). He worked on this from 1928 until 1974, four years before his death.

= = = Smartick SL = = =
Smartick or also called Sistemas Virtuales de Aprendizaje, S.L. is a start-up founded in 2009 in Spain that develops educational software, specifically for math and reading up to 14 years old through the Smartick method, initially launched in Spain. It was created by Javier Arroyo and Daniel González de Vega. It is currently present in 180 countries and has 100 employees.
History.
Smartick was born in 2009 as a result of a study on previous teaching methods. It was created by Javier Arroyo and Daniel González de Vega as a teaching system through traditional learning methods. They developed an educational system for the area of mathematics for students up to the age of 14. They started with a loan of 100,000 euros.
In the same year they opened the first Smartick office in Malaga. In 2011 Smartick Mathematics was developed, then in 2016 the English version was published (with two versions for USA and UK). In 2021 Smartick Mathematics was launched in Brazil, adapting the method to Portuguese.
In addition, it creates a Cognitive Training program (PEC), developed together with Maria del Rosario Rueda Cuerva.  It is also a method associated with dyscalculia.
It is currently available in 180 countries. On the other hand, Smartick is a company incorporated in Spain and registered in the Mercantile Registry of Malaga. It has a share capital of $60,000 - $120,000 euros, with a turnover of $6,000,000 - $15,000,000. 

= = = Grazer Herbstmesse-Pokal = = =
The Grazer Herbstmessepokal (Graz Autumn Fair Cup) was the first major competition outside of Vienna and was held on the occasion of the "Graz Autumn Fair" with different participants. 
History.
There were only competitions in the years shown.
1906.
Participants
1907.
Participants
1908.
Participants
1909.
Participants
1910.
Participants
1911.
Participants
1913.
Participants
1924.
Participants
1925.
Participants
1935.
Participants

= = = Franz Weselik = = =
Franz Weselik (20 April 1903 – 15 March 1962) was a former Austrian football player and coach. He played as forward mainly for SK Rapid Wien. He also played for the Austrian national football team.
Career.
Weselik began his career in 1919 at Blue Star Wien and joined SK Rapid Wien in 1923. In 1927 he celebrated his first major success with the team by winning the Vienna Cup. In 1929 and 1930 he won the Austrian championship title with Rapid and won the Mitropacup. The year 1930 was the most successful for the striker. He scored 24 goals in 20 championship games and was Austria's top scorer.
In 1934 Weselik signed a contract as a player-coach at FC Mulhouse. Franz Weselik was the third-best league goalscorer of the 1934/35 season with 24 goals. The team finished 6th. After two years he went to Jönköping for a season as coach. In 1938 he returned to Austria. He played for SC Red Star Vienna and then ended his active career.
Weselik was member of the NSDAP. He applied for membership in the NSDAP on February 10, 1940 and was admitted on January 1, 1941 (membership number 8,471,374).
International career.
He made his debut for Austria on 6 May 1928 against Hungary and scored 3 goals in the away match. He earned 11 caps, scoring 13 goals. His final international was an April 1933 match, also against Hungary.

= = = Luz María Jerez = = =
Luz María Jerez (born July 5, 1958 in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato) is a Mexican actress.

= = = Karl Rainer = = =
Karl Rainer (1 July 1901 – 9 June 1987) was an Austrian footballer and coach.He played as defender for First Vienna FC. He also played for the Austrian national football team.
Career.
Karl Rainer began his football career at FC Sturm 07. Then he went to the first division club First Vienna FC 1894. Karl Rainer was a regular player for Vienna between 1921 and 1938. He played 882 matches for Vienna .
National team.
He played 39 matches for the Austrian national football team between 1924 and 1935.
Manager.
In the early 1940s, Rainer was the coach of SC Wacker Vienna. In 1942 he played again for Vienna due to a lack of players. After the end of the war he worked as a coach at Wiener AC, Vienna and SC Justiz.
Rainer and the NSDAP.
On 16 August 1940, Rainer applied for admission to the NSDAP and was admitted on 1 October (membership number 8,458,973). According to Eva Menasse, in October 1938 he "aryanized" the apartment of her grandparents Richard and Adolphine Menasse at Döblinger Hauptstraße 13.

= = = US5 = = =
US5 was one of the most successful international boy bands between 2005 and 2009. US5 sold more than 12 million records (singles, albums, DVD and compilations) worldwide during their career.
Career.
In 2015, Mukta-Mona received "The Bobs – Best of Online Activism" award from German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle. Blogger Rafida Bonya Ahmed, the wife of murdered blogger Avijit Roy, received the award.

= = = International Humanist and Ethical Union = = =
The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) is a humanist NGO based in the U.K. It has members on United Nations committees and other international organizations. It was started in Amsterdam in 1952.

= = = Thesis statement = = =
In an essay or research paper, a thesis statement is a statement at the start or the end of an introduction that shows the reader the argument of the essay. A thesis statement gives concise information about what the whole essay is about, including the topic of the paper. It is usually just one sentence but it may have more than one sentence. The thesis statement is explained further using body paragraphs. Thesis statements are not obscure, because obscurity happens when a "writer himself is not quite sure of his meaning. He has a vague impression of what he wants to say, but has not, either from lack of mental power or from laziness, exactly formulated it in his mind, and it is natural enough that he should not find a precise expression for a confused idea.” (W. Somerset Maugham). Clarity and unity of a thought in an essay flows from a good thesis statement. Rubrics of a good essay involve good sentence development and formation acceptable to grammatical standards and relevant word choices organized in forms of phrases, clauses and sentences.
Characteristics.
The thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the course of the paper by means of examples and evidence. Thesis statements help organize and develop the body of the writing piece. They let readers know, what the writer's statement is and what it is aiming to prove. A thesis statement does not necessarily forecast organization of an essay which can be more complex than its purpose.
Structure.
The thesis statement will reflect the kind of paper being written. There are three kinds of papers: analytical, expository, and argumentative. The structure of a thesis statement depends upon the nature of controlling essay type. In simple terms, first a thesis statement will have a main topic sentence formed from questioning the topic, then the writer's statement regarding the topic sentence, and finally ends with the specific supporting points detailing the writer's statement for justifying its relation with the topic sentence. In general, it should have a supportable opinion (specific/focused) and clear intent for the essay.

= = = Metropolitan City of Bari = = =
The Metropolitan City of Bari () is a metropolitan city in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. Its capital, and of the Apulia region, is the city of Bari.
It replaced the Province of Bari and includes the city of Bari and some forty other municipalities ("comuni"). It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and then established by the Law 56/2014. It has been operative since January 1, 2015.
Geography.
The Metropolitan City of Bari is in the central part of Apulia and has an area of .
The Metropolitan City is bordered on the east by the Adriatic Sea, to the northwest by Basilicata (province of Potenza), to the north by the province of province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, to the west with Basilicata (province of Matera), to the southeast by the province of province of Brindisi and to the south with the province of Taranto.
Population.
, there are 1,263,820 persons living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Administration.
The province has 41 "comuni". The "comuni" with more people living in them (more than 30,000) areː
The largest "comune" is Altamura, with and the smallest is Cellamare, with . The "comune" with fewest inhabitants is Poggiorsini, with 1,450 inhabitants.

= = = Scheunen = = =
Scheunen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Scheunen and Münchringen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.

= = = BC Budivelnyk = = =
BC Budivelnyk Kyiv - is a Ukrainian basketball team. It was founded in 1945.

= = = Scheuren = = =
Scheuren is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Candidate = = =
A candidate, or "nominee", is a person (or a thing) which is being considered for something. For a person, it might be an award or honor or membership of a group. An election, for example, often chooses one or a few, among two or more candidates. The word comes from a Latin word for white, because men who wanted to be chosen would wear white so everyone would notice them. 
The word is also used in problem-solving. In chess, a distinction is made between legal moves and candidate moves. The candidate moves are those selected for a more detailed examination.

= = = Biel/Bienne (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern has 19 municipalities in an area of 97.63 km2.

= = = Brown Bess = = =
The Brown Bess is a nickname for the British Short Land Pattern Musket. It was produced from 1725 to 1838. The Land Pattern, or more popularly known as the "Brown Bess", and its versions were all .75 caliber smoothbore flintlock muskets. They were the standard guns for all land forces in the British Empire. It was one of the most important military firearms ever designed. It helped win the British Empire. The Brown Bess was replaced after 1838 by smoothbore percussion cap muskets. Its effective range was about but in most battle situations the distance between forces was only about . Even at that range the gun was not particularly accurate. The British tactic was to fire in vollies followed by a bayonet attack. While the origins of the name Brown Bess are uncertain, a plausible explanation is the name was based on the German "Braun buss", meaning strong gun. The gun was commissioned during the reign of King George I of Great Britain, who was from Germany.
History.
One of the earliest forms of flintlock musket used by the English Army was the "dog lock". Very similar to the snaphaunce it was the first to introduce the half-cocked position of the hammer. This made the gun much safer to handle and load. It was in use during the English Civil War and many found their way to the British North American colonies. Another name for the dog lock was the English lock, and the gun was a Swedish styled musket. Some of these have been found at Jamestown and Yorktown, Virginia by archaeologists.
Between 1710 and 1720 the first King's pattern musket called “Long Land Service” came into use. It had a barrel, iron furniture and the French lock (or "true" flintlock) style of flintlock. Later the metal parts (furniture) were changed to brass and the wood ramrod which broke easily was replaced by an iron ramrod.
About 1722, the British Long Land Pattern musket was developed. It created a pattern for arms makers to the British Army to follow, creating a standard weapon. The Long Land Pattern musket weighed just over and was long. It had a barrel and held a long bayonet that was used as a crude gunsight. About 1756 the second version called the Short Land Pattern musket was introduced. The barrel was shortened to although the longer Long Land Pattern continued to be made until 1790.
In about 1768, a new pattern Short Land Service Musket with a barrel was produced. This was the result of the 1768 Clothing Warrant that was intended to lessen the weight of uniforms and equipment carried by British soldiers. In addition to shortening the musket, to reduce its weight, soldiers could no longer carry swords (except in the Highland and Grenadier units). Uniforms were trimmed to be less bulky. This is the gun most used by British forces during the American Revolutionary War. Among the variety of weapons used by the Continental Army, versions of the Brown Bess were also used.
Musket drill.
The British manual listed 11 drill maneuvers soldiers had to follow to load and fire their muskets. This was the same drill as the one in the drill manual by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben for the Continental Army. Unless otherwise mentioned steps are performed in one motion:
At this point, observing the troops are all ready to fire, the command is given to "fire". The drill is then repeated as necessary.

= = = Emmental (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Emmental in the Swiss canton of Bern has 42 municipalities in an area of 691 km2.

= = = Schlosswil = = =
Schlosswil was a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.

= = = Battle of Pirano = = =
The Battle of Pirano was a naval battle of the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars. It was between France and the United Kingdom. The battle was fought around Piran and Grado. 

= = = Emirates Flight 521 = = =
Emirates Flight 521 was an Emirates airline crashed upon landing in Dubai International Airport on 3 August 2016. One person was killed and 39 others injured. 

= = = Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani = = =
The Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani () is a province in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. The capital is shared by three cities: Barletta, Andria and Trani. The province borders the Adriatic Sea.
History.
It was created from 10 municipalities ("comuni"), which were formerly in the provinces of Bari (7 municipalities) and Foggia (3 municipalities), taking its name from the three cities which share the new administrative functions of the province.
Geography.
The province of Barletta-Andria-Trani is in the central part of Apulia and has an area of .
The province borders to the northwest by the province of Foggia, to the north and northeast by the Adriatic Sea, to the east with the Metropolitan City of Bari, to the south by province of Potenza (Basilicata region).
The main river of the province, and of the Apulia region, is the Ofanto river, that flows into the Adriatic Sea between Margherita di Savoia and Barletta.
The highest point in the province is "Monte Caccia", high; it is in the "Altopiano delle Murge", a karstic plateau of rectangular shape in southern Italy.
Population.
, there are 393,534 persons (194402 males and 199,132 females) living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Administration.
The province has 10 "comuni".

= = = Schüpfen = = =
Schüpfen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Dissociative = = =
Dissociatives are a type of hallucinogenic drug. Dissociatives can make the user feel separated or "dissociated" from their body and environment. They are often used as anesthetic, to make people unconscious during operations or for other medical uses. 
Dissociatives change users perceptions and can cause hallucinations, trance and euphoria. They are usually only used on animals or children, who won't notice these effects. However, for this reason they are also used recreationally or for fun. In many countries however, they are illegal to use for this purpose. Some dissociatives, like that produced from "Salvia divinorum", enter the bloodstream and attach to opioid receptors in the brain. Others attach to dopamine receptors. Most block the chemical glutamate from its normal action in the brain. Glutamate is important in how the brain processes memory and pain. The most commonly available dissociatives around the world are ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP) and dextromethorphan or DXM.

= = = Schwadernau = = =
Schwadernau is a municipality in Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Springfield Model 1795 Musket = = =
The US Springfield Model 1795 Musket was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States. It was based on the French Model 1763 Charleville musket and like the French design was a .69 caliber musket. The Charleville and the Brown Bess were the two most famous muskets during the 18th century. The Charleville musket had been the primary musket used by Americans during the American Revolutionary War. The Charleville being the more accurate of the two, it was selected as the model for a new American musket.
History.
About the middle of the 18th century, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville model. Whitney, like other contractors, had been given 2 or 3 to work with.
The Model 1795 muskets were the first muskets produced at the Springfield Armory and also the Harpers Ferry Armory. The Harpers Ferry Armory did not begin producing the muskets until 1798 at the earliest and more probably started around 1800. There were some distinct differences in the muskets produced at the two armories. The models from the Springfield Armory have dates of manufacture on the lockplate and have an eagle stamp with the word "Springfield". Between 1795 and 1816, the Springfield Armory produced about 85,000 muskets. Between the two armories, some 700,000 muskets were produced between 1795 and 1844. This makes it the longest production run in American history. The Springfield musket was used in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and even the American Civil War. They were also carried on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The Springfield Armory.
Created in 1777, during the American Revolution the arsenal stored muskets, cannon, and other weapons. When France entered the war on the side of the United States, the large stores of arms and ammunition were sent to Springfield for storage and to be sent to the troops. After the war there were large supplies of Charleville muskets stored at Springfield. When the US decided to manufacture its own muskets, Springfield had a daunting task ahead of it. The government had to start up arms factories with no past experience in doing so. When Whitney was awarded the contract (for five years) he was paid most of the money up front. The contract paid Whitney $13.40 per musket when it was determined the Springfield armory could make them for $10 each. The reason they did this was to learn from Whitney and other contractors how the weapon was produced and assembled efficiently. When government inspectors saw talented workers at various contractor's factories, they would often persuade them to come work at Springfield. By the 1840s the government no longer saw the need to pay contractors the higher prices and would award contracts based on the best bid.

= = = Schwanden bei Brienz = = =
Schwanden bei Brienz is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Schwarzhäusern = = =
Schwarzhäusern is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Roggwil, Berne = = =
Roggwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = RPK machine gun = = =
The RPK is a Soviet machine gun that was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov. The RPK is a replacement of the older RPD. The RPK production began in 1961 and ended in 1978. The RPK-74 began in 1974 replacing the older RPK. The RPK was based on the AK-47. The RPK was used by the NVA and Viet Congs in the Vietnam War.

= = = South Italy = = =
South Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.
South Italy is defined only for statistical and for some elections. It should not to be confused with the "Mezzogiorno", or Southern Italy, which generally refers to all the southern half of the Italian State, including the island of Sicily and sometimes even Sardinia. The two islands form a distinct statistical region.region.
Geography.
South Italy borders to the north with Central Italy (to the northwest with Lazio and to the northeast with Marche). The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, and the Ionian Sea to the south.
The Apennines are mountain ranges that goes from north to south through South Italy. The highest point in the region is the Corno Grande () (part of the Gran Sasso) that is high.
Regions.
Central Italy encompasses six of the 20 regions of Italy, including 24 provinces and 1,789 comuniː
The "comuni" with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

= = = Champdor-Corcelles = = =
Champdor-Corcelles is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France. It was established on 1 January 2016. It is made of the former communes of Champdor and Corcelles.

= = = Le Poizat-Lalleyriat = = =
Le Poizat-Lalleyriat is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France. It was established on January 1, 2016. It is made of the former communes of Lalleyriat and Le Poizat.

= = = Val-Revermont = = =
Val-Revermont is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France. It was established on January 1, 2016. It is made of the former communes of Treffort-Cuisiat and Pressiat.

= = = Schwendibach = = =
Schwendibach was a municipality in Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the former municipality of Schwendibach became part of of Steffisburg.

= = = Seeberg = = =
Seeberg is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The lake Burgäschisee is on the border with Aeschi. On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Hermiswil merged into Seeberg.

= = = Laws of motion = = =
In physics, a number of noted theories of the motion of objects have developed. Among the best-known are:

= = = Interchangeable parts = = =
Interchangeable parts is a basic concept of creating identical or nearly identical parts to be mass produced. These parts can then be put together to form a product. For example, cars, computers, furniture, almost all products used today, are made from interchangeable parts. These parts are made with precision machines so each part can fit in any product that uses this part. Since it is no longer necessary to make each part one at a time and by hand, assembling products takes fewer workers. This lowers the cost of the product. Interchangeability of parts also allows products to be repaired by replacing a broken part with an identical new part. Eli Whitney was the first to use interchangeable parts in manufacturing.
History.
Several inventors have had the idea of interchangeable parts in the past. But their version of the idea revolved around parts that had very loose tolerances or were used only for very simple parts. In 1720 a Swedish inventor named Christopher Polhem used interchangeable parts for clocks in his workshop. But the idea was not used outside his shops. 
About the middle of the 18th century, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. It came at a critical time when Congress was preparing for a war with France. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. What he produced was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States, the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. Whitney's idea of using machines to create interchangeable parts started what came to be known as the "American system" of mass production.
Mass production.
The concept of mass production depends on the use of interchangeable parts. One of the most famous inventors to use interchangeable parts, mass production and the assembly line was Henry Ford. Unlike other cars of the time, his Ford Model T used the same identical parts in each vehicle. Parts were created in large quantities and delivered to his assembly plant where workers built the cars on an assembly line. This allowed Ford to produce a quality vehicle ready to go in just 93 minutes. Ford raised workers' wages in 1914 to $5 a day. That was an excellent wage at the time, so much so that it allowed many of his workers to buy their own Model T. That same year Ford produced more cars than all other car manufacturers combined. His least expensive model in 1914, the Runabout, sold for $440. By 1925 he was able to sell a Model T for as little as $260.

= = = Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election = = =
In 2016, social media had the biggest effect ever on the United States presidential election. For the first time, social media created the change (of plans for Democratic and Republican primaries) rather than talking about it. Many journalists expected this.
Benefits to candidates.
Many presidential candidates benefited from the use of social media in the 2016 election. 
Bernie Sanders.
Many people think social media is the reason Bernie Sanders did so well in the Democratic primaries. In May 2016, 450,000 people belonged to the pro-Sanders Facebook group "Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash". Another pro-Sanders group, "Bernie or Hillary?", exists.
Donald Trump.
Social media is also thought by most people to be the reason Donald Trump did so well in the Republican primaries. Activity by Donald Trump supporters on social media was one of the things talked about at the first Republican debate. Trump mentioned that his social media accounts provided a tremendous platform for his election and helps keep people interested. 
"Right Side Broadcasting Network" often uploads live footage of Donald Trump rallys on YouTube, causing their popularity to go way up.
Hillary Clinton.
In April 2016, Correct the Record, a pro-Clinton super PAC, started a program called "Barrier Breakers" that wants to compete with the mostly online volunteer efforts of Sanders and Trump supporters. With $1 million in funding, Correct the Record hired a paid staff of people that used to be reporters, bloggers, public affairs specialists, designers to post good things about Clinton.
On June 9, 2016, as a response to Donald Trump's tweet about Obama's endorsement to Clinton, she wrote with a three word tweet: "Delete your account". This tweet has become her most retweeted tweet of all time.
By the end of June 2016, this most retweeted tweet of all time got more than 1,000,000 interactions. 
Memes.
One form of social media being used in the 2016 election are memes. "The Guardian" compared Internet memes to political cartoons, saying, "For the first time in a US election cycle, community-generated (created) memes have grown to play a significant (important) role in political discourse (debate), similar to the classic printed cartoon. While an Internet meme is unlikely to destroy a political career, lots of memes targeting a candidate might." Many memes attacked Ted Cruz.

= = = FN BRG-15 = = =
FN BRG-15 was a heavy machine gun. It was designed by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal to replace Browning M2HB .50 caliber heavy machine gun. However, the project was cancelled in the early 1990s.

= = = Mettauertal = = =
Mettauertal is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Etzgen, Hottwil, Mettau, Oberhofen and Wil merged into the new municipality of Mettauertal.

= = = Münchwilen, Aargau = = =
Münchwilen is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

= = = Unterehrendingen = = =
Unterehrendingen is a village and former municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Unterehrendingen and Oberehrendingen merged into the new municipality of Ehrendingen

= = = Lodano = = =
Lodano is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo merged into the municipality of Maggia.

= = = Honoré Blanc = = =
Honoré Blanc (1736–1807) was a French gunsmith and inventor. He was one of the first to use the concept of interchangeable parts. Blanc was born in Avignon, France in 1736. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a gunsmith. He was an armorer at the Charleville armory in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes, France. In 1763 he became the controller of gunlocks at the Saint-Étienne arms factory. Just before the French Revolution, he came up with the idea of interchangeable parts for gun locks. 
Interchangeable parts.
By the 1760s, Blanc was making specialized machinery and tools to make gunlocks. His design for the Musket Model 1777 was accepted and he was made chief controller for three arms factories. In 1785, in an experiment, Blanc mixed parts from 25 gunlocks and assembled several models with ease. His demonstration showed the benefit of interchangeable parts and how it worked. He repeated the experiment for military policy makers in 1790. The French Academy of Sciences supported his idea in 1791. But the Legislative assembly would not fund his work. Blanc shifted his attention to setting up a private company to produce gunlocks using interchangeable parts in 1791. Even after receiving permission and s from the French government, he was very slow in getting started. He did not produce any gunlocks until 1796. His factory was still making gunlocks in 1807 when Blanc died.
In the United States.
While European gunsmiths were not impressed by the idea, he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. This was the first time in the US Blanc's ideas of mass production were put to use. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville musket. This was one that Blanc had worked on early in his career. What resulted was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket, the first military musket made in the United States.

= = = Seedorf, Bern = = =
Seedorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Villages.
Seedorf, Lobsigen, Wiler, Frieswil, Baggwil, Ruchwil, Dampfwil, Aspi, Grissenberg and Frienisberg.

= = = Seehof, Switzerland = = =
Seehof () is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking cities in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura bernois). The other is Schelten.

= = = Long range shooting = = =
Long range shooting is a relative term generally meaning accurate shooting at distances ordinary shooters with ordinary rifles could not hit. For example, Daniel Boone, using a flintlock rifle could probably hit a target at up to . Today, expert marksmen are hitting targets well over away. Modern long range shooting is more than just using modern machined actions and precision gun barrels. These produce a rifle that a decent shooter can hit targets at about 250 yards, ranges that were unheard of by black powder shooters. 
Calculations.
The ability to hit a target at (or 10 football fields away) requires the shooter to become an expert in ballistics. First, the shooter has to know exactly how far away target is. They have to be able to compensate for windage (the effects of wind on a bullet). Next, the shooter has to compute the "elevation". This is how far "above" the target the shooter must aim to compensate for the force of gravity on the bullet at a given distance. Shooters have to compensate also for shots uphill or downhill from their position. 
Other factors include "bullet Drift". This means a bullet that fired out of the barrel with a muzzle velocity (speed at the muzzle) of 2800 FPS that exits a barrel with 1:12 rifling is spinning at 168,000 RPMs. At just the bullet will drift about in the direction it was spinning. If the rifle has a right-hand twist, the bullet will go to the right of the target.
Spotter.
Long range shooters, and especially snipers, operate as a team. As difficult as long range shooting is, it would be even harder without a spotter. Spotters are also trained snipers or long range shooters. The spotter has a number of jobs. He helps locate the target. He does most of the calculations for elevation, windage, and hitting a moving target. With several targets, the spotter decides which to hit first. Spotters also measure the humidity, temperature, and the angle of the shot. He then tells the sniper/shooter what adjustments to make to the rifle scope. Finally, the spotter tells the shooter where the round hit—on target or a miss—and what adjustments to make to get back on-target.

= = = Battle rifle = = =
A battle rifle is a weapon that fires a powerful bullet such as 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 caliber) or 7.62×54mmR. They were most often used in the Cold War. Today, most armies use smaller, intermediate bullets like the 5.56×45mm NATO, but many many soldiers from different countries still use battle rifles - for example, in a sniper role. 
Some of the most popular battle rifles are the FN FAL, G3, and M14, all first made during the Cold War. Newer examples of this type of weapon include the Belgian or the American . There are also older weapons that can be described as battle rifles - for example, the M1 Garand rifle, used in World War II.
While battle rifles are much less popular now than in past decades, some armies are going back to the idea of giving their soldiers larger caliber rifles. In 2022, the United States Army decided to replace the old 5.56 M4 carbine with the , which fires a much bigger 6.8×51mm bullet. And the Turkish army uses the , a .308 battle rifle, as its standard issue weapon.

= = = Ofanto = = =
The Ofanto () is a river in South Italy that flows through the regions of Campania, Basilicata, and Apulia, and into the Adriatic Sea.
Geography.
The Ofanto river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course.
The Ofanto river starts in the Apennines mountains, within the "Irpinia" (a historical region of the southern Apennines around Avellino), at an elevation of about , in the "comune" of Torella dei Lombardi, Province of Avellino, Campania. From there it runs southeast flowing into "Lago di Conza", a man-made reservoir.
The river forms the border between the province of Avellino and the province of Potenza and then turns to the north, forming the border between the province of Foggia and the province of Potenza. It then turns to the northeast and forms the border between the province of Foggia and the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani.
Finallly, the river flows, in the community of "Fiumara" between Margherita di Savoia and Barletta, into the Adriatic Sea near the Gulf of Manfredonia.
The Ofanto flows through 3 regions, 4 provinces and 33 "comuni", all in South Italy:
Main tributaries.
Most tributaries of the Ofanto river are small streams. Some of them are:

= = = Apple Maps = = =
Apple Maps is a mapping service. It is an app that comes with every iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, and Apple Watch, but not available on the web. It gives information about local businesses and their ratings, and reads driving directions as you are driving; or on an Apple Watch, it will vibrate when you need to turn. Apple Maps is also known for its 3D views of many major metro areas, which has been compared favorably to Google Earth.
It started in 2012, but when it started many users did not trust it and went back to using Google Maps. Apple has been busy fixing it so users can trust it, and nowadays Apple Maps is used 3.5 times as much as Google Maps on devices Apple Maps is supported. At first, Apple Maps was only on iOS, but Apple has made it so Apple Maps can also be used on Macs and Apple Watches.

= = = Ajamu Baraka = = =
Ajamu Baraka (born October 25, 1953) is an African American human rights activist. He is the Green Party's presumptive nominee for Vice President of the United States, in the 2016 election running with Jill Stein. Baraka has taught political science at Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, and other academic institutions.
References.

= = = The Parent Trap (1998 movie) = = =
The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 movie of the same name.
Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her movie debut) as both twins.

= = = Seftigen = = =
Seftigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Signau = = =
Signau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Villages.
Signau, Schüpbach, Höhe, Mutten and Häleschwand.

= = = Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the Swiss canton of Bern has 13 municipalities in an area of 774 km2.

= = = Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the Swiss canton of Bern has 29 municipalities in an area of 1,229 km2.

= = = Tonia Sotiropoulou = = =
Tonia Sotiropoulou (born on 28 April 1987 in Glyfada, Athens, Greece) is a Greek actress and model. She left Greece to begin her international career when she was 21 years old. She is best known for being in the 2012 film "Skyfall". She also played in the 2014 film Hercules with Dwayne Johnson and Ian McShane.

= = = Shermine Shahrivar = = =
Shermine Shahrivar (; born on 20 November 1982) is a German model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Europe in 2005. She was born in Tehran, Iran.
Career.
She became Miss Germany in 2004 and then won the overall title of Miss Europe in 2005 while competing in France. She then participated in the Miss Universe 2004. Shermine currently lives in New York City where she is studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.
She was born to Iranian parents. Her family moved to Germany when she was one year old. Her mother and brothers live in Germany. She was raised speaking German and Persian, and she is also fluent in French and English. Shahrivar has a university degree in social sciences. She was chosen to be the host of a Nowruz celebration in Oberhausen, Germany on March 19, 2005. She hosted Traumpartner TV in Germany from December 2004 to August 2005. She was also in an October edition of the German "Playboy".
She dated German actor Thomas Kretschmann in 2008 and then Australian actor Xavier Samuel in 2010. She is now dating Lapo Elkann.

= = = Sigriswil = = =
Sigriswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Villages.
Aeschlen ob Gunten, Gunten, Meiersmaad, Merligen, Ringoldswil, Schwanden, Sigriswil, Tschingel ob Gunten, Wiler, Endorf, Reust and Justistal.

= = = Social structure = = =
Social structure is the framework of a society founded by a distinct tradition of hierarchy by birth in the social group and by occupation or tradition of work as a distinct social class.

= = = Social investment = = =
Social investments are resource inputs in any social groups or society that may bring about a social change. Special banks or cooperatives like Oikocredit make investments to help society.

= = = Siselen = = =
Siselen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Sonceboz-Sombeval = = =
Sonceboz-Sombeval is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking Bernese Jura.

= = = Sonvilier = = =
Sonvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the Swiss canton of Bern.

= = = List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics = = =
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Azerbaijan at the Olympics.
Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.

= = = Combat boot = = =
Combat boots are military boots designed to be worn by soldiers during combat or combat training. They are not intended for wear during parades and other ceremonial duties. 
Modern combat boots are designed to provide a combination of grip, ankle stability, and foot protection suitable for a rugged environment. They are traditionally made of hardened and sometimes waterproofed leather. Today, many combat boots incorporate technologies originating in civilian hiking boots, such as Gore-Tex nylon side panels, which improve ventilation and comfort. They are also often specialized for certain climates and conditions, such as jungle boots, desert boots, and cold weather boots as well as specific uses, such as tanker boots and jump boots.

= = = Jump boot = = =
Jump boots are the combat boots worn by paratroopers. They have calf-length lacing and hard toes. During World War II, many countries came up with their own type of jump boots. The uppers are usually made of smooth black leather that is easy to shine. It is also a paratrooper tradition to lace jump boots in a ladder or cobweb style which increases ankle support during a parachute jump.

= = = Vogue (Madonna song) = = =
"Vogue" is a 1990 dance-pop and deep house song by Madonna. It was released on April 5, 1990, through Sire and Warner Bros. It is a single from the soundtrack for the film "I'm Breathless" (1990). The song is about Hollywood fashion. The song's rap section talks about 16 stars from the 1920s to the 1950s, such as Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe.
The song hit #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in May 1990. The song also hit #1 on several other charts worldwide.
The song won awards for Best Single and Best Video in the Rolling Stone Reader's Poll Awards.
The song comes in many remixes. One of them is eight minutes/twenty five seconds long.
Legacy.
On August 6, 2022, singer Beyoncé released a remix of her song "Break My Soul" with samples of "Vogue" called the Queens Remix. Instead of naming Golden Age celebrities, Beyoncé names Black female entertainers, such as Lizzo, Rihanna, Jill Scott, Janet Jackson, and Grace Jones.

= = = Assassination of Orlando Letelier = = =
The Assassination of Orlando Letelier was a car bombing which killed Orlando Letelier, a Chilean socialist political figure when Salvador Allende was president of Chile. It all starts when he was based in the United States as an activist. Letelier was killed in Washington, D.C. with his American assistant, Ronni Karpen and her husband, Michael Moffitt (who worked for Letelier) by some Chilean DINA agents in September 21, 1976. Until 9/11, it was known as the most infamous act of international terrorism in the capital of the US.
Declassified U.S. intelligence documents show and confirm that Pinochet ordered the killing.

= = = Beauty of Loulan = = =
The Beauty of Loulan (����) or Loulan Beauty (Other aliases: "Loulan middle-aged woman(����)") is the preserved dead body of a woman who lived about 4000 years ago, during the Bronze Age. She was found on April 1, 1980 near the Silk Road in the Xinjiang region of China, by Chinese archaeologists Mu Sun-ing (���) and members of the Archaeological Institute of the Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. She is one of the Tarim mummies, named after where they were found, the .
Unlike , which were preserved on purpose, the Loulan Beauty was preserved almost by accident. She was buried near a salt lake in the desert, where the arid and dry conditions preserved even the finer details of her face, such as her eyelashes.
For many years, the Chinese government forebade the testing of the mummy's DNA, due to fears that it would lead to it being used by nationalist local Uighurs. In 1993, and Italian Paolo Francalacci, were able to some tissue samples, and although the Chinese government confiscated the samples, Mair claims a Chinese scientist later 'slipped in to their hands' as they were leaving. They found that the Loulan Beauty probably came from Siberia. Later, in 2007 and 2009, scientists from China's Jilin University and Fudan University both tested the Loulan Beauty's DNA. . They found she was at least part European, but her people might have lived in Siberia before migrating to Xinjiang. But they all found that the Loulan Beauty was not an Uighur woman, which meant there was less reason for people to argue about her. In 2015, the Chinese government let the Loulan Beauty and other mummies tour foreign museums as an exhibit about the Silk Road.
The woman is estimated to have been between 40 and 48 years old at the time of her death. The body is 152–155 cm in stature, and her blood type was O.
Scientists learned things about her life by looking at her body and clothes. Her shoes and clothing had been worn out and fixed repeatedly. Her hair was infested with lice. She had inhaled a great amount of sand, dust and charcoal and she may have died of lung problems. She lived around B.C 1900~B.C 1800.
The mummy is wrapped in a wool cloth, cowhide leather, and linen. She is wearing leather shoes. There were several items made out of clay and some grain found nearby.
In 1980, she was restored by a Japanese painter who was named Yamaguchi Terunari(����). The mummy is currently displayed on the second floor of the , "Mummy Hall"(���).

= = = Orlando Letelier = = =
Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (April 13, 1932 – September 21, 1976) was a Chilean socialist politician during the presidency of Salvador Allende.
Death.
Looking for a refuge from the military regime of General Augusto Pinochet, Letelier accepted academic positions in Washington, D.C. On September 21, 1976, he was killed in a car bomb by agents of the Pinochet regime's secret police, Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional in 1976, in collaboration with members of the "Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations". Ronni Susan Moffitt (née Karpen) was also killed while her husband, Michael Paul Moffitt (who were married four months ago before the bombing) survives in the attack.

= = = 42 (disambiguation) = = =
42 may mean:

= = = 2015 Rugby World Cup = = =
The 2015 Rugby World Cup was the 8th Rugby World Cup tournament. It was played in England from 18 September to 31 October. Scotland won the tournament over Australia to win their 3rd title. 20 nations competed in the tournament.
Host nation.
On 28 July 2009, the International Rugby Board chose England as the host for the 205 tournament, and Japan for the 2019 competition. Italy, Japan and South Africa all wanted to host the tournament.
Venues.
The final venues and schedule were all confirmed on on 2 May 2013.
Teams.
12 of these teams qualified just from playing well in the last tournament, and the other 8 played in regional tournaments to qualify.

= = = Qarabağ FK = = =
Qarabağ Futbol Klubu (usually just called Qarabağ) is a professional association football club from Baku, Azerbaijan. The club was originally from Agdam, but moved to Baku because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The club plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League.
Qarabağ was formed in 1951, and were the founding members of the Azerbaijan Premier League in 1992. A season later they won their first league championship, which made them the first non-Baku based club to win the Azerbaijan Premier League title.
The clubs plays at the Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium, which has a capacity of around 31,200. The Azerbaijan national football team also uses that stadium. They used to play at the Imarat Stadium, but it was destroyed by the Armenian military during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
The club won their first league title in 21 years in 2014. Qarabağ have won the Premier league four times and Azerbaijan Cup five times. In the same year, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition after they beat Twente in the play-off round of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League.

= = = Maryam Zakaria = = =
Maryam Zakaria (Persian: ���� �����; born on 27 September 1985 in Tehran) Swedish-Iranian actress. She has worked in Bollywood and the South Indian Cinema. She is best known for her work in the 2012 film "Agent Vinod".
Career.
In Sweden, Zakaria worked as model, dance teacher, choreographer and established a Bollywood Dance School called the Indisk Dans Studio. She moved to Mumbai in 2009 and began to model in ads for Set Wet, Layz and Coke. She performed an item number in the film "Nagaram" (2010), after the director saw a video of her dancing on YouTube. The film was a big breakthrough for Zakaria.

= = = Sornetan = = =
Sornetan was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Sornetan, Châtelat, Monible and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

= = = Fusil de chasse = = =
The French-made Fusil de chasse ("fu-zi dee chā-se"), originally meant "gun of the hunt”, was a light smoothbore flintlock musket designed for hunting. They were an elegant flintlock with a distinctive "cow's foot" shape to the buttstock that softened recoil. This "La Peid" stock shape is typical of long guns made at Tulle. The Fusil de Chasse was made at the Tulle (France) arms factory. The fusils were very similar to the Charleville musket, also made at Tulle. Fusils were typically lighter and shorter than the Charleville muskets. The name fusil is phonetically pronounced "fusee" in English." The French name Fusil is a corruption of the Italian "fucile" meaning flint. Both the French and the British had versions of the officer's fusil. The British fucils were based on the Brown Bess musket. Also from the name fusil comes the term fusilier. A very similar but cheaper version was the fusil de traite (trade gun). The officer's fusil is fitted for a sling and the stock is shorter than the barrel in order to fit a socket bayonet. The officer's fusil was much better made. But there is some confusion between the two versions. At 20 gauge (.62 caliber) the fusil was also used as a fowling gun (early predecessor of the shotgun). Fusils were a common musket in 18th century Colonial America and were used by Americans during the American Revolution.
History.
Fusil de chasse.
In France, the manufacturing of arms got its start as a large industry in Saint-Étienne in about 1535. The first armory was set up in 1669. By 1646, arms manufacturing had started up at Tulle nearby. In 1690 an armory was set up there as well. The flintlock was adopted by France for her armies in 1630. Both Tulle and Saint-Étienne furnished flintlocks for the French troops in America. The typical musket in 1690 was about long and had a barrel of about . Until about 1718, captains were responsible to make sure each soldier had a working firearm, but other than that the captain allowed his soldiers to choose which musket they would use. Often, that meant there was no standard musket in use in a company let alone an army. This was a common failing of all armies of the time. That changed with the Model 1717 fusil which standardized the muskets and ammunition used by the French army. It was longer than the British muskets of the time giving French troops an advantage. At and with a barrel of it allowed troops to fire from three ranks at the same time. With the bayonet, it had the advantage of being longer. The combination of a longer barrel and a front sight to aim the weapon also made it slightly more accurate than British muskets. A few improvements were made with the M1728 model but it was otherwise the same musket. More improvements were made in 1746 when the wood ramrod was replaced with a metal one. The French muskets shot 18 bullets to the pound which translates to .69 caliber. A fourth model was issued in 1754 with a shorter lighter version for officers. The officers model weighed about and was in length. All officers, including generals, carried an officer's model fusil. These were used during the French and Indian War and many were used by Americans during the American Revolution.
The fusil de chasse was designed for hunting. Generally the muskets made at Tull were defined by models, but some hunting fusils were made to order. Differences were based on their intended purpose and market. In 1695 and 1696 contracts for muskets from the Tulle factory each called for "five hunting muskets for the Indian Chiefs". These models would later be called a Fusil fin (chief's grade musket). These muskets were to be caliber 28 balls to the pound (approximately .56 caliber), long, "well filed and well polished with fine mountings and a flat lock". These gifts to Indian chiefs were elegant hunting muskets.
Fusil de traite.
In New France, the Indians allied to the French carried French fusils. These were either Fusils de chasse or de traite. At the Battle of the Monongahela, British General Edward Braddock led his troops directly into an ambush by native american and French troops in July of 1755. Braddock was killed, no doubt, by a .62 caliber ball fired from a French fusil. The smoothbore Tulle musket was carried by most, if not all, the Indians who attacked Braddock at the Monongahela River. Native warriors took very good care of their muskets and strongly preferred the French fusils over guns made elsewhere. Although the fusil de traite was designed as a less-expensive trade gun, many Indians knew the difference and preferred the fusil de chasse. While there were a number of different models of fusils sent to the Americas, the light musket de chasse was designed for those who hunted for a living. So many were needed that the factory at Saint-Étienne had to handle the extra demand. Most of these were shipped to New France where trading was the main activity between Native Americans and the French. Both varieties were made with either iron or brass fittings and most were .62 caliber. Both were marked "Tulle" (earlier spelling was "Tvlle") on the lock plate. This makes archaeological finds harder to tell apart over two centuries later. Many of the reproductions made today are marked "Tulle".
Cost.
The various flintlocks produced at Tulle had the following costs in 1750:

= = = List of programs broadcast by Discovery Kids = = =
This is a list of programs on Discovery Kids.

= = = Sorvilier = = =
Sorvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
The municipality is in the Tavannes valley on both sides of the Birs river.

= = = Sun Myung Moon = = =
Sun Myung Moon (25 February 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, businessman and political activist. He believed he was the second coming of Jesus Christ. He founded the Unification Church. He was an ardent anti-communist and advocate for Korean reunification. He was recognized by the governments of North and South Korea. His business interests included New World Communications, an American news group that owned "The Washington Times".
Moon was born in what is now North Korea. He moved to the United States in 1971. He became well-known after giving a series of public speeches based on his beliefs.
Critics called Moon a cult leader because he made high demands on his followers. He was criticized for his relationships with political and religious people, such as Presidents of the United States Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. His wedding ceremonies drew criticism, especially when they involved members of other churches, such as the Roman Catholic bishop Emmanuel Milingo.
Moon died on 3 September 2012 of pneumonia and its complications.

= = = The Dream Job = = =
The Dream Job (Chinese: ����) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 28 June 2016. There are 30 episodes. It stars Hugo Ng, Shaun Chen, Jeanette Aw, Rebecca Lim, Zhang Zhenhuan and Ian Fang as the main characters.
A vast fortune and inheritance is at stake when a mysterious man offers three young candidates a dream job at his horticulture estate. They are eventually discovered to be his illegitimate children from the many affairs he had during his younger days. In the beginning, revenge and family politics are at play, but when one of them gets falsely accused of committing murder, the "siblings" finally overcome differences and band together.
Some scenes of this drama were shot in Perth, Australia.

= = = Souboz = = =
Souboz was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Souboz, Châtelat, Monible and Sornetan merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

= = = Oberaargau (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Bern has 50 municipalities in an area of 354 km2.

= = = Sirkazhi = = =
Sirkazhi is a major town in the Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The town covers an area of . The population according to 2011 census is 34,927. This city is the part of Cauvery delta region.
Sirkazhi is the motherland of the shaiva saint Thirugnanasambandhar, world renowned actor Sivaji Ganesan and many famous people.
The literacy rate of Sirkazhi population is 81.5%.87% of the population is Hindus, 9.5% are Muslim, 2.1% are Christians and 1% are others.
Famous temples here are the Bhrammapureeshwarar temple, also known as Sattainathar Temple,Vaitheeswaran temple and Kazheesirama Vinnagaram temple.

= = = Gypsy Taub = = =
Oxane "Gypsy" Taub (born 1970) is one of San Francisco's most well-known activists in naturism and "body freedom" of the past decade.
Activism career.
On June 18, 2015, Taub along with activist George Davis settled a lawsuit with the city of San Francisco with a one-time payment of $20,000 to the plaintiffs, who had hoped to overturn the city's 2013 ban on unregulated public nudity.
On September 25, 2015, a federal judge ordered San Francisco to issue a parade permit to Taub’s group for another naked march after the city had previously denied their applications.
In December 2015, Taub was characterized as San Francisco's most notorious nudist.
On August 7, 2016, Taub organized a four-hour nude "Summer of Love" event with a parade from Jane Warner Plaza to the edge of Golden Gate Park and back, followed by nude dancing at the Plaza.

= = = E-flat major = = =
E major is a musical major scale starting on E. Its key signature has three flats.
Its relative major is C minor and its parallel minor is E minor.

= = = D-flat major = = =
D major (or D-flat major) is a major scale based on D. Its key signature has five flats.
Its relative minor is B minor, and its parallel minor is D minor. This is usually replaced by C♯ minor because D♭ minor's eight flats (including the double-flat) make it generally impractical to use. Therefore, D♭ minor is often used as the parallel key of C♯ minor.
For example, Chopin's Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major ("Raindrop"), modulates from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, and in his Fantaisie-Impromptu, primarily in C-sharp minor, Chopin switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Claude Debussy also switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous Clair de lune. Antonín Dvořák's New World Symphony likewise switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement.

= = = C-flat major = = =
C-flat major (or the key of C-flat) is a major scale based on C, containing the pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. Its key signature has seven flats. The B major is the same as C-Flat, B major is a key signature with five sharps.
The C-flat major scale is:

= = = Rafida Bonya Ahmed = = =
Rafida Bonya Ahmed, better known as Bonya Ahmed, (Bengali: ������ ����� �����, b. 1969), is a Bangladeshi-American author, humanist activist, and blogger.
On February 26, 2015, Bonya and her husband Avijit Roy were attacked by machete wielding Islamic extremists while they were visiting Dhaka, Bangladesh, on a book signing trip. They were attacked in the middle of the street at a very crowded book fair. Avijit died after he was taken to the hospital, and Bonya was seriously injured.
Life and work.
Bonya was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She completed her undergraduate degree in Computer Information Science at Minnesota State University in Mankato.
Bonya met Avijit through their writing on Mukto-Mona, the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers founded by Avijit. This group started the first celebration of Darwin Day in Bangladesh. Mukto-Mona was internationally recognized in 2015 and received The BOBS jury award.
Bonya wrote one of the first popular science books in Bangladesh about biological evolution, named "Bibortoner Path Dhore" ("Along the Evolutionary Path", 2007). She is one of the moderators of Mukto-Mona.
Bonya has a daughter, Trisha Ahmed, from her first marriage. Trisha wrote an article with her stepfather Avijit for the "Free Inquiry" magazine about imprisoned secularist bloggers. Ahmed has been diagnosed with thyroid cancer.
Bonya decided to take a leave of absence from her job as a Senior Director at a credit bureau in the US after the attack on her and Avijit. She started working with the humanist associations in Europe and the US to raise awareness about the attacks on the secular intellectuals in Bangladesh by Islamic fundamentalists. She is currently doing research work on Islamic fundamentalism as a visiting research scholar at University of Texas, Austin. A week after her husband's death, Bonya started meeting with humanist associations in Europe, and working to get other activists out of Bangladesh, before they could be killed.
In 2016, Bonya received the Freedom From Religion Foundation's "Forward" award. She is on the jury of Deutsche Welle's The BOBS Best of Online Activism Award.

= = = Hayes School = = =
Hayes School is a mixed secondary school in Hayes, Bromley. This school is an academy. The head teacher is Mr. Whittle, as of July 2016. This school has an Ofsted rating of "Outstanding". This school has some of the highest GCSE and A-Level results in the country. In 2016, the school was announced as one of the top 100 schools in England for its GCSE results. Hayes School has a long waiting list and is very popular.
History.
The school became independent from the local Parish school in 1956. In 1956, the only building in the school was a Victorian-style mansion named Gadsden. Today, the Gadsden holds the main reception, the student reception, a few offices, and other things. As soon as it became independent from the Parish school, it started accepting both genders. By then, most of the school was relocated to A Block, which had 3 floors.

= = = Petit-Val = = =
Petit-Val is a new municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

= = = Obersimmental-Saanen (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 7 municipalities in an area of 575 km2.

= = = Spiez = = =
Spiez is a municipality in Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
It is on the Lake Thun.

= = = Recoil = = =
Recoil or kick (sometimes incorrectly called kickback) is the tendency of a firearm to move backwards and at the same time the muzzle of the gun to rise when fired. This is a reaction to the explosive force of a bullet leaving the barrel of a firearm. A handgun shooter feels the recoil in the hands and arms. A rifle or shotgun shooter feels most of the recoil in his or her shoulder.
Physics of recoil.
Recoil is explained by Newton’s third law of motion. It is usually paraphrased as: "to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction". In simpler terms, when a projectile and the hot gasses go forward, the firearm goes backwards. There are a number of factors that determine the amount of backward force.
For example, a .22 Long Rifle (the designation of the bullet not the gun) has very little recoil. For this reason it is a caliber recommended for beginning shooters and, because the rounds are cheap, it is good practice ammunition for more experienced shooters. It is a favorite ammunition for target shooting. By comparison, the .500 S&W Magnum handgun round has very heavy recoil. Also, the recoil from the .500 magnum round is more sharply felt since the recoil speed is much greater.
Recoil anticipation.
One of the first things new shooters want to know is if a gun will kick them. New shooters learn to hold the gun firmly to reduce and control recoil. If firing a handgun, use both hands. If firing a shotgun or rifle, press it firmly against the shoulder and press your cheek on the gunstock. But, instructors often tell new students that recoil is 80% mental and only 20% physical. In other words, no matter how well you hold the weapon, recoil anticipation can ruin every shot.
Recoil anticipation, or more commonly known as "flinching", is the unintended (not intended or planned mental and physical response to firing a gun. The shooter knows the loud noise and shock of firing the weapon is coming and at the last moment flinches. This often causes an inexperienced shooter to hit low of the intended target. Another form of recoil anticipation is when new shooters unconsciously move the gun forward while pressing the trigger. This is very difficult for instructors to see until the shooter presses the trigger on an empty chamber. Only then can the instructor see the shooter moving the gun forward. 
Another problem is jerking the trigger. Instead of smoothly pulling the trigger while concentrating on the target, an inexperienced shooter often "jerks" the trigger. If shooters are consistently hitting low and to the left (right handed shooters) they are usually jerking the trigger. Shooters probably don't understand that quickly yanking the trigger back ruins the shot.
All forms of recoil anticipation are eliminated or reduced through practice. Good instruction in safe firearms practices is also very important.

= = = Lego Ninjago = = =
Lego Ninjago is a line of sets (video games, television series, and toys) produced by Lego. It is based on the sets of six Ninja: Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Nya, Zane, and Cole, and many other characters from the television series. 
Television series.
The television series is about all characters in the land of Ninjago. The television series first aired in 2011. It was a major success and airs on Cartoon Network
The animated television series is based on The Ninja (Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Zane, Nya and Cole) fighting with a number of villains with various motivations.
Toys.
There are many toys of Lego Ninjago which all are based on the characters. The toys are Lego Ninjago's first success, and have been successful since when the show first aired to when it ended in October 2022.
Video games.
Lego Ninjago video games are usually based on the television series. Lego Ninjago games are produced by Lego System A/S. Most Lego Ninjago video games are placed in Google Play. 

= = = Ceratonia = = =
Ceratonia is small genus of flowering trees in the pea family, Fabaceae, endemic to the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. Its best known member, the carob tree, is cultivated for its fruits (called s) and has been widely introduced to regions with similar climates.
It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.
The genus was created by Carl Linnaeus and published in "Species Plantarum" 2: 1026 en 1753. The type specimen is "Ceratonia siliqua".
The genus was long considered monotypic (with only one species), but a second species, "Ceratonia oreothauma", was identified in 1979 from Oman and Somalia.
Images.
Some photos of "Ceratonia siliqua" (the carob tree):

= = = Carob = = =
The carob is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. Its scientific name is "Ceratonia siliqua" L.
It is widely grown for its edible s, and as an ornamental tree in gardens. The ripe, dried pod is often ground to carob powder, which is used to replace cocoa powder. Carob bars, an alternative to chocolate bars, are often available in health-food stores.
Names.
The tree is known in English as carob tree, St John's-bread or locust bean (not to be confused with the African locust bean).
The word carob, used commonly for the fruit, comes from Middle French "carobe" (modern ), which borrowed it from Arabic ("kharrūb", "locust bean pod").
Common names in some other languages are:
"Ceratonia siliqua", the scientific name of the carob tree given by Carolus Linnaeus to this plant, comes from the Greek "keráti�n" �������� 'fruit of the carob (from "keras" ����� 'horn'), and Latin "siliqua" ", carob".
The carat, a unit of mass for gemstones, and of purity for gold, takes its name, indirectly, from the Greek word for a carob seed, "kerátion".
Description.
The carob tree grows up to tall. The crown (the upper part of tree) is broad and semispherical, supported by a thick trunk with brown rough bark and solid and firm branches. Leaves are long, alternate and compound.
Most carob trees are dioecious (with separate male an female plants) but some are hermaphrodite. The male trees do not produce fruit. The trees blossom in autumn. The flowers are small and in an inflorescence axis in racemes like catkins; the pollination is by both wind and insects.
The fruit is a legume (also known as a pod). The pods take a full year to develop and ripen. The sweet ripe pods eventually fall to the ground and are eaten by various mammals (goats, sheep, cows), and so the hard seeds are dispersed.
Where it grows.
The carob tree is native to the Cyprus island, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey.
It is generally found within 30-45°N and 30-40°S and from sea level to an altitude of .
It has been introduced into regions with a similar Mediterranean climate.
Uses.
Food.
Carob eaten by humans is the dried (and sometimes roasted) pod. The pod have 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) within a sweet thick pulp substance.
Carob is mildly sweet and is used in powdered, chip, or syrup form as an ingredient in cakes and cookies, and as a substitute for chocolate. Carob bars are widely available in health food stores. A traditional sweet, eaten during Lent and Good Friday, is also made from carob pods in Malta.
Carob pod meal is used as an energy-rich feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, though its high tannin content may limit its use.
Syrup, drinks.
In Cyprus, carob syrup is known as Cyprus's black gold, and is widely exported. In Malta, a syrup ("ġulepp tal-ħarrub") is made out of carob pods. Carob syrup is also used in Crete as a natural sweetener, and is considered a natural source of calcium. It contains three times more calcium than milk. It is also rich in iron, phosphorus, and natural fibers (Due to its strong taste, it can be found mixed with orange or chocolate).
Carob juice drinks are traditionally drunk during the Islamic month of Ramadan. Crushed pods may be used to make a beverage; , liqueur, and syrup are made from carob in Turkey, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Sicily. Several studies suggest that carob may aid in treating diarrhea in infants.
Ornamental.
"C. siliqua" is widely planted in the horticultural as an ornamental plant for planting in Mediterranean climate and other temperate regions around the world, as in California and Hawaii. The plant can be used as a dense and large hedge.
Production.
According to FAO, the top carob-producing countries are (in metric tonnes, 2012): "Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)"
(F) = FAO estimate

= = = 2016 Turkish purges = = =
The 2014–2016 Turkish judicial purges were purges of the judicial system of Turkey that took place in January 2014 and July 2016 during the presidency of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In January 2014, 120 judges and prosecutors were reassigned during a major corruption enquiry and on 16 July 2016, 2,745 judges were dismissed immediately following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.

= = = Araucanía Region = = =
The IX Araucanía Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. Its capital and largest city is Temuco.
The "Auracanía" means "place where the "Araucanians" live". Araucanian () was the name given by the Spanish to the Mapuche people that live in the region.
Geography.
The Araucanía region has an area of .
It borders the Bío Bío region (Bío Bío and Arauco provinces), to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Ríos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The two main rivers in the region are the Imperial and the Toltén rivers.
The highest mountain in the region is the "Lanín" volcano (), , on the border with Argentina (Neuquén Province); it is .
Population.
The Auracanía had a population of 869,535 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .
The largest city in the region is its capital, Temuco, with 227,086 inhabitants (2002 census). The other provincial capital, Angol had 43,801 inhabitants.
Administration.
The Auracanía region is further subdivided into two provinces: Cautín and Malleco.

= = = Los Ríos Region = = =
The XIV Los Ríos Region (, "Region of the Rivers") is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. Its capital and largest city is Valdivia.
It began to operate as a region on 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the new El Ranco province, that was part of the Valdivia province.
Geography.
The Los Ríos region has an area of .
It borders the La Araucanía region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Lagos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The two main rivers in the region are the Valdivia river, in the northern part of the region, and the Bueno river, in the southern part of the region.
The highest mountain in the region is the Villarrica volcano () (), high, near the border with Argentina.
Population.
The Los Ríos had a population of 356,396 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .
The largest city in the region is its capital, Valdivia, with 127,750 inhabitants (2002 census). The other provincial capital, La Unión had 25,615 inhabitants.
Administration.
The Los Ríos region is further subdivided into two provinces: Valdivia and El Ranco.

= = = Los Lagos Region = = =
The X Los Lagos Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.
The capital city of the region is Puerto Montt. Other towns are Puerto Varas, Ancud and Frutillar.

= = = Maule Region = = =
The VII Maule Region () is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca.
The region is named after its main river: the Maule river.
History.
The city of Talca was founded in 1692 by General Governor Tomás Marín de Poveda. On 17 February 1742 it got the name of "Villa San Agustín de Talca" by Governor José Antonio Manso de Velasco. Curicó followed in 1743, Linares and Parral in 1794.
In Talca is the house where Bernardo O'Higgins signed the proclamation of the independence of Chile on 12 February 1818. It is now a museum.
Geography.
The Maule region borders the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Ñuble region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The two main rivers in the region are the Maule and the Mataquito rivers.
Population.
, there were (estimated) 1,042,989 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
People from this region are known as "Maulinos" (women: "Maulinas").
The largest city in the region is Talca, with 189,505 inhabitants (2002 census).
Administration.
The Maule region is further subdivided into four provinces: Talca, Curicó, Linares and Cauquenes.

= = = Hurricane Earl = = =
Hurricane Earl was a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico in August 2016. The storm struck Belize and Mexico with wind of around 80 mph.
The storm caused 13 deaths in the Dominican Republic. More than fifty other deaths took place, mostly in Mexico. Damage totaled over $115 million.

= = = Gwangju = = =
Gwangju is the sixth largest city in South Korea. It is in the southwest of Korea and is the center of Honam's economy, culture, education and government.

= = = Kerckhoffs's principle = = =
Kerckhoffs's principle (axiom, or law) is an idea in cryptography. It was stated by Dutch cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century. It is:
Kerckhoffs's principle was more briefly stated by American mathematician Claude Shannon as "the enemy knows the system", that is, "one ought to design systems under the assumption that the enemy will immediately gain full familiarity with them". In that form, it is called Shannon's maxim. It is opposite to the idea of "security through obscurity".
More details.
Some are no longer relevant given the ability of computers to perform complex encryption. The second axiom, Kerckhoffs's principle, is still vitally important.

= = = Charleville musket = = =
The Charleville muskets were .69 caliber French smoothbore flintlock muskets used in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Charleville was used during the American Revolutionary War by the Americans and was later copied and manufactured in the US as the Springfield Model 1795 Musket.
History.
About 1630, Frenchman Marin le Bourgeoys (c.1550–1634) created the first "true" flintlock, also called the "French lock". Bourgeoys was in the service of King Louis XIII of France for whom he created the flintlock mechanism. Throughout the 17th century, flintlock muskets were produced in a wide variety of models.
In 1717, the original "Charleville" flintlock musket was made for the French military. This became the first standard flintlock musket to be issued to all troops. While it is more correctly called a French infantry musket or a French pattern musket, these muskets later became known as "Charleville muskets". They were named after the armory in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes, France. The standard French infantry musket was also produced at Tulle, St. Etienne, Maubeuge Arsenal, and other sites. While technically not the correct name for these muskets, the use of the name Charleville dates back to the U.S. Revolutionary War, when Americans tended to refer to all of the musket models as Charlevilles. It should be noted that the naming of these muskets is not consistent. Some references only refer to Model 1763 and later versions as Charleville flint lock muskets, while other references refer to all models as the Charleville.
The Charleville musket's design was refined several times during its service life. Later models of Charleville muskets remained in service until 1840. This was when percussion lock systems made the flintlock mechanism obsolete.
Design features.
Charleville muskets had a smoothbore barrel. Rifles were more accurate than muskets because of their rifling, but military commanders favored smoothbores on the battlefield. Both types used black powder which caused fouling. Because the bullet was a tighter fit in the barrel (weapons), Rifles became very difficult to load after a few shots. Early on, the longer range and better accuracy of the rifle was also considered to be of little value on a battlefield that was quickly obscured by black powder smoke. Like all smooth bore muskets, the Charleville flintlock musket was only accurate to about against a column of men, or against a single man-sized target.
The Charleville's .69" (17.5mm) caliber barrel was slightly smaller than its main competitor, the .75 caliber Brown Bess produced by the British. The smaller round was intentionally chosen to reduce weight in the field. But the .69 caliber ball round still had enough mass to be effective against enemy soldiers. The Charleville's stock was usually made out of walnut.
Charleville muskets were not used in battle like a modern rifle. Instead, Charleville muskets, like the Brown Bess muskets, were fired in mass formations. In modern warfare, bayonets are considered to be last-ditch weapons. But in the 18th century firing muskets only paved the way for a bayonet charge. Muskets with bayonets attached were used as a pike type weapon in close Hand-to-hand combat. This use as a pike dictated the Charleville's general length and weight. A shorter weapon could not be used as a pike, and its weight was a balance between being heavy enough to be used as a pike or club, but light enough to be carried and used by general infantrymen.
The rate of fire depended on the skill of the soldier, but was typically about three shots per minute. After 1728, the Charleville's barrel was held into place by three barrel bands making it much sturdier. In 1743 the wooden ramrod was replaced with a steel one. Additional improvements were made in the 1750s and 1760s. The 1763 model was determined to be too heavy. In 1766 it was replaced by a lighter version.

= = = Kirchhoff's laws = = =
There are several Kirchhoff's laws, all named after Gustav Kirchhoff:

= = = Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department = = =
There are 5 arrondissements in the Charente-Maritime department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The 5 arrondissements of Charente-Maritime are:
History.
Since its creation, the Charente-Maritime department has had some changes:

= = = Arrondissement of Jonzac = = =
The arrondissement of Jonzac is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Jonzac.
History.
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, Jonzac was not one of the original districts but soon, in 1800, it was made one of the "arrondissement"s of the department with the territories of the Monlieu and Pons districts.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Jonzac has an area of , and a population of 56,973 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
Jonzac is the southernmost "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Saintes, to the east by the Charente department and to the southeast and east by the Gironde department. To the northwest of the department is the southern part the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary of France.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Jonzac, there is only one canton where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": the Thénac canton. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Jonzac has 129 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Atacama Region = = =
The Atacama Region Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. The southern portion of the Atacama Desert is in the region; the rest of the desert is in the other regions to the north ("Norte Grande" natural region).
The capital of the region is the city of Copiapó; it is at north of Santiago, the capital of country.
History.
From 1843, Atacama was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of those regions.
Geography.
The Atacama region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Argentina (provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan), on the east, the Coquimbo region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The highest mountains of the region are: Nevados Ojos del Salado, high, and Nevado Tres Cruces, high; they are in the Andes, in the border with Argentina.
Population.
, there were (estimated) 312,486 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city in the region is its capital, Copiapó, with 125,983 inhabitants (2002 census).
Administration.
The Atacama region is divided in three provinces: Chañaral, Copiapó and Huasco.

= = = Coquimbo Region = = =
The IV Coquimbo Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.
The capital of the region is the city of La Serena; it is at north of Santiago, the capital of the country. Other important cities include the seaport Coquimbo and the agricultural centre Ovalle.
History.
From 1826, Coquimbo was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of the Chilean regions.
Geography.
The Coquimbo region borders the Atacama region to the north, Argentina on the east, the Valparaíso region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The three main rivers are Elqui, Limarí and Choapa.
Population.
, there were (estimated) 771,085 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city in the region is its capital, La Serena, with 160,148 inhabitants (2002 census). The port of Coquimbo had 148,438 inhabitants.
Administration.
The Coquimbo region is divided in three provinces: Choapa, Elqui and Limarí.

= = = Valparaíso Region = = =
The Valparaiso Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.
The capital of the region is the city of Valparaiso, an important Chilean seaport. Other important cities are Viña del Mar, Quillota, Quilpué and Villa Alemana.
History.
Valparaíso was made a province in 1842. In January 1928, Valparaíso was made part of the new province of "Aconcagua" but in 1936 was made again a province. In 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, Valparaíso became one of the Chilean regions.
Geography.
The Valparaíso region borders the Coquimbo region to the north, Argentina and Santiago Metropolitan Region on the east, the Santiago Metropolitan Region region on the south, the O'Higgins region on the southwestern and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The three main rivers are:
Population.
, there were (estimated) 1,825,757 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city in the region is Viña del Mar, with 286, 931 inhabitants (2002 census). The capital of the region, Valparaíso, had in 2002 263,499 inhabitants.
Administration.
The Valparaíso region is divided in eight provinces:

= = = Arrondissement of Rochefort = = =
The arrondissement of Rochefort is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Rochefort.
History.
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the "arrondissement" of Rochefort was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Rochefort has an area of , and a population of 187,843 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
Rochefort is in the northern half of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of La Rochelle, to the northeast by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the east by the "arrondissements" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély and Saintes. To the south is the upper part the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary of France, and the Atlantic Ocean is to the west.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Rochefort, there are 12 cantons, some of them only partially. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Rochefort has 82 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of La Rochelle = = =
The arrondissement of La Rochelle is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of La Rochelle.
History.
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the "arrondissement" of La Rochelle was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of La Rochelle is the smallest of the "arrondissements" of the Charente-Maritime department but the one with more people living in it. It has an area of , and a population of 210,151 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
La Rochelle is the northernmost "arrondissement" of the department. It is formed from the old province of "Aunis", with centre in La Rochelle, its historical capital.
It is bordered to the north by the Vendée department, to the east by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Rochefort, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of La Rochelle, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": the Châtelaillon-Plage and La Jarrie cantons. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of La Rochelle has 58 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = St. Stephan = = =
St. Stephan is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Stettlen = = =
Stettlen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Studen, Bern = = =
Studen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Sumiswald = = =
Sumiswald is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Sutz-Lattrigen = = =
Sutz-Lattrigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
It is on the southern shore of Lake Biel.
It is home to a number of Neolithic and Bronze Age lake shore archeological sites, including one that is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

= = = Tägertschi = = =
Tägertschi was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipality of Tägertschi merged into the municipality of Münsingen.

= = = Siege of Petersburg = = =
The Richmond–Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865. Fought during the American Civil War, it is more popularly known as the Siege of Petersburg. But it was not a classic military siege, in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off. Nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg. The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully. Then the Union Army constructed trench lines that eventually extended over . They ran from the eastern outskirts of Richmond, Virginia, to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg. Petersburg was critical to the supply of Confederate Lieutenant General Robert E. Lee's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond. Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the railroad supply lines through Petersburg to Richmond. Many of these caused the lengthening of the trench lines, overloading dwindling Confederate resources.
Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities on April 3, 1865. This led to Lee's final surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The trench warfare of Petersburg became common in World War I, earning it a prominent position in military history. Of the 4,000 African American troops of the 4th Division, IX Corps, who fought at the Battle of the Crater on July 30, 1864, over half were killed, wounded or captured.
Background.
On March 10, 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general. He was given command of all Union troops. Grant planned a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points. This was something President Abraham Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war. Grant put Major General William T. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West. He moved his own headquarters to be with the Army of the Potomac (still commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade) in Virginia. Grant intended to maneuver Lee's army to a decisive battle. His secondary objective was to capture Richmond (the capital of the Confederacy). But Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished. His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north, while Major General Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast. Major General Franz Sigel was to control the Shenandoah Valley. Sherman was ordered to invade Georgia, break up the Confederate Army of Tennessee, and capture Atlanta. Brigadier Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in Tennessee and Virginia. Finally, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks was assigned the task of capturing Mobile, Alabama.
Most of these initiatives failed. Many of the assignment of generals to Grant were for political rather than military reasons. Butler's Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May. At Lincoln's request, Banks was sent to Louisiana for the Red River Campaign and his move on Mobile was cancelled. However, Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign was a success, although it dragged on through the fall.
Grant and Meade's Army of the Potomac crossed the Rappahannock River and entered the area known as the Wilderness. On May 5, 1864, Grant was met by an undersize Confederate force of 60,000 soldiers led by Lee. At the bloody but tactically inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7) and Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21), Grant failed to destroy Lee's army. But, unlike his predecessors, Grant did not retreat after the battles. He repeatedly moved his army leftward to the southeast in a campaign that kept Lee on the defensive and moved ever closer to Richmond. Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting minor battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lee's flank and lure him into the open. Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than the Confederacy could. This theory was tested at the Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31 – June 12) when Grant's army once again came into contact with Lee's near Mechanicsville. He chose to engage Lee's army directly, by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3. This attack was repulsed with heavy losses. Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a "butcher". Although Grant suffered about 45% casualties. Lee lost about 50% his forces. These were losses that Lee could not replace.
On the night of June 12, Grant again advanced by his left flank, marching to the James River. He planned to cross to the south bank of the river, bypassing Richmond, and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south. While Lee remained unaware of Grant's intentions, the Union army constructed a pontoon bridge and crossed the James River. What Lee had feared most of all was about to happen. Petersburg was the main supply base and rail depot for the entire region, including Richmond. The taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending Richmond.
First battle of Petersburg.
Also called the "Battle of Old Men and Young Boys", it was fought on June 9, 1864 just outside Petersburg. The armies of Lee and Grant were deadlocked just outside of Richmond in their Cold Harbor defenses. Butler knew Grant would probably soon attack Petersburg since it was the key supply point for Richmond. By way of intelligence from slaves and Confederate deserters and a captured Confederate map, Butler realized Petersburg was not well defended. In Petersburg, Confederate generals Beauregard and Wise had only 2,200 militiamen guarding the city. One Petersburg citizen called them a collection of "greyhaired men, and beardless boys." Some were not even equipped with rifles. Butler saw an opportunity and sent a force of 3,400 infantrymen along with 1,300 cavalry to attack Petersburg before Grant could get there. The Union infantry attacked from the east while the cavalry attacked from the south using the Jerusalem Plank Road. The infantry attack was intended as a diversion while the cavalry entered the city from the south. But the 2,500 Confederate defenders fought off both attacks. The infantry was stopped by the Dimmock Line which had been constructed to stop any such attacks. After the attacks failed, Butler withdrew.
Second battle of Petersburg.
Meade’s Army of the Potomac marched from Cold Harbor to support Butler. Meade's leading XVIII Corps crossed the Appomattox River and attacked Petersburg on June 15. The Confederate defenders were driven back to Harrison Creek. The Union XVIII Corps was then relieved by the II Corps. The next day, June 16, II Corps captured another part of the Confederate line. Beauregard moved more defenders to hold the Union troops while Lee, now aware of the situation at Petersburg, rushed troops to the city. On June 18, the Union II, XI, and V Corps attacked but were beaten back with heavy casualties. Now the Confederate fortifications were heavily defended and all hopes of an easy Union victory were lost. This was the beginning of the siege of Petersburg. Rather than a tactical siege with short term goals, it now became a strategic siege involving a number of battles.
Battle of First Deep Bottom.
Continuing their attacks, the Union Army under Grant began their third offensive against Richmond-Petersburg. General Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps and two divisions of General Philip Sheridans cavalry crossed the James River at the "Deep Bottom" oxbow. They crossed at night to threaten Richmond. The plan called for the infantry to push the Confederates to the west. Then the cavalry could attack the railroad that connected Lee to the Confederate army under General Jubal Early still in the Shenendoah Valley. Sheridan's cavalry was then to attack Richmond if possible. But after breaking through the Confederate line, the Union offensive stalled. The Union cavalry was counterattacked by Richard H. Anderson's Confederate infantry. But the counterattack was defeated by the dismounted cavalry with their Spencer repeating carbines. But late on July 28, Hancock and Sherman withdrew back to Deep Bottom. The next night, July 29/30, they crossed the James River back to their own lines. They left a garrison to guard the crossing at Deep Bottom. Both sides could claim a victory. The Union forces defeated the Confederate infantry at Darby farm. But the withdrawal afterwards allowed the Confederates a victory. It was a Union victory strategically because their attack on the Virginia Peninsula caused Lee to move five and a half divisions north of James River. This weakened Petersburg leaving only four Confederate divisions to fight there. While Hancock and Sheridan were diverting Lee's attention, a mining operation was going on at Petersburg. A long tunnel was being dug by a regiment of Pennsylvania coal miners. It was dug right up to a Confederate strongpoint.
Battle of the Crater.
At this point in the siege, Lee's army had strengthened the Petersburg line. They dug breastworks out of rifle pits. At night, with pick and shovel, they then turned the breastworks into deep trenches. Pointed stakes turned outwards were designed to break up any frontal attacks. The area between the two lines became a no man's land. The summer that year was hot and dry. Streams and springs were quickly drying up causing a water shortage on both sides. The siege was quickly becoming a stalemate.
At a part of the Union line that was only from the Confederate line, the 48th Pennsylvania regiment was dug in. They were below the top of a ridge and part of their lines could not be seen by Confederates, blocked by the terrain. The 48th Pennsylvania regiment was made up of anthracite coal miners. Their commander heard his men remark, "We could blow that damned fort out of existence if we could run a mine shaft under it!" He passed the idea up to Burnside who agreed to the idea and digging started on June 25. Confederates on the ridge began to hear the sounds of picks and shovels under them. They dug several listening shafts. But when the digging sounds stopped on 23 July, they quit looking and dismissed any danger from mining. By the afternoon of July 28 the explosives were ready. Burnside's Fourth Division, including nine regiments of African American troops were trained to bypass the crater the explosion would cause and attack immediately after the explosion. These were fresh troops and their morale was high. At the last minute, Burnside's plan was changed by his commander General Meade to send in white troops. Meade said he did not want to be responsible for the "massacre" of colored troops.
Just before 5:00 am the explosion blew up a Confederate artillery battery and most of an infantry regiment. The blast killed at least 278 Confederates instantly. The crater caused by the explosion was more than long, across and deep. Following the explosion, the untrained Union troops were slow to leave their trenches. Instead of avoiding the crater they ran right into it. The walls of the crater exposed red clay making them too slippery to climb out of. The Confederates recovered quickly and began firing down directly on the Union troops who were unprotected. To try to save the situation, after four hours of fighting Burnside ordered the black troops to attack. At this point they could only follow the white soldiers into the crater. They had to force their way past the dead, wounded and demoralized white troops to get into the fight. As more Confederates joined in, they set up a tremendous crossfire into the crater. Mortar shells were dropped on the Union troops and the Confederate cannons were rolled up to the edge and fired canister shot at the soldiers trapped in the crater. The situation quickly turned from a one-sided battle into a race riot. As Union soldiers surrendered, black soldiers were given no quarter. Those who were allowed to surrender were murdered by Confederate troops as they were marched to the rear. Some Confederates later expressed regret that they could not kill them fast enough, as a few black troops made it to the rear alive.
The fighting went on for eight and a half hours. Burnside's IX Corps suffered 3,800 casualties. Lee's army lost about 1,500 who were killed, wounded or missing. But the black troops lost 1,327 men, 450 of whom surrendered. Most of these were murdered by Confederate soldiers as they were marched to the rear under guard. The failure and horror over what happened at the Battle of the Crater caused Burnside to be relieved of his command. He was placed on indefinite leave of absence with no orders to return to duty. This effectively ended his army career. He resigned from the army less than nine months later, on April 15, 1865.
Battle of Second Deep Bottom.
General Grant was using a strategy of simultaneous operations on both sides of the James River during the summer of 1864. Grant was forcing Lee to use Confederate troops on two fronts. Lee, on the other hand, had General Early in the Shenandoah Valley. While Grant and Lee were engaged at Petersburg, Early launched an offensive into the North that was threatening Washington, D.C..
Grant learned that Lee was sending part of his force to support Early in the Shenandoah Valley. He thought the Confederate trenches between Petersburg and Richmond were now more lightly defended. The information was wrong. But Grant saw an opportunity to break the siege of Petersburg by attacking the trenches around Deep Bottom. The week-long campaign failed to defeat the Confederate defenses because Grant had miscalculated the situation. He sent General Hancock with Union II Corps, X Corps, and General David McMurtrie Gregg’s cavalry division across the James at Deep Bottom during the night of August 13-14. At first, the Union attacks were successful. But soon Confederate reinforcements arrived and the Union advance stalled. On August 17 a truce was called so both sides could take care of their dead and wounded. Lee ordered a counterattack the next day. But it was poorly organized and did not accomplish much. Hancock, however, began a withdrawal of the Union troops north of James. By August 20 the withdrawal was completed. The Union forces maintained their bridgehead at Deep Bottom. Overall the battle and skirmishes cost the Union 3,000 casualties against a loss to the Confederacy of about 1,500. Lee's thinly defended line some long remained intact. But he could not afford to send any troops to Early in the Shenandoah Valley.
Attacks on the Weldon Railroad.
While the Second Battle of Deep Bottom was going on, Grant had sent troops south of Petersburg to capture the Weldon Railroad. This was another of Grant's simultaneous operations. The Weldon Railroad was the only connection between Petersburg and the last Atlantic seaport at Wilmington, North Carolina. Grant had failed to capture the Weldon Railroad in June. The Union V Corps under General Gouverneur K. Warren was ordered to move west, destroy the tracks and, if possible, hold the rail line. Warren was successful in destroying tracks. But attacks and counterattacks went on for the next three days. The action cost the Union Army 4,279 casualties and the Confederates lost between 1,600 and 2,300 dead, wounded or missing. The Union was able to extend its lines west and built a fort named after Union General James S. Wadsworth, who was mortally wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness.
Hancock's II Corps moved against the Weldon Railroad on August 24. Tired from the battle at Deep Bottom, they were forced marched to the south of Petersburg to tear up more tracks. Gregg's cavalry cleared a path ahead of them. But on August 25, Confederate general Heath attacked the Union forces at Ream's Station. Confederates captured 9 cannon and took many Union prisoners. Hancock withdrew his forces back to the Union lines near the Jerusalem Plank Road.
The Great Beefsteak Raid.
By September 1864, the Confederate army was getting hungry. Supplies of everything were running low. Lee's army was feeling the effects of Grant's scorched earth policy in the Shenandoah Valley. On September 5 Lee learned that the Union Army had about 3,000 cattle being kept at Coggins Point, Virginia. This was only from Grant's headquarters. The herd was being lightly guarded by 250 men of the 1st D.C. Cavalry. There was also a detachment of about 150 men of the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry. This entire area of the Union rear was picketed by one understrength cavalry division. Lee had been pressuring his cavalry commander, Major General Wade Hampton, to attack the Union rear area. Hampton saw this as a chance to both attack behind enemy lines and get cattle to feed the hungry Confederate soldiers at Petersburg. Lee approved but told Hampton he had one concern: “The only difficulty of importance I see to your project is your return.”
Wade put together a force of about 3,000 cavalry troops. It consisted of General W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee's cavalry division, and two brigades led by generals Thomas L. Rosser and James Dearing. It also included about 100 men from Pierce M. B. Young's and John Dunovant's brigades, along with a number of dogs to help herd the cattle. The plan was to ride a total of to steal the cattle then get them back to the Confederate lines. The herd designed to feed Union troops would now be used to feed Confederate troops.
On the morning of September 14, Hampton led his force southwest around the Union Army's left flank. They camped at Wilkinson’s Bridge on Rowanty Creek and early next morning moved to the bridge had once stood over Blackwater Creek. By midnight his forces had rebuilt the bridge and were now within of the cattle herd. Hampton divided his forces. Rooney Lee went to the left to screen against forces coming from Petersburg. Dearing's brigade went to the right to wait for the main attack, then protect the captured herd from any Union forces in the area. Rosser's brigade took the 1st D.C. Cavalry by surprise and captured 300 men. They also captured a number of the Union cavalry's new Spencer repeating rifles. The 13th Pennsylvania cavalry put up a stiffer resistance but were brushed aside by the larger Confederate force. Within a few hours the cattle had been captured and the Confederates were on their way back to their own lines. Once they discovered what had happened, Union forces in the area went after the cattle. All they got for their trouble was a few stray cattle. Once across the bridge over the Blackwater, Hampton's Confederates took it apart. In addition to the cattle, Hampton's men captured the civilian herders. The herders proved useful and seemed willing to go with the Confederate raiders. Hampton got 2,486 cattle losing just 10 men, 47 were wounded and four were missing. Hampton also kept one of the repeating rifles for himself.
Battle of New Market Heights.
Also called the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. On the night of September 20–29, General Butler and his Army of the James cross the James River to attack the outer defenses of Richmond. At dawn, his columns attacked the Confederates. Fort Harrison was the key to General Butler's plan. It was the strongest point in the Confederate line north of the James. On high ground, the fort had a view all the way to the James River. The fort was lightly held by only 200 Confederate troops as most were in Petersburg at the time. The fort's cannon were old and not considered battle worthy by the Northern artillerymen. The Union attack came unexpectedly and so quickly that there were few Union casualties. The Union Army was successful at both New Market Heights and at Fort Harrison. The Confederates then fought to contain the breakthrough. As Grant predicted, Lee weakened his Petersburg defenses to reinforce his lines north of the James River. Lee counterattacked on September 30 but his efforts were unsuccessful. The Union troops dug in forming trenches around the territory they just captured. The confederates built a new line of defenses that cut off the area captured by the Federal troops. The total casualties were 4,430 including Union General Hiram Burnham. The fort was renamed Fort Burnham in his honor.
Battle of Hatcher's Run.
Also called the Battle of Dabney’s Mill. On February 5, 1865, Gregg's Union cavalry division moved towards Ream's Station and the Dinwiddie Court House. Their mission was to raid and cut off Confederate supply trains. He was supported by Union General Warren's V Corps who took up a blocking position to stop any Confederate interference. Major General Andrew A. Humphreys's II Corps moved west to cover V Corps' right flank. That night, two more divisions reinforced the Union positions. But the raid was unsuccessful. As Gregg's cavalry was returning they were attacked by Confederate divisions led by Generals John Pegram and William Mahone. The Union advance was stopped although General Pelgram was killed in the battle. But the Union Army gained more territory as the line was now extended to Hatcher's run. Total casualties in the action were 2,700.
Battle of Fort Stedman.
By March 25, 1865, the Siege of Petersburg had on for nine months. After initial battles the siege had settled into trench warfare. There were now a total of about 50 miles of trenches around Petersburg and Richmond. Lee was losing the war of attrition. Lee realized the Union Army around him was growing in size while his was getting smaller. He knew that as soon as Spring brought better weather, there would be a final attack by the Union Army. Lee ordered one of his most trusted generals, John Brown Gordon, to find a weak point in the Union line and attack it. Gordon thought Fort Stedman offered his best chance for success. While it had high walls and a moat, it formed a narrow gap in the Union line. Also, it was only from the Confederate line. Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Union pickets heard sounds coming from the corn field between the two lines. The sound was Confederate soldiers moving aside the "Cheval de frise" defenses in preparation for an attack. This was followed by 11,000 rebels who quickly captured of Union trenches. Union forces quickly arrived to turn back the Confederates to their own lines.
Union casualties were about 1,000. Confederate killed, wounded or captured numbered around 3,000. These were losses that Lee's army could not afford. Lee wrote Confederate President Jefferson Davis that he could not hold out much longer.
Third Battle of Petersburg - The Breakthrough.
At the Battle of Five Forks, on April 1, 1865, Union General Sheridan's cavalry broke through and flanked the Confederate lines at Petersburg. This set the stage for the final attack. On the morning of April 2, Grant ordered all his troops south of the Appomattox River to charge the Confederate lines. The first success came at the same place where Sheridan had broken through the day before. Union General Horatio Wright's VI Corps quickly overran the Confederate pickets and began a brutal battle that lasted only 20 or 15 minutes. He lost some 2,200 Union solders during this short time period. But the larger numbers of the Union forces finally broke through the rebel line. Most of the Georgians and North Carolinans defending this section surrendered. The breakthrough by the VI Corps was the final straw for Confederate forces defending Petersburg. Lee wired Davis in Richmond that he had to evacuate both Petersburg and Richmond and retreat that night. This is also when Lee lost one of his best generals. Coming back from sick leave, riding to the front lines to rally his men, Lieutenant General A. P. Hill was killed by enemy gunfire.
The siege had lasted nine and a half months. There were a combined total of about 70,000 casualties. Richmond fell on April 3, 1865 and six days later, Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

= = = Arrondissement of Saintes = = =
The arrondissement of Saintes is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Saintes.
History.
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the "arrondissement" of Saintes was part of that original department.
It was the centre of the old province of Saintonge.
Geography.
It is the largest of the "arrondissements" of the Charente-Maritime department but the third by population. It has an area of , and a population of 128,786 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
Saintes is in the central part of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Cognac (Charente department), to the south by the "arrondissement" of Jonzac, to the southwest by the Gironde department (through the Gironde estuary), to the west and northwest by the "arrondissement" of Rochefort.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Saintes, there are only two cantons where all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": the Saint-Porchaire and Saintes cantons. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Saintes has 89 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-d'Angély = = =
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-d'Angély is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Saint-Jean-d'Angély.
History.
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély was part of that original department.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, together with Marennes, was eliminated. In 1943, Saint-Jean-d'Angély was made again an "arrondissement".
Geography.
Saint-Jean-d'Angély is the "arrondissement" of the Charente-Maritime department with fewest people living in it. It has an area of , and a population of 53,336 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
The "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély is in the northeast of the department, in the historical and geographical region of "Basse Saintonge."
It is bordered to the west by the "arrondissement" of Rochefort, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Saintes, to the east by the Charente department and to the north and northeast by the Deux-Sèvres department.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, there are only three cantons. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély has 111 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh = = =
In 2015, Islamic extremists killed four bloggers and a publisher in Bangladesh. A report by the Committee to Protect Journalists said Bangladesh was the fourth most deadly country for journalists.
In 2013, a local al-Qaeda group called Ansarullah Bengali Team had a list of 84 names of people it wanted silenced. By 2015, 8 of them were dead: Avajit Roy, Rajeeb Haider, Jafar Munshi, Mamun Hossain, Jagatjyoti Talukder, Arif Hossain Dwip, Ziauddin Zakaria Babu and Wasikur Rahman.
Jafar Munshi ( ���� ������ ) and Anjali Devi ( ������ ����� ) were killed for supposed "defamation of religion", such as refusing to enforce hijab on students. Some of the people murdered were supporter of the Shahbag movement (������ ������� ) named for the Shahbag (������) district: Ashraful Alam (������� ��� ), Arif Raihan Deep (���� ������� ��� ), Nurul Islam Faruki (����� ����� ������), Jagat Jyoti Talukder (��������� �������� ), and Jakaria Babu (��������� ���� ).
Deaths in 2016.
March.
Nazimuddin Samad, a law student, was hacked and shot to death on a busy street in Dhaka.
April.
Xulhaz Mannan, editor Of Bangladesh’s only LGBT magazine was hacked to death.
Rezaul Karim Siddique, English professor was hacked to death in the city of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, after he organized a music school.
Deaths in 2015.
February.
Avijit Roy, a writer who started the blog Mukto-Mona, was hacked to death with machetes in Dhaka after a book fair. His wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was hurt.
March.
Washiqur Rahman Babu was killed with knives at his house in Dhaka. Police said he wrote about religion on Facebook under the name Washiqur Babu.
May.
Ananta Bijoy Das was a blogger with Avaijit Roy's Mukto-Mona. He was hacked to death with machetes in Sylhet.
August.
Niladri Chakrabarti wrote under the name Niloy Neel. He was killed in his apartment.
October.
Faisal Abedin Deepan was killed in his office. He was a publisher who published Roy's books. Another publisher, Ahmed Rahim Tutal, was attacked, but he lived.
Deaths in 2013.
Ahmed Rajib Haider was hacked to death near his home in Dhaka in February 2013. He wrote under the name Thaba Baba on his blog Somewhere in Blog.

= = = Aysén Region = = =
The XI Aysén Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.
The capital city of the region is Coyhaique. Other towns are Puerto Cisnes and Río Ibáñez.

= = = Magallanes Region = = =
The XII Magallanes Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.
It contains the Chilean territorial claim in Antarctica.
The capital city of the region is Punta Arenas. Other towns are Puerto Natales, Porvenir and Puerto Williams.
This region has the world famous Torres del Paine National Park.

= = = Santiago Metropolitan Region = = =
The Santiago Metropolitan Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has six provinces.
The capital city of the region is Santiago. Other towns are Providencia, Peñalolén and Lo Barnechea.

= = = Täuffelen = = =
Täuffelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Tavannes, Switzerland = = =
Tavannes is a municipality in Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Île d'Oléron = = =
Île d'Oléron () is an island and canton in the Atlantic coast of France (to the west of Rochefort). It is the second largest island of Metropolitan France, after Corsica. The capital, and largest town, is Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron; it is in the centre of the island.
Since 1966, there is a bridge that connects the island with mainland.
Geography.
The Île d'Oléron is on the southern side of the "Pertuis d'Antioche" strait.
The island is long and wide; it has an area of . It is a very flat island and its highest point, the "Grande dune de Saint-Trojan" dune in the southern part of the island, is only high.
The southern point of the island is "Pointe de Gatseau", the northern one is "Pointe de Chassiron" and the eastern one is "Pointe des Saumonards". Near this last point is the "Fort Boyard", a fortification in the "Pertuis d'Antioche" that is used for the French TV show of the same name.
Climate.
The climate in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is an oceanic climate with temperate summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Administration.
Administratively, the island belongs to the Charente-Maritime department, "arrondissement" of Rochefort, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
The island was divided in two cantons: "Canton du Château-d'Oléron" and "Canton de Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron", with 4 "communes" each. In 27 February 2014, the number of cantons was reduced and the two cantons of the island were combined to form only one: the Canton de l'Île d'Oléron, divided in 8 communes.
Population.
The inhabitants of Île d'Oléron are known, in French, as "Oléronais" (women: "Oléronaises").
Île d'Oléron has a population, in 2014, of 22,032, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The eight communes of the island and their populations (2013) are:

= = = Owen Smith = = =
Owen Smith (born 2 May 1970) is a British Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament for Pontypridd in Wales since 2010. In July 2015 he challenged Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership of the Labour Party. Before he became an MP he worked for the BBC and as a lobbyist for Pfizer, a company that makes drugs or pharmaceuticals. 

= = = Lobbying = = =
Lobbying is the act of trying to persuade people or governments to make decisions or support something. Lobbying can be done by many sorts of people, alone or in groups. Often it is done by big businesses, political parties, social movements, or ethnic groups. It can also be done by politicians and by ordinary citizens. Lobbyists are people whose job it is to lobby for big businesses or political parties. The word lobbying comes from the lobby of the Palace of Westminster in London. The lobby is between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and there people would try to meet politicians as they came in and went out.

= = = Pontypridd = = =
Pontypridd is a town in southern Wales. It is about ten miles south of Wales' capital city, Cardiff. Its name comes from the Welsh "Pont-y-ty-pridd” which means 'bridge by the earthen house'.

= = = Princess of Xiaohe = = =
The Princess of Xiaohe () was unearthed and named by the archaeologists of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology at Xiaohe Cemetery Tomb M11, 102 km west of Loulan, Nop Nur, Xinjiang in 2003. She is different from the female mummy discovered in 1934 described below. She has flaxen hair and long eyelashes and was wrapped in a white wool cloak with tassels and wore a felt hat, string skirt, and fur-lined leather boots. She was buried with wooden pins and three small pouches of ephedra and twigs and branches of ephedra were placed beside the body. She is not permanently exhibited in any museum. In 2010, she was exhibited at Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California, Houston Museum of Natural Science and University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. In 2019, she was exhibited at Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology at Peking University.
The previously called Princess of Xiaohe (), also known as the Beauty of Xiaohe (), is a different female mummy discovered in 1934 by Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, at Xiaohe Tomb (����; literally "Little River Tomb"), Luobu Po (���), Ruoqiang County (���), Xinjiang. Because of its beauty, this mummy was also nicknamed Marlene Dietrich of the Desert and Sophia Loren of Xiaohe.
The mummy was discovered in the Tarim Basin, 60 km south of the river Konqi He (���) at the coordinates . 
Estimated to have lived between 1900 BC and 1613 BC, the mummy was between 20 and 40 years old when she died, and stands out among other mummies found nearby for her Indo-European features. The mummy's hair, teeth and eyelashes are well preserved; its face has a sharp nose and deep eyes.

= = = Teuffenthal = = =
Teuffenthal is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Thierachern = = =
Thierachern is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Thörigen = = =
Thörigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Thun = = =
Thun () is a city of the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city has about 43,783 inhabitants (around 90,000 in the agglomeration), as of 31 December 2013.
It is located where the Aare flows out of Lake Thun (Thunersee), 30 km (19 mi) south of Berne.

= = = Jerusalem Archaeological Park = = =
Jerusalem Archaeological Park (also known as Ophel Garden) is an archaeological park and visitor centre. It is in the Old City of Jerusalem. The park is south of the Western Wall Plaza and under the Dung Gate.

= = = Kawhi Leonard = = =
Kawhi Anthony Leonard (born June 29, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He used to play for the San Antonio Spurs. Leonard played two seasons of college basketball for the San Diego State Aztecs and was named a consensus second-team All-American as a sophomore.
Leonard won Defensive Player of the Year in 2015 and 2016. He won the Most Valuable Player for the 2014 Finals win. He was not drafted by the Spurs. Rather he was traded on draft night from the Indiana Pacers.
In 2018, Leonard joined the Toronto Raptors. He helped the team win the 2019 NBA Finals. His contract ended on June 30, 2019.
Leonard has scored more than 30 points in a game thirteen times in the 2019 playoff season. He has been compared to LeBron James, Kevin Durant, and Stephen Curry.
In 2021, he was named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.

= = = Jonzac = = =
Jonzac is a commune and a sub-prefecture in southwestern France, in the Charente-Maritime department (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region).
It is the capital of the southern "arrondissement" of the Charente-Maritime department.
History.
Jonzac is in the historical region of "Haute Saintonge". The city started on two hills, "Balaguier" et "Montguimar", where are the main historical buildings of the city: the "Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais de Jonzac" church and the "Château de Jonzac" castle.
Geography.
The city of Jonzac is far from the prefecture of Charente-Maritime, La Rochelle, that is at to the northwest, but it is at only from Angoulême, prefecture of the neighbour department of Charente, and at from Bordeaux, prefecture of the department of Gironde and main city of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Jonzac has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The "communes" that are around Jonzac are Saint-Martial-de-Vitaterne, Réaux, Champagnac, Ozillac, Saint-Simon-de-Bordes and Saint-Simon-de-Bordes.
The Seugne river, a left tributary of the Charente river, flows through the city from southeast to northwest.
Climate.
The climate of Jonzac, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
Population.
With a population of 3,465, Jonzac has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The inhabitants of Jonzac are known, in French, as "Jonzacais" (women: "Jonzacaises").
Administration.
Jonzac is a subprefecture of the Charente-Maritime department since 1800. Its INSEE code is 197 (combined with the code of the department: 17197). It is also the capital of the canton of Jonzac.

= = = Alex Higgins = = =
Alex Higgins (March 18, 1949 – July 24, 2010) was a snooker player from Northern Ireland. He was born in Belfast and started playing snooker at the age of 11. He became a professional player in 1972 when he was 22. He won the 1972 World Snooker Championship by beating John Spencer 37 frames to 32. Ten years later, he won the 1982 World Snooker Championship by defeating Ray Reardon 18 frames to 15. Higgins was nicknamed the "Hurricane" because of his fast play around the table. Higgins retired from professional snooker in 1997.
Higgins smoked 60 cigarettes a day for many years. In June 1998, He was found to have throat cancer. On July 24, 2010, he died in Belfast at the age of 61. The cause of death was a combination of malnutrition, pneumonia, and a bronchial condition. He was clear from throat cancer when he died.

= = = Thunstetten = = =
Thunstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Toffen = = =
Toffen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Stitch (Lilo & Stitch) = = =
Stitch is the main character of the Disney Lilo & Stitch franchise. He is voiced by creator Chris Sanders and is an alien that poses as a dog.
Biography.
Stitch was created as Jumba Jookiba's 626th experiment. He left the galactic prison and landed on Hawaii, where he met Lilo Pelekai.

= = = Berga = = =
Berga is the capital of the "comarca" (county) of Berguedà, in Catalonia, northeast Spain.
Berga name is from the Bergistani, an Iberian tribe who lived in the area before the Roman conquest. Berga was ruled by viscounts in the Early Middle Ages. It had its own counts starting in 988. Berga was sold to King Peter II of Aragon in 1199.
Berga is perhaps most famous for its traditional festival of "La Patum". The celebration occurs every Corpus Christi, lasting for five days.

= = = Planum = = =
Planum is an Italian academic journal about urban planning and design. It is published in Italy by the Italian National Institute of Urban Planning. 

= = = Power (Kanye West song) = = =
"Power" is a song by American hip hop performer Kanye West. It was released as the main single from his album "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy". It peaked at #22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It got very good reviews from critics.
Info.
The song is performed by Kanye West. It has extra vocals from the soul singer Dwele. It was co-produced by West and Symbolyc One. The song has samples from "21st Century Schizoid Man" by King Crimson, "Afromerica" by Continent Number 6 and "It's Your Thing" by Cold Grits.

= = = The Life of Pablo = = =
The Life of Pablo is the seventh studio album by American rapper Kanye West. It was released in early 2016 by Roc-A-Fella Records, GOOD Music and Def Jam Recordings. Most recording of the album took place between 2013 and 2016 and production was done mainly by West as well as other big producers like Mike Dean and Rick Rubin. It got good reviews from music critics and also debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200.
Track listing.
Notes
Sample credits

= = = T24 = = =
T24 (Techno 24, Russian: "����� 24") - Russian scientific educational TV channel of male`s interests. It is devoted to the achievements of science in the civil and military technologies, development of engineers and designers; it explains the newest types of weapons, space exploration, sports science, engineering and strategic sites. It is a part of the "Digital TV" package of media holding VGTRK
History.
The 24TECHNO TV channel began broadcasting on June 18, 2007. It was the sixth TV channel of "ArtMedia Group", the leading manufacturer of TV channels for basic cable and satellite broadcasting.
At first, T24 provided documentary television programming focused primarily on popular science: technique, technology and incredible experiments. The main idea of the channel was to bring together the best scientific programs of Russian and overseas production.
Half of the content was Russian, including the channel’s original content. The other 50% of broadcasting was filled with Western programs and films which met the channel`s subject . 24TEHNO TV used to buy programs from companies such as BBC, Electric Sky, F For Films, World Wide Entertainment and others. Categories: "Man", "Technology", "Discovery", "Space", "The X-Files", "Curiosities" and "Evolution" explained the latest scientific developments in different science branches, as well as the history of discoveries. By 2008, the audience of the channel had reached two million people from Russia, CIS and Baltic countries. At 2011, entered media holding "NCC Media".
On February 1, 2015 former 24TECHNO entered the thematic channels package "Digital TV" (subsidiary RTR and "Rostelecom"). There was a full restart of the channel. The channel got the name " TEHNO 24" or "T24", a new logo and corporate identity, and a new programming lineup. The main idea of the channel was also changed. Oleg Ternovoy became an editor of the “24T”. After restarting, the updated "T24" will offer its viewers a few special projects dedicated to tanks, modern armies armament , as well as will make shows about men, enthusiastic restoration of military equipment. Two "T24" projects are devoted to military and civil engineering. The basis of “T24” is the channel’s own content. In 2015, viewers saw 500 hours of original content. The audience of the channel at the time of start-up was 15.2 million subscribers in Russia, the Baltics and the CIS.

= = = Seugne = = =
The Seugne is a river in southwestern France and a left tributary of the Charente river. It flows through the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Geography.
The Seugne river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 7.6 cubic metres per second at "Saint-Seurin-de-Palenne".
Course.
The Seugne river starts in the "commune" of Montlieu-la-Garde, near the place called "Chez Bourdeau", at an elevation of about . It flows generally north-northwest.
The river flows through the small cities of Jonzac, subprefecture and Pons, both in the Charente-Maritime department.
After the small town of Colombiers, the river flows into the Charente river in Les Gonds, a suburb of Saintes.
The Seugne flows through 2 "arrondissements" (Jonzac and Saintes), 7 cantons and 34 "communes", all in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region:
The river starts in the canton of Montlieu-la-Garde, flows through the cantons of Montendre, Jonzac, Saint-Genis-de-Saintonge, Pons, Gémozac and, finally, ends in the canton of Saintes-Est.
It flows through the following communes, from its starts to its confluence : Montlieu-la-Garde, Chepniers, Pouillac, Sainte-Colombe, Polignac, Chatenet, Le Pin, Sousmoulins, Mérignac, Pommiers-Moulons, Vibrac, Chaunac, Fontaines-d'Ozillac, Léoville, Saint-Médard, Champagnac, Ozillac, Jonzac, Saint-Germain-de-Lusignan, Lussac, Clion, Saint-Georges-Antignac, Mosnac, Fléac-sur-Seugne, Belluire, Pons, Bougneau, Saint-Léger, Colombiers, Montils, La Jard, Berneuil, Les Gonds, Courcoury, Saint-Sever-de-Saintonge.
Main tributaries.
All the tributaries of the Seugne river are small rivers or streams:

= = = Trachselwald = = =
Trachselwald is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the Swiss canton of Bern.

= = = Tramelan = = =
Tramelan is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = National Liberation Day of Korea = = =
The National Liberation Day of Korea, is a holiday on August 15 in both North and South Korea. It is to celebrate Victory over Japan Day, the day when Korea was freed from Imperial Japanese control by the United States and the Soviet Union. In South Korean, it is written as ��� or ���, and pronounced gwangbokjeol. In North Korea, it is written as ����� � or ����� �, and is pronounced jogukhaebangui nal.

= = = United States of America Mathematical Olympiad = = =
United States of America Mathematical Olympiad, or USAMO, is a highly selective (only very good people take it) mathematics competition that takes place in the United States. The first USAMO was in 1972. It is the final round of the AMC series of contests. The United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO) was created in 2010 to recognize top scorers based on their AMC10-based index (score). Qualifying for the USAMO is considered one of the most prestigious, or best, awards for high school students in the United States, with only 264 students qualifying in 2013 out of over 350,000 students competing. Top scorers on the USAMO are invited to the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program to represent the United States at the International Mathematical Olympiad.
AMC Competition Series.
Competitions.
The AMC Competition Series consists of multiple tests to determine the 6 people that will represent the United States in the International Mathematical Olympiad:
MOP.
Mathematical Olympiad Program, is an intense summer program for the top scorers in the USAMO. In MOP, students take tests called TSTST and TST. 6 top scorers will represent the United States at the IMO.

= = = Joey Graceffa = = =
Joseph Michael "Joey" Graceffa (born May 16, 1991) is an American YouTuber who became known for his musical parodies, including the 2012 Hunger Games song "I Wanna Go." He competed in the 22nd and 24th seasons of The Amazing Race. In 2014, he won a Streamy Award for Best Actor in a Drama for Storytellers. He started his YouTube career making videos (short movies) with Brittany Joyal. In 2012 they stopped working together.
Graceffa launched his own web series on Teen.com called Joey's Dystopia. He released a book in 2015 titled "In Real Life: My Journey to a Pixelated World". In the book he came out as gay. He also later released a music video called "Don't Wait" introducing his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. Graceffa has 3.9 million followers on Twitter (October 2017). He has also released a storybook series, called the Children of Eden. On October 4, 2016, Graceffa, along with co-author Laura L. Sullivan, released a young adult novel titled "Children of Eden". The sequel, "Elites of Eden", was published on October 3, 2017.
Personal life.
He grew up with his family in Boston before moving on his own to California to pursue his career. His parents divorced when he was young. He has a brother named Jett and a sister named Nicole. In 2016 he introduced his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. He is good friends with many fellow YouTubers, including Cat Valdes and Louise Pentland.

= = = Treiten = = =
Treiten () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Trimstein = = =
Trimstein was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, Trimstein became part of Münsingen.

= = = Departments of Paraguay = = =
Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district ("Distrito Capital"). The departments are formed by districts.
The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
Related pages.

= = = Trubschachen = = =
Trubschachen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Economy.
Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory headquartered in Trubschachen.

= = = Tschugg = = =
Tschugg is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Kalika Purana = = =
The Kalika Purana is a Hindu script. It is one of the 18 uppurana. There are 98 lesson and 9000 sloka in this holy book. This is the only book written for Goddess Kali and her special form. It explains the kamrupa mountain, river and kamakhya temple. It also records how to worship Kali, Kamakhya and Durga. It is the main book of the Shakta branch in Hinduism. Probably this book was written in Kamrup (present Assam) or Bengal. This Purana is an important scripture. Most modern writers mention that it is a main script of shaktadharma. This Purana mentions the mythological story. It is the rare book where we find the term of Hindu.
The oldest printed version of the Kalika Purana was printed in Mumbai in 1907 by Venkateswar Press. Later the first Bengali version of was printed by Kolkata Bangabasi Press in 1909.

= = = Trabzon = = =
Trabzon, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey. It is the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon is well known for its fish production. It started as a trading colony of ancient Greece and later became capital of the Empire of Trabizond.

= = = Wabern bei Bern = = =
Wabern bei Bern is a village in the municipality of Köniz in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

= = = Branching = = =
Branching is a term in linguistics. It refers to the way a phrase or sentence is made up. There is a head word and various other words to make the phrase or sentence.
Examples.
Most languages make phrases with a head word and dependents (modifiers). These examples show the phrase heads in bold. 
Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases):
Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases):
Example of phrases that contain both left- and right-branching (= head-medial phrases):
Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees show a combination of left- and right-branching in English:
There are more right-branching structures than left-branching structures in English. This means that trees usually grow down to the right.

= = = Mürren = = =
Mürren is a village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

= = = Ghasem Rezaei = = =
Ghasem Rezaei (Persian: ���� �����‎‎, born August 18, 1985 in Amol) is an Iranian wrestler from Mazandaran Province of Iran.
He won the gold medal in the men’s 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2012 London Olympics. Rezaei won the bronze medal in the men's 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Rezaei's first success at the international level was 2007 when he won bronze in the FILA Senior World Championships.

= = = Seeland (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Seeland in the Swiss canton of Bern has 46 municipalities in an area of 335 km2.

= = = Concepción Department, Paraguay = = =
The Concepción department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Concepción.
Its code is PY-1.
Geography.
The Concepción department is in the central part of the country, in the northwest of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , with a population of 189,929 for a Population density of .
Rivers.
The main river in the department is the Paraguay river. Other rivers are the Apa and the Ypané.
Climate.
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Concepción was . The month with the most precipitation was March with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Concepción was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts.
The department is divided in 11 districts:

= = = Angora goat = = =
The Angora goat () is a breed of domestic goat. It is named for Ankara, Turkey (before 1930, Angora). The Angora produces fine quality white or coloured mohair which is very similar to wool. Angoras were imported into Europe in 1554 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1765 they were imported into Spain and about 1785 they were introduced into France. None of these were able to set up a successful mohair production. But in 1838 Angoras were successfully introduced in South Africa. Today, the Union of South Africa is one of the world's top mohair producers. Angora goats are kept mostly for their output of mohair.

= = = Tüscherz-Alfermée = = =
Tüscherz-Alfermée () was a municipality in the district Nidau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

= = = Twann = = =
Twann () was a municipality of the district Nidau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

= = = Bümpliz = = =
Bümpliz is a quarter of the city of Bern in Switzerland.
List of famous People who grew up in Bümpliz:
Dennis Lüthi
Until 1919 it was a municipality of its own. It was then incorporated into Bern.

= = = Spencer repeating rifle = = =
The Spencer repeating rifle was a lever-action, seven shot repeating rifle with a rotating block. It had a tubular magazine that fed 56-56 rimfire cartridges into the chamber. The rifle was invented by Christopher Miner Spencer and patented in 1860. 
History.
Spencer had formerly worked for Samuel Colt. His rifle was one of the most advanced designs of the American Civil War. It took some time to sell the idea to the United States Government so the rifles were not produced until 1863. The war department was looking at a number of rifle designs and it took time to decide on Spencer's rifle. 
Tested by Lincoln.
When Spencer was trying to get his rifle accepted, he faced a number of bureaucratic obstacles. He decided to try to see the one person who might be able to cut through the red tape, President Abraham Lincoln. He got an appointment with Lincoln and brought a Spencer rifle and ammunition to the White House. Lincoln was impressed and asked Spencer to take it apart and explain how it worked. When Spencer put it back together for the President, Lincoln asked if Spencer was busy the next day. When Spencer said he was not, Lincoln said “Come over tomorrow at 2 o’clock, and we’ll see the thing shoot.” 
At 2:00 p.m. the next day, Spencer, President Lincoln and his son Todd, went to the open field nearby (later the site of the Washington Monument). Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had been asked to attend but did not show up. Lincoln fired the gun and tested it thoroughly. Lincoln decided to keep the rifle. He shot it again the next day with his secretary, John Hay. Lincoln directed the War Department to order Spencer rifles. By the end of the war about 230,000 had been produced. Some were made by Spencer's company and later others were made by the Burnside Rifle Company in Providence, Rhode Island. After the Sharps rifle, the Spencer was the most widely used carbine during the war.
Battle of the Wilderness.
An excellent example of the firepower of the new Spencer carbines was the action at Parker's Store on the morning of May 5, 1864. The 500 cavalrymen of the Fifth New York Cavalry dismounted to form a skirmish line. They were attacked by an entire division of Confederate infantry The Union cavalry held off the Confederates for over three hours until they ran low on ammunition, forcing them to pull back. The cavalry lost about 80 casualties in the skirmish. The Confederates believed they were facing an entire Union brigade and had no idea it was a small cavalry regiment using Spencer repeating carbines.
The design.
The Spencer repeating rifle had a "rolling block" design. It was activated by lowering the trigger guard which opened the breech and extracted the spent cartridge shell. Raising the lever loaded a new cartridge from a spring-loaded 7-round magazine in the stock. The gun had few parts, many of which were common to the Sharps rifle. This made it easy and relatively inexpensive to make. One of its main advantages was its breech loading design. The Spencer proved to be very reliable under battlefield conditions. The muzzleloading rifles were slow to load compared to the Spencer. Also, in battlefield conditions, muzzleloaders could only aim the first few shots. With the enemy bearing down on them the remaining shots were fired as quickly as possible and were almost always poorly aimed. Muzzleloaders could fire only two or three shots a minute. A soldier trained to use the Spencer could fire from 20 to 30 aimed shots a minute when using a cartridge box that held 10 pre-loaded magazines. The only weakness of the Spencer was the small powder charge that did not have great range. But it proved to be an excellent rifle for the cavalry because they usually fought at close range. It allowed a smaller cavalry unit to lay down devastating firepower on an enemy. Several times, larger Confederate units had to retreat to save themselves from being cut to pieces by Spencer-equipped Union cavalry units.

= = = Strongpoint = = =
A strongpoint is a key point in a defensive fighting position which the rest of the positions rely on. Its primary requirement is that it should not be easy to defeat by the enemy. In general, high ground is preferred. But any good tactically important terrain can be used as a strongpoint. Examples from history include Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans held off an entire Persian army at a narrow pass in the mountains. In the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy in World War II, the area around the abbey of Monte Cassino was used by the German army as a strongpoint until it was destroyed by American bombers.

= = = Banshee = = =
In Celtic mythology, a Banshee is a female spirit, who usually announces that a person from the family will die soon. The word is from "bean sí", which literally means woman from the hills. An older spelling is "bean sidhe". "Bean sith," and bean-nighe are variants.

= = = Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan = = =
This article is about the ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan.
Data.
Although more than 91% of the people are ethnic Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijan has many ethnic minorities including Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Jews and other minorities. However, the numbers of most of these ethnic minorities are small.
History.
After the end of the Soviet Union with the independence of Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh War, almost all Armenians (outside the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh) fled or were deported from the country. At the same time, almost all Azerbaijanis fled or were deported from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. 
Most Russians and other minorities have also left the country and are continuing to leave. As a result, Azerbaijan has become ethnically more "pure".

= = = Waterloo International Airport = = =
Waterloo International Airport is an airport in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
It is an international airport because it does flights to Chicago, Illinois in the United States.

= = = Chañaral Province = = =
The Chañaral Province () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). The capital is the small coastal town of Chañaral.
Geography.
The Chañaral province has an area of .
Chañaral is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
About north of the town of Chañaral is the "Pan de Azúcar National Park".
Population.
 (last national census), there were 32,132 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Chañaral, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 6,384 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Chañaral is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"). The city of Chañaral serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Chamber (firearms) = = =
The chamber is that part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded. The chamber is also the place the cartridge is fired from. In a breech-loading weapon the chamber is directly behind and in line with the barrel. Most rifles and pistols have a single chamber. To "chamber" a round means to load a cartridge into the chamber.
A revolver has multiple chambers contained in a revolving cylinder. The typical number is six, which is the reason for the nickname Six Shooter and indicates the cylinder has six chambers each holding one cartridge. 
Semi-automatic weapons.
In a semi-automatic firearm the weapon can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled (until the magazine is empty). A semi-automatic firearm can be a pistol, rifle, or shotgun. Each time the trigger is pulled, the gun fires, the spent shell is ejected and a new round is loaded into the chamber. The semi-automatic is a very popular choice for sporting use.
Semi-automatic pistols and rifles use the pressure of the fired cartridge to move the slide backwards. A fraction of a second later, the slide moves forward loading a fresh cartridge into the chamber. The magazine uses a spring to feed one cartridge at a time into the chamber.
Fully automatic weapons.
Fully-automatic firearms are those that automatically reload and fire again repeatedly as long as their triggers are depressed and they still have ammunition in their magazines. Fully automatic weapons are not for sporting use but are used by police and militaries. An assault rifle is "a gun that can shoot many bullets quickly and that is designed for use by the military". Like semiautomatic firearms, automatics have a single chamber.
Manual loading weapons.
A manually loaded firearm is one in which the chamber is loaded by hand each time the weapon is fired. For example, a Bolt action rifle ejects the spent cartridge when the bolt is pulled back, then loads another cartridge into the chamber when the bolt pushed forward (and locked). 
A lever action rifle does the same thing when the lever is moved down (ejects the spent cartridge), then up (loads a new round in the chamber). There are also single shot pistols, rifles and shotguns in which the breech is opened to eject a spent shell, then the shooter loads a round into the chamber manually. 
A popular type of manually loaded firearms for sporting and hunting use is the pump action shotgun. Here, a sliding handle (usually located under the barrel) is moved backwards to eject the spent shotgun shell, then when moved forward it loads a fresh shotgun shell from a tubular magazine.

= = = Uebeschi = = =
Uebeschi is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Trump = = =
Trump most commonly refers to:
Trump may also refer to:

= = = Uetendorf = = =
Uetendorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Sprout (TV network) = = =
Sprout is an American Digital cable and satellite television network it launched on September 26, 2005. is owned by NBCUniversal.

= = = 2013 Africa Cup of Nations = = =
The 2013 Africa Cup of Nations was the 29th Africa Cup of Nations held from 19 January to 10 February 2013. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). South Africa hosted the tournament for the second time. This was also the first tournament to be held on an odd-numbered year. This was done so that it doesn't get in the way of the FIFA World Cup.
Nigeria won the tournament after a 1–0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final. Mali also won the third-place game. Nigeria later represented Africa in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Qualification.
A total of 47 countries entered the qualification.
Venues.
The average daytime temperature of the host cities ranges from to .
Knockout stage.
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place match
Final

= = = Unterlangenegg = = =
Unterlangenegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = 1994 African Cup of Nations = = =
The 1994 African Cup of Nations was the 19th Africa Cup of Nations held from 26 March to 10 April. It was hosted by Tunisia and had 12 teams who qualified.
Nigeria won their 2nd title after defeating Zambia 2−1 in the final. The Zambian team featured new players because the 1993 Zambia national football team air disaster occurred a few months earlier.
Group stage.
Teams highlighted in green move on to the quarter-finals.
Knockout stage.
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place match
Final

= = = Unterseen = = =
Unterseen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Ulsan = = =
Ulsan is a metropolitan city in the southeast of South Korea. Big companies such as Hyundai Heavy Industries, Hyundai Hysco, Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Hyundai Motor Company, SK Innovation and S-Oil. are in Ulsan. Making motors, shipbuilding and petrochemical companies are the main industries in Ulsan. It has the largest area of Korean metropolitan cities but it has the lowest population. In Ulsan, there is a Whale Festival every year to celebrate whales.

= = = AC Sparta Prague = = =
Athletic Club Sparta Praha (), commonly known as Sparta Prague, is a Soccer club from the Czech Republic. It is the most successful football club in the Czech Republic. Its nickname is Iron Sparta. Its biggest rival is Slavia Prague.
Accomplishments.
The A.C. Sparta Prague has:
History.
In 1991, Sparta came in third place in the Champions League. The other finalists were F.C. Barcelona, F.C. Porto, and F.C. Spartak Moscow.
Sparta last won a title in the Czech Republic during the 2013/2014 season. Sparta also won the Czech League Cup and the Super Cup that season. Because of this, Sparta fans call the 2013/2014 season the "Sparta treble season."
In the 2015/2016 season of the Europa League, Sparta made it to the quarterfinals but lost to Villarreal C.F. 
Famous players.
Famous players who have played for Sparta include Pavel Nedvěd, Jan Koller, Andrej Kvašňák, Jan Berger, Tomáš Rosický, Horst Siegl, Václav Mašek, Jiří Novotný, Jiří Jarošík, Libor Sionko, Wilfried Bony, and Leonard Kweuke. 
Sparta's most famous coach was Václav Ježek.
European cups all-time statistics.
The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Sparta's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D), and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.
UEFA club coefficient ranking.
"As of 12.02.2021, Source: "
References.
Notes

= = = George Meade = = =
George Gordon Meade (1815-1872) was one of the few Union Army generals in the American Civil War who was born and began his career in a foreign country. He was born in Cadiz, Spain on December 31, 1815. He came to the United States after his family was financially ruined during the Napoleonic Wars. Meade was made commander of the Union Army of the Potomac just before the Battle of Gettysburg. After the Civil War he stayed in the army, serving in the South during the Reconstruction. Meade served as commissioner of Fairmount Park in Philadelphia until his death in 1872.
Early life.
Meade was born in Cadiz, Spain to American parents, Richard W. Meade and Margaret Coates Meade. His father was an agent for the United States Navy. Richard Meade died in 1828 leaving his family with very little money. The family returned to the United States settling in Philadelphia. In 1831, because his family was still struggling financially, Meade entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. Four years later he graduated 19th in a class of 56. 
Meade was commissioned a second lieutenant and served in the Seminole Wars in Florida. He was an artillery officer for a year before resigning in 1837 to become a civil engineer. He reentered the army in 1842 after having difficulty in finding jobs. Meade was a second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers when the Mexican–American War broke out in 1846. He was then placed in charge of lighthouse construction and later, surveying the Great Lakes.
Civil War.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Meade had risen to the rank of captain in the regular army. He was appointed a brigadier general to command a brigade of Pennsylvania volunteers. He was given the task of building several fortifications near Tenallytown, Maryland. It was about this time he gained his nickname "The Old Snapping Turtle" for being short-tempered with junior officers and his superiors. He was especially short with civilians and newspaper reporters. His command was attached to the Army of the Potomac in March 1862. His troops fought in the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek and the Battle of Gaines's Mill. Meade was seriously wounded at the Battle of Glendale. He remained on the battlefield giving orders until a loss of blood from two bullet wounds forced him to leave the field. He recovered in a Philadelphia hospital and returned to duty in September. He led a division of "Pennsylvania Reserves" at the Battle of South Mountain and again three days later on September 17, 1862 at the Battle of Antietam. At Antietam he took temporary command of I Corps after the corps commander was wounded. He participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg and after the battle was made commander of the V Corps. In May 1863, Meade's V Corps protected the important fords on the Rappahannock River at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Despite the Union Army heavily outnumbering the Confederates, the Army of the Potomac was defeated. This led to General Hooker being replaced as commander. On June 28, 1863 Meade was given overall command of the Army of the Potomac.
Gettysburg.
Having had command of the Army of the Potomac for only three days, and having to deal with a Confederate army which had already invaded Pennsylvania, Meade quickly reorganized his forces. He moved the army towards Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to stop Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
With parts of his army already at Gettysburg, Meade arrived late in the day on July 1. He decided to fight a defensive battle. His army held ground just south of Gettysburg. The next day saw some of the bloodiest fighting with the Union army holding the high ground and Lee's army attacking both flanks. Each attack was thrown back. That evening, Meade held a "council of war" with his officers. All said the army should stay and fight the Confederates. On July 3 the Confederates attacked the Union center with about 13,000 men. They broke through the center of the Union line only to be thrown back again. When Lee told General George Pickett to gather his division together and attack again, Picket replied he no longer had a division. They had been nearly wiped out during Pickett's Charge. At that point Lee realized he had been defeated. On July 4, 1863, following three days of battle at Gettysburg, the two armies watched each other from opposing ridges. Meade sent out skirmishers to probe the Confederate lines. But no order was given to attack. Lee was now concerned with getting his army and all their captured supplies back to Virginia. His army held its position while the more than 10,000 wounded men were moved by wagon train to Williamsport, Maryland. The train of wagons and ambulances with the wounded was some long. Meade discovered Lee's army had left the morning of July 5. Meade then ordered his nearly exhausted army to pursue Lee. Since the Potomac River was flooded, Lee's army was delayed in crossing. But by the time Meade's forces reached the Potomac, Lee had already escaped back into Virginia.
While Meade was proclaimed the "hero of Gettysburg", President Lincoln wasn't satisfied. He had expected Meade to follow and destroy Lee's army, which could have ended the war. Meade offered Lincoln his resignation but Lincoln refused to accept it. On July 7, 1863, Meade was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army. Both the battles of Bristoe Station and Mine Run were undecisive for the Union army under Meade. In the spring of 1864, Meade again offered his resignation when General Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief of all Union forces and made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac. While Meade remained in command, nearly all command decisions were made by Grant. This continued through the Siege of Petersburg after which Meade was promoted to major general. A week later, when Lee surrendered his army to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Meade was not present.
After the war.
Meade commanded several military departments. One of these was the Department of the South. In the fall of 1872, he came down with pneumonia. He died on November 6, 1872. His funeral became a state affair with President Grant attending. Thousands of people in Philadelphia lined the route of his funeral to say goodbye to the "hero of Gettysburg". On July 18, 1917, by order of the United States Department of War, Camp Meade, Maryland was named in honor of George G. Meade. In 1929, to differentiate it from Fort Meade in South Dakota, the camp was renamed Fort George G. Meade.

= = = Clementi MRT station = = =
Clementi MRT Station (EW23) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. Part of the East West Line, Clementi MRT Station is heavily used by commuters who live in Clementi itself or further west to go to work and also, by students of the National University of Singapore, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and other schools around Clementi. Hence, the station experiences high passenger traffic throughout the day due to it serving a wide range of passengers.
The tracks between this station and Jurong East is the second longest between any two stations on the East West Line, the longest being the tracks between Expo and Changi Airport MRT Stations. It takes four minutes for trains to travel between these two stations.
The station is also directly linked to the Clementi Mall and Clementi Bus Interchange. Together, they form the Clementi Integrated Transport Hub (ITH).
It was opened on 12 March 1988.
On 5 August 1993, at around 7.53 am, two trains collided in the station. It appeared that one train had stopped at the station for longer than usual after experiencing a technical fault, and then a second westward train hit the first. It was caused by a 50 litre oil spill. 156 commuters were injured, many of whom were on their way to work. Eight were admitted to three hospitals, while the rest received outpatient treatment. In the aftermath of the accident, SMRT said that it would replace the faulty maintenance locomotives and purchase new ones. It also introduced a new policy for station managers to inspect tracks for oil or foreign objects before the start of service.
Exits.
Together with Commonwealth and Queenstown stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. It was completed and opened on 25 August 2015.

= = = Queenstown MRT station = = =
Queenstown MRT Station (EW23) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.
History.
The station was opened on 12 March 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi.
Exits.
Together with Commonwealth and Clementi stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. Construction started in mid-2012 and opened on August 23, 2015, together with Commonwealth.

= = = Commonwealth MRT station = = =
Commonwealth MRT Station (EW20) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.
Exits.
Together with Queenstown and Clementi stations, an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits were built, one on each side of the road. The exits are equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines, whereas the exit numbers are divided into 1 and 2 respectively. These new exits were opened on 23 August 2015, alongside Queenstown.

= = = Chañaral = = =
Chañaral is a small coastal city and commune in the Atacama region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Chañaral.
Its name, "Chañaral" means a "place where there are many trees of chaña" (the Chilean name for "Geoffroea decorticans").
History.
In 1824, Diego de Almeyda found a large area with copper ore in the region; later, he looked for a place from where to export the mineral and began to form a small village in the place where is the present town of Chanaral. In 26 October 1833, José Joaquín Prieto founded the Distrito de Chañaral ("Chañaral District").
Geography.
The commune of Chañaral has an area of . The city of Chañaral is to the north of Santiago at and to the north of the city of Copiapó at .
The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by the Diego de Almagro commune, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Near the town of Chañaral, to the north, is the "Pan de Azúcar National Park".
The "Salado" river flows into the Pacific Ocean in the commune of "Chañaral"; it is about long.
Chañaral has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 47 years, is only .
Population.
 (last national census), there were 13,143 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Chañaral is the largest city of the province with a population, in 2002, of 12,123 inhabitants. The small town of "Salado" has 1,149 inhabitants.

= = = Linda Partridge = = =
Professor Dame Linda Partridge (born 18 March 1950) is a British geneticist. She studies the biology and genetics of ageing (biogerontology) and age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
In 1994 she moved to University College London (UCL) as Weldon Professor of Biometry, and was the Director of the Institute of Healthy Ageing between 2007 and 2019.
She is also founding director of the Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing.
Awards.
Partridge was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996 and appointed CBE in 2003. She was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin–Wallace Medal in 2008.
In 2009, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), and received the Croonian lectureship from the Royal Society.
In March 2009, the UKRC announced Dame Linda was one of six Women of Outstanding Achievement in Science, Engineering and Technology.
She is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.
She was awarded Foreign Honorary Membership from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.
She has been awarded Honorary Degrees (DSc) from the University of Bath in 2011, the University of Oxford and the University of Brighton.
BBC interview.
In a recent BBC radio interview Partridge talked about her life and work.

= = = Now That You Got It = = =
"Now That You Got It" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second solo studio album, "The Sweet Escape" (2006). Stefani co-wrote the song with its producers Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz. The album version of the song is a hip hop and R&B song and the remix is a reggae song.
Music video.
The song's music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Puerto Rico scenes were filmed after Stefani's concert there on July 19, 2007. Most of the video were shot in a studio, including scenes of Stefani riding a motorbike in front of a green screen.
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Sweet Escape".

= = = Diego de Almagro, Chile = = =
Diego de Almagro is a small Chilean city and commune in the Chañaral Province, Atacama Region. The commune is named after Diego de Almagro, a Spanish conquistador.
Its inhabitants are called "dieguinos" (women: "dieguinas").
History.
The commune was created on 19 August 1972 with the name of "Pueblo Hundido" but its name was changed on 13 April 1977 to the present name of "Diego de Almagro".
Geography.
The commune of Diego de Almagro has an area of . The city of Diego de Almagro is at from Chañaral (capital of the province and at from the city of Copiapó (capital of the Atacama region).
The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Chañaral commune.
Diego de Almagro has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 10 years, is only .
Population.
 (last national census), there were 18,589 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest town of the commune is "Salvador", a mining town, with a population, in 2002, of 9,745 inhabitants. The town of Diego de Almagro has 8,192 inhabitants.

= = = Copiapó Province = = =
Copiapó Province () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Copiapó.
Geography.
The Copiapó province has an area of , the largest province in the Atacama region.
Copiapó is bordered on the north by the Chañaral province, on the northeast by Argentina, on the east by the Tierra Amarilla commune, on the south by the Huasco province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and the Caldera commune.
The main river of the province is the Copiapó river that is long. In the valley of the Copiapó river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 155,713 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Copiapó, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 129,091 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Copiapó is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes ("comunas"). The city of Copiapó serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Huasco Province = = =
Huasco Province ) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Vallenar.
Geography.
The Huasco province has an area of , the smallest province in the Atacama region.
Huasco is bordered on the north by the Copiapó province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Coquimbo region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
The main river of the province is the Huasco river that is long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 6,649 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Vallenar, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 48,040 inhabitants in the commune.
Administration.
As a province, Huasco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Vallenar serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Cimo, Ticino = = =
Cimo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Bosco Luganese and Cimo merged to form the municipality of Bioggio.

= = = Breno, Ticino = = =
Breno is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 13 March 2005 the former municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.

= = = Sirtuin = = =
Sirtuin or Sir2 proteins are a class of enzymes that are important in cell biology. 
Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2', the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.
Sirtuins influence many cellular processes like ageing, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during low-calorie situations. Sirtuins can also control circadian clocks and mitochondrial biogenesis.

= = = Euryale = = =
Euryale is one of the gorgons in Greek myth. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island. 
A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.

= = = MTOR = = =
mTOR is a protein, an enzyme which regulates cell growth, cell division, cell movement, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "MTOR" gene.
It has been given various names. It was originally called the 'mammalian target of rapamycin', but is also known as the 'mechanistic target of rapamycin' and 'FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1' (FRAP1).
The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, and the brain.

= = = Rapamycin = = =
Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a compound produced by the bacterium "Streptomyces hygroscopicus".
It is used in medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coating for coronary stents.
Effects on longevity.
Rapamycin was first shown to extend lifespan in eukaryotes (actually, yeast cells) in 2006.
In a 2009 study, the lifespans of mice fed rapamycin were increased between 28 and 38% from the beginning of treatment. That is a 9 to 14% increased maximum lifespan. The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.
Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments. It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey). A study on dogs is also planned.
Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections. 
It is thought that some dietary regimes, like restricting calories and methionine, cause lifespan extension by decreasing mTOR activity. It is believed that this is achieved by limiting the essential amino acid leucine, a potent activator of mTOR. The administration of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.
According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production. Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated. This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows. Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration. 
These positive feedbacks on the aging process are counteracted by protective mechanisms: decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates glycolysis, and removal of dysfunctional cellular components by autophagy.

= = = Bristoe Campaign = = =
The Bristoe Campaign was a series of minor battles fought in Virginia during October and November 1863, in the American Civil War. Major general George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army of the Potomac, began an unsuccessful attempt to defeat General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Lee countered with a turning movement. Not willing to do battle on ground he did not choose, Meade gradually withdrew his army back toward Centreville. His object was to keep Lee from getting between his Union forces in Virginia and Washington, DC.
The campaign.
In September, Lee was forced to send his I Corps commanded by general James Longstreet to the Western Theatre around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Meade lost his Union XI and XII Corps who were also sent to Tennessee. Lee was left with about 55,000 men while Meade’s forces now numbered about 80,000. Meade was unhappy about having to give up two Corps and felt he did not have a large enough force to defeat Lee. Lee, however, proceeded with his plan for a turning movement, to get between Meade and Washington DC.
Early on the morning of October 9, the Confederates broke camp to try to move unnoticed around Meade's flank. They avoided hills and dusty roads where marching might raise clouds of dust that could be seen for miles. Lee knew that if Meade discovered his movements he would either commit to battle or move north of the Rappahannock. But Union pickets reported there were no drum or bugle calls and no smoke from the morning cooking fires coming from the Confederate camps. Word was sent to Meade's headquarters that the rebel army seemed to be moving westward. Meade still did not know what was happening but was very uneasy about these reports. Lee might be moving south to Richmond or he could be moving north trying to turn Meade's flank. Meade also realized that Lincoln was unhappy with his letting Lee escape after Gettysburg. So Meade knew he had to do something.
Throughout the day on October 9, Meade waited on news of Lee's movement. That evening his sent orders for general John Buford’s 1st Cavalry Division to cross the Rapidan at Germanna Ford to find out where the Confederates were. But Buford did not get the orders until the following morning. His cavalry left right away but did not get to the area where the Confederates had been camped before 11:00 a.m.. It wasn't until sunset they made contact with Confederate troops at Morton’s Ford. Meade did not get word of this until the next day, October 11.
At Culpepper Courthouse, Meade was beginning to think Lee was moving north around his flank. But he still had no reports showing this was the case. By the night of October 10, Meade decided a fight in the constricted area of Culpepper was dangerous and might give Lee an advantage. He ordered his entire army north of the Rappahannock. Buford had not received word of the Union army moving north and waited for support from I Corps on the morning of October 11. Instead, he was attacked by Confederate cavalry. The Union and Confederate cavalry units fought throughout the day and by evening Buford had fought his way back across the Rappahannock. But this had distracted the Union cavalry from discovering where Lee's army was.
Battles.
Auburn (October 13–14).
On October 13, in what became known as the First Battle of Auburn, Confederate general J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was riding ahead of Lee's army. He blundered into Federal troops guarding a supply train. Seeing he was outnumbered, Stuart's cavalry hid in the thick bushes waiting for a chance to attack. But they quickly found themselves surrounded by Union troops who did not know Stuart's men were there. The Confederate cavalry remained in hiding, gathering information about what they saw. The next morning, in what was called the Second Battle of Auburn, Stuart's cavalry fought its way out of the area.
Bristoe Station (October 14).
On October 14, 1863 Hill's Corps attacked two Union corps who were retreating north. Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against. One of Hill's divisions was badly beaten and one artillery battery was lost. After reinforcing his line Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment. After beating Hill, the Union army continued on to Centerville, Virginia. Lee was angry with Hill over his mistakes at Bristoe Station. He told hill, "bury your dead and say no more about it!"
Buckland Races (October 19).
After defeat at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuart's cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lee's army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Union cavalry under general Judson Kilpatrick pursued Stuart's cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike. But they were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill and were routed. The Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles (8 km) in an affair that came to be known as the "Buckland Races".
Across the Rappahannock (November 7).
Lee returned to his old position behind the Rappahannock but left a fortified bridgehead on the north bank. This protected the approach to Kelly's Ford. On November 7, Meade forced passage of the Rappahannock at two places. A surprise attack by general John Sedgwick's VI Corps at dusk overran the Confederate bridgehead at Rappahannock Station. They captured two Confederate brigades (more than 1,600 men) of general Jubal A. Early's division. Fighting at Kelly's Ford was less severe, but the Confederates retreated, allowing the Federals across in force.

= = = Turning movement = = =
A turning movement , also called a wide envelopment is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a vital part of the enemy's rear. It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts. The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank. Unlike an envelopment or a flanking maneuver, the two forces operate beyond the distance where they could usually support each other. It is often easier for an enemy force to avoid an envelopment than it is to avoid a turning movement. To counter a turning movement, the enemy must either abandon their position or turn to meet the new threat. The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic. Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to "avoid" enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear. Faced with a new threat in his rear area, the enemy is "turned" out of his defensive position and forced to act.
Examples.
An early example of a turning movement was by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement. One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle. Ideally he would use the terrain to hide the turning movement. He used this to great effect during his 1805 Ulm Campaign. He repeated his success with this tactic at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, and at the Battle of Friedland in 1807.
The famous "left hook" maneuver by American and French troops during Operation Desert Storm was another example of a turning movement. Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks. At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.

= = = Geoffroea decorticans = = =
The Geoffroea decorticans or Chañar is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found in very arid places of southern South America. It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.
Description.
The trunk of "Geoffroea decorticans" grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest. The tree grows up to tall.
The trunk could have up to in diameter, with yellow bark that off, revealing the underneath young green bark. The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.
The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured. The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.
"Geoffroea decorticans" is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval s that hold a single seed. Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.
Name.
The second name of the species, " decorticans", means that the bark of the trunk peels off.
Common names for this tree are "chañar", Chilean palo verde and "kumbaru".
Synonyms.
The species have the following synonyms:
Where it grows.
The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America. "Geoffroea decorticans" is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay. 
The "chañar" grows from sea level up to above sea level. In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural ( in singular).
Uses.
"Geoffroea decorticans" is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making. It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.
The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed. The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.
Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, "Geoffroea decorticans" is also used as ornamental plants.

= = = Cyclone Bobby = = =
Cyclone Bobby took place on February 19, 1995. The cyclone hit parts of Western Australia. It moved slowly before hitting the east of Onslow. Cyclone Bobby had 40mm of rain and a maximum winds of 270km/h. Three people died from Bobby and many were injured. Cyclone Bobby was one of the most devastating cyclones in the history of Western Australia.

= = = Postal codes in Azerbaijan = = =
Postal codes in Azerbaijan consist of four digits. 
The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format "AZ NNNN". The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.
From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode "37NNNN". After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.

= = = ENSAE ParisTech = = =
ENSAE Paris (officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique Paris) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.
Its curricula lead to these French & European degrees:
Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages. The students are from a dozen nationalities.
Research labs.
Research activities at ENSAE ParisTech relate to the following topics:

= = = Hayflick limit = = =
The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.
The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times. The population then goes into senescence. This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are potentially immortal.
Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells. Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.
The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were found by studies in the nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans". These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.

= = = Cantor's diagonal argument = = =
Cantor's diagonal argument is a mathematical method to prove that two infinite sets have the same cardinality. Cantor published articles on it in 1877, 1891 and 1899. His first proof of the diagonal argument was published in 1890 in the journal of the German Mathematical Society (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung). According to Cantor, two sets have the same cardinality, "if it is possible to associate an element from the second set to each element of the first set, and to associate an element of the first set to each element of the second set".
Cantor's first diagonal argument.
The example below uses two of the simplest infinite sets, that of natural numbers, and that of positive fractions. The idea is to show that both of these sets, formula_1 and formula_2 have the same cardinality. 
First, the fractions are aligned in an array, as follows:
Next, the numbers are counted, as shown. Fractions which can be simplified are left out:
That way, the fractions are counted:
By omitting fractions that can still be simplified, there is a bijection which associates each element of the natural numbers, to one element of the fractions: 
To show that all natural numbers and the fractions have the same cardinality, the element 0 needs to be added; after each fraction its negative is added;
That way, there is a complete bijection, which associates a fraction to each natural number. In other words: both sets have the same cardinality. Today, sets that have the same number of elements than the set of natural numbers are called countable. Sets which have fewer elements than the natural numbers are called at most countable. With that definition, the set of rational numbers / fractions is countable. 
Infinite sets often have properties which go against intuition: David Hilbert showed this in an experiment which is called Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.
Real numbers.
The set of real numbers does not have the same cardinality than those of the natural numbers; there are more real numbers than natural numbers. The idea outlined above influenced his proof. In his 1891 article, Cantor considered the set "T" of all infinite sequences of binary digits (i.e. each digit is zero or one).
He begins with a constructive proof of the following theorem:
To prove this, given an enumeration of elements from "T", like e.g.
The sequence "s" is constructed by choosing the 1st digit as complementary to the 1st digit of "s""1" (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa), the 2nd digit as complementary to the 2nd digit of "s""2", the 3rd digit as complementary to the 3rd digit of "s""3", and generally for every "n", the "n"th digit as complementary to the "n"th digit of "s""n". In the example, this yields:
By construction, "s" differs from each "s""n", since their "n"th digits differ (highlighted in the example).
Hence, "s" cannot occur in the enumeration.
Based on this theorem, Cantor then uses a proof by contradiction to show that:
He assumes for contradiction that "T" was countable. In that case, all its elements could be written as an enumeration "s"1, "s"2, ... , "s""n", ... .
Applying the previous theorem to this enumeration would produce a sequence "s" not belonging to the enumeration.
However, "s" was an element of "T" and should therefore be in the enumeration. 
This contradicts the original assumption, so "T" must be uncountable.

= = = Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department = = =
There are 3 arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Deux-Sèvres are:
History.
Since its creation, the Deux-Sèvres department has had some changes:

= = = Arrondissement of Bressuire = = =
The arrondissement of Bressuire is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bressuire.
History.
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the "arrondissements" of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.
Geography.
Bressuire is the northernmost "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.
It has an area of , and a population of 96,703 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their "communes"  in the "arrondissement": Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars, 
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the "arrondissement" of  Bressuire:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Bressuire has 53 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = Cynthia Kenyon = = =
Cynthia Jane Kenyon (born February 21, 1954) is an American molecular biologist and geneticist. She does research on the genetics of aging in the model organism "Caenorhabditis elegans", which is a roundworm.
Career.
Kenyon did postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, studying the development of "C. elegans".
Since 1986 she has been at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), as the Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and now as an American Cancer Society professor. She is also Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, a new company focused on health, well-being, and longevity.
Research.
Her early work led to the discovery that hox genes, known to pattern the body segments of the fruit fly "Drosophila", also pattern the body of "C. elegans". These findings showed that hox genes were part of an ancient and fundamental metazoan patterning system.
Michael Klass discovered that lifespan of "C. elegans" could be altered by mutations, but he believed the effect was due to reduced food consumption (calorie restriction). Later, Thomas Johnson showed that the 65% life extension effect was due to the mutation itself, not calorie restriction.
In 1993, Kenyon discovered that a single gene mutation (daf-2) could double the lifespan of "C. elegans" and that this could be reversed by a second mutation in daf-16m. This set off an intensive study of the molecular biology of aging. Kenyon's findings led to the discovery that an evolutionarily-conserved hormone signaling system influences aging in other organisms, perhaps also mammals.
The company she founded, Elixir Pharmaceuticals, is trying to make a pill that would slow down the process that makes people age. It would mimic gene manipulation.
Honors.
Kenyon has received many honors, including the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the American Association of Medical Colleges Award for Distinguished Research, the Ilse & Helmut Wachter Award for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, and La Fondation IPSEN Prize, for her findings. She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is now the director of the Hillblom Center for the Biology of Aging at UCSF. She is also one of featured biologists in the 1995 science documentary "Death by Design / The Life and Times of Life and Times".
Personal diet.
Kenyon's research prompted her to make personal dietary changes. She stopped eating high glycemic index carbohydrates when she discovered that putting sugar on the worms' food shortened their lifespans.
Kenyon follows a low glycemic index diet similar to the Atkins diet and the South Beach Diet.
In the past, Kenyon had also briefly experimented with a calorie restriction diet for two days, but couldn't stand the constant hunger.

= = = Randall Woolf = = =
Randall Woolf (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer. He studied at Harvard University. Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999. One of his piaces is called "White Heat". He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale. He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie "American Psycho". His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.

= = = Arrondissement of Niort = = =
The arrondissement of Niort is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Niort.
History.
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Niort was one of the original districts.
Geography.
Niort is the southernmost "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Parthenay, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the Charente-Maritime department and to the west by the Vendée department.
It has an area of , and a population of 212,425 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the case of the "arrondissement" of Niort, all its cantons have their "communes" within the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Niort has 163 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = Arrondissement of Parthenay = = =
The arrondissement of Parthenay is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Parthenay.
History.
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Parthenay was one of the original districts.
Geography.
The territory of the present "arrondissement" of Parthenay is the historical region of Gâtine vendéenne; several "communes" are named after this region: La Boissière-en-Gâtine, Mazières-en-Gâtine, Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine, Vernoux-en-Gâtine.
Parthenay is the central "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Bressuire, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Niort and to the west by the Vendée department.
It has an area of , and a population of 64,425 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Parthenay, there are 2 cantons with all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": La Gâtine and Parthenay. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Parthenay has 77 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = Arosio, Switzerland = = =
Arosio is a village and former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 13 March 2005 the former municipalites of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.

= = = Envelopment = = =
Envelopment is the military tactic of attacking the enemy's flank or rear. This is done while keeping the enemy's attention focused on his front by the use of diversionary attacks. The envelopment makes the enemy fight in a direction they are the least prepared for. The maneuver requires a flank that can be attacked. Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain. The envelopment has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include being able to capture or defeat all or part of an opposing army. It offers less risk than other offensive maneuvers. Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.
Historic examples.
Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great who used it at the in 331 BC. Robert E. Lee used the tactic at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941. Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae where he defeated the Roman army in . In 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, American general used it successfully against British general , causing many of the British soldiers to surrender. In the 1944 during Operation Overlord, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces.

= = = Knap of Howar = = =
Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires. 

= = = DeAndre Yedlin = = =
DeAndre Roselle Yedlin (born July 9, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays for Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the United States national team.
Honors.
Seattle Sounders FC
Newcastle United
Inter Miami
United States
Individual

= = = Sèvre Nantaise = = =
The Sèvre Nantaise is a river in western France, a left tributary of the Loire river.
It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Niortaise river that flows through Niort) and ends in the city of Nantes (and is the origin of the second part of the river's name).
Geography.
The Sèvre Nantaise river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nantes
Course.
The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the "Gâtines" plateau, "commune" of Neuvy-Bouin, near the "commune" of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.
Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Nantes.
The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 44 "communes":
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Sèvre Nantaise river are:

= = = Ricardo Lucarelli = = =
Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté. He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

= = = Aaron Russell = = =
Aaron Russell (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He won a bronze medal. Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.

= = = Artem Volvich = = =
Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player. He is a member of the Russian National Volleyball Team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

= = = Lazarus = = =
Lazarus is a given name and surname (family name). The pronunciation of the name is [ laz-er-"uh"s ]. It is derived from the Hebrew �����, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

= = = Cagiallo = = =
Cagiallo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.

= = = Sala Capriasca = = =
Sala Capriasca is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

= = = Tesserete = = =
Tesserete is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
In 1976 the neighboring municipality Campestro was incorporated into Tesserete.
On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

= = = Ardfern = = =
Ardfern ( = "the head-land of alder-trees") is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is on the south coast of the Craignish peninsula, facing Loch Craignish.

= = = Rosh Chodesh = = =
Rosh Chodesh or Rosh Hodesh (; trans. "Beginning of the Month"; lit. "Head of the Month") is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.
When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month. Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.

= = = Sèvre Niortaise = = =
The Sèvre Niortaise is a river in western France, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.
It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Nantaise) and flows through Niort (that is the origin of the second part of the river's name).
Geography.
The Sèvre Niortaise river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Niort.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Niort
Course.
The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the "commune" of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée and Charente-Maritime.
Finally, the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean to north of the city of La Rochelle.
The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 38 "communes":
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Sèvre Niortaise river are:

= = = Intersectionality = = =
Intersectionality or intersectional theory studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw gave the name "intersectionality" to this concept in 1989. 
Sometimes a society decides that a group of people are different from themselves. When they do this, they "other" that group, or marginalize them. Intersectionality points out that people are often othered for more than one reason.
These reasons might be
Because of this, it suggests that these types of othering cannot be looked at by themselves. They must be looked at together. For example, a person can be othered because they are a woman, a person of color, a poor person, and a disabled person at the same time. These different forms of othering make each other worse, shape each other, and prop each other up. This means that the experience of being othered for all of these reasons is different from what would happen if you added them all up. Because of this, fighting each one alone would not help the people who experience many of them at the same time.
Intersectionality says that the different ways people are othered and forced into a lower social position, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia and bigotry based on belief, create an entire system. In this system, each of the ways people are held down by society contributes to the other. So if someone wanted to understand how a society began to other a group of people as a race apart from themselves (racialization), they would have to look into the ways that gender, class, sexuality, and other parts of identity shaped this process.
Intersectionality began as a way to understand the ways that women of color in American society were othered. The women who developed the theory were challenging the feminism of their time. They saw it as being too focused on the issues of wealthy white women. They felt that this left behind the women who needed feminism the most, and only helped the women who already had the most power. They were also criticizing the Civil Rights Movement. They saw it as being too focused on men and leaving women of color behind. They believed they had a place in both of these movements, and that these parts of their lives could not be separated. Intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between all of the many other ways that people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.

= = = Daniel Sickles = = =
Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819–1914) was a controversial New York politician, diplomat, and political general during the American Civil War. He was the first person to successfully use the Insanity defense as a legal defense. As a result, he was acquitted of killing his wife’s lover, Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key). As a general, he was a political appointee who gained his high rank strictly through political influence. Without any military experience or training, Sickles found it difficult to follow orders. In spite of his battlefield failures, he managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
Early life.
Sickles was born in New York City on October 20, 1819. He was the son of George Garrett Sickles and Susan Marsh Sickles. At a young age he kept running away from home. His parents sent him to boarding school when he was 15 years old but he had to leave after a fight with a teacher. He became a printer's helper for a year before returning to New York City. There he developed the habit of hanging out with prostitutes and others with poor reputations. His parents decided he needed a good education and arranged for him to live in the Da Ponte household. Sickles was to be tutored by the elderly Professor Lorenzo Da Ponte. He was already friends with the younger Professor Da Ponte, who was in his 30s at the time. Sickles' parents hoped the friendship would be a good influence on Sickles. Maria Cooke, a young American girl also lived in the household. She was about the same age as Sickles. She was thought to be the natural daughter of the elder Da Ponte who adopted her. Her husband, Antonio Bagioli and their infant daughter, Maria, also lived with the Da Ponte family. At the time she was 3 years old, Sickles was 20. They would marry some 13 years later.
Politics.
Sickles then studied law at New York University. Afterwards he became involved in politics and was a key figure in the Tammany Hall political machine. He also served as their legal counsel. Through political influence he became the Corporate Council for New York City, Secretary of the United States Legation in London and later a US congressman from New York. In 1852 he married Teresa Bagioli. At the time he was 33 years old and she was 15. Both families were opposed to the marriage at the time. Only a few years later, living in Washington, D.C. as the wife of a congressman, she was described as "more like a schoolgirl than a polished woman of the world" with a "sweet, amicable manner".
Leaving for London, as the assistant to James Buchanan, American minister to Great Britain, he left his young pregnant wife Teresa at home. Instead, as his traveling companion, he brought Fanny White, a notorious prostitute. In London Sickles embarrassed the American delegation on more than one occasion. He refused to drink a toast to Queen Victoria. Another time he introduced Fanny White to the Queen under a false name.
Murder trial.
In 1859 Sickles was arrested for murder. His wife had turned to another man for attention. This was Francis Barton Key, son of Francis Scott Key. Sickles repeatedly shot Key in front of his home (which was also in front of the White House. Sickles had a team of lawyers represent him, led by Edwin M. Stanton (future Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln). Sickles was released on what was the first successful plea of "temporary insanity". Sickles already had a questionable reputation, but this incident made him a pariah. Sickles saw the outbreak of the civil war as an opportunity to save his reputation.
Civil War.
Rank as colonel.
In Congress, Sickles had aligned himself with Southern Democrats and was himself a pro-slavery Democrat. But after the outbreak of the war, Sickles suddenly became Pro-Union. His last session in Congress had ended in March so Sickles was back in New York City practicing law when the war started. In later versions of his motives for joining the Union Army he stated he thought he could best serve the Union by raising a regiment. Republican President Lincoln needed the support of Democrats and apparently saw Sickles as one he could use. After raising a regiment, then a brigade which he named the Excelsior Brigade, Sickles assumed he would be given the rank of brigadier general (a colonel commanded a regiment while a brigadier general commanded a brigade). But officially, he remained a colonel of the first regiment, even though he commanded the entire brigade. New York Governor Edwin D. Morgan decided there were too many regiments from New York City and ordered Sickles to disband some of the regiments. As a result, Sickles would not get a brigadier general's commission. Going around the governor, Sickles went to Washington to meet with Lincoln. The President agreed to enlist the disbanded regiments as United States Volunteers. Finally on July 20, 1861 they received orders to report to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. In September, Sickles was nominated as a brigadier general of volunteers, but his confirmation was delayed for several months by the United States Senate. Sickles brigade spent most of 1861 in lower Maryland. Sickles frequently visited the Lincolns in Washington during this time. In March 1862, his command was attached to General Joseph Hooker in the Army of the Potomac. That same month, Sickles' brigadier general commission was turned down by the Senate. The Excelsiors saw their first combat that month. Sickles personally led a reconnaissance. Then on April 6, he left the Excelsiors for Washington to protest his not being commissioned a brigadier general. While his unit fought in the Peninsula Campaign, Sickles remained in Washington. Lincoln again nominated him for general and on May 3, 1862 the Senate confirmed him.
Brigadier general.
On May 24, "brigadier general" Sickles was ordered to report back to Hooker. He was given command of Hooker's 2nd Brigade. Sickles saw his first major engagement at the Battle of Seven Pines. Sickles next saw action at the Seven Days Battles. Hooker's advance did not go well due in part to Sickles' brigade having difficulties moving through the swamps then meeting heavy Confederate resistance. When some of his men broke and ran to the rear, Sickles was only able to get a few to return. Nonetheless, Hooker's report noted Sickles gallantry in trying to rally his men. He did not stay long and missed the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam, being in New York recruiting men for his brigade. When Ambrose Burnside replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, both Hooker and Sickles were moved up to command larger units. Sickles still had hardly any battlefield experience yet was now leading Hooker's old second division of III Corps. Sickles was busy getting New York newspapers and Washington insiders to promote his image as a battle hardened fighting general.
In December 1862, at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Sickles brigade did not see battle until the third day. He and his troops watched as Union troops fought uphill against Lee's Confederates. After 2:00 p.m. Sickles was finally ordered to the front. Leading his men they found the battle to mostly be over in their section. They secured their position against limited sniper fire and a few Skirmishes but otherwise did not see any fighting.
Major general.
When Burnside was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac, Hooker was moved up to replace him. In the new assignments resulting from the change, and even though he had little battlefield experience, Sickles was given temporary command of III Corps. But again, the Senate did not confirm his promotion to Major General. Finally, on March 9 (with his rank to date back to November 29), the Senate confirmed his promotion. By the end of March Sickles was officially a major general. Unlike earlier battles, at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Sickles saw action. As Sickles observed Confederate general Stonewall Jackson's flanking maneuver, without orders he pushed forward with two-thirds of his corps to go after the Confederates. This left XI Corps on his right completely isolated. Jackson's confederates then made a crushing attack on XI Corps. Sickles leaving his assigned position was a major factor in the Confederate victory. This started a feud between Hooker and Sickles that continued into the Battle of Gettysburg. Hooker blamed Sickles for the defeat at Chancellorsville.
Gettysburg.
On June 27, Hooker resigned as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Among the corps commanders suggested to replace him, the New York Herald actually suggested Sickles as the best commander for the job. On June 28, three days before the battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed general George G. Meade to replace Hooker. On July 1, the first day ended in Confederate victory. Meade worked to quickly put his forces in place for the next day's battle. Early on the morning of July 2, Meade sent a message to Sickles with instructions to place his 12,000-man corps on Cemetery Ridge. He was specifically ordered to connect to general Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps on his right, and extend his line to Little Round Top on his left.
Sickles, not impressed with his new commander or his orders. He rode to Meade's headquarters about 11:00 a.m. and waited to see Meade. But the commander was busy at the time. Feeling ignored Sickles returned to his troops. He decided he did not like his orders. A mile to his front was Emmitsburg Road, which was higher ground than he was assigned to occupy. He also did not like the fact there were rocks and trees among his line. Sickles, without orders or without informing the other corps commanders moved his corps forward about one mile. This left Hancock's left flank completely open and a large break in the line where his corps was supposed to be. The new position he chose was wider than the one he abandoned and he did not have enough men to cover it completely. The middle of his line formed a salient (a right angle in the line that could be attacked from two directions). Brigadier general Henry Hunt, the artillery chief, inspected the new position with Sickles and pointed out the problems. He said he had to check back with Meade to see if the orders he gave Sickles could be changed. Sickles made the move anyway. Within an hour, his entire III Corps was nearly wiped out by Confederate general James Longstreet's corps. Sickles himself was nicked by a cannonball which shattered his leg. He was carried off the field and his right leg was amputated a few hours later. His injury may have saved him from a court-martial for disobeying orders, but his days as a field commander were at an end.
After Gettysburg.
After Sickles lost his right leg, he gained fame for donating it to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, DC. He sent it with a card which read, "With the Compliments of Major General D.E.S.". The leg is on display today at the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command headquarters building at Fort Detrick, Maryland. After his recovery, Lincoln sent Sickles to the South where he was to look into the effect of slavery on African Americans. He was also to give suggestions for the future Reconstruction of the South.
After the Civil War he held a number of different positions. He was military governor of North and South Carolina but was removed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867. He retired from the army in 1869. From his retirement to 1872 he was appointed a U.S. minister to Spain by President Ulysses S. Grant. While there Sickles managed to engage in "undiplomatic relations" with the Spanish queen. He served one more term in Congress from 1893–1895 but was defeated for reelection in 1986. In 1897, after 34 years of lobbying, Sickles was able to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
In New York he was a New York City sheriff and chairman of the New York State Monuments Commission. In 1912, he was removed from the commission for allegedly misusing funds. He also was an important part of establishing the Gettysburg National Battlefield Park. On May 3, 1914, Sickles died in New York City of a cerebral hemorrhage. Sickles was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

= = = Thouet = = =
The Thouet is a river in western France, flowing through the Deux-Sèvres and Maine-et-Loire departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions.
It is one of the last left tributary of the Loire river.
Geography.
The Thouet river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course.
The Thouet starts in the "Gâtine" plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the "commune" of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about . From the source to Parthenay the river flows in a generally southwest-northwest direction. To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.
Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Saumur.
The Thouet flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 34 "communes"; some of them are:
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Thouet river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Amambay = = =
The Amambay department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Pedro Juan Caballero. Its code is PY-13.
The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, the "Amambay Cordillera" (). "Amambay" (or "amambái") means "fern" in Guaraní language; ferns are common in the forests of the region.
History.
The town of Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista, in 1902. The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No. 10 department of the country. After some reorganization it was declared as the No. 13 department.,
Pedro Juan Caballero, the capital of the department, is still known by its old name, "Punta Porá", because is near the "Punta Porá" Hill; that name was used by the people that transported yerba mate from Mato Grosso to Concepción. The BrazilIan municipality across the border, Ponta Porã (Mato Grosso do Sul), keeps the name.
Geography.
The Amambay department is in the north part of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , with a population of 125,611 for a Population density of .
Amambay is the highest of the Paraguayan departments, high, and the "Punta Porá" Hill, high, is one the highest point in the country.
Rivers.
The main rivers in the department are the Apa in the north, and the Ypané and the Aquidabán rivers in the central part of the department.
Climate.
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Pedro Juan Caballero was . The month with the most precipitation was February with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was May with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pedro Juan Caballero was . The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts.
The department is divided in 5 districts:

= = = Darwin–Wallace Medal = = =
The Darwin–Wallace Medal is awarded by the Linnean Society of London for "major advances in evolutionary biology".
The medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908. That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. These were "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties"; and "On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection". The papers were both about natural selection as the main cause of evolution. The papers were presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858. 
Wallace was one of the first to get of the medal. In his case it was made of gold, rather than the silver versions given to the six other medallists. However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to the continuing importance of evolutionary research, the medal will be awarded on an annual basis beginning in 2010.
Awardees.
1908.
The first award was of a gold medal to Alfred Russel Wallace, and silver medals to six other distinguished scientists:
1958.
20 silver medals were awarded:
2008.
13 silver medals were awarded, including 2 posthumously:

= = = Khan Academy = = =
Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization. It has been created by Sal Khan. Khan Academy is available on the internet for free. Khan Academy teaches by using YouTube videos of short lectures of certain topics, as well as by using practice exercises and tools that help with learning. It is available in many different languages, but mostly English.
Khan Academy teaches mostly about mathematics, but also teaches biology, chemistry, physics, history, astronomy, cosmology, American civics, art history, economics, music, computer programming and computer science, healthcare, medicine, and finance. In the YouTube videos that Khan Academy makes, they record diagrams being drawn from a tablet using the screen capture software called Camtasia Studio.

= = = Untersteckholz = = =
Untersteckholz was a municipality in Aarwangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010 the Untersteckholz became part of Langenthal.

= = = Ursenbach = = =
Ursenbach is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Urtenen-Schönbühl = = =
Urtenen-Schönbühl is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Uttigen = = =
Uttigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen.

= = = Political general = = =
A political general is a term used by historians and most often applies to the American Civil War. In this context, it means a General officer who does not have formal military training or experience and who gained his position through political influence. To a lesser degree, it can also mean generals who engaged in politics during or after their time as a general. A "political general" can seem to be a contradiction in terms in a country such as the United States where by law the military is under civilian authority. An example was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the class of 1915. He was an experienced staff officer who commanded the invasions of North Africa and Western Europe. Eisenhower developed the political skills to deal with his British and American officers as well as political leaders. He later became President of the United States. 
Background.
In history, many great generals were also political leaders. Julius Caesar was a general who became the dictator of Rome in 44 BC. Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire. As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle. He was a king who was also a general. In the British Army of the 17th and 18th centuries, the officers were often aristocrats and most obtained their rank by purchase.
In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias. Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience. Andrew Jackson only had experience in the American Indian Wars. But he successfully defeated a larger and more professional British army at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. 
During the American Civil War, two great armies were raised that were made up largely of citizen-soldiers. There simply were not enough trained generals to lead all these men. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis appointed political generals, some of whom later proved to be incompetent. Others proved to be good or even great generals. Many of these generals had very little or no military training before being commissioned a general. Confederate general Patrick Cleburne was such a leader. He earned his nickname as the "Stonewall Jackson of the West" by being a great general. One of the worst examples was Union general Daniel Sickles. He was a Tammany Hall politician who used his influence to rise to the rank of major general. Sickles nearly lost the Battle of Gettysburg for the North yet, after 34 years of lobbying, managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.

= = = E. Ray Lankester = = =
Sir E. Ray Lankester KCB, FRS (15 May 1847 – 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist, born in London.
Ray Lankester was an invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist. He was Professor of Zoology at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.
E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray.

= = = August 2016 Central Italy earthquake = = =
The August 2016 Central Italy earthquake was a natural disaster that struck Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36 CEST. Its epicentre was close to Accumoli. It was followed by 40 strong aftershocks.
More than 250 people were killed by the earthquake.

= = = Citation = = =
A citation or source citation is a reference to a published work (for example, a book, article, image, etc.,) that is used when creating a written work. It shows readers where specific pieces of information came from and where readers can locate it for themselves. It acknowledges or gives credit to the author who actually created the content being used in a paper. The opposite of a citation is plagiarism, or not giving credit to others for their ideas, concepts, or images. Plagiarism, especially in academia, is considered taking the work of others and presenting it as one's own. The penalties for plagiarism can be severe. Source citations also give a work credibility. In other words, it shows the information is simply not made up.
What to cite.
In general, different academic situations will have different rules for what to cite and how to cite it. Some use footnotes while others may require in-text (also called inline) source citations.(←) Some may require a bibliography which lists all works that were used. In some cases, it may only be necessary to provide a list of "works cited." It is important to know in advance what protocols must be used and what citation style (see below) is preferred.
What is not necessary to cite.
You do not need to cite anything that is common knowledge. These are things that would be known by nearly everyone. Examples of common knowledge are:
But when in doubt, cite it.
What a source citation includes.
A source citation typically includes several key pieces of information including:
Citation styles.
The main citation styles that are used include:

= = = Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi = = =
Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi or Nihal Naji Ali Al Awlaki (Arabic: ���� ���� ��� ������� ) is a Yemeni lawyer. She is Yemen’s Minister of Legal Affairs. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life.
Al-Awalqi is from the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. At the time of her appointment as Minister of Legal Affairs, on September 9, 2016, she was 39 years old. Al-Awalqi received a Doctor of Laws degree with honors from Mohammed V University in Morocco. She also received a Master of Law and a Bachelor of Legal Sciences from Mohammed V. University. She speaks Arabic, English, and French.
Work.
Al-Awalqi was an assistant law professor at the University of Aden, where she worked on research and training on the status of women.
She was a member of the comprehensive national dialogue conference state-building team. She was a member of the constitution drafting committee. She was a member of the government negotiating team in Geneva.
On September 9, 2016, Yemen President Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi appointed al-Awaqi as Minister of Legal Affairs ( ������ ������ ��������� ). 

= = = Elqui Province = = =
Elqui Province () is one of three provinces in the Chilean region of Coquimbo (IV). Its capital is the city of Coquimbo.
It is named after the main river of the province: the Elqui River river.
Geography.
The Elqui province has an area of , the largest province in the Coquimbo region.
Elqui is bordered on the north by the Atacama region (Huasco province), on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Limarí province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
The main river of the province is the Elqui river that is long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 365,371 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2, the province of the region with more people living in it.
The largest city of the province is La Serena with a population, in 2002, of 160,148 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Elqui is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes ("comunas"). The city of Coquimbo serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Limarí Province = = =
Limarí Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Ovalle.
It is named after the main river of the province: the Limarí River.
Geography.
The Limarí province has an area of , the second largest province in the Coquimbo region.
Limarí is bordered on the north by the Elqui province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Choapa province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
The main river of the province is the Limarí river that is long.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 156,158 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Ovalle, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 66,405 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes ("comunas"). The city of Ovalle serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Choapa Province = = =
Choapa Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Illapel
Geography.
The Choapa province has an area of , the smallest province in the Coquimbo region.
Choapa is bordered on the north by the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Valparaíso region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 81,681 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Illapel, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 30,355 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Illapel serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = LGBT rights in Tunisia = = =
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Tunisia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is illegal in the Republic of Tunisia and the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples. According to the 2013 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 93% of Tunisian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society.
Tunisia is socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality. There are a few led organised LGBT Human rights movements such as the movement named "Shams". Mostly Tunisians are generally Muslims with traditional values, and traditional Islamic attitudes and mores look down upon Homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of decadence and Immorality. But Tunisian Cross-dressers are not expressly Illegal in the country. Male prostitution workers occur in some Tunisian tourist resorts. The so-called Minister for Human Rights Samir Dilou stated that "Freedom of Speech has its limits", Homosexuality is a "perversion", and gay people needed to be "treated medically" for this. His comments were condemned by many in Tunisian society who posted pro-LGBT pictures on social networking sites. In June 2012, Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunisia to decriminalise same-sex sexual acts, stating that the concept of "Sexual orientation is specific to the west" which is not true and is overridden by Tunisian Law, which "clearly describes Tunisia as an fellow Arab Muslim country".
In May of 2016, several LGBTI Associations organised a small, discreet Gay Pride reception in Tunis. Associations also organised events and public demonstrations to mark the International Day against Homophobia in May.
Public Tunisian Opinion:
Public opinion regarding its LGBT Human rights is complex. According to a 2014 Survey Poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 18% of Tunisian people were in favour of legalising Same-sex marriages, with 62% being opposed to such legislation of legalisation.

= = = Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse = = =
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at INSA Toulouse.
Research labs.
Research activities at INSA Toulouse relate to the following topics:

= = = 1909 Cherry Mine disaster = = =
The 1909 Cherry Mine disaster was a fire that occurred in Cherry, Illinois on November 13, 1909 in the Cherry Coal mine. Of the approximately 500 miners who reported to work that day, 259 men and boys (some as young as 10 years old) lost their lives. It was the second worst mine disaster in United States History.
Background.
During the early 20th century, coal miners risked their lives every day. During the first decade of the 20th century, on average about six miners died every month in Northern Illinois coal mines. Between 1905 and 1930 in the U.S. it totaled about 2,000 deaths per year. The Cherry Mine was operated by the St. Paul Coal Company. It opened in 1905 and by 1909 was producing 300,000 tons of coal a year. The mine was a modern state of the art mine for its time. It had two vertical shafts, one of which blew blew air into the mine and was also used if miners needed to escape. The other shaft had elevators that lowered men and supplies, and brought out the coal. Most of the miners were from Europe and were new to America. Many lived in nearby towns such as Streator, Illinois or other towns on the Illinois River.
November 13th.
There were three veins of coal, two of which were being worked that day. About 300 men worked the second vein while about 200 worked the third and deepest vein. In order to reach the third level, miners had to use the escape shaft and take a different elevator. On the morning of November 13, the electricity that lit the mine was not working. This was a common problem in the mine. When there was no electricity, miners used kerosene lamps to light the mine. A mine car full of hay to feed the mules that worked in the mine caught fire. The fire quickly spread and was out of control. Many of the miners burned to death while others died of suffocation from the toxic fumes. 
About forty-five minutes after the fire started, men were told to abandon the mine. About 10 to 12 cages full of men reached the surface through the elevator shaft. Others scrambled up the escape shaft. About 2:00 p.m. someone decided to reverse the fans that supplied air into the mine. This spread the fire and made matters much worse. Rescue workers went into the mine to try to save lives. But after a cage full of rescuers was lost at about 4:00 p.m., the company decided to seal off the mine.
The next day, rescue workers went back into the mine. They wore diving helmets with oxygen tanks, as no special equipment yet existed for mine rescues. They brought out the bodies of the dead workers. Then there was a surprising development. A small group of 21 miners had been quick thinking enough to build a barricade against the fire. They were found alive eight days later. 
Aftermath.
When a final count was made, 259 men and boys were killed in the mine fire. As a consequence, the USA reinforced many mining laws and regulations. The United Mine Workers Union gained hundreds of new members. In Illinois, the disaster led to the passage of the Illinois Workmen's Compensation Act. It also became a main reason for changes in the child labor laws in the United States. It was one of the mine disasters that caused the formation of the United States Bureau of Mines in 1910.

= = = Prosopis tamarugo = = =
Prosopis tamarugo, commonly known as tamarugo, is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found only in the dry northern regions of Chile.
Description.
"Prosopis tamarugo" are trees that could grow up to tall but usually they are, on average, tall and the trunk is wide. The young branches have spines. Flowers grow together in inflorescences and their pollination is made by bees.
Where it grows.
The plant grows only in the Pampa del Tamarugal, some east of the city of Iquique.
The Pampa del Tamarugal is a plain between 19°33' S and 21°50' S, and an altitude from .
Even if the Pampa del Tamarugal is very dry, the "Prosopis tamarugo" can use the relatively shallow ground water.
Uses.
The wood and dry leaves of "Prosopis tamarugo" are used as firewood; the wood is also used for lumber. Leaves and fruits are used as food to animals, mainly to ruminants as cattle, sheep and goats.
Fruits are sweet and people can eat them.

= = = Margaret Anstee = = =
Margaret Anstee (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat. She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General. She was the Director-General of the UN office in Vienna. She also worked as the Director-General's Special Representative to Angola. She wrote an autobiography called "Never Learn to Type."

= = = Maria Eugénia = = =
Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer. She became known as the Radio Girl when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.

= = = Justin du Fresne = = =
Justin du Fresne (died August 25, 2016) was a New Zealand radio broadcaster, known as the Voice of Wellington. He began his career in 1960 working for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service. After a break, he returned to radio in 1984 as a morning talk show host, and retired in 2013. He died from cancer in 2016.

= = = Warren Hinckle = = =
Warren Hinckle (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist. He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's. Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.

= = = Neo-futurism = = =
Neo-futurism is a 21st-century movement in the arts, design, and architecture with an attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological". Neo-futurism has absorbed s�me of the high-tech concept themes �nd ideas and incorporating elements of high-tech industry �nd technology.
Artists of Neo-futurism movement.
Neo-futurist artists include Erin Sparler, Marlow Rodale, Panayiotis Terzis, Miguel Ovalle, British Olivia Peake, Yuima Nakazato, and Simon Stålenhag.
Neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the British architect Zaha Hadid, and by Vito DiBari.

= = = Appeal to emotion = = =
Appeal to emotion is a logical fallacy. It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons. An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!", where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children". It is also called "argumentum ad passiones" or appeal to feeling.
Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade. He said this in his book, Rhetoric.

= = = Appeal to tradition = = =
Appeal to tradition (also known as "argumentum ad antiquitatem", appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy.
In this fallacy, an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way".
An example of appeal to tradition is, "drinking boiling hot water (and never cold water) is always healthy because Chinese people have done it for thousands of years."
An appeal to tradition essentially makes two mistakes:
In the case of drinking boiling water, traditional Chinese medicine claims that the health benefits come from re-balancing one's own qi, rather than the fact than un-boiled or un-chilled water may have dangerous germs in it.
The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, claiming something is good because it is "new".

= = = Red herring = = =
A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from an issue.
There are two ways in which it is used. One, it may be used as logical fallacy during an argument so that someone arguing does not have to answer a difficult question. For example, if a journalist asks a politician if the politician used any taxpayer money for his or her personal use, the politician may instead talk about the importance of increasing the pay of government officials without ever answering the question.
Two, it can be used as a literary device that tricks readers or audiences into thinking that something is true when it really is not. It is common in stories like detective mystery books. For example, a character may own or hold a weapon similar to the weapon used to kill a character, but then it turns out that character was not the killer. The weapon was only a red herring.
It has long been thought that the phrase came from kippers (a strong-smelling smoked fish) to train dogs to follow a scent, or to distract them from the correct route when hunting. However, most researchers today believe that the term was probably invented in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett. He may have have been talking about a time which he had used a kipper to distract dogs from chasing a hare, and that hunters never actually used kippers to train dogs. The phrase was later borrowed to give a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device.

= = = Appeal to popularity = = =
An appeal to popularity, also called argumentum ad populum (Latin for "appeal to the people"), is a logical fallacy. It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.
An example is saying "many people buy extended warranties, therefore we should buy one for our new computer".

= = = Twann-Tüscherz = = =
Twann-Tüscherz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

= = = Utzenstorf = = =
Utzenstorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is regionally famous for its medieva castle, Landshut Castle.

= = = Inwil, Switzerland = = =
Inwil (Swiss German: "Eibu") is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Lieli, Switzerland = = =
Lieli is a village and former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Since 2007, it is part of the municipality of Hohenrain.

= = = Feigned retreat = = =
A feigned retreat is a military tactic where a force will pretend to be defeated, fake a retreat, then while they are being pursued, turn and ambush the enemy. It can be used to cause confusion in the enemy ranks or to force some to leave and weaken their battle formations. Battlefield commanders have had to use this tactic carefully so the feigned retreat did not become a real retreat. It was a tactic used in ancient history and is still being used today. Sun Tzu wrote about it in his book "The Art of War". He warned his readers: "When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."

= = = Magnicharters = = =
Magnicharters is a low cost, charter airline from Mexico. It's headquarters are in Monterrey, Mexico. It was founded in 1994 by the Mexican tourist agency, "Magnitur". The airline currently focuses on transporting Mexicans to domestic beach destinations. It also goes to a few destinations in the United States. It has a fleet of 9 Boeing 737 airplanes. 

= = = Constructive proof = = =
In mathematics, a constructive proof is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object. The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.
A non-constructive proof is rejected by the so-called constructivists, who choose to interpret existence in a stricter way.

= = = Vauffelin = = =
Vauffelin was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Vauffelin and Plagne merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

= = = Involuntary celibacy = = =
Involuntary celibacy or inceldom means being unable to get sex or a romantic partner. An incel or incelibate is a person who is in this situation. Female incels are sometimes called "femcels". Homosexual incels are sometimes called "gaycels". Transgender people going through inceldom are called "transcels".
Discussions on the incelosphere (incel websites) are mostly by heterosexual males. But female incels and gay incels also exist. Incels, especially male incels, are often misogynistic and seem to feel a sense of entitlement to sex, with some supporting arranged marriage. Some incels even support violence against women, such as rape, and violence against romantically successful men (some of which are often refered to as "Chads"), who are resented.The Southern Poverty Law Center has described the subculture as "part of the online male supremacist ecosystem", and says self-described incels have committed several mass murders in North America.
The word "incel" was invented in 1993 by a college student 'Alana' from Toronto, Ontario. She made a website to discuss her sexual inactivity with others. The website, titled "Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project", was used by people of all genders to share posts about the topic. During her college career and after, she realized she was queer, and became more comfortable with her identity. She later gave the site to a stranger. After reading about the 2014 Isla Vista killings, she wrote, "Like a scientist who invented something that ended up being a weapon of war, I can't uninvent this word, nor restrict it to the nicer people who need it". Another notable incel was Christine Chubbuck. She committed suicide on live tv in 1974. /r/incels on Reddit was one of the biggest Incel forums. On November 7, 2017, Reddit decided to get rid of it because of their new site rules. 
There are many subgroups of incels. For example lesbocels are a subgroup of gaycels meaning lesbian involuntary celibates. Some femcelish lesbians call themselves "incelbians". Or for example disabledcels and mentalcels are subsets of inceldom whose involuntary celibacy is caused by them being disabled. Femcels who believe that their inceldom condition is permanent call themselves "trufemcel" or "truefemcel". They call the state of being unable to get romance or a partner as "femceldom". The largest inceldom-related forum at the turn of the 2020s decade was the subreddit "trufemcels", a platform for femcels.
Many incels take views from fields like evolutionary psychology. Some incels believe that male incels have no chance against more attractive males, and women have things easier because of feminism and cosmetics. Incels may believe their lack of success is because of being shy, poor body image, penis size, or their appearance, and believe that having lots of money is the only chance to find an attractive partner. 
Words used by incels.
Chad: A sexually successful man.
Stacy: A sexually active woman who is considered attractive.
Roastie: A woman who had sex with many men.
Black pill: The real or perceived socially unspoken realizations that come from being a longtime incel.

= = = Sauge = = =
Sauge is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Plagne and Vauffelin merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

= = = Jailhouse Rock (movie) = = =
Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical movie. It was directed by Richard Thorpe. Jailhouse rock stars Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and is based on a story written by Nedrick Young. The movie is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter. There he is mentored in music by his prison cellmate who realizes his musical abilities. After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him start his career. As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships. Jailhouse rock is considered one of Elvis Presley's best movies. When James Dean died in 1955, Hollywood began looking for a new actor to replace him. There were a lot of young actors trying to act tough and be rebellious. Presley was considered a replacement for Dean. He could sing and dance. He was good-looking and was a decent actor.

= = = Vechigen = = =
Vechigen is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Bern. In 2014, 5075 people lived there. It consists of the villages: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen.

= = = Villeret, Switzerland = = =
Villeret is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois of the Swiss canton of Bern.

= = = Vinelz = = =
Vinelz () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Thun (administrative district) = = =
The administrative district of Thun in the Swiss canton of Bern has 35 municipalities in an area of 322 km2.

= = = The Beginning (Black Eyed Peas album) = = =
The Beginning is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. The album was released on November 26, 2010 by Interscope. The album was titled to be a prequel to the groups fifth album "The E.N.D." (2009). It is the groups last album to feature Fergie as she left in 2017 to focus on her solo career.
Personnel.
Credits for "The Beginning" adapted from Allmusic.

= = = Shock tactics = = =
Shock tactics are those military tactics designed to overwhelm an enemy with fear, causing panic and confusion. Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself. The Mongols got their reputation for being invincible by the use of shock tactics. Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made coordinated shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers. Robert E. Lee saw the advantage of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and virtually destroy the [enemy] army." The disadvantage of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties. During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.
Historic examples.
Ancient armies often defeated their enemy through through the psychological impact of shock tactics.

= = = Monkey Business (album) = = =
Monkey Business is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group, the Black Eyed Peas. It was released on May 25, 2005, by the will.i.am Music Group and A&M Records. It was the groups second album to feature R&B singer Fergie as a member.
Personnel.
Credits adapted from "Monkey Business" liner notes:

= = = Elephunk = = =
Elephunk is the third studio album by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was released on June 24, 2003, by the will.i.am Music Group and A&M Records. Although the album is the group's third album it is also the groups first in many ways; it was the first album to feature R&B singer Fergie and was the first album of the group to be billed as "the Black Eyed Peas".
Personnel.
The album is considered a victim of the Loudness war, with the worst possible ranking in the Hall of CD Clipping Shame, as 1 minute 19 seconds of the CD's audio has been destroyed by clipping.

= = = Azadliq (newspaper) = = =
Azadliq () a daily political newspaper in Azerbaijan. It is one of the most popular newspapers in Azerbaijan.

= = = Behind the Front = = =
Behind the Front is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on June 30, 1998 by Interscope, The original members of the group were rappers will.i.am, Taboo and apl.de.alp as well as R&B singer Kim Hill, although Hill was a member of the group her photo wasn't included on the album and she only appeared on a few of the songs on the album. Some of the songs were demos from will.i.am and apl.de.alp's group Atban Klann's scheduled debut album "Grass Roots" which was never released, with additional raps added by Taboo.

= = = Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album) = = =
Bridging the Gap is the second studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on September 26, 2000. This is their last album as "Black Eyed Peas", before they changed their name to "The Black Eyed Peas" and the last album with Kim Hill as a member.

= = = Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department = = =
There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Vienne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Haute-Vienne are:
History.
Since its creation, the Charente department has had some changes:

= = = Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit = = =
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit is a bookstore owner from Thailand. She also helped start Creating Awareness for Enhanced Democracy (CAFÉ Democracy), an organization for political ideas. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life.
Wattanapanit graduated from Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She raised money for conservation of forests. She worked for Community Forest Support group, a non-governmental organization. When Wattanapanit received the award in 2016, she was 49 years old.
Work.
In October 2011, Wattanapanit started the bookstore Book Re:public with Pinkaew Luangaramsri, an anthropology scholar from Chiang Mai University. After the May 2014 coup, the government closed her bookshop. They took her to military camps twice. They wanted her to sign an agreement not to work for political activities. The first time, they took her to Kawila Army Camp in Chiang Mai. The second time it was the Army Central Command.
After one year, she opened the bookshop again. The shop is a place for neighbors to meet and talk about social and political problems.

= = = Vicky Ntetema = = =
Vicky Ntetema or Vicky Alice Ntetema (born c. 1958) is a journalist from Tanzania. She hid her identity to find out about the deaths of albino people. She is the director of Under the Same Sun, an NGO for the rights of albino people. In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life.
Ntetema received a bachelor's degree in the former Soviet Union in 1985. She studied journalism at Byelorussian State University in Minsk. She received a Master of Science in Information Systems Development from the University of London.
Work.
Ntemtema started work at the BBC in 1991 as a Swahili translator. In 2005, she returned to Tanzania, and became the head of the BBC World Service in Tanzania. She worked at the BBC from 1991 to 2009.
In November 2007, Ntetema wanted to know about a series of albino murders and their connection with witchdoctors. More than 90 percent of Tanzanians believe in witchcraft, so witch doctors are important in traditional African life. According to Ntetmea, more than 50 albinos were killed since 2007. Often, witchdoctors pay people to kill albinos. The police protect the killers.
In July 2008, Ntetema's story was on the BBC. She received threats, so the BBC told her to get out. She went to London. Later she went to Kenya.
In 2010 she received the Courage in Journalism Award.

= = = Arrondissement of Bellac = = =
The arrondissement of Bellac is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bellac.
History.
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Bellac was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Bellac is the most northern "arrondissement" of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the northwest and north by the Vienne department, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Limoges, to the southwest by the "arrondissement" of Rochechouart and to the west by the Charente department.
The "arrondissement" of Bellac is the second "arrondissement" of the department, after the "arrondissement" of Limoges, in area, , and population (39,744 inhabitants). It has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Bellac, the canton of Bellac and the canton of Châteauponsac have all their "communes". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Bellac has 62 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Awadeya Mahmoud = = =
Awadeya Mahmoud or Awwadah Mahmoud Koko (Arabic: ����� ����� ���� ) is a tea seller and activist from Sudan. She started the Women’s Food and Tea Sellers’ Cooperative and the Women’s Multi-Purpose Cooperative for Khartoum State. In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Work.
Mahmoud lived in southern Kordofan. Because of war in south Sudan, she moved to Khartoum. She started to sell tea by the side of the road. Every day, the local police harassed her and threatened her. She could not go to the government, so she organized women. She helped them talk to politicians and use the media to get attention for their problems. The police put her in jail for four years. Finally the courts of Sudan said she was free. With the help of the Sudanese Development Association, an NGO, she started an organization to help the women who sell tea.
At first there were three cooperatives. During 2015, the project increased to 36 cooperatives in seven areas of Khartoum region. Now there are more than 7,500 women in the original three cooperatives.

= = = Forever Marilyn = = =
Forever Marilyn is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie "The Seven Year Itch". The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.
Design and location.
The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, "The Seven-Year Itch". It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.
The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.
It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.
The statue was next displayed in 2016 in Australia in connection with the Bendigo Art Gallery's Marilyn Monroe exhibition.
Reception.
In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.
The public, however, generally liked the statue: ""Forever Marilyn" journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."
There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.

= = = Arrondissement of Limoges = = =
The arrondissement of Limoges is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Limoges.
History.
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Limoges was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Limoges is the most southern "arrondissement" of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Bellac, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the Corrèze department, to the southwest by the Dordogne department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Rochechouart.
The "arrondissement" of Limoges is the largest "arrondissement" of the department, with area of , and it is the one with more people living in it with a population of 298,578 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Limoges, the canton of Ambazac is the only canton that has "communes" in more than one "arrondissement" as can be seen in the following table:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Limoges has 108 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Hysterical strength = = =
Hysterical strength or superhuman strength is a display of extreme strength by humans beyond the normal. Hysterical strength usually occurs in life or death situations. The usual explanation is a sudden release of adrenaline (epinephrine). There have been numerous reports of people exhibiting hysterical strength while experiencing negative side effects of drugs like LSD, Phencyclidine and flakka and even fighting with the police.
In life or death situations.
In 1982, in Lawrenceville, Georgia, Tony Cavallo was repairing a 1964 Chevrolet Impala automobile from underneath. The vehicle was propped up with jacks, but it fell. Cavallo's mother, Mrs. Angela Cavallo, lifted the car high enough and long enough for two neighbours to replace the jacks and pull Tony from beneath the car.
In 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, Tom Boyle watched as a Chevrolet Camaro hit 18-year-old Kyle Holtrust. The car pinned Holtrust, still alive, underneath. Boyle lifted the Camaro off the teenager, while the driver of the car pulled the teen to safety.
In 2011, in Tampa, Florida, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 295 lb (134 kg; 21.1 st) University of South Florida college football player Danous Estenor lifted a 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) car off of a man who had been caught underneath. The man was a tow truck driver who had been pinned under the rear tire of a 1990 Cadillac Seville, which had lurched forward as he worked underneath it. The man suffered only minor injuries.
In 2015, in Vienna, Virginia, Charlotte Heffelmire was able to momentarily use incredible strength to free her dad from a GMC pick-up truck.
Under the influence of drugs.
In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase physical strength, acceleration, stamina, and endurance, while reducing reaction time. Like methylphenidate and bupropion, amphetamine increases stamina and endurance in humans mainly through the release of dopamine, and other central nervous system effects.

= = = India (disambiguation) = = =
India, officially the "Republic of India" ("���� �������" ) is a country in South Asia.
India may also refer to:
History.
The term "India" has historically also been used to refer to:

= = = Pot calling the kettle black = = =
The pot calling the kettle black is an informal fallacy also called Tu quoque. 
Another name is appeal to hypocrisy. 
It happens when a person is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another.
A fable, perhaps by Aesop, has a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight, and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.
A present-day example:
It is a fallacy because a person's actions or character do not affect the logic of the argument.

= = = Association fallacy = = =
An association fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone says that a quality of one thing must apply to another just because they both share a similar quality or belief. It can be used in a positive or negative way.
It follows the general outline, A is a B, A is also a C, therefore, all Bs are Cs.
An example of an association fallacy being used in positive way (called "pro hominem", or honour by association) is as follows:
An example of an association fallacy being used in a negative way (called "guilt by association") is as follows:

= = = Arrondissement of Rochechouart = = =
The arrondissement of Rochechouart is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Rochechouart.
History.
When the "arrondissements" were created in 1800 in France, the "arrondissement" of Rochechouart was one of those in the Haute-Vienne department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Rochechouart is the most western "arrondissement" of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the west and north by the Charente department, to the northeast by the "arrondissement" of Bellac, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Limoges and to the south by the Dordogne department.
The "arrondissement" of Rochechouart is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department, with area of only , and it is the one with fewest people living in it with a population of 37,877 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are only two cantons in the "arrondissement" of Rochechouart and both have all their "comunes" in the "arrondissement". These cantons are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Rochechouart has 30 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Rajasthani language = = =
Rajasthani language belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages group. It is estimated to be spoken by 100 million speakers throughout the world. Rajasthan, Panjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Gujarat are the states where Rajasthani language is spoken. In Pakistan, Provinces of Sindh and Panjab. Rajasthani language is descended from the Old Gujarati language.

= = = LoveWave = = =
"LoveWave" is a song by Armenian-German singer Iveta Mukuchyan. It was released as a single on March 30, 2016. It represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The video for "LoveWave" premiered on March 2, 2016.
Eurovision Song Contest.
On 25 January 2016, Armenia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2016, and was announced to perform in the first half of the show. Mukuchyan performed "LoveWave" in position 7, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from San Marino. The song gained second place in the first semi-final and competed in the final on May 14, 2016, where she performed the song last, following the entry from United Kingdom. The song achieved 7th place with 249 points.

= = = Oblique order = = =
The oblique order, also called the oblique attack is a military tactic to bring a larger force against one of the enemy's flanks. At the same time the remainder of the force is used to distract and keep the enemy line in place. This is a good tactic if the attacking force is larger in size. Frederick the Great is credited with inventing the oblique order. He would use a large number of troops on one of the flanks to destroy that section, then drive into the enemy from two directions. The word oblique comes from the Middle English word "oblike", which comes from the Latin word "oblīquus" meaning "slanted". In military usage, oblique usually means at an angle, often 45 degrees. 
History.
Frederick the Great was not the first battlefield commander to put more forces on one side of his battle lines. But in the past the maneuver had to be done at night or out of sight of the enemy. If a commander put more troops on one flank (or "wing"), the opposing commander seeing this, would simply move his forces to counter the move. Shifting forces during a battle took time. There was also the risk of the enemy attacking while forces were being moved around. Frederick overcame these problems. The most important thing he did was train his soldiers to march quickly. When his Prussian army reached the battlefield, they would form the standard (for the time) two lines parallel to the enemy's two lines. But Frederick's army had been trained to "quarter-wheel" (turn at an angle) by sections, then in a fluid movement, quickly form into columns. Each unit of the Prussian army did this at the same moment which allowed his entire force to perform such a movement in under two minutes.
Frederick described his technique: "a commander should strengthen one wing of his army and employ it to attack the enemy flank, while holding back another, smaller wing to threaten the enemy’s main force and keep it from changing position." The other army was already in place and could not switch their troops around fast enough before the Prussians attacked. Frederick went on to say: "an army of 30,000 could beat an army of 100,000 using this method."
There are other versions of what exactly the oblique order is. One version says that all preparation done on the night before or the day of the battle to reinforce its flanks or center could be considered part of the oblique order. If that were true then Cyrus the Great used it at the Battle of Thymbra in 547 BC. Other commanders in history, ancient and modern, have also prepared in much the same way. This version would be like Frederick claiming he invented war itself. Reinforcing a flank at night or out of sight of the enemy is not so much a tactical maneuver as depending on surprise. Many Austrian, French, and English officers of this time thought the oblique order was moving an entire army around. They never understood that Frederick the Great never did this. He maneuvered by lines and by flanks, never by army.

= = = Haut-Bocage = = =
Haut-Bocage is a commune in the Allier department of central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
The town hall is in Maillet.
History.
The Haut-Bocage was established on 1 January 2016 with the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement.
Geography.
Haut-Bocage is in the western part of the Allier department, in the valley of the Cher river at to the north of Montluçon, the subprefecture of the "arrondissement".
It has an area of with an altitude of .
Composition.
The "commune" is formed by:

= = = Miami Lakes, Florida = = =
Miami Lakes is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. At the 2020 U.S. Census, 30,467 people lived in Miami Lakes.

= = = Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 = = =
Armenia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "LoveWave" written by Lilith Navasardyan, Levon Navasardyan, Iveta Mukuchyan and Stephanie Crutchfield. The song was performed by Iveta Mukuchyan, who was selected internally by the Armenian broadcaster Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV) to represent Armenia in the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden. Mukuchyan's selection as the Armenian artist was announced on 13 October 2015, while the song "LoveWave" was later presented to the public on 2 March 2016.
Split voting results.
The following five members comprised the Armenian jury:

= = = Social issue = = =
A social issue (or social problem, social conflict, or social illness) is an issue which affects many people in a society. 
Examples of social issues are economic issues. However, some issues, such as immigration, have both social and economic aspects. Racism, unemployment, poverty, violence, human rights are examples of social issues.

= = = Poplar = = =
Poplar may refer to:

= = = Martin Ryle = = =
Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex 14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer. 
Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for to locate weak radio sources more accurately. With better equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.

= = = Monte Cimone = = =
Monte Cimone is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy
Geography.
The Monte Cimone, high, in the province of Modena, "comuni" of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.
It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.
The "Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese", also known as "Parco regionale del Frignano", is near Monte Cimone.
History.
On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than .
In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to Madonna delle nevi ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.
Skiing.
It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than (the longest trail is ) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.

= = = Richie Rich (comics) = = =
Richie Rich is a fictional character created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer, and published by Harvey Comics in the 1950s. Richie Rich is called "the poor little rich boy", or also "the richest kid in the world". He appeared in comic book titles such as "Richie Rich Millions" (1961) and "Richie Rich Dollars & Cents" (1963).

= = = Preemptive war = = =
A preemptive war is one in which a country takes military action against another country or group that poses a real threat of waging a war against them. The purpose is to stop the threat before the country or group has a chance to strike. This is an old philosophy of war or of preventing a war. Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese general, military expert and philosopher, said a supreme country would break resistance in its enemies without needing to fight them, but if fighting is needed, then a country should consider attacking first if doing so would gain them an advantage (since that increases their chance of ending the conflict quickly). A declaration of war may or may not come before the preemptive first strike. Preemptive war is thought of as a defensive act. This is true when it is clear an enemy is threatening an attack and that attack will do great harm. Also, a country which preemptively attacks another to defend itself can claim it was a moral act and avoid the label of an aggressor.
Difference from preventive war.
There is often confusion between preemptive war and a preventative war. A preemptive war is one in which striking first gives a country an advantage over an enemy whose intentions are clearly to strike and do great harm. An example is the 1967 Six-Day War. When it became clear that Egypt and Syria were about to attack, Israel attacked them first in a preemptive strike.
To satisfy the justification for a first strike, certain conditions should exist including:
A preventive war is one in which a country attacks another in order to prevent them from having the capability of making war. A preventive war is one based on the idea that it is possible to tell with certainty the events that will take place. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs”. For example, under the Bush Doctrine, the United States may attack any nation or group that may attack the country in the future even if it does not currently have that capability. By calling it "preemptive", it does not change if from being preventive.
There are a few cases in which a preventive war may have been justified. For example, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he openly said he would rearm Germany and seize the lands necessary for German "living space." Nazi Germany claimed it wanted only what was due and then it would live in peace, but many in Europe already thought that was not true.
When World War II started, nearly everyone had realized that the earlier statements had not been true, but it was too late to stop Hitler except by a costly and destructive war. Later, when the Japanese Empire decided to invade British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies for resources, they also attacked Pearl Harbor so the United States could not join the resulting war.

= = = 2006 Lebanon War = = =
The 2006 Lebanon War, also named The Second Lebanon War, was a conflict between the paramilitary forces of the Hezbollah and the Israeli army. It lasted 34 days between the 12th of July 2006 and the 14th of August 2006, triggered by the killing of eight Israeli soldiers and abduction of two additional Israeli soldiers by the Hezbollah. 
The war was particularly characterized by the amount of air strikes and rockets launched by each side. It caused the death of 1,109 Lebanese and 159 Israelis. In addition, over a million people were forcibly displaced. 
The United Nations Resolution 1701, adopted by the United Nations Security Council on the 14th of August 2006, put an end to the conflict. 
Background.
Hezbollah (also known as "the Party of God") is a Shi'a Lebanese political party with a military branch. It emerged as a movement of resistance against the second Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel did not withdraw from south Lebanon until May 2000. Their departure was depicted as an important victory for Hezbollah. 
In the aftermath of the withdrawal Hezbollah pursued its attack against Israel. In October of 2000, the Hezbollah conducted an operation on the disputed territories of the Sheba'a Farms, during which it kidnapped three Israeli soldiers. The conflict was settled through an exchange of prisoners. 
With a few exceptions, from 2000 to July 2006 the situation in South Lebanon was stable, with minor episodes of attacks and retaliation between Israel and Hezbollah. 
The war.
Start of the war.
On July 12th 2006, Hezbollah launched an attack against an Israeli division while it was patrolling along the border. During this operation, later named "Operation Truthful Promise," Hezbollah killed three Israelis and two were captured. In addition to the first three casualties, five other Israeli fighters were killed due to a Hezbollah anti-tank mine while trying to rescue their colleagues. Hezbollah hoped for the exchange of Palestinian and Arab prisoners held by Israel in return for the captured Israeli soldiers. Israel responded to this attack with a bombardment of artillery and airstrikes on Hezbollah targets and began a ground invasion of southern Lebanon.
Israeli response.
Only few hours after the initial Hezbollah attack, Israeli authorities decided to retaliate and launched the "Operation Change of Direction". This bombing not only targeted military objectives but also civilian ones. Israel bombed South Lebanon villages, as well as numerous building blocks in the South of Beirut. One of the most significant of these attacks was the bombing of the Beirut airport, which killed 44 civilians. Early in the hours of the next day, Israeli forces conducted Operation Density, an aerial attack lasting 34 minutes that wiped out much of Hezbollah's missile and rocket supply, though Israeli reports often exaggerated the toll. Much of the war was conducted in the air, with the Israeli Air Force flying 11,897 missions in total and the Israeli artillery firing 170,000 shells. These were unprecedented numbers for the military.
Aside from airstrikes, from the first days of the conflict, Israel launched a ground attack on South Lebanon against Hezbollah. The goal of this attack was to repel Hezbollah from the Israeli border, in order to establish a security zone. 
Hezbollah during the war.
From the 13th of July onward, Hezbollah retaliated to Israeli airstrikes by launching hundreds of rockets over the Israeli territory. This offensive targeted military as well as civilian objectives. The Hezbollah fired between 3,970 and 4,228 rockets in total.
On the ground, Hezbollah fighters were able to resist Israeli offensives. Indeed the IDF found itself unable to take Lebanese cities facing well-organized Hezbollah militias. The Hezbollah was able to face the Israeli army through the use of guerrilla tactics.
End of the war.
United Nations Resolution 1701.
The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah was ended by the United Nation Resolution 1701. The resolution was approved by the United Nations Security Council on the 11th of August 2006. It was asked to the Hezbollah and Israeli forces to stop the hostilities. The resolution was accepted by both sides and the cease-fire took effect the 14th of August.
In addition, the Resolution included the establishment of a "buffer zone" between Israel and Lebanon. It called for the deployment of the Lebanese Army in the South of the country with the assistance of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. In parallel, the Israeli military forces were asked to withdraw from the Lebanon.
Hezbollah perception.
Following the cease-fire, the Hezbollah side typically framed the war as a victory. During and after the war, they created posters and spread the message of a "divine victory".
Israel perception.
The Israeli government claimed victory over Hezbollah. However over the years, the conflict has increasingly been considered a defeat. 
Consequences.
Human consequences.
The war resulted in the death of 1,109 Lebanese and the injury of 4,399 persons. As for Israel, about 159 Israelis were killed during the conflict and 1,500 were injured.
In addition to the numerous people killed, the fighting also resulted in the displacement of over a million of Lebanese. Additionally, between 300,000 and 500,000 Israeli citizens were relocated to other parts of the country. 
The bodies of the two Israeli soldiers who were abducted at the start of the conflict were returned two years later on July 16th, 2008. This was part of the in which Israel also returned Lebanese prisoners and the bodies of nearly 200 fighters who had been captured.
Material consequences.
In light of the number of air strikes and rockets launched during the 34 days of war, there was significant material damage. The estimated damages for Lebanon were about 3.5 billion U.S. dollars. On the Israeli side, the cost of the damage was estimated to be about 1.5 billion U.S. dollars.

= = = Howard Wolowitz = = =
Howard Joel Wolowitz is a character on the sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". He is played by Simon Helberg.

= = = Vladimir Grbić = = =
Vladimir "Vanja" Grbić (born 14 December 1970) is a retired Serbian volleyball player. He is tall. He played as passer-side attacker.
Grbić was born in Klek in Socialist Republic of Serbia, Yugoslavia. He is Nikola Grbić's brother. He is a member of the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
With the national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, he won a gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in 1996 at Atlanta. His international victories include a silver medal in the 1998 World Championship and a gold medal in the 2001 European Championship.
Grbić Yugoslav Olympic Committee has declared him for the best sportsman of the year in 1996 and 2000. In 1999 and 2000, he received a Golden Badge, award for best athlete in Yugoslavia.

= = = Judy Martz = = =
Judy Martz (July 28, 1943 – October 30, 2017) was an American politician who was the 23rd Governor of Montana from 2001 to 2005. She was elected Governor of Montana on 7 November 2000. She was the first woman to be elected Governor in Montana. She served only one term in office, from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2005. 
History.
Judy Martz was born on July 28, 1943 in Big Timber, Montana. She graduated from Butte High School in 1961. She also attended Eastern Montana College.
She was a member of the US Olympic speed skating team and competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics. She married her husband, Harry Martz, in 1965.
Governorship.
Judy Martz was the 22nd Governor of Montana.
After leaving office.
On April 1, 2005, Judy Martz was appointed to the board of directors of TASER International. As of September of 2016, she was still on the board.
Illness and death.
On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Judy Martz had stage 2 pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017 in Butte, Montana at the age of 74.

= = = Subliminal stimuli = = =
Subliminal stimuli are sensations just "below the threshold" of a person's conscious perception. They may be designed to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual without beiing noticed.
A recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate certain parts of the brain, but the subjects do not notice the stimulus. Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked, thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.

= = = Rodolfo Illanes = = =
Rodolfo Illanes (19 August 1958 - 25 August 2016) was a Bolivian politician. In 2016 he was the deputy Interior Minister when he was kidnapped by striking miners. He had gone to meet with the miners at Pandura. The miners were demanding more mining, the right to work for private companies, and greater union representation. When talks between the government and the miners failed, Illanes was beaten to death by his kidnappers.

= = = Sonia Rykiel = = =
Sonia Rykiel (25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French "Elle" magazine. She was given the nickname "Queen of Knits" because of her knitwear designs. The Sonia Rykiel label began in 1968 when she opened her first store, making clothing, accessories and perfumes. Rykiel was also a writer and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel said she was suffering from Parkinson's disease. She died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016.

= = = Eddy Silitonga = = =
Eddy Silitonga (born Charles Edison Silitonga in Siantar, Sumatra, January 17, 1949 - died in Jakarta, August 25, 2016) was an Indonesian singer. He was known for his high-pitched voice. He won several song contests, including Champion Pop Singer in Medan and the Popular Song Festival held at Taman Ismail Marzuki in Jakarta. Silitonga won the first Minang Song Contest in 1983. He studied at Mapua Institute of Technology in the Philippines. He formed his own group, "Eddy's Group", which was at its peak in 1976 - 1979. He suffered from heart disease and diabetes.
Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".

= = = Rudy Van Gelder = = =
Rudolph "Rudy" Van Gelder (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz. 
He has been described as the most important recording engineer of jazz. Over a period of more than 50 years, Van Gelder recorded several thousand jazz sessions. Some of these recordings are recognized as classics. He recorded many of the great jazz musicians, including John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, and Horace Silver. He worked with many record companies but was most closely associated with Blue Note Records.

= = = Battle of New Market = = =
The Battle of New Market was an American Civil War battle fought on May 15, 1864 over control of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. The battle was part of the Union Army Valley Campaigns of 1864. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had ordered General Franz Sigel to take his army into the Shenandoah Valley and clear it of Confederate forces. Siegel had about 9,000 men when he started up the valley, but for some reason split his army. When he arrived outside the town of New Market, he had with him a force of about 6,500 Union soldiers. The Shenandoah valley was the breadbasket of the Confederacy and provided food to feed General Robert E. Lee's hungry army. Lee sent General John C. Breckinridge with about 4,100 men to stop Siegel and force the Union Army out of the valley. Breckenridge, with Lee's permission, called up the 500 cadets from the nearby Virginia Military Institute (VMI), some as young as 15 years old. The Confederates won the battle, defeating Siegel's larger force.
Background.
For some time during the war, the Shenandoah Valley had been a series of problems for the Union Army. In 1862, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, in a series of six small battles, had tied up federal forces that could have been used against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. Just a year later, Lee's army had used the valley to move north to invade Pennsylvania. In addition to providing the food necessary to keep Lee's army going, it remained a very real threat to Washington, D.C.. The Shenandoah Valley was strategically the left flank of Lee's defense of Richmond. Jackson had said early in the war, "If the Valley is lost, Virginia is lost."
Grant placed Major General Philip Sheridan in charge of clearing the Shenandoah Valley. He gave Sheridan the order "to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death..." Siegel, under Sheridan's command, was ordered to march up the valley to Staunton from Martinsburg (now in West Virginia). Siegel was a political general and had not been trained at West Point. He had been appointed to his position to attract support from German Immigrants for the Union cause. Siegel had shown poor tactical and strategic skills and had lost a number of battles. Also, when he was under stress, he would bark out his orders in German, confusing his men. Yet he was Grant's choice for this mission. Confederate General Brekenridge was also a political general, but proved to be more than Siegel could handle.
The battle.
Siegel was sent into the Shenandoah Valley while Grant was fighting Lee, first at the Battle of the Wilderness then at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Siegel's main purpose was to prevent Breckinridge from reinforcing Lee.
As Siegel crossed the Shenandoah River north of New Market, he started making mistakes. He sent some of his force after the Confederate cavalry in the area. He ordered two regiments of troops to stand guard over the bridges (apparently in case he had to retreat). Meanwhile, Breckinridge had managed to scrape together only two brigades of Confederate infantry, a few cavalry, and 247 cadets from VMI in nearby Lexington, Virginia. On the morning of May 15, Breckinridge decided to remain on the defensive since he had fewer soldiers and held the high ground. Siegel attacked but was quickly pushed back. Breckinridge saw he had an advantage and attacked the Union line in the afternoon during a heavy rainstorm. He had intended to keep the cadets in reserve but now he needed them. Siegel was forced back across the Shenandoah and this time burned the bridge behind him.
Aftermath.
There were about 831 Union casualties. About 96 were killed, 479 wounded, and 256 were reported captured or missing. The Confederates had about 577 casualties. Of these, 43 were killed, 534 were wounded, captured or missing. In total, 10 VMI cadets lost their lives. The Battle of New Market is mainly remembered for the VMI Corps of Cadets who fought there and for those who died there. Beginning in 1878, VMI has held a formal ceremony every year. About the same time they began the French custom of the roll call (reading the names out loud) of the dead who had been killed at New Market. At each ceremony, a cadet is selected to answer for each of the 10 cadets who were killed. On the name being called, the cadet answers: "Died on the field of honor."

= = = Amnesic shellfish poisoning = = =
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is an illness caused by poisoning with a particular toxin called "domoic acid".
At times, some diatoms produce domoic acid in ocean water. Shellfish accumulate this poison, and when they are eaten by people, the people get poisoned. The symptoms may be very severe: they include permanent memory loss, brain damage, and vomiting.
This disease was discovered in 1987 in eastern Canada when many people got poisoned after eating shellfish in a restaurant. Several people died of this disease then.
Birds can get this disease too when they eat poisoned shellfish. Such birds lose the coordination ability, and may crash into car and house windows.
Scientists found that the incidents of this disease occur more frequently in the recent years.
In the United States it is illegal to catch and sell shellfish without a license. Caught shellfish have to be frequently tested. When this toxin is found in the shellfish, government bans fishing and selling it in the area.
In the UK, all shellfish caught for restaurants or sale to the public are put in clean water for at least two days before being brought to market. This is the standard way to protect from poisoning.

= = = Salak = = =
Salak fruit is grown in southeast Asia. It has a spiky look and has a leathery rap and a nut shaped inside. You can eat it with a little sugar or salt or even make it into a helpful eye cream.

= = = Reno (river) = = =
The Reno () is a river of northeastern Italy that starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range in Tuscany but flows mainly through the Emilia-Romagna region. It is one of the longest river in Italy.
Geography.
The Reno river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course.
The Reno river starts in the Apennines to the northwest of the city of Pistoia, Pistoia province (Tuscany). The Reno is formed by the confluence, at about above sea level, of two streams: Reno di Prunetta (with its source at an altitude of ) and the Reno di Campolungo.
Its upper course, going to the west, marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. In this part, there are several artificial reservoirs whose dams are used for hydro-electric energy production.
In Sant'Agostino, the river turns to the southwest and passes west of Bologna, at Casalecchio di Reno.
In its lower course the Reno receives the water of numerous streams, some of which are seasonal (they have water only when it rains)
The Reno was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the 18th century when the course was changed to avoid the frequent floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casalborsetti, south-east of the "Valli di Comacchio", a lagoon in the commune of Comacchio.
The Reno flows through many municipalities; some of them in the lower course, in the Emilia-Romagna region, are:
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Reno river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Fatih Terim = = =
Fatih Terim (born 4 September 1953) is a Turkish football manager. He managed the Turkey national football team from 2013 to 2017.
He has been the manager of Galatasaray S.K. since 2017.

= = = Agglutinative language = = =
An agglutinative language is a type of language where words are made up of different types of morphemes to determine their meaning. (A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has a meaning.) What makes these languages different from others, is that if one removes the morphemes from the word, they will be able to stand on their own.
Examples.
Persian.
Bozorgtarinhashunra niga mikardam - I was looking at their biggest ones.
List.
Below is a list of modern agglutinative languages:

= = = Suffocation (band) = = =
Suffocation is an American brutal death metal band from Centereach, New York, United States. The band members are Frank Mullen (vocalist), Terrance Hobbs and Charlie Errigo (both guitarisits), Eric Morotti (drummer) and Derek Boyer (bassist). Their 1991 album, Effigy of the Forgotten, created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s. The band has a raw death metal style that uses growled vocals with a downtuned guitar sound, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes, breakdowns, and a complex sense of songwriting. "Decibel Magazine" has stated that Suffocation's music completely influenced the creation of deathcore.

= = = Steve Hickner = = =
Steve Hickner is an American animator and director who directed "Bee Movie" and "The Prince of Egypt".

= = = Paul Bostaph = = =
Paul Steven Bostaph (born 4 March 1964 in San Francisco, California) is an American metal drummer who is currently performing with the thrash metal band Slayer. He began his drumming career in 1984, and has since worked with bands like Forbidden, Exodus, Systematic, and Testament. "Metal-Rules.com" described Bostaph as "a true professional and one of the best drummers on today's metal music scene."
Career.
Early years.
Bostaph first wanted to play the bass guitar, but later chose the drums because he found a kit that was cheaper than a bass. He listened to The Beatles and The Beach Boys, but AC/DC got him into rock drumming. He bought his first drum kit at the age of 15 and decided to become a metal drummer after listening to "Killers" by Iron Maiden. He was also influenced by bands like ELO, Blue Öyster Cult and Black Sabbath. His biggest drumming inspirations are Phil Rudd, Clive Burr, Tommy Aldridge, Nicko McBrain, Cozy Powell, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Smith, Dave Lombardo, and Tommy Lee.
Forbidden (1985–1992).
Bostaph played drums for Forbidden from 1985–1992, playing on their first two studio albums, "Forbidden Evil" and "Twisted into Form". He also played on their 1989 live EP "Raw Evil: Live at the Dynamo". He is regarded as their most prolific 'permanent' drummer to date.
Slayer and solo work.
After drummer Dave Lombardo of Slayer left in 1992, the band was looking for a new drummer. Lombardo's drum tech was filling in but kept on making errors. After auditioning several drummers and listening to hundreds of demo tapes, Bostaph was recommended by Slayer guitarist Kerry King's guitar technician. Slayer members listened to some Forbidden records, however, they did not see how Bostaph could fit in Slayer – Lombardo's style was "over the top", while Forbidden was more melodic. Slayer auditioned Bostaph with nine songs, and he made only one error on "Angel of Death". Bostaph had to practice a lot to improve the strength of his hands and feet; "I respected and loved Dave's drumming but as a fan, if they got a new drummer and I bought a ticket to a show, I would expect to hear the stuff that Dave does, that's what I would want. So, I went in and every time I had to learn a new song I would play them exactly how Dave played them".
Bostaph recorded four albums with Slayer; his least favorite is 1994's "Divine Intervention". This is due to the guitars not being loud enough as they were in the recording session, the band moving around to several recording studios, and a producer who had never done any heavy metal music. The producer changed near the end of recording to Toby Wright – Bostaph stating "that record never had any consistency to it although a lot of fans still like it." Bostaph left the band in 1996 to concentrate on his solo project, Truth About Seafood, and was replaced by Jon Dette; however, he returned in 1997. His second favorite album is 2001's "God Hates Us All"; "The whole era that I was with the band that was the album that was the most well-rounded and mixed the best" with "Diabolus in Musica".
Bostaph left Slayer after the release of "God Hates Us All", after a chronic elbow injury he had received restricted his ability to play. (although he later said that he actually left because "Musically, I wanted to do something else".) His third last performance with the band is recorded on the DVD "War at the Warfield" recorded on December 7, 2001. Bostaph is yet to watch it as he feels "It's like breaking up with a girlfriend" and needs to move on with his life. He remained friends with the Slayer members, and when asked if he would work with them in the future, he replied "sure". Bostaph was temporarily replaced by original Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo, which later proved to be a permanent arrangement until 2013, when the band announced he has replaced Lombardo for the second time.

= = = Homologous series = = =
In chemistry, a homologous series is a series of chemical compounds with the same general formula. Usually these compounds vary by a single parameter such as the length of a carbon chain. Examples of such series are the straight-chained alkanes (paraffins), and some of their derivatives (such as the primary alcohols, aldehydes, and (mono)carboxylic acids). 
Compounds within a homologous series typically have a fixed set of functional groups that gives them similar chemical and physical properties. For example, the series of primary straight-chained alcohols has an hydroxyl at the end of the carbon chain. These properties typically change gradually along the series, and the changes can often be explained by small differences in molecular size and mass.

= = = Canada men's national volleyball team = = =
The Canada national volleyball team represents Canada in international volleyball competitions.

= = = Czech Republic men's national volleyball team = = =
The Czech Republic national volleyball team represents Czech Republic in international volleyball competitions.

= = = Egypt men's national volleyball team = = =
The Egypt national volleyball team represents Egypt in international volleyball competitions.

= = = Tunisia men's national volleyball team = = =
The Tunisia national volleyball team represents Tunisia in international volleyball competitions.

= = = Shenandoah Valley = = =
The Shenandoah Valley (nicknamed "The Big Valley" ) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the eastern front of the Appalachians. To the north it goes to the Potomac River and to the south by the James River. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west, and the Roanoke Valley to the south. The Valley is about long. It is the home of two well-known universities, James Madison and Shenandoah University.
History.
For nearly 11,000 years before the Europeans came, Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. The first European to visit the area was probably a Jesuit priest in 1632. However, the first European credited with exploring the Valley was a German doctor named John Lederer in 1669. In the 1600s, Englishmen were told about the large forests which included chestnut trees as tall as .
Jackson's Valley Campaign Was fought here in 1862.
Geography.
It is named for the river that stretches much of its length. The Shenandoah Valley has eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia.
The cultural region includes five more counties in Virginia:
At Harpers Ferry the Shenandoah River joins the Potomac. The Valley's cultural region contains 10 independent cities:

= = = Reductio ad Hitlerum = = =
Reductio ad Hitlerum, also known as playing the Hitler card, is a logical fallacy described by Leo Strauss, a philosopher, in 1951. It happens when someone compares their opponent's view with Hitler or something that he did.
It is a form of ad hominem, distracting from the argument by criticizing the opponent. It works because in the modern world, people think of Nazism as a bad thing.
During the 2016 US Presidential Election, Republican candidate Donald J. Trump has been repeatedly compared to Hitler by commentators and comedians.
An example is as follows:
As person 2 has criticized the opponent as opposed to the argument by comparing them to Hitler without giving any reasons as to why X is not true, they have committed reductio ad Hitlerum.

= = = Leo Strauss = = =
Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a German-American political philosopher and classicist who became an expert on political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later went to the United States. He spent most of his time as a teacher of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught students and put into print 15 books.
He was particularly concerned with the idea of whether freedom and excellence could go together, but his ideas were criticised by Nicholas Xenos as wanting to go back to an era of fascism.
He was against the idea of a world state as he thought it would lead to tyranny.
Recent research has criticized his ideas in Persecution and the Art of Writing. Strauss argues that writing in a secretive way is needed to protect revolutionary ideas from the general public. But the evidence shows that most people during the time when Strauss's philosophers lived were illiterate, and only a few could understand complicated philosophical works. This contradicts Strauss's hypothesis. Moreover, the complexity of language make it unnecessary to devise additional ways, as Strauss suggests, to hide messages, as language itself can have multiple interpretations. Therefore, it is important to reassess these theories based on the evidence and insights, which question Strauss's argument.

= = = Wachseldorn = = =
Wachseldorn is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wahlern = = =
Wahlern was a municipality in Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Wahlern and Albligen joined together to become the new municipality, Schwarzenburg.

= = = Schwarzenburg = = =
Schwarzenburg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
It was created on 1 January 2011 through the merger of the municipalities of Wahlern and Albligen.

= = = Mosen, Lucerne = = =
Mosen was a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.

= = = Müswangen = = =
Müswangen was a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.

= = = Brontallo = = =
Brontallo is a village and former municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico merged to form the new municipality of Lavizzara.

= = = Peccia = = =
Peccia is one of six small Swiss municipalities that merged on 4 April 2004 to form the new municipality of Lavizzara, with about 1000 people. The other municipalities were Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, and Prato-Sornico.

= = = Web crawler = = =
A web crawler or spider is a computer program that automatically fetches the contents of a web page. The program then analyses the content, for example to index it by certain search terms. Search engines commonly use web crawlers.

= = = Per capita income = = =
Per capita income or average income is the average amount of money a person gets in a year. It is found by dividing the amount of money in an area by the number of people living there.
Per capita income is often used to measure an area's average income. The currency used is often the euro or the US dollar as they are widely used international currencies.
It has been criticised for not accounting for inflation. This means that it overstates economic growth. It also means that a small number of wealthy people can increase the country's per capita income whilst the rest of the population experience no change. It does not account for the differences in the cost of living between countries.

= = = Sunnyvale, California = = =
Sunnyvale is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is near San Francisco and San Jose. It is the seventh most populated city in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is in Santa Clara County and Silicon Valley. As of the 2020 census, 155,805 people were living in Sunnyvale.
Many technology companies have operations in Sunnyvale. 

= = = Booby trap = = =
A booby trap is a hidden device or setup that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a person. It is usually triggered by the actions of the victim who did not know the booby trap was there. 
During the Vietnam War nearly 70% of American casualties were due to booby traps. In war, booby traps are a form of psychological warfare. They are designed to make soldiers slow down and be very cautious. As the word "trap" implies, they sometimes have some form of bait to attract the victim. At other times, the trap is set to act upon trespassers that come into personal or restricted areas. The device can be triggered when the victim performs some type of everyday action. For example opening a door, picking something up or switching something on. They can also be triggered by vehicles driving along a road such as an improvised explosive devices (IED's). Often booby traps are placed in a choke point (such as a path), where people or vehicles would normally move through. Lethal booby traps are often used in warfare, particularly guerrilla warfare. Traps designed to cause injury or pain are sometimes used by criminals wanting to protect drugs or other illicit property. 
They are also used by some owners of legal property who wish to protect it from theft. There may be laws governing this use.

= = = San Pedro Department, Paraguay = = =
The San Pedro department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú. Its code is PY-02.
The name San Pedro ("Saint Peter") was given after its capital.
History.
During the 17th and 18th centuries there was much problems with the people in the region. To help for the economic growth, three towns were started: San Estanislao (1749), Villa del Rosario (1786) and San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú (1786).
San Pedro, the second department of the country, was created by law in 1906, and had the territories of Itacurubí del Rosario, Santa Rosa del Aguaray, Tacuatí, Unión, Ygatimi and Curuguaty, as well as the area of the present Canindeyú department. Its limits were given finally by the Law 426 of 26 December 1973.
Geography.
The San Pedro department is in the north central part of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , the largest of the "Oriental" region, with a population of 360,094 for a population density of .
Rivers.
The main river in the department, and of Paraguay, is the Paraguay that makes the western border of the department.
Other rivers are the Jejuí Guazú, long, and the Ypané, long.
Climate.
, the total amount of precipitation in the city of San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú was . The month with the most precipitation was April with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .
The average temperature for the year 2014 in San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts.
The department is divided in 20 districts:

= = = Jeju Island = = =
Jejudo (also known as Jeju Island) is the largest island off the coast of the Korean Peninsula. It is the main island of Jeju Province of South Korea. The island lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province. The island contains the natural World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes. The highest point in South Korea is the Island's dormant volcano, Hallasan, which stands above sea level. Jejudo has a temperate climate. Even in winter, the temperature rarely falls below . The Island is a popular place for Korean newlyweds to honeymoon.
Jeju Island is 73 km wide from east to west and 31 km wide from north to south. Most of Jeju Island is made out of volcanic rocks from the Holocene era.
First, the basalt lava erupted to make the Hallasan shield volcano about 2 million years ago. Hallasan was still active into recorded history, but it is not active now. Then this first layer of volcanic rock was covered up with sediment. Then there was another set of eruptions, which made most of the rock on the surface of Jeju Island today. In the third round of volcanic activity, Hallasan grew to its current, tall height, 1950 m.

= = = Sinusitis = = =
Sinusitis means infection or inflammation of the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces inside the bones of the face. There are many symptoms, including thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and pain in the face.

= = = Rain, Lucerne = = =
Rain is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Retschwil = = =
Retschwil was a municipality, in the municipality of Hitzkirch and the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Anne of Romania = = =
Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, also known as Queen Anne of Romania ("Anne Antoinette Françoise Charlotte Zita Marguerite of Bourbon-Parma", 18 September 1923 – 1 August 2016), was the wife of former king Michael I of Romania.
Early life.
Anne was born in Paris, France, the only daughter of Prince René of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark. Anne was the younger sister of Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma and elder sister to Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma who married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (eldest child of King Umberto II of Italy and Queen Marie José), and Prince André of Bourbon-Parma. As a granddaughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma she was first cousin to: King Boris III of Bulgaria; Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma; Princess Alicia, Dowager Duchess of Calabria; Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma; Crown Prince Otto of Austria; and Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg.
In 1939 Anne's family fled from the Nazi Germans and escaped to Spain, then to Portugal finally to the United States. She attended the Parsons School of Design in New York City from 1940 to 1943. She also worked as a sales assistant at Macy's department store. In 1943 she joined the French Army as an ambulance driver. She served in Algeria, Morocco, Italy, Luxembourg and Germany. She received the French "Croix de guerre" for her wartime service.
Marriage.
Engagement.
In November 1947, Anne met King Michael I of Romania who was visiting London for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh. They met several times in London, always with her mother or brother. Michael asked her to marry him. Michael returned to Romania, where he was told by the prime minister it was not the right tine to announce the wedding. A few days later, the government said the wedding was the reason for Michael's sudden "abdication". In fact the king was deposed by the Communists on 30 December.
Wedding.
Anne was a Catholic and under their rules, she needed the church's permission to marry Michael who was not a Catholic. This permission could be given if Michael agreed to allow their future children to be raised as Catholics. Michael refused to do this, as it was against the laws of Romania, and it would make it impossible for him to regain his position as king. The Holy See refused to grant permission for the wedding. The two families decided to take their case to the Vatican. In early March, the couple's mothers met with Pope Pius XII who also refused permission for Anne to marry Michael.
Anne and Michael decided to marry without church permission. Anne's paternal uncle, Xavier, Duke of Parma, said he objected to the marriage that did not have the Pope's permission. He also told Anne's parents not to attend the wedding. Anne's family was represented at the ceremony by her maternal uncle, Prince Eric of Denmark.
The wedding ceremony was held on 10 June 1948 in Athens, Greece, in the throne room of the Royal Palace. The ceremony was performed by Archbishop Damaskinos. Guests at the wedding included: Helen, Queen Mother of Romania, Michael's aunts Queen Frederica, Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Aosta, Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark; his cousins Alexandra, Queen Consort of Yugoslavia, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, King Paul of Greece, Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, Crown Prince Constantine of Greece and Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, the three youngest ones serving as bridesmaids and pageboys; Anne's maternal uncle Prince Eric of Denmark; Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, Prince George William of Hanover and many others.
The couple took part in a religious ceremony on 9 November 1966, at the Roman Catholic Church of St Charles in Monaco, to make the marriage "legal" for the church.
Adult life.
After their wedding in 1948, Anne and Michael lived in Hertfordshire for four years. They became market gardeners and farmed poultry. In 1956 they moved to Versoix on Lake Geneva, and raised five daughters there. In 1992 Anne and Michael visited Romania for three days; it was Anne's first visit to the country. From 1993 to 1997, Michael was refused entry to Romania by the Romanian government. Anne visited the country a number of times representing her husband. After 1997, there were no restrictions on Anne and Michael's entry into Romania. Elisabeta Palace was made available for them to use, and they recovered some properties from the state, including Săvârşin Castle and Peleş Castle.
In June 2008, Anne and Michael celebrated their 60th Wedding Anniversary, with three days of events in Romania. Events included a concert by the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra at the Romanian Athenaeum, an official reception at Athenee Palace in Bucharest, and book launch at the National Museum of Romanian History.
Death.
Anne died on 1 August 2016 in a hospital in Morges, Switzerland, at the age of 92. The family refused a posthumous military medal. Romania's President Klaus Iohannis said "Her Majesty Queen Ana of Romania will remain forever in memory and in our hearts as one of the most important symbols of wisdom, dignity and, especially, as a model of moral conduct." The government made 13 August 2016 a national day of mourning. The Romanian flag was flown at half-mast on all buildings. Television and radio broadcasts were told to make their programs suitable for the memory of Anne of Romania. The funeral was held at the Curtea de Argeș Cathedral. The government of Moldova also held a national day of mourning on 13 August in memory of Queen Anne, asking for everyone to observe a moment of silence at 10 am on that day.

= = = Colin Bean = = =
Colin Bean (15 April 1926 – 20 June 2009) was an English actor. He was best known for his role as Private Sponge in the BBC comedy series "Dad's Army". He appeared in 45 episodes between 1968 and 1977. He also had roles in "Are You Being Served?", "Hi-de-Hi!" and "Z Cars".
Bean was born in Wigan, Lancashire (now Greater Manchester). He died on 20 June 2009, aged 83.

= = = A. P. Hill = = =
Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr. (1825–1865) was a career United States Army officer from Virginia who resigned and served as a Confederate States Army general and died near the end of the American Civil War. He had started his military career in 1847, graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, 15th out of a class of 38. While at the academy, he and his roommate George B. McClellan became close friends. He served during the last part of the Mexican-American War in Texas. He served during the Seminole War of 1849–50 in Florida. Hill is best known for commanding the "Light Division" under General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.
Family history.
The Hill family had come to Virginia two centuries before the Civil War. The earliest family members (then spelled "Hull") traced back to 12th century England. Henry and William Hill of Shropshire came to Virginia in 1630. They settled in Middlesex County, Virginia. Both brothers were tobacco farmers and both had large families. In 1740, Russel Hill, William's great-grandson, moved to Culpepper County, Virginia. His son, Henry Hill served in the American Revolutionary War under Colonel Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee. His son, Thomas Hill, was a farmer, merchant, and politician. He married Fannie Russel Baptist. Together they had four sons followed by three daughters. Their fourth son was Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr.
Early life.
On November 9, 1825, Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr., was born at Greenland, his father's plantation near Culpepper, Virginia. But all throughout his childhood, he was called Powell. He went to the local schools. Hill wanted to go into the military, and in 1842 he was admitted to West Point. But he did not graduate in 1846 with the rest of his class because he missed a year due to illness. Graduating in 1847, he was posted to the U.S. 1st Artillery. After serving in the Mexican-American War, he was sent to Texas, then Florida. Hill came down with Yellow fever, typhoid fever, and malaria. During the 1850s he was sick much of the time and was confined to his bed. When he recovered, he was assigned to the Coast Surveying Department (now the U.S. National Geodetic Survey).
Civil war.
Army of Northern Virginia.
When President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, Hill was among the U.S. Army officers who resigned their commissions and joined the Confederacy. He was given command of the 13th Virginia Infantry with the rank of colonel. At the First Battle of Bull Run, his regiment was held in reserve. In February 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general. In the Peninsula Campaign, he fought against his former West Point roommate, Union General George McClellan. Proving himself as an aggressive leader, he was promoted again on May 26, 1862. This made him the Confederate Army's youngest major general. Hill called his division "the Light Division" even though it was one of the Confederate Army's larger divisions. This was probably because of how fast Hill could move his troops. He was known as a fearless general and was often seen in battle at the front lines.
Hill-Longstreet feud.
Without any encouragement from Hill, he was being regularly written about by a former aide, John M. Daniel. Wounded, Daniel had left the army and was now the editor of the "Richmond Examiner", a three-cent newspaper popular with Confederate soldiers. Soon, Daniel was making Hill out to be Lee's top general to the exclusion of other generals. This did not sit well with Lieutenant General James Longstreet, as Hill's commanding officer. The final straw came in the July 2 edition of "The Examiner". Daniel wrote that Hill had taken command of all of Longstreet's forces when Longstreet was absent from the battle for a period of time. Longstreet was angered at this and saw it as a lie. Longstreet decided to write his own article refuting Daniel's claims about Hill at the battle. In a rival newspaper, the "Richmond Whig", Longstreet directed Major Moxley Sorrel to submit a public response under Sorrel's own name. This started a very public feud between the two generals. Lee became aware of the feud but decided not to do anything about it.
When Hill refused to read any dispatches sent by Sorrel, Longstreet's aide, Longstreet became furious. He ordered Hills arrest. While under arrest, Hill's Light Division was commanded by generals J.R. Anderson, then Lawrence O'Bryan Branch. At this point Hill regarded this as questioning his honor. The two kept up hostile communications and a time and place was selected for a duel. At this point, Lee stepped in and made the two generals come to an agreement. Hill was restored to his command and was assigned to General Stonewall Jackson. As time passed, Hill and Longstreet became friendly again. Sorrel was later promoted to major general and found himself under the command of Hill.
Army of the Shenandoah.
At the Battle of Cedar Mountain in August 1862, Hill proved himself valuable to his new Corps commander. His Light Division played a key role in helping Jackson win a victory over the Union army. At the Second Battle of Bull Run, Hill's division nearly ran out of ammunition but stood their ground against every Federal attack.
At the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, Jackson ordered Hill's division to the front in preparation for a night attack. Meanwhile, Jackson was personally doing reconnaissance. As he returned he was fired on by his own men, mortally wounding the general. J.E.B. Stuart took over command and called off the night attack. Chancellorsville was a Confederate victory.
Corps commander.
Hill was promoted to lieutenant general after Jackson's death and was now in command of Lee's Third Corps in the Army of the Potomac. Hill's corps was at the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1–3, 1863. He was criticised for making questionable decisions. On the first day, he engaged the Union before all of the Confederate army had arrived.
At the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14, 1863, Hill's Corps attacked two Union corps who were slowly retreating north. Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against. One of Hill's divisions was badly beaten, and one artillery battery was lost. After reinforcing his line, Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment. After beating Hill, the Union army continued on to Centerville, Virginia. Lee was angry with Hill over his mistakes at Bristoe Station. He told Hill, "bury your dead and say no more about it!"
On May 5, 1864, at the place known as the Wilderness in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, Confederate and Union forces battled for two days. Hill's Corps battled two Union corps both days and were on the verge of falling back when Longstreet's Texas Brigade reinforced Hill and pushed the Federals back.
Hill was killed on April 2, 1865 at the Third Battle of Petersburg. He was just returning from sick leave and riding to the front to join his men when he was killed by a shot from an enemy soldier.

= = = Römerswil = = =
Römerswil is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Since 2005, Herlisberg part of the municipality.

= = = Rothenburg, Lucerne = = =
Rothenburg is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Schongau, Lucerne = = =
Schongau is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Lucerne District = = =
Lucerne is a former district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital was the city of Lucerne. On 1 January 2013 the district was divided into two districts, Lucerne-Stadt and Lucerne-Land.
It contains the following municipalities:

= = = Frank Blas = = =
Frank Flores Blas, Sr. (March 20, 1941 – August 1, 2016) was a Guamanian politician, businessman and member of the Republican Party of Guam. Blas served as the Lieutenant Governor of Guam from 1987 until 1995 under Governor Joseph Franklin Ada.
Biography.
Early life.
Blas was born on March 20, 1941, in Agana, now known as Hagåtña, Guam. He attended Father Dueñas Memorial School in Guam, and St. Augustine High School in San Diego, California. He received an associate's degree from the College of Guam in 1962. Blas graduated from the University of Portland with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1965.
Blas and his first wife, Lydia Blas (died 1970), had two children, including Frank Blas Jr., a politician. In 1971, Blas married his second wife, Tina and had three children.
Career.
Blas worked for the Mobil Petroleum Company of Guam from 1965 until 1969.
He was Director of the Department of Commerce of Guam from 1969 to 1972. Blas was elected to Legislature of Guam as a Senator from 1974 until 1984.
In 1982, with Republican Senator Kurt Moylan, Blas challenged the Republican Governor Paul McDonald Calvo in the primary election. Moylan and Blas were defeated in the primary vote. Governor Calvo lost to Democrat Ricardo Bordallo in the November 1982 general election.
On November 4, 1986, Joseph Franklin Ada, with Frank Blas, were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Guam. Ada defeated the Governor Ricardo Bordallo by 2,581 votes (7.6%). Blas served as Lt. Governor under Ada for two terms from January 1987 until January 1995. Blas described his main role as a liaison between the Ada administration and members of the Legislature.
Ada could not seek re-election to a third term, so Blas joined with Simon Sanchez to stand for office. However, Blas and Sanchez lost the 1994 Republican primary election to Tommy Tanaka and Doris Brooks. Tanaka was defeated in the 1994 election by Democrat Carl Gutierrez and Madeleine Bordallo.
Blas left politics in January 1995. He owned Frank Blas & Associates, an insurance brokerage firm based in Barrigada, Guam. In 2003, Blas was appointed Chairman of the Antonio B. Won Pat Guam International Airport Authority, a government agency which operates the airport.
Frank Blas died on August 1, 2016, at the age of 75.

= = = Dai Dower = = =
David William "Dai" Dower MBE (20 June 1933 – 1 August 2016), was a British, Empire and European Flyweight boxing champion. He was one of the most successful Welsh boxers of all time. Dower also competed for Britain at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

= = = Hurricane Hermine = = =
Hurricane Hermine was a tropical cyclone in August and September 2016. It affected states from Florida to New England. The storm hit Florida on September 1, near the Big Bend region. Hermine had winds of 80 miles per hour at landfall. The storm also struck Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.
Hermine was expected to affect areas from Virginia to Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
At least two deaths were blamed on the storm.

= = = Jonathan Borwein = = =
Jonathan Michael Borwein (20 May 1951 – 2 August 2016) was a Scottish mathematician. An expert in experimental mathematics, he published 388 journal articles, as well being a regular contributor to The Conversation and The Huffington Post. He held a number of important positions including Governor at large of the Mathematical Association of America (2004–07), President of the Canadian Mathematical Society (2000–02), Chair of the Canadian National Science Library Advisory Board (2000–2003) and Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI). At the time of his death he held the position of Laureate Professor of Mathematics at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and was in Canada as a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at Western University in London, Ontario.

= = = Wald, Bern = = =
Wald is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2004, Englisberg and Zimmerwald joined together to become the new municipality, Wald.

= = = Walkringen = = =
Walkringen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Walliswil bei Niederbipp = = =
Walliswil bei Niederbipp is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Walliswil bei Wangen = = =
Walliswil bei Wangen is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Jamkaran = = =
Jamkaran (; also Romanized as Jamkarān, Jamgarān, Jam-i-Karān, and Jam‘karān) is a village in Iran. It is on the outskirts of the city of Qom.

= = = Post hoc fallacy = = =
The post hoc fallacy means "after this, therefore because of this". Its Latin name is Post hoc ergo propter hoc. It is a logical fallacy. When event B happens after event A, a person might think "event A must have caused event B".
Example: 
It is a tempting error because sequence in time does sometimes suggest causality. When I press the light switch, the light comes on, and that is a cause and effect sequence. The difference is that it can be explained why the light comes on when the switch is pressed. On the other hand, no-one can explain why a rooster's crowing might affect the Sun.
Popular culture.
The phrase is used by the character Sheldon Cooper in the third season of The Big Bang Theory. Sheldon mentions the logical fallacy in disputing his mother's claim that her prayer group did ensure his safety during his North Pole expedition.
References.

= = = Tarn Taran Sahib = = =
Taran Taran Sahib is a city of Punjab state of India. This city was founded by 4th Sikh Guru, Guru Ramdas Ji.

= = = Gurmukhi alphabet = = =
The Gurmukhi alphabet is used to write the Punjabi language by the Sikhs in Pakistan and India. Gurmukhi is primarily used in Punjab, India. It is the official script of Indian Punjab. Gurmukhi was created by the 2nd Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century, It was modified from the Lahnda scripts, which were used to write the Punjabi, Sindhi, and Lahnda languages in modern-day Pakistan.
There are 35 native characters in Gurmukhi, In the 18th-19th century a new character family called Naveen Toli was added. This helps to pronounce and write Persian words with proper tone. 
The word Gurmukhi literally means "from the mouth of Guru".

= = = Gionee = = =
Gionee (Gionee Communication Equipment Co. Ltd.) is a Chinese smartphone manufacturer based in Shenzhen, Guangdong. They make the world's slimmest phone called Gionee Elife S5.1. It is only 5.15mm thick. In August 2016, Gionee India introduced their plans to build a manufacturing plant in India.

= = = Bözberg = = =
Bözberg is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg merged into the new municipality of Bözberg.

= = = Hans Schmidt = = =
Hans B. Schmidt (1881 – February 18, 1916) was a German Roman Catholic priest. He was convicted of murder and he was the only priest to be executed in the United States.
Early life.
Hans Schmidt was born in the Bavarian city of Aschaffenburg

= = = Zhanna Nemtsova = = =
Zhanna Nemtsova (born 24 March 1984) is a Russian journalist and activist. She is the daughter of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian opposition politician who was killed in 2015. In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Work.
After Nemtsova's father was killed, Nemtsova moved to Germany. In Germany, she started the Boris Nemtsov Foundation to work for democratic values in Russia. In Germany Nemtsova worked for the German news service Deutsche Welle. She also wrote a book, "Waking up Russia" (in the original German, "Russland wachrütteln") about Russian politics. Nemtsova also wrote for The Guardian.

= = = Fatimata M’baye = = =
Fatimata M’baye (Arabic: ������ ����� ) is a Mauritanian lawyer and human rights activist. She started the Mauritanian Association for Human Rights. In 2016 she received an International Women of Courage Award.
Life.
M'baye studied law and economics at Nouakchott University from 1981 to 1985. She became the first woman lawyer in Mauritania.
Work.
M'baye takes the most difficult legal cases. She represented clients accused of apostasy. She also worked for a “committee of widows” whose husbands were murdered. M'baye helped write the 2007 anti-slavery law. She got convictions for child exploitation and slavery. She was in prison many times, and received some threats to her life.

= = = Bernardo Rezende = = =
Bernardo Rocha de Rezende known as Bernardinho (born August 25, 1959) is a Brazilian volleyball coach and former player. He is the current coach of both Brazil national volleyball team and the female volleyball team Rio de Janeiro Vôlei Clube. Rezende is the most successful coach in the history of volleyball, accumulating more than 30 major titles in twenty-year career directing the Brazilian male and female teams.

= = = Los Andes Province, Chile = = =
Los Andes Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V).
The city of Los Andes is the capital of the province.
Geography.
The Los Andes province has an area of , the second largest province in the Valparaíso region after the Petorca province.
Los Andes is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the west and north by the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, on the east by Argentina and on the south by the Santiago Metropolitan region.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 91,683 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Los Andes, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 60,198 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Los Andes is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Los Andes serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Deaths in August 2016 = = =
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

= = = Arakkal Museum = = =
The Arrakkal Museum is a museum dedicated to the Arakkal family, the only Muslim royal family in Kerala, South India. The museum is actually a section of the "Arakkalkettu"(Arakkal Royal Palace). The durbar hall section of the palace has been converted into a museum by the Government of Kerala. It was opened in July 2005 after a Rs. 9,000,000 renovation.
Although renovated by the government, the "Arakkalkettu" is still owned by the "Arakkal Royal Trust" and does not fall under the control of the country's archaeology department, the Archaeological Survey of India. The government had taken a keen interest in preserving the heritage of the Arakkal Family, which had played a prominent role in the history of Malabar. A nominal entry fee is charged by the "Arakkal Royal Trust" from visitors to the museum.
Location.
The Arakkal Museum is in Ayikkara, next to the Kannur City. It is 2-3 kilometres from Kannur town.

= = = Mount Kyllini = = =
Mount Kyllini or Mount Cyllene , sometimes �����, is a mountain on the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece. It is famous for its association with the god Hermes. Mount Kyllini rises to above sea level. This makes it the second highest point on the peninsula. It is located near the border between the historic regions of Arcadia and Achaea—in the northeast of Arcadia. It is located west of Corinth, northwest of Stymfalia, north of Tripoli, and south of Derveni.
Much of the mountain is desolate and rocky. The area below is largely forested. There is an observatory at , at 22.67 east longitude and 37.97 north latitude. Roads pass near the southern and western slopes, but there are not many on the mountain itself, as much of the mountain is part of a park.

= = = Walperswil = = =
Walperswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C = = =
The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group C was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Germany, Czech Republic, Northern Ireland, Norway, Azerbaijan, and San Marino. Germany won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Northern Ireland finished 2nd and moved on to the second round.

= = = Walterswil, Bern = = =
Walterswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wangen an der Aare = = =
Wangen an der Aare is a municipality in Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wangenried = = =
Wangenried is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wanzwil = = =
Wanzwil was a municipality in Wangen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.

= = = Railroad company = = =
A railroad company or railway company is an organization that operates a railroad track or trains. The company can either be private or public. Some railway companies operate both the trains and the track. In other cases, particularly in European Union (EU), ownership of track and train operation is run by separate companies. In the United States the railroad track system is owned by the railroad companies. In the 1800s, the federal government gave large land grants to the railroads.
Structure.
Many countries have a national railway company that owns all track and operates all trains in the country. For example, the Russian Railways (the world's largest rail company by network size). Other countries have many different, sometimes competing, railway companies that operate each their own lines. This is true in the United States and Canada. 
In Europe, the EU requires its members to split the railway companies into a number of different companies. Usually public owned companies own the track and other public companies (sometimes owned by regional governments) own the train cars. Franchising is then used to determine the right to operate the line for a limited time period. A number of private companies bid for the right to operate. Other companies offer track and train car maintenance.

= = = Wattenwil = = =
Wattenwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wengi = = =
Wengi (Bernese German: "Wängi", []) is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wichtrach = = =
Wichtrach is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Niederwichtrach and Oberwichtrach merged into the municipality of Wichtrach.

= = = Wiedlisbach = = =
Wiedlisbach is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Anthocyanin = = =
Anthocyanin is a chemical compound which makes the red colour in plants. For example, red cabbage has anthocyanins which make it red.
Function.
In flowers, bright-reds and purples attract pollinators. In fruits, the colourful skins also attract the attention of animals, which may eat the fruits and disperse the seeds.
In photosynthetic tissues (such as leaves and sometimes stems), anthocyanins have been shown to act as a "sunscreen". They protect cells from high-light damage by absorbing blue-green and ultraviolet light. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA.
There are some other suggestions. The red colour of leaves may camouflage leaves from herbivores blind to red wavelengths. The pigment may signal bad taste, since anthocyanin synthesis often comes with unpalatable phenolic compounds.
Making these pigments is done by a series of enzymes that are stuck on cell membranes.

= = = Williamson County, Texas = = =
Williamson County is a county in Central Texas. The county seat is Georgetown, Texas. The county population in 2020 was 609,017. The county is named after Robert McAlpin Williamson, a veteran in the Battle of San Jacinto and a previous community leader.
History.
Williamson County held humans for at least 11,200 years. In recent times, a prehistoric skeleton was found in Williamson County. The name of the skeleton is "Leanderthal Lady". The town of Leander is named after the skeleton. "Leanderthal Lady" was found after the Texas Department of Transportation found remnants while drilling core/dirt samples for a new highway.
Native Americans also lived in areas of Williamson County. The Tonkawa tribe lived in parts of the county. Other tribes lived in the area. These tribes included Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni, and Mayeye Native Americans.
On September 1921, the remains of a hurricane moved over Williamson County. The rains fell over Thrall, Texas. The town received 39.7 inches of rain in 36 hours. The storm killed 87 near Taylor, Texas, and 93 in Williamson County. A total of 215 deaths were reported due to the rains. 
On 27 May 1997, Williamson county had a tornado outbreak. The county had several tornadoes during the day. An EF-5 tornado "(rating determined on the Fujita Scale)" struck Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 persons. An EF-3 tornado also struck Cedar Park, with one indirect death.
List of communities.
The following is a list of communities in Williamson county. Some communities are part of other counties.

= = = Susanna Griso = = =
Susanna Griso Raventós (born 8 October 1969 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish journalist and TV hostess. 
Biography.
Early life.
She got a degree in journalism at Autonomous University of Barcelona and began to work in both radio stations, Ràdio Sant Cugat and Catalunya Ràdio.
In 1993 hosted TV3's magazines programmes: "Tres senyores i un senyor" and "Fora de joc", and after 1995: "Telenotícies".
Between 1997 and 1998 she hosted the Catalonian News of TVE. In that channel covered the information about the Princess Lady Diana of Wales's funeral and the Princess Cristina de Borbón and Iñaki Urdangarin's wedding.
Antena 3.
In 1998 she was hired by Antena 3 to work at "Noticias 1" with the host Matías Prats until 2006. Since then, she hosts the morning program: "Espejo público".

= = = Electric blanket = = =
An electric blanket is a blanket with electric heating. 
The first electric blanket was invented in 1912 by an American Medic named Dr. Sidney Irwin Russell. The public remained uninteresting in the heated blanket until an English company started to produce and market heated blankets to the public in 1920.
Some modern "low voltage" electric blankets have thin carbon fiber wires and work on 12-24 volts.

= = = Nguyễn Văn Thiệu = = =
Nguyen Van Thieu or "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" was the leader of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1975. He was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Thieu became head of a military junta, meaning the military controlled the government. He was then elected president.
Thieu quit being president on 21 April 1975. He then left the country. On 30 April 1975 the city of Saigon was taken by North Vietnam. This marked the end of the Vietnam War.
Death.
Thieu died in 2001. He was 78 years old. He died in Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He had a stroke at his home in Foxborough. He had been put on a respirator. He was cremated and buried in Boston.

= = = U Nu = = =
U Nu (; ; 25 May 1907 – 14 February 1995) was the first Prime Minister of Burma. He served from 4 January 1948 to 12 June 1956, again from 28 February 1957 to 28 October 1958, and finally from 4 April 1960 to 2 March 1962.
Burma gained independence from Britain on 4 January 1948. Nu became the first prime minister of the new country. He quit being prime minister in 1956. He again served as prime minister between Ba Swe and Ne Win.
Nu was one of the leaders of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) from 1942 to 1963. The AFPFL had two groups of power. Nu's group won the 1960 election. He then became prime minister. On 2 March 1962 General Ne Win took control of the government. Nu was then kept in an army camp. Nu continued to claim he was the legal prime minister. In 1988 he tried to form his own government with Win Maung as president.
Nu wrote an autobiography called "Ta-Tei Sanei Tha" ("Naughty Saturday-born"). It was published in India by Irrawaddy Publishing (U Maw Thiri) in 1975. He wrote several other books including "The People Win Through" (1951), "Burma under the Japanese" (1954), "An Asian Speaks" (1955), and "Burma Looks Ahead" (1951).
Religion.
U Nu was a popular spiritual leader of his country. During the 1960 election he promised to make Buddhism the official state religion. On 29 August 1961, Parliament passed a law making Buddhism the state religion. Ne Win removed the law in 1962.

= = = Iodine test = = =
The iodine test is a test that is able to detect starch using iodine as a chemical indicator. Example uses include brewing beer, and determining when apples are ripe and can be harvested.
If starch is present, the iodine solution will turn dark blue/purple. If there is no starch, the iodine will stay brown.

= = = Mauritanian Association for Human Rights = = =
The Mauritanian Association for Human Rights or "Association Mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme" (AMDH) (Arabic: ������� ����������� ����� ������� ) is a Mauritanian NGO. The organization started in 1991. It works for human rights and watches for human rights violations. Fatimata M’baye is the co-founder and president.
Work.
AMDH worked with three main areas of human rights violations: mass killings of black Mauritanian soldiers, deportation of soldiers and members of the press to the desert, and repatriation (sending back refugees) of large groups of Mauritanians from Senegal.

= = = Las Lomas, California = = =
Las Lomas is a town in Monterey County, California. At the 2020 census, 3,046 people lived there.

= = = Arrondissements of the Creuse department = = =
There are 2 arrondissements in the Creuse department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of the Creuse are:
History.
Since its creation, the Creuse department has had few changes:

= = = Heart block = = =
Heart block is a type of heart disease. The human heart uses electrical signals to make the heart beat. Electricity travels down pathways in the heart to make each part of the heart beat at the right time. 
When a person has a heart block, there is a “block” in one of these electrical pathways. This blocks electricity from travelling normally through the heart. This makes the heart beat more slowly.
In the most serious cases, the heart’s electrical pathways are blocked so badly that electricity cannot travel through the heart. This means the heart’s electrical signals cannot control how the heart beats, or cannot make the heart beat at all.
Symptoms.
Many people with heart block have no symptoms at all.
Other people only have symptoms every once in a while. Sometimes, their heart might skip a beat. This can make the person feel dizzy; faint; or have palpitations (feel their heart pounding).
In the most serious cases of heart block, a person's heart cannot control their heart beats. These cases can be treated with an artificial pacemaker. This is a medical device that is placed into the heart. It sends electrical signals to make the heart beat regularly.
Causes.
Some people are born with heart block. This is called a congenital heart block.
More often, people get heart block later in life. Heart block can be caused by:
Types of heart block.
There are three main types of heart block.
First-degree heart block.
This is the least serious type of heart block. It usually causes no symptoms.
Second-degree heart block.
In second-degree heart block, it takes longer and longer for the heart to send electrical signals from the middle of the heart to the ventricles, which pump blood to the body. Eventually, this leads to a skipped heart beat. This can cause dizziness and fainting.
Third-degree heart block.
This is the most serious type of heart block. It is also called a complete heart block. In this type of heart block, no electrical signals reach the heart's ventricles. This means that the electrical signals cannot make the heart pump blood to the body.
Some people with third-degree heart block may have very few symptoms and may not need treatment. However, some people with third-degree heart block have many different symptoms. Third-degree heart block can be a medical emergency. This type of heart block may be treated with a pacemaker.
Diagnosis.
Heart block can be diagnosed with an electrocardiogram (also called an ECG or an EKG). This is a painless test. During the test, pads are placed on a person's chest, arms, and legs. They record the heart's electrical activity.
A cardiologist can help diagnose heart block and order other tests if they are needed.

= = = W (New York City Subway) = = =
The W Broadway Local is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway's B Division. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored sunflower yellow because it is used on the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan. In addition to the Broadway Line, the W serves the BMT Astoria Line in Queens. This uses the 60th Street Tunnel to travel under the East River between Queens and Manhattan. It also ran in Brooklyn until 2004, serving the BMT Fourth Avenue and West End lines. The W is in service as of April 7, 2020. There was a six year delay due to Metropolitan Transportation Authority, or MTA, budget cuts on June 25, 2010.
Route.
Stations 
The W runs on weekdays from 6:00 a.m to 11:30 p.m. This route includes the BMT Astoria Line in Queens and BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan to its southern terminal of Whitehall Street-South Ferry. Also there are three Queens bound morning rush hour trains. They will start from the Coney Island yard that will serve from 86th Street subway in Brooklyn via Sea Beach Line, through the Montague Street Tunnel to its terminal of Astoria-Ditmars Blvd. There will be three trains from Queens to 86th Street, Brooklyn in the evening rush hour on weekdays. 

= = = North Gyeongsang Province = = =
North Gyeongsang Province is a province in South Korea. Gyeongsang Province divided into North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang in 1896.
Daegu was the capital from 1896 to 1981, but Daegu left the province in 1981. The capital changed to Andong in 2016.
North Gyeongsang Province has 19% of South Korea's land.
History.
Gyeongsang Province was Jinhan and Byeonhan's territory in ancient times. Later Jinhan became Gaya and Byeonhan became Silla. Since Silla conquered Gaya, all of Gyeongsang Province became Silla's. When Silla collapsed and Goryeo was founded, Dongnambuseosa was established in the Gyeongsang area and it ruled the province. From Goryeo King Hyeonjong's period, the province started to be called Gyeongsang Province. In the Joseon Dynasty, which was founded after Goryeo, Gyeongsang Province was divided into Left Gyeongsang and Right Gyeongsang. In 1895, Gyeongsang Province was replaced by 4 districts. Later, in 1896, the districts were abolished, and today's North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang were formed. In 1981 Daegu Metropolitan City separated from the province. In 2023, very bad flooding happened there.
Administrative Districts.
Currently, North Gyeongsang has 10 cities ("si") and 13 counties ("gun").

= = = Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome = = =
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS, also called postural tachycardia syndrome) is a medical problem. When a person has POTS, their heart beats faster than normal when they stand up. POTS may also cause many other symptoms.
Meaning.
Put together, the words "postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome" mean that when a person stands up, they get tachycardia, and they also have other symptoms.
Signs and symptoms.
When a healthy person stands up, their heart beats faster for a little while. It does this to push blood to the brain. Then the person's heart rate goes back to normal.
When a person with POTS stands up, their heart beats much faster than normal. POTS is diagnosed when a person's heart rate increases by at least 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes after they stand up. This is called "postural tachycardia".
People with POTS also have other symptoms of "orthostatic intolerance" (symptoms that get worse when a person is standing up, and get better when the person is lying down). These symptoms may include: 
Symptoms may get worse if a person with POTS:
Causes.
POTS can be caused by many different things. Many of these causes are not well understood.
Some of the known causes of POTS include:
POTS is more common in:
Treatment.
There are many different treatments for the symptoms of POTS. Some of these treatments include:
No medications have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat POTS. However, sometimes doctors treat POTS with medications that:
Recovery.
Most people with POTS are able to get better with treatment. About 6 out of every 10 people with POTS is able to recover within 5 years of being diagnosed with POTS. About 9 out of every 10 people with POTS have some improvement with a combination of physical treatments and medicines. 
However, some people with POTS do not get better, and may even get worse over time.

= = = Frederick County, Virginia = = =
Frederick County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 91,419. Its county seat is Winchester. The county was formed in 1743 by the splitting of Orange County. It is Virginia's northernmost county.
Frederick County is included in the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History.
The area that would become Frederick County, Virginia was populated by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before European colonization. The "Indian Road" refers to a historic trail made by local tribes.
Frederick County was established in 1743 from parts of Orange County, Virginia. At that time, "Old Frederick County" encompassed all or part of four counties in present-day Virginia — Shenandoah, Clarke, Warren, and Frederick. It also included five in present-day West Virginia — Hardy, Hampshire, Berkeley, Jefferson and Morgan. The Virginia Assembly named the new county for Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales. He was the oldest son of King George II of Great Britain.
Colonial Era.
As Commander-in-Chief of the new Colonial Virginia regiment in 1754, Colonel George Washington's headquarters were located in Winchester before and during the French and Indian War. He resigned from military service in 1758. He was appointed a general by the Continental Congress sixteen years later. Meanwhile, Washington represented Frederick County in his first elective office, having been elected to the House of Burgesses in 1758 and 1761. Daniel Morgan was another famous general during the American Revolutionary War, from (present day Clarke County).
American Civil War.
Winchester changed hands between the Confederate and Union Armies on average once every three weeks during the war. Many battles were fought in Frederick County. Some of those battles include:
The first constitution of West Virginia provided for Frederick County to be added to the new state if approved by a local election. Unlike those of neighboring Berkeley and Jefferson counties, Frederick County residents voted to remain in Virginia.
Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . Of this, is land and (0.5%) is water. This is the northernmost county in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 59,209 people, 22,097 households, and 16,727 families residing in the county. The population density was 143 people per square mile (55/km2). There were 23,319 housing units at an average density of 56/square mile (22/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.99% White, 2.62% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.56% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. 1.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 22,097 households out of which 36.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them. Another 62.50% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present. The remaining 24.30% were non-families. In addition, 19.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the county, the population was spread out with 26.40% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 31.90% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 10.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $46,941. The median income for a family was $52,281. Males had a median income of $35,705 versus $25,046 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,080. About 4.00% of families and 6.40% of the population were below the poverty line. This was including 7.30% of those under age 18 and 6.90% of those age 65 or over.

= = = Orange County, Virginia = = =
Orange County is a county in the central piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 36,254. Its county seat is Orange.
Orange County is home to "Montpelier", the estate of James Madison, the 4th President of the United States and "Father of the Constitution." The county celebrated its 275th anniversary in 2009.
History.
The area was lived in for thousands of years by different cultures of Native Americans. At the time the Europeans came, the Ontponea, a sub-group of the Siouan-speaking Manahoac tribe, lived in this Piedmont area.
The first European settlement in what was to become Orange County was Germanna, formed when Governor Alexander Spotswood settled 12 immigrant families from Westphalia, Germany there in 1714. This was a total of 42 people. Orange County was created in August 1734 when the Virginia House of Burgesses adopted “An Act for Dividing Spotsylvania County.” Unlike other counties whose boundaries had ended at the Blue Ridge Mountains, Orange was bounded on the west “by the utmost limits of Virginia” which, at that time, stretched to the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes. The colony of Virginia claimed the land, but very little of it had yet been occupied by any English people. Orange County may have been at one time the largest county that ever existed. In 1738 most of the western area was split off into Augusta County. The large county was to encourage settlement further west to counter the French claim to the Ohio River Valley region.
While no battles of the American Revolutionary War were fought in Orange County, 100 men from the county were recruited to the Culpeper Minutemen. They fought in the Battle of Great Bridge, among other engagements.
The development of transportation, including several railroad routes, up through the mid-nineteenth century helped build a agricultural economy in Orange County. The final adjustment of the county’s boundaries occurred in 1838, when Greene County was created from the western portion of Orange. The Town of Orange was legally established in 1834 (officially becoming a town in 1872) and had already served as the county seat for nearly a century. The Town of Gordonsville officially became a town in 1870.
The county saw limited conflict during the Civil War. Most of the activity was centered around the towns of Orange and Gordonsville. The exceptions were the Battle of Mine Run and the Battle of the Wilderness in the eastern portion of the county. The Battle of the Wilderness was a significant turning point in the war. Following Virginia’s readmission to the Union in 1870, and with the loss of slave labor, the agricultural economy resumed with more emphasis on livestock and dairy farming. This was because these activities requiring less physical labor. The dominance of the railroad and the relative ease it offered in delivering goods to larger markets increased the livestock production in the county’s agricultural economy. Agriculture and manufacturing continued to expand into the twentieth century, with a peak of 1279 farms and 20 manufacturing companies located within the county as of 1929. A manufacturing survey produced during the Great Depression noted that Orange County’s economy remained relatively healthy due to its accessibility.
The significance of agriculture to Orange County’s history was great enough that the Commonwealth of Virginia set aside approximately in the western portion of the county as the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District. The District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 and is the largest such district in Virginia. It includes James Madison’s Montpelier and James Barbour’s Barboursville mansion (designed by Thomas Jefferson, now in ruins). It includes other sites listed on the National Register.
Orange County’s population went up and down following the Civil War up through the 1930s. From that point forward, the population continued to grow steadily, representing an almost 300% increase through the 2010 Census.
Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.7%) is water. The terrain is made up of rolling hills, generally increasing in altitude and as they continue westward toward the Blue Ridge Mountains. The highest point is Cowherd Mountain at 1,196 ft (345 m), approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of Gordonsville.
Orange County lies within the watersheds of both the Rappahannock River and the York River Both of these drain into the Chesapeake Bay.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2010, there were 33,481 people, 12,895 households (14,616 total housing units), and 9,342 families residing in the county. The county experienced a population increase of 29%, or 7,600 people, since the 2000 census. This ties with Louisa County as the 11th fastest growing county in the state, and one of the fastest outside of Northern Virginia. The racial makeup of the county was 82.4% White, 12.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. 3.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Out of the 12,895 households, 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. Out of the total number of households, 32.6% housed someone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.97.
The age distribution of the county's population was 22.9% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 10.7% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females there were 96 males.
The median income for a household in the county in 2010 was $56,837, and the median income for a family was $65,195. The per capita income for the county was $26,820 and approximately 11.5% of the population was below the poverty line. Orange County had the 9th longest mean travel time to work (37 minutes) out of 132 Virginia localities polled. The median home value was $238,500.

= = = Ne Win = = =
Ne Win was a Former Military Dictator of Burma, Burmese politician and military commander. He was President of Burma from 1962 to 1981. Before being President he was Prime Minister. Ne Win founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party in 1962.
On 2 March 1962 Ne Win overthrew the legitimate elected government led by U Nu in Burma. He became head of state as Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council and also Prime Minister. His new government ended the constitution. They also removed the Burma parliament. In 1964 he made the Burma Socialist Programme Party the only political party in Burma.
On 2 March 1974, Ne Win ended the Revolutionary Council and made the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. He was elected president (not by people). Then he chose Brigadier General Sein Win as Prime Minister.

= = = Wiggiswil = = =
Wiggiswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Hua Guofeng = = =
Hua Guofeng (16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008) was a Chinese communist politician who serve as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 7 October 1976 to 28 June 1981. He was chosen to lead by Mao Zedong.
Hua was born 16 February 1921 in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi, China. He was named Su Zhu. He died 20 August 2008 in Beijing, China.
On 6 October 1976, Hua ended the Cultural Revolution. He also had the Gang of Four arrested. In 1979 he visited leaders in Europe. He was the first Chinese leader to visit since 1949.

= = = Sulz, Lucerne = = =
Sulz was a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.

= = = Arrondissement of Aubusson = = =
The arrondissement of Aubusson is an arrondissement of France, in the Creuse department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Aubusson.
History.
When the Creuse department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Aubusson was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Aubusson is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department both in area, , and population (37,123 inhabitants).
The "arrondissement" of Aubusson is the most southern "arrondissement" of the Creuse department. It is bordered to the northeast by the Allier department, to the east by the Puy-de-Dôme department, to the south by the Corrèze department, to the west by the Haute-Vienne department and to the north by the "arrondissement" of Guéret.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Aubusson, only three cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": (Ahun, Bourganeuf, Gouzon). The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Aubusson has 118 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Buchrain, Switzerland = = =
Buchrain is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Dierikon = = =
Dierikon is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Barra do Bugres = = =
Barra do Bugres is a city in Brazil, with about 30,000 people. It is located in the state of Mato Grosso Do Sul. It is located at the confluence of the Paraguay River and the Bugres River. Local economy is focused on agriculture. The city is about from the state capital, Cuiabá.

= = = Arrondissement of Guéret = = =
The arrondissement of Guéret is an arrondissement of France, in the Creuse department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Guéret.
History.
When the Creuse department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Guéret was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Guéret is the largest "arrondissement" of the department both in area, , and population (83,458 inhabitants).
The "arrondissement" of Guéret is the most northern "arrondissement" of the Creuse department. It is bordered to the northeast by the Cher department, to the east by the Allier department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Aubusson, to the west by the Haute-Vienne department and to the north by the Indre department.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Guéret, only three cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": Ahun, Bourganeuf and Gouzon. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Guéret has 140 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Yosemite Decimal System = = =
The Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) is a system that is used to rate the difficulty of walks, hikes, and climbs. The system has three parts. It is used mostly by mountaineers in the United States and Canada.
YDS Classes.
The YDS system divides all hikes and climbs into five classes.
Classes 1-3 are used mainly in hiking and trail running.
If a trail is rated Class 4, a person will have to do some simple climbing to get up the trail. There is a lot of natural protection on the trail (like parts of a rock wall that are easy to step on or grab onto.) Often, people use ropes for safety on Class 4 climbs, because falls from Class 4 climbs could easily kill a person.
The Class 5 part of the system is used mostly in rock climbing. A person needs to use a rope for safety when they climb a Class 5 climb. The person may use a belayer or other protection hardware for safety. If a person falls from a Class 5 climb without being attached to a safety rope, they can be very badly hurt or killed.
In Class 6 climbs, people use equipment to help them climb. This is called "aid climbing." In aid climbing, people do not climb directly on the rock. Instead, they climb using equipment placed into or onto the rock. Class 6 is no longer widely used. Today aid climbing uses a separate scale from A0 through A5.
Class 5 divisions.
Starting in the 1950s, Class 5 climbs were broken down into a decimal system. As of 2022, this system rates climbs from 5.0 to 5.15d. 5.0 is the easiest type of Class 5 climb. A 5.15d is the most difficult climb any human could do without using special equipment to help them climb. 
, only two climbs in the world were rated 5.15d. The first climb is called "Silence". Adam Ondra first climbed this route in September 2017. The second proposed 5.15d is "DNA". It was first climbed by Seb Bouin in April 2022. Neither climb has been repeated to confirm the grade.
History of the Class system.
The Sierra Club originally created the Class system in the 1930s. At that time, the system was called "the Sierra Club grading system." The Sierra Club's goal was to classify hikes and climbs in the Sierra Nevada, based on how difficult those hikes and climbs were.
At first, the Sierra Club grading system compared certain hikes and climbs to others. For example, they might rate Climb #3 as harder than Climb #1, but easier than Climb #2. If a person had never done Climbs #1 or #2, this did not help them. To make the system easier to use, the Sierra Club changed its system. It started to rate hikes and climbs by numbers. This was easier for people to learn and use.
Once it started classifying climbs by numbers, the Sierra Club started dividing the classes into decimals. For example, the difficulty of a Class 4.5 route would be halfway between a Class 4 and a Class 5.
In the 1950s, members of the Rock Climbing Section of the Sierra Club's Angeles Chapter divided Class 5 into Classes 5.0 to 5.9. At that time, people thought a 5.9 was the hardest climb a person could do.
In the 1960s, as people got better at rock climbing, and as rock climbing equipment got better, Class 5.9 climbs became easier for some people to do. Classes of 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13 were added to classify harder climbs.
Later, people realized that a 5.11 climb is much harder than a 5.10. Because of this, many climbs were classified as 5.10s, and some were much harder than others. To fix this problem, the system divided 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13 climbs even further. They did this by adding the letters "a," "b," "c," and "d" to each grade. Within each Grade, "a" is the easiest and "d" is the hardest. For example, a 5.10a is the easiest possible 5.10 climb. A 5.10d is the hardest possible 5.10 climb.
Climbs are classified based on the hardest single move on the rock climbing route. For example, if just one move on a rock climbing route is difficult enough to qualify as a 5.10d, the entire route is classified as a 5.10d.
YDS grade.
The YDS grade system is optional (it does not have to be used). It gives climbers information about how long a climb usually takes.
The grades are:
The Grade is mostly used in mountaineering and big wall climbing. It is not often used when talking about short rock climbs.
YDS protection rating.
The YDS system also includes an optional protection rating. This rating tells the climber how much protection is available on the climbing route for an experienced, skilled lead climber. (In lead climbing, the rope is not fixed at the top of the route. Instead, the lead climber goes first and hooks the safety rope into special equipment every few feet on the way up.) 
When this rating system was created, the letter codes were the same as the American system for rating the content of movies:
The G and PG ratings are often left out, since they are typical of normal, everyday climbing. R and X ratings are normally used to warn lead climbers who do not realize how dangerous a climb is. 
Controversies.
There is some controversy (argument) over the exact definition of the YDS Classes. Some rock climbing experts have suggested updated versions of these classifications.
The YDS classes are subjective. This means they are based on individual opinions, not facts. Traditionally, the first person to do a climb gives the climb its classification number. Other climbers might not agree with that person's classification of the climb. There is no official group of people who agree on which climbs get which classifications. 
Climbs may be classified differently in indoor rock climbing gyms, and in different types of outdoor rock climbing. Climbs are also classified differently in different parts of the United States.
The Grade and Protection categories do not apply to every climb. Use of protection ratings vary greatly from area to area, and from guidebook to guidebook.
, there is no formula that climbers can use to plan climbs based on the average climbing speed, the climb's Grade, the distance of the climb, and how high up it goes.

= = = Function (biology) = = =
Function in biology is what a part of the body or cell does in relation to the whole. It is the reason some part or process occurred in a system which evolved by natural selection.
A similar definition is "the function of a component in an organism is the contribution it makes to that organism's fitness".
The term is used especially in physiology, in phrases like "the function of the kidneys is to excrete urea from the body" or "the function of the heart is to push blood around the body". It is incorrect to use the word 'purpose' instead of 'function', because the word 'purpose' implies forethought.

= = = British princess = = =
A British princess is a princess who has the title of a Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In Britain, the title "Princess" and the use of the style "Royal Highness" can only be used for these persons:
Queen Elizabeth II issued Letters Patent dated 21 August 1996 stating that any woman divorced from a Prince of the United Kingdom would no longer be entitled to the style "Royal Highness". This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Sarah, Duchess of York.

= = = Amar Singh (cricketer) = = =
Ladhabhai Nakum Amar Singh (4 December 1910 – 21 May 1940) was an Indian cricketer. His full name was Ladhabhai Nakum Amar Singh Lodha. He was a right arm fast bowler and an effective lower order batsman. Amar Singh was the first Indian to receive a Test cap. He was born in Rajkot, Gujarat on 4 December 1910.
Amar Singh played for the Indian cricket team, Hindus cricket team and various teams in the first class cricket matches. He took 28 wickets and scored 292 runs in 7 Test cricket matches, playing for the Indian cricket team.
Amar Singh died due to typhoid on May 21 1940 in Jamnagar, Gujarat.

= = = Pietro Martorana = = =
Pietro Martorana (1705 – 1759), was an Italian painter. He was a member of a family of artists from Palermo. He was one of the main representatives of the classic late Baroque painting in Sicily.
Martorana painted frescos in Palermo in the churches of Santa Rosalia, St. Chiara and St. Carlo. With Olivio Sozzi. He decorated the palace of Michele Gravina Branciforte, prince of Butera in Palermo.

= = = Siad Barre = = =
Mohamed Siad Barre was the President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991.
In 1969 President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated. The military took power of the government. Major General Barre became the leader of the country. The new government used a form of socialism called scientific socialism. The country was renamed to the Somali Democratic Republic.
In 1991 Somalia had a civil war. Barre was removed as the leader. He tried to take back the city of Mogadishu but lost. He then went into exile. Barre died on 2 January 1995.

= = = Roger Binny = = =
 Roger Michael Humphrey Binny (born 19 July 1955) is a former Indian cricket all rounder. He is best known for his impressive bowling performance in the 1983 Cricket World Cup in which India won the cup. Binny took the most wickets in the 1983 Cricket World Cup with 18 wickets.He was born in Bangalore, Karnataka on July 19, 1955. His full name is Roger Michael Humphrey Binny.
Binny's batting style is right arm batting. He bowling style is right arm fast bowling.
Binny's son Stuart Binny plays for an Indian cricket team. Roger Binny scored 830 runs in test cricket and 629 runs in One Day International matches. He took 47 wickets in test cricket and 77 wickets in One Day International matches.

= = = Mohammad Mosaddegh = = =
Mohammad Mosaddegh was an Iranian politician. He was elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953. He was also an author, administrator, lawyer, and parliamentarian.
On 19 August 1953 Mosaddegh was removed from office by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Britain's MI6. This was called Operation Ajax in the West. In Iran it is called the "28 Mordad 1332" coup . The change in power was one reason for the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
Mosaddegh was named man of the year in 1951 by "Time" magazine. He remains one of the most popular people in Iranian history.

= = = First Battle of Kernstown = = =
The First Battle of Kernstown was fought on March 23, 1862, in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War. Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 was generally a success. However, the First Battle of Kernstown was one his few defeats. 
Background.
At the beginning of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln wanted his generals to attack in force against the Confederacy. McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond and ending the war. To do this McClellan had to weaken his forces protecting Washington, D.C.. This left only two Union forces to protect Washington. Besides Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, General Irwin McDowell had forces in Northern Virginia. Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 to move against Richmond from the north. Banks left General James Shields with a force of about 9,000 in the Valley while he would move east to Manassas, Virginia, to be closer to Washington, D.C.
Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan. Jackson's cavalry commander, Colonel Turner Ashby, learned that part of the Union forces were leaving the valley and only a small force remained. 
Skirmish, March 22.
Jackson gave Ashby permission to attack while he moved the remainder of his forces up to join Ashby. Unfortunately, Ashley's information was bad. While the Confederates thought they were attacking only four regiments (totalling about 3,000 men), there were actually about three times that number of Union soldiers. The remaining Union troops remained out of sight during the skirmish. General Shields was wounded in the fighting and turned command of the Union division over to Colonel Nathan Kimball.
Battle, March 23.
At about nine o'clock on the morning of March 23, Ashby's cavalry attacked. Kimball was not certain if this was another skirmish or the start of a battle. But just in case, he placed his forces in a strong defensive position on Pritchard Hill. He placed his artillery there as well. On seeing this, Jackson concentrated his artillery on Sandy Ridge, west of Prichard Hill. At about three-thirty, Jackson could see from Sandy Ridge that what he thought was a small Union force was actually much bigger. Jackson told one of his officers "We are in for it."
Kimball, believing he was up against a much larger Confederate force, decided to silence the Confederate guns on Sandy Ridge. His attack was met with strong resistance from the Confederates and the battle soon became a stalemate. Jackson kept sending in more Confederate troops, but he could not drive the Union line back. Kimball still had fresh reserves he could send into the battle. By six o'clock the Confederates were running low on ammunition and were nearly exhausted. When one of his brigades ran out of ammunition completely, they had to withdraw from the battle. The Union army attacked through the gap they left and Jackson's entire force had to quickly retreat.

= = = Jan Sokol = = =
Jan Sokol (18 April 1936 – 16 February 2021) was a Czech philosopher, translator and politician. He was son of architect Jan Sokol. He was a member of parliament from 1990 to 1992. He was minister of education from January to July 1998. In 2003, he was candidate for President of the Czech Republic. He was a member of Charles University faculty.
Sokol died on 16 February 2021, aged 84.

= = = Anastasio Somoza Debayle = = =
Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza DeBayle was officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua. As the leader of Nicaragua's military he was really the leader of the country from 1967 to 1979.
Many people did not like Somoza as a leader. A group called the Sandinista National Liberation Front wanted to make Nicaragua a better country. They had support from inside and outside the country. In 1975 Somoza Debayle tried to stop the Sandinistas and anyone in Nicaragua who supported them. The Soviet Union and Cuba were giving the Sandinistas money to keep fighting the Somoza family. In 1979 the United States stopped supporting Somoza.
On 17 July 1979 Somoza quit the presidency. He fled to Miami but U.S. President Jimmy Carter would not allow him to enter the country. Somoza then went to Paraguay. 
On 17 September 1980 the Sandinistas assassinated Somoza DeBayle.

= = = Autism Speaks = = =
Autism speaks was founded in February 2005 by Bob and Suzanne Wright. Their earlier groups were Cure Autism Now (founded in 1995) and the National Alliance for Autism Research (founded in 1994).
Autism Speaks is a controversial network. It used to view autism as a disease -- which caused controversy in the autistic community.

= = = Aubusson, Creuse = = =
Aubusson (Occitan auvergnat: "Le Buçon", formerly "Aubuçon") is a commune of the Creuse department in central France, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
History.
In 1790, when the departments were created, Aubusson was named as district of the Creuse department and an "arrondissement" in 1800.
Geography.
The "commune" of Aubusson is in the southern part of the department, at the confluence of the Creuse river and its tributary the Beauze river. The city is at the northeastern end of the Millevaches plateau.
It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The city of Aubusson is at about from Bordeaux, at from Toulouse, at from Paris and at from Lyon.
The "communes" that are around Aubusson are Blessac, Alleyrat, Saint-Maixant, Saint-Amand, Saint-Alpinien , Saint-Pardoux-le-Neuf, Moutier-Rozeille, Saint-Quentin-la-Chabanne and Saint-Marc-à-Frongier.
Aubusson has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.
Population.
The inhabitants of Aubusson are known, in French, as "Aubussonnais" (women: "Aubussonnaises").
The "commune" of Aubusson has a population, in 2014, of 3,591; its population density is of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Aubusson
Aubusson forms the urban area of Aubusson with a population of 3,679 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Aubusson, formed by 9 "communes" with a population of 6,386 inhabitants and an area of .
Administration.
Aubusson is the subprefecture of the Creuse department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Aubusson and the administrative centre () of the canton of Aubusson, with 9,437 inhabitants .
It is part of the intercommunality "Creuse Grand Sud" ().
Tapestry.
Aubusson is well known for its tapestry and carpets, which have been famous throughout the world since the 14th century. Its origins were born with the arrival of weavers from Flanders, who moved to Aubusson around 1580. There is a famous collection of Aubusson tapestries at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc.

= = = Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement = = =
Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (Agro ParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France).
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students of many nationalities participate to the different curricula at Agro ParisTech.
Research labs.
Research activities at Agro ParisTech relate to the following topics:

= = = Tiger Electronics = = =
Tiger Electronics is an American toy manufacturer which was founded in 1979. It makes entertainment products for children. Tiger is based in Vernon Hills, Illinois. In 1998, Tiger Electronics, Ltd., became a subsidiary of the toy manufacturer Hasbro. Tiger Electronics is probably best known for Furby toys, Giga Pets and the Game.com handheld game console.

= = = First Battle of Winchester = = =
The First Battle of Winchester was fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War. The battle was a victory in Confederate Army Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks. The Union forces retreated across the Potomac River into Maryland. Due to confusion among Confederate commanders, Jackson was unable to pursue Banks into Maryland.
Background.
At the beginning of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln wanted his generals to attack in force against the Confederacy. Major General George B. McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and ending the war. To do this McClellan had to weaken his forces protecting Washington, D.C.. This left only two Union forces to protect Washington. Besides Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, General Irwin McDowell had forces in Northern Virginia. Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces, then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 could move against Richmond from the north. 
Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan. Jackson was defeated at the First Battle of Kernstown on March 23, 1862. In spite of the loss, Jackson did gain a strategic victory. It kept Banks in the Valley and prevented McDowell from sending troops to McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.
On April 17, the weather cleared and Banks started moving south towards Harrisonburg. At about this time the strategic situation changed for the Confederacy. General Joseph E. Johnston had moved to the Peninsula taking 55,000 Confederate soldiers to defend against McClellan's 110,000 troops. Confederate general Richard S. Ewell's division was now between Johnson on the Peninsula and Jackson in the Valley and could support either as the need arose. So Jackson no longer needed to keep Union forces in the Valley from joining McClellan, he now wanted to force them out of the Shenandoah Valley completely.
On April 25, Banks' Union force occupied Harrisonburg. Jackson withdrew to Swift Run Gap (about 20 miles East of Harrisonburg). This put him in a position to outflank Banks if the Union forces moved any further south and allowed him to stay in contact with Ewell's Confederate division if he needed support. Meanwhile a Union brigade under Robert H. Milroy was at the village of McDowell, Virginia which threatened Jackson's supply depot at Staunton. Jackson left Ewell at Swift Run Gap to move against Milroy. 
On May 8, Jackson's forces attacked Milroy's Union forces at McDowell. It was a Union tactical victory because the Union forces had fewer casualties than Jackson's forces. But it was a strategic victory for Jackson because the Union forces withdrew back across the Allegheny Mountains ending the threat. Jackson returned to the Shenandoah Valley and decided that his and Ewell's command would now deal with Banks. In turn, Banks anticipated Jackson's move and asked permission to leave Strasburg and move north, but it was denied. Earlier, on May 1, Lincoln had ordered one of Banks' divisions to join the Union forces at Fredericksburg under General McDowell. This weakened Banks's forces but he believed Jackson had left the Valley. On learning Milroy had been driven back at McDowell, Banks sent his 1st Maryland Infantry division to Front Royal, Virginia (about 12 miles to the east) to protect his left flank.
Jackson had intended to move against Banks at Strasburg. But when he learned there were Union infantry at Front Royal, he decided to attack there first. On May 23, at the Battle of Front Royal, Jackson's Confederates captured the town of Front Royal, along with most of the 900 Union soldiers who defended it. Realizing Jackson was now on his flank and he had no support at Front Royal, on May 24 Banks retreated to Winchester. Because of the good protection provided by his rearguard and poor communications between Jackson and Ewell, Banks was able to reach Winchester with minimal losses.
The battle.
When Banks arrived at Winchester, he started organizing his defenses. On May 25, Jackson's first attack was thrown back. Ewell approached Winchester from the southwest with his division and attacked Camp Hill (now Overlook Park in the southeastern part of Winchester). At the same time Jackson's Louisiana Brigade outflanked, then overran the Union position on Bower's Hill (southwestern part of Winchester). With their flanks broken, the Union troops began a disorganized retreat through the city of Winchester. Even citizens of Winchester fired on the Union soldiers. Banks retreated across the Potomac River back into Maryland. This was the decisive victory for Jackson's Valley Campaign.
Aftermath.
Jackson lost about 68 killed and 329 wounded. Banks Union casualties were approximately 62 killed, 243 wounded and over 1,700 captured or missing. 
Jackson's infantry was too tired to keep up with the retreating Union soldiers. His cavalry, led by Colonel Turner Ashby, was completely useless. They had started looting the abandoned and damaged Union wagons for supplies and had broken off from fighting. Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was attached to Ewell's forces. But they could not be found in time. Once they were located, Stuart refused Jackson's order and waited for the order to come through Ewell. Jackson won a victory at Winchester, but could not finish off his enemy.
The defeat of Banks caused great concern in Washington. President Lincoln ordered McDowell to send 20,000 men to help deal with the situation in the Shenandoah Valley. These were troops McClellan needed in his Peninsula Campaign. For the next few weeks, Jackson continued to defeat Union efforts at the Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic in June 1862. 

= = = Akasaka Station = = =
Akasaka Station (���,������) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

= = = List of language regulators = = =
This is a list of language regulators - organisations which guard the evolution of a language.

= = = Cordillera Department = = =
The Cordillera department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Caacupé. Its code is PY-03.
Geography.
The Cordillera department is in the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , the largest of the "Oriental" region, with a population of 282,981 for a population density of .
Rivers.
The main river in the department, and of Paraguay, is the Paraguay that makes the western border of the department.
The main lake is the "Ypacaraí".
Districts.
The department is divided in 20 districts:

= = = Zhao Ziyang = = =
Zhao Ziyang was a high-ranking politician in China. He was the Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1981 to 1982 and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.
Zhao did not like Maoist policies. He received support from Deng Xiaoping after the Cultural Revolution. Zhao tried to stop corruption and to make general market economic changes. His views made him unpopular with important leaders including Premier Li Peng, former President Li Xiannian and Party elder Chen Yun. After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Zhao was not allowed to be a politician. He was placed under house arrest.

= = = Nikolai Ryzhkov = = =
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (28 September 1929 – 28 February 2024) was a former Soviet politician who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union during Mikhail Gorbachev's Rule from 1985 to 1991. He became a Russian politician after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ryzhkov was Boris Yeltsin's leading opponent in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1991 presidential election.
Ryzhkov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour twice, the Order of the October Revolution in 1971, the Order of Lenin twice, and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class. He was named a National Hero of Armenia.
In March 2014, after the Crimean crisis, Ryzhkov was sanctioned by both the European Union and United States.

= = = Marga Marga Province = = =
Marga Marga Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). The city of Quilpué is the capital of the province.
The province of Marga Marga was created in 2010 with 2 communes of the Valparaíso province, Quilpué and Villa Alemana, and 2 communes of the province of Quillota, Limache and Olmué.
Geography.
The Marga Marga province has an area of , the sixth largest province in the Valparaíso region; only the Quillota and Isla de Pascua provinces are smaller.
Marga Marga is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the north by the Quillota province, on the east and south by Santiago Metropolitan region, and to the west by the Valparaíso province.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 277,525 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Quilpué, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 128,578 inhabitants. Other cities are Villa Alemana (95,623), Limache (39,219) and Olmué (14,105).
Administration.
As a province, Marga Marga is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Quilpué serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Missal = = =
In the western-rite Church, the term Missal is used for a text that describes the different types of Mass there are, as well as how to celebrate a given type Mass. Pope Pius V published the first missal for the Roman Catholic Church 1570.

= = = Wilderswil = = =
Wilderswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = American Civil War casualties = = =
American Civil War casualties are those soldiers, both Union and Confederate, who died, were wounded, went missing or were captured. The American Civil War was the nation's bloodiest war. The violence in battles such as Shiloh, Antietam, Stones River and Gettysburg shocked everyone in the country, both North and South. It also shocked international observers. Of those who died, by far the leading cause of death was disease. The exact number of dead will never be known with any certainty. All Civil War casualty numbers are estimates, no matter what the source. For over a hundred years the total number of dead has been accepted by most historians as 618,222, generally rounded off to 620,000. Newer estimates have put the number at about 750,000 or about 20% higher than previously approximated.
Background.
In 1860, no one expected any armed conflict would come from the Southern states secession from the Union. Or, if it did, it would be brief and mostly for show purposes. Southerners did not believe the North would mobilize an army against them. The U.S. Senator from South Carolina made the statement he would drink all the blood shed over the South declaring their independence from the Union. Then, as it became apparent that it would become a military confrontation, both sides believed it would not last very long. In 1861, when the Union Army entered the First Battle of Bull Run, they thought a quick victory would bring an end to the war. After the Union loss at Bull Run, the Confederates thought the Union would simply give up the idea re-uniting the North and South. Both were wrong.
During the 1850s there were a number of improvements in weapons, especially rifles. During the Civil War, both armies were equipped with rifles that could shoot farther, could reload faster and were much more accurate than the muskets used in the Mexican–American War. Yet the same military tactics were being used as the earlier war; close formations of men firing in volleys. The new rifles combined with obsolete tactics were responsible for up to 90% of all deaths in battle.
Death was only one of several ways a soldier could be listed as a casualty. During the Civil War a casualty was any soldier who could not perform his duties. This could be for any reason including being sick, wounded, captured, missing or killed. A single soldier could be listed as a casualty several times during the war.
The good death.
The mid-nineteenth century attitudes towards death and dying for a noble cause were considerably different than modern thinking. Men saw going to war as a chance for glory and honor. They thought that giving one's life for their country or cause was the highest calling. But dying of disease was considered a horrible way to die and most feared it more than dying in battle. War was presented to soldiers as a way to die "for God and country". It represented both Christian and nationalist reasons for going to war. As most were Christians, they were far better prepared to die than to kill. American society in general, and soldiers in particular, believed in the "ars moriendi" (the art of dying) or the "good death." These attitudes left soldiers to believe that a good death was glorious and at the same time a last act of redemption. Also, by dying well a person showed others how to die well.
Civil war medicine.
Another factor which contributed to the high death tolls was the status of medical care at the beginning of the Civil War. In 1861, medical knowledge, diagnostic procedures, equipment, and treatment protocols were very crude by modern standards. Because doctors were often unaware of what caused the diseases they were encountering, and because medical hygiene practices were poor compared with those practiced today, physicians often could do very little to treat their patients; in many cases, they even hastened soldiers' deaths by failing to wash their hands and instruments before moving from one patient to the next - simple protocols which did not begin to take hold until later in the war through the pioneering military medical management efforts of William A. Hammond and Jonathan Letterman. As a result, at times, a physician's treatment of wounds, infections and diseases did more harm than good.
In addition, camp hygiene was extremely poor. Inadequate sanitation facilities, and the lack of shelter, clothing, shoes and food, as well as contaminated water contributed to high death rates in the camps. Diarrhea and dysentery became the leading causes of death with casualty figures showing that roughly twice as many soldiers died from disease as from the most frequent type of battle injury - the gunshot wound (shown in Latin terminology on military medical records as "Vulnus Sclopet").
Other ailments which affected Civil War soldiers included:
Soldiers who were captured by the enemy and held as prisoners of war (POWs) were, in a significant number of instances, housed in such miserable conditions that they faced a higher likelihood of contracting and succumbing to one of the medical conditions shown above; starvation also became a problem in POW camps as more soldiers were captured in battle and food shortages widened.
Even healthcare practitioners were not immune; nurses were particularly at risk of catching diseases from the soldiers they tended.
Poor records.
As many as half of the men killed in battle were not identified when they were buried. The records kept by each company were designed to keep track of how many men were in each unit, not to keep track of each soldier. Confederate military records are much fewer than Union records. When Richmond fell in 1865, records were destroyed, shipped south or left behind. Some of the records were kept by the Union Army and sent to the War Department in Washington, D.C.. The Adjutant General started a bureau for the “collection, safekeeping, and publication of Rebel Archives” in July of 1865. In 1903, the Secretary of War made an appeal to Southern Governors to lend the War Department any Confederate Army records in their possession so they could be copied.
Early death estimates.
Since about 1900, historians have quoted the numbers produced by Thomas L. Livermore of 618,222 Confederate and Union deaths during the war. Livermore's number was based on incomplete battle reports. It also made a crude guess as to how many died from disease and other causes. His book was titled "Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861-65."
Before Livermore, another Civil War veteran, William F. Fox, compiled his estimate the hard way. He went over every muster list, battlefield record and pension record he could find. In 1889 he wrote "Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861-1865". Fox came up with the round number of 94,000 dead. In addition to the number, Fox contributed information on the average Union soldier. For example, that he averaged 5 feet 8 1⁄4 inches tall and weighed 143 1⁄2 pounds.
Interestingly, before Fox or Livermore, the superintendent of the1870 United States Census, Francis A. Walker, had estimated the number of male deaths to be “not less than 850,000.” But this was not as widely accepted as the lower numbers. Probably the main reason was that the census itself that year was suspected of being wrong. Walker's estimate was based on calculating a typical growth in population which had been consistent during the nineteenth century, minus the number of males who were missing from the census.
Modern death estimate.
Many historians are beginning to accept that the earlier death estimates were probably far too low. A demographic historian from New York's Binghamton University, J. David Hacker, has made a new calculation of Civil War deaths which is about 20% higher. The new estimate is 750,000 deaths and is based on digitized nineteenth century census data. The population of the United States in 1860 was just under 31.5 million. Approximately 2,000,000 men served in the Union forces while about 750,000 served in the Confederacy. About 75% of soldiers were born in America. Of the remaining 25% who were foreign born, many did not appear in any census records prior to the Civil War.
Wounded warriors.
Amputation was by far the most common surgery in the Civil War. During the war it is estimated that about 60,000 surgeries were performed. Of these, nearly 75% were amputations. There were several reasons why amputation was the main procedure. Bullet wounds made by the slow moving Minié ball caused major damage. They often shattered bones beyond repair. Another reason was to prevent gangrene and other complications. Men often lay unattended for a day or more before being brought to a surgeon. Perhaps the most important reason was that medics had too many wounded men and very little time to reconstruct damaged body parts. Lastly, if a man was wounded in the head, stomach or chest, he rarely lived long enough to be taken to a field hospital.
Until the war, most American doctors had never seen wounds like these. Most only had experience in lancing boils or pulling teeth. Doctors knew very little about germs and bacteria. Bandages were used over and over again on different men without washing or disinfecting them first. By modern standards the operations were crude, even brutal. Soldiers called medics "butchers" and they feared amputations more than anything else. To avoid losing a limb and the painful operation, some soldiers and officers went so far as to try to treat their wounds themselves.
Where the wound was located on a limb affected the soldier's ability to survive after the Surgery. The closer a wound was to the body the higher the mortality rate. For example, Confederate General John Bell Hood was wounded in the leg at the Battle of Chickamauga. His leg was amputated just over from his hip. This type of hip operation had an 83% mortality rate. Hood was among the 17% who survived. Arm wounds had a lower mortality rate of 24%. But Stonewall Jackson did not long survive the loss of his arm. The amputation process itself was done quickly. A cut was made around the arm or leg. Then the bone was sawed through. Nerves were pulled out as far as possible then cut off. The bloody stump was often left to heal by itself or a flap of skin was sewn over the stump. The surgeon had to move quickly to keep the patient from losing too much blood or going into shock. A leg amputation at the knee could be done in three minutes. In most cases anesthesia was used.
Men who survived an amputation needed to return to their work after the war. They needed a prosthesis to replace a missing arm or leg. In the case of North Carolina, it was the first of the former Confederate states to provide artificial legs to its veterans who needed them. In 1866, they passed a law providing artificial legs to their veterans. For those who could not use an artificial leg, the veteran amputee was given $70. North Carolina took care of 1,550 veterans who applied for help.

= = = Tuncay Şanlı = = =
Tuncay Şanlı (born 16 January 1982) is a former Turkish football player. He has played for Turkey national team.

= = = Marko Podraščanin = = =
Marko Podraščanin () (born 29 August 1987) is a Serbian volleyball player, a member of Serbia men's national volleyball team and Italian club Sir Safety Umbria Perugia. He has participated in two Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012), and is a bronze medalist of the World Championship 2010.

= = = Andrea Sartoretti = = =
Andrea Sartoretti (born June 19, 1971) is an Italian former volleyball player. He has won two silver medals and a bronze medal in three Olympic Games between 1996 and 2004.

= = = Earvin N'Gapeth = = =
Earvin N'Gapeth (born 12 February 1991) is a French volleyball player, a member of French national volleyball team and Italian club Modena. Ngapeth winner 2015 European Champion, a gold medalist of the 2015 World League, French Champion (2010), Italian Champion (2016).

= = = North Chungcheong Province = = =
North Chungcheong Province, or Chungcheongbuk-do ( ]), is a province in the centre of South Korea. It was formed in 1896 from the northeastern half of the former Chungcheong province. The provincial capital is Cheongju.

= = = Port of Amsterdam = = =
The Port of Amsterdam is a port located in the city of Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. Looking at the amount of cargo shipped, the port is the 4th most important in Europe. The port was created in the 13th century. It was one of the main ports of the Dutch East India Company, in the 17th century. Today, it is the second largest port in the Netherlands, after the port of Rotterdam. The North Sea Canal connects the port to the North Sea. The port of Amsterdam is mostly used for bulk cargo. In 2013, about 95 million tons of goods passed through one of the ports in Amsterdam. 79 millon tons of these were bulk cargo. About 60.000 people work in the port.

= = = Khalji dynasty = = =
The Khalji dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin. It ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and 1320. It covered Eastern Pakistan and much of present-day India.

= = = Larry Roberts (actor) = = =
Lawrence Saltzman (September 28, 1926 – July 17, 1992), also known as Larry Roberts, was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for his role of playing the voice of Tramp in the 1955 Disney movie "Lady and the Tramp". He was also well known for his roles in the 1950s TV series "Lights, Camera, Action!".

= = = Bulk cargo = = =
Bulk cargo is a type of cargo that is carried in big amounts. Bulk cargo can be gases, liquids, coal, and wheat.

= = = Sepoy = = =
A sepoy was an Indian footsoldier (of whatever religion) in the East India Company army or the British Indian Army. The term comes from the Persian language "Sipahi". The term "sipahi" was also used for cavalry soldiers in the army of the Seljuks and the Ottomans.
In the modern Indian Army, Pakistan Army, Bangladesh Army and Nepalese Army, it is still used for the rank of private soldier.

= = = Vicente Martín y Soler = = =
Vicente Martín y Soler (2 May 1754 – 30 January 1806) was a composer from Spain. He wrote many operas and ballets.
He was born in Valencia, a city in Spain. He studied music in Bologna in Italy. His teacher in Bologna was Giovanni Battista Martini. His first opera was "Il tutore burlato". It was performed in Madrid in 1775. Then he went to Italy. He worked as a composer for the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples from 1777 to 1785. Then he moved to Vienna in Austria. His operas in Vienna had much success. In 1788 Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her. In Russia he wrote more operas and ballets. They were performed in the Empress's theater in Saint Petersburg. Martín y Soler died in Saint Petersburg.
Operas.
Martín y Soler's most important operas were:

= = = Les Rodanes = = =
Les Rodanes is a natural reserve in Valencian Community, Spain located into the municipal boundary of Vilamarxant, Valencia province. The territory occupies an area of .
Geography.
In 2002 was stated as nature reserve into the municipal boundary of Vilamarxant, Camp del Turia. It's located few kilometers at south of the River Turia. It has an area of 582,47 ha.
Its geology is formed by sandstones and argillites.
Fauna.
This place is the habitat of around 50 bird species as "Buteo buteo", "Falco tinnunculus", "Tyto alba", "Strigidae", "Athene noctua" and mammals as "Mustela nivalis", "Vulpini" and "Sus scrofa".
Other websites.
Generalitat Valenciana - Paraje Natural Municipal "Les Rodanes" (Valencian)

= = = Arrondissements of the Indre department = = =
There are 4 arrondissements in the Indre department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Indre are:
History.
Since its creation, the Indre department has had some changes:

= = = Field hospital = = =
A field hospital is a small mobile medical facility that takes care of casualties close to the battlefield, or in case of disasters, the scene of the natural or man-made catastrophe. The World Health Organization gives the definition of a field hospital as: "a mobile, self-contained, self-sufficient health care facility capable of rapid deployment and expansion or contraction to meet immediate emergency requirements for a specified period of time". The treatment of wounds received in war is an ancient art. The term "field hospital" is most often used as a military term.
History.
Ancient warriors.
It has been the custom of removing wounded soldiers from the battlefield and caring for them since ancient times. They were taken to temporary shelters and given what care was customary for that time period.
In Homer's Iliad, it makes brief mention of Machaon and Podalirius. These are the earliest mention in literature of field surgeons who helped fallen soldiers. The Greeks and Romans were known to use nearby houses, stables and temples as field hospitals to care for wounded soldiers. Even then, Romans understood drainage and sewage systems helped keep field hospitals clean and get injured soldiers back to health again.
Middle Ages.
Among the men returning from the Crusades were many lame, blind and sick who needed care. The Church set up Religious orders to care for the sick and injured. One group who provided this care was called the Knights Hospitallers. They had set up field hospitals at Jerusalem and Acre from 1120 to 1291.
Medieval Spain was fairly advanced in field medicine. When Spanish armies went on campaigns, medics and surgeons went with them. During the 13th century, hospitals followed the Arabic pattern of orgainzing patients into different areas based on sex, type of disease or injuries. During the Conquest of Granada, when Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile expelled the Moors from Northern Spain, Queen Isabella had established ambulances and field hospitals for her soldiers.
Early modern period.
Near the end of the 18th century, France began paying closer attention to the poor condition of its hospitals. In Paris, the Hôtel Dieu was full of disease and vermin. It had about 1,220 beds and up to six patients shared a bed. Others lay in halls on piles of straw in extremely dirty conditions. When doctors came to visit in the morning, they had to hold sponges dipped in vinegar over their faces because of the bad smell. The Hôtel-Dieu was not a military hospital, but was typical of most hospitals at the time. In 1788, the French Academy of Sciences made several recommendations to make hospitals cleaner and have better ventilation. It laid out the size the rooms should be, that they should contain 34 to 36 beds and have floor to ceiling windows. The committee borrowed several ideas from visiting England and seeing hospitals there.
Field hospitals during the Napoleonic era were crude by modern standards. There was still no knowledge of hygiene, antibiotics had not yet been discovered and amputation was the most common treatment for battlefield wounds. Soldiers sometimes waited for days to be removed from the battlefield. The wounded had no water or food, and flies would plague them as they lay there bleeding. Many died from infection before getting medical help. If they were removed, they were sent to makeshift surgical facilities where overworked surgeons did the best they could. In a "field hospital" they had to endure amputations with no anesthetic. Officers were sometimes offered rum or brandy while regular soldiers were given a piece of wood to bite down on. The prospects for surviving their wounds were dim.
American Civil War.
By 1861, medical knowledge and equipment still had far to go. Treating wounds, infections and diseases often did more harm than good. Doctors did not understand what caused infections and could do very little to treat them. Estimates are that twice as many soldiers died from disease as died from gunshot wounds. Camp hygiene was extremely poor. Sanitation facilities, the lack of shelter, clothing, shoes and food all contributed to high death rates in the camps. Prisoners of war lived under the most miserable conditions. Dysentery was extremely common in most camps because of poor sanitation and contaminated water. Doctors did not wash instruments or their hands as they moved from patient to patient. Nurses who tended the sick risked catching the diseases themselves. With the crude state of medicine at the time, most diseases could be fatal. While medical knowledge and conditions gradually improved during the war, it still wasn't enough to save thousands of lost lives.
Twentieth century field hospitals.
In World War I, the U.S. Army used "evacuation hospitals" (called "evacs") which were a part of getting them care as soon as possible. Stretcher bearers were medical soldiers who carried the wounded off the field. They were first brought to the Battalion Aid Station. Here medics gave basic first aid. For any more serious treatment stretcher bearers and ambulances took the wounded to a field hospital. At the field hospital, they went through triage which was a process of sorting out patients by how serious and life-threatening their wounds were. Soldiers who were exposed to poison gas were treated at specially equipped hospitals. After triage, they were taken by ambulance to the evacuation hospitals. There they received surgery and would stay there while they got better. After the evac hospital, they went to base hospitals where they could receive more care and rest. World War I was the first time the army experimented with mobile hospitals.
During World War II, allied field hospitals were mobile. They usually held about 400 beds while the more stationary evacuation hospitals could be 400 or 750 bed hospitals. The mobile hospitals would arrive within days after an invasion and would move with the armies, always remaining a few miles behind the front lines. They usually used canvas tents but would also use any buildings in the area when available. When the field hospital was about to move, they stopped accepting casualties and sent those they had to other field hospitals. They then packed their tents and equipment onto trucks and moved to the new location. Within a few hours they were ready to accept wounded soldiers again.
The World War II German field hospitals were very similar to those of the U.S. Army. But the Germans differed in their triage procedures were different. Their first aid was given at a "verwundetennest" by army medics (not doctors). This consisted of using bandages and/or splints and were located very close to if not on the battlefield. They were then sent to the "truppenverbandplatz" (aid station) where they were seen by a doctor. After this patients who were stabilized were sent to a "hauptverbandplatz" (clearing station). This was located about from the front and usually had two doctors (but more were added as needed). They had a staff that could take care of about 200 patients (more staff was added if necessary). If the soldier had an abdomenal or other serious wound, they were given surgery here. Then, after the most serious were taken care of, any less serious wounds that needed surgery were taken care of. For those who had severe bone fractures, brain injuries or chest wounds, they were sent to a military hospital called a "kriegslazarett".
Modern field hospitals.
In the United States, there are more than 75 military hospitals and 461 clinics who see both military personnel and their families. In times of emergency, they see civilian patients. Another example is Israel. The Israel Defense Forces can set up a field hospital within 12 hours of arriving when local hospitals are either overwhelmed or are not functioning. These are two examples of modern military field hospitals serving a dual purpose.
For countries affected by natural disasters, many (in the Americas at least) have most of the supplies they need already in the country. This is contrary to what the news media often reports. Ironically, this causes many well-meaning people to send donations to places where they may not be drastically needed. Also, field hospitals that are already in the country can usually be set up much faster than waiting on other countries to send field hospitals. For those countries who do not have these resources, one of the items highest on their list of things to have in case of emergency are field hospitals.
Modern field hospitals have changed from canvas tents to modern, well-equipped health care centers. While many are still made of fabric, they are specifically designed to be clean, safe and comfortable shelters. They are highly mobile and may be found in nearly all parts of the world. They range in size from small single room shelters to fully equipped hospitals with 200 or more beds. They provide all kinds of necessary medical care. Modern field hospitals may have emergency rooms (ER), intensive care unit (ICU) and outpatient clinics. They provide all areas of needed health care from first aid to psychological care to preventive healthcare.
Often, international disaster responses are limited by politics more than availability of equipment and personnel. The affected country, international relief organizations (e.g. the United Nations), non-profit organizations or the country providing the emergency relief often cause delays or otherwise limit the providing of emergency medical facilities. All too often the needs of that organization or government come first. Ideally, the situations should be quickly evaluated to determine what help is needed by those trained to do so. Then, the response should be based on humanitarian needs and not political considerations.
Field hospitals and the law.
Under international humanitarian law hospitals of any kind have a special protected status. To deliberately attack a hospital or any medical unit is considered a war crime. It is also prohibited to use a hospital or medical facility as part of a military action. For example, to use a hospital as a fortification. It is also against international law to use a hospital, ambulance or any medical facility as camouflage to hide soldiers who are not wounded.
In addition to international law, the laws and military codes of all nations protect hospitals and medical personnel. This has been a basic part of international law since it was started in 1864. It is also a part of four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and was added to in 1977. Doctors, nurses and medical personnel have a duty to treat the sick and wounded in a war zone. Attacking them or the hospitals they work in is a crime on many levels.
International law protects medical personnel to make sure they are not subject to military interference. They must treat patients on their medical needs alone and may not be forced to give priority to treat one side or the other. Medical personnel cannot be punished for carrying out their medical activities no mater who the patient is. They may not violate doctor-patient confidentiality. All hospital personnel must remain neutral and ethical at all times and may not take sides in a war or dispute. Medical care units must collect all weapons at the entrance to the facility and store them until the patient is released.
If the territory or area that includes hospitals or mobile medical facilities is captured by enemy soldiers, medical personnel are not immune from being seized. The medical team as well as the patients (of either side) should be treated with respect. They must be allowed to perform their normal duties tending to the sick and wounded. In international conflicts, permanent medical personnel must be repatriated except for a short period of time when their services are needed to care for their patients. Permanent medical personnel are those who are assigned to a medical mission for the entire time of the conflict. Temporary personnel may be taken prisoner and their medical skills may be used during the time they are imprisoned. If a conflict is not international, then the above distinctions between permanent and temporary medical personnel are not made. But in no case may medical personnel be punished for caring for sick and wounded enemy soldiers.

= = = Anarkali Salwar Suit = = =
An Anarkali Shalwar suit is a form of women's dress. The anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock-style top and features a slim fitted bottom. It is mostly worn by women in Pakistan and other countries in South Asia such as India and Bangladesh. The anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length anarkali styles. 
Anarkali suits owe their name to the fictional Anarkali, a courtesan in the court of Mughal emperor Akbar who was legendarily murdered for her illicit relationship with the Crown Prince Salim.
Anarkali Suits is similar to Gowns as it is same vice versa with Length of Suits. Only Difference in Anarkali suits and Gowns comes with Dupatta and salwar rest all are same. Anarkali Suits are very much Popuar nowadays in India among village side girls. It is most beautiful and daily wear dress in general use.

= = = China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 = = =
China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 was a flight from Xianyang Airport, in Xianyang to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former). The aircraft used was a Tupolev Tu-154M. On June 6, 1994 the aircraft crashed into a field due to mechanical flaw in Xi'an. All 160 people were killed in China's worst air disaster.

= = = Arrondissement of Le Blanc = = =
The arrondissement of Le Blanc is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Le Blanc.
History.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Le Blanc was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Le Blanc is the most western "arrondissement" of the Indre department; it covers parts of the west and southwest of the department. It is the second "arrondissement" of the department in area, after the "arrondissement" of Châteauroux, with, but the one with the lowest population (31,821 inhabitants).
The lowest point in the arrondissement is high, in the "commune" of Néons-sur-Creuse, and the highest is high, in the "commune" of Mouhet.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Châteauroux, to the southeast by the "arrondissement" of La Châtre, to the south by the Creuse department, to the southwest by the Haute-Vienne department and to the west by the Vienne department.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are only two cantons in the "arrondissement" of Le Blanc:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Le Blanc has 57 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Châteauroux = = =
The arrondissement of Châteauroux is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Châteauroux.
History.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Châteauroux was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Châteauroux is a central "arrondissement" in the Indre department. It is the largest "arrondissement" of the department both in area with , and in population (126,428 inhabitants).
The lowest point in the arrondissement is high, in the "commune" of La Vernelle, and the highest is high, in the "commune" of Chavin.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Issoudun, to the southeast and south by the "arrondissement" of La Châtre, to the west by the "arrondissement" of Le Blanc and to the northwest by the Indre-et-Loire department.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Châteauroux has 86 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Law of Azerbaijan = = =
The law of Azerbaijan is made up of many levels of codified forms of law. The laws of Azerbaijan are based on civil law. As the country was a republic of the Soviet Union until 1991, its laws have also been influenced heavily by socialist law. Today Azerbaijani law is heavily based on the laws Germany, France and Italy which also use civil law.
Criminal law.
The current Criminal Code of Azerbaijan came into force in September 2000, replacing the older Criminal Code of 1960 which was based on Soviet law. The current Azerbaijani criminal law is based on the criminal laws of Germany, France and Italy.
Sources of law.
Unlike common law systems such as the United States and the United Kingdom, Azerbaijani courts do not rely on case law and judicial precedent and there are no unwritten laws in Azerbaijani law. Except for decisions of the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan, decisions of the courts are not usually counted as a source of law. The sources of law in the Azerbaijani legal system are:
Court system.
The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan as the highest court of the country, makes the most important and final decisions on civil, criminal and other cases. It is the court of last resort and it has more power than all other courts. Decisions of lower courts can be cancelled here. The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan has the power to interpret and apply the Constitution of Azerbaijan, especially if laws violate the constitution.

= = = Arrondissement of La Châtre = = =
The arrondissement of La Châtre is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of La Châtre.
History.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Châteauroux was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of La Châtre is in the southeast of the Indre department. It has an area of and a population of 32,962 inhabitants.
The lowest point in the arrondissement is high, in the "commune" of Ceaulmont, and the highest is high, in the "commune" of Crevant.
It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Châteauroux, to the northeast by the "arrondissement" of Issoudun, to the east by the Cher departmen, to the south by the Creuse department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Le Blanc.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of La Châtre has 51 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = British Motor Corporation = = =
In September 1965, BMC took control of its major suppliers (of bodies), Pressed Steel, acquiring Jaguar's body supplier in the process.
In September 1966, BMC merged with Jaguar Cars Limited.
On 14 December 1966, BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings Limited or BMH.
BMH merged in May 1968 with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, which made trucks and buses and were owners of Standard-Triumph International Limited, BMH becoming the major part of British Leyland Motor Corporation.

= = = Arrondissement of Issoudun = = =
The arrondissement of Issoudun is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Issoudun.
History.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Issoudun was part of that original department.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Issoudun was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an "arrondissement".
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Issoudun is in the northeast of the Indre department. It is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department in area, with , but the second in population, with 34,964 inhabitants.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the Cher department, to the south by the arrondissement of Arrondissement of La Châtre and to west the "arrondissement" of Châteauroux.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Issoudun has 49 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Jonas Savimbi = = =
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi was an Angolan political and military leader. He founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).
In 2002 UNITA lost the Angolan Civil War to the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

= = = Babrak Karmal = = =
Babrak Karmal was an Afghan politician. Karmal was made President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War.
Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union deposed Karmal and replaced him with Mohammad Najibullah. Following his loss of power, Karmal was exiled to Moscow.

= = = Truyère = = =
The Truyère () is a river in southwestern France. It is the main tributary of the Lot river.
Geography.
The Truyère river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 69.5 cubic metres per second at Entraygues-sur-Truyèret.
Course.
The Truyère starts in the Margeride mountains, south-western Massif Central, north of Mende, in the "commune" of La Villedieu (Lozère department), at an altitude of about .
The Truyère flows to the west, in general, and passes through 2 regions, 3 departments and 44 "communes":
Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Lot river, in Entraygues-sur-Truyèret, in the Aveyron department, at of altitude.
The Garabit Viaduct is a bridge over the Truyère near Ruynes-en-Margeride that was built by Gustave Eiffel.
There are several dams over the river to produce hydroelectricity.
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Truyère river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Military terminology = = =
Military terminology is the words and acronyms used by military organization and members of various militaries. Military terms may have the same spelling as common words but mean something very different. Common terms may also differ between militaries of English-speaking countries. They also differ in their use of abbreviations. For example, British and American abbreviations for the same thing may be very different. Military terms can also be specific to one branch of a nation's military or to a specific war or period of time.
Doublespeak.
Some terms are intentionally intended to obscure, disguise, distort, or otherwise change the meaning of words. This is called "doublespeak". For example, the United States reduction of troop strength in Afghanistan is called by American troops "the retrograde." This is from an old military euphemism meaning to retreat (no military likes to admit it retreats). Some phrases are so strange that nobody outside the military understands them. "15 minutes prior to 15 minutes prior" refers to military people being told to show up 15 minutes early for everything. So when a commanding officer says there will be a meeting at "06:00" (6:00 a.m. on the 24-hour clock), it means to show up at 05:45. When junior officers repeat the order to the sergeant, to him it means 05:30, and so on. By the time it filters down to the lowest ranking soldier, it can mean be there by midnight.
Acronyms.
To listen to military people talking, everything seems to be in acronyms. For instance, "I was on the FOB when the IDF hit, so I radioed the TOC" (I was on the Forward Operating Base when the Ineffective Direct Fire hit, so I radioed the Tactical Operations center). Military people seem to love using acronyms which is probably why there are so many of them. New recruits, military families and even seasoned veterans are expected to know most if not all the current acronyms.
Phonic alphabet.
To say letters out loud, over the phone or when it might be unclear what letter is being pronounced a phonic alphabet is used. On ships, a navy would use flags for different letters of the alphabet. The NATO phonetic alphabet (with flags) is:
This is used often in military acronyms. For example, Bravo Zulu means "well done", a compliment. It was taken from naval signal manuals meaning the same thing. However, if someone were to say "B Z" nobody would understand. if someone used the term Whisky Tango Foxtrot it means "what the fuck?" Posed as a question or used as an interjection, it is at least a little more polite than saying the words.
Military symbology.
Many armed forces have developed elaborate sets of symbols that act like a written language to describe units, activities, and missions. These symbols can be placed on maps to indicate locations, used in drawings to show military organization structures, or even painted on vehicles to indicate roles.
Today, many nations use the military symbology standardized by NATO and evolved from the symbols used by the US Army during the Second World War. Other nations may use military symbology from the former Warsaw Pact or systems that they created themselves.

= = = Célé = = =
The Célé is a river in southern France. It is a right tributary of the Lot river; it is the second largest tributary of the Lot, after the Truyère.
Several communes have the name of the river in their names:Bagnac-sur-Célé, Marcilhac-sur-Célé, Sauliac-sur-Célé.
Geography.
The Célé river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 17.90 cubic metres per second at Orniac.
Course.
The Célé starts in the Massif Central, in the "commune" of Calvinet (Cantal department), at an altitude of about .
The Célé flows to the west, in general, and passes through 2 regions, 2 departments and 26 "communes":
Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Lot river, in Bouziès, in the Lot department, at of altitude.
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Célé river are (only right tributaries because the left tributaries are small Streams):
Right tributaries:

= = = Patty Judge = = =
Patty Judge (born November 2, 1943) is an American nurse and politician. She was the 46th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa. She was also previously the Secretary of Agriculture for Iowa. In 2010, she ran for re-election, though was not successful. She had been elected to the office with the Governor Chet Culver.
In March 2016, she announced her run for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate. She won the primary on June 7. She lost the general election to the incumbent Chuck Grassley.
Judge was born in Fort Madison, Iowa.

= = = Suntec City = = =
Suntec City is a major multi-use development in Marina Centre, a subzone of the Downtown Core in Singapore. Construction began on 18 January 1992 (with earthworks) followed by full completion and opening on 22 July 1997. It had Suntec Convention Centre, the five towers and a shopping mall. Suntec City was renovated between 2012 and 2015.

= = = Esplanade MRT station = = =
Esplanade MRT Station (CC3) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Circle Line in Downtown Core, Singapore, at the junction of Bras Basah Road, Raffles Boulevard and Nicoll Highway. The station was opened on 17 April 2010 along with the rest of Stages 1 & 2 of the Circle Line. It is located next to the War Memorial Park, the Suntec City Mall and the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre. The station also has a link to Raffles City, CityLink Mall, Suntec City Mall and Marina Square.
There is a link from Esplanade station to City Hall station via the underground shopping centre CityLink Mall or basement 2 of Raffles City shopping mall. iExperience Gallery is also located here.
Prior to the opening of the station, names like Suntec, Suntec West, War Memorial and Memorial Park were used.

= = = City Hall MRT station = = =
City Hall MRT station (NS25/EW13) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station in Singapore, that has received very high passenger number all the while. It is named after the national monument - City Hall before National Gallery took over in 2015. It provides cross platform interchange between the two lines.
It is located in the Civic District in the Downtown Core, which is within the Central Area, the city centre of Singapore. It is situated underground, beneath the junction of Stamford Road and North Bridge Road, and is thus east of the Singapore River. The commercial district of Raffles Place and its respective station is located across the Singapore River.
History.
Before this station was built, it was called St Andrew's. It was renamed to City Hall in 1984.
Incidents.
On December 10, 1985, a foreman died at City Hall MRT station.
This station was part of the series of 2011 MRT train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011. The disruption was caused by a misalignment between the trains' current collector shoes and the third rail. The disruption was one of Singapore's two largest MRT disruptions at the time of occurrence.
A power failure and blackout occurred at the station on 6 July 2012 at about 1.30 pm, causing the platforms for north and west-bound trains to turn pitch black. Emergency lighting was turned on immediately after the incident occurred. However, train services were not affected by the incident. Lighting was progressively restored from 2 pm, and was back to normal at 3.15 pm. All escalators have also been turned on. SMRT has apologised for any inconvenience caused.

= = = Raffles Place MRT station = = =
Raffles Place MRT station (EW14/NS26) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and the East West Line in Downtown Core, Singapore. It is directly underneath the centre of the financial area of Raffles Place, located in the Downtown Core area, south of the Singapore River. It is one of the more prominent and busier stations within Singapore's transport system during peak hours, especially being an interchange station located within the Central Area. The station has many entrances/exits, the two main ones facing the Raffles Gardens, with the building being a miniature facade of the historic John Little building, just before the Telok Ayer and Downtown MRT Station came on board.
This station used to be the largest and deepest MRT station in Singapore, but the record was broken by Dhoby Ghaut in 2003 and then by Bras Basah in 2010, then by Promenade in 2013 which is 43 metres below ground. It is also one of the four MRT stations to appear in "Uniquely Singapore Edition" of the board game "Monopoly".
The station is the only MRT station to ever participate in three terrorist exercises, which are Exercise Northstar IV on January 11, 2004, Exercise Northstar V, when it was one of four stations which participated in the exercise on January 8, 2006, as well as Exercise Northstar VII on July 7, 2009 together with Sentosa and VivoCity. At Raffles Place, most southbound trains will then terminate at Marina Bay while few others at Marina South Pier.

= = = Marina Bay MRT station = = =
Marina Bay MRT station (NS27/CE2/TE20) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and Circle Line, located on the boundary of Downtown Core and Straits View planning areas in Singapore. The station is designed by Aedas. 
It was the southern terminus of the North South Line until late November 2014. However, most trains terminate at Marina Bay instead of Marina South Pier possibly due to the low passenger demand at Marina South Pier. Passengers who are going to Marina South Pier should observe the television screens on the station platforms and listen to announcements which will notify commuters when a train that is terminating at Marina South Pier arrives. Circle Line trains that begin from here terminate at Stadium MRT station, with a few trains terminating at HarbourFront MRT station during peak hours. When the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line opened, it became 3-line interchange.
Marina Bay is mainly used as an interchange station as there are very little buildings nearby.
Exits.
It is possible to walk 500 meters to Downtown MRT station from Exit B of the station.

= = = Bishan MRT station = = =
Bishan MRT station (NS17/CC15) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station along the North South Line and Circle Line in Bishan, Singapore. It was one of the original five stations on the North South Line. It also serves the Circle Line which opened on 8 October 2017.
The north south line platforms are one of the few on the MRT that has split side platforms. This station is also only one of four to have faregates on the same level as the platforms, with the others being Expo, Changi Airport and Stevens

= = = Nicoll Highway MRT station = = =
Nicoll Highway MRT Station is an MRT station in Singapore, and it was only there when the Nicoll Highway collapse on 17 April 2004.

= = = Stadium MRT station = = =
Stadium MRT Station is a MRT station in Singapore, that connects to the Singapore Sports Hub and Kallang Wave.

= = = Singapore Armed Forces = = =
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is the military arm of the Total Defence of the Republic of Singapore; as well as the military component of the Ministry of Defence.
The SAF has three services: the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats.
The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of conscripts in the active and reserve forces. It has an active strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over 900,000 reservists. National Servicemen (NSmen) make up more than 80% of its military defence system and form the backbone of the SAF.
SAF uses the SAR-21 rifle.

= = = Wiler bei Utzenstorf = = =
Wiler bei Utzenstorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Ebikon = = =
Ebikon (Swiss German: "Äbike") is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Gapik = = =
Qapik (or gapik, from ) is a monetary unit of Azerbaijan, equal to 1/100 of the Azerbaijani manat. The 2006 currency denomination of the Azerbaijani manat introduced 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 50 qapik into circulation.
The 1, 3 and 5 qapik are made of copper-covered steel. The 10 and 20 qapik are made of brass-covered steel, the 50 qapik are in two colors.
The word "qapik" comes from the Russian word "kopek" which means spear, and which was a currency since the time of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century and is now the monetary unit of the Russian ruble, Ukrainian hryvnia and Belarusian ruble.

= = = History of baseball in the United States = = =
The history of baseball in the United States can be traced to the 19th century. This is when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using equipment they made themselves. The popularity of the sport inspired the semi-pro national baseball clubs in the 1860s.
Early history.
The earliest known mention of baseball in the United States was a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, law banning the playing of the game within of the town meeting house. In 1903, the British sportswriter Henry Chadwick wrote an article saying that baseball came from a British game called rounders. A game which Chadwick had played as a boy in England. But baseball executive Albert Spalding disagreed. Baseball, said Spalding, was basically an American sport and began in America. To decide they agreed to let Abraham G. Mills settle the question by heading a commission. After three years they found that Abner Doubleday had invented the national pastime.
In 2004, baseball historian John Thorn discovered the 1791 town ordinance, putting Pittsfield's connection to baseball 48 years before Abner Doubleday accepted invention of the game in 1839 in Cooperstown, New York. This is where the National Baseball Hall of Fame now stands. The Hall of Fame recognized the ordinance as the first known reference to the game and honored the town with a plaque. Another early reference reports that "base ball" was regularly played on Saturdays in 1823 just outside of New York City in an area that today is Greenwich Village.
Betting scandals.
Baseball started out being a game children played. Baseball's rise in popularity d with professional gamblers noticing the game. Those who ran gambling games thought adults would be more interested if they could bet on who would win. This would also add profits for gambling halls. Very soon gamblers were paying players to lose intentionally (called "throwing" a game) for a percentage of the profits. Players, fans and probably even umpires, all gambled on every part of a game. This is how most players made any money playing baseball.
The 1919 Black Sox Scandal took place during the 1919 World Series. The Chicago White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds. Eight White Sox players were later accused of intentionally losing the games in exchange for money from gamblers. The players were found not guilty in court but were still banned for life from baseball. But game-fixing dates dates back to 1865. That was the first scandal where three players were banned from playing again.

= = = Blackmail (disambiguation) = = =
Blackmail is the act of threatening to reveal information about a person or group unless a specific demand is met.
Emotional blackmail is a form of psychological manipulation.
Blackmail may also refer to:

= = = List of Pashto-language movies = = =
This is a list of Pashto-language movies.

= = = Qom = = =
Qom is the second religious city of Iran and one of the bases of Shi'ism. The city dates back to before the rise of Islam. The city was conquered by Muslims in 23/644-645 but the people of Qom converted to Islam with the immigration of Ash'ariyyun in 85/704-705, the beginning of the development of Qom as a Shi'a city was from that time.
Immigration of Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma (a) to Qom and his shrine in the city, and after that, immigration of other Imam's descendants and Sayyids, made the city the base of Shi'ism in Iran. Foundation of Qom seminary added to the Shi'a fame of the city.
Today, the city is the greatest base of Shi'ism from which the Shi'a knowledge is promoted to the world.

= = = Wileroltigen = = =
Wileroltigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Sensory deprivation = = =
Sensory deprivation makes it impossible for a person to use one or more of their senses. Sensory deprivation devices can be simple, like blindfolds or hoods, which make it impossible to see. More complicated sensory deprivation devices can cut off a person's sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (ability to sense heat), and their sense of gravity.
Sensory deprivation can be used in good or bad ways. If a person chooses to go through sensory deprivation for a short time, they may feel relaxed, and it may be easier for them to meditate. However, if a person is forced to go through sensory deprivation, or the deprivation lasts for a long time, it can cause hallucinations, very bad anxiety, strange thoughts, and depression.
Some countries in NATO have used sensory deprivation techniques on prisoners because these techniques do not qualify as torture under international laws.
Sensory deprivation as treatment.
Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) uses sensory deprivation to help a person relax and treat problems like pain. The sensory deprivation sessions are short, and the person can choose to stop the session at any time. There are two basic kinds of REST.
Chamber REST.
In Chamber REST, a person lies on a bed in a completely dark, sound-proof room for up to 24 hours. They have food, drink, and a toilet in the room with them. They can choose to leave the room at any time. However, fewer than 10% of people who go through Chamber REST actually leave the room before 24 hours.
Flotation REST.
Flotation REST uses a tank or pool filled with warm water and Epsom salts. The Epsom salts make the water so dense that a person floats in the tank like they do not weigh anything. People usually stay in a flotation tank (also called an isolation tank for about an hour. Less than 5% of people leave the flotation tank before the hour has passed.
Researchers in the United States and Sweden have found that flotation REST decreases pain and stress. Flotation REST also makes some people feel more creative, helps them solve problems more easily, and lowers their blood pressure.
Other uses.
Researchers have studied REST as a treatment for alcoholism, cigarette smoking, and the use of other drugs.
Studies that lasted from one to five years showed that 25% of smokers who used REST were able to stop smoking. If smokers also used other ways to stop smoking along with REST (like changing their behaviors), 50% were able to stop smoking. When smokers used REST and went to weekly support groups, 80% were able to stop smoking. (To compare, only 5% of smokers who use only a nicotine patch are able to stop smoking.)
Alcoholics who got two hours of REST, along with anti-alcohol educational messages, drank 56% less alcohol - less than half than they were drinking before - within two weeks. Three and six months after the first treatment, these alcoholics were still drinking 56% less alcohol than they did before REST.
The University of Arizona studied the use of chamber REST to treat substance abuse. They treated one group of people with both REST and regular substance abuse treatment. 43% of these people stopped using drugs and were still drug-free after four years. They treated another group with regular substance abuse treatment, but no REST. None of these people were still drug-free after eight months.
Sensory deprivation on prisoners.
Security forces in Northern Ireland used sensory deprivation on prisoners in the early 1970s. They used "the five techniques" of sensory deprivation on prisoners they suspected of belonging to paramilitary organizations:
In 1972, the United Kingdom formally stopped using these techniques to interrogate prisoners.
In 1976, the Irish government sued the United Kingdom in the European Commission on Human Rights (Ireland v. United Kingdom, 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748, 788-94 (European Commission of Human Rights)). Ireland argued that the "five techniques" were torture. The Commission agreed, and said that if the five techniques were used together, they ""amount to torture". However, this decision was reversed on appeal.
In 1978, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) looked at the United Nations' definition of torture. They decided that the five techniques "did not [cause] suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture". However, they also said the five techniques were "a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment"", which is not allowed under the European Convention on Human Rights, article 3.

= = = Willadingen = = =
Willadingen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wimmis = = =
Wimmis is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Lanyard = = =
A lanyard is a cord or strap. It is made to help the wearer keep and use some basic items of equipment, especially small items. It is usually worn around the neck with an ID card or keys. 
Lanyards were first introduced in the 15th century. In the military, lanyards are worn on the shoulders of uniforms to denote the wearer's qualification or regimental affiliation.

= = = Controlled flight into terrain = = =
A controlled flight into terrain (CFIT, usually pronounced "cee-fit") is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is not aware of the situation until it is too late to stop it. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.
Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as "uncontrolled flight into terrain"). Accidents resulting from the deliberate action of the person flying the aircraft, such as acts of terrorism or suicide by pilot.
According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life. It has caused over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age. CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A mishaps between 1993 and 2002.

= = = Savio (river) = = =
The Savio () is a river that starts in the Apennines mountain and flows to east into the Adriatic Sea. It is the longest river of the Romagna region.
Geography.
The Savio river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as 1,000 cubic metres per second but is very low during summer. Most of the time, the discharge is about 6 cubic metres per second.
Course.
The Savio river starts, with the name of "Fosso Grosso", in the Mount Fumaiolo, a mountain in the Apennines, at an elevation of about , in the commune of Verghereto, in the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. At its source there is monument with symbols that represent the Romagna region and the Verghereto commune.
In "Montecoronaro", a "frazione" (an Italian subdivision of a municipality) of Verghereto, the river takes the name of "Savio". The river flows through the communes of Bagno di Romagna and San Piero in Bagno and, after a few kilometres, it forms an artificial reservoir, the "Lago di Quarto", where it is joined, on the right side, by its first important tributary, the stream "Para".
It flows through the communes of Sarsina, Mercato Saraceno and Cesena, all in the province of Forlì-Cesena. In "Botello" (a "frazione" of Cesena), it is joined on the left side by its main tributary, the stream "Botello". Then it goes into the province of Ravenna and flows through "Castiglione di Cervia" (commune of Cervia) and "Castiglione di Ravenna" (commune of Ravenna).
Finally, after 126 kilometres, it flows into the Adriatic Sea between Lido di Classe, a seaside resort, and Lido di Savio.
Main tributaries.
The tributaries of the Savio are all small streams; the main are the Botello, left tributary, and Para, coming from the right.

= = = Alexander Dubček = = =
Alexander Dubček was a Slovak politician. He was briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969).
Dubček tried to change the communist government during the Prague Spring. He was made to quit after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. He became a politician again after the Velvet Revolution.

= = = Walter Hallstein = = =
Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat, and politician. He was the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community. He was one of the founding fathers of the European Union.
Hallstein is also the person behind the Hallstein Doctrine, wich the former state of West Germany proclaimed in 1955. It meant that West Germany wouldn't have diplomatic relations with countries that recognized East Germany.

= = = Todor Zhivkov = = =
Todor Hristov Zhivkov ( ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was the communist head of state of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
Zhivkov was the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation. He is one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in history. 

= = = Decisive victory = = =
The term decisive victory refers to a military victory that decides a matter or a conflict. A decisive victory has to result in a positive outcome for the victor and create a condition of peace between the two warring states. By comparison, an inconclusive victory is one in which one side won, but the issues between them are not resolved. A desirable goal for all armies fighting conventional wars is a quick and decisive victory with few casualties. For example, in the Six-Day War that started on 5 June 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) achieved a decisive victory over the combined armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. This established Israel as a regional power in the Middle East with about six years of peace. During the Cold War (1947-1991) the idea of a decisive victory (or any victory) seemed obsolete. Instead, the theory of limited war seemed more practical in the age of nuclear weapons as it would not escalate into a full-scale war that would result in mutual assured destruction.
What makes a victory decisive.
In his book "On War" ("Vom Kriege"), Carl von Clausewitz stated a decisive victory “is to throw [an] opponent in order to make him incapable of further resistance. War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.” He wrote that, to cripple an enemy, a general must find that enemy's "center of gravity". This is the core of what gives an enemy their power. It can be different for different wars and for different enemies, but it is often the enemy's army, people or economy. According to Clausewitz, a war can only end in a decisive victory or it will continue. Clausewitz also wrote: “There is only one decisive victory: the last.”
Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) also wrote about decisive victory. In his book "The Art of War", he wrote: “Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him”. Later in the book he added: “And therefore those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle, and are not brought by him”.
Historical examples.
The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the ancient Greeks over the Persians. It marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece.
The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. In the battle, the English King Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow through his eye. The victor, William Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later. The Norman conquest was a major turning point in England's history.
Another example of a decisive victory is the Battle of Yorktown (1781) fought at the end of the American Revolutionary War. The American and the French forces defeated the British Army, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis. Cornwallis believed he could end the rebellion in The Carolinas and Georgia by setting up a fortress and naval base at Yorktown, Virginia. Seeing an opportunity to trap the British on the Virginia Peninsula, American General George Washington and French General Rochambeau marched their armies to Yorktown and established a siege. The French navy prevented the British fleet from reinforcing Cornwallis. A month later Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the war. 
The World War II Battle of Midway took place from June 4, 1942 to June 7, 1942. It was a decisive victory for the United States Navy over the Japanese Navy. It was the turning point in the war allowing the U.S. forces to go on the offensive against the Japanese. The Japanese fleet commander, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, chose to attack Midway Island to draw out the few remaining U.S. Aircraft carriers and ambush them. Unknown to the Japanese, the Americans had been able to decypher their coded messages. Reading the coded messages, they knew what the Japanese plan was. The result was the complete destruction of the Japanese carrier fleet (the Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu) with 322 aircraft and over five thousand sailors. The Americans lost 147 aircraft and about three hundred sailors. While the battle did not directly end the war, it crippled Japanese sea power and ended the Japanese capability to stop the Americans and their allies.

= = = Blek le Rat = = =
Blek le Rat is Xavier Prou. He was one of the first graffiti artists in Paris, and has been described as the "Father of stencil graffiti".
Xavier Prou was born on 15 November 1951 in Boulogne-Billancourt in the western suburbs of Paris.
Early career and influence.
Blek began his artwork in 1981, painting stencils of rats on the walls of Parisian streets. He described the rat as "the only free animal in the city", and one which "spreads the plague everywhere, just like street art". His name comes from the comic book "Blek le Roc", using "rat" as an anagram for "art".

= = = Murray Gell-Mann = = =
Murray Gell-Mann (September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. He was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.
Gell-Mann has also worked at CERN, as a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 1972.
Works.
He was known for his study of particle physics, the smallest parts that make up the universe. These small particles behaved in ways that did not appear to follow the known laws of physics, and Gell-Mann came up with the idea of giving them a strangeness number which could allow them to be compared and put into categories. He also came up with idea that parts of an atom, the proton ad the neutron were made up of even smaller particles. He called the quarks, a nonsense work from James Joyce's book, "Finnigan's Wake".
Gell-Mann then developed the idea that quarks were held together inside the nucleus by a force he called "color", and this force could be given a quantum number. With Richard Feynman he discovered a weak interaction between sub-atomic particles. He researched string theory which could explain what makes up the smallest particles and forces.
Personal life.
Gell-Mann was an agnostic. Gell-Mann supported Barack Obama for the United States presidency in October 2008.
Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019 at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, aged 89.

= = = Limited war = = =
A limited war is a war carried out by a state that uses less than its total resources and has a goal of less than total defeat of the enemy. It is very often the high cost of war that makes limited war more practical than total war.
In a limited war, a state's total survival does not depend on the outcome of the war. For example, when Augustus sent his Roman legions to conquer Germania, the fate of the Roman Republic was not at stake. Since 1945, nuclear weapons have made limited war become the normal type of warfare.
The United States has a strategic position that has made since World War II find itself involved in a number of limited wars. The Korean, the Vietnam, the Gulf War, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq were all examples of limited wars.
The goal of at least one of the parties in a limited war is to maintain its freedom and to preserve itself. The strategy that is often used, especially against a much stronger enemy, is to draw out the fighting until the other side gets tired and finally decides to quit.
That worked for George Washington in the American Revolutionary War. Although the British Army was the strongest army in the world at the time, the war dragged out until the British got tired of the war draining its resources.
The Taliban and other Islamist groups today keep their wars going trying to wear out their enemies in the Western world.
Problems.
Limited wars are rarely successful. From the time of the Roman Republic to modern times, limited warfare has usually not had the desired results. It also runs contrary to what military leaders are taught, which is to win at all costs. Those who make policy often choose the middle ground of limited war when faced with decisions between total war or do nothing at all. The only problem with doing nothing is the example of Adolf Hitler. While the world powers did nothing, he continued to invade weaker countries until finally a world war was all that could stop him.
Historical examples.
The concept of limited war is not new. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) wrote about two kinds of war. One kind has its the goal being the total destruction of an enemy. When that is not possible, the other kind is limited war, often because one of the parties to the war does not have the capability of completely annihilating their enemy.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), World War I (1914-19) and World War II (1939-1945) are examples of total wars. Any war that is limited by geography, resources, or goals or is intentionally limited by the participants is a limited war.

= = = Beatriz Montañez = = =
Beatriz Montañez López (born 3 June 1977 in Almadén, Castile-La Mancha) is a Spanish journalist and radio speaker.
Biography.
Early years.
She began working in the radio at Onda Mancha from Almadén (currently Cadena SER Almadén). Afterwards she went to the University of California where she got a degree in journalism. At same time, Montañez worked in several Spanish language radio stations in the U.S., Telemundo and Radio KLVE among others.
Back in Spain, she studied audiovisual communication and production at Instituto de RTVE and made a master via online at Harvard University.
LaSexta.
In 2006 began to work in LaSexta's "El Intermedio" as anchorwoman and El Gran Wyoming as host.
In 2011 she left the programme being replaced by Sandra Sabatés.
Tele 5.
In 2013 was hired by Tele 5 to present along Jordi González: "El gran debate". In March, 2014 hosted "Hable con ellas", an interview TV-magazine at the same channel until July.
Book.
On March 15, 2021, she publishes the book "Niadela", where she talks about how she decided to live a simple life alone in the mountains.

= = = Gōjū-ryū = = =
Gōjū-ryū is Japanese for "hard-soft style." It is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate. Gōjū-ryū uses a combination of hard and soft techniques. Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the "Bubishi" (). Gō, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks. Jū, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. Gōjū-ryū uses both circular and linear movements. It combines hard striking attacks such as kicks. It also uses close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques. These are used for attacking, blocking, and controlling the opponent. This includes locks, grappling, takedowns and throws.

= = = Tirthankara = = =
In Jainism, a tirthankara (Sanskrit "tīrthaṅkara") is an all knowing Teaching God who teaches the path to liberation from the cycle of births and deaths, called "saṃsāra". According to Jains, over time, Jain teachings are gradually forgotten. Then, a rare individual is born who at some point in his life renounces the world to conquer the "saṃsāra", the cycle of death and rebirth, on his own. After "Tirthankara" attains "Kevala Jnana" (omniscience) he refounds Jainism. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow him from "saṃsāra" (worldy existence) to "moksha" (liberation).
According to Jains, exactly twenty-four "tirthankaras" grace this part of the universe in each half of the Jain time cycle. The first "tirthankara" was Rishabhanatha, who is said to have taught men various arts and professions including agriculture. The 24th and last "tirthankara" of present half-cycle was Mahavira (599-527 BC). His predecessor, Parshvanatha, the twenty-third "tirthankara "was an important historical figure.
The teachings "tirthankara" are compiled as scriptures called "Agamas". All "tirthankaras "teach same philosophy and ethics and their teachings do not contradict. While "tirthankaras" are worshiped by Jains, there grace is said to be available for all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.
"Tirthankaras" are called "Jina" (victor), which means one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed. They are entirely free of all passions, and personal likes and dislikes. After attaining omniscience, they are free from eighteen imperfections like hunger, thirst, sleep etc.
Meaning.
The word "tirthankara" signifies the founder of a "tirtha" which means a fordable passage across the sea of repeated births and deaths (called "saṃsāra").
"Tirthankaras" are also called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers" and "Makers of the River-Crossing.
"Tirthankara".
The" tīrthaṅkara nama-karma", a special type of "karma "is mentioned in the Jain texts. Bondage of this karma raises a soul to the supreme status of a "Tīrthaṅkara". "Tattvartha Sutra", a major Jain text, list down sixteen observances which lead to the influx of this "karma"-
"Panch Kalyanaka".
Five auspicious events called, "Pañca kalyāṇaka" happen in the life of every "tirthankara":
"Samavasarana".
After attaining omniscience, a "tirthankara" preaches the path to liberation in the "samavasarana". According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by "devas" (heavenly beings) where "devas", humans and animals assemble to hear the "tirthankara". A "tirthankara's" speech is listened by all humans and animals in their own language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.
"Tīrthaṅkaras" of present cosmic age.
Jainism teaches that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. Jains divide the time cycle in two halves, "Utsarpiṇī" or ascending time cycle and "avasarpiṇī", the descending time cycle. 24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition the "tirthankaras" were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives.  
Twenty-one of the "tirthankaras" are said to have attained "moksha" in the "kayotsarga" (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the "Padmasana" (lotus position).
List of the 24 tirthankaras.
Present cosmic age.
In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 "tirthankaras" of this age are mentioned below: "Dhanuṣa" means "bow" and "hatha" means "hands".

= = = Palmiro Togliatti = = =
Palmiro Togliatti was an Italian politician. He was leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death. 
Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party. After World War I he created the Communist Party of Italy with others. In 1926 Benito Mussolini outlawed the party. Togliatti became the leader in exile. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party. In 1944 Togliatti returned to Italy. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Crimea.

= = = Keith Holyoake = = =
Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake, (; 11 February 1904 – 8 December 1983) was the 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand. He served for a brief period in 1957 and then from 1960 to 1972. He was also the 13th Governor-General of New Zealand, serving from 1977 to 1980.
Holyoake was a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. He used the following Post-nominal letters:

= = = Gaafar Nimeiry = = =
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. His name is also spelled Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ga'far Muhammad Numayri.
Nimeiry came to power after a military coup in 1969. In 1972 he signed the Addis Ababa Agreement, ending the First Sudanese Civil War. In 1983 he imposed Sharia law. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War. He was removed from power in 1985. Nimeiry went into exile in Egypt.

= = = Alikovsky District = = =
Alikovsky District (; , "Elĕk rajonĕ") is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the northwestern central part of the republic and borders with Morgaushsky and Yadrinsky Districts in the north, Krasnoarmeysky District in the east, Vurnarsky and Shumerlinsky Districts in the south, and with Krasnochetaysky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Alikovo. Population: The population of Alikovo accounts for 14.5% of the district's total population.
History.
The district was formed on October 1, 1927.
Economy.
There is a construction plant in Alikovo.
Transportation.
The Cheboksary–Yadrin and the Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetay autoroute cross the territory of the district.
Demographics.
As of the 2002 Census, 98% of the population was Chuvash.
Education.
There is a middle school in Alikovo.
Culture.
There is a museum, a people's theater, a folk band, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus. Regional Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (lit. "Viryal's pancakes") takes place in May of each year.

= = = Thirunallar = = =
Thirunallar is a small town in the district of Karaikal, Puducherry Union territory, India. It is on the banks of Noolaaru River and Vanchiaaru River in the north and the banks of Arasalar River in the south.
Thirunallar is specially famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Shani, or Lord Saturn. The temple is named after him, Thirunallar Saniswaran temple. The main deity of the town is Lord Dharbharanyeshwarar, a form of Lord Shiva.
The temple of this town is the only temple dedicated to Lord Shani in the whole world. Whenever Lord Saturn passes from one zodiac sign to the other (Sani Peyarchi), millions of people comes to Thirunallar for worshiping the lord. The Nala theertham or Nalan kulam is the temple tank of this temple, which is said to be washing away all misfortunes caused by karma. That is why Lord Shani is renowned as "the dispenser of Karma".
Thirunallar is believed to be named for King Nala, the king of the country of Nishadha.

= = = Tirumalairayanpattinam = = =
Tirumalairayanpattinam is a census town in Karaikal district, Puducherry Union territory, India. This is also a religious town like the other main renowned towns in the Karaikal district. The town's name is often shortened to TR Pattinam. This town is on the banks of Thirumalairajanar River
TR Pattinam is named after a king like the town of Thirunallar. Tirumalairayanpattinam is named after King Thirumalai Raja, who ruled this town from 1453 to 1468. At his time both the river and the town was named after him. But later the name of the town changed to Tirumalairayan pattinam.
Transportation.
TR Pattinam has its own railway station under the control of the Indian Railways. It is also well connected with the port city and the district headquarters, Karaikal.

= = = Germania = = =
Germania was a Roman name originally given to a tribe of people who lived along the Rhine River. They were a Teutonic people, who were first mentioned in the 4th century BC. The Gauls changed it from a name for a people to the name for the territory. This was a vast forested wilderness to the north that Rome knew very little about. It ran from the west on the River "Rhenus" (Rhine) to the east and the Carpathian Mountains and the River Vistula. On the north it was bounded by the North Sea and on the south by the River Hister (Danube).
Tribes.
Germania Inferior.
Germania was home to a very large number of Germanic and a few Celtic tribes. The northern parts of Germania were called "Germania Inferior". Some of the tribes known to live here were the Menapii, Batavi, Condrusi, Atuataci and Eburones. Close to the Roman fortifications on the east side of the Rhine lived the Frisii, Chauci, Istavones, Sicambri, Marsii, Cattii, and Ubii tribes. The Ubii were friendly with the Romans and provided cavalry as well as guarding the border for the Romans.
Germania Superior.
"Germania Superior", or southern Germania was home to the Triboci, Rauraci (Celtic), Nemetes, Caeroesi, Sequani (Gallic) and Helvetii (Gallic) tribes. To the east of the Rhine and along the Danube lived the Marvingii, Varisci (also called Nariscii), Burgundians, Hermunduri, Suebi and the Cherusci tribes.
Roman conquest.
During the Gallic War, Julius Caesar ended the Germanic control of Alsace by defeating Ariovistus. He built a bridge across the Rhine in 55 BC and entered Germania. He convinced the Suebi and other tribes not to interfere in Gaul, which was Roman territory. Other than venturing into Germania a second time in 53 BC and warring against several tribes, he left Germania alone. This established the Rhine as the boundary between Germania and Roman Gaul. 
The beginnings of the occupation of Germania by Rome was in 15 BC. The Foothills of the Alps were conquered during the reign of Augustus. This, together with the lands west of the Rhine conquered by Caesar became their foothold. The Romans attempted to bring under Roman rule the lands as far north as the River Elbe. In 7 AD Rome assumed Germania was under Roman rule when Publius Quinctilius Varus became governor of Roman occupied Germania. Since they were so powerful, the Romans did not expectt on any resistance from the German tribes.
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
In 9 AD Varus with three legions of top Roman troops, were moving up to a permanent base on the Rhine. There had been reports of a rebellion by local tribes which Varus intended to deal with. Varis was confident that it would be easy to occupy Germany. He was a good administrator but not a soldier. While marching through the Teutoburg Forest, three crack legions of Rome’s army were caught in an ambush. For three days up to 30.000 Roman soldiers, their families and slaves were killed by the peoples they called barbarians. The battle was Rome's greatest defeat.
Arminius, the German leader, understood both the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman army. He knew not to attack Roman legions in open battle. In the Teutoburg Forest he lured the 17th, 18th and 19th legions into an ambush. The battle was fought in several places during the encounter. Those who were not killed were taken captive. When Emperor Augustus heard the news he supposedly cried out "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" The numbers XVII (17), XVIII (18) and XIX (19) were never again used as legion numbers. 
Germanicus was ordered to avenge the loss of the legions. In 14 AD he started the conquest of Germania again. However after two years he decided he had done enough to avenge Rome's great loss and returned to Rome. He left Germania to their own feuds. Arminius was murdered in 21 AD by relatives because of internal fighting.

= = = Paraguarí Department = = =
The Paraguarí department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Paraguarí. Its code is PY-09.
History.
The territory of this department is in a valley formerly called "Yarigua'a" that was part of the mission of Jesuit priests during the colonization.
At the end of the 16th century, the Franciscan missionaries founded the city of Yaguarón with Guarani people. More towns were founded on which today form part of this department:
The department was created in 1935. In 1945, the old department of Quyyndy was made part of Paraguarí.
Geography.
The Paraguarí department is in the southwest of the "Oriental" region. It is one of the smallest of the departments of Paraguay, with an area of . It has a population of 239,633 for a population density of .
Districts.
The department is divided in 17 districts:

= = = Oswald the Lucky Rabbit = = =
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is the first animal-based character made by Disney productions. In 1927, Universal Studios hired Disney studios to make him for "Alice Comedies". Universal Studios owned the character by law.
According to Disney, Universal Studios named him "Oswald" by picking the name out of a hat.
Oswald was called the lucky rabbit because of the idea of rabbits' feet being lucky. In his cartoons, Oswald would pull off his own foot, rub it for luck, and then put it back.
Oswald is drawn with big eyes, big ears and shorts like the ones Mickey Mouse wears Unlike Mickey, Oswald does not have buttons on his pants.
When Disney separated from Universal Studios, the artists there made a new character called Mickey Mouse. Meanwhile, Universal used Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in comics in 1935 and in animated programs until 1943.
Disney bought Oswald back in 2006. Disney put him in the video game "Epic Mickey" in 2010 for the Nintendo Wii

= = = Ataxia = = =
Ataxia is trouble with balance that is not caused by a person's muscles being weak. Instead, ataxia is caused by a neurological problem.
Ataxia is not a diagnosis. It is a neurological sign. It is a sign of damage to the parts of the nervous system that control balance.
There are three different types of ataxia. Each type has many possible causes.
Types.
Cerebellar ataxia.
Cerebellar ataxia is ataxia that is caused by a problem with a person's cerebellum. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination. It makes the body move smoothly and controls movements like walking.
People with cerebellar ataxia may have trouble with actions like these:
Sensory ataxia.
Sensory ataxia is caused by the loss of proprioception (knowing where parts of the body are). It is usually caused by damage to the parts of the spinal cord that carry information about proprioception to the brain. However, it can also be caused by damage to the parts of the brain that receive that information (the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the parietal lobes of the brain).
A person with sensory ataxia may have these symptoms:
Vestibular ataxia.
Vestibular ataxia is caused by problems with the vestibular system. This is the body's main sensory system that controls balance and movement. It includes the inner ear.
Along with balance problems, people with vestibular ataxia may have:
Causes.
There are many different causes of ataxia. The National Ataxia Foundation breaks up these causes into three categories: acquired, genetic, and idiopathic.
Acquired ataxia.
A person is not born with acquired ataxia. "Acquired" means that something happened during the person's life to cause the ataxia.
Causes of acquired ataxia can include:
Genetic (hereditary) ataxia.
Genetic ataxia is caused by hereditary disorders that damage the cerebellum or spine. People are born with these disorders. In most cases, they get worse over time.
Idiopathic ataxia.
"Idiopathic" means that doctors cannot find a cause for a person's ataxia.
Idiopathic ataxias often cause symptoms that come and go. Many doctors and scientists think these ataxias are caused by a combination of things inside the body (like gene problems) and things outside the body (like the things happening in a person's life). However, they are still researching the causes of idiopathic ataxias.
Treatment.
Ataxia can be treated. However, treatment usually does not make ataxia go away completely.
Some treatments for ataxia include: A review of the management of degenerative ataxia was published in 2009.
Some people with severe ataxia may need to use wheelchairs.

= = = Fátima Bernardes = = =
Fátima Bernardes (born September 17, 1962) is a Brazilian journalist and talk show host. She has worked at Rede Globo since 1987. In this television network she started to work in TV newscasts and became very famous. In 2011, she trended worldwide on Twitter after announcing her new professional phase as show host. Forbes has said Bernardes could become as popular as Oprah". 

= = = San Felipe de Aconcagua Province = = =
San Felipe de Aconcagua Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). The city of San Felipe is the capital of the province.
Geography.
The San Felipe de Aconcagua province has an area of , the third largest province in the Valparaíso region; only the Petorca and Los Andes provinces are more large.
San Felipe de Aconcagua is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the north by the Petorca province, on the east by Argentina and the Los Andes province, to the south by the Santiago Metropolitan region, and to the west by the Quillota province.
The main rivers of the province are the Aconcagua river and its right tributary, the Putaendo river.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 131,911 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is San Felipe, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 57,760 inhabitants. Other cities are Llaillay (16,215), Santa María (8,126) and Putaendo (7,214).
Administration.
As a province, San Felipe de Aconcagua is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes ("comunas"). The city of San Felipe serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = 1926 Miami hurricane = = =
The 1926 Miami Hurricane (or the Great Miami Hurricane) was a very large and violent tropical cyclone. The hurricane caused a lot of damage in the Miami metropolitan area of southern Florida and in the Bahamas.
The storm caused $78.5 million in damage to the United States. Estimates from 2010 put the damage at $165 billion, meaning the storm surpasses Katrina as the costliest U.S. hurricane.
Between 372 and 540 deaths happened because of the hurricane.

= = = Miami metropolitan area = = =
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area including Miami and its nearby communities. As of 2020, there were more than six million inhabitants. This makes the Miami metropolitan area the most populous in Florida and the second-most populous in the Southeastern United States.
The Miami metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade County, Broward and Palm Beach counties in southeastern Florida. This area is also called the Gold Coast.
Cities in the Miami metropolitan area include Miami itself, Homestead, Hialeah and Miami Beach.

= = = Valparai = = =
Valparai is a town in the district of Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Valparai is 100 km away from the district headquarters Coimbatore. Areas in Valparai are mostly owned by private tea companies and large forest areas. It is a hill station, located 3500 feet(1100m) height above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats.
Earliest records say that in 1846 Ramasamy Mudaliar started a coffee plantation here. Later in 1864, the Karnatic coffee company started a coffee plantation in this area. In 1890, W.Wintil and Nordan bought this area from the Madras State Government (present Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj. Mr.Wintil deforested the forest areas in Valparai to cultivate tea and coffee.
According to the 2011 census, Valparai has a population of 70,859 with sex ratio of 1013 per 1000 males and literacy rate 78.47%. 59.68% of the population consist of Scheduled Castes and 1.75% population of the Scheduled Tribes.

= = = Yanam district = = =
Yanam district is one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry.
Yanam is a small territory of just 20 km2. It is in Andhra Pradesh. But Yanam district, Mahe district, Karaikal district and Puducherry district comes under Puducherry Union territory, as they were French colonies up to 1954.
Yanam is surrounded by the district of East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh. Yanam district consists of 7 revenue villages and a town. Yanam is a town as well as the district headquarters. The other villages are Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur. The total population of the district is just 55,616, roughly equal to the population of Greenland.

= = = Mahe district = = =
Mahé district (Malayalam: ������ �����, is one of the four districts of the union territory of Puducherry, India. It consists of the whole of the Mahé region.[1] Mahé is the smallest district of India by size. The total area of Mahé district is surrounded on three sides by Kannur District and one side by Kozhikode District. Geographically Mahé district is part of North Malabar region.
Mahe is surrounded on three sides by Kannur district and a side by Kozhikode district, as it is located in Kerala state. Puducherry union territory consists of four unconnected districts.
Mahe district has a very small area of just 8.69 sq.kms. The total population of the district is 41,934, roughly equal to Liechtenstein. The literacy rate of the district is 98.35%. The population density of Mahe district is 4659 inhabitants/1 square km and 12070 inhabitants/1 square miles.

= = = Vice President of India = = =
The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional official in India, after the President.
Jagdeep Dhankhar is the current Vice-President of India.He defeated opposing candidate Margaret Alva in 2022 Indian vice presidential election.
Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states that "there shall be a Vice-President". The person who holds the post of Vice-President acts as the President of India during the absence of the President due to resignation, death, impeachment and other reasons. The Vice President is also the Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of the Parliament of India.
The salary for the Vice-President is 125,000 Rupees.
The present Vice President of India is Jagdeep Dhankhar since 2022.

= = = Chalumeau = = =
The chalumeau is the oldest form of the clarinet. It is the first true single reed instrument. The plural for chalumeau is chalumeaux. 

= = = 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment = = =
The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. They were nicknamed the "Swamp Angels".
The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War. Many African-Americans also had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.
History.
Creation.
In March 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew gave his approval for the creation of the 54th Riegiment. The regiment was commanded (led) by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had decided that white officers would be in charge of all "coloured" units. Andrew chose Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment's colonel, and Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel. Many of the other officers in charge of the 54th Regiment were from abolitionist families. Governor Andrew chose several of them himself.
White abolitionists (including Shaw's parents) recruited the soldiers for the unit.
Training.
The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston. While training, the unit got a lot of support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson. Supporters also donated things like warm clothing items, battle flags, and $500 for a regimental band to be set up and trained.
Soon, more people were volunteering for the 54th than the regiment needed. Because of this, the medical exam that volunteers needed to pass to get into the 54th was very thorough. This meant that those who were accepted into the 54th were very strong and healthy. The Surgeon General of Massachusetts said about the 54th: "a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States."
On December 23, 1862, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, gave an order. This order said that if African-American soldiers or their white officers were captured while fighting for the Union, they would be put to death. In January 1863, the Confederate Congress made this order a law. This Confederate law said that if captured, both African-American soldiers and their white officers would be turned over to the states where the African-American soldiers had been slaves.
Entering battle.
Even so, the 54th left Boston with high morale (they felt good about serving in the 54th). After finishing their training, the regiment officially began serving in the United States military on May 13, 1863. They left Boston on May 28, with many supporters cheering them on. When they arrived in Beaufort, South Carolina, local blacks and Northern abolitionists greeted them and celebrated their arrival.
In Beaufort, the 54th joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of ex-slaves from South Carolina led by James Montgomery. Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia. The people who lived in the town had run away. Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town. Shaw argued against doing this, and made official complaints about his soldiers being ordered to burn and loot.
Battles.
The 54th fought in its first battle on July 16, on James Island, South Carolina. They were able to stop a Confederate attack. 45 members of the 54th were killed during this fight.
Fort Wagner.
The 54th became famous on July 18, 1863, when it led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. 272 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were "killed, wounded or captured." At this battle, Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men. 24 more later died of wounds; 15 were captured; 52 were missing in action and never found; and 149 were hurt. In total, the 54th suffered 272 casualties during this battle. This was the highest number of casualties the 54th would ever see in a single battle during the war.
Union forces were not able to take and hold control of Fort Wagner. However, the 54th was widely celebrated for its courage during the battle. This helped encourage more African-American people to join the Union Army, and encouraged Army commanders to use them in battles. This was a very important step in the Civil War. Later, President Abraham Lincoln said it helped the Union win the Civil War.
Other battles.
After Colonel Shaw died, Edward Hallowell became a Colonel and started leading the 54th. Under his command, the 54th fought in the Battle of Olustee. Then they were ordered to march to a train station. A train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down, and the wounded soldiers were in danger of being captured. When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the train pulled the train by hand about to Camp Finnegan. There, they picked up horses to help pull the train. After that, the soldiers and horses pulled the train to Jacksonville, Florida. In all, the 54th pulled the train for a total of . This took forty-two hours.
As part of an all-black brigade under Colonel Alfred S. Hartwell, the 54th unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin's Mill, a small fight in South Carolina that was one of the last battles of the war.
Pay controversy.
When they joined the 54th, soldiers were promised that they would be paid the same as white soldiers: $13 a month (plus food and supplies). Instead, once they arrived in South Carolina, the 54th was told they would be paid only $7 a month ($10 with $3 taken out to pay for clothing. White soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.) Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting this rule. The state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay. However, the entire regiment began to refuse to accept their pay on paydays as a form of protest.
Refusing their lower pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when they were ordered to move forward to protect the other Union forces while they were retreating, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"
On June 16, 1864, the United States Congress passed a law that would give full, equal pay to any soldiers who had been free men as of April 19, 1861. Not all the soldiers qualified; some had still been slaves at this time. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, decided that because he did not believe in slavery, he could have all the soldiers swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861. Before being given their back pay, the entire regiment was given what became known as "the Quaker oath". Colonel Hallowell carefully wrote the oath to say: "You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor unpaid work on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God".
On September 28, 1864, the United States Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th. By this time, most of the men had served 18 months in the 54th.

= = = Typhoon Meranti = = =
Typhoon Meranti, also known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ferdie, was one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record. The storm struck the Philippines, Taiwan and mainland China. In terms of pressure, Meranti was the strongest typhoon since Typhoon Megi in 2010. It was also the strongest in terms of wind speeds since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Furthermore, it was the strongest tropical cyclone in 2016.
The storm caused more than $2.6 billion in damage. It led to more than 30 deaths.

= = = San Felipe, Chile = = =
San Felipe ( Spanish for "St. Philip") is a Chilean city; it is the capital and main city of the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, Valparaíso region.
History.
San Felipe was founded on 3 August 1740 by José Antonio Manso, who conquered the Aconcagua Valley. The city was named, after the king Philip V of Spain (), as San Felipe el Real.
Geography.
The commune of San Felipe is in the valley of the Aconcagua river and has an area of . It is north of the national capital of Santiago and at about to the west of the Aconcagua, the highest mountain of the Americas.
The commune is bordered on the north by the Putaendo commune, on the east by the Santa María commune, on the southeast by the Los Andes and Rinconada communes of the Los Andes province, on the south by the Panquehue commune, and on the west by the Catemu commune.
The city of San Felipe is along the Aconcagua river, the main river of the province and of the Valparaíso region, near the point where the river is joined by the Putaendo river.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 64,126 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The city of San Felipe has an urban area of and a population, in 2002, of 53,017 inhabitants.
Its inhabitants are called "Sanfelipeños" (women, "Sanfelipeñas").

= = = Macmillan Cancer Support = = =
Macmillan Cancer Support is one of the largest British charities. It provides health care, information and financial support to people affected by cancer. As well as helping with the medical needs of people affected by cancer, Macmillan also looks at the social, emotional and practical impact cancer can have. Macmillan campaigns for better cancer care. Macmillan Cancer Support's goal is to reach and improve the lives of everyone living with cancer in the UK. They are one of Britain's top 1,000 charities.

= = = Conventional weapon = = =
Conventional weapons are those weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction. They can include weapons such as armoured fighting vehicles, armed helicopters, combat aircraft, artillery and warships. They can also include (but are not limited to) small arms, ammunition, cluster munitions and land mines. There is no single definition of conventional weapons. But they are the main weapons used in modern conventional warfare.
UN Register of Conventional Arms.
The United Nations set up the UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) in 1991. UN member nations add details of their imports and exports of conventional weapons. There are seven categories of conventional weapons in the register.

= = = Edward Gierek = = =
Edward Gierek (; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician. 
Gierek is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence. He made economic changes. For a time these changes helped Poland's economy stabilize. He modernized industry and increased access to products. Later the 1973 oil crisis made prices increase. Poland had many foreign debts. There were several revolts because of the economy. The Polish people were unhappy with Gierek and he was removed from power.

= = = Chiang Ching-kuo = = =
Chiang Ching-kuo (27 April 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a Taiwanese politician. He held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China (ROC).
Chiang Ching-kuo was the son of Chiang Kai-shek. He succeeded his father to serve as Premier of the Republic of China. He was the President of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.

= = = Aconcagua River = = =
The Aconcagua River is a river that flows from east to west through the Valparaíso region in north central Chile and flows into the Pacific Ocean north of Valparaíso.
Although it has the same name, the Aconcagua river does not starts in the slopes of Aconcagua, which is in Argentina about from the beginning of the river, in Chilean territory.
Geography.
The Aconcagua river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course.
The Aconcagua river starts on the Andes at an elevation of about , at the confluence of two rivers:
From its start, the river flows through the Aconcagua valley. Before the city of Los Andes, the river is joined, as a right tributary, by the "Colorado" river, long, and then, after the city of San Felipe, by the "Putaendo" river, also a right tributary with a length of .
The river keeps flowing to the west, running through the cities of La Calera and Quillota, in the Quillota province. Finally, the Aconcagua river flows in the Pacific Ocean at the city of Concón, in the Valparaíso province.
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Aconcagua river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Andrei Gromyko = = =
Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy.

= = = Luis Carrero Blanco = = =
Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain (4 March 1904 – 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral. He was a trusted associate of dictator Francisco Franco. He was assassinated by a member of ETA, a Basque group.

= = = Lon Nol = = =
Marshal Lon Nol (, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and military leader. He led a coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk in 1970. Nol made himself President of the newly created Khmer Republic. 
The Khmer Rouge took leadership of Cambodia. Lon Nol fled from Cambodia to Indonesia and then to the United States.

= = = Hu Yaobang = = =
Hu Yaobang (20 November 1915 – 15 April 1989) was a Chinese politician and a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.
Hu Yaobang was a political ally of Deng Xiaoping. They fought together in the Chinese Civil War. Both were part of the communist force that took power of Sichuan in 1949. Hu became the leader of the Communist Youth League from 1952–1966.
During the Cultural Revolution, Hu Yaobang was said to not be true to the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong. He was rehabilitated twice. He was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping's rise to power.
Hu Yaobang's death in 1989 was a cause for the Tiananmen Square protests.

= = = Gennady Yanayev = = =
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet politician. He was the vice president of the Soviet Union. Yanayev served from 1990 to 1991.
Yanayev held several political positions. He served during the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko. With the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was the last and only elected Vice President of the Soviet Union. He later served a President of the Soviet Union during the August Coup and led the to depose President Gorbachev. The ended after 3 days. Yanayev was arrested. In 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma.

= = = Tinnitus = = =
Tinnitus is a symptom of hearing loss and other hearing problems. It is described as hearing sound in the head or ears that does not come from an outside source. Many people will hear ringing, buzzing, hissing or whistling sounds, but tinnitus can be other sounds such as roaring and humming as well. 
Different people will hear different sounds from tinnitus but how they hear it can also be different. Tinnitus can be loud or quiet and it can be continuous or occasional and some people will not notice their tinnitus but some people become very annoyed from it, especially when they feel tired or stressed.
There are many things that can cause people to get tinnitus. These are the main reasons:
Treatments and therapies.
People of different range of age can develop tinnitus. It is not a disorder but the symptom of some underlying health condition.
People with tinnitus may take part in yoga, exercise regularly, perform sound therapies or join a tinnitus community . Playing a faint background noise in the background also helps in keeping the phantom noise at bay.

= = = Ernest Bevin = = =
Ernest Bevin was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician. Bevin strongly opposed Communism. He helped in the creation of NATO.

= = = Hellenistic period = = =
The Hellenistic period in Ancient Greece (323–146 BC) was the time period between the death of Alexander the Great when the generals of Alexander created their own empires and the Roman conquest of mainland Greece. 
During this era: Greek culture, art and power expanded all over the Eastern Mediterranean (including Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant and the Balkans). Of all the Hellenistic empires that were established, the Seleucid Empire was the largest. The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt is the most famous and the longest lasting due to its famous Library of Alexandria and members like Cleopatra VII.

= = = Frankfurt Universe = = =
The Frankfurt Universe are a German American football team from Frankfurt, Hesse.
The club was formed in 2007. Previously Frankfurt had the NFL Europa team Frankfurt Galaxy. In late 2014 the club announced that it had purchased the rights for the Galaxy name. Once again they played under the name Frankfurt Galaxy. In the official 2015 table of the German Football League however the team is still listed as Frankfurt Universe. It was renamed again as Frankfurt Universe in 2016.
Starting in 2015 the team plays at Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion, home ground of association football team FSV Frankfurt.
The team won the GFL 2 south in 2015 with a perfect season. They earned a promotion to the GFL after the eighth placed GFL team, the Franken Knights, withdrew from the promotion/relegation round.
Honours.
The team's honours:

= = = Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department = = =
There are 4 arrondissements in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are:
History.
Since its creation, the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department has had few changes:

= = = Arrondissement of Barcelonnette = = =
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Barcelonnette.
History.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the northeast by Italy, to the southeast by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Castellane and Digne-les-Baines "arrondissements" and to the west and north by the Hautes-Alpes department.
The "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department both in area, , and population (8,004 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There is only one canton in the "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette, with all its communes in the "arrondissement": the canton of Barcelonnette .
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette has 14 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Castellane = = =
The arrondissement of Castellane is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Castellane.
History.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Castellane was part of that original department.
The "arrondissement" was eliminated in 1926 but became again an "arrondissement" in 1952.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Castellane is in eastern Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette, to the east by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains.
The "arrondissement" of Castellane is the second smallest "arrondissement" of the department, after the "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette, both in area, , and population (9,493 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There is only one canton in the "arrondissement" of Castellane, with all its communes in the "arrondissement": the canton of Castellane .
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Castellane has 41 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains = = =
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Digne-les-Bains.
History.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains is in the central part of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Barcelonnette, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Castellane, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Forcalquier.
The "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains is the largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, , but the second in population (55,758 inhabitants), after the "arrondissement" of Forcalquier.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains, there are 6 cantons and 4 of them with all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains has 46 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Conductive hearing loss = = =
Conductive hearing loss is one of the main types of hearing loss. It happens when sound is blocked from going through the outer and middle ear into the inner ear and will only make noises sound less loud. 
Most of the time, conductive hearing loss can be treated but how it is treated depends on the causes and is different for everyone.

= = = Arrondissement of Forcalquier = = =
The arrondissement of Forcalquier is an arrondissement of France in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Forcalquier.
History.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Forcalquier was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Forcalquier is the most western of the "arrondissements" of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the north by the Hautes-Alpes department, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains, to the south and west by the Vaucluse department and to the northwest by the Drôme department.
The "arrondissement" of Forcalquier is the second largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, after the "arrondissement" of Digne-les-Bains, , but first in population (88,333 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Forcalquier, there are 9 cantons and 7 of them with all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Forcalquier has 97 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Sensorineural hearing loss = = =
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common and one of the main types of hearing loss. It is also known as "nerve deafness". Unlike the other main type of hearing loss - conductive hearing loss - sensorineural hearing loss is permanent.
Not only does sensorineural hearing loss cause noise to sound quieter but also makes sound less clear. This makes listening when there is a lot of noise harder and also makes hearing other people talk harder.
Causes.
There are two parts of the ear that can be damaged to cause sensorineural hearing loss, either the cochlea or the hearing nerve. They do not both have to be damaged to cause hearing loss and can be caused by a number of different things. 
Treatment.
Unlike conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is permanent. There may be ways to cure it but these are very limited. There are however ways to treat it and make it better. 
Using hearing aids is the most popular way to treat this hearing loss. Hearing aids are not just able to make sound louder, which does not always help (because louder sound does not mean clearer sound) but can also reduce sounds that are not needed to hear other people talk while making speech louder. This is very helpful in making speech easier to understand. 

= = = Helen Prejean = = =
Helen Prejean (born April 21, 1939 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is a Roman Catholic nun. She is a member of the Congregation of St. Joseph. She is a well-known activist against the death penalty in the United States.
Early life and education.
Helen Prejean was born to Augusta Mae (née Bourg; 1911–1993), a nurse, and Louis Sebastian Prejean (1893–1974), a lawyer. She joined the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Medaille in 1957. In 1962, she received a Bachelor of Arts in English and Education from St. Mary’s Dominican College in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1973, she earned a Master of Arts in religious education from Saint Paul University in Ottawa, Canada.
She has worked as:
Death row ministry.
Prejean began to work with prisoners on death row in 1981, in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1982, a friend asked her to write to Elmo Patrick Sonnier, who was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by electrocution. He was in prison in the Louisiana State Penitentiary. 
Prejean visited Sonnier in prison and agreed to be his spiritual adviser in the months leading up to his execution. Doing this made Prejean more aware of the process involved in executions. She began speaking out against the death penalty. At the same time, she also founded "Survive", an organization that counseled the families of victims of violence.
Since 1982, Prejean has ministered to many other inmates on death row, and has witnessed several more executions. She served as National Chairperson of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty from 1993 to 1995.
"Dead Man Walking".
Prejean wrote a book called "Dead Man Walking" about her relationship with Sonnier and other inmates on death row. The book was made into a feature film, an opera, and a play. In the film, Susan Sarandon played Prejean, and won an Academy Award for Best Actress.
Campaigns, book, and awards.
In 1999, Prejean formed Moratorium 2000, a petition drive that eventually grew into a national education campaign, The Moratorium Campaign. The organization Witness to Innocence, a group of death row survivors who were convicted for crimes they did not commit, started under The Moratorium Campaign.
Prejean published her second book, "The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Wrongful Executions", in December 2004. In this book, she tells the story of two men, Dobie Gillis Williams and Joseph O'Dell, whom she accompanied to their executions. She believes that both men were innocent. The book also examines the recent history of death penalty decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States and looks at the track record of George W. Bush as Governor of Texas.
In 1998, Prejean was given the Pacem in Terris Award. This award was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls on all people of good will to make peace among all countries. "Pacem in terris" is Latin for "Peace on Earth."
Prejean now bases her work at the Death Penalty Discourse Network in New Orleans, and spends her time giving talks across the United States and around the world. She and her sister, Mary Ann Antrobus, have been deeply involved at a center in Nicaragua called Friends of Batahola.
Awards and recognition.
Prejean has given commencement (graduation) addresses to more than 50 colleges and universities around the world.
She has also won other awards, including these:

= = = Diosdado Macapagal = = =
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the ninth President of the Philippines. He is known for changing the country's Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. June 12 is the day President Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence of the First Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898.
He is the father of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who was the fourteenth President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.

= = = Alain Poher = = =
Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher was a French politician. He was president of the French Senate from 3 October 1968 to 1 October 1992. Because of this he was interim President of France twice.

= = = Bishop, California = = =
Bishop is a city in Inyo County, California in the United States. Bishop is the only city in Inyo County. Bishop is in the Owens Valley. It was named after Bishop Creek, which comes from the Sierra Nevada mountains nearby. Bishop Creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop, who moved to the Owens Valley. Bishop had 3,819 people in 2020. It is at an elevation of 4,150 feet (1,260 meters) above sea level.

= = = Noise-induced hearing loss = = =
Noise induced hearing loss (NHL) is hearing loss caused by sounds that are too loud (high decibel level) and damage hearing cells in the ear. This can make noises sound quieter as well as make noise less clear, it can also cause other hearing related symptoms such as tinnitus. NHL is permanent and cannot usually be restored.
Most of the time, NHL happens after being around a lot of noise for long periods of time. Listening to loud music, city traffic or even things like a hair dryer for can damage hearing after a while. But NHL can also happen suddenly when close to an extremely loud sound. This can come from things like being close to an airplane or a gunshot.
Signs of NHL.
Hearing is a very important sense. It can be hard to notice hearing loss, especially if it happens over time instead of suddenly. Even if it is hard for a person experiencing it to notice, it will still have a large effect on their life.
Not being able to hear a conversation when there is a lot of noise around is usually a good sign of hearing loss. Other people may sound like they are speaking softly or their speech may not be clear. Both of these can be signs of NHL. Similarly, having to ask people to repeat themselves and having to try very hard to hear people speak are also signs.
Apart from not being able to hear very well when talking to other people, there are other signs of NHL such as tinnitus as well as some other diseases and medication.
Preventing NHL.
Since NHL causes permanent damage, knowing the signs and causes of it and preventing it early is the only way to keep hearing healthy. 
Treatment.
Although NHL is permanent and most of the time cannot be cured, there are ways to manage it.
The most common thing to do is use hearing aids. Hearing aids can help with hearing loss by making sound louder and speech clearer. They can also be customised by audiologists to suit almost any lifestyle and to suit the specific needs of different people.

= = = North Jeolla Province = = =
North Jeolla Province or Jeollabuk-do (����; ����; Jeollabuk-do) is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the north of Jeolla Province. Its provincial capital is Jeonju.
History.
During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the province was the center of Mahan, and Mahan became part of Baekje, one of the three Kingdoms. In the Unified Silla period, the towns of Wansan-ju (now Jeonju) and Namwon-gyeong (now Namwon) were started in the province. When King Seongjong of Goryeo divided the whole country into 10 "do"s, Jeolla-do was called Gangnam-do. Later, in the Joseon Dynasty, it was finally called Jeolla-do.
Geography.
Jeollabuk-do's area is 8,067 km2 and it occupies 8.1% of South Korea.
Religion.
The province contains 6 cities and 8 counties.

= = = United Nations Secretariat = = =
The United Nations Secretariat is the executive body of the United Nations. It has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who is appointed by the United Nations General Assembly.

= = = Mohammad Hamid Ansari = = =
Mohammad Hamid Ansari (born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician. He was the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 through 2017. He is the first Vice President of India to be re-elected after Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Hamid Ansari serves as the president of the Indian Institute of Public Administration. He is also the Chancellor of Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Hamid Ansari was born in Calcutta(present Kolkata), West Bengal on 1 April 1937. He is the grand-nephew of former Congress president Mukthar Ahmad Ansari. Hamid started his career as Officer in Indian Foreign Service in 1961. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1984.

= = = Cashtown, Pennsylvania = = =
Cashtown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community was part of the Cashtown-McKnightstown CDP, until it was split into two separate CDPs for the 2010 census. As of 2020, the population of Cashtown was 453.
History.
During the American Civil War, Cashtown was occupied by the Confederate States Army twice. Once in October 1862 when Confederate cavalry led by General J.E.B. Stuart occupied the town briefly. On June 28, 1863, General Robert E. Lee had invaded Pennsylvania a second time and was on his way to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital. When he received word that the Union Army of the Potomac was coming, he ordered his divisions to assemble at Cashtown. On June 30 Confederate General Henry Heth had his divisions at Cashtown and sent a division to nearby Gettysburg to forage for supplies. Without any reconnaissance to see what was ahead of them, the Confederates into a Union cavalry commanded by General John Buford. This started the Battle of Gettysburg.
Geography.
Cashtown is northwest of Gettysburg in western Adams County. U.S. Route 30 bypasses the center of the community. It forms the northern edge of the CDP. Old U.S. 30, the original Lincoln Highway, is the main street of Cashtown. McKnightstown is to the east.

= = = Camp Curtin = = =
Camp Curtin was a military training camp in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, during the American Civil War. It was the largest Union Army training camp during the war. There was also a supply depot, hospital and prisoner-of-war camp.
History.
The news of the attack on Fort Sumter reached Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1861. President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for 90 days. These men were needed to put down the rebellion of the Southern states. In meetings across the North people cheered the flag and called those who seceded "traitors"! Across the North, eager volunteers responded to calls from local governmental officials to join newly raised state regiments. Governor Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania issued a proclamation asking for 13,000 able-bodied Pennsylvania men to volunteer to help preserve the Union. Within three days, thousands of men had come to Harrisburg to enlist. But they had no place to organize or drill. Governor Curtin decided to use the County Agricultural Society in Harrisburg. Major Joseph F. Knipe officially opened the camp on April 18, 1861, and named it Camp Curtin in honor of the governor (the planned name had been Camp Union). By the end of April, it had sent 25 regiments into the field. From December 1861 to March 1862, the camp was commanded by Major Truman Seymour. In June and July of 1863, General Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania for a second time. His target was Harrisburg and Camp Curtin. However, before he could get there, an accidental meeting between Confederate and Union troops started the Battle of Gettysburg. After the battle Lee's army retreated back to Virginia.
The camp.
Over 300,000 soldiers passed through Camp Curtin, making it the largest army training camp during the Civil War. Harrisburg's location on major railroad lines running east and west, and north and south. This made it a very good location for moving men and supplies to the armies in the field. In addition to the Regular Army and Pennsylvania regiments, troops from Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Wisconsin used Camp Curtin. The camp and surrounding area also saw service as a supply depot. There was a hospital as well as a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. At the end of the war, Camp Curtin was used as a mustering-out point for thousands of troops on their way home. It was officially closed on November 11, 1865.

= = = Aiguille de Chambeyron = = =
Aiguille de Chambeyron is a French mountain near the border with Italy, just west of the main chain of the Alps that separates the basin of the Rhône river, to the west, and the basin of the Po river, to the east.
It is the highest peak in the Alps south of Monte Viso.
Geography.
Aiguille de Chambeyron is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (commune of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.
With an elevation of above sea level, it is the highest point of the department and of the historical region of Provence.
The mountain is in the "Chambeyron Massif" of the Cottian Alps. It has two summits, with the west one being the slightly higher.
On the north side of the mountain are 2 small and quite dead glaciers, filled with rocks: "Chauvet" Glacier and "Marinet" Glacier.
Geologie.
The lower part of the mountain is made of Triassic limestone but the highest part is made of Jurassic limestone (more solid).
History.
The first recorded ascension of the peak was made by W.A.B. Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States, and Christian Almer and his son, from Switzerland, in 1879.
Route.
The more easy climbing route is by the south side of the mountain, from the Chambeyron Hut, a place where is possible to eat and with beds, at an altitude of .
The route to the Chambeyron Hut is, starting from the city of Barcelonette:
Barcelonette > Jausier > La Condamine-Châtelard > Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye » Fouillouse » Chambeyron Hut
It is possible to get to the hamlet of Fouillouse by car; here there is parking lot.

= = = American Civil War Corps Badges = = =
Corps badges in the American Civil War were originally worn by soldiers of the Union Army on the top of their army forage cap, left side of the hat, or over their left chest pocket. The idea was suggested by Major Geneneral Philip Kearny. During a battle he reprimanded officers that turned out to not be under his command. To prevent that from happening again, he ordered the men in his division to sew a square of red cloth on their hats. This idea was adopted by Major General Joseph Hooker after he assumed command of the Army of the Potomac. This was so any soldier could be identified at a distance.
Corps badges.
Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield, Hooker's chief of staff, was assigned the task of designing a distinctive shape for each corps badge. Butterfield also decided that each division in the corps should have a variation of the corps badge in a different color. Division badges were colored as follows:
These were used in the United States' Army of the Potomac. These rules were adopted by other Union Armies, however it was not universal. For example, the XIII Corps never adopted a badge. Also, the XIX Corps had the first division wear a red badge, the second division wear a blue badge, and the third division wear white.
For Army corps that had more than three divisions, the standardization was lost:
The badges for enlisted men were cut from colored cloth. Officer's badges were privately made and of a higher quality. Metallic badges were often made by jewelers and were personalized for the user. The badges eventually became part of the Army regulations and a great source of regimental pride.
XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV Cavalry corps
Corps flags, other Union armies.
XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee.
No badge was designated for the XIII Corps.
Brigade badges.
I Corps, Army of the Potomac

= = = Jeh Johnson = = =
Jeh Charles Johnson (born September 11, 1957) is an American civil and criminal trial lawyer. He was born in New York City. He was the United States Secretary of Homeland Security. He was the General Counsel of the Department of Defense from 2009 to 2012 during the first Obama Administration. He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at Morehouse College (B.A.) and law at Columbia Law School (J.D.). he is the grandson of sociologist and Fisk University president Dr. Charles S. Johnson.
Johnson's first name is taken from a Liberian chief, who reportedly saved his grandfather’s life while he was on a League of Nations mission to Liberia in 1930.

= = = Immigration Act of 1917 = = =
The Immigration Act of 1917 (also called the Literacy Act and the Asiatic Barred Zone Act) was a United States law to stop certain types of people from moving to the US to live. It was the first law to try and restrict immigration, rather than try to control it. People wanting to immigrate had to pass literacy tests. The law also created new categories of people who would not be allowed to immigrate. People from much of Asia were prevented from immigrating. 
The Immigration Act of 1924 made more restrictions. The laws stayed in place until changed by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran–Walter Act).

= = = Durance = = =
The Durance () is a river in southeastern France, a left tributary of the Rhône river. It is the longest river in Metropolitan France without a department named after it.
Geography.
The Durance river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance in the Bouches-du-Rhône department at an altitude of , for a period of 95 years.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance
Course.
The Durance starts in the "pré de Gondran" ("meadow of Gondran"), on the east side of the "Sommet des Anges" mountain, in the "commune" of Montgenèvre (a ski resort near Briançon), Hautes-Alpes department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the southwest through the departments of Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône.
Finally, the river flows into the Rhône river, as a left tributary, south of the city of Avignon.
The Durance only flows through two departments: Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence; it forms the border between two other departments but it does not flow through them: Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône. It flows through the Var department only for a short distance.
It flows through the following communes, among others:
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Durance river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Bhatgaon, Raipur = = =
Bhatgaon is a town in the Sarangarh Bilaigarh district of Chhattisgarh, India.
Location.
The National Highway 130B passes through Bhatgaon. The nearest airport is Raipur Airport. The nearest railway station is at Champa.
Bhatgaon Population Census 2011 - 2020.
Overview.
Bhatgaon is a Nagar Panchayat city in district of Sarangarh Bilaigarh, Chhattisgarh. The Bhatgaon city is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Bhatgaon Nagar Panchayat has population of 10,371 of which 5,131 are males while 5,240 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1356 which is 13.07% of total population of Bhatgaon (NP). In Bhatgaon Nagar Panchayat, Female Sex Ratio is of 1021 against state average of 991. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Bhatgaon is around 965 compared to Chhattisgarh state average of 969. Literacy rate of Bhatgaon city is 75.97% higher than state average of 70.28%. In Bhatgaon, Male literacy is around 86.80% while female literacy rate is 65.46%.Bhatgaon Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 2,224 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

= = = Agender = = =
Agender describes a person with no gender identity. It means that someone does not feel like they fall under any gender. "A-" is a prefix that means 'no' or 'none.' An agender person feels like as if they are neither a male nor a female. 
Agender is also referred to as "genderless", "genderqueer", or "ungendered". Some people who identify themselves as agender may also identify themselves as transgender. However, some don't, as some feel this implies that they identify as a gender other than their assigned gender at birth, and prefers to stick with "agender." Agender may be seen as a non-binary gender, or as a statement of not having a gender identity at all.
Some Agender people more also (but not necessarily) experience gender dysphoria if they are unable to express their identity as something they're comfortable with.
A majority of agender people prefer "they/them" as their pronouns, however, some agender people prefer unique pronouns such as "xe/xer" or "ze/zem", known as neopronouns, others can use conventional pronouns, such as he/him or she/her, or uncommon pronouns, such as /one's or it/its. Some agender people wish to change their bodies to feel more comfortable, while other don't and prefer to stick with the body they already have. 
Despite identifying as not having a gender, Agender individuals can still identify under any sexuality, and should not be confused with asexuality.

= = = Omar Torrijos = = =
Omar Efrain Torrijos Herrera (Feb 13, 1929 – July 31, 1981) was leader of Panama from 1968 to 1981, when he died in a plane crash. He is more commonly known as Omar Torrijos.
Torrijos was the Commander of the Military of Panama. Even though Panama had a President, Torrijos was the leader. He is best known for making a treaty to give Panama full control of the Panama Canal.
His son Martín Torrijos was elected president and served from 2004 to 2009.

= = = Anatoly Dobrynin = = =
Anatoly Fyodorovich Dobrynin was a Russian statesman and a Soviet diplomat. He was the Soviet Ambassador to the United States. He served during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Dobrynin worked with 6 American presidents. He was well liked in the United States.

= = = Enrico Berlinguer = = =
Enrico Berlinguer (1922 - 1984) was an Italian politician. He was national secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) from 1972 until his death.
Berlinguer was considered the most popular leader of the PCI. He is known for lessening the influence of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Italy.
Berlinguer was an atheist.

= = = Oosterscheldekering = = =
Oosterscheldekering is a dam and storm surge barrier between the islands Schouwen-Duiveland and Noord-Beveland. It is the largest of the 13 ambitious Delta Works made to protect the Netherlands from flooding from the North Sea.

= = = Shem And Eber Cave = = =
Shem And Eber Cave (in Hebrew: Shem and Ever) is one of the sacred Jewish sites of Safed. the cave was sacred to the three monotheistic religions throughout history and located in the Old City of Safed. according to Jewish tradition in this cave - "Shem" the son of Noah and Eber was established a Beth midrash that Jacob was learning the Torah. 

= = = Pasquotank County, North Carolina = = =
Pasquotank County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,568. Its county seat is Elizabeth City. The county was originally created as Pasquotank Precinct and gained county status in 1739.
Pasquotank County is part of the Elizabeth City, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area.
Pasquotank is the birth county of Nikita Pavlunenko.

= = = Ichirō Hatoyama = = =
Ichirō Hatoyama was a Japanese politician. He was Prime Minister of Japan three times.

= = = Nobusuke Kishi = = =
Nobusuke Kishi was a Japanese politician. He was Prime Minister of Japan two times. Kishi was the grandfather of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the current Japanese Minister of Defense Nobuo Kishi, and the father-in-law of former Japanese Foreign Minister Shintaro Abe.

= = = Camden, North Carolina = = =
Camden is an town in Camden County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Camden County, a consolidated city-county. As of the 2020 census, the Camden had a population of 620.
Camden is located on the eastern banks of the Pasquotank River, across from which lies Elizabeth City. It currently has two traffic lights, and is centered at the intersection of U.S. Highway 158 and North Carolina Highway 343. It has five schools: Grandy Primary School, Camden Intermediate School, Camden Middle School, Camden County High, and CamTech High School.
Camden is part of the Elizabeth City, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The Camden County Courthouse, Camden County Jail, Lamb-Ferebee House, and Milford are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Camden is the original home city of Nikita Pavlunenko.

= = = Hearing test = = =
A hearing test is a check for a person's sense of hearing to measure what kind of sounds they can hear and if they have any hearing loss. There are many types of hearing tests used to understand different things about a person's hearing. Hearing tests are also different for adults and children as well. It is mainly audiologists that do hearing tests and they will know what kind of hearing test a patient needs.
Types of hearing tests.
Since hearing loss does not always only make sound quieter and may make sound less clear too, there are many different hearing tests to use to understand what kind of hearing loss a person has. 

= = = Audiologist = = =
An audiologist is a health professional in hearing and other auditory problems such as tinnitus and balance. 
Role of an audiologist.
The role of an audiologist is to diagnose and treat hearing problems, minimising the impact these problems have on the lives of their patients. Audiologists will provide help that is customised to each patient to help them be able to communicate with the world around them. 
In order to treat hearing problems, they must first be identified. Audiologists do tests and hearing checks on patients to measure and understand the type of help they will need. With the information they gain from these tests, audiologists can advise patients about their hearing health and recommend any treatment that they might need. If treatment such as hearing aids are needed for a patient, the audiologist will be able to help make the solution the best suited to the patient by customising the treatment depending on what the patient needs. This includes helping to find a suitable hearing aid, fitting it and programming it and maintaining it. This applies to other recommended treatment as well. 
Although treatment and help to lessen the effects of hearing problems are a main focus of an audiologist, they also have the role of educating and teaching patients as well as the public. How to prevent hearing loss as well as how to protect hearing are usually the main focus of what an audiologist teaches and may be done through presentations in schools, in workplaces and to the community. It is important for audiologists to educate the public about hearing loss and how important hearing health is as well as how audiologists are able to help. Audiologists treat all ages and types of hearing loss. 
Workplace.
The hearing services of an audiologist are used in many different settings but most work in health care. In health care, they are focused on the main role of an audiologist which is providing hearing health care services including testing for hearing loss and recommending treatment. Many audiologists can be found working with patients in hospitals, medical centers, private practices and in nursing homes. 
Another workplace for audiologists is in education, which is another important role that they perform. They may be working in schools, in universities or even day care centers in order to educate students about hearing loss and prevention. These professionals understand the effect that hearing loss can have on a student's learning and can work with schools to recommend strategies to help build a more supportive environment for students. While they may be more focused on education, these audiologists are still also able to do hearing tests and checks on students and help them find the best solutions for their hearing problems. 
Other workplaces for an audiologist include work with the government and work in research. 

= = = Safed Old Jewish Cemetery = = =
The Safed Old Jewish Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries in Israel. The cemetery has been used for hundreds of years as a burial place, including important people and important Jewish religious leaders. The cemetery is located along the western slope of Safed on the slope of Mount Canaan near the Amud River.
The New Cemetery.
The New Safed Cemetery is located under the Safed Old Jewish Cemetery.
Rabbi Isaac Luria Mikveh.
In the entrance to the cemetery is the ancient Mikveh that was used for the Rabbi Isaac Luria. His grave is located nearby.
The Military Cemetery.
The Military Cemetery of Safed that was used from 1948 is located to the north of the Safed Old Jewish Cemetery.
The Central Monument to the Olei Hagardom.
The Central Monument to the Olei Hagardom is located on the slope of Mount Canaan under the Military Cemetery.

= = = Tiberias Ancient Jewish Cemetery = = =
The Tiberias Ancient Jewish Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries in Israel. It has been used for thousands of years as a burial place for many people, including prominent figures of importance to Jewish heritage. It was closed in the 1990's. 
The cemetery is located along the eastern slope of Mount Berenice and near the Sea of Galilee. 
The Tomb of Rachel, Rabbi Akiva's wife, is an ancient tomb building located in the western part of the cemetery.

= = = State school = = =
State schools usually mean primary or secondary schools which educate children without charge. They are funded in whole or part by taxation. The term may also refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State schools have to follow the national curriculum for their country.
State schools may be called public schools outside of England and Wales.
By region or country.
United States.
In the United States, "state school" is colloquial for state university, a college, or a university in a state university system. "Public school" is used for elementary, middle, or high schools that get their money from the government or are run by the government. "Private school" is used for schools that do not get their money from the government, nor are they run by the government. 

= = = Ñeembucú = = =
The Ñeembucú department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Pilar. Its code is PY-12.
The department is almost entirely rural, and there are some of the oldest and best-preserved Jesuit ruins, which are located near the town of Humaitá.
Geography.
The Ñeembucú department is in the southwest of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of . It is the department with fewest people living in it, with a population of 84,123 for a population density of .
Climate.
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Pilar was . The month with the most precipitation was February with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pilar was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts.
The department is divided in 16 districts:

= = = Wohlen bei Bern = = =
Wohlen bei Bern is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is made of 12 villages: Hinterkappelen, Illiswil, Innerberg, Möriswil, Murzelen, Oberdettigen, Säriswil, Steinisweg, Uettligen, Unterdettigen, Weissenstein and Wickacker.

= = = Wolfisberg = = =
Wolfisberg was a municipality in Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, Wolfisberg became part of Niederbipp.

= = = Worb = = =
Worb is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Worben = = =
Worben is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Wynau = = =
Wynau is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Pontiac (Ottawa leader) = = =
Pontiac (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769) was a war chief. He became known for his role in Pontiac's War (1763–1766), an American Indian war against British military near the Great Lakes region and named for him.  Historians today generally view him as an important local leader who influenced a wider movement that he did not command.
The war began in May 1763 when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take Fort Detroit by surprise but their plan was foiled.
He gained confidence as he continued to go against the British. British officials made Pontiac the focus of their diplomatic efforts seeking to end the war.
Pontiac was killed on April 20, 1769.
References.

= = = Wynigen = = =
Wynigen is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Los Andes, Chile = = =
Los Andes is a Chilean commune and city; it is the capital and main city of the Los Andes province, in the Valparaíso region.
History.
Los Andes was founded in July 31, 1791 as Villa Santa Rosa de Los Andes by Ambrosio O'Higgins, Governor of Chile, in a place called "Las Piedras Paradas" ("The Standing Stones"). The town was named after Saint Rose of Lima, the first Catholic saint of the Americas.
Geography.
The commune of Los Andes is in the upper part of the valley of the Aconcagua river, at and altitude of above sea level. The commune has an area of . It is at from San Felipe, at from the national capital of Santiago and at from Valparaíso, the capital of the region.
The commune is bordered on the north and northeast by the San Esteban commune, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Calle Larga commune, on the southwest by the Rinconada commune and on the west and northwest by the San Felipe commune.
The city of San Felipe is along the Aconcagua river, the main river of the province and of the Valparaíso region.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 60,198 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The city of Los Andes has an urban area of and a population, in 2002, of 55,127 inhabitants.
Its inhabitants are called "Andinos" (women, "Andinas").

= = = Hayato Ikeda = = =
Hayato Ikeda was a Japanese politician. He was Prime Minister of Japan 3 times.
In 1960 Ikeda made a plan called the "Income Doubling Plan". The plan would use construction to double the economy of Japan.

= = = Marcelo Caetano = = =
Marcello José das Neves Alves Caetano (; 17 August 1906 – 26 October 1980) was a Portuguese politician. He had many important positions in the government. In 1968 he became prime minister. In 1974 the military took leadership of Portugal in the Carnation Revolution. Caetano was removed from his position.

= = = Álvaro Cunhal = = =
Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal (; 10 November 1913 – 13 June 2005) was a Portuguese politician. He was secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) from 1961 to 1992. He strongly supported the Soviet Union.

= = = San Antonio Province = = =
San Antonio Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). The port city of San Antonio is the capital of the province.
Geography.
The San Antonio province has an area of , the third smallest province in the Valparaíso region; only the Quillota and Marga Marga provinces are smaller.
The San Antonio province is on the coast along the Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the north by the Casablanca commune (Valparaíso province), on the east by the Melipilla commune (Santiago Metropolitan region), to the south with the Navidad commune (Cardenal Caro province, O'Higgins region), and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.
The San Antonio valley is a small region where wine is produced. It is very close to the sea around the city of San Antonio, at only west of Santiago.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 136,594 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is San Antonio, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 87,205 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, San Antonio is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes ("comunas"). The city of San Antonio serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = San Antonio, Chile = = =
San Antonio is a Chilean commune and city; it is the capital and main city of the San Antonio province, in the Valparaíso region. It is one of the most important seaport of Chile.
The city is named after Saint Anthony ().
Geography.
The city of San Antonio is just to north of the mouth of the Maipo, on small hills and dunes near the coast of central Chile, at and altitude of above sea level.
The commune has an area of . It is at about south of Valparaíso, the capital of the region.
San Antonio is bordered on the north and northeast by the commune of San Esteban; on the east, by the commune of Melipilla and the Maipo river; on the south, by the same river and by the communes of Santo Domingo and San Pedro; and on the west, by the Pacific Ocean.
Population.
 (last national census), there were 87,205 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The city of San Antonio has an urban area of and a population, in 2002, of 83,435 inhabitants.
San Antonio and several cities around it form a greater space, the Greater (or Conurbation) San Antonio.

= = = Salgueiro Maia = = =
Fernando José Salgueiro Maia was a captain of the Portuguese army. His actions helped the Carnation Revolution remain peaceful.

= = = Black Lives Matter = = =
Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international activist group. They originated in the African-American community. They are against violence and systemic racism by white police officers towards black people. 
History.
The movement began in 2013 with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media. It started after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin. It became famous for street demonstrations following the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner. The former sparked riots and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The latter led to protests all over the United States.
After the Ferguson protests, participants in Black Lives Matter demonstrated against other African-Americans' deaths, such as Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Laquan McDonald, Philando Castile and Alton Sterling.
In 2020, during the George Floyd Protests, Black Lives Matter became much more widely accepted. Black Lives Matter filed a lawsuit against the police department of Seattle, Washington for violence against protesters.
"It's now something where the Mitt Romneys of the world can join in, and that was something unimaginable back in 2014," said Justin Hansford, executive director of Howard University's Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center. "That is the result of six years of hard work by people who are in the movement and have put forward so many discussions that really changed people’s hearts and minds." Hansford was also an activist in Ferguson.
Criticism.
The movement has also been criticized. In the New York Times, Deroy Murdock asked about the true number of black people killed by police, and about the way the BLM movement reported these killings. He wrote: "But the notion that America’s cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies". Some of the black leaders of the American civil rights movement criticized the tactics of the BLM movement. Glenn Loury, a professor for economics, warned about focusing on police violence against black people; the other side would only use this to compile statistics; in these statistics black people will be overrepresented. According to Loury, it would be better to reform social structures, so that people could benefit, irrespective of skin color. One of the examples he gave was early-age education.

= = = Rabi crops = = =
Rabi crops are grown in the winter and harvested in the spring in the South Asia. The word means spring in the Arabic language. 
Overview.
It is also called rabi harvest and spring harvest (also known as winter crop). The rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over, and harvesting begins in April/May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or with irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crop but is good for kharif crops.
Normally wheat barley, mustard, sesame and peas are grown in india. Peas are harvested early, as they are ready early: Indian markets are flooded with green peas from January to March, peaking in February.
Some of the example are: 

= = = Death of Freddie Gray = = =
On April 12, 2015, Freddie Carlos Gray, Jr (August 16, 1989 – April 19, 2015), a 25 year old African-American man from Baltimore, Maryland, was arrested by the Baltimore Police Department for having what police thought was an illegal switchblade. While being transported in a police van, Gray fell into a coma and had to be taken to a local trauma center as a result of the officers not securing him in the van.
Gray later died resulting from injuries to his spinal cord.
Six Baltimore police officers were suspended with pay.
Gray's hospitalization and death resulted in protests and riots in downtown Baltimore starting on April 25. There were multiple arrests and 15 police officers were injured. On April 27, following Gray's funeral, civil disorder intensified with the looting and burning of local businesses, and a CVS Pharmacy.

= = = Rizal Park = = =
Rizal Park (Liwasang Park in Tagalog) is a historical urban park in the Philippines. It is one of the largest urban parks in Asia.
The park is also known as Luneta National Park or simply Luneta.

= = = Presidency of Abraham Lincoln = = =
The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began when he took office as the 16th President of the United States on March 4, 1861. It ended with his death on April 15, 1865. During his presidency he claimed more prerogatives than any other president had done before him. As a result, the small and relatively limited powers of the president grew enormously during his time in office. When Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, he did it without the support of any of the Southern states. Since the 1830s, Southern states had talked about secession, but it became a serious issue in 1860. Between the election and Lincoln's Inauguration in March of 1861, seven states had seceded from the Union. They formed the Confederate States of America (CSA). When Confederates attacked Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 and captured it the next day, this started the American Civil War. While having little previous military experience, Lincoln still managed to stand out as a great war president. In 1863, his Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in Southern states. It led directly to the abolition of slavery in the United States. Given later that year, his Gettysburg Address is and remains one of the most important speeches in American history. In 1865, as the Civil war was ending he was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. His death made Lincoln a martyr to the Union cause. He is widely recognized as the greatest president in U.S. history.
Lincoln's 1860 presidential campaign.
By this time Lincoln was well-known in Illinois politics. In 1858 he had debated Stephen A. Douglas in a bid for the United States Senate and lost. At the time, U.S. senators were elected by their state legislatures. So both Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. Although Illinois was a free state, the main issue of all seven debates was slavery.
Lincoln spent the next 16 months making speeches for a number of Republican candidates in the North. This both made him many political friends and also was in for his run for President. Up to this time the strongest candidate was William H. Seward of New York. Seward was strongly opposed to slavery anywhere in the U.S. Lincoln took a more moderate view and was opposed to the spread of slavery in new states to the West. 
As Lincoln became more popular in the newly-formed Republican Party he was invited to give speeches in a number of states. In October of 1859, he was invited to speak at Henry Ward Beecher's church in Brooklyn, New York. Lincoln spent months preparing for this speech; more time than he had spent on any speech he had given during the senatorial debates. At the last minute, the site for his speech was moved to the Cooper Union in Manhattan. Lincoln knew why he had been asked to give the address. He was being promoted as an alternative to Seward and other possible Republican candidates. The Cooper Union address got Lincoln the attention he needed to become the Republican candidate for president in 1860. 
In April 1860, the Democrats held their political convention, the Southern Democrats walked out and the convention closed without nominating a candidate. The two sides each held their own conventions two months later. 
Stephen Douglas was the candidate of the Northern Democrats. John C. Breckinridge ran for the Southern Democrats. John Bell, the Senator from Tennessee, ran for the Constitutional Union Party. The split in the Democratic party almost guaranteed Lincoln could win the presidency. At the beginning of 1860, Lincoln was not a major candidate for President. On November6, 1860, with 39% of the popular vote and a majority in the Electoral College, Lincoln was elected President. Voter turnout for the election was 81.2%, the second highest in American history. 
Secession crisis of 1860–1861.
In November of 1860, with Lincoln the apparent winner, a crisis that had been smoldering for at least a decade erupted. Southerners were outraged by the election of Lincoln, who opposed slavery in territories and new states. They began to act almost immediately. James Chesnut, Jr., Senator from South Carolina, resigned just four days after the election. President James Buchanan only made things worse. In December, he wrote a message to Congress. In it he stated he thought secession was illegal. But he added that the federal government could not act to stop any states from leaving the Union. Northerners could not understand how Buchanan could say such a thing. After that, Buchanan's cabinet began falling apart. Howell Cobb, the Secretary of the Treasury who was from Georgia, told Buchanan he quit. A week later, Lewis Cass, the Secretary of State (from Michigan) left because Buchanan had done nothing to stop the secession crisis.
South Carolina was the first to take action. Leaders there had warned that if a Republican won the 1868 election, they would leave the Union. On December 20, 1860 in a special convention, they passed a unanimous resolution to secede. In January of 1861 they were followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana. Texas seceded on February 1. While resolutions for secession were prepared in other states, no more were passed during this period.
While Buchanan did nothing, several senators made speeches in Congress trying to calm things down. The Peace Conference of 1861 was held at the Willard Hotel in Washington on February 4, 1861. Of the 33 states, 21 sent delegates. Former President John Tyler, a native of Virginia, was elected the presiding officer. The convention lasted for about two weeks. During that time a number of proposals were created that were then delivered to Congress. A number of compromises were worked out that would take the form of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution. But none were passed by Congress. At Lincoln's inauguration, he rode in a carriage beside the outgoing president. Buchanan is quoted as saying to Lincoln, "If you are as happy entering the presidency as I am leaving it, then you are a very happy man." Within weeks, four more slave states seceded and the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
Lincoln's 1st inaugural address.
On March 4, 1861, Lincoln gave his first inaugural address as part of his being sworn in as 16th President of the United States. The speech was primarily addressed to the people of the South. It was intended to lay out Lincoln's intended policies and desires toward the South where seven states had formed the Confederate States of America. His speech was written in a spirit of friendship toward the seceded states. He touched on several points. Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed. He said there would be no Federal hostility towards the states that had seceded for the time being. The Federal Government would “hold, occupy, and possess” its property. It would also collect its taxes. He closed his speech with the warning: 
Lincoln administration.
Lincoln's presidency lasted for about four years. It ran from March 4, 1861 until he was shot by a Confederate sympathizer and died on April 15, 1865. Nearly all of his time in office was consumed by the Civil War. From his election by the Electoral College on February 15 to his inauguration on March 4, Lincoln had little time to assemble a cabinet. 
Lincoln's cabinet.
Lincoln's cabinet was unique in American history. It included all of his major rivals for the 1860 Republican nomination. As part of the political negotiations leading up to the nomination, some had been promised a position in the cabinet. It was not a harmonious group as most of them did not like each other. They had different ideas about governing the country, different ethics and different personalities. In particular, Simon Cameron, was forced on Lincoln by a deal struck with the Pennsylvania delegates at the Republican Convention. He already had a reputation for being incompetent and corrupt. Per the agreement he was Lincoln's Secretary of War. 
Members included:
Domestic affairs.
The Lincoln administration found itself tasked with guiding the country through its darkest days. He inherited the problems from his predecessor, President James Buchanan. In his own inaugural address four years earlier, Buchan had called the issues of slavery “happily, a matter of but little practical importance.” Buchanan took the position he did not have the power to do anything about the impending civil war. He said: “It is beyond the power of any president, no matter what may be his own political proclivities, to restore peace and harmony among the states. Wisely limited and restrained as is his power under our Constitution and laws, he alone can accomplish but little for good or for evil on such a momentous question.” As the civil war approached, under Buchanan's presidency the country slid into a recession.
Rather than ignore or accept the situation, Lincoln had to mend a broken nation or see it torn apart. Between the presidential election and his inauguration, the seven states that seceded formed the Confederate States of America. Their constitution was patterned after the United States Constitution with four differences. It supported states' Sovereignty. It guaranteed slavery would always exist in the Confederate states. It did not allow the Southern Congress to establish protective tariffs. It also limited the term of president of the Confederate states to 6 years. Jefferson Davis was elected as president of the CSA. He was a Mississippi slave owner, a U.S. senator and had also been secretary of war under President Franklin Pierce. The CSA assumed several philosophical positions that differed from those of the United States. It assumed the United States was merely an association of sovereign states as they had been under the Articles of Confederation before the acceptance of the U.S. Constitution. They maintained that as such, each state was free to leave the association of states. The North saw the Union as a permanent country. Lincoln pointed out that each state had given up its own sovereignty when it ratified and accepted the Constitution. He also argued that no state had the right to revolt against their country, the United States of America. But Lincoln remained silent about the CSA from their formation until his inauguration. He repeated his campaign promise, that as President he would take no steps to stop or limit slavery in those states where it already existed. However, he did not accept the proposals made by the Peace Commission. Demonstrating his peaceful intentions, his inaugural address was aimed at preventing other Southern states from joining the CSA. They were not enemies. He would not attack the CSA but would keep and maintain all property of the United States government that existed in the Southern states.
A day after his inauguration, Lincoln received a dispatch from Major Robert Anderson. He was the commander of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor. He informed Lincoln that if the fort was not resupplied soon, he and his men would have to leave. Lincoln thought of a way to resupply the fort without starting any fighting. He would send unarmed supply ships to Fort Sumter. He informed CSA President Davis of his intentions. This way, the U.S. would not start any fighting but would retain the fort as Lincoln had promised they would. Immediately Davis sent General P. G. T. Beauregard to force the fort's surrender before the supply ships could arrive. At 4:30 a.m. on the morning on April 12, 1861, Confederate guns began a bombardment of Fort Sumter. After 33 hours, Major Anderson surrendered the fort. This was the start of the Civil War.
The war lasted for four years. The North did not anticipate the South would fight almost to the last man to defend its "freedom". The South had no idea that the North, led by Lincoln, would show an iron will to preserve the Union at all costs.
Foreign affairs.
One of Lincoln's military strategies was to blockade the South's ports and approximately of shoreline. At the start of the war, with only a few ships, this was all but impossible. By war's end, the Union had captured or destroyed 1500 blockade runners. But with nearly 5 out of 6 shops able to evade the blockade, Great Britain argued it was not recognized by international law as it was a "paper blockade." The Confederacy was able to ship only a small part of its main cash crop, cotton, to England during the war. Three years before the war the South had shipped 10 million bales of cotton a year. During the war they shipped a total of only 500,000 bales. But English manufacturers had stockpiled large quantities of Southern cotton from the huge exports before the war. What they had on hand carried them through most of the war.
In 1861, both the Confederacy and the Union wanted the help of Great Britain. The North counted on them because of their condemnation of slavery. The Confederacy counted on their help because of the great importance their cotton had to Britain's economy. So both sides had diplomatic relations with Great Britain. The South needed Britain's help to win the war. Also, without the aid of Britain, France would not dare interfere even though they were already friendly with the South. On May 4, 1861, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation declaring Britain's neutrality in the war and recognizing the Confederacy as a belligerent in the conflict. This enraged Lincoln. Seward, his Secretary of State, had already issued instructions to the new minister to Britain to quit and come home should the Queen recognize the Confederacy. France followed with a similar declaration which also recognized the CSA as a nation. Seward warned both nations of the possibility of war with the United States over this issue. 
British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston sent a fleet of naval warships to the western Atlantic in preparation for a surprise attack on New York City. They intended to use the world's largest ship, the SS Great Eastern as a troop transport. They saw a strike against New York would be a strike against the U.S. center of commerce. But in the spring of 1862, the British learned of the Union ironclad warship, the USS Monitor. This cancelled any invasion plans. While the British Navy had ironclad warships, they required deep water to navigate. The Monitor and Northern ships like her could destroy British ships should they try to blockade Northern ports. Russia was also concerned the British and/or French might step in. During the summer of 1862, a coalition of nations considered stepping in to mediate the war. These included Britain, France, Prussia, Austria and Russia. But in the fall of 1863, Tsar Alexander II of Russia sent his navy to protect the United States from any invasion by Great Britain and France. Their Baltic fleet began arriving in New York harbor on September 24, 1863. The Russian Far East fleet was sent to San Francisco.
For the remainder of the war, most European countries had little to gain by recognizing the Confederacy as a sovereign nation. Lincoln was diplomatic in his handling of two Confederates who had been arrested on the British ship the Trent. He ordered them both released. Crop failures in Europe made Union agricultural products popular. Egypt and India were able to supply the cotton that was formerly bought from the South before the war. The Union was also a good customer for small arms and other manufactured goods from Europe. However, dozens of blockade runners and warships were constructed for the Confederate Navy by English shipbuilders during the war. 
Lincoln as commander in chief.
In 1861, the American Civil war was the first modern total war. And in 1861, nobody in the United States knew how to fight one. Men could be enlisted and war goods could be manufactured, but generals took time to train. The general in chief of the army in 1861 was Winfield Scott, in charge of an army of only about 16,000 men. Scott was both old and old school (meaning he had no modern training). Quite a few officers had been trained at West Point, but at the time West Point taught engineering, mathematics and fortifications. It taught very little about strategy and nothing about leading large formations of soldiers in the field. None had learned anything about staff work or how to manage an army except those few who could read French or who had any military experience in Europe. One of the worst problems is that field commanders did not even have accurate maps of the areas they had to move and fight in. Except in the West, local maps did not exist for many parts of the country. Unlike Jefferson Davis, who did have military experience, Lincoln had almost none.
Lincoln faced a very steep learning curve when the war started. But Lincoln was a quick study. He had taught himself to be a lawyer. Learning military strategy proved to be something else he could do very well. He read books on strategy, military history and learned from the successes and failures of his troops in the field. He also learned from the enemy's military tactics. He learned so well that by 1862, historian T. Harry William said about him: "Lincoln stands out as a great war president, probably the greatest in our history, and a great natural strategist, a better one than any of his generals." Although there is no evidence he ever read Karl von Clausewitz's "On War", his actions followed the book's central argument: "The political objective is the goal, war is the means of reaching it, and means can never be considered in isolation from their purpose. Therefore, it is clear that war should never be thought of as something autonomous but always as an instrument of policy."

= = = Wyssachen = = =
Wyssachen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Zauggenried = = =
Zauggenried was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Zauggenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach and Schalunen merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

= = = Zäziwil = = =
Zäziwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = PK machine gun = = =
The PK is a machine gun designed in the Soviet Union and is still being used currently by the Russian Army. The PK went in production in 1961 and entered in 1969 to replace the Degtyaryov and the SG-43. The PK was designed by the AK-47 inventor named Mikhail Kalashnikov. The Russian factory produced over 1,000,000 PK machine guns since the 1960s and today. It’s an upside down AKM.

= = = Zielebach = = =
Zielebach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Zimmerwald = = =
Zimmerwald was a municipality in Seftigen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2004 the municipalities Zimmerwald and Englisberg joined together to become the new municipality, Wald.

= = = Chiloé Island = = =
Chiloé Island (Spanish: "Isla de Chiloé"), also known as Greater Island of Chiloé ("Isla Grande de Chiloé"), is the largest island of the Chiloé Archipelago off the Chilean coast with the Pacific Ocean. The island is located in southern side of Chile, in the Los Lagos Region.
Additionally, it has a very special architecture and local culture. As example, the Churches of Chiloé are part of the World Heritage Sites.
It is the second largest island of Chile, after Tierra del Fuego, which is shared with Argentina.

= = = Chiloé Archipelago = = =
Chiloé Archipelago is an archipelago located in Los Lagos Region, in southern Chile. The main island is Chiloé Island ("Isla Grande de Chiloé").
Additionally, in the archipelago are located 10 administrative communes related with the Los Lagos Region: Ancud, Castro, Chonchi, Curaco de Vélez, Dalcahue, Puqueldón, Queilén, Quellón, Quemchi and Quinchao.

= = = Maipo (river) = = =
The Maipo is a river that flows from east to west through the Santiago Metropolitan and the Valparaíso regions in central Chile. It flows just south of the national capital, Santiago, and ends in the Pacific Ocean.
The Maipo river is one of the main rivers of Chile and is an important source of irrigation and potable water for the region.
Geography.
The Maipo river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course.
The Maipo river starts on the Andes, in the place called "Los Nacimientos", on the side of the Maipo volcano, in the San José de Maipo commune (Santiago Metropolitan Region), at an elevation of about .
From its start, the river flows to the northwest through the "Cajón del Maipo", a canyon; the "El Volcán" and "Yeso" rivers join the Maio before San José de Maipo near the town of "San Gabriel" and as right tributaries. After the city of San José de Maipo the river is joined, also as a right tributary, by the "Colorado" river and then turns to the southwest.
After a total of about , Maipo river leaves the Andes to the south of Puente Alto, still at near of altitude above sea level, and gets into the Maipo valley. Near Talagante, after flowing through the city of Santiago, the "Mapocho" river joins, as a right tributary, the Maipo river.
After crossing the coastal mountains, the Maipo gets to the town of "Llolleo", just south of the port city of San Antonio, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean.
Main tributaries.
Most of the tributaries of the Maipo river join:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:
Uses.
In the upper part, the Maipo is used to produce hydroelectricity. The "Cajón del Maipo" is a popular tourist region, mainly for water sports like rafting.
In the Maipo valley, grapes are produced with the water of the river and the valley is a very important wine region.

= = = Maipo (volcano) = = =
Maipo is a stratovolcano in the Andes, lying on the border between Argentina and Chile. It is located south of Tupungato, one of the highest mountains in the Americas, and about southeast of Santiago.
History.
The first ascent of this peak was made on 19 January 1833 by Paul Güssfeldt, a German geologist, mountaineer and explorer, together with two Chilean guides: Lorenzo Zamorano and Francisco (only the first name is known).
Geography.
In Chile, the Maipo volcano is in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Cordillera province, San José de Maipo commune. In Argentina, it is in the Mendoza province, San Carlos department, Pareditas district.
The Maipo river starts on the western side (Chile) of the volcan. The Diamante river start on the eastern side (Argentina) in the lake with the same name.
The volcano was formed during the Pleistocene. There are four historical and confirmed records of eruptions of the Maipo: in 1826, 1829,1905 and 1912. The "Laguna del Diamante" ("Diamond Lake") was formed by the eruption of 1826.

= = = Black marlin = = =
The black marlin ("Istiompax indica") is a species of marlin. It is found in tropical and subtropical areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The fish has a maximum length of and weight of . It is one of the largest marlins and also one of the largest bony fish. 
This marlin is one of the fastest fish, with speeds of up to . This is estimated from the speed that hooked marlins unwind fishing line. Black marlin are fished commercially and are also a highly prized game fish.

= = = Lindi Region = = =
Lindi Region is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The regional capital is Lindi.
Much of the western part of the Lindi Region is in the Selous Game Reserve.

= = = Seven Kings School = = =
Seven Kings School (used to be known as "Seven Kings High School") is a mixed comprehensive (primary and secondary) school in Ilford in East London, England. For students aged 4–18 years old, Seven Kings School has a separate Primary school and Secondary school buildings, which are close to each other. Seven Kings has also took part in and won awards (which are well known around the UK), such as, The Jack Petchey Award and are known as a National Teaching School. Seven Kings were the first to work to include pupils with special needs and disabilities.
Primary.
Seven Kings Primary School is a four-form entry school (they have four classes for each year group), with 120 reception children who started in September 2015.  While they move up, a 120 more children will start going to the school, every year. The school will be full by September 2021, when the original class of reception children becomes Year 6. These first children will be the original year groups of the school and will see the school grow, as they move up through it. All children who go to Seven Kings Primary will be allowed to move on to Seven Kings High School, if they or their parents choose to do so.
Sixth Form.
Seven Kings also has a sixth form (Year 12 and Year 13). The sixth form allows more students than the secondary school and allows pupils from boroughs and towns next to Redbridge. More than a hundred students are from another school but this can change on how many Year 11s carry on. You can pick up to four A-Levels there.
Ofsted Reports.
In 2007, the school inspectors (Ofsted) gave Seven Kings High School a Grade 1 or an 'outstanding' - this is the highest award they can give.
In 2009, Ofsted have said that SKHS is one of the twelve 'outstanding' schools that help people who wouldn't have found any or 'disadvantaged communities'.

= = = Shyampur Thana = = =
Shyampur () is a Manufacture Zone of Bangladesh and the second Industrial zone of Dhaka city has an Estimated Material factories a total lists of factories main Ironical Mechanics factory fifty six garments Eighty nine iron factory one thousands sixty five Dying factory five thousands anothers factories which is related to Entrepreneurs and Economical Development meteorological
Geography.
Shyampur is located at . Its has an areas of total 2.31 km2.
Demographics.
This Shyampur has a population of 60152. Males constitute 49.78% of the population, and females 50.22%. Shyampur has an average literacy rate of 52.68%, and the national average of 32.4% literate.
Administration Divisions.
Shyampur has 1 Union/Wards, 7 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 3 villages. 

= = = Pulau Ubin = = =
Pulau Ubin (also called Ubin Island) is an island at the northeast of Singapore. The island is now a tourist attraction. Less than 100 people stay on the island. But many people visit in the daytime to enjoy nature.
Name.
"Pulau Ubin" means "Granite Island" in Malay language.
Transport.
Visitors can take a boat from Changi Point Ferry Terminal. It takes 10 minutes to reach Pulau Ubin.
On the island, people can ride bicycles. There are some shops which rent bicycles to visitors.

= = = Aljunied MRT station = = =
Aljunied MRT station (EW9) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line in Geylang, Singapore. Named after Aljunied Road, this station primarily serves Aljunied, one of the subzones that make up Geylang planning area. The station was opened on 4 November 1989. It was formerly called E4, well before 2001.
History.
On 26 June 2009, train services along the East West line were disrupted for almost 18 minutes at about 7.25 pm after a Chinese man in his 40s jumped onto the train tracks ran towards Paya Lebar. SMRT staff did not manage to find the man but he was arrested by the police after found his way down to the street. He had leg injuries and was later charged with attempted suicide.
Aljunied was the temporary terminal for trains that travel to and from Joo Koon during the early closures, late openings and full closures from 5 January 2018 to 4 February that year.

= = = Regional Science Association International = = =
Regional Science Association International (RSAI) is an international association of Regional science. The organization was established in 1954 as an international community of scholars interested in the regional impacts of national or global processes of economic and social change. located in the University of Azores, Azores, Portugal. the organization is beneath center of 22 regional organizations worldwide.

= = = Meteomont = = =
Meteomont is the mountain meteorological service of the Italian Army. The service helps with search and rescue. It also assesses the risk of avalanches, gives early warning of avalanches, and assesses mountain snow conditions in general. The service works together with the Carabinieri (the Italian Army law enforcement service), the meteorological and intelligence service of the Italian Air Force, and the Alpini. The Alpini are the elite mountain troops of the Italian Army.

= = = Whitelist = = =
A whitelist is a list of acceptable, recognised or privileged people, websites or images. On the computer, a whitelist shows a list of websites that you can go to; any website not on the whitelist is not accepted. The opposite is a blacklist, which shows a list of websites that you cannot go to.

= = = Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho = = =
Otelo Nuno Romão Saraiva de Carvalho (August 31, 1936 – July 25, 2021) was a Portuguese military officer. He was the chief strategist of the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon. He unsuccessfully ran for President of Portugal in 1976 and in 1980.
On July 10, 2021, Otelo was hospitalized at Hospital das Forças Armadas in Lisbon. He died fifteen days later on July 25 from heart failure, aged 84.

= = = António de Spínola = = =
António Sebastião Ribeiro de Spínola (generally referred to as António de Spínola, ; 11 April 1910 – 13 August 1996) was a Portuguese military officer.
During the Carnation Revolution, Marcelo Caetano would only surrender to Spínola. This gave Spínola an important place after the revolution. He was made president of the National Salvation Junta. Then he became President of Portugal. He was only President 4 months before Francisco da Costa Gomes took the position.

= = = Vasco Gonçalves = = =
General Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves was a Portuguese army officer. After the Carnation Revolution, he served as the Prime Minister of Portugal.

= = = Francisco de Sá Carneiro = = =
Francisco Manuel Lumbrales de Sá Carneiro founded the Portuguese Social Democratic Party in 1974. He was elected Prime Minister of Portugal in January 1980. Sá Carneiro died in a plane crash in December 1980.

= = = Nederlandse Spoorwegen = = =
Nederlandse Spoorwegen () or NS is the main passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. NS provides rail services on the Dutch main rail network. The rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight services, formerly operated by NS Cargo, merged with the DB Schenker group in 2000.
NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers. In addition, NS provides international rail services from Abellio which runs Abellio Greater Anglia, Merseyrail and ScotRail in the United Kingdom.

= = = Zollikofen = = =
Zollikofen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
It is a suburb of the capital of Berne.

= = = Whitechapel = = =
Whitechapel is a district in the East End of London, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
It is 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by Petticoat Lane and Mansell Street to the west, Fashion Street to the north, Cambridge Heath Road and Sidney Street to the east and The Highway to the south.
Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the city, it has been a popular place for immigrants and the working class. The area was the centre of the London Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th century. It is where the infamous Whitechapel Murders by Jack the Ripper took place in 1888. In the latter half of the 20th century, Tower Hamlets (including Whitechapel) became the largest settlement for the British Bangladeshi community, particularly on and around Whitechapel Road and Brick Lane.

= = = Holywood = = =
Holywood ( ) is a town in the metropolitan area of Belfast in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a civil parish and townland of 755 acres lying on the shore of Belfast Lough, between Belfast and Bangor. Holywood Exchange and Belfast City Airport are nearby. The town hosts an annual jazz and blues festival.

= = = Zuzwil, Bern = = =
Zuzwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Odie = = =
Odie is a fictional character in the Jim Davis comic strip "Garfield".

= = = Zablon Simintov = = =
Zablon Simintov (born 1959) is thought to be the last Jew in Afghanistan. He was born in Herat. Simintov had lived with the second last remaining Jewish man in Afghanistan, Ishaq Levin, who died on January 26, 2005, aged around 80. 
Simintov says it is not easy to practice his religion alone. However, he has obtained special permission from the nearest rabbi, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, to slaughter his own meat in line with "kosher" dietary laws. That can normally only be done by a specially trained and qualified Jewish ritual slaughterer. He says that he receives special kosher packages for Passover from Afghan Jews living in New York. 
His wife and two daughters live in Israel. When asked during an interview whether he would emigrate to Israel, Simintov retorted, "Go to Israel? What business do I have there? Why should I leave?"

= = = History of hearing aids = = =
The first hearing aids were made in the 17th century. Since the 13th century people had been making similar devices by hollowing out the horns of animals. Hearing aids did not improve very much until electricity and the telephone were created in 1898. This is when the first electric hearing aid was created, but it was not given out to the public to use until later in the 20th century. Over the past century however, the fast development of technology has changed and improved the hearing aid greatly, making new designs and adding new functions to be able to help even more hearing problems.
Ear trumpets.
The first hearing aids were called ear trumpets and were large funnel-shaped devices that were mostly made out of metal, animal horns, wood and even snail shells. People would hold them to their ear when they needed to use it to hear. These hearing aids did not make sound louder but collected sound and directed it into the ear which made the sound energy stronger when it hits the ear drum. Ear trumpets worked by capturing more sound for users, so the best way to make them work was for others to speak into the opening of the trumpet. When used in more public places such as concerts, the ear trumpet would not be as effective. Background noise could not be blocked and would enter the trumpet along with the sounds that the user is trying to focus on.
Electronic.
Late in the 19th century, after the invention of telephones and microphones, the electric hearing aids were created. Though they were made during the 1870s - 1890s, they did not become popular until the early 20th century. 
The first electronic hearing aid was called an Akouphone, and was invented by Miller Reese Hutchinson. It used a carbon transmitter created by Thomas Edison which could increase sound by about 15 decibels by using an electric current to make the sound signal stronger. These first electronic hearing aids were portable but still a little large and were not easily carried around. They sometimes had a scratchy noise and could not pick up all sounds so were not ideal. 
Vacuum tube.
In 1920, the vacuum-tube hearing aid was created by Earl Hanson who was a naval engineer. These devices used the transmitter found in telephones to make sounds louder. It would do this by turn sound into electronic current and making it louder and moving it to the ear. Vacuum tubes could increase sound by up to 70 decibels, and worked better because they could control electricity better than carbon could. These were first the size of a cabinet, but between the 1920s - 1930s, they were made small enough to fit into a small box. The hearing aids were continued to be made even smaller and in the late 1940s, a device that could fit in the pocket was made. This device still connected to the ears through wires so they were not very popular. 
Transistor.
Vacuum tubes were replaced by smaller and better transistors. The transistor was smaller, needed less power and sounded better than the vacuum tubes. With the small transistors, hearing aids were finally able to be worn inside or behind the ear, making hearing aids much more popular. 
Digital hearing aids.
Later in the 20th century, transistors were beginning to be made out of silicon and hearing aids could be made even smaller. Microprocessors were created and also added into hearing aids and sound signals were made to be processed digitally. Eventually, this allowed for hearing aids to be programmed, and customised to the needs of users. The technology inside the hearing aids is similar to the technology in mobile phones, computers and televisions. 

= = = Presbycusis = = =
Presbycusis is a type of sensorineural hearing loss which is caused by natural aging. Presbycusis occurs over time, becoming worse as people age and can not be reversed. It is the most common form of hearing loss and the second most common illness among older people, effecting up to 1 in 3 people by the age of 65. 
Symptoms.
Presbyusis results in less ability to hear sounds. Since it occurs over time, many people do not know that they are affected and think that their hearing is normal. There are symptoms that show signs that hearing loss is present. 
Communication for people with presbycusis usually will become a lot more difficult. Although noises may still sound loud, it is common that the sounds will not be clear. This is especially true when hearing high-pitched or high-frequency sounds. 
Causes.
Unlike other forms of hearing loss such as noise-induced hearing loss it is a normal part of aging. Even though it occurs naturally, there are factors that can make it worse and make it happen earlier in life. Presbycusis is usually a form of sensorineural hearing loss, which means that it is due to problems in the inner ear or the hearing nerve due to loss or damage to the hair cells that line the inner ear. The most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss are exposure to loud noise for long periods of time and some diseases. 
Management.
Most hearing loss can both be prevented or managed if the proper precautions are taken. 

= = = Hyperacusis = = =
Hyperacusis is a hearing health problem where people become more sensitive to some sounds for certain frequencies and volumes. This can make everyday sounds such as a car, dishwasher or refrigerator sound very loud. It is usually very difficult to tolerate and can be uncomfortable or even painful for people experiencing it. 
Symptoms.
The increasing sensitivity of the ears caused by hyperacusis is painful for many people. It can negatively effect the everyday lives of people experiencing it. It can make it very difficult and even not possible to do their everyday jobs and take care of their responsibilities. There are many symptoms experienced by those with hyperacusis. 
Causes.
Like other hearing problems, hyperacusis can start suddenly or gradually over time. It can affect people of all different ages in one or both ears. There are a variety of possible causes:
These are the main causes of hyeracusis and most hearing problems. There are other less common causes such as post-traumatic stress disorder. 
Treatment.
Hyperacusis cannot always be fully cured, but for most people the symptoms get better with time and treatment. People need to learn to use hearing protection against sounds which are very loud, but to not use these in everyday situations. Protecting the ears too much will make the symptoms worse instead of better. 

= = = Bolesław Bierut = = =
Bolesław Bierut was a Polish Communist leader. He became President of Poland after the Soviet Union took leadership of the country. Bierut was a strong supporter of Stalinism.

= = = Władysław Gomułka = = =
Władysław Gomułka (; 6 February 1905 – 1 September 1982) was a Polish communist politician. After World War II he was the leader of Poland until 1948. Following the Polish October he became leader again from 1956 to 1970.
Gomułka was one of the key leaders of the Warsaw Pact. He supported Poland's participation in Prague Spring in August 1968. One of his notable achievements was negotiating the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) with West Germany. The treaty meant Germany agreed to the post-World War II borders.

= = = Tinnitus masker = = =
A tinnitus masker is an electronic device that makes quiet sound. It is used by people with tinnitus to cover up ringing or other sounds they hear. Many people who have tinnitus also have hearing loss. This means they cannot use a hearing aid that also acts as a tinnitus masker. Many times, tinnitus maskers need to be customised by an audiologist. This is to make sure the sound it makes can stop the person from hearing their tinnitus.
Functionality.
Sounds from tinnitus are heard differently by everyone. It can be occasional or constant. It can also come as different sounds, and be loud or quiet. How loud it is (the sensation level) compared to other noise in the environment is an important factor when setting the sound generator. The level of noise produced by a sound generator depends on the sensation level of tinnitus experienced and can be close to this level of this noise or even louder. The purpose of this is to cover up the tinnitus sounds by having a constant noise playing in the background. Noise produced by a tinnitus masker, which is called white noise, is designed to be calming and less irritating than tinnitus sounds. Tinnitus maskers are not actually eliminating tinnitus or reducing it but provide a distraction to cover it up for those experiencing it. 
The idea behind tinnitus maskers can be explained by a light analogy. While turning on a lamp in a dark room will be very noticeable and the change in lighting will be very obvious, the change from turning a lamp on in a room that is already lit will not be very obvious. The change would have been masked by the other light that was already present in the room.

= = = Fengning = = =
Fengning Manchu Autonomous County, Chengde City, Hebei Province jurisdiction, established in 1987. According to "Manchu name test": Fengning County name comes from Emperor Qianlong Yuci, take the word "Fung Fukang Corning."
Geographic location: longitude 116.65 ° north latitude 41.2 °
Qing Emperor Qianlong forty-three years (1778) was built Fengning county.
When the Republic of Fengning under the Rehe system.
In 1940 the county seat by the town moved to town.
May 1948 liberation.
December 2, 1986, the State Council approved the establishment of Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.
April 1987 Fengning Manchu Autonomous County officially listed.
Fengning paper cutting has a long history, Fengning folk paper-cut began in the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the beginning of paper-cut is used to reinforce the windows, blocking the window joints, and later gradually developed, gradually rich colors, the development of the characteristics of decorations, cultural values are also rising . 1993 Fengning was the Ministry of Culture named "Chinese folk paper-cut art town" now has Wei Wene, Shi Junfeng and other cultural heritage successor
In 2014, the Ministry of Culture website published "on the publicity of the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative list of projects recommended list" announcement, Fengning Teng cloth paste successfully included in the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage Directory. Teng 's cloth painting is a new painting by Teng Teng, a folk artist of Fengning, Hebei. His technique is a combination of painting, sculpture, heap embroidery, thangka and paper - cutting, and the materials are exquisite, colorful and delicate. Realistic, drawn widely. 
Fengning is a famous revolutionary poet Guo Xiaochuan's hometown. Guo Xiaochuan, the famous poet, writer. Born in 1919, died in 1976. Guo Xiaoguan, formerly known as Guo Enda, was born in the Fengning Manchu Autonomous County town of Fengshan (at the time was the predecessor of Chengde - Rehe Province) an intellectual family. The main works are: "plain old man", "into the fiery struggle", "to young citizens", "Pengcheng Wanli", "general trilogy", "sugar cane forest - blue gauze", "Kunlun line".

= = = Zweisimmen = = =
Zweisimmen is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Zwieselberg = = =
Zwieselberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

= = = Otto Frank = = =
Otto Heinrich Frank (12 May 1889 – 19 August 1980) was a German industrialist who later became a resident of the Netherlands and Switzerland. He was the father of Anne and Margot Frank and husband of Edith Frank, and was the only member of his family to survive the Holocaust. He inherited Anne's manuscripts after her death, arranged for the publication of her diary as "Het Achterhuis" in 1947 (known in English as "The Diary of a Young Girl"), and oversaw its adaptation to both theater and film.

= = = Emanuel Swedenborg = = =
Emanuel Swedenborg (; ; born Emanuel Swedberg on 29 January 1688; died 29 March 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, revelator, and mystic. He is best known for his book on the afterlife, "Heaven and Hell" (1758). He was the father of mineralogy and physiology of brain. 
His writings inspired "Swedenborgianism".

= = = Little Robots = = =
Little Robots is a British stop-motion animated children's television programme of BBC.
The show was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films for Create TV and Film Limited and broadcasted by BBC. It aired from 2003 to 2005. The show was based on a book by Mike Brownlow published in 1999. The main character is Tiny Robot, who is a turquoise decirobot.

= = = Panaro = = =
The Panaro () is a river of northeastern Italy, the last important right tributary of the Po river. It starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range and flows through the Emilia-Romagna region.
Geography.
The Panaro river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Course.
The Panaro river, with the name "Rio delle Tagliole", starts in the northern Apennines where Emilia-Romagna meets Tuscany, in the place called "Foce a Giovo" near the Monte Cimone.
From here it flows to the northeast down the valley. At Pievepelago (in the Modena province), its name changes to Scoltenna. Finally, the name is changed to Panaro after the confluence of the Scoltena and the "Leo" stream in the Montespecchio valley, Pavullo nel Frignano.
It borders the "Parco regionale dei Sassi di Roccamalatina" ("Regional Park of the Sassi di Roccamalatina") and keeps flowing to the north. South of Modena, in "Ponte Guerro", it is joined by the "Guerro" stream and in "Fossalta", a place to the east of Modena, it is joined, as a left tributary, by the "Tiepido" stream, its main tributary.
At Bomporto, the river joins the "Naviglio de Modena" ("Modena canal or waterway") and can be navigated until its confluence with the Po, on the border with the Veneto region and to the west of Ferrara.
The Panaro river flows through the cities of Vignola, Finale Emilia and Bondeno and just to the east of Modena.
Of historical and artistic interest is the bridge of Olina (), built in 1522 across the river (still called Scoltenna) near the town of the same name, in the commune of Pavullo nel Frignano
The Panaro flows mainly through the province of Modena but it also flows for a short distance in the Ferrara province after Finale Emilia. It flows through several comunes; some of them, all in the Modena province, Emilia-Romagna region, are:
Main tributaries.
The tributaries of the Panaro river are small streams; the most importants are the Guerro () and the Tiepido (); they join the Panaro from the left side.

= = = Numa Pompilius = = =
Numa Pompilius was the second King of Rome. He succeeded Romulus in the year 715 BC. Numa was of Sabine origin. He is credited with creating the most important religious and cultural institutions in Rome most prominently the Pontifex Maximus, Most modern historians consider Numa to be pure legend and regard his reign as myth.

= = = Exposure action value = = =
Exposure action value is a limit on the level of noise that workers can be exposed to. The level of noise is measured in decibels and after this level, the workplace needs to make sure that workers are protected from the noise. Safety plans need to be made to stop or lower the risk of hearing health problems for workers.
Workplace requirements.
It is the job of the employer to make sure that workers are safe at work by creating a program that will reduce the risk of any problems.
In order to control the level of noise in the workplace, a noise dosimeter is used. These devices can be worn on the body of a worker to record the level of sound they hear throughout their whole work day as they move to different areas of the workplace. They can also be used to measure the level of noise in a large specific area of the workplace. How the device is used depends on the work environment. Some workers will be walking to different areas of a workplace throughout the whole day and hear different levels of sound but some will only be staying in one area. If the noise dosimeter shows that the level of noise reaches the exposure action value, the employer needs to start using the program they have created to stop any future damage to their worker's hearing health.
The first part of this program is to find out which workers are affected by the noise that is over the exposure action value. Once the workers have been found, they each need to do a hearing test. This will help employers figure out how much hearing protection they will need to keep their workers safe as well as be able to compare the hearing level of the workers at this time to hearing levels later on. If there are large changes, that usually means that workers need more help with their hearing health.
After the tests are done, employers will be able to give the workers the type of hearing protection that is best for them. Workers should be able to pick the kind of hearing protection that they would like and it should not cost them. Tests should continue to be done on the workers and their hearing protection to make sure that it still works.
In order to make sure that workers also take care of their own hearing, the workplace should also train workers to understand hearing health and how to keep their hearing healthy.

= = = Nazi salute = = =
The Nazi salute or Hitler salute is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm in the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say ""Heil Hitler!" (Hail Hitler!), "Heil, mein Führer!" (Hail, my leader!), or "Sieg Heil!"" (Hail victory!). 
It was adopted in the 1930s by the Nazi Party to show obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler. It also gave honour to the German nation (and later the German war effort). 
The salute was required for all civilians. It was mostly optional for military personnel who retained the traditional salute until shortly after the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944.
In modern times.
Use of this salute is currently a criminal offense in Germany, Italy, Japan, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Uzbekistan. In Switzerland, France, Canada, the Netherlands and Sweden, the salute is illegal hate speech if used for promoting Nazi ideology. In the United States, and most of the world (including Latin America, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, China, South Korea, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Norway, Denmark and Finland), use of the salute is not itself a criminal offense or constitutes hate speech, but contains discourteous phraseology if used for constituting Neo-Nazism.

= = = Wengen = = =
Wengen is a village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

= = = Stechelberg = = =
Stechelberg is a small village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

= = = Coimbatore district = = =
Coimbatore district is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu. Its headquarter Coimbatore city is the second biggest city in the state of Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore district is one of the most industrialized district of Tamil Nadu in textiles, education, healthcare, information technology, manufacturing etc. As of 2011, Coimbatore district had a population of 34,58,045 and the literacy rate is 84%.
History.
Coimbatore district was a part of the historical region of Kongu Nadu. It was ruled by the Cheras in the ancient period. Coimbatore is an important region between the Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu. In the 10th century, the medieval Cholas conquered the region. In the 15th century it was controlled by the Vijayanagara Empire. The Madurai Nayaks introduced the Palayakkars system after capturing Kongu Nadu region. It was divided into 24 palayams. Later this region came under the Kingdom of Mysore. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the region was annexed with Madras prescidency.
Coimbatore played an important role in the Second Polygar War when the region was under Dheeran Chinnamalai. Coimbatore city was named the capital of newly formed Coimbatore district. It is said that the district comprised of modern-day Tiruppur, Erode, Karur, Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu, Palakkad in Kerala and Chamarajanagar in Karnataka.
Geography.
Coimbatore district is in the Western part of Tamil Nadu state. The district is fed with many rivers. The rivers of Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravathi, Kousika and Aliyar are the major rivers flowing through this district. The drinking water is sourced by the Siruvani Dam. Waterfalls in the district include Monkey Falls, Thirumoorthy Falls, Vaideki Falls, Sengupathi Falls and Chinnakallar Falls.
The Coimbatore district is near the Nilgiri Mountains, Anaimalai ranges and the Munnar ranges. Forests consist of 20% of the district's area. The main trees of these forests are the Teak, Sandalwood, Rosewood and Bamboo, which are used for commercial purposes. Wild Elephants, Tigers, Spot-billed Pelicans, Wild boar, leopards, Bison, Nilgiri tahr, Sloth bear animals are common in these regions.
Demographics.
The Coimbatore district had a population of 34,58,045 with literacy rate of 84% and sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. The population also consists of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Tamil is the principle language spoken in this region. The Tamil spoken here is known as Kongu Tamil, a variant of Tamil and English. Being near the border of the state, a small proportion of people speak Malayalam, Telugu and also Kannada. The majority religion is Hindu.
Tourist places.
Valparai is a town in the Coimbatore district. It is in the mountain region and is an excellent tourist place. This town is also famous for tea plantations. Several waterfalls such as the Monkey Falls are in this district. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is in a valley between the Anaimalai Hills and Nelliampathi Hills. The Perur Pateeswarar temple, Vana Badhrakali Amman temple, Masani Amman Temple, Marudamalai Murugan Temple are famous temples present here. The mountains of the Western Ghats also run through this district.

= = = Slime Rancher = = =
Slime Rancher is an Indie open world first person life simulation game video game made by Monomi Park. The game was put on Steam Early Access on January 14, 2016, and released on August 1, 2017, supporting Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, Xbox one, and Nintendo Switch.
Gameplay.
The player controls a character called Beatrix LeBeau, a rancher who moves to another planet. The player must build their ranch to collect, raise and feed slimes who are Living creatures. The game is based around feeding slimes so they make "plorts" which the player can sell for Newbucks. Newbucks are used for lots of things like, upgrading the players ranch and Upgrading the player. The player uses their Vacpack which is used to store a certain amount of items.
Favorite foods.
Different slimes have different favorite foods. If you feed them their favorite foods they will drop more plorts. All foods can be grown including meats such as hen hens and other types of poultry. In order for you to grow meat you have to have a farm where the animals can reproduce. All vegetation can be grown on your land along with the animals. For a list of favorite foods of all the slimes click this link: list of favorite foods
A sequel named Slime Rancher 2 is in early access.
Reception.
Reviews of this game have talked highly of it for its joyful atmosphere and bright colors. 

= = = Soledad Giménez = = =
Soledad Giménez Muñoz, also known as Sole Giménez (February 27, 1963 in Paris, Île-de-France) is a Spanish-French singer-songwriter. From 1983 until 2006, she was the leader of the jazz group Presuntos Implicados. Some of her best known songs are "Alma de blues", "Mi pequeño tesoro", and "Cómo hemos cambiado".
Throughout her career, she has performed with such artists as Joaquín Sabina, María Dolores Pradera, Joan Manuel Serrat, Herbie Hancock, Milton Nascimento, Randy Crawford, Armando Manzanero, Pancho Céspedes, Ana Torroja, Miguel Ríos, Ana Belén, Revólver, Los Piratas, Los Sabandeños, Dúo Dinámico, and Enrique Heredia.
Biography.
Early life.
Giménez was born and raised in Paris, France, where she lived until she was 5 years old. In 1968, she moved to Yecla, Region of Murcia, Spain, where her parents were from. Today she lives with her family in Valencia, Spain. 
Education.
In 1974, she became member of the Purisima's Basilica girls choir of Yecla.
In 1981, she moved to Valencia, where she began to study fine arts at Facultad de San Carlos.
Musical career.
Two years later, her brother convinced her to send a demo to the RNE's music contest: "Don Domingo" and she was selected to perform on the radio with her band, Presuntos Implicados. At that time, there were eleven people in the band.
As a professional singer, she was hired by the U.S. label RCA. Her first singles were "Miss Circuitos" and "Te voy a provocar", and her first LP album was "Danzad, danzad malditos".
In 2003, she left Presuntos Implicados and began her career as soloist. In 2004, she released her first solo album, "Ojalá".

= = = Gisikon = = =
Gisikon is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Greppen = = =
Greppen is a municipality in the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
It is at the base of Mount Rigi. The exclave is separated by Lake Lucerne from the rest of the district.

= = = Honau, Switzerland = = =
Honau is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department = = =
There are 2 arrondissements in the Hautes-Alpes department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes are:
History.
Since its creation, the Hautes-Alpes department has had few changes:

= = = Connecticut Compromise = = =
The Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman's Compromise) was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that established a two-house legislature under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house. It required the upper house, United States Senate, to have two members from each state. The lower house, or House of Representatives, would have representation based on the population of a state.

= = = Fort Sumter = = =
Fort Sumter is a island fortification in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was where the American Civil War began. On April 12, 1861, Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort. The Union garrison, under the command of Major Robert Anderson, surrendered the fort 34 hours later. Union forces attempted to take the fort back several times during the Civil War. The fort was abandoned by Confederate forces when the Union Army, under the command of Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman captured Charleston in February 1865.
History.
President James Madison recommended a series of coastal defenses in a message to Congress on December 5, 1815. This began a system of forts known as the "Third Coastal Defense System". Congress agreed and construction began on these forts in 1816. One of the locations selected was in Charleston harbor. In 1829 construction began on a shoal in the harbor about west of Fort Moultrie. Over the next 16 years a artificial island was created using of rock and stone. When completed it was designed to house 650 officers and soldiers with 135 guns mounted on three rows, one above the next. All the guns would point towards the harbor. It was named for Brigadier General Thomas Sumter, a Revolutionary War hero.
In 1860 the fort was about 90% complete when work stopped after South Carolina seceded from the Union. In the early hours of April 12, 1861, a mortar shell exploded over the fort starting the Civil War. During the war, Fort Sumter remained in Confederate hands. From 1863 to 1865 Union forces laid siege to the fort. For 587 days Confederate soldiers held onto the fort, although by 1865 the fort had been completely destroyed by Union bombardments.
In 1870, the work of clearing the rubble started. The rebuilding of the fort was directed by General Quincy A. Gillmore. He had commanded the Union guns during the siege of the fort in 1861. But in 1876, the work stopped and the fort began to slowly deteriorate again. From 1876 to 1898, the fort served as a lighthouse.
In 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Army engineers began rebuilding again with a massive concrete battery in the center of the fort. It mounted two 12-inch gun M1895 costal guns. The construction was not completed until after the war. During World War I the two-gun battery (called "Battery Huger") was manned by the U.S. Army. By World War II the guns were obsolete. They were finally removed in 1943. Later in the war it became an Anti-aircraft battery. In 1948 the National Park Service took possession of the fort.
Fort Sumter National Monument.
Today, the restored Fort Sumpter, along with the Visitor center and Education Center (both in Charleston) and Fort Moultrie are popular tourist attractions. The fort is accessible only by special ferries that depart from Liberty Square. The ride to the island takes about 30 minutes. There is also a ferry service from Patriots Point which has parking for recreational and taller vehicles. The monument is open to visitors 362 days a year. The restored fort is one level instead of the former three levels. Several of the brick walls still have artillery projectiles stuck in the masonry. The park museum has a scale model of the original fort. It houses the original 33-star U.S. flag that flew during the first bombardment. Also on display is the original flag of the South Carolina militia (called the Palmetto Guard) who took possession of the fort after the Union surrender.

= = = Arrondissement of Briançon = = =
The arrondissement of Briançon is a French arrondissement in the Hautes-Alpes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Briançon.
History.
When the Hautes-Alpes department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Briançon was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Briançon is the most northern of the Hautes-Alpes department. It is bordered to the east by the Piedmont region (Italy), to the southeast by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the south by the Gap "arrondissement", to the west by the Drôme department and to the north by the Savoie department.
The "arrondissement" of Briançon is the smallest of the two "arrondissements" of the department both in area, , and population (35,752 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are four cantons in the "arrondissement" of Briançon and all have their communes in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Briançon has 37 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Prerogative = = =
A prerogative is an exclusive power or privilege possessed by an official of a government or state as a part of his or her office. Under English law it is right of a sovereign, which in theory, has no restrictions. For example, the British monarch holds Royal prerogatives which have never been fully listed. In practice, they are usually used by ministers on behalf of the monarch. In the United States, the Constitution is written in such a way to allow executive prerogatives. Presidents use these powers to manage crises or to resolve disputes. Although nothing in the Constitution specifically gave him the power to do it, George Washington used executive prerogative to declare neutrality in the 1790s dispute between Great Britain and France. Thomas Jefferson used it to make the Louisiana Purchase. Abraham Lincoln used it many times during the American Civil War.

= = = Arrondissement of Gap = = =
The arrondissement of Gap is an arrondissement of France, in the Hautes-Alpes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital, and prefecture, is the city of Gap, the largest city in the department.
History.
When the Hautes-Alpes department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Gap was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Gap is in the southern half of the Hautes-Alpes department. It is bordered to the east and south by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the west by the Drôme department, to the north by the Isère department and to the northeast by the Briançon "arrondissement".
The "arrondissement" of Gap is the largest of the two "arrondissements" of the department both in area, , and population (104,131 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are 11 cantons in the "arrondissement" of Gap and all have their communes in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Gap has 130 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Cosgrove Hall Films = = =
Cosgrove Hall Films (also known as Cosgrove Hall Productions) was a Manchester, UK production company begun by Brian Cosgrove. Cosgrove Hall Films produced various series and productions to 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. The company was formed in 1976. They stopped creating shows in 2012.

= = = T2 phage = = =
T2 phage is more properly called Enterobacteria phage T2. It is a virulent bacteriophage which infects "Escherichia coli" bacteria. 
It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. T2 is a 'tailed phage', one of a group known as the 'T4-like viruses'.
The DNA of the phage is injected into "E. coli" cells. It quickly turns the "E. coli" cell into a T2-producing factory. New phages are released when the cell ruptures. 
The Hershey–Chase experiments, done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, showed how the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins stay outside. The injected DNA molecules cause the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins. These discoveries showed that DNA, rather than proteins, is the hereditary material.

= = = Rhyme royal = = =
Rhyme royal is a seven-line stanza with rhyme scheme a-b-a-b-b-c-c. It is also spelled Rime royal.
It is unknown who invented this scheme. Geoffrey Chaucer introduced the stanza into English poetry in 14th century. It may have been borrowed from Italian or French poetry, but the form became typically English. Chaucer used the form in "Troilus and Criseyde". Rhyme royal was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Many English and Scottish poets used rhyme royal. It is suitable for long poems. In English literature rhyme royal is almost always composed of ten-syllable lines with five beats. Outside England rhyme royal is not as popular. In the United States Emma Lazarus wrote some poems using ababbcc rhyme-scheme. This stanza comes form her poem "Sympathy" (included in "Epochs").
Poets who wrote rhyme royal frequently were William Morris and John Masefield. In 20th century the stanza went out of use.

= = = Ottava rima = = =
Ottava rima is a stanza of eight lines with the rhyme-scheme a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c.
Ottava rima is of Italian origin. It was used by many poets in Italy, Spain and Portugal in 15th and 16th centuries. Some of the poets to use this form were Ludovico Ariosto, Torquato Tasso, Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga and Luís Vaz de Camões. In England it was not so popular at that time. Later Lord Byron wrote "Don Juan" in ottava rima. An example can be found in Emma Lazarus's poetry:

= = = Buëch = = =
The Buëch () is a river in southeastern France, a right tributary of the Durance. It is also called the Grand Buëch in its upper course just to the confluence with the "Petit Buëch" river.
Geography.
The Buëch river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Laragne-Montéglin in the Hautes-Alpes department, for a period of 15 years.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Laragne-Montéglin
Course.
The Buëch starts several kilometres to the east of "col de la Croix-Haute", a mountain pass in the western side of the "Massif du Dévoluy" mountains, in the "commune" of Lus-la-Croix-Haute, Drôme department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the southwest and gets into the Hautes-Alpes department and then flows to the south.
Finally, the river flows into the Durance river, as a right tributary, near Sisteron, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
The Buëch flows through 3 departments and 23 "communes", in 2 regions:
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Buëch river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Agnes Nixon = = =
Agnes Nixon (December 10, 1922 - September 28, 2016) was an American actress, writer and producer. She was best known as the creator of soap operas, such as "All My Children", "One Life to Live" and "Loving". Nixon was also writer for "As the World Turns". She was the head-writer for "Guiding Light" and "Another World". Nixon was a pioneer in including subjects that were socially relevant into daytime television. She introduced subjects such as abortion, drug addiction and the Vietnam War into her stories.
Nixon was born in Chicago. She died at age 93 in Haverford, Pennsylvania. However, some sources claim Nixon was born in 1927.

= = = Cultured meat = = =
Cultured meat, also called synthetic meat, is meat grown in cell culture instead of inside animals. It is a form of cellular agriculture. Cultured meat is produced using many of the same tissue engineering techniques used in regenerative medicine. Up to now the cost to produce cultured meat has been extremely high. The first cultured beef burger patty, created by Dr. Mark Post at Maastricht University, was eaten at a demonstration for the press in London in August 2013.

= = = Uranium trioxide = = =
Uranium trioxide (UO3), also called uranyl oxide, uranium(VI) oxide, and uranic oxide, is an oxide of uranium. UO3 is a hexavalent oxide, which means that the uranium in the compound has an oxidation state of +6. It can be formed by heating uranyl nitrate to 400 °C.
UO3 is a poisonous and slightly radioactive substance. It can be harmful if it is breathed in, ingested, or makes contact with skin.

= = = Umutsuz Ev Kadınları = = =
Umutsuz Ev Kadınları, is a Turkish comedy drama TV series, based on the American comedy drama TV series Desperate Housewives.

= = = Richard Aldington = = =
Richard Aldington (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962), born Edward Godfree Aldington, was an English writer and poet.
Aldington was known best for his World War I poetry and the 1929 novel, "Death of a Hero". He was met with controversy from his 1955 "Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry". His 1946 biography, "Wellington", was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.
He met the poet Hilda Doolittle in 1911 and they married two years later. They divorced in 1938.
Aldington joined the British Army in 1916. He served in the Royal Sussex Regiment. He was wounded on the Western Front.

= = = Edwin Atherstone = = =
Edwin Atherstone (1788-1872) was an English writer, poet and playwright.
Biography.
Edwin Atherstone was born in Nottingham on 17 April 1788. He was one of fifteenth children of Hugh Atherstone and Ann Green. He learned in Yorkshire at Fulneck Moravian School. He lived with Mary Wainwright Pearson. They were never married, but had four children, three daughters and a son. Atherstone taught music at school in Taunton. He also collected paintings. The poet died in Bath on 29 January.
Literary Works.
Edwin Atherstone wrote a lot. He published his first poem, named "Last Days of Herculaneum" in 1821. His best known work is the poem "The Fall of Nineveh". The poem was written for many years. First edition was published in 1828, and the last one in 1868. It is written in blank verse. It is over twenty thousand lines long. It consists of a prelude and thirty books. It tells about a war between Medes and Assyrians. The war took place some centuries before Christ. Main heroes are Arbaces, prince of Medes, Belesis, a priest and friend of Arbaces and Sardanapalus, a cruel king of Assyria. After many battles Medes got Nineveh, which was the capital city of Assyria. Sardanapalus put fire to his own palace and died inside. Sardanapalus is really a criminal. He ordered execution of one hundred war prisoners. He locked all his concubines in his palace so that they died in the fire. The other poems by Atherstone are "Israel in Egypt", about Moses and freeing Jews form slavery in Egypt, "Abradates and Panthea" and "A Midsummer Day's Dream". He also wrote two novels: "The Sea-Kings in England" (1830) and "The Handwriting on the Wall" (1858).
Inspired painting.
He was a close friend and associate of the painter John Martin, whose well-known painting "The Fall of Nineveh" was produced in conjunction with Atherstone's poem.

= = = Yuzu = = =
The yuzu is a citrus fruit and plant. It originated in East Asia. The fruit looks like a rough small and yellow grapefruit, and changes colour from green to yellow when it becomes more ripe.
The yuzu is often used in Japanese and Korean cuisine. It appears much like a lemon but tastes more like a floral lime.

= = = Horw = = =
Horw (Swiss German: "Horb") is a municipality in Lucerne-Land in the Swiss canton of Lucerne.

= = = The Swiss Family Robinson = = =
The Swiss Family Robinson (German: "Der Schweizerische Robinson") is a novel by Johann David Wyss. It was first published in 1812. The story is about a Swiss family shipwrecked in the East Indies while on their way to Port Jackson, Australia.
History.
It was written by Swiss pastor Johann David Wyss, edited by his son Johann Rudolf Wyss and illustrated by his son Johann Emmanuel Wyss. The novel was intended to teach his four sons about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. Wyss' attitude toward education is in line with the teachings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Many of the episodes have to do with Christian-oriented moral lessons such as frugality, husbandry, acceptance, cooperation, etc. The family includes the sons Fritz, Ernest, Jack and Franz. It also includes their mother and their father who is the main character and narrator. The adventures are presented as a series of lessons in natural history and the physical sciences. It resembles other, similar educational books for children in this period. Examples include Charlotte Turner Smith's "Rural Walks: in Dialogues intended for the use of Young Persons" (1795), "Rambles Further: A continuation of Rural Walks" (1796), "A Natural History of Birds, intended chiefly for young persons (1807)". But the novel differs in that it is modeled on Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe", a genuine adventure story. It presents a geographically impossible array of large mammals that probably could never have existed together on a single island.
Over the years there have been many versions of the story with episodes added, changed, or deleted. Perhaps the best-known English version is by William H. G. Kingston, first published in 1879. It is based on Isabelle de Montolieu's 1813 French adaptation and 1824 continuation (from chapter 37) "Le Robinson suisse, ou, Journal d'un père de famille, naufragé avec ses enfants" in which were added further adventures of Fritz, Franz, Ernest, and Jack. Other English editions that claim to include the whole of the Wyss-Montolieu narrative are by W. H. Davenport Adams (1869–1910) and Mrs H. B. Paull (1879).
Although movie and TV adaptations typically name the family "Robinson", it is not a Swiss name. The "Robinson" of the title refers to Robinson Crusoe. The German name translates as "the Swiss Robinson", and identifies the novel as belonging to the Robinsonade genre, rather than as a story about a family named Robinson.
Other adaptations.
The novels in one form or another have also been adapted numerous times, sometimes changing location and/or time period:
Book sequels
Film versions
Television series
Made for TV movies
Comic book series
Stage adaptations
Computer adventure game
Parody

= = = Kriens = = =
Kriens is a municipality in Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Barre des Écrins = = =
The Barre des Écrins is a mountain in the French Alps. It is the highest peak of the "Massif des Écrins" and of the Dauphiné Alps mountain range. It is in the Écrins National Park (), one of the ten French national parks.
It is the only mountain or higher in France that is outside the Mont Blanc Massif. Before the annexation of Savoy, that was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860, it was the highest mountain in France.
Geography.
Barre des Écrins is in the northeast of the Hautes-Alpes department (commune of Pelvoux), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.
The south side of the mountain is rocky while the soil of the north side is covered with ice because here starts a glacier, the "Glacier Blanc".
Barre des Écrins is surrounded by four glaciers:
History.
The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 25 June 1864 by the Englishmen Adolphus Warburton Moore, Horace Walker and Edward Whymper, guided by Michel Croz from Chamonix and Christian Almer from Switzerland.
William Auguste Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States made the first direct climb up the north side of the Barre des Ecrins in July 1870.

= = = Rubble = = =
Rubble is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture. Unfinished stone from a quarry is called rubble. Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as 'brash'. Where present, it becomes more noticeable when the land is ploughed or worked.
Building.
"Rubble-work" is a name applied to several types of masonry. One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian "muraglia di getto" and in French "bocage". In Pakistan, walls made of rubble and concrete, cast in a formwork, are called 'situ', which probably derives from Sanskrit (similar to the Latin 'in situ' meaning 'made on the spot').
Walls that use large stones put together without any attempt at courses is called rubble walling. They are laid at random and are held together with mortar. Where similar work is laid in courses, it is known as coursed rubble. Dry-stone walling is somewhat similar work done without the use of mortar. It is bound together by the fit of the stones and the regular placement of stones which extend through the thickness of the wall. A rubble wall built with mortar will be stronger if assembled in this way. Building foundations made of rubble almost always leak water and are damp.
Rubble walls in Malta.
Rubble walls () are found all over the island of Malta. Similar walls are also frequently found in Sicily and the Arab countries. The various shapes and sizes of the stones used to build these walls look like stones that were found in the area lying on the ground or in the soil. It is most probable that the practice of building these walls around the field was inspired by the Arabs during their rule in Malta, as in Sicily who were also ruled by the Arabs around the same period. The Maltese farmer found that the technique of these walls was very useful especially during an era where resources were limited. Rubble walls are used to serve as borders between the property of one farm from the other. A great advantage that rubble walls offered is that when heavy rain falls, their structure would allow excessive water to pass through and therefore, excess water will not ruin the products. Soil erosion is minimised as the wall structure allows the water to pass through but it traps the soil and prevents it from being carried away from the field. One can see many rubble walls on the side of the hills and in valleys where the land slopes down and consequently the soil is in greater danger of being carried away.

= = = Francisco de Sá de Miranda = = =
Francisco de Sá de Miranda (28 August 1481 – 17 May 1558) was a Portuguese poet.
Sá de Miranda was the first author of Renaissance in Portugal. He was born in Coimbra. His parents were Gonçalo Mendes de Sá and Inês de Melo. He learned Greek, Latin and philosophy at Santa Cruz Monastery. Then he went to Lisbon to study law at the university. He travelled to Italy, where he met many poets including Vittoria Colonna. When he returned to Portugal, he worked for the king.
His main merit for Portuguese literature is that he introduced Italian verse forms. Sá de Miranda was the first author to write sonnets in Portugal. His best known poem is the sonnet "O sol é grande, caem co'a calma as aves". It was translated into English by John Adamson in "Lusitania illustrata".

= = = Alicia Machado = = =
Alicia Machado (born December 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan-born American beauty pageant winner, singer and actress. She was Miss Universe 1996. She was the fourth woman from Venezuela to win the Miss Universe.
Before she was Miss Universe 1996, she was Miss Venezuela 1995.
In 2016, Machado became a United States citizen. Also in 2016, Machado spoke out against Donald Trump. She said that he had called her "Miss Piggy" because of her weight during her year as Miss Universe. She said that Trump also called her "Miss Housekeeping" because she was Latina.

= = = Religious order = = =
A religious order is a group of people who live in some way set apart from others, in accordance with their specific religious devotion. Their principles are usually created from their founder's religious practice. The order may comprise initiates (laity) and, in some traditions, ordained clergy. Religious orders exist in many of the world's religions. Many orders operate monasteries.

= = = Gregorio Honasan = = =
Gregorio Ballesteros Honasan II, better known as Gringo Honasan, is a retired Philippine Army officer. He led an unsuccessful coups d'état against President Corazon Aquino. He played a key role in the 1986 People Power Revolution that ended the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos.
President Fidel Ramos granted Honasan amnesty in 1992 for his actions against President Aquino. He entered politics and became a senator. In 2016 he ran unsuccessfully for vice president of the Philippines as Jejomar Binay's running-mate.

= = = Nur Misuari = = =
Nur Misuari, born Nurallaji Pinang Misuari, is a Moro revolutionary and politician. He is the founder and leader of the Moro National Liberation Front.

= = = Ryder Cup = = =
The Ryder Cup is a golf tournament. It is held between the United States and Europe every 2 years. 
The tournament was first held in 1927. The current venue is Hazeltine National Golf Club in Minnesota, USA.

= = = Hazeltine National Golf Club = = =
The Hazeltine National Golf Club is a golf club in Minnesota, USA. Guests are not allowed in unless accompanied by a member and it is a Championship Golf Club. It is named after Lake Hazeltine. It is a championship golf club.

= = = Gali = = =
Gali can refer to:

= = = Indie game = = =
An independent video game or indie game is a game made without money from a publisher. They often rely on digital distribution, some indie games have become very successful like Minecraft. 
Overview.
Indie game has no true definition, but has certain features, they are often made by one person or a small team, often smaller than mainstream titles, often not getting money from a publisher. But being without a publisher means that they have no-one telling them what they can and can't do, giving them much more freedom to make a game they want to make. But making a Indie game does not mean they have no publisher. Indie game developers often go to crowd-funding sites to help fund the game, but often make very little profit.
History.
Indie games started on PCs where it currently remains. Indie games become popular as shareware. But as better technologies came out people began to expect more from these small teams, indie games have seen a huge rise in the later half of the 2000s. 

= = = Oscar Stanton De Priest = = =
Oscar Stanton De Priest was an American Republican politician and civil rights advocate. He served as a U.S. Representative from the state of Illinois. During his three terms, he was the only African American serving in Congress.
De Priest proposed a law barring discrimination in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC was program of the New Deal to employ people across the country in building infrastructure. His proposal was made a law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In 1929, De Priest made national news. First Lady Lou Hoover invited his wife, Jessie, to a traditional tea for congressional wives at the White House. In reaction several newspapers published a racist poem called "Niggers in the White House". The poem was first published when Booker T. Washington dined with President Theodore Roosevelt.

= = = Pinus pinaster = = =
Pinus pinaster, also known as the maritime pine, cluster pine, or pinaster pine, is a pine native to the Mediterranean region.
Names.
Common names in some other languages are: 
Description.
The maritime pine is a large tree tree, that grows up to tall with an average trunk diameter of up to . The bark is orange-red and thick, but thinner in the upper parts of the tree.
The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, broad and long, and bluish-green to yellowish-green.
The maritime pine is monoecious with separate male an female flowers but on the same plant, in cones. The seeds are long, with a wing. Seeds are spread by the wind.
Taxonomy.
"Pinus pinaster" was described by William Aiton, a Botanist from Scotland, in 1789.
There are three subspecies of "Pinus pinaster" Aiton: 
Where it grows.
The maritime pine is native to the southwest and southern Europe, North Africa in Morocco, and along the border between Algeria and Tunisia. It is mainly a pine of low, coastal plains, usually on sandy soils of sea shore dunes; however, in Morocco this species can grow in mountains to an elevation of near .
It has been introduced into regions with a similar Mediterranean climate.
The species is regarded as a highly invasive species. A large production of seeds that are spread by the wind and rapid growth rate all contribute to its ability to invade native habitats, which suffer a loss of species diversity. The maritime pine is reported to be an aggressive colonizer in Chile, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
Uses.
The maritime pine is widely planted for timber in its native area. It is one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal. The pine forest in Landes in southwest France is the largest man-made maritime pine forest in Europe. The resin is also a source of turpentine and rosin.
As well as industrial uses, maritime pine is also a popular ornamental tree, planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm temperate climates.
It is also used as a source of flavonoids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids.

= = = Littau = = =
Littau was a municipality in Lucerne in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010, the former municipality of Littau merged into the city of Lucerne.

= = = Malters = = =
Malters is a municipality in the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Nevinnomyssk = = =
Nevinnomyssk () is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia. It is occupies both bank (geography)s of the Kuban River at its confluence with the Bolshoy Zelenchuk River, south of Stavropol. Population: 132,141 (2002 Census); 92,000 (1973); 40,000 (1959).

= = = Giuseppe Natoli = = =
Giuseppe Natoli Gongora di Scaliti (9 June 1815 – 25 September 1867) was an Italian lawyer and politician from the Mediterranean island of Sicily. He was Minister of Agriculture under Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, in the first government of the Kingdom of Italy after unification in 1861.

= = = Startup company = = =
A startup company (startup or start-up) is a new and fast-growing company. They try to meet a marketplace need, offering an innovative product, process or service.
A start-up is usually a small business, a partnership or an organization. Rapid growth is what they aim for. Often, startup companies use the internet, e-commerce, computers, and telecommunications.
The term became fashionable in the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, when a great number of internet-based companies were formed.

= = = Meggen, Switzerland = = =
Meggen is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Meierskappel = = =
Meierskappel is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Root, Switzerland = = =
Root is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Schwarzenberg, Switzerland = = =
Schwarzenberg is a municipality in the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Udligenswil = = =
Udligenswil is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Jose Maria Sison = = =
José María Canlás Sison (February 8, 1939 – December 16, 2022) is a writer and activist. He founded the Communist Party of the Philippines.
Sison was arrested during the Ferdinand Marcos presidency. He was imprisoned for almost 9 years. Corazón Aquino released him from prison. Sison went into exile in the Netherlands.
His experience in prison was described in "Prison & Beyond", a book of poetry released in 1986. It won the Southeast Asia WRITE award for the Philippines.
On December 16, 2022, the Communist Party of the Philippines alongside its news organ "Ang Bayan" announced the death of Jose Maria Sison after two weeks of confinement in a hospital in Utrecht, Netherlands.

= = = Mengistu Haile Mariam = = =
Mengistu Haile Mariam (born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician. He was an important officer in the Communist military junta that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987. He was President of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991.
Mariam was a dictator. It is estimated that he was responsible for 500,000 to over 2,000,000 deaths. In May 1991 Mariam left the country for Zimbabwe. The Ethiopian Civil War ended when he left.
In 2010, Mengistu announced the publication of its memoirs. In early 2012, a manuscript of the memoir, titled Tiglachin ("Our Struggle" in Amharic), was leaked on the Internet. A few months later, the first volume leaked was published in the United States and in 2016, the second volume followed. This time it was published in Ethiopia. Mengistu accused the ERP remains of having published the first volume to sabotage its publication.

= = = B. J. Vorster = = =
Balthazar Johannes Vorster was a South African politician. He served as the Prime Minister of South Africa and State President of South Africa. He is commonly known as John Vorster.
Vorster believed in apartheid. He was part of a group who sentenced Nelson Mandela to life imprisonment.

= = = Vitznau = = =
Vitznau is a municipality in the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
It occupies a narrow strip between the lake and the Rigi looming behind; one of the mountain railways to the summit starts in Vitznau.

= = = Weggis = = =
Weggis is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
It is on the northern shore of Lake Lucerne.

= = = Sursee District = = =
Sursee is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the town of Sursee.
It contains the following municipalities:

= = = Beromünster = = =
Beromünster is a municipality in Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
History.
Since 2004, Schwarzenbach part of the municipality.
On 1 January 2009 Gunzwil became part of Beromünster.
On 1 January 2013 the Neudorf became part of Beromünster.

= = = Büron = = =
Büron is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Buttisholz = = =
Buttisholz is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Eich, Switzerland = = =
Eich is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the Swiss canton of Lucerne.

= = = Geuensee = = =
Geuensee is a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Grosswangen = = =
Grosswangen is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Gunzwil = = =
Gunzwil was a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
In 2009, it became part of the municipality of Beromünster.

= = = Hildisrieden = = =
Hildisrieden is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Knutwil = = =
Knutwil is a municipality in Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

= = = Mauensee, Lucerne = = =
Mauensee is a municipality in Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Lake Mauensee is in the municipality

= = = Cachapoal Province = = =
Cachapoal Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (VI). Its capital is the city of Rancagua.
The province is named after the Cachapoal river that flows through the province from east to west.
Geography.
The Cachapoal province has an area of , the largest province in the O'Higgins region.
Cachapoal is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Santiago Metropolitan region, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Colchagua province and to the west by the Cardenal Caro province.
Most of the province is in the valley of the Cachapoal river; it is region where grapes are grown to produce wine.
Population.
The people from the province are called "Cachapoalino" (women: "Cachapoalina").
 (last national census), there were 542,901 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is Rancagua, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 206,971 inhabitants, followed by the city of Rengo (30,891 inhabitants).
Administration.
As a province, Cachapoal is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 17 communes ("comunas"). The city of Rancagua serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Hair tie = = =
A hair tie, also known as a ponytail holder, or hair band, is an accessory used to hold back long hair, particularly away from areas such as the face. This is usually done as part of a hairstyle, such as pigtails, ponytails, or afro puffs.
Hair tie's elasticity and durability varies according to the material or materials from which they are made. Most hair ties are made of elastic, wool, rubber, or stretchy cotton. A specific type of hair tie is known as a scrunchie. Scrunchies are hair ties that are covered with fabric. 

= = = Wrath of the Titans = = =
Wrath of the Titans is a 2012 American-British-Spanish fantasy-adventure film directed by Jonathan Liebesman. It is a sequel to Clash of the Titans, and stars Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, Rosamund Pike, Ralph Fiennes, Édgar Ramírez, Toby Kebell and Bill Nighy. The film takes place ten years after the events of the first film and involves Perseus battling to save Zeus-who is being held captive in the Underworld-as well as defeat the Titans (who have broken free from Tartarus thanks to the gods losing control of them while their immortality is draining) and save mankind. Like its predecessor it gained poor critical reviews, but was commercially successful. A sequel called "Revenge of the Titans" was in production but later scrapped.
Plot.
Ten years after battling the Kraken, Perseus (Sam Worthington) lives a simple life as a widower fisherman raising his son Helius (John Bell). Zeus (Liam Neeson) visits Perseus, asking for help, revealing that Kronos, the leader of the Titans, is escaping from the Underworld and the walls of Tartarus-where the Titans are imprisoned-are crumbling thanks to humanity's lack of prayers which is also causing the gods' immortality to drain. Perseus declines, valuing his family's safety.
Zeus travels to the underworld where he meets his brothers Hades (Ralph Fiennes) and Poseidon (Danny Huston) and son Ares (Édgar Ramírez). He asks for Hades' help in rebuilding the walls of Tartarus, but he rejects the offer and attacks Zeus. Ares betrays his father, imprisons him and steals his thunderbolt. Hades and Ares plan to make a deal with Kronos: they will drain Zeus's divine power to revive him in exchange for remaining immortal. The walls of Tartarus crumble and the Titans are unleashed.
After battling a chimera which attacked his village, Perseus travels to the underworld to meet Zeus. He instead discovers Poseidon, who is severely wounded and, after informing of the circumstances, tells Perseus to find his demigod son Agenor (Toby Kebbell), who will lead him to the blacksmith god Hephaestus (Bill Nighy). Poseidon gives Perseus his trident and dies of his injuries, crumbling into dust.
Perseus, Andromeda (Rosamund Pike) and Agenor travel to a hidden island to find Hephaestus. Agenor explains that Hephaestus the weapons that Zeus, Poseidon and Hades use; the thunderbolt, trident and pitchfork and these weapons can form the Spear of Trium, which can destroy Kronos.

= = = Gurnard = = =
Gurnard may refer to:

= = = Macy's = = =
Macy's (originally R. H. Macy & Co.) is a North American department store chain, originally headquartered in New York until 1994. The company expanded through buyouts of various department stores and companies. Macy's status as an independent company ended in 1992 after filing for bankruptcy. The company was later bought by Cincinnati-based Federated Department Stores in 1994. The company moved its headquarters to Cincinnati that year. From 1995-2005 Federated began to fold its less popular chains such as Stern's, Lazarus and many others into Macy's. In 2005 Macy's acquired rival The May Department Stores Company creating the nation's largest department store holding company, with over 800 locations. On September 9, 2006 Macy's became a national brand after Federated retired the former May regional chains. In 2007 Federated announced it would re-brand to Macy's, Inc. as an effort to focus on the Macy's name. As of 2016 Macy's has stores in 45 states.
International Operations.
Macy's has fully retreated from Asia and China after it announced plans to close down its online retail store on Alibaba's Tmall marketplace except for the Arabic-speaking Middle East region.

= = = Scotland, Connecticut = = =
Scotland is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, in the United States. In 2020, 1,576 people lived there. Scotland is a rural town. It has many farms. The town has the fewest people in the county.

= = = Colchagua Province = = =
The Colchagua Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (VI).
Its capital is the city of San Fernando.
Geography.
The Colchagua province has an area of , the second largest and the most southern province of the O'Higgins region.
Colchagua is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Cachapoal province, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Curicó province (Maule region) and to the west by the Cardenal Caro province.
The Tinguiririca volcano is in this province near the border with Argentina, in the Andes. It was near this volcano that the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 57 crashed in 1972 with its survivors lost for seventy-two days.
Population.
The people from the province are called "Colchagüino" (women: "Colchagüina").
 (last national census), there were 196,566 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The largest city of the province is San Fernando, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 49,519 inhabitants.
Administration.
As a province, Cachapoal is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 10 communes ("comunas"). The city of San Fernando serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

= = = Azov = = =
Azov is a town at the mouth of the Don River in Rostov Oblast. It is on the east end of the Sea of Azov and about 80 thousand people live there. It was a Greek colony in the third century BC. 

= = = Neudorf, Lucerne = = =
Neudorf was a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Neudorf merged into the municipality of Beromünster.

= = = Neuenkirch = = =
Neuenkirch is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Villages.
Sempach Station, Hellbühl, Nellen, Werligen, Klosterhöfli, Klösterli, Lippenrüti, Trutigen, Sellenboden, Neuhus, Weiherhüsli, Rippertschwand, Helfenstegen, Moosschür, Wartensee, Adelwil, Gottsmännigen, Mettenwil and Brämenstall.

= = = Filippo Juvarra = = =
Filippo Juvarra was an architect from Italy who lived from 1678 to 1736. He was born in Messina. He designed many famous buildings, especially churches and palaces. 
Works.
Here is a list of some buildings he designed:

= = = Nottwil = = =
Nottwil is a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
It is on the southern shore of Lake Sempach ("Sempachersee").

= = = Hurricane Matthew = = =
Hurricane Matthew was an Atlantic hurricane. This storm developed on September 28, 2016. It threatened Jamaica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and the Bahamas. Matthew hit Haiti on October 4, 2016. It struck Cuba later that evening.
The storm was the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic since 2007's Hurricane Felix. Its peak winds were 160 miles per hour.
Matthew was forecast to affect the Southeastern United States from Florida to eastern North Carolina. It was also forecast to threaten New England at first. The forecast changed and later excluded New England.
The storm caused more than 1,600 deaths in Hispaniola and the Caribbean. In the United States, there were 49 deaths. The Dominican Republic had four deaths from Matthew.
Damage in Haiti was estimated at just over $1 billion (2016 USD).

= = = Oberkirch, Switzerland = = =
Oberkirch is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
It is located southwest of Lake Sempach "(Sempachersee)".

= = = Pfeffikon, Switzerland = = =
Pfeffikon is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Pfeffikon merged into the municipality of Rickenbach.

= = = Life simulation game = = =
A life simulation game is a kind of role-playing game or RPG where the player takes on a god-like perspective of the game. Unlike most RPGs, which progress
at the player's speed, a life simulation game continues automatically. "SimAnimals" is an example of a life simulation game.

= = = Zenón Díaz = = =
Zenón Díaz was an Argentinian football player. He was the first native footballer in Argentina national football team. He played all his career in Rosario Central.
Club career Max.
He started as a goalkeeper in 1903. Later, Díaz played as a defender, becoming in one of the most famous footballer of amateur era. He played around 150 games and scored 8 goals. He won 4 national titles and 7 locals titles with the "canallas". He also worked at the Central Argentine Railway.
National team career.
He was the first native player in Argentina national team. His first match was in 1905 versus Nottingham Forest. Later he played in several cups against Uruguay, and participated in the first South American Championship (1916).

= = = Ronssoy = = =
Ronssoy is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Geography.
Ronssoy is north of Saint-Quentin, on the D6 road.

= = = Acheux-en-Amiénois = = =
Acheux-en-Amiénois is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
In 2010, the population was 569.

= = = Agenville = = =
Agenville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
In 2006 the population was 106.

= = = Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher = = =
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
In 2006 the population was 881.

= = = Ailly-sur-Somme = = =
Ailly-sur-Somme is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The town is 5 miles to the west of Amiens. It is in the valley of the Somme River.

= = = Airaines = = =
Airaines is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is northwest of Amiens, about south of Abbeville.

= = = Aizecourt-le-Bas = = =
Aizecourt-le-Bas is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is northwest of Saint-Quentin.

= = = Aizecourt-le-Haut = = =
Aizecourt-le-Haut is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is northeast of Saint-Quentin.

= = = Albert, Somme = = =
Albert is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
It is about halfway between Amiens and Bapaume.

= = = Allaines = = =
Allaines is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is about northeast of Saint-Quentin.

= = = Allenay = = =
Allenay is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is about 5 km from the English Channel. It is on the border of the departments of the Somme and Seine-Maritime.

= = = Allonville = = =
Allonville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is north of Amiens.

= = = Andainville = = =
Andainville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is south of Abbeville.

= = = Andechy = = =
Andechy is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is southeast of Amiens.

= = = Argœuves = = =
Argœuves is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is north of Amiens. The Somme River is away.

= = = Arguel, Somme = = =
Arguel is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography.
The commune is west of Amiens.

= = = Battlefield 1 = = =
Battlefield 1 is a first-person shooter video game made by EA DICE and published by EA. This is the fourteenth battlefield game. The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, on October 21, 2016.
This game is a first-person shooter which is built around teamwork. This game is set in World War I and is based on historic events. The player uses weapons from World War I. DICE changed how melee combat worked and added new weapons. The player can also use many vehicles used in World War I.
The campaign, according to Daniel Berlin the game's designer, is larger with more open environments, with more option in the levels. The player controls multiply people during the game, when the character they play as dies, they will become another.
The game's multiplayer is planned to allow 64 players. The new squad system will allow a group of players to join and leave games together. Multiplayer maps are based on World War I location. The game will launch with nine maps and six game modes.
Classes and Battle pickups.
Assault - The demolition man of BF1 uses submachine guns and shotguns and is the best for anti-armor and close range firefights.
Medic - The healer of BF1 uses semi-auto/Fully automatic Rifles] and can revive dead teammates and Healing them
Support - Suppressor of BF1 uses Light/Heavy machine guns] can Resupply people (uses mortars and repair tool and limpet_mines

= = = Neutrality (international relations) = = =
A neutral country is one that chooses not to take part in a War between other countries in international relations. International law allows a country to remain neutral during a period of war between two or more states. When a country declares it is neutral, it cannot allow any part of its territory to become a base for one side. It may not construct warships, recruit soldiers or organize military expeditions on behalf of one belligerent. It is also called "armed neutrality" when declaring itself neutral during a war. This is not the same as "neutralization", or permanent neutrality. A neutral country is also different from the neutrality claimed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or United Nations peacekeeping groups.
Permanent neutrality.
An example of permanent neutrality would be the Vatican City. It declared itself permanently neutral in the 1929 Lateran Treaty.
Having a long history of remaining neutral, Switzerland became a favorite place for the headquarters of many organizations. The International Red Cross established itself at Geneva during the mid-19th century. Switzerland was recognized as remaining neutral in a 1920 declaration by the League of Nations, also headquartered in Geneva. When the League was disbanded after World War II it was replaced by the United Nations. While Switzerland did not join the UN, in addition to recognizing its neutrality it was also given permanent observer status.
Neutral countries.
"Note: Whether a state that is a member of the European Union may be considered neutral is a point of debate. This is discussed in the section below."

= = = English law = = =
English law, also called common law, is the legal system of England and Wales. It is generally divided into criminal law and civil law. It spread to many parts of the former British Empire including Australia, Canada (except Quebec which uses civil law), the United States (except Louisiana which uses civil law) and New Zealand, and many other countries. There are about 80 countries worldwide that use mainly common law systems. About 150 countries use the civil law system.
English law is unique in that it is based on applying legal precedent to present and future decisions made by judges. A judge must follow past legal decisions made by higher courts but not necessarily those made by lower courts. English law is not based on a constitution and there is no codification of laws. However, there are unofficial publications that provide organized lists of current laws. Parliament has the power to create laws which are automatically considered valid and may not be reviewed by the courts. Only Parliament has the power to change a law.
History.
Written in about 602, the Law of Æthelberht (Athelbert of Kent) is the oldest example of Anglo-Saxon law, or of law in any Germanic language. Anglo-Saxon law was based on Ancient Germanic law which was a system of laws based on kinship. The kinship group was responsible for the acts of their members as well as for their protection. Wrongs against another were paid by Weregild, a value placed on every person and piece of property. By the 10th century these had changed into a system of hundreds. No longer based on kinship, they organized themselves to protect others in the hundred and to enforce the laws. A hundredsmann was in charge of a hundred and was responsible to see that all disputes were settled.
In 1066, the Norman conquest of England brought with it many changes in the law. While much of Anglo-Saxon law was kept, new laws were added over time by the Normans. Before the Norman invasion, most laws in England were local laws and enforced by local courts. Royal courts were introduced They did not take over local laws right away, but did so over a period of time. The royal courts took the best of the local laws and used them throughout England. This established English common law, or a system of laws "common" to the entire country. By this time a second court system developed known as equity and administered by the Court of Chancery. Equity addressed situations not covered by common law. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage. 
The 18th century legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote a four-volume "Commentaries on the Laws of England" which for the first time provided a complete overview of English law. Originally published 1765–1769, it has since been republished many times. Used well into the 19th century, his Commentaries were the main instruction tool in learning the law in both England and America. Abraham Lincoln read Blackstone's Commentaries as part of teaching himself the law.
The jury system.
The jury system probably came to England just after the Norman conquest. At first, jurors acted as witnesses in court. But over time, certainly by the reign of Henry II of England, they became the trier of fact in a court case. Juries began to deliberate the evidence provided by the parties in a dispute. Over time, jurors were told less and less about a case before a trial and learned what they needed to make a decision in court.
Application to Wales.
Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction in the United Kingdom. The old laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts. This brought Wales into legal conformity with England. Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation included Wales. This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967. The jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as "England and Wales". Although Wales has a degree of political autonomy, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. Even so, the Welsh legal system remains English common law. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland. It did not stop being a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended. A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom. The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts.
Sources of English law.
In England, there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows:

= = = Travis County, Texas = = =
Travis County is a county in south central Texas. The population was 1,290,188 at the 2020 census. It is the fifth-most populous county in Texas. Its county seat is Austin. Austin is also known as the capital of Texas.
The county was established in 1840. It is named for William Barret Travis. Travis was the commander of the Republic of Texas at the Battle of the Alamo.
Travis County is part of the Austin-Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located along the Balcones Fault. The physical boundaries of Austin are the Edwards Plateau to the west and the Blackland Prairie to the east.

= = = Rickenbach, Lucerne = = =
Rickenbach is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Pfeffikon merged into the municipality of Rickenbach.

= = = Ruswil = = =
Ruswil is a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Villages.
Merzenberg, Hunkelen, Ziswil, Holz, Grofenhusen, Buholz, Rüediswil, Sigigen, Werthenstein-Unterdorf.

= = = Arrondissements of the Alpes-Maritimes department = = =
There are 2 arrondissements in the Alpes-Maritimes department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of the Alpes-Maritimes are:
History.
Since its creation, the Alpes-Maritimes department has had some changes:

= = = Arrondissement of Grasse = = =
The arrondissement of Grasse is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Grasse.
History.
When the Alpes-Maritimes department was created on 1793, Grasse was part of the Var department. It became an "arrondissement" of the Alpes-Maritimes department in 1860.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Grasse is the most southern of the Alpes-Maritimes department. It is bordered to the north by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the east by the Nice "arrondissement", to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Var department.
The "arrondissement" of Grasse is the smallest in area of the two "arrondissements" of the department, , but the one with a higher population (560,045 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Grasse, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Nice-3 and Vence. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Grasse has 62 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Nice = = =
The arrondissement of Nice is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Nice.
History.
When the Alpes-Maritimes department was created on 1793, Nice was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Nice is the most northern of the Alpes-Maritimes department. It is bordered to the northeast and east by the Piedmont region (Italy), to the southeast by the Liguria region (Italy), to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southwest by the Grasse "arrondissement" and to the west by the Var department.
The "arrondissement" of Nice is the largest in area of the two "arrondissements" of the department, , but the one with fewer people living in it (523,267 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Nice, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Nice-3 and Vence. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

= = = Andi Matichak = = =
Andi Matichak (born June 7, 1994) is an American actress. She first appeared in television series such as "666 Park Avenue", "Orange Is the New Black" and "Blue Bloods". She is known for her first movie role as Allyson Nelson in the horror movie "Halloween" (2018) and in its sequels "Halloween Kills" (2021) and "Halloween Ends" (2022).

= = = Jordan Michallet = = =
Jordan Michallet (10 January 1993 – 18 January 2022) was a French rugby union player. He played at the fly-half position. Michallet was born in Voiron, France. He played for CS Bourgoin-Jallieu between 2015 until 2017 and Rouen Normandie Rugby from 2018 until his death. His career began in 2005.
Michallet killed himself on 18 January 2022 in Rouen, France, a week after his 29th birthday.

= = = Voiron = = =
Voiron (; ) is a commune (French municipality) in the ninth district of the Isère department in southeastern France.

= = = Robert S. Mulliken = = =
Robert Sanderson Mulliken (June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American physicist and chemist. He was responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory. 

= = = Justina Machado = = =
Justina Milagros Machado (born September 6, 1972) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Penelope Alvarez on the Netflix and Pop TV sitcom "One Day at a Time". She also played Darci Factor in The CW dramedy "Jane the Virgin".

= = = Utkarsh Ambudkar = = =
Utkarsh Ambudkar ( ; born December 8, 1983), also known by his stage name UTK the INC, is an American actor, rapper, and singer.
He played Skatch, a con artist, in a deleted scene of the 2020 Disney live-action remake of "Mulan". That same year he appeared in Disney's "Godmothered", and then in the 2021 action comedy "Free Guy". 
Ambudkar will play King Bumi in the Netflix live-action series "".

= = = Red Hat (disambiguation) = = =
Red Hat is a software corporation.
Red hat or Red Hat may also refer to:

= = = Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation = = =
Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation "(RESF)" is a non-profit organization that manages and develops open source Rocky Linux operating system.
History.
RESF founded in December 2020 to promote and protect Rocky Linux and its development work.
Governance.
In order to ensure that all perspectives are heard, the organization is structured into teams, where each of the team lead(s) sits on the leadership team and serves as the RESF Board of Advisors.
The general structure of the organization consists of a flat hierarchy of teams with a leadership team. Each team will have one or more of the following roles:
Sponsors.
RESF is sponsored by many companies, such as CIQ, Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, MontaVista and VMware.

= = = Fedora (disambiguation) = = =
A fedora is a type of hat.
Fedora may also refer to:

= = = Bull (2016 TV series) = = =
Bull is an American legal drama starring Michael Weatherly as the title character. The show is set in New York. It began airing on CBS on September 20, 2016. It ended in May 2022.

= = = Yvette Mimieux = = =
Yvette Carmen Mimieux (January 8, 1942 – January 17, 2022) was an American actress. She is known for her role in "The Time Machine" (1960). She was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards during her acting career. Mimieux was born in Los Angeles, California.
Mimieux died on January 17, 2022 at her home in Los Angeles, nine days after her 80th birthday.

= = = Trysil = = =
Trysil is a city in Innlandet county, Norway. Before 1906, the name was spelled "Tryssil".

= = = Lusia Harris = = =
Lusia Harris-Stewart (born Lusia Harris; February 10, 1955 – January 18, 2022) was an American basketball player. She played for Delta State University. She won three Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) National Championships.
Career.
She represented the United States' national team and won the silver medal in the 1976 Olympic Games. She played professional basketball with the Houston Angels of the Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL). She was the first and only woman ever officially drafted by the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Harris was honored into to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Women's Basketball Hall of Fame.
Death.
Harris died on January 18, 2022 in Greenwood, Mississippi at the age of 66.

= = = Marie-José Denys = = =
Marie-José Denys (15 March 1950 – 12 January 2022) was a French politician. She is a member of the Socialist Party. She was a member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 1994. and again from 1997 to 1999. Denys was born in La Rochelle, France.
Denys died on 12 January 2022, at the age of 71.

= = = Dick Zimmer = = =
Richard Alan Zimmer (born August 16, 1944) is an American Republican Party politician and lawyer. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for New Jersey's 12th congressional district from 1991 until 1997. He was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senatein 1996 and 2008.

= = = Maho Beach = = =
Maho Beach is a beach on the Dutch side of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, in the territory of Sint Maarten. It is known for being across the Princess Juliana International Airport. It is a popular place for tourists and plane watchers, who visit the beach to watch planes land at the airport.
In July 2017, a 57-year-old woman from New Zealand was killed after strong winds caused by a plane taking off, pushed her off from the fence and forced her head to smash into concrete.

= = = Princess Juliana International Airport = = =
Princess Juliana International Airport is the main airport on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin/Sint Maarten. The airport is located on the Dutch side of the island, in the country of Sint Maarten. It is named after Queen Juliana.
The airport has very low-altitude flyover landing approaches. One end of its runway is extremely close to the shore and Maho Beach. 

= = = André Leon Talley = = =
André Leon Talley (October 16, 1948 – January 18, 2022) was an American fashion journalist. He was the creative director and American editor-at-large of "Vogue" magazine. He was the magazine's fashion news director from 1983 to 1987 and then its creative director from 1988 to 1995. He was openly gay.
In 2007, Talley was ranked 45th in "Out" magazine's "50 Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America".
Talley died at a hospital in White Plains, New York from a heart attack caused by COVID-19 on January 18, 2022, at the age of 73.

= = = Gale Wade = = =
Galeard Lee Wade (January 20, 1929 – January 16, 2022) was an American baseball player. He played center fielder in Major League Baseball who for the Chicago Cubs in the 1955 and 1956 seasons. Wade was born in Taney County, Missouri.
Wadeb died on January 16, 2022 in McDowell County, North Carolina just four days before his 93rd birthday.

= = = Marion, North Carolina = = =
Marion is a city in McDowell County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of McDowell County.

= = = Port Townsend, Washington = = =
Port Townsend is a city in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,148 at the 2020 United States Census.
It is the county seat and only incorporated city of Jefferson County.

= = = A Virgin Among the Living Dead = = =
A Virgin Among the Living Dead is a 1973 European erotic horror movie It was directed by Jesús Franco. Franco made the movie in 1971. It was released in 1973 after some footage was added without Franco's involvement. It was later re-cut with some extra zombie footage. It was shown in theaters again in 1981 as a zombie movie. It has been restored on DVD to Franco's version.

= = = Power Rangers Dino Fury = = =
Power Rangers Dino Fury is a TV show filmed in New Zealand. "Power Rangers" aired from February 20 to December 18, 2021 with 22 episodes. It is based on the Super Sentai series, "Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger". It is a sequel to "Power Rangers Beast Morphers". Season two of Power Rangers Dino Fury was from on March 3 to September 29, 2022 with 22 episodes. Its sequel season, "Power Rangers Cosmic Fury" started from 2023.

= = = Łazienki Park = = =
Łazienki Park or Royal Baths Park () is the largest park in Warsaw, Poland, occupying 76 hectares of the city center.
The park is within Warsaw's central district on Ujazdów Avenue, which is part of the Royal Route linking the Royal Castle with Wilanów Palace to the south of the park. While Ujazdów Castle is north of Łazienki Park
Łazienki Park was originally designed in the 17th century as a baths park for nobleman Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. In the 18th century the park was transformed by Poland's last monarch, Stanislaus II Augustus for palaces, villas, classicist follies, and monuments. In 1918 it was officially made as a public park. 
Łazienki is visited by tourists from all over Poland and the world, and serves as a venue for music, the arts, and culture. The park is also home to large number of wildlife.
Gallery.
Historic images
By Vogel (1800s)
Garden features
Museum of Hunting and Horsemanship

= = = Dan Reynolds = = =
Daniel Coulter Reynolds (born July 14, 1987) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. He is the lead singer of the pop rock band Imagine Dragons. Reynolds also released an EP in 2011, titled "Egyptian – EP." It is a duo with his wife Aja Volkman as a group named Egyptian. He has been given the Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award.

= = = Ecnomiohyla rabborum = = =
Rabb's fringe-limbed tree frog ("Ecnomiohyla rabborum") is a frog that lives in Panama. Scientists have seen it between 900 and 1150 meters above sea level in cloud forests near a town called El Valle de Anton. Scientists think this frog might be extinct.
The adult male frog is 62 to 97 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 61 to 100 mm long. This frog is either brown or brown and green in color. It lives high in the trees. It can use the skin on its legs to glide on the air when it jumps.
The male frog finds a hole in the tree that has water in it. He sings for the female frogs. More than one female frog may come to lay eggs in the same hole. The female lays 60-200 eggs at a time. She puts the eggs just under the surface of the water so that they stick to the wood. The tadpoles hatch and swim in the water. Scientists think the male frog feeds them. They have seen the male frog sit in the water. It looks like the tadpoles eat small bites out of his skin.
The fungus "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis" can kill this frog with disease. Scientists first saw this fungus on the frogs in 2006. In 2007, the scientists found only one frog living in the area. The scientists found no frogs at all in 2008 or any year after that.
People had brought some frogs to a zoo in Atlanta, Georgia. The zoo frogs did not have living young, even though human beings tried to help. The last frog, a female named "Toughie," died in 2016.
The frog is named after George and Mary Rabb, two people who liked to save frogs.

= = = Habitual be = = =
Habitual "be" is the use of an unchanged "be" common among Black people to indicate habitual or extended actions, in contrast to forms of "be" in Standard Engish (am/is/are, etc). For example, instead of "She is late" or "They are always doing that," "She do be late" and "They always be doing that" are used. 

= = = Aufhausen = = =
Aufhausen is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Bach an der Donau = = =
Bach is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the Danube river.

= = = Barbing = = =
Barbing is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the Danube river.
Subdivisions.
Barbing has eleven districts:

= = = Beratzhausen = = =
Beratzhausen is a market town and municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Bernhardswald = = =
Bernhardswald is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Brennberg = = =
Brennberg is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Brunn, Upper Palatinate = = =
Brunn is a municipality in the Upper Palatinate in Regensburg.

= = = Deuerling = = =
Deuerling is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Duggendorf = = =
Duggendorf is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Hagelstadt = = =
Hagelstadt is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Hemau = = =
Hemau is a small town in Southern Germany, in Regensburg. The town is on the "Tangrintel", a ridge which runs between the rivers Altmühl and Schwarze Laber.
It is on the B8 road, north-west of Regensburg, south-east of Nuremberg. The nearest towns, about distant, are Beratzhausen and Laaber.
District Hemau.
The district of Hemau is the largest in the "Landkreis", and includes ten outlying villages which are parts of town, though they are not in the town of Hemau itself:

= = = Imphal West District Polo Tournament 2021 = = =
The Imphal West District Polo Tournament 2021 () is a polo tournament that was held in Imphal West District of Manipur. It was organised by the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association (MHRPA) at Awang Potshangbam Khullen Lampak. The Manipur Police Sports Club (B) won the trophy after defeating Manipur Police Sports Club (A) at 11-4 goals.
Participants.
The following polo clubs participated in the championship:

= = = Aichkirchen, Germany = = =
Aichkirchen is a village in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany. It is part of Hemau.

= = = Haag (Oberpfalz) = = =
Haag is a village about four kilometers from Hemau in the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany. It belongs administratively to Hemau, Regensburg.

= = = Laufenthal = = =
Laufenthal is a village in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria, Germany), belonging to Regensburg and the market town of Hemau. Technically a ward of Hemau, Laufenthal is about five kilometers from the town, near the river Laaber. 

= = = Holzheim am Forst = = =
Holzheim am Forst is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. The municipality belongs together with Duggendorf and the market town Kallmünz to the administrative community Kallmünz.

= = = Kallmünz = = =
Kallmünz is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany. It is at the river Naab about 25 km north of Regensburg.

= = = Köfering = = =
Köfering is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Imphal East District Polo Tournament 2021 = = =
The Imphal East District Polo Tournament 2021 () is a polo tournament that was held in Imphal East District of Manipur. It was organised by the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association (MHRPA) and New Vision Organisation at Yairipok Top Chingtha and Ningthounai Kangjeibung. It is the first edition of the annual "Imphal East District Polo Tournament" championship.
Participants.
The following polo clubs participated in the championship:

= = = Laaber = = =
Laaber is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the River Schwarze Laber (note the spelling difference).

= = = Lappersdorf = = =
Lappersdorf is a municipality in Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Regen, 4 km north of Regensburg.

= = = Mintraching = = =
Mintraching is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Mötzing = = =
Mötzing is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Neutraubling = = =
Neutraubling is a town in Bavaria in southern Germany, in Regensburg.

= = = Nittendorf = = =
Nittendorf is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Obertraubling = = =
Obertraubling is a municipality in Bavaria, Upper Palatinate (), in Regensburg.
Geography.
Obertraubling is directly on the southend of the City of Regensburg, the capital of the Upper Palatinate.
Community Population divided by subdivisions:
In 1972 the previously independent municipalities Niedertraubling, Gebelkofen and Oberhinkofen joined with Obertraubling and became one municipality.

= = = Pentling = = =
Pentling is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the river Danube.

= = = Pettendorf = = =
Pettendorf is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.
The river Naab releases into the Danube in the municipality.

= = = Pfakofen = = =
Pfakofen is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Imphal East District Polo Tournament 2022 = = =
The Imphal East District Polo Tournament 2022 () is a polo tournament that was held in Imphal East District of Manipur. It was organised by the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association (MHRPA) and New Vision Organisation at Yairipok Top Chingtha and Ningthounai Kangjeibung. It is the second edition of the annual "Imphal East District Polo Tournament" championship.
Participants.
The following polo clubs participated in the championship:

= = = Baseball (TV series) = = =
Baseball was a 1994 fact filled movie series on PBS-TV by Ken Burns.

= = = Yucca Mountain = = =
Yucca Mountain is a mountain in Nevada, near its border with California. It is approximately northwest of Las Vegas. Yucca Mountain is in the Great Basin. The mountain is east of the Amargosa Desert, south of the Nevada Test and Training Range and in the Nevada National Security Site. It is the site of the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. As of 2021, laws have identified thid site as the place where spent nuclear waste is to be stored. Because of politics, the funding of the site was cut in 2010. 
Geology.
Several large eruptionsd from a caldera volcano created Yucca Mountain. The mountain is composed of changing layers of different kinds of rock. The volcanic units have been tilted along fault lines. They formed the current ridge line called Yucca Mountain. In addition to these faults, Yucca Mountain is criss-crossed by fractures, many of which formed when the volcanic units cooled.
Cultural history.
Yucca Mountain and surrounding lands were central in the lives of the Western Shoshone and Southern Paiute peoples, who shared them for religious ceremonies, resource uses, and social events; Yucca Mountain is still considered sacred by the Shoshone people living today.

= = = Fenwick, Connecticut = = =
Fenwick is a borough in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States, in the town of Old Saybrook. The population was 53 at the 2020 census, making it the least populous borough in Connecticut.
The town is famed for being the home of actress Katharine Hepburn until her death in 2003.

= = = Indus script = = =
Indus script is a collection of symbols that was used by the Indus Valley Civilization. They were used from about 2.500 BC to about 1.900 BC. Most inscriptions are extremely short. About 400 symbols are known. Scientists do not agree if these symbols were used as a writing system to record a language. 
So far no bilingual text have been found. An example of a bilinhial text us the Rosetta stone which has the same text in three different languages.

= = = Tall Girl 2 = = =
Tall Girl 2 is an 2022 American teen romantic comedy movie. It is directed by Emily Ting from a screenplay by Sam Wolfson. The movie stars Ava Michelle, Sabrina Carpenter, Griffin Gluck, and Steve Zahn. It is the sequel to the 2019 movie "Tall Girl". The movie released on February 11, 2022.
Plot.
Jodi Kreyman deals with her newfound popularity. Her miscommunications, however, start causing rifts with those around her and now she really needs to "stand tall." 
Production.
On December 1, 2020, Netflix selected Sam Wolfson to write a "Tall Girl" sequel, with Ava Michelle set to return as Jodi.
Principal photography began on April 12, 2021, and concluded on May 21, 2021, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The film was released on February 11, 2022.

= = = Pfatter = = =
Pfatter is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Danube.

= = = Pielenhofen = = =
Pielenhofen is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the Naab River.

= = = Regenstauf = = =
Regenstauf is a municipality in Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Regen, 12 km north of Regensburg.

= = = Jill Rips = = =
Jill Rips is a 2000 Canadian American Slovenian erotic thriller movie directed by Anthony Hickox and was based on the 1987 novel by Frederic Lindsay. It stars Dolph Lundgren, Danielle Brett, Kylie Bax, Kristi Angus, Charles Seixas.

= = = Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature = = =
The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) is a Learned society in the United KingdomIt was founded in 1820 by king George IV. He create it "to reward people with literary merit and excite literary talent". it is a charity that represents the voice of literature in the UK. The RSL has about 600 Fellows. They are elected from the best writers in any genre currently at work.

= = = Riekofen = = =
Riekofen is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Schierling = = =
Schierling is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Pseudis = = =
Pseudis or the swimming frogs are a genus of frogs that live in South America. They are in the family Hylidae. They are important because they have the largest tadpoles of any frog in the world. The adult frogs are not much bigger than other frogs, but the tadpoles are giant. Human beings hear these frogs more than they see them. This is because the frogs sing loud but blend into the water and plants so they are hard to see. The frogs live in lakes, ponds, marshes, and other bodies of waters that have many plants in them. These frogs sit near the top of the water, hiding in the plants or on floating plants. This frog will dive into the water if they see something that looks dangerous to them.
Distribution.
"Pseudis" frogs live in tropical and subtropical South America. Almost all of them live east of the Andes, on the Atlantic side of South America. "P. paradoxa" is the only species in "Pseudis" that has any frogs living west of the Andes. These frogs live from Trinidad to northern Argentina but not in Ecuador or Chile. They live in hills and other highland regions, and they live in the southernmost part of South America. All species in this genus are found in Brazil.
Description.
These frogs have several body parts that help them live in the water. They have eyes that stick up and out, strong hind legs, and fully webbed feet. Scientists say they are still "true" tree frogs, so they are in the family Hylidae.
Breeding and feeding.
Frogs in "Pseudis" find mates and lay eggs the same way most frogs do. However, their tadpoles are different. The tadpoles start live normal, but they continue growing until they are very, very large, sometimes as large as in length in "P. paradoxa" and "P. platensis". They are the longest tadpoles in the world. They are also very large compared to the adult frogs, which are from nose to rear end. Scientists have not seen enough tadpoles from other species to say for sure, they have seen enough to know they are also very large. Their adult frogs are also somewhat smaller with nose-to-rear-end lengths of . However, "P. cardosoi" and "P. minuta" (which could be in the proposed genus "Podonectes", see "Phylogenetic relationships") have more normal tadpoles that probably do not grow longer than . This is still large compared to the adults of these two species. This means that the animal is the largest it will ever be in its life when it is an older tadpole. It is smaller when it becomes a frog. In most of these frogs, tadpoles from different places can be different sizes. Tadpoles that grow in large, temporary bodies of waters with plenty of food and few animals that want to eat them grow larger than those in smaller bodies of water with less food, or year-round bodies of waters that may have fish or other animals that eat tadpoles in them. The very largest tadpoles usually have well-developed organs, including reproductive organs that are almost ready to be used. This means that the frogs are ready to mate very soon after becoming frogs. This is different from most genuses of frogs: In most species, the tadpoles become small frogs and then grow larger before they can mate and lay eggs.
"Pseudis" is closely related to the genus, "Lysapsus". The frogs in "Lysapsus" do not have giant tadpoles. In "Lysapsus", adults frogs grow to .
"Pseudis" tadpoles eat algae, many different kinds of algae. They can also eat 
small animals without bones, for example insects. The adult frogs eat land-based insects and spiders, but they also eat other animals without bones and smaller frog. Some frogs in "Pseudis" can eat plants.
Species.
There are seven species in this genus if we think of "Lysapsus" as a different genus. Until the late 1990s and early 2000s, most scientists said only "P. minuta" and "P. paradoxa" counted as frogs in "Pseudis". Scientists wrote the first paper about "P. cardosoi". Before that, scientists thought "P. cardosoi" was the same frog as "P. minuta". All the other species remaining were thought to be subspecies, synonyms or populations of "P. paradoxa". Not all scientists agree that "P. platensis" is not the same frog as "P. paradoxa".
Phylogenetic relationships.
Scientists argue about how these frogs are related to other frogs and toads. In the 19th and 20th centuries, scientists could only looking at animals' bodies, the way they acted, and fossils to figure out how they were related to each other. Then DNA technology became strong enough to help scientists look at the animals' genes. These frogs were very hard for scientists to put in groups before DNA technology became strong.
Over the years, scientists have said theys hould be in Ranidae, Leptodactylidae, Hylidae, and in their own family, Pseudidae, by themselves. It has been difficult for scientists to say where these frogs belong in taxonomy because their bodies are very different from those of other hylid frogs. The bodies of "Pseudis" frogs are different from other tree frogs' bodies because "Pseudis" frogs spend much more time living in water than most tree frogs do.
However, in the early 20th century, scientists did more studies. Both body-shape-based and molecular (DNA) scientific experiments showed that these frogs are more closely related to tree frogs than to other frogs. So scientists put them in the subfamily Hylinae with "Scarthyla" as a sister group.
Since then, two teams of scientists used molecular genetics (DNA) to find how this frog is related to other frogs. Both teams found the same thing, but they had different ideas about how the frogs should be put into groups: One team said scientists should start using the genus "Podonectes" again and the other team said they should use "Lysapsus" as a junior synonym of "Pseudis". Later, more teams of scientists said "Pseudis" was not paraphyletic to "Lysapsus", so making Lysapsus a junior synonym would not be good.

= = = Forson Amankwah = = =
Forson Amankwah (born 31 December 2002) is a Ghanaian professional footballer. He plays as a midfielder for 2. Liga club Liefering. He is on loan from Red Bull Salzburg.
Career.
He made his professional debut in the Ghana Premier League for WAFA on 12 December 2019. In February 2021 he joined Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg and went on loan to FC Liefering.
Honours.
FC Liefering

= = = Julian Halwachs = = =
Julian Halwachs (born 25 January 2003) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Hartberg.
Career.
He started his career in the youth of SC Grafenschachen, SC Pinkafeld and TSV Hartberg. Until 2017 he played for SK Sturm Graz, then he went on to the Red Bull Salzburg Academy. In 2021 he became part of the FC Liefering squad in the Second league in Austria. He made his professional debut versus SV Kapfenberg in November 2021, when he came on for Benjamin Böckle.
In February 2023, Halwachs moved to TSV Hartberg.

= = = Don Pepot = = =
Ernesto Fajardo (6 November 1933 – 18 January 2022), better known by his stage name Don Pepot, or simply Pepot, was a Filipino comedian, actor, radio host and writer. He was born in Malabon, Rizal, Philippine Islands. His career began in 1964. He was known for his roles in "", "My Bugoy Goes to Congress" and "Enteng the Dragon".
Pepot died on 18 January 2022 in Valenzuela, Philippines from pneumonia caused by COVID-19, aged 88.

= = = Shi Jiuyong = = =
Shi Jiuyong (; 9 October 1926 – 18 January 2022) was a Chinese politician and lawyer. He was a Judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Shi was elected to the ICJ on 6 February 1994, and became President nine years later on 6 February 2003. In 2010, he announced his resignation from the Court, which became official on 28 May 2010.
Shi died on 18 January 2022, at the age of 95.

= = = Eloy Tato Losada = = =
Eloy Tato Losada (6 September 1923 – 18 January 2022) was a Spanish-born Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was born in Galicia, Spain. He became a priest in 1946. He became a bishop in 1960. Tato Losada was made bishop of Magangué on 25 April 1969 and resigned on 31 May 1994.
Tato Losada died on 18 January 2022 in Magangué, Colombia at the age of 98.

= = = Magangué = = =
Magangué is a city in Colombia in the Department of Bolivar. The town is near the Magdalena River.

= = = Hans-Jürgen Dörner = = =
Hans-Jürgen "Dixie" Dörner (25 January 1951 – 19 January 2022) was a German footballer and manager. He won a gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics while playing for East Germany. He played for that national team from 1969 until 1985.
Dörner died on 19 January 2022 from a long-illness at his apartment in Dresden, Germany, at the age of 70.

= = = Nils Arne Eggen = = =
Nils Arne Eggen (17 September 1941 – 19 January 2022) was a Norwegian footballer, manager and teacher. He was known for playing with Rosenborg BK between 1960 until 1963 and again from 1966 until 1969. He also managed Rosenborh six times, beginning in 1971 and stopping in 2010. He also played for the national team between 1974 until 1977.
Eggen died on 19 January 2022 at his home in Orkdal, Norway at the age of 80.

= = = Orkdal = = =
Orkdal is a former city in Trøndelag county, Norway. The city was founded in 1838. It was dissolved in 2020 when it joined Orkland Municipality. 
It had a population of 11,933 in 2020 and was the 188th largest city in Norway.

= = = Gaspard Ulliel = = =
Gaspard Ulliel (; 25 November 1984 – 19 January 2022) was a French actor. He played the young Hannibal Lecter in "Hannibal Rising" (2007). He also played Yves Saint Laurent in the biopic "Saint Laurent" (2014). He was a model for Chanel men's fragrance Bleu de Chanel. 
He was hired to play Anton Mogart / Midnight Man in the Disney+ series "Moon Knight" (2022).
Ulliel was nominated for a César Award in 2002 and 2003. In 2004, he won that award for his role in "A Very Long Engagement". In 2017, he won a César Award for his role in "It's Only the End of the World". 
On 18 January 2022, Ulliel was injured while skiing at a resort in Savoie, France. He crashed into another skier and had serious brain trauma because he was not wearing a helmet. He was taken by helicopter to a hospital near La Tronche, France. Ulliel died the next day from his injuries, at the age of 37.

= = = Resort = = =
A resort is a commercial place that tries to give a vacationer's wants, such as food, drink, a place to stay, sports, entertainment, and shopping, in its place. The word "resort" may be used for a hotel place. Some resorts are also condominium places. A resort is not always a commercial place owned by a single company, but in the late 20th century, that became more common.
In British English, "resort" means a town which people visit for holidays.

= = = La Tronche = = =
La Tronche () is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It is near Grenoble.

= = = 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis = = =
The 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis was a military buildup and international crisis between Russia and Ukraine. It started on March 3, 2021 and escalated in late 2021, when NATO told the Kremlin that they would support Ukraine. The crisis has caused international tension, also involving NATO, the European Union, the Lublin Triangle, the Union State, the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CSTO.
The crisis has been described as one of the most intense since the Cold War.
The crisis ended on 24 February 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine.

= = = Union State = = =
The Union State, also known as the Union State of Russia and Belarus, is an organization made up of Russia and Belarus that was formed on 8 December 1999. The Union State was originally created to unite both countries. However, both countries still preserve their independence currently. 
The Union State is based on a international treaty between Russia and Belarus made on 2 April 1997. Although its only members are Russia and Belarus, other countries are allowed to join.

= = = Collective Security Treaty Organization = = =
The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO; ; ) is a government military alliance in Eurasia. Its members of some post-Soviet states. The treaty was inspired by the Soviet Armed Forces.
On 15 May 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States, Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, signed the Collective Security Treaty.

= = = Lublin Triangle = = =
The Lublin Triangle (; ; ) is an alliance of three European countriesLithuania, Poland, and Ukrainefor helping Ukraine become a member of the European Union and NATO.
The Lublin Triangle countries are supporting Ukraine in the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The Lublin Triangle supports giving Ukraine the status of NATO partner.

= = = Aurora, Minnesota = = =
Aurora is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Babbitt, Minnesota = = =
Babbitt is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Biwabik, Minnesota = = =
Biwabik is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Brookston, Minnesota = = =
Brookston is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Buhl, Minnesota = = =
Buhl is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Russo-Ukrainian War = = =
The Russo–Ukrainian War is an ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine that began in February 2014. It started when Russia took over Crimea and funded anti-government rebels in the Donbas region. It escalated in February 2022 when Russia invaded the whole of Ukraine.
The number of soldiers that have been wounded or killed is a half million (as of 2023), according to U.S. authorities.
History.
War in Donbas.
On 20 February 2014, Russian soldiers invaded and took control of Crimea. Russia also supported separatists in the Donbas region, who took control of the Donetsk Oblast and the Luhansk Oblast and declared them as independent countries.
In August 2014, Ukraine attacked the separatist oblasts. A ceasefire, the Minsk Protocol, was agreed on but both sides continued fighting, with 85% of the ceasfire violations being done by Russia. The fighting slowed down and became a frozen conflict.
Invasion of Ukraine.
In 2021, more and more Russian soldiers and weapons arrived near the border with Ukraine. There was fear of a possible invasion. 
On 17 January 2022, Russian troops and weapons began arriving in Belarus for a 'military exercise', that [started or] was going to start in February; Its name is "Allied Resolve". The following month, Russia officially recognised the separatist regions in Donetsk and Luhansk as independent countries (separate from Ukraine). Russian soldiers then began appearing in the regions.
On 24 February 2022, President Vladimir Putin announced the invasion of Ukraine. Most other countries declared their support for Ukraine, especially the countries of the NATO military alliance. Many other countries began sanctioning Russia (such as stopping trade, participation in events and the travel of Russian politicians) as a way to fight Russia without using soldiers.
Russia tried to take Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, but lost in early April 2022 and had to withdraw (this victory alone gives Ukraine drawn war) and Ukraine began taking back land that Russia had taken over the course of 2022. In September 2022, four Russian-controlled separatist regions of Ukraine became member states of Russia. 
In 2023 the frontlines changed very little, with many calling the war a stalemate. However, the year saw many important events, such as when the Wagner Group, a Russian mercenary company, took over the Russian city of Rostov-On-Don and tried to reach Moscow (capital of Russia), after it's leader had complained about how the war was going. On the 6th of December, US senators blocked aid money to Ukraine.

= = = Chisholm, Minnesota = = =
Chisholm is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Cook, Minnesota = = =
Cook is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Donbas = = =
The Donbas or Donbass (, ; ; ) is a historical, cultural, and economic region between Russia and Ukraine, who are fighting each other over who owns the region in the Russo-Ukrainian War. It includes the Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast.
The word "Donbas" is a portmanteau word made from Donets Basin, an abbreviation of "Donets Coal Basin".

= = = Eveleth, Minnesota = = =
Eveleth is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Floodwood, Minnesota = = =
Floodwood is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Paul Ray = = =
Paul Ray (born October 25, 1966) is an American businessman, politician, and police officer. He is a member of the Utah House of Representatives since 2005. He was a member before from 2001 until 2002. Ray is a member of the Republican Party. He was born in Peru, Indiana.
In December 2021, Ray was hospitalized for a cerebral hemorrhage and had surgery to stop bleeding in the brain.

= = = Gilbert, Minnesota = = =
Gilbert is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Hermantown, Minnesota = = =
Hermantown is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota = = =
Hoyt Lakes is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Clinton, Utah = = =
Clinton is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 23,386 at the 2020 census.

= = = Iron Junction, Minnesota = = =
Iron Junction is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Elmar Fischer = = =
Elmar Fischer (6 October 1936 – 19 January 2022) was an Austrian Roman Catholic prelate. Fischer was born in Innsbruck, Austria. He became a priest in 1961. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Feldkirch from 2005 until his retirement in 2011. 
Fischer died from COVID-19 on 19 January 2022 in Innsbruck, at the age of 85.

= = = Kinney, Minnesota = = =
Kinney is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Leonidas, Minnesota = = =
Leonidas is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = McKinley, St. Louis County, Minnesota = = =
McKinley is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Meadowlands, Minnesota = = =
Meadowlands is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Mountain Iron, Minnesota = = =
Mountain Iron is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Orr, Minnesota = = =
Orr is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Proctor, Minnesota = = =
Proctor is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Rice Lake, Minnesota = = =
Rice Lake is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Tower, Minnesota = = =
Tower is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Winton, Minnesota = = =
Winton is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

= = = Doomsday Clock = = =
The Doomsday Clock is a symbol that represents the likely possibility of human-caused threat to humanity and possible extinction or non-reversable damage. Kept going since 1947 by the members of the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The clock is a metaphor for threats to humanity.
Background.
The clock shows how close the world is to a global catastrophe as a number of minutes or seconds to midnight, changed in January of each year. When the clock hits midnight, it means that a global event that would harm humanity is near.
The main reasons why the clock would change its times are nuclear risk and climate change.
On January 23, 2020, the Clock was moved further, to 100 seconds (1 minute 40 seconds) before midnight, meaning that the Clock's status today is the closest to midnight since the Clock's start in 1947. In 2021 and 2022, the clock's time was unchanged, staying at 100 seconds before midnight.

= = = Democrat In Name Only = = =
Democrat In Name Only or DINO is a word for people who are in the Democratic Party of the United States but believe things and want to pass laws that are different from most Democrats. DINO is a pejorative term, meaning it is an insult that other Democrats or liberals use for people whom they think should not count as Democrat.

= = = Yamada (name) = = =
Yamada (Japanese: ��) is a common Japanese surname. The word means "mountain rice field". 

= = = Satō = = =
Sato (Japanese: ��, sometimes ��) is a common Japanese surname. Famous people with this name are listed.

= = = Suzuki (name) = = =
Suzuki (Japanese: ��) is a common Japanese surname. The word means "bell tree". Famous people with this name are listed.

= = = Magical girl = = =
Magical girl (in Japanese: ����, Hepburn:"mahō shōjo") is a subgenre of Japanese fantasy media (including anime, manga, light novels, and live action). It focuses on young girls who have magical powers, which they typically use after they transform into a ideal alter ego.

= = = Abe (surname) = = =
Abe is a common Japanese surname. It can be written as ��, ��, or �� etc. Notable people with this name are listed below.

= = = Andō = = =
Ando (Japanese: ��) is a common Japanese surname. Notable people with this name are listed below.

= = = Masaki Suda = = =
Masaki Suda( February 21, 1993) is a famous Japanese actor and singer. His real name is Taisho Sugo. His debut song is "Mita Koto mo Nai Keshiki."
He won numerous awards for film and TV drama.
Career (actor).
In 2008, Suda was elected as one of the finalists of "Junon Super Boy Contest", and he started to belong to "Top Coat".His first  debut and the lead role was  Kamen Rider  W in 2009.
In 2013, he won the 37th  "Japan Academy Film Prize" for Newcomer Actor with the movie Tomogui that he played the lead. In 2014, he won the Best Supporting Actor Award of "Takasaki Film Festival w"ith "Soko nomi nite kagayaku". Also, he won Best Emerging Actor Award at TAMA Film Festival and Best Actor Award at "Osaka Cinema Festivaland" so on. He appeared on NHK TVseries "Gochiso-san," which was his first appearance of that series.
In 2017, his music career started with "Mita koto mo Nai Keshiki a"nd he also started radio as a regular personality of  "All Night Nippon" in the Spring, the same year.
He won the 41th "Japan Academy Film Prize" for Best Actor with "Aa Koya."
In 2019, it’s been 10 years since he made his debut as an actor, and he was cast as the lead of a serial TV drama.  In addition, he received many Best Actor Awards such as the Best Actor Award of "Tokyo Drama Award". 
In 2020, Ito, a movie starring Suda and "Nana Komatsu" was released.
Career (music).
In 2017, it was announced that  Suda would  debut with "Mita Koto mo Nai Keshiki". In the same year, his second single, "Kokyu" was released.
In 2018, he released his third single "Sayonara Elegy", and the fourth single "Long Hope Philia". 
In 2019, he appeared at the "Red and White singing Festival" of NHK, and he sang "Machigai sagash"i.
Personal life.
Suda’s grandfather was a dressmaker. Therefore, Suda was influenced by his `grandfather, started to be interested in clothes, and  usually makes clothing.    
He respects Comedians ,and his best Comedians are Downtown, who are famous Japanese Comedians.
He used to belong to a soccer team in Minowa, Osaka in his childhood.
Also, he used to take piano and swimming lessons when he was a junior high school student, and belonged to an  American football club in high school.
On November 15, 2021, he announced that he married Nana Komatsu, a famous Japanese actress. 
Discography.
Extended play.
"Green Boys"- January 24, 2017

= = = Labour Court (France) = = =
in France the Labour Courts or employment tribunals is to Resolve disputes that is arising out of an employment contract. the dispute is to be resolved by a judgment only if conciliation cannot by the court. Labour Courts were created at the beginning of the 19th century.

= = = Nahoko Uehashi = = =
Nahoko Uehashi is a Japanese writer of children’s literature and a cultural anthropologist about the Australian native people, Aborigines. Now she teaches cultural anthropology in Kawamura Gakuen Woman’s University.
Simple Biology.
In 1962 she was born in Tokyo. She loved reading books and manga. When she was a high school student she wanted to be a cartooner. However she thought that she was not good at drawing and gave up being it. 
After graduating from her high school, she enrolled at Rikkyo University and studied cultural anthropology.  She majored in it and studied female repellent. She went to Okinawa for field work and was advised to try to do it in a place where the spoken language is different. She chose Australia as the place and researched about Yamatji which is one of the tribes of Aborigines. She has studied about them until now and taught about cultural anthropology in Kawamura Gakuen Woman’s University
Her career as a writer started in 1989. She published her first work “Seirei-no-Ki (Spirit Tree)”. From that year she has written many stories until today.
Fictional Works.
Shika-no-Oh series (King of the Deers).
Van, a man who was the top of the “Dokkaku (a kind of army)” , Yuna, a young girl who was saved by Van and Hossal, a doctor, had fought with the mysterious sickness named “Mizzal (black-wolf fever)”.
Kemono-no-Soja series (The Beast Player).
Erin, an orphan girl met with a sacred young animal and grew with it experiencing various things, meeting with a lot of people and learning about what the creatures are.
Koteki-no-Kanata (Beyond the Fox Whistle).
A twelve-year-old girl, Sayo, saved a young fox. He was actually a fox spirit living in the gap which is between the real and gods’ world. The two got involved in the fight for territory but they grew their love by trying to solve the problems.
Moribito-Series.
A woman bodyguard, Balsa, was asked by a second queen to save the second prince from assassins. From the journey to escape from the assassins, they visited various places and learned lots of things about spirits and the world which they live in.
Tsuki-no-Mori ni Kami yo Nemure (Sleep in the Moon Forest, God).
Tayata was a god of snakes living in the Moon Forest. However his fiance allowed villagers to seal gods in the forest. This is the story of the balance of the relationship between gods, humans and nature. 
Seirei-no-Ki (Spirit Tree).
The earth had gone under because of the environmental destruction and the human beings had lived on other planets. A boy and his cousin knew that one tribe was coming to their planet, but they were embroiled in the troubles.
Study.
When she enrolled at the university, she wanted to learn about western history. However she gave up learning it because the ancient language was too difficult for her. Then at that time she found a seminar of the African spiritual world. African spiritual things were completely new for her and she got interested in them.
In graduate school she learned about Menstrual Pollution and Avoidance of Women. She went to Okinawa to collect detailed datas and compare them. She thought that it was a really nice time for her and decided to do field work in a completely different and remote place.
She found an internship in Australia as an elementary school teacher. She went there in 1990 and studied about Yamatji. She constantly went there after that year and wrote a book,” Tonari-no-Aborijini (The next aborigine)” in 2010.
Also she got 15th Japanese Cultural Anthropology Association Award in 2020 with her studies.
Awards.
She has gotten 18 awards in total until 2020. Since her second fictional book she got awards for each work. Also her books were translated into some languages and some of her books in English got 4 awards from the American Library Association.
The biggest award she has got was the Hans Christian Andersen Award as an author in 2014. The award was an international publication award of children’s literature and it is called “small Nobel prize”.

= = = Saito = = =
Saito (Japanese: ��, ��, ��, or ��) is a common Japanese surname. Notable people with this name are listed below.

= = = Shoma Uno = = =
Shoma Uno (born 17 December 1997) is a Japanese figure skater. He is a silver medalist of the 2018 Winter Olympic in Pyongyang. He is the first skater to land a quadruple flip. Shoma Uno was born in Nagoya, Japan.
Career.
Uno started skating because he was suggested to skate by Mao Asada when he was 5 years old.
2011-2012 season.
Uno made his Junior International debut. He placed third at the Junior Grand Prix (JGP) Tallinn Cup in Estonia. At the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics, he placed second in the single and first in the team. He was 10th at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Minsk.
2012-2013 season.
Uno placed 6th at the JGP Skate Bled in Slovenia. He came second at the Schwerter Cup. He placed second at the All Japan Junior Championships held at Dydo Drinco Ice Arena. He was 11th at the All Japan Championship recommended by All Japan Junior. Keiji Tanaka abstained from the World Junior Championships, so he took the place and finished 7th.
2013-2014 season.
Uno placed third at the JGP in Riga, and placed 4th in Tallinn. He came 5th at the 2014 World Junior Championship. He placed first in his first international senior class at the Gardena Spring Cup. 
2014-2015 season.
He won the Asian Figure Skating Trophy by landing his first quadruple toe loop. He won a silver medal at the JGP in Japan and won a gold medal in Croatia. He made his first participation in the JGP Final. Overall, he renewed the highest score in the world for junior class and became the third Japanese winner to follow Takahiko Kozuka and Yuzuru Hanyu. He placed 1st at the All Japan Junior Championship and placed 2nd at the All Japan Championship. Based on this result, he was represented in the Four Continents Championships and finished 5th. He became the fifth Japanese winner of the World Junior Championships.
2015-2016 season.
He switched to senior class. At the Japan Open, he scored a high score of 185.48, although it was not officially recognized, and became the first place for individual men. He finished second in Skate America for the first Grand Prix series. He took first place in the short program at the Eric Bompard Cup, but the free program was canceled due to a series of attacks in Paris. So the short program ranking was the final ranking and he won a gold medal. He made his first participation in the Grand Prix Final and finished in third. He finished second in the All Japan Championships and represented for the Four Continents Championships and the World Championships. He finished 4th in the Four Continents Championships and 7th in the World Championships. At the Team Challenge Cup, he became the first person to succeed in a quad flip at an international competition.
2016-2017 season.
He finished first in Skate America, second in the Rostelecom Cup, and participated in the Grand Prix Final for the second time in a row. He finished in third. He won the All Japan Championship for the first time. At the Four Continents Championships, he set a new personal best overall and finished 3rd. At the World Championship, he updated his personal best by 4.58 points in a short program and placed second. He finished without major mistakes in the free program, and won a silver medal. Following the results of this competition, He contributed to get three representative men's slots at the Pyeongchang Olympics the following year.
2017-2018 season.
Uno won a gold medal at Skate Canada. At Internationaux de France, he wasn't feeling well because of the flu, but he came in second and was able to participate in the Grand Prix Final which was held in his hometown of Nagoya. At the Grand Prix Final, he did not reach Nathan Chen by a small margin and finished second. He won the All Japan Championship for the second time in a row and was selected as the Olympic representative. At the Pyeongchang Olympics, he performed a short program as a member of a team competition. He came 1st and contributed to the free program participation and 5th place prize. In the individual competition, he won a silver medal and finished one-two with Yuzuru Hanyu. After the Olympics, he changed his skates to a new one and it didn't fit his feet well, and he injured his right instep while practicing. He was in second place even though he faced the competition without being in perfect condition.
2018-2019 season.
Uno became a two-time winner of Skate Canada. He also won a gold medal at the NHK Trophy. He finished second at the Grand Prix Final. At the All Japan Championship, he sprained his right ankle during the warm-up before the official practice on the morning of the short program. In the actual performance, he succeeded in all the jumps and took the lead. He also participated in a free program and achieved the third straight victory as a result. After the tournament, he devoted himself to treatment, but when he started practice, he sprained the same spot. In the Four Continents Championships, due to the influence of injury, he was late in the short program 4th place, but he won the world's highest score after the rule revision in the free program. At the World Championship, he missed the podium in 4th place. He left the coaches Machiko Yamada and Mihoko Higuchi, who he had studied with for over 15 years, and showed his intention to change coaches.
2019-2020 season.
He announced that he would face the season without a main coach. At the 2019 Internationaux de France, in the short program, jumps fell one after another, and he was delayed to 4th place. Even in the free program, he made a mistake in jumping and got 9th place, and he was desperate to participate in the Grand Prix Final. At the Rostelecom Cup, Stephane Lambiel accompanied him, though not his official coach, to give technical advice and sit in a kiss and cry. The result was 4th, but showed signs of recovery. He announced that he would study under Stephane Lambiel. At the All Japan Championship, he finished second in the short program, but Yuzuru Hanyu, who was in first place, made a mistake in the free program and he won a come-from-behind victory to achieve his fourth straight victory. The Four Continents Championships, in which he was represented, declined to improve the accuracy of jumps and programs for the World Championships. However, the world championship was canceled due to the influence of Covid-19.
2020-2021 season.
He was scheduled to participate in the Grand Prix series of Internationaux de France, but was canceled due to the pandemic. At the All Japan Championship, there was a mistake in the jump in the short program and he placed in 3rd, but in the free program he regained 2nd place. At the world championships, he came 6th in the short program, but 3rd in the free program and finished 4th overall. At the World Team Trophy, he finished 9th in the short program and 6th in the free program. It was third place as a team.
2021-2022 season.
Uno was placed 2nd at the GP Skate America and placed 1st at NHK Trophy. He was scheduled to participate in the Grand Prix Final in Osaka, but it was canceled due to the effects of Covid-19. He won a silver medal at the All Japan Championship and was chosen for the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.

= = = INI = = =
INI is a Japanese boy band. There are eleven members who are from Japan and China. It was formed from the survival  audition program called “"Produce 101 Japan Season2"". This is the Japanese version of a popular audition program from South Korea. 6,000 people auditioned for the show. The show started with 101 trainees passing the audition, and 11 members were chosen through this program. After the end of Produce 101 Japan Season2, INI flew to South Korea to prepare and produce their debut single. They released their first single called “A” on November 3,  2021. It sold over 500,000 copies in its first week and reached the top in the “Oricon Weekly Single Ranking”. INI won the “Favorite Asian Artist Award” at “2021 MAMA (Mnet ASIAN MUSIC AWARDS)”, one of the largest music award ceremonies in Asia, held on Saturday, December 11. Their debut single “Rocketeer” was nominated for “The Rookie of the Year Award” of “The Japan Record Award” (affiliated with TBS Television).
It is managed by Lapone Entertainment, a joint company between Yoshimoto Kogyo and CJ ENM.
“INI” means connecting members (I) and you (I) with network (N). This name was chosen from the votes by fans and announced in the last episode of the audition program. The official fan name is “MINI : Me + INI”. In addition, there are some meanings in this name, for example, “We want to “see”(in Japanese, see is mini) INI”, “M (memory), I (me), N (network), I (you)” and “We will make memories together.”
Members.
Name / Birthday / Nation
Other websites.
1. "「PRODUCE 101 JAPAN SEASON2」���ー��ー���「INI(������)」". "modelpress"(in Japanese). June 13, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
2. "LAPONE entertainment official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.
3. "INI�����ー����". "Natalie Music"(in Japanese). September 8, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
4. "11/15������������1��INI�「A(Rocketeer/Brighter)」". "ORICON MUSIC"(in Japanese). November 12, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
5. "2021 Mnet Asian Music Award official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.
6. "Japan Record Award official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.
7. "Profile". "INI official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.
8. "Discography". "INI official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.
9. "INI FIRST FAN MEETING official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.
10. "KCON official site"(in Japanese). Retrieved January 20, 2022.

= = = CELSA Paris = = =
École des hautes études en sciences de l'information et de la communication (CELSA) is a French Grande école specialized in information and communication sciences. Administratively, it is a department of the Faculty of Humanities at Sorbonne Université, and it is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine.
Founded in 1957, the school prepares students for careers in communications, marketing, human resources and media. It is also one of the fourteen French journalism schools recognised by the sector.

= = = Osmanthus = = =
Osmanthus is a plant that represents autumn in Asia. And it has such a delicate fragrance that people are attracted. Nowadays, it is well known all over the world starting from China. The species of osmanthus is the Oleaceae family and is an evergreen small tree. It is also being classified as a variant of silver osmanthus. The universal name osmanthus comes from the Greek language.
Distribution.
The place of origin is Asia. Osmanthus range spreads from Assam, Cambodia, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Korea, and Mariana Islands.
Ecology.
Osmanthus breed as an evergreen tree or shrub with no turn red. Tree height is about 10 to 20 feet (from 3 to 6 meters) in general. The leaf is evergreen, a plant that leaves green through the years, glossy and dark green. From summer to fall, osmanthus blooms with the flower. The petals are four-petalled and the flowers are small and about 5mm. The flower colours are creamy-white or orange and strongly smells sweet.
Uses and benefits.
Commonly, osmanthus are prefered as garden tree and street tree and it is popular as an ornamental plant because osmanthus is a plant that admires flowers, not fruits. However, osmanthus flowers also have the effect of medicine. Furthermore, they are used in perfumery and cooking. Moreover, the flowers have various uses such as hair care, skin care, cosmetics, fragrance and so on. Bark from the stems has components that tones the skin problem and essential oils from the plant are effective as a medicine that repels insects. Osmanthus roots also are effective for treatment of rheumatism, bruising and dysmenorrhea. In east China, osmanthus is used to make honey, tea, jam, liquor and desserts, and is also used as a spice to add a bit of fragrance and color to cuisine. By drinking and eating osmanthus, you can help in losing weight.
History.
Osmanthus has long been planted in Asian countries other than China because it has variable uses and benefits as worthy flowers. The history of osmanthus goes back to in 1789, an osmanthus specimen was launched to the Kew Gardens, which is located in England as a botanical garden. However, the specimen is from Southern China, so it was unable to survive the cool English climate. In the 18th century, Jean Marie Delavay, who was a French botanist, traveled China. And he explained some kinds of specimens after he brought them back to his country. Among them, there were specimens including osmanthus. In the mid-19th century, Delavay re-introduced osmanthus to European gardeners.
Flower Language.
Osmanthus have multiple flower languages such as humility, noble people, truth, and  temptation. Osmanthus give off a strong fragrance but the flowers are small and discreet. From this aspect, osmanthus was connected with the flower language that is “humility”. Also, “noble” meaning is originally having or indicating high personal qualities. So, osmanthus fragrance was considered as elegant and noble from long ago. Moreover, the unique sweet fragrance emitted by osmanthus gives the impression of tempting someone as is the case many people like the fragrance. As a consequence, it is said that this flower language came from the image of attracting people.
How to grow osmanthus.
Osmanthus are easy to treat and care for because it has winter hardiness, drought resistance, and insect resistance. Osmanthus can grow up in any good garden soil. However, watery and well-drained soil is the best. It needs sunlight as much as possible but the necessity of watering is not many. Like this, osmanthus is a plant that anyone can easily grow.
References.
1.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Osmanthus fragrans Lour. |. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610878-1 
2.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Osmanthus fragrans Lour. |. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610878-1
3.���ー��ー�. (2020、 November 4). ��������������?�����������?. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://weathernews.jp/s/topics/202010/120055/
4.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Osmanthus fragrans Lour. |. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610878-1
5.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Osmanthus fragrans Lour. |. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610878-1
6.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Osmanthus fragrans Lour. |. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610878-1
7.Evans, L. (2021, December 21). Osmanthus Flower Meaning and Symbolism. Petal Republic. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.petalrepublic.com/osmanthus-flower/
8.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (n.d.). Osmanthus fragrans Lour. |. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610878-1
9.Evans, L. (2021, December 21). Osmanthus Flower Meaning and Symbolism. Petal Republic. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.petalrepublic.com/osmanthus-flower/
10.CGTN. (2019, August 20). China’s Flora Tour: The Sweet city with sweet osmanthus. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-08-20/China-s-Flora-Tour-The-Sweet-city-with-sweet-osmanthus-Jjg7DMTLXi/index.html
11.Zesta Ceylon Tea. (2020, December 17). Benefits of Drinking Osmanthus Tea. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.zestaceylontea.com/blog/tea-benefits/benefits-of-drinking-osmanthus-tea/
12.Evans, L. (2021, December 21). Osmanthus Flower Meaning and Symbolism. Petal Republic. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.petalrepublic.com/osmanthus-flower/
13.����. (n.d). ������(���)����. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from  https://www.flower-color.com/keywords/kinmokusei.html
14.Heath, S. (2021, June 10). How to Grow Tea Olive. The Spruce. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.thespruce.com/growing-osmanthus-5094815
15.Shweta. (2023, March 7). Osmanthus: The Fragrant and Versatile Plant. Retrieved March 07, 2023, from https://dgmnews.com/osmanthus-plant/ 

= = = The Drifters = = =
The Drifters are a Japanese musical and comedy group. They were active as a music band until 1969. Afterward, they were mainly active as a comedy group. Their television program called "Hachijidayo, Zen'inshugo" was very popular and was watched by many people from a large demographic.
History.
The Drifters are primarily known as a comedy group. Currently, the members of the group are Cha Kato, Koji Nakamoto, and Boo Takagi. However, it was originally a music band and far from owarai. It was formed as a band in 1956. The first leader was Kiyoshi Kishibe and the second leader was Teruo Sakurai. Teruo was active as a leader, but he wanted to change the band to a comic band that entertains the audience with funny lyrics and gestures rather than playing music, therefore he recommended Ikariya who was active in the other band at that time and was also focusing on owarai as the third leader. The early band members had a lot of rapid changes because there was a band transfer culture at that time. Even Ikariya didn’t understand who the early members were. Since he became the third leader, the group changed into a comic band. Additionally, he was a perfectionist, and too strict, so four members withdrew from The Drifters because they detested his teaching and comic band. After that, only Ikariya and Kato remained, and he gathered Arai, Takagi, and Nakamoto from the other band hurriedly. A new version of The Drifters was formed with them in 1964. Subsequently, the activities of the group centered on owarai. However, Arai left the group, and Shimura joined in 1974 instead of him. After becoming new members of The Drifters, there were now five total members of the group. They gained popularity on a TV program called Hachiji dayo, Zen'in shugo.
Musical and comedy styles.
Musical style.
The Drifters were a comic band, and they sang mainly cover versions and parodies of songs that had been sung in Japan. They played a forty-second-long opening act for the concert of The Beatles, which was popular with people all over the world. They got people’s attention because they performed not on stage for the opening act, but on the main stage. After their rise to fame, The Drifters mainly acted as comedians, but the music activities continued.
Comedy style.
The Drifters created many patterns and made use of the group. There were many vulgar skits such as script-wasting food such as watermelon and milk. There were also many musical scripts. Takagi was the center of laughter in the group, but Kato became the center of comedy skits after a few months. Although the others improvised on TV, The Drifters created a completely calculated story without improvising. After Shimura joined, it changed into a comic style in which Ikaria was swayed by members of indecent roles. Shimura sometimes improvised on the stage, ignoring Ikariya’s teaching.
Television.
Hachijidayo, Zen'inshugo was broadcasted on TBS from 1969 to 1985 with a total of 803 episodes. The Drifters did comedy skits and sang songs including cover versions and parodies in front of audiences. It became a hit and recorded an average audience rating of over 40% and the highest audience rating of 50.5%.
Awards.
They won the 12th Japan Record Awards Mass Award in 1970, Japan Music Awards, Comedy Honor Award in 2012, and the top 10 in the record chart, and sold 1.15 million albums.

= = = Narai-juku = = =
There is a long road called Nakasendo in Japan. Nakasendo is a road that is one of the five major highways in the Edo period, and is a highway that connects Nihonbashi in Edo and Sanjo Ohashi in Kyoto via inland. Narai-juku is a post-town located right in the middle of the Nakasendo.
History.
Narai-juku is the place that is the longest historic post-town in Japan, forming a townscape for about 1 km while gently descending along the Narai river. Also, Narai-juku was bustling with many people as a post-town in the middle of the 16 century. It was rebuilt as a modern Narai-juku in 1601 with the establishment of a post-town by Edo Shogunate. In this way, Narai-juku was very prosperous during the Edo period. In particular, the procession of the prestigious "Ochatsubo Dochu", which carried tea for the Tokugawa Shogunate from Uji in Kyoto to Edo Castle, has become a very famous event in this place.
Geography.
Topography.
Narai-juku is in Shiojiri city in Nagano prefecture. It is located in the west of Nagano prefecture. The cityscape is formed on a road of about 1km. This place is a village that is created under a marine terrace (a terrace formed along a seashore by the merging of wave-cut and wave-built terraces) at an altitude of 900 meters.
Climate.
Narai-juku is located under a marine terrace so the temperature difference between summer and winter is large. According to the data from Google, the highest temperature is 28 degrees in August and the lowest temperature is -8 degrees in January. 
There is a lot of nature around Narai-juku, so the visitors can enjoy the colors of nature that change with each season. In spring, there are many cherry blossoms. In summer there are many green trees. In autumn, there are autumn leaves. In winter, there is a lot of snow.
Demographics.
The population of Narai-juku in 1843 was 2,155, with 409 houses, one Honjin and one Wakihonjin, and five inns.
It is currently merged with Shiojiri City, Nagano Prefecture. However, the population of Narai-juku is declining and aging.
Festivals.
Narai Shukuba Festival.
The Narai Shukuba Festival is a festival that recreates the teapots that were held during the Edo period. At that time, the Ochabo Dochu had a great deal of authority and scale. Since it faithfully reproduces it, visitors can enjoy the atmosphere of that time along with the old townscape of Narai-juku.
Summer Festival (Shizu Shrine annual Festival).
In 1618, a plague called "Sukumi" became prevalent in Narai-juku. To quell this plague, the people of Narai-juku invited Futsunushi (It is a god of martial arts that appears in the Nihon Shoki, and brings you good luck such as victory luck, traffic and avoiding misfortune.) from Katori Shrine in Shimousa (now Chiba Prefecture) to start a ritual. This is said to be the origin of this festival. Every year after noon on August 12, Wakashu (young man) dedicates a musical accompaniment at Shizu Shrine and walks north through the post town while playing a musical accompaniment (Music that is added to enhance the atmosphere (in Nogaku, Kabuki, etc). The houses along the road entertain the Wakashu with alcohol and food after the music is dedicated.
Ice Candle Festival.
It is a festival where you can see a fantastic view of about 2,000 handmade ice candles lit in the old townscape, which was selected as an important traditional buildings preservation district of the country. It is held once a year on the day of Setsubun on February 3rd.
Cuisine.
Oyaki.
Oyaki is a local dish of Shinshu. Wheat flour is kneaded with water, and various delicacies such as Nozawana are wrapped and steamed. Oyaki goes well with any ingredients, so you can add sweets to make it a snack, or add side dishes to eat as a staple food.
Shinshu Soba.
Nagano Prefecture has become famous as "Shinshu soba" because the temperature difference between day and night is large, the well-drained mountain fields are suitable for soba cultivation, and good quality soba can be obtained. In addition, wild vegetables are also famous in Narai-juku, so you can eat them with wild vegetable tempura.
Gohei Mochi.
Gohei mochi is made by pounding half of brown rice on a skewer and adding miso or soy sauce-based sauce to it. The origin is not clear, but it is said that Gohei mochi came to be called Gohei mochi because a person named Gobei crushed rice and ate it with miso. Gohei mochi in Narai-juku is characterized by its round shape.
Traditional items.
Kiso Shikki.
Kiso Shikki is lacquerware. The unique climate of Narai-juku, where summers are cool and winters are harsh and cold, is good for the lacquer work environment. In addition, large forests rich in nature nurture good wood and are blessed with two favorable environments, one is the climate and another is that there are the main roads which can carry trees to this place in terms of transportation. Against this background, Kiso lacquerware continues to be made and has become a traditional item.
Mage Mono.
Divide the grain of Kiso cypress into an appropriate thickness, boil it in boiling water to soften the wood, bend it into a circle or oval, and sew it with the bark of mountain cherry blossoms. Bent products are finished by fitting the bottom plate and then applying lacquer. These are Mage Mono. Typical examples are tubs, barrels, and lunch boxes.
References.
[1]��������. (2018、October 3). ��・������. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.naraijuku.com/narai/history/
[2]����. (n.d.-b). www.kisoji.com. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from http://www.kisoji.com/kisoji/feature/narai.html 
[3]Token World. (n.d.). ���������������. ���ー��. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/44034/
[5]���������. (2019, December 2). ����������������������!��������������. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://riba-kurata.com/season 
[7]����.(n.d.).���.Retrieved January 8, 2022, from  https://www.pref.nagano.lg.jp/kikaku/kensei/soshiki/shingikai/ichiran/sogokeikaku/documents/chap5-6.pdf
[8]���・�����. (n.d.). Shikki-Shukuba, Shiojiri. Retrieved January 8, 2022, from http://shikki-shukuba.shiojiri.com/about/
[9]��������. (2022, January 10). ����. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.naraijuku.com/event/
[10]��������. (2022a, January 10). �����������. https://www.naraijuku.com/shop/post-59/
[11]��������. (2018b, October 24). ����. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.naraijuku.com/shop/post-19/
[12]������?. (n.d.). Shinsu. Retrieved January 8, 2022, from http://shinshu.jp.net/wild/food/soba_variety.html
[13]���. (n.d.). �����. Retrieved January 8, 2022, from https://www.maff.go.jp/j/keikaku/syokubunka/k_ryouri/search_menu/menu/gohei_mochi_nagano.html
[14][15]��������. (2018b, October 10). ��「�・�・�」. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.naraijuku.com/narai/charm/

= = = ID = = =
ID or its variants may refer to:

= = = Rigid bus = = =
A rigid bus is a ( either a motor bus or Trolleybus) is a vehicle that is used in public transportation rigid chassis, a bus of this type is to be contrasted with an articulated or bi-articulated bus.

= = = Learned society = = =
A learned society also known as Learned Academy, Scholarly society, or academic association) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline , profession , or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and science Membership to the society mae be open to all, also may require possession of some qualifications, or maybe an honor conferred by election.

= = = Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756) = = =
Thomas Burgess (18 November 1756 - 19 February 1837) was an English author, philosopher, Bishop of st Davids and Bishop of Salisbury, he founded st David's college, Lampeter was a founding member of Odiham agricultural society, and helped to establish the royal veterinary college in London, and was the first president of the Royal society of literature

= = = Sasaki = = =
Sasaki (Japanese: ���) is a common Japanese surname. Notable people with this name are listed.

= = = Odiham agricultural society = = =
The Odiham Agricultural Society was formed in 1783 by a collection of prominent citizens in Odiham, Hampshire, Uk, for the purpose of encouraging local industrial and agricultural development. its aim to expand and advance knowledge about animals on breeding and management led to the establishment in 1791 of Britain's first veterinary college, in London.

= = = Royal Veterinary College = = =
The Royal Veterinary College (informally the RVC) is a veterinary school in London. It is a constituent college of the university of London. The RVC was founded in 1791. It becme a part of the university of London in 1949. it is the oldest and the largest veterinary school in the United Kingdom and one of only nine schools in the country where students can study to become a Veterinarian.

= = = Tamura (surname) = = =
Tamura (Japanese: ��) is a common Japanese surname. It means "rice field village". Notable people with this name are listed.

= = = United States federal judge = = =
in the United States the title of federal judge means a judge (according to Article Three of the United States Constitution) it is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by United States Senate) in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution of the Constitution of the United States)

= = = National Liberation Front of Angola = = =
The National Front for the Liberation of Angola , also known as National Liberation Front of Angola is a political party and former guerrilla organisation founded by Holden Roberto. FNLA fought in the Angolan War of Independence from Estado Novo and also fought alongside UNITA in the Angolan Civil War.
Foundation.
FNLA was founded in 1954 as the União dos Povos do Norte de Angola guerrilla movement, it was known after 1959 as the União dos Povos de Angola guerrilla movement, and from 1961 as the FNLA guerilla movement.
Elections.
In 1992, the FNLA was reorganized as a political party. The FNLA received 2.4% of the votes and had five Members of Parliament elected. In the 2008 parliamentary election, the FNLA received 1.11% of the vote and won three out of 220 seats.

= = = Ecnomiohyla sukia = = =
The Shaman fringe-limbed tree frog ("Ecnomiohyla sukia") is a frog that lives in Costa Rica. Scientists have seen it in two places, between 400 and 1000 meters above sea level.
This frog has more webbing on its feet than other frogs in "Ecnomiohyla".

= = = Federico Crescenti = = =
Federico Leandro Crescenti (born 13 July 2004) is a Swiss professional footballer. He plays as a forward for Second League club Liefering. He also plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the UEFA Youth League 2021-22.
Career.
He started with FC Rheineck, then he played for FC St. Gallen. In the 2020-21 season he went to the Red Bull Salzburg Academy U18. 2021 he became part of the FC Liefering squad in the Austrian 2nd League. He debuted for them in July 2021 when he came in for Elias Havel in a league match versus SV Kapfenberg

= = = Sinzing = = =
Sinzing is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography.
Sinzing is on the Schwarzen Laber and the Danube, about eight kilometers west of Regensburg.
Municipality structure.
There are 17 districts
Adlstein
Alling
Bergmatting
Bruckdorf
Dürnstetten
Eilsbrunn
Grafenried
Hart (PLZ 93152)
Kleinprüfening
Kohlstadt
Kühblöß
Mariaort
Minoritenhof
Niederviehhausen
Oberalling
Reichenstetten
Riegling
Saxberg
Schneckenbach
Sinzing
Steg
Thalhof
Unteralling
Viehhausen
Vogelsang
Waltenhofen
Zeiler (PLZ 93152)

= = = Sünching = = =
Sünching is a municipality in Germany. It is in Bavaria, in the Upper Palatinate. It borders in the south to Lower Bavaria.
Geography.
Sünching has two rivers called Laber: the Große Laber (Big Laber) and the Kleine Laber (Little Laber); both flow to the Danube.
Parts of Sünchings community.
Ziegelstadel is official a part of Sünching.

= = = Tegernheim = = =
Tegernheim is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Thalmassing = = =
Thalmassing is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wenzenbach = = =
Wenzenbach is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wiesent, Bavaria = = =
Wiesent is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wolfsegg, Bavaria = = =
Wolfsegg () is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wörth an der Donau = = =
Wörth an der Donau () is a town in Regensburg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the left edge of the Danube, 22 km east of Regensburg.

= = = Zeitlarn = = =
Zeitlarn is a municipality in Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Eckmühl = = =
Eckmühl (earlier known in English as "Eggmuhl", in Bavaria officially as Eggmühl) is a village of Germany, in Bavaria, on the Große Laaber, 20 km S.E. of Regensburg.

= = = Aubstadt = = =
Aubstadt is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
Sport.
The town's association football club TSV Aubstadt, formed in 1921, experienced its greatest success in 2019 when it won promotion to Regionalliga Bayern for the first time.

= = = Bad Königshofen = = =
Bad Königshofen im Grabfeld is a small spa town in Bavaria, in Rhön-Grabfeld in northeast Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. According to the Bavarian State Office for Statistics and Data, Bad Königshofen had a population of 5,995 in 2017. The Franconian Saale flows through the town.
Geography.
There are 17 town districts:
It is only from Thuringia. 
The city is twinned with Arlington, Texas, USA. Bad Königshofen has a downtown recreational park named "Arlington" in honor of the city of Arlington. In 2006, the City of Arlington opened a water park named "Bad Königshofen Family Aquatic Center" in honor of the city of Bad Königshofen.

= = = Bad Neustadt an der Saale = = =
Bad Neustadt an der Saale, officially Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale and frequently simply called Bad Neustadt, is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of Rhön-Grabfeld in Lower Franconia. It is on the rivers Fränkische Saale and Brend, near the Rhön Mountains, 30 km north of Schweinfurt, and 47 km southeast of Fulda.
Town structure.
Between 1972 and 1978 some originally separate villages were combined together administratively and became part of Bad Neustadt. So today Bad Neustadt has the following "Stadtteile" (parts of the town):
"(Number of residents in brackets)"
Neustadt in Europe and twin towns and cities.
In 1979 Bad Neustadt founded a community of all towns called "Neustadt" (new town). Today 34 towns of 5 different countries are members of this project "Neustadt in Europe". Bad Neustadt is the only Neustadt with the prefix "Bad" (spa town).
Bad Neustadt has the following twin towns:

= = = Barbados Labour Party = = =
The Barbados Labour Party (BLP), also known as the "Bees", is a social democratic political party in Barbados. It was created in 1938. It is led by Prime Minister Mia Mottley. It is the current majority party in the country and the only party ruiling the House of Assembly of Barbados, holding 30 out of 30 seats. 
The BLP was elected to led government on 25 May 2018 after being the opposition party for ten years, with Mottley becoming the country's first female Prime Minister. The party originally won all of the seats in the House of Assembly, but a member switched to become an Independent.

= = = Brendlorenzen = = =
Brendlorenzen is a suburb of the town of Bad Neustadt an der Saale in Lower Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. The village is extending along a single main street for more than two kilometers. Its length is due to the growing together of originally two separate villages called Brend and Lorenzen.
References.
"This Simple English article is a translation of the unsourced German article."

= = = Othmar Karas = = =
Othmar Karas (born 24 December 1957) is an Austrian politician. He is the First Vice-President of the European Parliament since January 2022. He has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 1999. He is a member of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and the European People's Party.

= = = Valérie Pécresse = = =
Valérie Pécresse (; born Roux, 14 July 1967) is a French politician. She is the President of the Regional Council of Île-de-France since 2015. She is a member of The Republicans (LR). She was a member of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2016.
Pécresse was Minister of Higher Education and Research from 2007 to 2011 and Minister of Budget and Government Spokeswoman from 2011 to 2012 during the François Fillon government.
In July 2021, Pécresse announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2022 presidential election. In December 2021, she won the Republican nomination. She came in fifth place in the election, winning 4.78% of the vote.

= = = Paso Robles, California = = =
Paso Robles ( ), officially El Paso de Robles (Spanish for "The Pass of Oaks"), is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. 

= = = Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata = = =
The Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA; literally "National Associated Press Agency") is a main wire service in Italy. ANSA is a non-profit organization. Their members and owners are 36 leading news organizations in Italy. Its goal is to support and publish reliable news.
In 2013, they were the first news organization to announce the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.

= = = Camillo Milli = = =
Camillo Migliori, best known as Camillo Milli (1 August 1929 – 20 January 2022) was an Italian actor. He was born in Milan, Italy. His career began in 1951. He was best known for his role as Ugo Monti in the Canale 5 TV series "CentoVetrine". 
Milli died from problems caused by COVID-19 in Genoa, Italy on 20 January 2022, at the age of 92.

= = = John Pandeni Constituency = = =
John Pandeni constituency, also known as Soweto, is a constituency in the Khomas Region of central Namibia. In 2008, the constituency was renamed after John Pandeni, who was a member of the South West Africa People's Organisation and the People's Liberation Army of Namibia. Pandeni was the first regional councilor of Soweto constituency and the first governor of Khomas Region. This constituency is within the city of Windhoek. It had a population of 15,121 in 2011 and 13,865 in 2001. , it has 14,758 registered voters.
Politics.
The constituency was won by SWAPO in the 2004 election. Rakel Jakob became councillor by more than 2/3 of the total votes. In the 2015 regional election SWAPO won by a landslide. Jakob was reelected with 2,996 votes, followed by Steve Kevanhu of the Rally for Democracy and Progress with 375 votes. The SWAPO candidate also won the 2020 regional election. Shaalukeni Moonde received of SWAPO 1,696 votes, followed by Abraham Nakantinda of the Independent Patriots for Change with 827 votes and Duminga Ndala of the Landless People's Movement with 825 votes.

= = = John Pandeni = = =
John Alphons Pandeni (30 July 1950 – 14 March 2008) was a Namibian politician and trade unionist. He was a member of SWAPO and Minister of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development until his death in 2008.
Early Life.
Pandeni was born in the village of Omundjalala in the Omusati Region of northern Namibia. After receiving military training in Tanzania and Angola, Pandeni was arrested in 1978 for anti-apartheid activities with People's Liberation Army of Namibia guerrilla movement. After his arrest, Pandeni was imprisoned on Robben Island until 1985. After his release, Pandeni became the founding Secretary of the Namibia Food and Allied Workers Union until 1992. In that year he entered politics, serving as Regional Councillor for Soweto constituency in Katutura, Windhoek. A year later he became the Khomas Regional Governor until 2005. He later entered President Hifikepunye Pohamba's first cabinet. 
Legacy.
Pandeni is buried alongside other former liberation leaders at Heroes' Acre, outside of Windhoek.

= = = Karolos Trikolidis = = =
Karolos Trikolidis (24 July 1947 – 20 January 2022) (, ) was an Austrian-born Greek conductor. He was born in Bad Aussee, Austria. He worked at 1st Kapellmeister at many Opera houses in West Germany and Hungary. He was permanent conductor of the Ballet National de Marseille "Roland Petit". He also worked for Iceland Symphony Orchestra and was general music director of the Debrecen Philharmonic Orchestra.
Trikolidis died on 20 January 2022 at the age of 74.

= = = Anatoliy Novikov = = =
Anatoliy Terentiyovych Novikov (; 17 January 1947 – 18 January 2022) was a Ukrainian judoka. He competed for the Soviet Union in the 1972 Summer Olympics. Novikov was born in Kharkiv, Soviet Union. In 1972 he won the bronze medal in the half middleweight class. 
Novikov died on 18 January 2022, at the age of 75.

= = = The Five Satins = = =
The Five Satins are an American doo-wop group. They were best known for their 1956 million-selling song, "In the Still of the Night." They were formed in 1954 and continued performing until 1994. When it was formed, the group had six members.

= = = Antonio Borrometi = = =
Antonio Borrometi (27 May 1953 – 19 January 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1996 until 2001. He was born in Modica, Italy. Borrometi was a member of the Italian People's Party.
Borrometi died in Bologna, Italy on 19 January 2022, at the age of 68.

= = = David Cox (statistician) = = =
Sir David Roxbee Cox (15 July 1924 – 18 January 2022) was a British statistician.
Her best known works were creating or expanding, Logistic Regression, the proportional hazards model, and the Cox process, which was named after him.
Cox died on 18 January 2022, at the age of 97.

= = = Dušan Klein = = =
Dušan Klein (21 June 1939 – 9 January 2022) was a Slovakian-born Czech movie director and screenwriter. He was known for his roles in "How the World Is Losing Poets", "How Poets Are Losing Their Illusions" and "How Poets Are Enjoying Their Lives". He was also a Holocaust survivor. He was born in Michalovce, present-day Slovakia.
Klein died on 9 January 2022 in Prague, Czech Republic, at the age of 82.

= = = Slovak Republic (1939–1945) = = =
The (First) Slovak Republic (), also known as the Slovak State ("Slovenský štát"), was a partially-recognized state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945.

= = = Mino De Rossi = = =
Mino De Rossi (21 May 1931 – 7 January 2022) was an Italian road bicycle and track cyclist. He won the gold medal in the men's 4.000m team at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was a professional road cyclist from 1952 to 1968. He was born in Arquata Scrivia, Italy.
De Rossi died on 7 January 2022, at the age of 90.

= = = Arquata Scrivia = = =
Arquata Scrivia (local dialect: "Auquâ") is a "comune" in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont. It is about southeast of Turin and about southeast of Alessandria.

= = = Emanuel Steward = = =
Emanuel "Manny" Steward (July 7, 1944 – October 25, 2012) was an American boxer, trainer, and commentator. He worked for HBO Boxing. He was also called the Godfather of Detroit Boxing. Steward trained 41 world champion fighters. His heavyweight fighters had a combined record of 34-2-1 in title fights. He was added into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame, and the World Boxing Hall of Fame. 
Steward died October 25, 2012 of problems caused by diverticulitis surgery and colon cancer at a hospital in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 68.

= = = Bottom Creek, West Virginia = = =
Bottom Creek is an unincorporated community located in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States.

= = = Bastheim = = =
Bastheim is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. Wechterswinkel Abbey is in the village of Wechterswinkel, part of Bastheim. 

= = = Bischofsheim in der Rhön = = =
Bischofsheim in der Rhön (before January 2020, the town was called: "Bischofsheim an der Rhön") is a town in Rhön-Grabfeld, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Rhön Mountains, 29 km southeast of Fulda.
Town Structure.
Several originally separate villages became part of the town Bischofsheim. These are Frankenheim, Haselbach, Oberweißenbrunn, Unterweißenbrunn and Wegfurt.

= = = Alphonse Matejka = = =
Alphonse Matejka (9 January 1902 in St. Gallen, Switzerland - 27 October 1999 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) was a famous Occidentalist of Czech origin.

= = = Burglauer = = =
Burglauer is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Lauer.

= = = Fladungen = = =
Fladungen is a town in Rhön-Grabfeld, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Rhön Mountains, 11 km northwest of Ostheim, 20 km west of Meiningen, and 33 km east of Fulda. It is the northernmost town in Bavaria, bordering Hesse to the northwest and Thuringia to the northeast.
Fladungen is at the southern edge of the Rhön Mountains, and the Rhön Biosphere Reserve begins a few kilometers outside of town. It is at the front of the river Streu, which flows southeast through it to join the Franconian Saale near Bad Neustadt.

= = = Elza Soares = = =
Elza da Conceição Soares, known professionally as Elza Soares (; 23 June 1930 – 20 January 2022) was a Brazilian samba and bossa nova singer. In 1999, she was named Singer of the Millennium with Tina Turner by BBC Radio. Soares was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her career began in 1950. In 2015, she released her best known album "A mulher do fim do mundo". In 2002, Soares was nominated for a Grammy Award.
In 2007, Soares was diagnosed with diverticulitis and had many surgeries. She died on 20 January 2022 at her home in Rio de Janeiro from natural causes, aged 91.

= = = Großbardorf = = =
Großbardorf is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Großeibstadt = = =
Großeibstadt is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. The river Franconian Saale flows through Kleineibstadt.
The municipality has the following villages: Großeibstadt and Kleineibstadt. The township is a member of the administrative community Saal an der Saale.

= = = Peter Steele = = =
Petrus Thomas Ratajczyk (January 4, 1962 – April 14, 2010), known professionally as Peter Steele, was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He was best known as the lead vocalist, bassist and composer of the gothic metal band Type O Negative. Steele also created the metal group Fallout and the thrash band Carnivore.
Steele died at a hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania on April 14, 2010 from sepsis caused by diverticulitis, aged 48.

= = = SCBC TV = = =
The Southern Cameroons Broadcasting Corporation (SCBC TV) is an Anglophone Cameroonian television channel that has been transmitting since 6 May 2017.
History.
The Southern Cameroons Broadcasting Corporation (SCBC TV), is a channel primarily focused on the history and culture of the peoples of the English-speaking regions of Cameroon, interviews with exiled leaders and documentaries on human rights abuses in these regions. 
It started on 6 May 2017 and is currently based in South Africa.
The Cameroonian government wanted to shut down the channel because of its reports on the Anglophone Crisis.

= = = Hausen, Rhön-Grabfeld = = =
Hausen is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Hendungen = = =
Hendungen is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Herbstadt = = =
Herbstadt is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. It has the following villages: Breitensee, Herbstadt, Ottelmannshausen and a hamlet: Dörfleshof.

= = = Heustreu = = =
Heustreu is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Lower Franconia in Germany. It is on the river Streu.
Heustreu is in the Main-Rhön region in the north of Lower Franconia. The Rhön mountains are a low mountain range in the north of Bavaria, Hesse and Thuringia. The most successful football club in Heustreu is the TSV 1894 Heustreu e.V., which plays in the Kreisklasse of Rhön-Grabfeld.

= = = Höchheim = = =
Höchheim is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. Höchheim has the following villages: Gollmuthhausen, Höchheim, Irmelshausen, Rothausen.

= = = Irmelshausen = = =
Irmelshausen is a village in the municipality of Höchheim in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Hohenroth = = =
Hohenroth is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Hollstadt = = =
Hollstadt is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Mellrichstadt = = =
Mellrichstadt is a town in Rhön-Grabfeld, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 17 km southwest of Meiningen, and 13 km northeast of Bad Neustadt. It has the following villages: Bahra, Eußenhausen, Frickenhausen, Mühlfeld, Sondheim im Grabfeld and Roßrieth.
Literature.
Features in John Douglas-Gray's thriller 'The Novak Legacy' 

= = = Niederlauer = = =
Niederlauer is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. The rivers Franconian Saale and Lauer flow through the village.

= = = Nordheim vor der Rhön = = =
Nordheim vor der Rhön is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. It is in the upper Streu valley, between Ostheim and Fladungen.

= = = Oberelsbach = = =
Oberelsbach is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Oberstreu = = =
Oberstreu is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Ostheim = = =
Ostheim vor der Rhön is a town in Northern Bavaria in Rhön-Grabfeld in Franconia.

= = = David Bramwell (botanist) = = =
David Bramwell MBE (25 November 1942 – 20 January 2022) was an English botanist and taxonomist. He was the director of the Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo, Gran Canaria from 1974 until 2012. He was born in Ormskirk, England. Bramwell was Director of the UNESCO Chair for the Conservation of Plant Biodiversity in Macaronesia and West Africa from 2011 until 2014.
Bramwell died in Liverpool, England on 20 January 2022, aged 79.

= = = 2022 Zamfara massacres = = =
From 4 to 6 January 2022, over 200 people were killed by bandits in Zamfara State, Nigeria. This was the deadliest terrorist attack in recent Nigerian history.
The Nigerian bandit conflict began in 2011. Bandit gangs carry out attacks in the country's northwest. Thousands of people have been killed.

= = = Stanisław Grędziński = = =
Stanisław Grędziński (19 October 1945 – 19 January 2022) was a Polish sprinter. He was born in Ostrzyca, Poland. Grędziński won two gold medals at the European Athletics Championships in 1966. He came in fourth place at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
Grędziński died on 19 January 2022, at the age of 77.

= = = Paavo Heininen = = =
Paavo Johannes Heininen (13 January 1938 – 18 January 2022) was a Finnish composer, academic and pianist. He was born in Helsinki, Finland. Heininen was one of the most important Finnish modernist composers.
Heininen died on 18 January 2022 in Järvenpää, five days after his 84th birthday.

= = = Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols = = =
Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols (June 21, 1921 – January 17, 2022) was an American field hockey player and a pilot in the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) during World War II. She played for the U.S. national team. In 1988, was honored into the USA Field Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2010, she was one of the 200 former WASP pilots to be honored with the Congressional Gold Medal.
Kenworthy Nuckols was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raised in Vermont. She turned 100 in June 2021. Kenworthy Nuckols died in Manchester, Vermont on January 17, 2022.

= = = Shrunk = = =
Shrunk is an upcoming American live-action family comedy film that is the reboot of Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. It is fourth film in the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids franchise, following Honey, I Blew Up the Kid and Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves. It will be released in 2022. 
Sypnosis.
The movie will feature an older Nick Szalinski following in Wayne's footsteps as he continues Wayne's size-changing experiments while they both deal with Diane's death. Nick now has two children, Theo, who has a gloomy disposition and is sensitive about his weight, and Maddie, who hosts a YouTube show where she showcases Nick's inventions.

= = = East Quogue, New York = = =
East Quogue is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 5,557 at the 2020 census.

= = = Collegeville, Pennsylvania = = =
Collegeville is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, United States. The population was 5,043 at the 2020 census.

= = = Skippack Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania = = =
Skippack Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 14,389 at the 2020 census. 

= = = College Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania = = =
College Township is a township in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 10,762 at the 2020 census.

= = = Topanga, California = = =
Topanga () (Tongva: "Topaa'nga") is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census the population of the Topanga CDP was 8,560. 

= = = Sewanee, Tennessee = = =
Sewanee () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 2,535 at the 2020 census.

= = = Loudon, Tennessee = = =
Loudon is a city that is the county seat of Loudon County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 5,991 at the 2020 census. 

= = = Danube Swabians = = =
The Danube Swabians are German settlers of the former Austria-Hungary Empire. They founded villages, and worked as farmers. Their ancestors were once settled from 1686 - 1829 by the order of the House of Habsburg in Hungary, and parts of former Yugoslavia and Romania who belonged to the Habsburger Monarchy, from different parts from Austria and Germany like Hesse, Bavaria, the Palatinate, Hunsrück, Baden-Württemberg, Swabian Jura Fulda (district), Rhön, Franconia, Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, Swabia (Government Region), but also Alsace, Lorraine, Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg etc. The city Ulm at Alb-Donau-Kreis, in Swabian Jura, was the startpoint, where this German emigrants went with the "Ulmer Schachtel" (a small boat), along the Danube River, this is why they got the name "Danube Swabians". They speak different German dialects. They believed in Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism and hold much of the old Norse mythology. After World War II, most of the Danube Swabians were expelled by the order of the Potsdam Conference, to Allied-occupied Austria and Allied-occupied Germany. Only a few Danube Swabians live today in this country who once belongend to the Habsburger Monarchy. Most Danube Swabian descendants live in Austria and Germany, but also some in USA, Canada and Australia.
Stiffoller.
The Germans from the Hochstift Fulda settled at 25 villages in the Baranya and in the city Pécs arround 1717 - 1804, this subgroup is named "Stifolder" or Stiffoller. An example of the "Stifullerisch" Danube Swabian German-dialect of Baranya: "Mer rede noch die schwowisch Muddersprooch", 
DNA testing shows that Danube Swabians from Hungary are real descendants of Germans 
Name.
The first German settlers came via the Danube River 1686 - 1713, and was Swabians mostly from Black Forest in Wurttemberg and called by the Hungarian, Serbian, Croatian, and Romanian population as Svábok, Švabo, Şvabii. The German itself have said Donauschwowe
The term Danube Swabians was ofically given in 1922.

= = = Encanto = = =
Encanto is a 2021 American animated musical fantasy comedy movie produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It was made by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It was directed by Jared Bush and Byron Howard, co-directed by writer Charise Castro Smith who co-wrote the screenplay with Bush, and produced by Yvett Merino and Clark Spencer. The original songs were written by Lin-Manuel Miranda.
It is Disney's sixtieth animated movie. It was released on November 24, 2021 in theaters and through Disney+ on December 24, 2022 to strong positive reviews. It won a Golden Globe Award for best animated movie.
Plot.
Forced by the Thousand Days War to flee her village in Colombia, a young Alma Madrigal loses her husband Pedro but saves her three children: Julieta, Pepa, and Bruno. A miracle happens and her candle becomes magic. It gets rid of the people chasing them, and creates a living house, the Casita, for them to live in, along with a magical village bordered by tall mountains— "an "encanto"." The candle's magic gives "Gifts" to each Madrigal descendant, which they are to use to help the villagers. Bruno, who had the power of telling the future, disappeared after Mirabel, Julieta's youngest daughter, did not get a gift, and ten years later Mirabel is still sad about not having one. Mirabel explains this with the song “The Family Madrigal”
On his fifth birthday, Pepa's youngest son, Antonio, gets the ability to talk with animals, and the family takes a picture with him but leaves out Mirabel. Mirabel then sings a song wishing she were also special. ("Waiting on a Miracle"). Mirabel suddenly sees the Casita cracking and the candle's flame flickering, but is ignored when the Casita seems fine to the others. After overhearing Alma praying, Mirabel decides to save the miracle's magic. The next day, she talks to her super-strong older sister, Luisa, who admits that she has a hard time dealing with all the work she has to do ("Surface Pressure"). She suggests that Bruno's room may hold clues to the mystery. There, Mirabel finds a cave and gets pieces of a slab of emerald. After Mirabel gets out, Luisa realizes that her gift is weakening. After her family reminds her of the reasons that Bruno is not to be talked about ("We Don't Talk About Bruno"), Mirabel rebuilds the slab and discovers it is an image of Mirabel standing in front of a broken Casita. Mirabel takes this to mean that she will destroy the family.
Later that evening, Mirabel's oldest sister Isabela, who can make plants and flowers grow whenever she wants, is supposed to become engaged to their neighbour Mariano Guzmán. But Mirabel's oldest cousin Dolores, who has super hearing, lets everyone know that she overheard Mirabel talking with her father about Bruno's vision. The Casita begins to crack again, causing everyone's powers to go out of control, ruining the night and Mariano's proposal when Pepa accidentally starts a rainstorm. As everyone runs, Mirabel follows a group of rats and finds a secret passage behind a portrait. There she meets Bruno, who tells that his vision of Mirabel would have got her in trouble with the family so he broke the vision and went into hiding to protect her. He hid himself inside the house's walls so he could still be near them. Bruno tells her that the vision could change, meaning that Mirabel would either destroy the Madrigal family or fix it. At Mirabel's urging, he reluctantly conjures another vision. At first, it goes the same way as the last one, with Mirabel still standing in front of a broken Casita. But a golden butterfly appears, and the vision changes into an image of Mirabel hugging a young woman, who seems to be Isabela.
Mirabel apologizes to Isabela but accidentally gets her to admit that she does not want to marry Mariano and actually hates having to be perfect. Then Isabella creates a cactus and wonders if she should grow whatever plants she feels like growing. ("What Else Can I Do?"). After the song, they hug, fixing the candle and the cracks. But, Alma sees the two of them, with Isabela growing whatever she wants. She accuses Mirabel of causing the family's problems out of jealousy for not having a Gift. Mirabel blames Alma for the immense pressure she puts on the family. Their rising argument weakens the candle again and creates a fissure that splits a nearby mountain and destroys the Casita. Despite Mirabel's trying to save it, the candle dies in her hands, leaving all the Madrigals powerless. While the family and several locals look at the damage, Mirabel feels guilty and leaves the town.
After a few hours of fruitless search, Alma finds a tearful Mirabel back at the river where Pedro died. She explains how, in her determination to preserve the magic, she ignored the toll it took on her family and finally takes responsibility for what happened ("Dos Oruguitas"). After hearing Alma's tragic backstory, Mirabel tells her that despite her flaws, she is the one who brought and protected the family together all these years. After a golden butterfly appears, they reconcile, and Bruno appears and confronts Alma to defend Mirabel, unexpectedly cheering her up with his return. They reunite with the Madrigals, and the townspeople arrive to help them rebuild the Casita ("All of You"). When the house is rebuilt, the Madrigals give Mirabel a gleaming doorknob with an M on it. When she places it in the front door, the magic springs back to life, restoring the Casita and all the family's Gifts and spreading through the village. The Madrigals pose for another family picture, this time with Mirabel and Bruno included.

= = = Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale = = =
The Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale (CDELI; English: Center for Documentation and Study about the International Language) in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, was founded in 1967 by . It is the main branch of the city's library. It contains more than 20,000 bibliographic units. Interlinguistically neutral (thus "la langue internationale"), CDELI aims to preserve documents in and about all kinds of constructed languages: it offers, in addition to Esperanto books and periodicals, the richest collections of materials about Volapük and Interlingue, among others.

= = = Bobs Worth = = =
Bobs Worth (21 May 2005 – 20 January 2022) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. He won the Albert Bartlett Novices' Hurdle in 2011, the RSA Chase in 2012 and the Cheltenham Gold Cup in 2013 at the Cheltenham Festival. He was the first horse since Flyingbolt in the 1960s to win three different races every year at the Cheltenham Festivals. 
Bobs Worth died on 20 January 2022, aged 17.

= = = Longview, Washington = = =
Longview is a city in Cowlitz County, Washington, United States. Longview's population was 37,818 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the largest city in Cowlitz County.

= = = Kelso, Washington = = =
Kelso is a city in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Washington and is the county seat of Cowlitz County. At the 2020 census, the population was 12,720.

= = = Bob Goalby = = =
Robert George Goalby (March 14, 1929 – January 20, 2022) was an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour. He won the Masters Tournament in 1968. He was born in Belleville, Illinois. He became a professional in 1952. He came in second place at the PGA Championship in 1962. 
Goalby died on January 20, 2022 in Belleville at the age of 92.

= = = Rödelmaier = = =
Rödelmaier is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Saal an der Saale = = =
Saal an der Saale is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the river Fränkische Saale. The municipality has the two townships Saal an der Saale and Waltershausen.
 Ever since the 1978 municipal reform, it has been the seat of the joint administration of these independent communities: Wülfershausen, Großeibstadt, and Saal an der Saale. The entire administrative area is home to about 4200 residents as of 2008. 

= = = Salz, Bavaria = = =
Salz is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Imran Khan (Bollywood actor) = = =
Imran Khan (; born Imran Pal; 13 January 1983) is an American former actor. He was the nephew of actor Aamir Khan and director-producer Mansoor Khan. His best known roles were in "I Hate Luv Storys" (2010), "Delhi Belly" (2011), "Mere Brother Ki Dulhan" (2011) and "Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu" (2012).

= = = Sandberg, Bavaria = = =
Sandberg is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography.
Place.
Sandberg is within the Main-Rhön regional planning region.
Subdivisions.
Sandberg is divided into nine municipal subdivisions or villages:

= = = Schönau an der Brend = = =
Schönau an der Brend is a municipality with 1,378 residents in Rhön-Grabfeld in northern Bavaria, Germany. It has two villages: Schönau an der Brend and Burgwallbach.

= = = Sondheim vor der Rhön = = =
Sondheim vor der Rhön is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld, Bavaria, Germany. It is administrated by the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Ostheim".

= = = Stockheim, Lower Franconia = = =
Stockheim is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. It is in the Streu valley between Ostheim and Mellrichstadt.

= = = Strahlungen = = =
Strahlungen is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Sulzdorf an der Lederhecke = = =
Sulzdorf an der Lederhecke is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. The district has six villages: (Obereßfeld, Schwanhausen, Serrfeld, Sternberg im Grabfeld, Sulzdorf an der Lederhecke, Zimmerau) and four hamlets: Brennhausen, Heckenmühle, Serrfeldermühle, Sulzdorfermühle.

= = = Sulzfeld, Rhön-Grabfeld = = =
Sulzfeld is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. It has the following villages: Kleinbardorf, Leinach, Sulzfeld, Sulzfelder Forst. The large regional Jewish cemetery, Jewish Cemetery (Kleinbardorf) is also in Sulzfeld.

= = = Trappstadt = = =
Trappstadt is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Unsleben = = =
Unsleben is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography.
Unsleben is in the Main-Rhön area.
Near its south-east sides, the brook Els flows into the stream Streu.

= = = Willmars = = =
Willmars is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wollbach (Rhön-Grabfeld) = = =
Wollbach is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wülfershausen = = =
Wülfershausen is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany, on the Saale River. The municipality has these two villages: Wülfershausen and Eichenhausen. The township is a member of the administrative community Saal an der Saale.

= = = Abenberg = = =
Abenberg () is a town in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 9 km west of Roth bei Nürnberg and 25 km southwest of Nuremberg.
Subdivisions.
Abenberg has 14 Districts:

= = = Allersberg = = =
Allersberg is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Büchenbach = = =
Büchenbach is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Georgensgmünd = = =
Georgensgmünd is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Greding = = =
Greding () is a town in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 28 km southeast of Roth bei Nürnberg and 32 km north of Ingolstadt.
Geography.
Greding is in the south-eastern corner of Middle Franconia. The municipal area borders on two neighbouring Bavarian districts, Eichstätt and Neumarkt, and also on the two regions of Upper Bavaria and Upper Palatinate. Greding is about 32 km north of the city of Ingolstadt on the A9 Autobahn (junction 57).
Greding stands on the river Schwarzach in the Altmühl Valley Nature Park. Two hills around the town are the Kalvarienberg and the Galgenberg.
The township of Greding includes the villages of Attenhofen, Birkhof, Esselberg, Euerwang, Grafenberg, Großhöbing, Günzenhofen, Hausen, Heimbach, Herrnsberg, Hofberg, Kaising, Kleinnottersdorf, Kraftsbuch, Landerzhofen, Linden, Mettendorf, Obermässing, Österberg, Röckenhofen, Schutzendorf, Untermässing and Viehhausen.
Neighbouring municipalities are Beilngries, Berching, Dietfurt an der Altmühl, Freystadt, Hilpoltstein, Kinding and Thalmässing.

= = = Hausen, Greding = = =
Hausen is a village in the town Greding in Roth in Middle Franconia in Bavaria.
Geography.
The small village on the Schwarzach and in the Altmühl Valley Nature Park.

= = = Heideck = = =
Heideck is a town in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg and at the same time in the Franconian Lake District.

= = = Hilpoltstein = = =
Hilpoltstein () is a town in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 10 km southeast of Roth bei Nürnberg and 30 km south of Nuremberg, close to the lake 'Rothsee.

= = = Kammerstein = = =
Kammerstein is a municipality in Roth in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Rednitzhembach = = =
Rednitzhembach is municipality in Roth in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Rohr, Middle Franconia = = =
Rohr is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Röttenbach, Roth = = =
Röttenbach is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Schwanstetten = = =
Schwanstetten is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. Schwanstetten is 15 km south of Nuremberg.
Geography.
Division of the municipality.
After the local government reforms of 1978 Schwanstetten has 6 districts:

= = = Spalt = = =
Spalt is a town in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 19 km southwest of Schwabach.
Geography.
Spalt is between Nuremberg, Ansbach, and Treuchtlingen in the north of the Franconian lakelands. In the southwest of the city is the Great Brombachsee and its dam. The Fränkische Rezat flows through Georgensgmünd into the Rednitz.
Neighboring communities.
"(starting in the north and going clockwise)"
Division of the town.
The following places belong to the community of Spalt:
Egelmühle, Enderndorf, Engelhof, Fünfbronn, Großweingarten, Güsseldorf, Hagsbronn, Heiligenblut, Hohenrad, Höfstetten, Hügelmühle, Kaltenbrunn, Keilberg, Massendorf, Mosbach, Mühlreisig, Nagelhof, Ottmannsberg, Schnittling, Steinfurt, Stiegelmühle, Stockheim, Straßenhaus, Theilenberg, Trautenfurt, Untererlbach, Wasserzell, Wernfels

= = = Thalmässing = = =
Thalmässing is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Wendelstein, Bavaria = = =
Wendelstein is a municipality in Roth, in Bavaria, Germany, about southeast of Nuremberg.
Geography.
Wendelstein is about 13 km south-southeast of the center of the city of Nuremberg in the Schwarzach Valley. To the north it borders Nuremberg, to the east Feucht, Schwarzenbruck and Pyrbaum, to the south Allersberg and Schwanstetten and to the west Rednitzhembach and Schwabach. The municipal area also includes an unsettled exclave, one square kilometer in size, of Lorenzer Reichswald north of a former ammunition dump, Heeresmunitionsanstalt Feucht.

= = = Oumar Diakité = = =
Oumar Diakhité (born 9 December 1993) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for German club VfL Osnabrück.
Career.
He started with ASEC Mimosas. In 2020–21 he became part of their first squad. He played with them in the CAF Champions League and the CAF Confederation Cup. In January 2022 he went to FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga and was loaned to FC Liefering in the Second League. 

= = = Ranbir Sidhu = = =
Ranbir Sidhu is a Canadian designer and artist based in Toronto. Sidhu is known for creating and exhibiting custom sculptures that defies gravity and reality. He was commissioned to design and create a custom piece called "OVO" for rapper Drake, which was made from diamond dust and 24K gold flakes.
Career.
Ranbir Sidhu was born in London, England and raised in Scarborough, Toronto. According to Bay Street Bull, "Sidhu has been drawn to creation from a young age, his father fostered his talent early on with an architectural drafting table. Sidhu attended Pickering High School. In 2015, he launched his furniture design and art collective company "Futurezona".
In March 2021, Sidhu has designed and created a custom "OVO Table" for Drake. wrote, "The collaboration between Drake and Sidhu is monumental as it continues to propel the Toronto art scene forward".

= = = Masaya Okugawa = = =
 is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bundesliga club FC Augsburg.
Club career.
Okugawa started with Ayano Boys Club. Then he went on to Kyoto Sanga FC and played in the youth system. In September 2014 he signed a professional contract with them. His debut was in the J2 League on 5 May 2015 against FC Gifu.
In June 2015 he went on to Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga He was then loaned to Liefering. He debuted for Liefering in a league match versus Kapfenberger SV. He made 64 matches for Liefering. Then he was loaned to SV Mattersburg. 2018 he came back to Salzburg and was loaned to Holstein Kiel till the end of 2018–19 season. 2019 he came back to Salzburg and became part of the first squad. In July 2019 he debuted versus SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 in a cup match. His first goal was in a league match versus SK Rapid Wien also in July 2019. On 3 November 2020, Okugawa scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 6–2 defeat against Bayern Munich in the 2020–21 season. He played 30 matches for Salzburg and scored 9 goals. 
Okugawa joined German club Arminia Bielefeld on loan on 31 January 2021. The deal contained an option to buy. In June 2021 he became part of the Bielefeld squad.
Honours.
Red Bull Salzburg

= = = Alba Party = = =
The Alba Party is a Scottish nationalist and pro-independence political party in Scotland. The party was founded by Laurie Flynn, with the former first minister of Scotland Alex Salmond as leader. Salmond created the party's 2021 Scottish Parliament election campaign in March 2021.

= = = Jeffrey Donaldson = = =
Sir Jeffrey Mark Donaldson (born 7 December 1962) is a Northern Irish politician. He was the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) from 2021 to 2024 and the leader in the UK House of Commons from 2019 to 2024. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lagan Valley since 1997. He is Northern Ireland's longest-serving current MP.

= = = Carla Denyer = = =
Carla Suzanne Denyer (born 1985) is a British politician who is a member of the Green Party of England and Wales. She has been a co-leader of the Green Party of England and Wales alongside Adrian Ramsay since 1 October 2021. She has been a city councillor in the English city of Bristol since 2015.

= = = Adrian Ramsay = = =
Adrian Philip Ramsay (born 1981) is a British politician and businessman. He is the co-leader of the Green Party of England and Wales with Carla Denyer since 2021. He was the deputy leader of the Green Party of England and Wales from 2008 to 2012. He was a Norwich City Councillor from 2003 to 2011.
He worked as chief executive of the Centre for Alternative Technology from 2014 to 2019 and from 2019 has been CEO of MCS Charitable Foundation.

= = = Leland Byrd = = =
Leland E. Byrd (April 8, 1927 – January 19, 2022) was an American college athletic administrator, basketball player and coach. He was an All-American player at West Virginia University (WVU). He later became an athletic director at many universities in the United States, even WVU. Byrd was born in Lynch, Kentucky. He was raised in Matoaka, West Virginia. His playing career lasted from 1944 until 1948. He coached Glenville State Pioneers between 1955 until 1966.
Byrd died on January 19, 2022 in Morgantown, West Virginia at the age of 94.

= = = Matoaka, West Virginia = = =
Matoaka is a census-designated place in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 173 at the 2020 census.

= = = Gloria McMillan = = =
Gloria McMillan (March 13, 1933 – January 19, 2022) was an American actress. She mainly appeared on radio shows and specials. She was known for her role as Harriet Conklin on the 1950s sitcom "Our Miss Brooks". Her career began in 1947 and she retired in 1990. McMillan was born in Portland, Oregon.
McMillan died on January 19, 2022 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 88.

= = = Zara Rutherford = = =
Zara Rutherford (born 5 July 2002) is a Belgian-British pilot. She is the youngest female pilot to fly solo around the world. Her five month journey began in Kortrijk, Belgium, on 18 August 2021. It ended on 20 January 2022.

= = = Rina Sawayama = = =
 is a Japanese singer-songwriter and model.
Introduction.
Rina Sawayama is a Japanese female artist from Niigata Prefecture. She is currently attracting attention as the next pop icon in the UK. She is an artist and creator who self produces her own music videos, writes lyrics and composition.
Early life.
Rina Sawayama was born on 16th of August 1990. Her hometown is Niigata prefecture. Her occupations are singer, model and music composer. The labels are Avex in Japan and Dirty hits in the UK.
Career.
In 2013, Rina Sawayama started her career with her first single “Sleeping in Walking”. After then her first mini album “RINA” released in 2017 was selected as one of the “Artist to Know in 2017” by The FADER(USA) and “DAZED 100(100 Creators of the Next Generation)”by DAZED(UK).  In November 2019, she was awarded “VOGUE JAPAN Women Of The Year 2019” which is given to women who have made various achievements in the year. On April 17, 2020, they released their first studio album, “SAWAYAMA”. It received high praise from music critics, with a 5-star rating from ”NME”, 4-star ratings from ”AllMusic”, Independent, and ”Rolling Stone”, and an 89/100 rating from the review collection site Metacritic.
Her career has not been limited to music, and it has been announced that she will appear as a main cast member in the movie "John Wick: Chapter 4" to be released in 2022.
Personal life.
Rina Sawayama was born in Niigata in 1990, she later moved to Tokyo and then to London when she was four years old due to her father's job transfer. After attending a Japanese school in North London, she studied political science at Cambridge University. However, Rina Sawayama is bullied and driven to the brink of depression on campus, where the old ways of white family society still exist and discrimination and prejudice against students from Asian and Western countries still persist. At that time, she met the LGBTQ community on campus and was saved by the members of the group.
There are four members in the family: his mother, father, and an older brother. Rina Sawayama Parents divorced when she was a teenager. After that, she stayed in London with her mother and lived there.  She has an older brother who is a translator, web designer, copywriter, photographer, and web consultant.  Now, all of her family members live in Japan apart from Rina Sawayama.
Other Venture.
Rina Sawayama is also a model. In 2013, she started working with “Anti Agency”, a modeling agency created by her friend. She was selected as a campaign model for the 2016 Osaka building, “LUCUA Osaka”. It was also announced that she will be a main cast member in the movie "John Wick Chapter 4" scheduled to be released in 2022.
Awards and nominations.
Rina Sawayama named one of Noisey's "25 Women Under 25 Who Are Absolutely Killing It Right Now" for International Women's Day 2016. In 2017, she was selected as one of the "Dazed 100" nominees, a group of 100 next-generation creators who will be responsible for the future of youth culture. November 2019, ”VOGUE JAPAN Women of the Year 2019” will be awarded to women who have shone in a variety of fields that year. In 2020, her first album ”SAWAYAMA” was awarded ”AllMusic Best of 2020” ”and Favorite Pop Album”.

= = = Last Dance (movie) = = =
Last Dance is a 1996 American drama movie directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Sharon Stone, Rob Morrow, Randy Quaid, Peter Gallagher, Jack Thompson, Jayne Brook, Skeet Ulrich, Patricia French. It was distributed by Touchstone Pictures and was a box office disappointment.

= = = Antonina Girycz = = =
Antonina Girycz (20 February 1939 – 19 January 2022) was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 50 movies and television shows. Her career began in 1966. Girycz was known for her roles in "Katastrofa" (1965) and "A Woman's Decision" (1975). She was born in Berdyczów, Poland.
Girycz died on 19 January 2022 at the age of 82.

= = = Berdychiv = = =
Berdychiv (, Polish: Berdyczów, , ) is a city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Berdychiv Raion (district).

= = = 2022 Bogoso explosion = = =
The Bogoso explosion happened on a road near Bogoso, Western Region, Ghana on 20 January 2022. A truck taking mining explosives crashed with a motorcycle. The explosion damaged the nearby Apiate village. The driver of the truck had noticed a fire and ran to warn people nearby to run to safety.
The blast destroyed many buildings and left a large crater next to the road. At least 17 people were killed and 59 injured.

= = = Bogoso = = =
Bogoso is a town and is the capital of Prestea-Huni Valley district, a district in the Western Region of Ghana. The weather is known for being very tropical.

= = = Ecnomiohyla veraguensis = = =
Ecnomiohyla veraguensis is a frog that lives in Costa Rica and Panama. Scientists have seen it at 540 meters above sea level. It lives in the Talamanca Mountains in Costa Rica and in the Santa Fé National Park in Panama.
This frog lives high in the tree branches.

= = = Ruth Heller Aucott = = =
Ruth Heller Aucott (born c. 1934) is an American former field hockey player and official. She played on the U.S. women's national field hockey team seven times from 1955 to 1967. She was one of the first people honored into the U.S. Field Hockey Association Hall of Fame. She was born in Abington, Pennsylvania.

= = = Chickie Geraci Poisson = = =
Angela Marie "Chickie" Geraci Poisson, formerly Angelea Marie Geraci (born June 18, 1931), is an American former field hockey player and coach. She played on U.S. women's national field hockey team from 1953 to 1963. She was in the first class of people honored into the U.S. Field Hockey Association Hall of Fame. Geraci Poisson was born in East Orange, New Jersey.

= = = Butterfly Kiss = = =
Butterfly Kiss is a 1995 British road drama movie directed by Michael Winterbottom and starring Amanda Plummer, Saskia Reeves, Kathy Jamieson, Lisa Riley, Freda Dowie, Fine Time Fontayne, Katy Murphy, Emily Aston, Ricky Tomlinson.

= = = William Tolbert = = =
William Richard Tolbert Jr. (13 May 1913 – 12 April 1980) was the 20th President of Liberia from 1971 until he was assassinated in 1980 Liberian coup d'état in order by Samuel Doe.
Death.
On April 12, 1980, Tolbert was killed in Monrovia early today in a coup by disgruntled Army enlisted men ostensibly representing the long disenfranchised indigenous population of that country. He was shot three times in the head by a band of soldiers who broke into the executive mansion at 1 a.m., according to reports reaching here. Samuel Doe commands the soldiers by overthrow and execute Tolbert.

= = = Maura Healey = = =
Maura Tracy Healey (born February 8, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer who is the Governor of Massachusetts since 2023. In 2015, she was elected Attorney General of Massachusetts. She is a member in the United States' Democratic Party. She was born in Bethesda, Maryland.
Healey was elected governor of Massachusetts in 2022. She is the state's first elected female governor, as well as one of the first two lesbian women, along with Tina Kotek, to take office as governor of any state.
Career.
Healey became the Attorney General for the state of Massachusetts in 2015. She was elected the second time three years later.
In the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial elections, Healey began her run for Governor of the State. She won the Democratic nomination in September 2022 and would go on to win the general election two months later.

= = = Nova Bus LFS HEV = = =
The Nova Bus LFS HEV is a diesel electric hybrid version of the Nova Bus LFS. It was launched at the 2006 CUTA Trans-Expo in Toronto. The first examples went to STO at the beginning of 2007. The Nova Bus LFS HEV has Diesel Electric Hybrid Propulsion.

= = = Nova Bus LFS Artic = = =
The Nova Bus LFS Artic is an articulated version of the Nova Bus LFS. It is made for high ridership routes or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The LFS Artic had its formal unveiling at the 2007 CUTA Trans-Expo. The Nova Bus LFS Artic has Diesel Propulsion.

= = = Halt and Catch Fire = = =
Halt and Catch Fire is an American historical drama television series. It was shown on television channel AMC in the United States from June 1, 2014, to October 14, 2017. The series had 40 episodes and 4 seasons. Main actors of the program include Lee Pace, Scoot McNairy, Mackenzie Davis.

= = = Laksam = = =
Laksam is a small city in Cumilla district of Bangladesh. It is in the Chittagong Division. Laksam is the birthplace of Asia's first female Nawab (royal title of powerful rulers) and one of the earliest female education activist Faizunnsa Chowdhurani.

= = = Nawab = = =
Nawab (;
Punjabi : ����;
Persian,
Punjabi ,
Sindhi,
Urdu: ����), also spelt Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab, Nabob, Nawaabshah, Nawabshah or Nobab, is a royal title. It was used by sovereign ruler, often of a South Asian state. In in many ways it is similar to the western titles of King. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor. In earlier times, the title was given by the Mughal emperor to Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent who were loyal to the Mughal Empire. The title is an equivalent to the title Maharaja. 
"Nawab" usually refers to males. It means "Viceroy". The female equivalent is "Begum" or "Nawab Begum". The primary duty of a Nawab was the administration of a certain province.
Similar to a British peerage, The title of "nawabi" was also given to persons and families who ruled a princely state of British India. In some cases, the titles were also given with jagir grants. These were either cash or land-holdings. 

= = = PlaySight Interactive = = =
PlaySight Interactive is company that combine camera, artificial intel igence and sports. It offers smart sports video platform for over 25 sports and across 20 countries. For example basketball, tennis, ice hockey and soccer. There are over 1000 SmartCourts lockated around the world. You can find the SmartCourts there: Golden State Warriors, Toronto Raptors, Detroit Pistons and Phoenix Suns and over 70 NCAA sports programs, including Harvard University, the University of Southern California, Indiana University, Claremont Colleges, Fairleigh Dickinson University and Princeton University. The United States Tennis Association has PlaySight's SmartCourt technology on 32 courts in Lake Nona, Florida. PlaySight was one of Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies in 2017 and 2018.
History.
PlaySight was founded in Kfar Saba, Israel, in 2010. They used technology with roots in the Israeli military. At first the three partners were developing weaponry and war simulators for the Israeli army. After one of the partners, Evgeni Khazanov, looling for his daughter’s tennis practice. He wondered why a sport with so much money did not have any advanced technology to help players improve their game.
The technology was commercialized in 2013. Later it was adapted for many other sports including soccer, martial arts, volleyball, squash, handball, gymnastics, dancing, hockey and wrestling. PlaySight costs $20 million and now has offices in Kfar Saba, New Jersey and Los Angeles. 

= = = GoodBarber = = =
GoodBarber is a no-code development platform, developed in France, which allows users unfamiliar with programming to build mobile apps and progressive web applications, using Drag and Drop graphic user interface.
History.
Establishment.
GoodBarber was born from the merger of two French software companies, DuoApps and WebzineMaker, It was founded in 2001, in Ajaccio (Corsica), by François-Sébastien Simoni and 3 associates (J. Pietri, P. Chiappe and F. Bernardini). At the beginnings, the GoodBarber's platform performed as generator of blogs in SaaS mode, websites and WebTVs. In 2011, DuoApps and WebzineMaker officially launched the native mobile application builder named GoodBarber in order to develop and market a technical solution to build native IOS and Android applications and Progressive Web apps, for content publishing and eCommerce shopping stores. Also used as content management system by some research organizations.
GoodBarber's technology is recognized among No-code development platforms, best known as App builders or App makers.
After launch.
As a cross-platform software, the technical platform generate mobile applications compatibles for mobile phones for both Android and iOS and Progressive web application (PWA) mobile applications, accessible from the web through by a mobile browser.
In the same class of software, other noticeable companies are Appy Pie, AppSheet, BuildFire, Microsoft PowerApps, AppInstitute, Zoho.
Initially launched on the English and French markets, between 2013 and 2015 GoodBarber was enhanced to integrate Italian, Spanish, German, Portuguese and Turkish in its editor interfaces.
In April 2015, GoodBarber acquired Mougli, an online appointment platform for professionals
In December 2018, the companies WebzineMaker and DuoApps merged into a single entity under the name of GoodBarber.
Developments, locations and key figures.
In 2013, GoodBarber first attended Mobile World Congress.
GoodBarber has been listed in the FT 1000 by the Financial Times and the French economic newspaper Les Echos.
In 2020, it integrated the Mercado Pago payment platform, as payment solution for eCommerce apps.
GoodBarber is physically established in 3 countries (France, Portugal and the United States)

= = = Ecnomiohyla bailarina = = =
The golden-eyed fringe-limbed tree frog ("Ecnomiohyla bailarina") is a frog that lives in Panama and Costa Rica. Scientists have seen it between 400 and 1400 meters above sea level. It lives in the Talamanca Mountains in Costa Rica and in the Santa Fé National Park in Panama.
This frog lives high up in the tree branches.

= = = Pseudis minuta = = =
The lesser swimming frog ("Pseudis minuta") is a frog that lives in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and scientists think it could also live in Paraguay.

= = = People's Liberation Army of Namibia = = =
The People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) was the armed wing of the South West Africa People's Organisation. PLAN fought against the apartheid South African Defence Force and South West African Territorial Force during the South African Border War. In its history, PLAN used guerrilla tactics and as well as a large recruitment network in rural South West Africa to gain popularity. 
Border War.
During the Border War most of PLAN’s activities includes mine warfare and acts of sabotage. At first PLAN lacked any units, and the operations were carried out by political exiles who spent time living in refugee camps in neighbouring country such as People’s Republic of Angola. MPLA helped PLAN launch raids inside South West Africa itself. By the end of the war, PLAN had 32,000 members with three battalions of troops equipped with heavy weapons.

= = = Awara, Fukui = = =
 is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
Population.
From Japanese census data,

= = = Echizen, Fukui = = =
 is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
Population.
From Japanese census data,

= = = Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich = = =
Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich (July 1496 – 12 June 1567), was Lord Chancellor during King Edward VI of England's reign, from 1547 until January 1552. He was the founder of Felsted School with its associated alms houses in Essex in 1564. He was a beneficiary of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and persecuted perceived opponents of the king and their policies. He played a role in the trials of Catholic martyrs Thomas More and John Fisher as well as that of Protestant martyr Anne Askew.

= = = Mirtha Uribe = = =
Mirtha Sebastiana Uribe Soriano (born 12 March 1985) is a Peruvian volleyball player.​ She was a member of the Peru women's national volleyball team.
She competed at the 2003 Pan American Games , 2007 Pan American Games , 2011 Pan American Games , 2015 Pan American Games, 2006 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, 2007 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup , 2008 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup , 2009 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, 2010 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, 2011 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, and 2013 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup.
She competed at the 2006 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup, 2015 FIVB World Grand Prix. and 2017 FIVB World Grand Prix.
She played for CV Universidad de San Martín de Porres.
She played for Alianza Lima, Deportivo Jaamsa, Circolo Sportivo Italiano, and Latino Amisa.

= = = Vera Klimovich = = =
Vera Aleksandrovna Klimovich (born 29 April 1988 Minsk) is a Belarusian volleyball player.
She competed at the 2015 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2019 Women's European Volleyball Championship, and 2019 Women's European Volleyball League winning a bronze medal.
On club level she plays for VB Casalmaggiore, Volley 2002 Forlì, Maccabi XT Haifa, and Hämeenlinnan Lentopallokerho.

= = = Percy Liza = = =
Carlos Percy Liza Espinoza (; born 10 April 2000) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Peruvian Primera División club Sporting Cristal.
Early life.
Carlos Percy Liza Espinoza was born in Chimbote, in the department of Ancash. Percy grew up in a Christian family and in a home with average conditions.
Club career.
Sporting Cristal.
Born and raised in the city of Chimbote, at the age of 17 he settled in Lima, where Sporting Cristal agreed to discipline him after his transfer to the capital. After a rapid progression through the reserve team, proclaiming himself in 2018, he made his official debut with the first team in April 2019 at the age of 18. After being prone to injuries early in his career, he established one more season in reserve reaching the two-time championship that year. The following year he established himself as a fundamental player for the club, winning his first title in the 2020 season. Another season followed, in which Liza managed to win the Torneo Apertura, Copa Bicentenario and would be proclaimed runner-up in the tournament.
Honours.
Club.
Sporting Cristal

= = = Roland Freisler = = =
Roland Freisler (30 October 1893 – 3 February 1945) was a German Nazi jurist, judge, and politician who served as the State Secretary of the Reich Ministry of Justice from 1934 to 1942 and President of the People's Court from 1942 to 1945.
He was a prominent ideologist of Nazism who influenced the Nazification of Germany's legal system as a jurist, and he attended the Wannsee Conference, the event which set the Holocaust in motion. He was appointed President of the People's Court in 1942, overseeing the prosecution of political crimes as a judge, becoming known for his aggressive personality, humiliation of defendants, and frequent sentencing with the death penalty.
Although the death penalty was abolished with the creation of the Federal Republic, he defined murder in German law in 1941, which survives to date in the Strafgesetzbuch § 211.

= = = Feldherrnhalle = = =
The Feldherrnhalle (Field Marshals' Hall) is a large loggia in Munich, Germany. It was made similar to the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, Italy The building was commissioned in 1841 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria. He had it built to honour the tradition of the Bavarian Army.
In 1923, it was the site of the brief battle that ended Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch. During the Nazi era, it was a monument to members of the Nazi party who died there.
Structure.
The Feldherrnhalle was built between 1841 and 1844. It was built at the southern end of Munich's Ludwigstrasse. It is next to the Palais Preysing and east of the Hofgarten. Before it was built, the Gothic "Schwabinger Tor" (gate) was in that place. Friedrich von Gärtner built the Feldherrnhalle> He was requested to do so by King Ludwig I of Bavaria.
The Feldherrnhalle was a symbol of the honours of the Bavarian Army. It included statues of two military leaders; Johann Tilly and Karl Philipp von Wrede. Tilly led Bavarians in the Thirty Years War. Philipp von Wrede led the fight against Napoleon. The statues were created by Ludwig Schwanthaler.
R
A group by was added to the centre of the monument in 1892, after the Franco-Prussian War it represented the victory over France. The lions were created by Wilhelm von Rümann. They were added in 1906. 
Site of the Beer Hall Putsch.
The Feldherrnhalle was the scene of a conflict on 9 November 1923. It was between the Bavarian State Police and the followers of Adolf Hitler. This was the end of the Nazis' failed attempt to take over the Bavarian State. That is commonly referred to as the "Beer Hall Putsch". In the gun battle, four policemen and fourteen marchers were killed. Many more were wounded, including Hermann Göring. 
Nazi memorial.
After the Nazis took power in 1933, Hitler turned the Feldherrnhalle into a memorial to the Nazis killed there. A memorial to the killed men was put up on its east side. It is opposite the location of the shootings. This monument was called the "Mahnmal der Bewegung". It was designed by Paul Ludwig Troost. The square in front of the Feldherrnhalle (the Odeonsplatz) was used for SS parades and rallies. New SS recruits took their oath of loyalty to Hitler in front of the memorial.
After the war.
At the end of the war, the Feldherrnhalle was changed back to how it was earlier. Local people smashed the "Mahnmal der Bewegung" to pieces on 3 June 1945. In the 1950s, a plan to move Bavaria's memorial to the unknown soldier to the Feldherrnhalle was ended. There was concerns that neo-Nazis would meet at the site.
On 25 April 1995, Reinhold Elstner set himself on fire in front of Feldhernhalle. He did this to protest against "the ongoing official slander and demonization of the German people and German soldiers". 

= = = Arnstorf = = =
Arnstorf is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.
Arnstorf has 151 municipal parts:

= = = Ruppertskirchen (Arnstorf) = = =
Ruppertskirchen is a village in the municipality of Arnstorf in Rottal-Inn in Lower Bavaria in southern Germany. Ruppertskirchen is on the Simbach stream between Arnstorf and Simbach bei Landau on state highway 2112. Before the regional reorganisation in Bavaria in 1972 Ruppertskirchen was an independent municipality with 42 subdivisions. At that time Ruppertskirchen was the largest municipality in present-day Markt Arnstorf and, in terms of area, the largest in the old district of Eggenfelden. It had a railway stop on the old Landau–Arnstorf railway.
Nearby villages.
Aicha, Altmannskinden, Asbach, Bergham, Blumdorf, Bruckbach, Bruckmühle, Dingelsberg, Döttenberg, Eck, Ed, Eiselstorf, Freising, Furtschneid, Grafendorf, Hag, Holz, Kattenberg, Kolmöd, Kornöd, Lindach, Mühlberg, Niederlucken, Nömer, Picklöd, Puch, Püchl, Raisting, Reitberg, Schröttendorf, Sendllmeier, Sichenpoint, Siegerstorf, Sommerstorf, Staudach, Steindorf, Stelzenöd, Stockahausen, Volkstorf, Zenzlhub, Zwilling. 

= = = Bad Birnbach = = =
Bad Birnbach is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Bayerbach = = =
Bayerbach is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Dietersburg = = =
Dietersburg is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Francesco Paolo Fulci = = =
Francesco Paolo Fulci (19 March 1931 – 21 January 2022) was an Italian politician. He was born in Messina, Italy. Fulci was the Italian Ambassador to the United Nations between 1993 until 1999 during the Oscar Luigi Scalfaro presidency.
Fulci died on 21 January 2022 at the age of 90.

= = = James Forbes (basketball) = = =
James Ricardo Forbes (July 18, 1952 – January 21, 2022) was an American basketball player. He played for the United States national basketball team during the 1972 Olympics, where he won a silver medal. Forbes was born in Dale County, Alabama. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls in 1974, but never played for them.
Forbes died on January 21, 2022 in El Paso, Texas from problems caused by COVID-19, aged 69.

= = = Mace Neufeld = = =
Mace Alvin Neufeld (July 13, 1928 – January 20, 2022) was an American movie and television producer. Neufeld was born in New York City. He produced "The Hunt for Red October", "Invictus" and "The Equalizer".
Neufeld died on January 20, 2022. He was 93.

= = = John D. Hawke Jr. = = =
John D. Hawke Jr. (June 29, 1933 – January 3, 2022) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance from 1995 to 1998 during the Bill Clinton presidency. He was the United States Comptroller of the Currency from 1998 to 2004 during the Clinton and George W. Bush presidencies. Hawke Jr. was born in New York City.
Hawke Jr. died on January 3, 2022 in Washington, D.C. from cancer, aged 88.

= = = Lucky (Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat song) = = =
"Lucky" is a song by Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat. It is the third single from Mraz's third studio album "We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things." Mraz and Caillat won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Mraz and Lil Wayne also did a remix of the song "Lucky" and later was released on Z100. 
"Lucky" first appeared on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 96. On the same week it had a debut on the Pop 100 chart at 84 and moved to a peak of 48. The next week the song rose to number 84 on the Hot 100 and peaked at number 48. 

= = = Mechanicsville, Virginia = = =
Mechanicsville is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Hanover County, Virginia, United States. The population was 39,482 during the 2020 census.

= = = Ricki Seidman = = =
Ricki Lynn Seidman (born August 24, 1955) is an activist and political adviser and a government official.
Background.
Seidman was born on August 24, 1955, to a Jewish family to Frank Seidman and Eileen Joan. 
Career.
Seidman graduated with B.A. from Miami University and got a J.D. from the University of Georgia School of Law. Upon completion she worked as a senior investigator for the investigation firm.

= = = Blessing Annatoria = = =
Blessing Annatoria Chitapa is a Zimbabwe-born singer who won the ninth series of "The Voice UK." 
Career.
She was auditioned for the ninth series of the Voice UK. She was then announced as the winner of the series after performing "Angels" by Robbie Williams in 2020.

= = = Alstom R160A and Kawasaki R160B = = =
The R160A and R160B are types of New York City Subway cars made by Alstom and Kawasaki. They were made in 2005 and delivered in 2006. By 2010 all units were in New York and were assigned to multiple routes on the New York City Subway. They are new technology types. The R160A is numbered from 8313 to 9974 and the R160B is numbered from 8713 to 9942. They were both built to run on the NYC Subway B division Lines (lettered services). There are 4 types of R160s, they are the R160A-1, R160A-2, R160B-1, R160B-2.

= = = R142A (New York City Subway Car) = = =
The R142A is a New York City Subway Car by Kawasaki. It was built and delivered from 1999 to 2003 , the R142A numbers are 7211 to 7810 and the R142 and R142A were the first series of New Technology Trains , it was built for operation on the NYC Subway A division (number services).

= = = R188 (New York City Subway Cars) = = =
The R188 is a New York City Subway Car by Kawasaki for the New York City Subway. This series is composed of 126 new cars built from 2012 to 2016 and 380 R142A conversation cars originally built from 1999 to 2002. The R188 are used exclusively on the IRT Flushing Line. The R188 also has Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC).

= = = Committee Against Torture = = =
The Committee Against Torture (CAT) is a group founded by the United Nations (UN). The Committee is a group of human rights experts that watch and supervise the United Nations Convention against Torture. The Committee is one of eight UN-related human rights agreements. All countries that have agreed to the Convention must send regular reports to the Committee on how human rights are being applied. Once a country has approved the Convention, they must send a report to the Committee in one year. After that, they must send a report every four years.
The Committee looks into each report and might tell the country some suggestions on how to improve their human rights. Sometimes, the Committee may think about complaints from people that say that their Convention rights have been broken.

= = = Karna = = =
Karna is one of the major characters in the epic Mahabharata. He is regarded as the Vaikartana in the epic Mahabharata. He is the son of the sun god Surya and princess Kunti (mother of the Pandavas), and thus a demigod of royal birth. 
He is known for his heroic acts as a warrior and the donor. 

= = = Gas-s-s-s = = =
Gas-s-s-s (on-screen title: Gas! -Or- It Became Necessary to Destroy the World in Order to Save It.) is a 1970 American science fiction black comedy movie directed by Roger Corman and starring Robert Corff, Elaine Giftos, Cindy Williams, Bud Cort, Talia Shire, George Armitage. It was distributed by American International Pictures.

= = = Harold and Maude = = =
Harold and Maude is a 1971 American romantic black comedy movie directed by Hal Ashby and starring Bud Cort, Ruth Gordon, Vivian Pickles, Eric Christmas, Tom Skerritt, Cyril Cusack, Charles Tyner. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and became a cult classic.

= = = Hachijō language = = =
Hachijō language is the language that is spoken in the island of Hachijō-jima in Tokyo.

= = = Eduardo Flores = = =
Eduardo Raúl Flores (23 April 1944 – 20 January 2022) was an Argentine football striker. He played for Estudiantes de La Plata in Argentina and Nancy in France.
Flores died on 20 January 2022 in Buenos Aires from cancer, aged 77.

= = = The Adventures of God = = =
The Adventures of God () is a 2000 Argentine fantasy drama movie directed by Eliseo Subiela and starring Pasta Dioguardi, Flor Sabatella, Daniel Freire, Lorenzo Quinteros, María Concepción César.

= = = Clark Gillies = = =
Clark "Jethro" Gillies (April 7, 1954 – January 21, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the New York Islanders and Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League between 1974 and 1988. Gilles was captain of the Islanders from 1977 to 1979. He won the Stanley Cup four years in a row with them, from 1980 to 1983. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2002. Gillies was born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Gillies died on January 21, 2022 at the age of 67.

= = = Adolfo Lugo Verduzco = = =
Adolfo Lugo Verduzco (24 March 1933 – 21 January 2022) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Lugo Verduzco was born in Hidalgo, Mexico. He was a Senator for Hidalgo between 1982 until 1987. He was also Governor of Hidalgo between 1987 until 1993.
Lugo Verduzco died on 21 January 2022 in Pachuca, Mexico at the age of 88.

= = = Arthur Tarnow = = =
Arthur Jeffrey Tarnow (February 3, 1942 – January 21, 2022) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan between 1998 until his death. He was nominated to the court by President Bill Clinton. Tarnow was born in Detroit, Michigan.
Tarnow died at a Detroit hospital on January 21, 2022 from heart disease, aged 79.

= = = Northern cardinal = = =
The northern cardinal ("Cardinalis cardinalis") is a bird in the genus "Cardinalis"; it is also known as the redbird, common cardinal, red cardinal, or just cardinal. It can be found in southeastern Canada, through the eastern United States from Maine to Minnesota to Texas, New Mexico, Illinois southern Arizona, southern California, and south through Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. 
The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven U.S. states, more than any other species: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. It was also a candidate to become the state bird of Delaware, but lost to the Delaware Blue Hen.

= = = Subhash Bhowmick = = =
Subhash Bhowmick (2 October 1950 – 22 January 2022) was an Indian footballer and manager. During his playing career, he played for East Bengal and Mohun Bagan. He also played for the Indian national team between 1970 and 1985. Bhowmick was born in English Bazar, Malda, West Bengal, India.
Bhowmick died in Ekbalpur, India on 22 January 2022 from problems caused by kidney disease and diabetes at the age of 71.
Honours.
As player.
India
Bengal
East Bengal
Mohun Bagan
As manager.
East Bengal
Churchill Brothers

= = = Gianni Di Marzio = = =
Gianni Di Marzio (8 January 1940 – 22 January 2022) was an Italian football manager. He was born in Naples, Italy. He was known for managing Napoli, Catania and Catanzaro. His managing career lasted from 1968 until 2016. Between 1963 until 1964, he played for S.S. Juve Stabia.
Di Marzio died in Padua, Italy on 22 January 2022, two weeks after his 82nd birthday.

= = = Colm Keane = = =
Colm Keane (1951 – 22 January 2022) was an Irish author, broadcaster and journalist. He wrote 29 books, including eight No.1 Irish best-sellers. He was born in County Cork, Ireland. In the 1980s, he was hired to work with RTÉ Radio 1.
Keane died on 22 January 2022, aged 70.

= = = Karen Mayne = = =
Karen Mayne (born April 6) is an American politician. She is a member of the Utah Senate from the 5th District since 2008. She became the state senate's minority leader in 2019. Mayne was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Mayne is a member of the Democratic Party.
In January 2022, Mayne was hospitalized after falling at her home and suffered from a head and shoulder injury. She was later diagnosed with cancer.

= = = Alta, Utah = = =
Alta is a town in eastern Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 228 at the 2020 census.

= = = Saada prison airstrike = = =
On 21 January 2022, an airstrike hit a prison in Saada, Yemen. It killed at least 100 people and injured more than 200 others.
Fighter jets from the Saudi military coalition bombed a makeshift prison in Saada province, killing at least 87 prisoners. Those injured in the attack are still being rescued.

= = = Saada = = =
Saada () is the capital city of Saada Governorate in north-western Yemen. Its population in 2004 was about 51,870. 

= = = Ben Dunne Sr. = = =
Ben Dunne (19 May 1908 – 14 April 1983) was the founder of Dunnes Stores.
Life.
Ben Dunne was born Bernard Dunne on 19 May 1908, in County Down, Ireland. When he was young, he would often pick berries and help at a butcher’s shop. He went to St. Mary's School until he was 14 years old.
In 1926, when he was 18, after deciding not to emigrate to the United States, Dunne moved to Drogheda and worked in Anderson's Drapery store there, he then moved to Cameron's Drapery Store in Longford before finally moving to Roches Stores in Cork in the mid–1930s, it was there he met his wife Nora Maloney, they married in 1939.
In 1944, Ben Dunne left Roches Stores to open his own store, Dunnes Stores, on Patrick's Street in Cork. Police were forced to deal with crowds on opening day. He made an agreement with Des Darrer until 1952, when Darrer rebranded the Dunnes Stores as Darrers Stores, it closed down in 2007.
Later life and death.
In 1960, groceries were introduced to Dunnes Stores, and he saw a number of changes in the 1960s and 1970s, he died of a heart attack on 14 April 1983, at the age of 74.

= = = Pseudis paradoxa = = =
The paradoxical swimming frog, paradox frog, jackie, jacky, proteus frog, swimming frog, or paradoxical frog ("Pseudis paradoxa") is a frog that lives in Colombia, the Guianas, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Bolivia, Trinidad, and Peru.
Most adult frogs are 45 to 65 mm long from nose to rear end, but some of them can be more than 75 mm long.
The skin on the frog's back is green toward the head and front. It is brown toward the rear end. It can have three or four brown lines. The frog's belly is white.
This frog eats insects and smaller frogs.
This frog mates after rain or other wet weather. The male frogs hide next to plants near the top of the water and sing for females. The females lay eggs that look like green froth on the top of the water.
If the mother frog lays eggs in a temporary body of water (the kind that dries up), the tadpoles turn into frogs quickly. If the mother frog lays eggs in a permanent body of water, the tadpoles stay tadpoles for a long time. These tadpoles grow to huge sizes.
The tadpoles of this frog can grow to be 22.0 cm long, much larger than the adult frogs. This is one of the largest tadpoles of any frog in the world. It is smaller when it is an adult than when it is a tadpole.
The name "paradox" here means "riddle" or "something backwards." For this frog, it means that the tadpole is larger than the adult.

= = = Agra Fort = = =
The historical fort of Agra is located in the Indian city of Agra. It was constructed by the Mughal Emperor Akbar between 1565 and 1573.
Up until the Mughals seized it during the Mughal Dynasty, until 1638, when the capital was moved from Agra to Delhi, it served as the primary palace for the Sikarwar clan of Rajput monarchs. 
It was also known as "Lal-Qila","Fort Rouge", and "Qila-i-Akbari".The Marathas were the last Indian kings to rule it before being taken by the British. 
The Agra Fort was officially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. It is located around 2.5 kilometers northwest of the Taj Mahal, it's more well-known sibling structure. 
The walled city is a better way to characterize the fort. 
The past of Agra Fort before Mahmud Ghaznavi's assault is unknown, just like the rest of Agra. However, the Chauhan Rajputs took control of it in the 15th century. 
Sikandar Lodi (A.D. 1487–1517), who relocated his capital from Delhi to Agra and built a few structures in the already-existing Fort at Agra, gave that city its position as the nation's capital shortly after.
The Mughals seized control of the fort and ruled from it after the First Battle of Panipat (1526 A.D.). Humayun was crowned there in A.D. 1530. Throughout the reign of Akbar, the fort acquired its current look.
Currently, it serves as a tourist destination and is maintained by the government.

= = = US Bergerac rugby = = =
The Union sportive Bergerac rugby valley of Dordogne is a French rugby union club. It is based in Bergerac, in the Dordogne department.
He is playing in Federal 2 for the 2021-2022 season. 

= = = Paris Peace Accords = = =
The Paris Peace Accords was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973. It was planned to end the Vietnam War and restore peace in Vietnam. Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. Lê Đức Thọ did not want it because there was not any peace. The agreement's rules were broken by both North and South Vietnamese forces. Two years later, this led to North Vietnam taking Saigon, then combined it into Modern Day Vietnam.

= = = Scota = = =
Scota and Scotia are the names given to the mythological daughters of two different Egyptian pharaohs in Irish mythology and Scottish mythology. The legends vary but all agree that a Scota was the ancestor of the Gaels. They traced their ancestry to Irish invaders, called Scotti. The Scotti settled in Argyll and Caledonia. These area later became Scotland.

= = = Ōno, Fukui = = =
 is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
Population.
From Japanese census data,

= = = Sakai, Fukui = = =
 is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
Population.
From Japanese census data,

= = = List of programs broadcast by Cartoonito = = =
This is a list of television programs currently or formerly broadcast on Cartoon Network and Max's Cartoonito (and its predecessor unbranded block and "Tickle U") in the United States.

= = = Tsuruga, Fukui = = =
 is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
Population.
From Japanese census data,

= = = António Lima Pereira = = =
António José Lima Pereira (1 February 1952 – 22 January 2022) was a Portuguese footballer. He played as a central defender. Pereira made twenty appearances for the national team between 1981 until 1985. He was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal.
Pereira died on 22 January 2022, aged 69.

= = = Emerich Roth = = =
Emerich Roth (28 August 1924 – 22 January 2022) was a Czechoslovakian-born Swedish author and lecturer. He was known for his works about spreading information about racism and violence committed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. Roth was a Holocaust survivor and was sent to Auschwitz concentration camp.

= = = Elio Pietrini = = =
Elio Pietrini (2 January 1939 – 18 January 2022) was an Argentine-born Venezuelan actor. He appeared in many telenovelas. Pietrini was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was known for his role as Rubén in "Abigail". He also appeared in "Amores de fin de siglo" and "Destino de Mujer".
Pietrini died on 18 January 2022 in Miami, Florida from COVID-19, aged 83.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic was first seen in the state of Pennsylvania in March 2020. As of January 22, 2022, almost 2,543,000 people had tested positive for COVID-19. In addition, as of the same date, almost 39,400 had died after testing positive.
The COVID-19 numbers improved slightly in late January 2022 in Pennsylvania.
Statistics of the state.
As of January 22, 2022, most of the state's cases were in or near Erie, Pittsburgh, Allentown and York-Gettysburg-Lancaster.

= = = Lucy Koh = = =
Lucy Haeran Koh (born August 7, 1968) is an American politician and lawyer. She is the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit since 2021. She was nominated to the court by President Joe Biden. She is the first Korean American woman to be a federal appellate court in the United States. 
Koh was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California between 2010 until 2021. She was nominated to this court by President Barack Obama.

= = = Cailleach = = =
Cailleach, also known as Beara, was a goddess in Ancient Celtic mythology. She is often portrayed as the founding deity of Scotland. Cailleach is sometimes regarded as the daughter of the Irish moon god, Elier mac Delbáed. She was worshipped as a heavenly hag, and supreme being.
Name.
 ('old woman' or 'hag' in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic) comes from the Old Irish ('veiled one'), an adjectival form of ('veil'), an early loan from Latin , 'woollen cloak'.

= = = The Ventures = = =
The Ventures are an American instrumental rock band. They were formed in 1958 in Tacoma, Washington, by Don Wilson and Bob Bogle. The band was a four member group that helped make the electric guitar popular in the United States and across the world during the 1960s. However, they were very popular in Japan.

= = = John Rambo (athlete) = = =
John Barnett Rambo (August 9, 1943 – January 8, 2022) was an American professional basketball player and high jumper. He won a bronze medal in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Rambo was born in Atlanta, Texas.
Rambo died on January 8, 2022 from a heart attack in Paramount, California at the age of 78.

= = = Crooked Streets = = =
Crooked Streets is a 1920 American spy drama movie directed by Paul Powell and was based on the short story "Dinner at Eight" by Samuel Merwin. It stars Ethel Clayton, Jack Holt, Clyde Fillmore, Clarence Geldart, Joseph Crowell and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

= = = Eggenfelden = = =
Eggenfelden is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Eggenfelden is in the valley of the Rott at the intersection of B 20 with the B 388 and the beginning of the B 588. The city has two railway stations on the railway Passau - Neumarkt - Sankt Veit as well as an airfield (airfield Eggenfelden). Eggenfelden is about 56 km southeast of Landshut, 60 km south of Straubing, 70 km south-west of Passau, 84 kilometers north of Salzburg and 110 kilometers east of Munich.
Districts.
The municipality Eggenfelden has 119 officially named districts:

= = = Egglham = = =
Egglham is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Ering = = =
Ering is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Ellery Queen (TV series) = = =
Ellery Queen is an American mystery drama series that aired on NBC. It was based on the fictional character of the same name and ran for one season and 22 episodes from 11 September, 1975 to 4 April, 1976. It starred Jim Hutton as the title character and David Wayne as the inspector.

= = = Proterra Catalyst BE40 = = =
The Proterra Catalyst BE40 is a low floor, battery electric transit bus made by Proterra Catalyst. It was first made as the 40 - foot Catalyst BE40 at the 2014 APTA Bus and Paratransit Conference in Kansas City. Foothill Transit, the launch customer for the first generation bus, was the first to order the latest generation bus. The BE40 has Battery Electric Propulsion. This bus has probably retired from MTA NYC Transit because it was replaced by The XDE40 and the XE40.

= = = M (New York City Subway service) = = =
The M Queens Boulevard Local/Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B division of the New York City Subway. It’s route or bullet has been colored Orange , Since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan . The M operates on weekdays . But on weekends , it terminates at Essex St in Manhattan or Myrtle Av in Brooklyn. The M runs between Middle Village - Metropolitan Ave and Forest Hills - 71 Ave , it’s equipment is the Alstom R160A-1.
 M Used To Run Via Nassau St To Bay Pkwy But In 2010, MTA Eliminated The M <M> 

= = = Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission = = =
The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (FEACC) is a commission headquartered in Addis Ababa by the Government of Ethiopia. 
Duty.
FEACC is responsible for controlling Ethiopia's corruption problems and making the country less corrupt and more lawful. The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission is accountable to the Prime Minister of Ethiopia.
Authority.
Under Proclamation No. 1236-2020 the Federal Ethic and Anti-Corruption Commission is charged with "it has become necessary to prevent corruption and impropriety and to create a society of good ethical values and moral which shall not condone but rather prepared to resolutely combat corruption; in order to arid, sustain the development, peace and democratic process in our country." The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has had the authority to press charges to individuals and has had brought charges to high-ranking government officials to high courts and businessmen in 2013. But later the role of prosecuting and investigation went to the Federal Police Commission and the Ministry of Justice.
Powers.
The FEACC has the powers to register assets and has had to disclose the names of government officials to denied registering their assets to the FEACC. The FEACC under No.668/2010 has the authority to demand anyone including the President and Prime Minister of the country to register their assets to the FEACC and coming to their headquarters to do so.
Structure.
The Federal Ethics Commission is "The Commission is comprised of various Directorates and three Services. The Directorates are:
The Commissioner’s Office and the Deputy Commissioner’s Office are also part of the Organizational set-up. The Commission currently has 282 staff members (164 male and 118 female)."

= = = Osman Hussein (politician) = = =
Osman Hussein Osman (born 1951) is a Sudanese politician. He became the Acting Prime Minister of Sudan in January 2022 after Abdalla Hamdok's resignation.

= = = Léon Walras = = =
Léon Walras (16 December 1834-5 January 1910) was a French economist. He started what is known as Lausanne school, or Marginalism today. He looked at market equlibrium. He started general equilibrium theory. For this, he looked at marginal utility: This is the added benefit of consuming another unit of an economic good. His thoughts are very important for Neoclassical econmics. In general equilibrium theory, he looked at a scenario, where there are (an unspecified, large) number of households and companies, who act on several markets: He postulated that what is true in one market, in equilibrium must be true for all of them: There is a system of price determination that has the property that supply and demand match on all markets. Abraham Wald could prove this hhypothesis only much later. Today, it is part of the Arrow–Debreu model. 

= = = Hawaiian Kingdom = = =
The Hawaiian Kingdom, or Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands. 
Establishment.
The country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great, of the independent island of Hawaiʻi, conquered the independent islands of Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi and Lānaʻi and unified them under one government. In 1810, the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the Hawaiian Kingdom voluntarily. Two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom: the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua.
Recognition.
Major European powers recognised the country. The United States became its chief trading partner and watched over it to prevent some other power (such as Britain or Japan) from threatening to seize control. Hawaiʻi was forced to adopt a new constitution in 1887. King Kalākaua signed it, because the Honolulu Rifles, an anti-monarchist militia, thratened him. Queen Liliʻuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to replace the 1887 constitution with a new one. She was but was overthrown in 1893, largely at the hands of the Committee of Safety, a group of residents consisting of Hawaiian subjects and foreign nationals of American, British and German descent, many of whom had been educated in the US, had lived there for a time. Hawaiʻi was an independent republic until the U.S. annexed it through the Newlands Resolution, on July 4, 1898. This created the Territory of Hawaii. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993 (informally known as the Apology Resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum."

= = = Jardins du manoir d'Eyrignac = = =
The gardens of the Eyrignac manor are located in Salignac-Eyvigues, in the Dordogne, in the Périgord noir (New Aquitaine region). They received the Remarkable Garden label in 2005 and have been included in the additional list of Historic Monuments of the 17th and 18th centuries since 1986. They are located not far from the Caves of Lascaux and Sarlat-la-Canéda.

= = = MARCOS = = =
The Marine Commandos, abbreviated to MARCOS and officially called the Marine Commando Force (MCF), are the special forces unit of the Indian Navy and is responsible for conducting special operations.

= = = Driving Miss Daisy = = =
Driving Miss Daisy is a 1989 American comedy-drama movie directed by Bruce Beresford and was based on the 1987 play of the same name by Alfred Uhry. It stars Jessica Tandy, Morgan Freeman, Dan Aykroyd, Patti LuPone, Esther Rolle, Joann Havrilla and was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was nominated for 9 Oscars and won 4 Academy Awards in 1990.

= = = Pseudis fusca = = =
The Pseudis fusca is a frog that lives in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

= = = Religious experience = = =
Sometimes people make experiences which they see in the context of a belief system. They call these experiences religious experiences, spiritual experiences, sacred experiences, or mystical experiences. William James made the concept popular, in the 19th century. He did this to fight the growing rationalism of Western society. 
In many religions, such experieces are called revelations. This also applies to the knowledge that comes from them. These religions say that a god or gods caused these revelations, and that they are not a result of a natural cause. They are considered real encounters with God or gods, or real contact with higher-order realities of which humans are not ordinarily aware.
Skeptics say that these religious experiences are a normal feature of the human brain. As such, they can be studied in the same way other features of the brain are studied. To better be able to study them, scholars have classified such experiences in different ways.
Definitions.
Psychologist and philosopher William James described four characteristics of mystical experience in "The Varieties of Religious Experience." According to James, such an experience is:
History.
Origins.
The notion of "religious experience" can be traced back to William James. He used the term "religious experience" in his book, "The Varieties of Religious Experience". It is considered to be the classic work in the field. At professional conferences, people often cite this book. James makes a difference between institutional religion and personal religion. Institutional religion refers to the religious group or organization, and plays an important part in a society's culture. Personal religion, in which the individual has mystical experience, can be experienced regardless of the culture.
The term has been used before James, though. In the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, several historical figures said that religion and its beliefs can be grounded in experience itself. Many of these views had a lot of influence. Kant said that moral experience justified religious beliefs. John Wesley also thought that the religious experiences in the Methodist movement (paralleling the Romantic Movement) were a basis to religious commitment as a way of life.
Criticism.
The notion of "experience" has been criticised.
The term "Religious empiricism" is seen as highly problematic. Karl Barth saidf that the term was wrong altogether. Some influential modern scholars holding this liberal theological view are Charles Raven and the Oxford physicist/theologian Charles Coulson.
Robert Sharf points out that "experience" is a typical Western term, which has found its way into Asian religiosity via western influences. The notion of "experience" introduces a false idea of duality between "experiencer" and "experienced". In kensho there is no duality of observer and observed. "Pure experience" does not exist; all experience is mediated by intellectual and cognitive activity. The specific teachings and practices of a given tradition may even determine what "experience" someone has; this means that this "experience" is not the "proof" of the teaching, but a "result" of the teaching. A pure consciousness without concepts, reached by "cleansing the doors of perception", would be an overwhelming chaos of sensory input without coherence.

= = = Bangladesh A = = =
The Bangladesh A cricket team, simply known as Bangladesh A, also known as Bangladesh Emerging cricket team, is a cricket team representing Bangladesh, and is the second tier of international Bangladeshi cricket below the full Bangladesh national cricket team.

= = = Bangladesh Cricket Board = = =
The Bangladesh Cricket board (, also known as BCB, is the governing body of cricket in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Cricket Board first became an associate member of the International Cricket Council in 1977 and on 26 June 2000 became a Full Member. The board has its headquarter at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in Mirpur, Dhaka.

= = = Ben Giroux = = =
Benjamin Scott Giroux (born October 24, 1984) is an American actor, director and producer. He is best known for portraying The Toddler in Henry Danger, The Adventures of Kid Danger and Danger Force on Nickelodeon, Mikey Munroe in Bunsen Is a Beast also for Nickelodeon and Little Zach in Hart of Dixie for The CW. He is also set to voice the main character in Big Nate from Nickelodeon on Paramount+.

= = = Charlie Schlatter = = =
Charles Thomas Schlatter (born May 1, 1966) is an American actor who has appeared in numerous films and television series. He is best known for portraying Dr. Jesse Travis, the resident student of Dr. Mark Sloan (Dick Van Dyke) on the CBS series Diagnosis: Murder and for starring in the big screen comedy 18 Again!, opposite George Burns. Since the 1990s, he continues to work mainly as a voice actor.

= = = Flydubai Flight 981 = = =
Flydubai Flight 981 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Dubai International Airport, in the United Arab Emirates. On 19 March 2016, the Boeing 737-800 crashed while landing at Rostov-on-Don Airport in Russia. There were no survivors, a total of 62 people between passengers and crew lost their lives in the tragic accident.
Crew.
The captain was 37-year-old Aristos Sokratous, from Cyprus. He had over 6,000 hours of total flying time, including 4,905 hours on the Boeing 737. Sokratous was promoted to captain a year and a half before the crash. At the time of the crash, he had intended to quit the airline after accepting a job from Ryanair, which would allow him to be based with his family in Cyprus. His wife was due to give birth to their first child a few weeks after the crash. According to several Flydubai staff members, Sokratous decided to leave the airline mainly because of fatigue and lifestyle issues.
The first officer, 36-year-old Alejandro Cruz Álava, was from Spain. He had more than 5,700 hours of flying time, with 1,100 of them on the Boeing 737. He started flying with Flydubai in 2013, two years before the crash, and had previously flown two regional airlines in the Spanish Canary Islands – Binter and Naysa – before joining the company.
According to the final report by the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC), the accident flight was both pilots' first ever flight to Rostov. The captain had experience flying into other Russian airports, but the first officer did not.

= = = List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney = = =
This is a list of television programs that have been broadcast by Toon Disney (now Disney XD) in the United States. The channel was launched on April 18, 1998, as a spinoff of Disney Channel, and aired mostly syndicated animated programming, ranging from action to comedy.
The first program broadcast on Toon Disney was the Mickey Mouse segment from "Fantasia" titled "The Sorcerer's Apprentice". It was followed by a sampling of other Mickey Mouse shorts and episodes of "Timon and Pumbaa", "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh", "Goof Troop", "TaleSpin", and "Aladdin".
The list does not include the programs that were introduced as Jetix, a block on Toon Disney that ran from 2004 to 2009.

= = = European wars of religion = = =
In the Protestant Reformation, a number of people criticizes the Roman Catholic Church. People such as Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli or Jan Hus were reformers: In the end, each of them had followers which started their own church. Today, most of these Churches are known as Protestant. In the European wars of religion, countries, but also local leaders fought for influence. Most of the time one side of the warring fraction was Catholics, the other was Protestants. 
Examples of these wars:

= = = Nanda Saukhya Bhare = = =
Nanda Saukhya Bhare is a Marathi language television drama series that aired on Zee Marathi from 20 July 2015 to 1 October 2016.
Ratings.
The series premiered from Monday to Saturday at 7.30 pm by replacing "Ase He Kanyadan".

= = = Linear-feedback shift register = = =
A linear-feedback shift register is a shift register which will produce a sequence of numbers. The next value of the sequence depends on the current value. Thie first value is usually called seed. Usually, the function XOR is used to link two consecutive values. Commonly, the function XOR is used on a bit-level. With n bits, it is possible to represent 2n numbers, so after 2n-1 values the sequence will repat. In computing, linear-feedback shift registers are commonly used to compute pseudorandom numbers.
There are two common types:
Both are equivalent, but they produduce different sequences

= = = Tuza Maza Breakup = = =
Tuza Maza Breakup is a Marathi language television drama series that aired on Zee Marathi from 18 September 2017 to 11 August 2018.
Ratings.
The series premiered from Monday to Saturday.

= = = Pasant Aahe Mulgi = = =
Pasant Aahe Mulgi was an Indian Marathi language television program that aired on Zee Marathi from 25 January 2016 to 20 August 2016.
Plot.
Pasant Ahe Mulgi is about the out-going Urmi and mischievous but sweet, Vasu. Pasant Ahe Mulgi will show us how a match made in heaven will face turmoil on earth when their families come face to face. Vasu’s father has strong religious beliefs, whereas Urmi’s family is a typical middle class family with contemporary thoughts. How will these two families with opposite thoughts come together? Will Vasu’s family like Urmi? Will the matching of minds be enough or will Vasu’s family ask for a girl with a perfect horoscope match for their son?
Ratings.
The series was broadcast from Monday to Saturday at 8 pm by replacing the show "Honar Sun Me Hya Gharchi".

= = = Honar Sun Me Hya Gharchi = = =
Honar Sun Me Hya Gharchi (translation: "I Am Going To Be The Daughter-In-Law Of This House") is an Indian Marathi-language television show which aired on Zee Marathi from 15 July 2013 to 24 January 2016 and completed 808 episodes altogether. Written by Madhugandha Kulkarni and directed by Mandar Devasthali, the show stars Tejashree Pradhan and Shashank Ketkar in titular roles and is currently available online on ZEE5.

= = = Kingdom of Serbia = = =
The Kingdom of Serbia () was a country in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. It Collapsed in 1918 and merged with Slovenia,Croatia,Bosnia,and Montenegro into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes or better known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed in 1918 along with the German Empire while the Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1923 after World War 1 .

= = = Nick Diaz = = =
Nickolas Robert Diaz born August 2, 1983 is an American mixed martial artist. He competes in the middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship UFC. Former Strikeforce, WEC and IFC welterweight champion. 

= = = List of programs broadcast by Jetix (block) = = =
"For list of Jetix programs around the world, see List of programs broadcast by Jetix."
This is a list of television programs broadcast on the Jetix blocks on Toon Disney and ABC Family.

= = = NOAA Weather Radio = = =
NOAA Weather Radio or NWR is an automatic 24-hour weather radio network broadcasted in the United States.
Programming.
It plays weather information direct from a nearby National Weather Service office. It will normally play normal weather information. This includes weather forecasts. In the case of bad weather, it will play the watches and warnings.

= = = Alen Simonyan = = =
Alen Roberti Simonyan (Armenian:���� ������� ��������; born 5 January 1980) is an Armenian politician. He is the President of the National Assembly of Armenia since 2021. In 2022, he became the Acting President of Armenia following the resignation of Armen Sarkissian.

= = = Lavrentije Trifunović = = =
Lavrentije Trifunović (; 27 January 1935 – 23 January 2022) was a Serbian Orthodox bishop. He was born in Bogoštica, Yugoslavia.
Trifunović was the Bishop of Šabac between 2006 and his death. He was Bishop of Šabac and Valjevo (1989–2006), Bishop of Western Europe (1973–1989), Bishop of Western Europe and Australia (1969–1973) and Vicar Bishop of Moravica (1967–1969).
Trifunović died on 23 January 2022 at a military hospital in Belgrade, Serbia, four days before his 87th birthday.

= = = R. Nagaswamy = = =
Ramachandran Nagaswamy (10 August 1930 – 23 January 2022) was an Indian historian, archaeologist and epigraphist. He was known for his work on temple works and art history of Tamil Nadu. He was a Director of the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department from 1966 until 1988. He was awarded India's third highest civilian award the Padma Bhushan in 2018. Nagaswamy was born in Madras, India.
Nagaswamy died on 23 January 2022 at his home in Chennai, India at the age of 91.

= = = Federal Police Commission = = =
The Federal Police Commission is an Ethiopian federal government law enforcement agency. It was established in 1995 to serve and protect the public from crimes and terrorism. It is the equivalent to the FBI. It has the role to safeguard the constitution provide prosecution for federal crimes and possible help for the public peace at highly volatile times.
Enforcement.
The Federal Police is equivalent to the FBI, ATF and other foreign agencies as one whole organization. It has the powers to prosecute criminals by its own and arrest also. They are the main law enforcement agency in the country and can enforce the majority of federal laws throughout the nation. They have taken lead in charging individuals suspected in corruption inside the country from the FEACC. 
Structure.
There are 16 ranks in the FPC, the last rank is considered the highest rank which is the Commissioner General. The organization is under a parent ministry, the ministry of peace. 

= = = Jean-Claude Mézières = = =
Jean-Claude Mézières (; 23 September 1938 – 23 January 2022) was a French "bandes dessinées" artist and illustrator. He was known for his Wild West-inspired comics. His best known works were "Valérian and Laureline", "Lady Polaris" and "Canal Choc". Mézières was born in Paris, France.
Mézières died on 23 January 2022, aged 83.

= = = Keto Losaberidze = = =
Ketevan "Keto" Losaberidze (, 1 August 1949 – 23 January 2022) was a Georgian archer. She competed for the Soviet Union at the 1972 and 1980 Olympics. She won a gold medal in 1980, becoming the only Soviet Olympic champion in archery. She was born in Tqibuli, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.
Losaberidze died on 23 January 2022 in Tbilisi, Georgia, at the age of 72.

= = = Barbara Krafftówna = = =
Barbara Krafftówna, Barbara Krafft-Seidner (5 December 1928 – 23 January 2022) was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows between 1953 and 2020. She was born in Warsaw, Poland. She was known for her roles in "Tonight a City Will Die" (1961), "How to Be Loved" (1963), "The Saragossa Manuscript" (1965) and "The Codes" (1966).
Krafftówna died in Skolimow, Poland on 23 January 2022, at the age of 93.

= = = Hartmut Becker = = =
Hartmut Becker (6 May 1938 – 22 January 2022) was a German actor. He played Sgt. Gustav Wagner in "Escape From Sobibor" in 1987. He also starred in the 1970 movie "o.k".
Becker died on 22 January 2022 in Berlin, Germany at the age of 83.

= = = Romualdo Coviello = = =
Romualdo Coviello (8 May 1940 – 21 January 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy party, the Italian People's Party, and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy. He was in the Senate of the Republic from 1987 to 2006. He was born in Avigliano, Italy.
Coviello died in Rome, Italy on 21 January 2022, at the age of 81.

= = = Avigliano = = =
Avigliano (Lucano: ) is a town and "comune" in the province of Potenza, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata. 

= = = José Augusto Curvo = = =
José Augusto da Silva Curvo (27 August 1949 – 20 January 2022), also known as Tampinha, was a Brazilian politician. He was a member of the Social Democracy Party and later the Democratic Labour Party. He was in the Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 1995 and again in 2016. She was born in Cuiabá, Brazil.
Curvo died on 20 January 2022, at the age of 72.

= = = Heidi Biebl = = =
Heidi Biebl (17 February 1941 – 20 January 2022) was a German alpine skier. Biebl won gold medal in the downhill at the 1960 Winter Olympics. She also competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics, finishing fourth. She was born in Oberstaufen, Bavaria, Germany.
Biebl died on 20 January 2022, at the age of 80.

= = = Jouni Seistamo = = =
Jouni Veli Juhani Seistamo (9 November 1939 – 9 January 2022) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player. He played for Tappara in the SM-liiga. Seistamo was born in Tampere, Finland. He was honored into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986. He also competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics and the 1964 Winter Olympics. 
Seistamo died in January 2022, at the age of 82.

= = = T.J. Dillashaw = = =
Tyler Jeffrey Dillashaw born February 7, 1986 in Sonora, California. Is an American mixed martial artist. He is competing at the flyweight and bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is a former two-time UFC Bantamweight Champion.

= = = Nokia 770 Internet tablet = = =
Nokia 770 (has known name is: Nokia 770 Internet tablet) was an Nokia internet tablet developer of Nokia Corporation.
History.
It was announced on May 25, 2005 and release of United States on November 3, 2005. In Canada on November 5, 2005 and United Kingdom on November 10, 2005.
In April 2008, Nokia announced they will be ended support of Nokia 770 Internet tablet, because was no longer after release in November 2005. In May 6, 2008, they will be ended of Nokia 770 sales in Nokia website. Nokia 770 was discontinued on May 18, 2008.

= = = Thierry Mugler = = =
Manfred Thierry Mugler (; 21 December 1948 – 23 January 2022) was a French fashion designer. He was born in Strasbourg, France. Mugler was openly gay. He was known for designing Demi Moore's dress from "Indecent Proposal". He also created a line of fragrances and perfumes called "Angel".
Mugler died on 23 January 2022 at his home in Paris, one month after his 73rd birthday.

= = = Aroma compound = = =
An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavor, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. Examples of things that have an aroma compound can be perfumes or fruits.

= = = Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer = = =
The Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer (CTSFO) is a department within the Metropolitan Police of the UK. It doesn't only have jurisdiction in London but across the whole country. 
Duty.
The CTSFO firearms officer have reasonability's in conducting warrant operations in London or other parts in UK for high-risk situations or counter terrorism operations across the Kingdom. They also escort high risk diplomats when entering the nation. 
History.
CTSFO is the highest standard of authorized firearms officer within the National Police Firearms Training Curriculum (NPFTC). Both of them were established by the Metropolitan Police Service in 2012.

= = = Robbie Moore = = =
Robert David "Robbie" Moore (May 3, 1954 – January 6, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Philadelphia Flyers and Washington Capitals for the National Hockey League between 1978 until 1984. Moore was born in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.
Moore died on January 6, 2022 in Sarnia at the age of 67. 

= = = Preet Chandi = = =
Harpreet Kaur Chandi (born 1988 or 1989) is a British Army medical officer and physiotherapist. She is the first known woman of colour to finish a solo expedition to reach the South Pole. She finished her expedition on 3 January 2022.
Military career.
Chandi joined the Army Reserves when she was 19 and then the British Army at 27. On 23 March 2013, she was a lance corporal. She received a Territorial Army commission as a lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). She was promoted to captain on 15 December 2016. 
She was commissioned into the Army Reserves in 2012 and joined the Regular Army in 2016.
Expedition.
Chandi began her solo expedition on 7 November 2021, leaving from Antarctica's Hercules Inlet. The journey to the South Pole involved travelling a distance of . Chandi was not the first woman to successfully complete a solo expedition to the South Pole, with the journey first being undertaken by Norway's Liv Arnesen. It was not until 1935 that the first woman, Caroline Mikkelsen walked on any part of the Antarctic continent.
Chandi completed her journey in 40 days, 7 hours and 3 minutes, making her the third fastest solo woman to reach the South Pole, behind Johanna Davidsson of Sweden and Hannah McKeand from Great Britain. Felicity Aston was the first solo woman and first person to only use muscle power to complete the challenge taking 59 days.

= = = Takahiro Moriuchi = = =
Moriuchi Takahiro ( born April 17, 1988, in Tokyo) is known as Taka, the lead vocalist of Japanese rock band ONE OK ROCK. He was listed as “50 Greatest Rockstars in the World” on Kerrang! magazine in 2017. He was a member of NEWS until he left the group in Earlier life
Earlier life.
He was born as a first son between and . They are both well known singers in Japan. He went to Keio elementary school and continued to study at Keio middle school. In the first year of his middle school, he entered Johnny's office in 2001. He made his debut as a member of a group “NEWS” in September 2003.   He gained his career so quickly that he was bashed by the fans. They were saying that Taka gained his career because of his parents, not his skills. In December 2003, a weekly magazine posted a scandal. The subject was a suspicion of Taka drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes. He left Johnny's office after this scandal. In 2005, his parents divorced. He joined the band ONE OK ROCK in the following year. The group continued to grow and became famous around the world as a rock star.
Inspired artists.
Taka said he studied English pronunciation by listening to Linkin Park’s songs again and again. He is well known for his song “"New Divide"” from the movie “ ". Taka was planning to sing in his concert as a guest. However, the concert had been canceled due to Chester Bennington’s(Vocalist) sudden death. He attended “Linkin Park and Friends Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington " and sang “Somewhere I Belong” to mourn Chester’s death.
Taka saw this band when he was young and dreamed of becoming a bandman. Kenken (member of Rize) said that the band ONE OK ROCK was built mostly based on Rize in the interview. 
Fall Out Boy is a band from the early 2000s. Taka said in his interview that he was positively influenced by this band. He also played as an opening act in Fall Out Boy’s concert. The band is famously known for the song “"Immortals"” from the movie “"Big Hero 6"”. 

= = = Hilario Candela = = =
Hilario Candela (June 4, 1934 – January 18, 2022) was a Cuban-born American architect. He was best known for his design of the Miami Marine Stadium on Virginia Key, Florida. Candela was born in Havana, Cuba. He also helped design the Knight Center Complex and some campuses at the University of Miami and Miami Dade College.
Candela died on January 18, 2022 in Coral Gables, Florida from problems caused by COVID-19, aged 87.

= = = 2022 Abu Dhabi attack = = =
The 2022 Abu Dhabi attack was a attack against three oil tanker trucks and an airport extension in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It was led by the Houthi movement using drones, ballistic missiles and cruise missiles. 
The attack was named "Operation Hurricane" by the Houthis. 3 civilians (two were Indian, and another from Pakistan) were killed and 6 others were injured by a drone attack. 

= = = Houthi movement = = =
The Houthi movement (; "al-Ḥūthīyūn" ), officially called Ansar Allah (' "Supporters of God") and simply known as Houthis, is an Islamist political and armed movement. It began in Saada in Northern Yemen in the 1990s. The Houthi movement is a Zaidi Shia majority force. 
Under the leadership of Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, the group was an opposition to former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh and participated in the Yemeni Revolution.
History.
Since October 2023, the Houthis have been engaged in the Red Sea Crisis.
2024.
On January 6, Houthi launched an attack on the USS "Laboon", a destroyer in the United States Navy. Three days later on January 9, Houthi launched a series of drones and missiles at dozens of merchant ships, which caused the United States navy and United Kingdom's navy to respond. On January 14, the Houthis again launched an attack on the USS "Laboon". On January 15, Houthi launched an attack and struck the Marshall Islands-flagged, United States-owned and operated bulk carrier "Gibraltar Eagle". On January 17, Houthi launched a one-way suicide drone and struck the Marshall Islands-flagged, United States-owned and operated bulk carrier "Genco Picardy" in the Gulf of Aden.

= = = Hussein al-Houthi = = =
Badr al-Din al-Huthi (; –2004) was a Yemeni political and religious leader.
Ancestry and early life.
Badr al-Din was born in in Dahyan, Saada. He belonged to the Arab tribe of Huth.
He studied under the prominent scholar Majd al-Din al-Mu'yyadi.
Leadership of Zaydis.
In the 1970s–1980s, Badr al-Din gained scholarly reputation among the high-ranking clergy of Zaydi Shi'a in Yemen. (Salmoni, Loidolt, Wells 100).
Following the assassination of Husayn in September 2004, Badr al-Din briefly took over the leadership of the Houthi movement before transferring the office to his son Abd al-Malik.

= = = House of Representatives (Yemen) = = =
The House of Representatives ("Majlis al-Nuwaab") is the lower house of the Parliament of Yemen. It shares the legislative power with the Shura Council, the upper house. 
The Assembly of Representatives has 301 members, elected for a six-year term in single-seat constituencies. It is one of the few parliamentary chambers in the world to currently have no female representation.

= = = Antonino Valletta = = =
Antonino Valletta (7 October 1938 – 21 January 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Labour Federation, the Democrats of the Left, and the Socialist Party. He was in the Senate of the Republic from 1994 to 2001. Valletta was born in Sant'Agapito, Kingdom of Italy.
Valletta died in Isernia, Italy on 21 January 2022, at the age of 83.

= = = Sant'Agapito = = =
Sant'Agapito is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Isernia in the Italian region Molise. It is about west of Campobasso and about south of Isernia. 

= = = Monarchy of Denmark = = =
The monarchy of Denmark is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom includes Denmark and its territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
Denmark has had absolute primogeniture since 2009.
The Danish Act of Succession created on 27 March 1953 said that descendants from King Christian X and his wife, Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin cannot become king or queen, through approved marriages.

= = = Prince Joachim of Denmark = = =
Prince Joachim of Denmark, Count of Monpezat, (; Joachim Holger Waldemar Christian; born 7 June 1969) is a member of the Danish royal family. 
Prince Joachim was born in Rigshospitalet at Copenhagen, He is the younger son of Queen Margrethe II. He is currently fifth in the line of succession to the Danish throne.
Prince Joachim first married Alexandra Manley in 1995. They have two sons, Count Nikolai and Count Felix. They divorced in 2005. Prince Joachim married Marie Cavalier in 2008. They had two children: Count Henrik and Countess Athena.
Titles and Styles 
7 June 1969-29 April 2008: His Royal Highness Prince Joachim of Denmark
29 April 2008-present: His Royal Highness Prince Joachim of Denmark, Count of Monpezat
Military Ranks 
Denmark 
-Sergeant (1988)
-Second Lieutenant of the Reserve (1989)
-First Lieutenant of the Reserve (1990)
-Captain of the Reserve (1992)
-Major of the Reserve (2005)
-Lieutenant-Colonel of the Reserve (2011)
-Colonel of the Reserve (2015)
-Brigadier General (2020)
National 
Orders and Appointments 
-Knight of the Order of the Elephant (14 January 1972)
-Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (16 April 2004)
Medals and Decorations 
-Recipient of the Silver Anniversary Medal of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik (10 June 1992)
-Recipient of the Silver Jubilee Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (14 January 1997)
-Recipient of the Commemorative 75th Birthday Medal of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort (11 June 2009)
-Recipient of the Commemorative 70th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (16 April 2010)
-Recipient of the Commemorative Ruby Jubilee Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (14 January 2012)
-Recipient of the Commemorative 75th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (16 April 2015)
-Recipient of the Golden Anniversary Medal of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik (10 June 2017)
-Recipient of the Prince Henrik Commemorative Medal (11 June 2018)
-Recipient of the Commemorative 80th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (16 April 2020)
-Recipient of the Commemorative Golden Jubilee Medal of Queen Margrethe II (14 January 2022)
Foreign Honors 
-Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown 
-Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross 
-Bulgaria: First Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains (2006)
-Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland 
-France: Grand Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honor 
-Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 
-Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix 
-Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon 
-Japan: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum 
-Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance 
-Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau 
-Mexico: Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle 
-Nepal: Member of the Order of the Three Divine Powers (13 October 1989)
-Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (17 March 2015)
-Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav 
-Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania 
-Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (24 October 2023)
-Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star 

= = = Princess Benedikte of Denmark = = =
Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Benedikte Astrid Ingeborg Ingrid, born 29 April 1944) is a member of the Danish royal family. She is the second daughter and child of King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid of Denmark. She is the younger sister of the reigning Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II, and the older sister of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece.
She is the widow of Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. They have three children. Princess Benedikte is currently 11th in the line of succession to the Danish throne.
Titles 
29 April 1944-3 February 1968 Her Royal Highness Princess Benedikte of Denmark 
3 February 1968-13 March 2017 Her Royal Highness Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
13 March 2017 Her Royal Highness Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, Dowager Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg

= = = Black Forest ham = = =
Black Forest ham () is a variety of dry-cured smoked ham produced in the Black Forest region of Germany. Since 1997, it can only be made in a well-defined geographical area. In the case of Black Forest ham, the salting, and curing needs to be done in the Black Forest. Most of the pigs used come from other regions of Germany, or the European Union. This only applies to the European Union, though. In the United States and Canada, there are different kinds of ham which are sold as "Black Forest ham": These are usually produced locally, and very often, the methods of producing them are different from the original of the Black Forest. 
In 2018, about 6. 1 million tons were produced. About 85 percent was sold through discount stores, about ten percent was sold through specialized retailers, and the remaining fice percent was sold through restaurants. 
Preparation.
Raw ham is salted and seasoned with garlic, coriander, pepper, juniper berries and other spices. After curing for two to three weeks, the salt is removed and the ham aged an additional two weeks. It is then cold-smoked using "local conifers and sawdust" at around for several days. It ripens in an air-conditioned room for several weeks, becoming almost black on the outside and acquiring much of its distinctive flavor. As a result it usually tastes very salty.
Characteristics.
Black Forest ham is boneless and about one-fifth fat. It has a very pronounced flavor and is common in German cuisine. It may be eaten fresh, for example on "Holzofenbrot" or rye bread, with fruit, or used as an ingredient in cooked dishes. Whole pieces of Black Forest ham can be preserved for months when stored properly. It is typically served at room temperature.
Related product.
Black Forest bacon () is bacon produced the same way, and comes in two categories: "Durchwachsener Speck" has several layers of meat, and half of it is fat; "fetter Speck" is almost completely fat. Both variants include the skin, called pork rind. The pork rind is too hard to eat, but it is cooked in some traditional German dishes, such as "Linsen mit Spätzle" or "Eintopf", to add its flavors to the food.
Unlike Black Forest ham, this is not a protected designation. 

= = = Ratko Mladić = = =
Ratko Mladić (, ; born 12 March 1942) is a Bosnian Serb convicted Yugoslav war criminal and colonel-general. He led the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Yugoslav Wars. 
In 2017, he was found guilty of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for leading the Siege of Sarajevo and the Srebrenica massacre.
Ratko Mladic served in the Yugoslav Military from 1965-1996 he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1980 later a Colonel in 1986 . He was then promoted to Major-General in 1991 and in 1992 he became Lieutenant Colonel General.

= = = Jean Laborde (politician) = = =
Jean Laborde (8 March 1922 – 18 January 2022) was a French politician. Laborde was born in Bouzon-Gellenave, France. He took part in the French Resistance. In 1973, he was elected to the National Assembly. In 1977, he was elected Mayor of Auch. He retired from politics in 1995.
Laborde died in Auch, France on 18 January 2022 at the age of 99.

= = = Ottman Azaitar = = =
Ottman Azaitar (born February 20, 1990) is a Moroccan-German-French mixed martial artist. He competes in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He has won the BRAVE Combat Federation Lightweight championship one time.

= = = Blood In Blood Out = = =
Blood In Blood Out (also known as Bound by Honor and Blood In Blood Out: Bound By Honor) is a 1993 American Mexican epic crime drama movie directed by Taylor Hackford and starring Damian Chapa, Jesse Borrego, Billy Bob Thornton, Benjamin Bratt, Delroy Lindo, Danny Trejo, Ving Rhames, Lanny Flaherty, Raymond Cruz. It was distributed by Hollywood Pictures.

= = = Ho Chi Minh City College of Stage Performance and Cinematics = = =
Ho Chi Minh City College of Stage Performance and Cinematics is a college in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The college provides college degree courses (3-3.5 years) in stage performance, cinematics. Most of the actors and actresses in Ho Chi Minh graduated from this college.
History.
July 10, 1998: The Ho Chi Minh City College of Theater and Cinema was established on the basis of merging the School of Dramatic Arts II and the Vietnam Film School in Ho Chi Minh City, which was established in 5 years. 1977.
On February 11, 2007, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung signed an opinion on the proposal to establish the Ho Chi Minh City University of Theater and Cinema under the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. Department of upgrading the College of Theater and Cinema in Ho Chi Minh City under the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.
On October 13, 2009, the school was upgraded to a university by the government's signed procedures.
In January 2010, the school held a ceremony to receive the official decision to establish Ho Chi Minh City University of Theater and Cinema.
Famous characters.
Characters who studied at the school:

= = = Deposition (aerosol physics) = = =
Deposition is how an aerosol becomes a solid. It may be a wet or a dry process. 

= = = Ice candle = = =
Ice candle is a kind of candle made from water. It is fantastical and looks like a lamp-shade. It has been made in cold areas in winter. It melts quickly. 
History.
The Ice candle was first made in Shimokawa, Hokkaido. In Shimokawa, there are few days in a year when the temperature is 30 degrees below freezing. The members of “Egg of Columbus”, which is a Town Development Idea Semester, had thought about some ideas on how people could enjoy a cold winter with snow. In 1985, they found a sentence, “...the flame moves in the ice block, it changes to the natural lamp-shade quickly, the flame in the natural and pale clear glass lights up in the garden fantastically...” This is from “Live in north literary calendar, Northern area column” written by Ryuichi Ito who was a professor of Hokkaido University of education. He wrote about the candle which is made by Scandinavian Finland children. The Egg of Columbus got some hints to create the Ice candle from that sentence. In 1986, the Ice candle was created. They put a wish for people to be able to spend winter happily in it. In 1987, the Ice candle was introduced on TV. From around that time, townspeople have made it at their own homes. Now, the Ice candle is known by Japanese people nationwide and loved by people living in cold areas.
How to make.
To make the Ice candle, you need a bucket, water and a cold environment to freeze water.
At night the temperature is under -16 degrees, put water into the bucket, then get it outside and through the night. Next morning, turn it upside down and take out the ice if the water has almost frozen. Flow outside the water which couldn’t freeze. Put a candle into the hole of the ice. Not to break it, treat it carefully.
It can be made with original ideas. To color it food coloring or paints can be used. A milk carton or a balloon can be used instead of a bucket.
Ice candle festival.
The Ice Candle Festival is one of the festivals which is held in winter. In this festival, the venue is illuminated by many Ice candles. The place of origin is also Shimokawa in Hokkaido. Two years later after the Ice candle appeared, the name of Shimokawa Winter Festival, which was already there, was changed to Ice Candle Festival. In this festival, the Ice candle was put not only at the venue but also at each house in the town. In total, about 7000 Ice candles were put in the town. In addition, people who go to the festival enjoy eating food outside while seeing the Ice candles. Now, the Ice Candle Festival is held in various places in Japan. Lake-Yamanakako Ice Candle Festival in Yamanashi prefecture and Mt. Nobeyama Plateau Ice Candle Festival in Nagano prefecture are also famous festivals.
References.
Shimokawa in Hokkaido. ���. (n.d.). ��� -��・”����”�������-. SHIMOKAWA Town. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from https://www.town.shimokawa.hokkaido.jp/
Egg of Columbus. ��������������. (2005, August 1). ������� ������� ~�� ����・��� :������������� ������� �� ������������������ ������������������.1984-2010 Rinyu Kanko. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from http://kamuimintara.net/detail.php?rskey=49199203t01
History.  �ー��ー� �����. (2004). ��������★��������. Northmall. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from http://www.northmall.jp/shimokawa/icecandle/index.html 
How to make. �������� SHIMOKAWA TIME. (n.d.). ������������ | ��������. NPO��� �������. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from http://www.shimokawa-time.net/event/ice-candle/ice-make/ 
Ice Candle Festival. �������� SHIMOKAWA TIME. (n.d.). �������� | ��������. NPO������ ����. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from http://www.shimokawa-time.net/event/ice-candle/
Ice Candle Festival. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/jichi_gyousei/c-gyousei/2001/kaso/pdf/h17hyousyou-01.pdf
Lake-Yamanakako Ice Candle Festival. RESORT STAY LAKE YAMANAKAKO AREA  ��������. (n.d.). ������������������(Ice Candles Festival). ������� ���ー��ー�. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from https://lake-yamanakako.com/event/10384
Mt. Nobeyama Plateau Ice Candle Festival. ���������� Go N A G A N O. (2007). �25��������������������� | ������. Go NAGANO ����������. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from https://www.go-nagano.net/topics_detail11/id=17529 

= = = Pui Pui Molcar = = =
Pui Pui Molcar is a stop motion animation. It was broadcasted on Japanese television and it has 01 to 12 series. Also every story has only about three minutes. Molcar means a car that is shaped like a Guinea pig. In this animation, they have their own characteristics and emotions. Also there are people who drive a molcar. Every character does not speak a word, but this animation is loved by a wide range of ages. The genre of this animation is comedy for children and it is stop motion animation.
Analysis.
This animation was created for children, but a wide age of people pay attention to it because of Twitter. The reason for increasing popularity is in every episode. Every story is not only cute, but also deep. The view of the world is pop, but people appear to have an ugly attitude. Also it has a parody of a movie. For example, Back to the future. These are the reasons more people attract. An animation history researcher mentioned that molcar's appearance, the story and heartwarming attitude made it interesting and popular.
An educational critic mentioned that the animation has no conversation, so understanding of the story in music, moving facial experiences are good for children to create imagination. Also mentioned, because of the pandemic people have more time to stay at home. That is why this animation is more popular. 
Reference.
1.�����ー. (2021b、 May 26). 「���ー」�����������������、���� �������� �(����). Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://natalie.mu/music/news/429820 
2. J-CAST. (2021、 June 14). 「PUI PUI ���ー」�������? twitter���ー��� ����「3�� ��」. Retrieved January 13、 2022, from https://www.j-cast.com/2021/06/14413656.html?p=all 
3. Flash. (2021、 February 2). 『PUI PUI���ー』��������! ���������� ����. Smart FLASH/����[������]. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://smart-flash.jp/entame/130671 
4. Fashion press. (2021b、 September 2). �������『PUI PUI���ー』�������� �・��・� �・����ー��. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.fashion-press.net/news/76907

= = = MUJI = = =
MUJI is a Japanese retail company which sells clothing, furniture, general merchandise, foods and so on.
Their three principles.
MUJI is based on three core principles, which remain unchanged to this day:
They work hard on recycling, reducing production and packaging waste, and a no-logo or "no-brand" policy.
They think simplicity and emptiness yield the ultimate universality, embracing the feelings and thoughts of all people. 
History.
1980 Seiyu Co., Ltd.’s private brand “MUJI” was born
1985 MUJI Business Division was established
1989 Established Ryohin Keikaku Co., Ltd.
1990 Transferred the business rights of “MUJI” from Seiyu Co., Ltd. 
1991 Started overseas expansion (first store in the UK, first store in Hong Kong)
1997 Received the PLMA (International PB Product Manufacturers Association) Excellence Award
2000 Established MUJI HOUSE Co., Ltd. (currently MUJI HOUSE Co., Ltd.)
Countries of operation.
As of August 2021, 497 MUJI stores were opened in Japan and 571 stores were opened in 32 other countries. 
China (299), Hong Kong (20), Taiwan (54), Korea (39)
England (7), France (7), Italy (6), Germany (8), Spain (4), Portugal (1), Ireland (1), Sweden (1), Poland (1), Switzerland (1), Finland (1), Denmark (1), US (10), Canada (9), 
Singapore (10), Malaysia (9), Thailand (22), India (3), Australia (5), Philippines (5), Vietnam (2), Kuwait (3), UAE (7), Saudi Arabia (5), Bahrain (2), Qatar (2), Oman (1)
Sustainability.
MUJI contributes to the realization of a resource-recycling, nature-friendly society and a sustainable society through the products, services and activities it provides. 
As one of the examples, they collect unnecessary clothes at stores to circulate global resources and reduce waste. The collected clothes are recycled as raw materials for clothes, re-dyed and resold as "ReMUJI". As part of their efforts to reduce plastic waste, they have installed water dispensers in MUJI stores. This is a water supply service that uses tap water that anyone can use for free if people purchase a "bottle of water that you pack yourself" at the store or bring their own bottle.
MUJI’s expanding activity.
MUJI wants to be a platform that responds sensitively to various issues that are occurring in society and solves them in a better direction from “conscience and creativity. This commitment drives them to various activities. Here are eight examples. 
The first one is “Resource Utilization”. As one of these activities, in order to support producers in areas where it is difficult to maintain paddy fields due to the aging of the population, they brewed sake by studying products with added value before general-purpose products, where prices are sluggish, with local people. 
The second one is “Building Connections”. This is a service for mobile sales in rural areas and direct delivery from production areas at online stores. 
The third one is “Public Design”. As a concrete example, In April 2015, MUJI set up sofa benches in the gate lounges and natural oak tables and chairs in the food court of the Narita Airport Terminal 3 to create a pleasant environment in which passengers can relax. 
The fourth is “Simple Food”. At MUJI Diner and Cafe & Meal MUJI, the person in charge goes to the production area and offers the ingredients selected. 
The fifth is “Reduce Waste”. One example is ReMUJI. This is an initiative to recycle products that customers have used for years and those products that are deemed unsellable as a result of a glitch during the manufacturing and distribution process. 
The sixth is “Social Initiative”. In Japan, MUJI provides support for earthquakes and heavy rain disasters, and in developing countries, they are working to revitalize the region. 
The seventh is “Long-lasting Homes”. MUJI Renovation Club and MUJI House provide a one-room space where people can easily change their life according to lifestyle changes and family growth. 
The last one is “Nature Conservation”. With the idea of “enjoying nature--naturally”, they operate three campsites and manage a total of approximately 700,000 tsubo of forests around the sites. 

= = = Kemio = = =
Kemio is a video creator who makes full use of SNS and is active in multiple fields. With humorous talk, he was respected by young people, and YouTube has more than 1.9 million subscribers (as of September 2021). He is 193 cm tall and is also active as a model. And he was followed by 1.1 million Instagram followers (as of September 2021). Currently based in New York, USA, his roommate Miles often appears in YouTube videos. 
Background information.
He was born in Tokyo. His birthday was October 16th in 1995. He began his career in the entertainment industry when he was 18 years old. He first started up a short video in 2013. In a street interview on a TV program, he talked about posting a video to YouTube, it became a hot topic.
History.
Study abroad in the United States
On September 12, 2016, he announced that he would leave Japan and move to the United States. From the end of 2016 to the beginning of 2019, while attending a language school in Los Angeles, he is active mainly on YouTube and SNS. On February 10, 2019, he announced on his YouTube channel that he would continue to be based in the United States. He currently lives in New York with his roommate Miles.
Appearances.
Events.
MIHA FES (March 30, 2019, Laforet Museum Harajuku) 

= = = List A = = =
List A cricket (also known as List A) is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form of the sport of cricket, with games lasting up to eight hours. List A cricket includes One Day International (ODI) matches and various domestic competitions in which the number of overs in an innings per team ranges from forty to sixty, as well as some international matches involving nations who have not achieved official ODI status. Together with first-class and Twenty20 cricket, List A is one of the three major forms of cricket recognised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). In November 2021, the ICC retrospectively applied List A status to women's cricket, aligning it with the men's game.

= = = Kona coffee = = =
Kona Coffee is one of the kinds of coffee that is made in Kona, Hawaii. And it is famous for being the second most expensive coffee in the world following the Blue Mountains. It is also rare and accounts for only less than 0.1% of all coffee production all over the world.
History.
In 1825, the person who was one of the royal family of Hawaii went to Britain with the king of Hawaii and brought coffee plants on the way home. Those plants spread to many regions of Hawaii. In 1828, coffee plants were planted in the Kona region. After that, many farms were made there. But, because of pest damage and the price decline of coffee, most farmers quit their jobs. In this situation, Japanese immigrants moved to the Kona region and started to grow coffee to pay their land cost by coffee. This is the beginning of kona coffee. Now, Kona coffee is drunk at the dinner party in White House because this is the only coffee that is grown in America and the quality is quite high. 
Distribution.
Kona is one of the districts of Hawaii, and it is located western. Also, it is the only place which grows coffee in the U.S. states. It has a good natural environment for growing coffee thanks to some volcanoes that give soil many nutrients. Also, the unique oceanic climate of the Kona region, which is cooler and rains a lot more than that of flat ground, is good for growing coffee. Furthermore, there is a terroir that is called “ Kona coffee belt” that is around 32 km long and 3.2 wide area. In this territory, there are many farms and shops that sell Kona coffee directly from the farms and as much as 900,000 kg of coffee beans are harvested annually.
Kona blends and Flavor coffee.
There are some blended Kona coffees that are made by mixing some kinds of coffee beans because 100% Kona coffee is quite expensive because of labor and land cost. In the Hawaii-grow coffee law, blended coffee that accounted for 10% of Kona coffee beans can be called Kona blended coffee. The coffees that have extra flavor like macadamia nut, vanilla and so on are also famous. Those flavor coffees are made by adding flavor during roasting.
Taste.
This coffee has a less bitter taste and softly sourness. Because of its great sourness, this coffee is called “Queen of sourness”. You can feel the sweet and fresh smell like tropical fruits. Also Kona coffee is graded 5 stages according to the size of the beans. The bigger beans are graded better and those coffee beans have better taste. The biggest coffee beans are called “extra fancy” and there are only 15 % of Kona coffee. Following “fancy”, “No 1”, “select”, “prime”. Other coffee beans are called “ Hawaiian coffee”. Also, there are coffee beans which are called Peaberry. It is round beans although originally one is half round. Those coffee beans contain more nutrition.

= = = J Church = = =
J Church is a light rail line in the Muni Metro system, and is operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway.
Operation.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the J Church begins service at 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. Saturdays and 8 a.m. Sundays and continues until 12:15 a.m. every night. Daytime headways are every 10 minutes, and 12 minutes on weekends.
Different from the other Muni Metro lines, there is not a corresponding overnight Owl bus during the hours that rail service is not running. 
History.
Construction.
Track work on the J Church line was largely completed in 1916. The service from Church and 30th Street station to Market Street and Van Ness Avenue started on August 11, 1917. Service went further along Van Ness Avenue to Pine Street on August 29, 1917; service to Pine Street was discontinued on May 31, 1918, with service along Market Street to the Ferry Building the next day. The new Transbay Terminal became the inner terminus for every other streetcar line on January 15, 1939, with all service going there after January 1, 1941.
Light rail operation.
As part of the creation of the Muni Metro system, streetcar operation switched to light rail operation on June 17th, 1981 – the last line to do so. While many streetcar lines switched to bus lines after World War II, the J Church avoided this due to the private right-of-way it uses between 18th Street and 22nd Street.
Extension to Balboa Park.
The outer end of the line was originally at Church and 30th Streets. It was where streetcars used a triangle of railroad tracks to turn back. Studies to further the line from its southern terminus had been made in the 1920s and 1970's. In 1990–91, the tracks were extended to the Balboa Park BART station and the Metro Center (Muni light-rail base), giving J-line cars a much shorter connection to the yard than before. The extension opened on August 31, 1991. But the new section was used only by light rail cars starting or ending their runs; all-day J-line service was not use the new tracks until June 19, 1993.
Later changes.
The line was temporarily through-routed with the surface section of the K Ingleside line from June 25 to August 24, 2018, due to the Twin Peaks Tunnel shutdown.
COVID-19 pandemic.
On March 30, 2020, Muni Metro service was replaced with buses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rail service returned on August 22, 2020, with the routes reconfigured to improve reliability in the subway. J Church service ran only on the surface. The J terminated at the inbound platform on Church Street at Market Street, requiring passengers to transfer between the J and subway trains. A mini-high platform was to be constructed on the inbound platform at Church and Duboce, and an outbound mini-high platform will be built on Church Street south of Market Street, which was to allow the J to be re-extended slightly to Duboce Street (with additional transfer to the N Judah) in October 2020. The forced transfer at Church station — which required J Church riders to cross two streets and use two elevators to transfer — was criticized by disability advocates and others.
Rail service was re-replaced with buses on August 25 due to some issues. J Church service on the surface-only Balboa Park–Church and Duboce routing resumed on December 19, 2020, while full service to Embarcadero station was put back on February 19, 2022.
Station listing.
Some stops have concrete boarding islands, while others require passengers to board from the street. Some stops have raised platforms for accessibility. While most other lines in the rail system can be run in two-car configurations, the J line is almost always run with a single car in order to provide enough space for the stops in the right-of-way, which are not long enough to have two light rail cars with open doors at the same time.

= = = K Ingleside = = =
The K Ingleside is a light rail line of the Muni Metro system in San Francisco, California. It mostly serves the West Portal and Ingleside neighborhoods. Opened on February 3, 1918, it was the first line to use the Twin Peaks Tunnel.
Route description.
The K Ingleside line stops at concrete boarding islands in the middle of the street next to the tracks. Some stops have raised platforms for accessibility. Stations between West Portal and Embarcadero are only served by the outbound K. But, not the inbound K, as it switches to T at West Portal.
Operation.
The K Ingleside begins service at 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. Saturdays and 8 a.m. Sundays, with the end of service around 12:30 a.m. each night. Trains on the weekdays are scheduled to come every 10 minutes. Trains on the weekends are scheduled to come every 12 minutes.
History.
Municipal Railway.
The San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni) opened its K line along with the Twin Peaks Tunnel on February 3, 1918. The line ran from St. Francis Circle station along West Portal Avenue, through the tunnel, along Market Street to Van Ness Avenue (joining the J Church at Church Street). And along existing tracks on Van Ness Avenue to Pine Street. On June 1, 1918, the J and K lines were removed from Van Ness Avenue and went further along Market Street to a loop at the Ferry Building.
Changes in 1980s.
More changes to the service route followed until finally on December 17, 1980. It was when the K line was light rail operated, with service from Embarcadero Station to Balboa Park, on weekdays only. Weekend service continued to use PCC cars until September 1982. This was when the Muni Metro became fully operational.
Changes in 2000s.
From February 2001 to June 7, 2003, K Ingleside service was cut back to St. Francis Circle. It was also replaced by buses on Ocean Avenue for street repaving, and route reconstruction along Ocean Avenue. 
Following service changes on June 30, 2007, the K Ingleside and the T Third Street lines were combined inside the Market Street subway tunnel. Though keeping their line designations, resulting in an upside-down, horseshoe-shaped route from Balboa Park to Bayshore and Sunnydale. At West Portal Station, inbound K trains heading towards downtown change their signs to the T line; at Embarcadero Station, T trains heading into downtown change signs to the K line.

= = = L Taraval = = =
The L Taraval is a light rail line of the Muni Metro system in San Francisco, California. The line is currently not operating and replaced by buses through the end of 2024 for reconstruction along Taraval Street.
Route description.
The line begins at Wawona and 46th Avenue station (near the San Francisco Zoo), which is on a one-way loop on Vicente Street, 47th Avenue, Wawona Street, and 46th Avenue. It runs north on 46th Avenue to Taraval Street, then runs east on Taraval Street to 15th Avenue. The line then runs south one block on 15th Avenue, then east on Ulloa Street to West Portal station, where it tags along with all the other Muni Metro lines towards Embarcadero station.
Operation.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the L Taraval operates 7 days a week, with train service beginning at 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. Saturdays and 8 a.m. Sundays and running until 12:30 a.m.
History.
Muni's L Taraval line opened as a shuttle from West Portal to 33rd Avenue on April 12, 1919. It went further west along Taraval Street to 48th Avenue at Ocean Beach on January 14, 1923; that October 15, the shuttle service was replaced with larger streetcars running through to the Ferry Building. The L Taraval went south (turning off Taraval at 46th) to the San Francisco Zoo, the line's current outer terminus, on September 15, 1937. Every other streetcar line was routed to the new Transbay Terminal on January 15, 1939; they went back to the Ferry Building on January 1, 1941, but the Transbay Terminal became the inner terminal for all streetcars on June 6, 1948.
Light rail operation.
The L switched to light rail operations as part of the opening of the Muni Metro system in 1980. While many streetcar lines switched to buses operations after World War II, the L Taraval remained a streetcar line due to its use of the Twin Peaks Tunnel.
L Taraval Improvement Project.
The L Taraval Improvement Project, originally called the L Taraval Rapid project, was to improve street safety and speed up trains.
L Taraval Improvement Project construction began in August 2019. In September 2019, construction on the first phase of the project began. It took place between Sunset Blvd and 46th Avenue. The first phase was completed in July 2021. The second phase began in January 2022, with the second phase of the construction project taking place from Sunset Blvd to Ulloa St near West Portal station. This phase is expected to last through 2024.

= = = M Ocean View = = =
The M Ocean View is a Muni Metro light rail line in San Francisco. The line was established in 1925.
Route description.
Operation.
The M Ocean View begins service at 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. Saturdays and 8 a.m. Sundays, with the end of service occurring around 12:30 a.m. each night.
History.
The M Ocean View line began operation on October 6, 1925, as a shuttle service from St. Francis Circle to Broad and Plymouth in the city's Ocean View District. It went through the Twin Peaks Tunnel to the downtown Ferry Building on October 31, 1927, but went back to a shuttle service on February 27, 1928. The shuttle service was replaced by buses on August 6, 1939, but streetcar service returned on December 17, 1944. On June 6, 1948, the Transbay Terminal became the inner terminus of the line.
Changes in 1980s.
While many streetcar lines switched to bus operations after World War II, the M Ocean View remained a streetcar line due to its use of the Twin Peaks Tunnel. On August 30, 1980, the line went further to Balboa Park BART station. The full line switched to light-rail operations with the opening of the Muni Metro system on December 17, 1980. 

= = = N Judah = = =
The N Judah is a light rail line of the Muni Metro system in San Francisco, California. The line is named after Judah Street that it runs along for much of its length, and is named after railroad engineer, Theodore Judah.
Operation.
As with all Muni lines, service begins around 5 a.m. on weekdays, 6 a.m. on Saturdays, and 8 a.m. on Sundays and holidays. Daytime headways are 10 minutes on weekdays and 12 minutes on weekends.
History.
On January 10, 1998, Muni opened the Muni Metro Extension to 4th and King/Caltrain. It was originally served by a temporary shuttle service, the E Embarcadero, which ran between Embarcadero station and 4th and King/Caltrain. On August 22, 1998, the E Embarcadero line was removed and the N Judah line was extended to its place. 
A lot of service changes took place at the time when the T Third Street line began service in April of 2007. The N Judah was cut back to Embarcadero station; the surface part on the Embarcadero was served only by the T Third Street line, plus the J Church line at peak hours. The changes were unpopular with the public; they caused big delays in the Market Street subway and made N Judah riders transfer to reach the Caltrain station when they did not before. On June 30, 2007, Muni reversed several of the changes; the J Church and N Judah were put back to their previous routes.
Future plans.
Future plans, according to the SFMTA Rail Capacity Strategy, include a new subway tunnel that connects the Market Street subway to 9th Avenue. Additionally, the N Judah line will be rebuilt to run three-car trains. Further plans include a connection between the L Taraval and N Judah lines, which may run on 46th Avenue.

= = = T Third Street = = =
The T Third Street is a Muni Metro line in San Francisco, California. It is the first new light rail line in San Francisco in more than half a century and the first fully accessible line in the system.
Route description.
Testing on the line took place in summer 2006, with limited service starting on January 13, 2007, and full service beginning on April 7, 2007. It runs along the newly constructed light-rail tracks on Third Street and Bayshore Boulevard in the Visitacion Valley, Bayview/Hunters Point, Dogpatch, and Mission Bay neighborhoods, connecting to the existing Muni Metro system along the Embarcadero and under Market Street.
In the future, the line may be going to Caltrain's Bayshore Station (to which it was originally planned to run) and, in the other direction, to San Francisco's Washington Square in North Beach through Chinatown Central Subway route.
Operation.
The T Third operates seven days a week, beginning at 5 a.m. on weekdays, and 6 a.m. Saturdays and 8 a.m. Sundays, operating until 1 a.m.
History.
Following service changes on June 30, 2007, the K Ingleside and the T Third Street lines were combined inside the Market Street subway tunnel. Though keeping their line designations, resulting in an upside-down, horseshoe-shaped route from Balboa Park to Bayshore and Sunnydale. At West Portal Station, inbound K trains heading towards downtown change their signs to the T line; at Embarcadero Station, T trains heading into downtown change signs to the K line.
The underground section of the line was closed west of Castro station from June 25 to August 24, 2018, due to the Twin Peaks Tunnel shutdown. On August 25, 2018, at the end of the shutdown, Muni began running two-car trains on the K/T line.
Central Subway.
Service on the Central Subway was initiated on November 19, 2022, with shuttle trains serving the four new stations. The T-Third will reroute north of the 4th and King Station starting on January 7, 2023. This change will disconnect the T from the K line, avoiding both King Street and the Market Street subway.

= = = S Shuttle = = =
The S Shuttle is a light rail line in the Muni Metro system in San Francisco, California. It runs through the entire Market Street subway and Twin Peaks Tunnel.
History.
Muni introduced the S Castro Shuttle. This aimed to reduce crowding at the busy Castro station. The service began on April 2, 2001. At this time it was running only at peak hours on weekdays. It was discontinued in 2007 when the T Third Street line was opened. Service went further to St. Francis Circle station in 2013, but cut back to West Portal station in 2016.
Service changes.
A lot of service changes took place with the start of full service on the T Third Street line on April 7, 2007. The new line was routed through the subway to Castro station. It replaced the S Castro Shuttle; changes were also made to the J Church, N Judah, and several bus lines. The changes were unpopular with the public; the Muni Metro changes caused big delays in the Market Street subway, and forced many users to transfer to reach the Caltrain station when they did not back then. 
Reversing changes.
On June 30, 2007, Muni reversed some of the changes. The J, N, and S were restored to their previous routes. And the T was combined with the K Ingleside line.

= = = E Embarcadero = = =
E Embarcadero is a historic streetcar line that is the San Francisco Municipal Railway's second heritage streetcar line in San Francisco, California.

= = = F Market & Wharves = = =
F Market & Wharves is a heritage streetcar line that is operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway in San Francisco, California.

= = = Brave Combat Federation = = =
Brave Combat Federation is the largest mixed martial arts MMA promotion in the Middle East and the fastest growing global MMA promotion. The organization was established on 23 September 2016 by Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa. BRAVE Combat Federation features mixed martial artists from more than 40 nations in five continents. BRAVE Combat Federation events are aired though multiple media partners including El Rey Network, Combate, Myx TV, S+A ESPN 5 and Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation.In July 2021, BRAVE Combat Federation was nominated for the first time as Promotion of the Year on the World MMA Awards.

= = = Battle of al-Hasakah (2022) = = =
The Battle of al-Hasakah, also known as the Al-Hasakah riot is a current Islamic State attack and prison riot. IS are freeing their group's imprisoned fighters from al-Sina'a prison in the Ghuwayran area of al-Hasakah city. This city is under the control of the Kurdish Administration of northern Syria.
Battles previously occurred in al-Hasakah in 2015 and 2016.

= = = Al-Hasakah = = =
Al-Hasakah (, , ), is the capital city of the Al-Hasakah Governorate, in the northeastern corner of Syria. It is one of the ten largest cities in Syria and the largest in the governorate. It had a population of 251,570 in 2004.

= = = Arnis Līcītis = = =
Arnis Līcītis (8 January 1946 – 21 January 2022) was a Latvian actor. He was born in Riga, Latvia. His career began in 1965. His best known roles were in "Long Road in the Dunes" (1981), "Musketeers Twenty Years After" (1992) and "Dangerous Summer" (2000).
Līcītis died on 21 January 2022 in Riga ​at the age of 75.

= = = Imants Kalniņš = = =
Imants Kalniņš (born 26 May 1941) is a Latvian composer, musician and politician. He has written six symphonies, some operas (including the first rock opera in the USSR, "Ei, jūs tur!" ()), oratorios, cantatas, choir songs and movie scores. He was a member of the 5th, 7th, 8th, and 9th sitting of the Saeima from 1993 to 1995 and again from 1998 through 2010.
In 2021, Kalniņš received the Great Music Award.

= = = Fatma Girik = = =
Fatma Girik (12 December 1942 – 24 January 2022) was a Turkish actress and politician. She was born in Istanbul, Turkey. Her career began in 1957 and she retired in 2012. She was Mayor of Şişli between 1989 until 1994. Girik was known for her roles in "Karakolda Ayna Var", "Kız Kolunda Damga Var" and "Seviştiğimiz Günler".
Girik died on 24 January 2022 at a hospital in Istanbul from multiple organ failure caused by COVID-19, aged 79.

= = = Grabill, Indiana = = =
Grabill is a town in Cedar Creek Township, Allen County, Indiana, United States. The population was 1,112 at the 2020 census.

= = = Cedar Creek Township, Allen County, Indiana = = =
Cedar Creek Township is one of twenty townships in Allen County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 13,684.

= = = Mark Souder = = =
Mark Edward Souder (July 18, 1950 – September 26, 2022) was an American Republican politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1995 to 2010.
On May 18, 2010, Souder announced his resignation from Congress, after admitting to an extramarital affair with one of his part-time female staff members.
In January 2022, Souder was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died on September 26, 2022 at the age of 72.

= = = Edward Śmigły-Rydz = = =
Edward Śmigły Rydz was an important leader of Poland.
He was born in 1886 when Poland did not exist anymore and was partitioned between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Edward was born in the Austrian part. 
Śmigły was studied painting in Cracow and became a painter. During World War 1 he joined Józef Piłsudski's Legions that fought to bring Poland back.
Piłsudski respected him a lot and made him General of the Polish Army. After Piłsudski, the leader of Poland died in 1935, he became the new leader. When World War 2 broke out in 1939 he defended Poland against the Nazi and Soviet invasion.
He lost and had to leave Poland. During World War 2 Śmigły returned to Poland secretly and led a resistance group against the Nazis.
He died in Warsaw in december of 1941.

= = = Cody Garbrandt = = =
Cody Ray Allen Garbrandt Nickname "No Love" (born July 7, 1991) is an American professional mixed martial artist 
who currently competes in the Flyweight and Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. UFC Bantamweight Champion (One time).2017 Fight of the Year vs. T.J. Dillashaw.

= = = Rupert Penry-Jones = = =
Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is a British actor. He is known for his roles as Adam Carter in "Spooks", Clive Reader in "Silk", Joseph Chandler in "Whitechapel", and Mr Quinlan in the American horror series "The Strain". He played Mayor Don Mitchell in the 2022 DC Comics movie "The Batman".

= = = Con O'Neill (actor) = = =
Robert "Con" O'Neill (born 15 August 1966) is an English actor. He was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical for playing Michael "Mickey" Johnstone in the musical "Blood Brothers". He is known for his role as Viktor Bryukhanov in the mini-series "Chernobyl". O'Neill was also in the 2022 DC Comics movie "The Batman" as a police chief.

= = = Jorge Masvidal = = =
Jorge Masvidal (nickname Gamebred; born November 12, 1984 in Miami, Florida) is an American mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the lightweight and welterweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Masvidal has been competing professionally since 2003. he has also competed for Bellator, Strikeforce, Shark Fights, and World Victory Road. He holds the record for the fastest knockout in UFC history at five seconds, and holds the UFC BMF Championship belt.

= = = January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état = = =
On 23 January 2022, a gunshot was heard in front of presidential residence in the Burkinabé capital Ouagadougou. The soldiers was reported to have taken the control of military base in the capital. Although the government denied the ongoing coup in the country. However, several hours later, President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was said to have been arrested by the soldiers at military camp in the country. The next day, Kaboré was removed from power.
It was reported that the internet in the country has stopped working. On 24 January 2022, it was announced that Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba was the coup's leader and would become the country's head of state.

= = = Lassina Zerbo = = =
Lassina Zerbo (born 10 October 1963) is a Burkinabé politician and scientist. He became the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso on 10 December 2021. Before, he was the Executive Secretary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. His term ended when the government was dissolved during the January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état.

= = = Esther Hayut = = =
Esther Hayut (; born 16 October 1953) is an Israeli judge. She is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel. She was sworn in on 26 October 2017.

= = = Garig Gunak Barlu National Park = = =
Garig Gunak Barlu is a protected area in Australia. It is located in Northern Territory of Australia. 
Biography.
The name derives from the local Garig language, and the words "gunak" 'land' and "barlu" 'deep water.

= = = Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré = = =
Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré (born 27 August 1948) is a Burkinabé politician. He was the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 24 January 2019 to 9 December 2021.

= = = Michel Kafando = = =
Michel Kafando (born 18 August 1942) is a Burkinabé politician. He was transitional President of Burkina Faso from 2014 to 2015. He worked in the government as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1982 to 1983 and was the Permanent Representative (Ambassador) of Burkina Faso to the United Nations from 1998 to 2011.

= = = Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo = = =
Jean-Baptiste Philippe Ouédraogo (born 30 June 1942) is a Burkinabé physician and retired military officer. He was President of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 8 November 1982 to 4 August 1983. He has retired from politics and works at a medical clinic.

= = = Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory = = =
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory is the Northern Territory Government agency which aim for tasks such as the establishment of "parks, reserves, sanctuaries and other land", the management of these and the "protection, conservation, sustainable use of wildlife etc. 

= = = Serge Korber = = =
Serge Korber (1 February 1936 – 23 January 2022) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He directed 45 movies between 1962 and 2007. He was born in Paris, France. His movies include "An Idiot in Paris" (1967), "A Little Virtuous" (1968), "L'homme orchestre" (1970), "Perched on a Tree" (1971) and "Hearth Fires" (1972).
Korber died on 23 January 2022 at his home in Tarn, France at the age of 85.

= = = Meier Schwarz = = =
Meier Schwarz (28 January 1926 – 12 January 2022) was a German-born Israeli plant physiologist, academic and Holocaust survivor. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany. Schwarz was head of the Department for Soilless Cultures at the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research in Beer Sheva.
Schwarz was President of the International Society for Soilless Cultures (ISOSC), and founder of the Natural Sciences Department of Teacher Education at the Jerusalem College and the Jerusalem College of Technology. He also served as President of The International Society of Religious Researchers.
His family were able to manage Schwarz to migrate to Israel in 1938 before being killed at Auschwitz concentration camp.
Schwarz died on 23 January 2022 in Jerusalem, Israel, two weeks before his 96th birthday.

= = = Megan Gale = = =
Megan Kate Gale (born 7 August 1975) is an Australian model and actress. She modeled for Vodafone. She later became an actress. Gale played Fatma in "The Water Diviner" (2014) and Valkyrie in George Miller's "" (2015).

= = = Game of Death Redux = = =
Game of Death Redux (���� Redux) is a 2019 special features distributed with the movie "Game of Death (1978 movie)"
Background.
In 1978 the "Golden Harvest" has released "Game of Death" ("����"). The 1978 version uses portions of the original footage married to an entirely new plot. The revised version of the film uses only 11 minutes and 7 seconds of the footage from the original "The Game of Death (1972)".
Creation of special feature.
But on 2019 producer "Alan Canvan" edited "Game of Death Redux". The edit only uses footage shot during the original production of "The Game of Death". The movie was released as a special feature in "The Criterion Collection's" Blu-ray box set of Bruce Lee films, on July 14, 2020.
It was presented closely the way Bruce intended. While at the same time, keeping in-tact some of the stronger as aspects of the universally panned, pieced together 1978 movie (known to fans as Game of Death ’78), such as John Barry’s acclaimed score, as well some of the film’s strong audio design.
New Version on 2022.
There is a second version of "Game of Death Redux" on 2022. 
With the first version Alan Canvan had concentrated entirely on the flow of the piece. But he was not satisfied to how the shots were cut and how the music drove the narrative artistically. Canvan wanted a complete visual and sound restoration. So he got help from a new team. After a year the new Redux has been fully restored with a brand-new color grade and audio mix. Additionally, Chris Kent, who looped Bruce’s war cries for Robert Clouse’s Game of Death movie, lent his voice once again to match the audio portions from 1978. Finally, reworking a dozen sequences resulted in a much more concise and dramatic presentation of the narrative.
Legacy.
Canvan’s Game of Death Redux was the latest project that focused on Bruce Lee’s original 1972 storyline, a subject that was previously explored in John Little’s 2000 documentary, and Artport’s Bruce Lee in G.O.D ����� (released in Japan the same year), not to mention a series of fan edits that have been circulating the internet. All aforementioned edits use 1972-era The Game of Death footage that was initially discovered by Hong Kong film expert Bey Logan, who stumbled upon the footage in the now-defunct Golden Harvest studio vaults back in 1999.
The Game of Death.
The Game of Death ("�����") is an incomplete "Hong Kong" martial arts film, of 39 minutes (approximatley two minutes is missing from the beginning), filmed in 1972, directed, written, produced by and starring "Bruce Lee", as Hai Tien, with "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar", as Mantis, "James Tien", "Chieh Yuan", "Dan Inosanto", "Ji Han-jae" and "Hwang In-shik" (only a short footage outdoors). Unifinished because of Bruce Lee's death. Produced company "Concord Production Inc." and "Golden Harvest". The 1972 original footage it was distributed in 2000 by two documentaries, "" and " Bruce Lee in G.O.D �����" and 2019 by short film "Game of Death Redux". The 1972 original script it was distributed by short film "The Story".
Plot.
During a search is discovered among the choreography writings, hand-written storyline, 12 pages in length and containing all scene breakdowns and select dialogue passages the original storyline stands in sharp contrast to the one presented in the film "Game of Death (1978 movie)". After the discovery of Lee's script notes in 2000 it was directed the short film "The Story". The movie is the storyline for "The Game of Death" and the missing part of "Bruce Lees "The Game of Death", not played in 1972. Directed in "South Korea" by "John Little", distributed as a special feature in DVD of the documentary '.
Trailer.
First trailer in 1973 within the documentary "" where some exclusive fragments were shown.
Distribution.
Bruce Lee historian John Little released Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey, a documentary revealing the original footage of "The Game of Death". The documentary also includes a fairly in-depth biography of Lee and leads into the filming of "The Game of Death".
In 2000, the Japanese film-documentary "Bruce Lee in G.O.D �����" was released on DVD. This film shows the existing footage that was shot for the film before he died, interviews, and historical re-enactments of what went on behind the scenes.

= = = Bellator MMA = = =
Bellator MMA (formally Bellator Fighting Championships) is an American Mixed Martial Arts promotion based in Santa Monica, California. It is known for being one of the largest Mixed Martial Arts promotions in the world, following UFC.

= = = Pseudis bolbodactyla = = =
Pseudis bolbodactyla is a frog that lives in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo in Brazil.

= = = Geratskirchen = = =
Geratskirchen is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Hebertsfelden = = =
Hebertsfelden is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Julbach = = =
Julbach is a village and municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany. Julbach has 16 other settlements.

= = = Kirchdorf am Inn = = =
Kirchdorf am Inn is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the river Inn.

= = = Malgersdorf = = =
Malgersdorf is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Massing, Germany = = =
Massing is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Nate Diaz = = =
Nathan Donald Diaz (born April 16, 1985) in Stockton, California is an American mixed martial artist, He competes at the Lightweight and Welterweight division of the UFC. Before signing with the UFC, Diaz competed in World Extreme Cagefighting, Strikeforce, and Pancrase. He has been in the UFC since winning The Ultimate Fighter 5.

= = = Mitterskirchen = = =
Mitterskirchen is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography.
Mitterskirchen is in a small side-valley of the Rott, bordering on Upper Bavaria. Mitterskirchen is at the federal highway B588, about seven kilometers south-west of Eggenfelden, 18 kilometers north of Altötting, 23 kilometers north-east of Mühldorf, as well as 22 kilometers south-west of Pfarrkirchen. The next train station on the railway line Passau - Mühldorf is in Eggenfelden.

= = = Postmünster = = =
Postmünster is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Reut = = =
Reut is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Roßbach, Bavaria = = =
Roßbach is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Schönau, Lower Bavaria = = =
Schönau is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Pinocchio (2022 live-action movie) = = =
Pinnochio is a 2022 American musical fantasy film directed by Robert Zemeckis from a screenplay by Zemeckis and Chris Weitz. The film, produced by Walt Disney Pictures, is a live-action adaptation of Walt Disney's 1940 animated film of the same name, which is itself based on the 1883 Italian book "The Adventures of Pinocchio", by Carlo Collodi. The film stars Tom Hanks, Cynthia Erivo, and Luke Evans with Benjamin Evan Ainsworth, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Keegan-Michael Key in voice roles.
"Pinocchio" was released on September 8, 2022, by Disney+. The film received negative reviews from critics.
Plot.
A hobo cricket named Jiminy Cricket enters the home of an elderly woodcarver named Geppetto, accompanied by his pet kitten Figaro and pet fish Cleo, and finds that he has completed work on a marionette puppet he names Pinocchio. When Geppetto decides to retire for the night, he makes a wish on a star. A few hours later, the star magically brings Pinocchio to life and he is soon visited by the Blue Fairy, who tells Pinocchio that if he acts brave, truthful and selfless, he can be a real boy and she also appoints Jiminy the responsibility of being Pinocchio's conscience to teach him right from wrong. When Geppetto awakens and finds Pinocchio alive, he is at first shocked, but becomes overjoyed.
After a few days, Geppetto decides that Pinocchio should attend school and sends him there. However, Pinocchio is soon approached by a con-artist fox and cat named "Honest" John and Gideon as they convince him that he should live a life of fame in order to truly be a real boy, when they really want to sell him to the puppet master Stromboli in exchange for wealth. Jiminy, who finds Pinocchio with the help of a seagull named Sofia, convinces Pinocchio to continue going to school. Unfortunately Pinocchio is thrown out of school on account of being a puppet, so he decides to go to Stromboli's after all and Jiminy can't stop him when John places a glass jar over him.
At Stromboli's theater, Pinocchio befriends one of Stromboli's employees Fabiana and her puppet Sabina. Pinocchio puts on a good show for the crowd as they throw their cash to him, but Stromboli locks Pinocchio in a bird cage to prevent him from ever leaving, wanting to exploit Pinocchio for all he's worth. Soon, Stromboli's coach ends up freeing Jiminy from the jar and when he enters the coach, he manages to help Pinocchio escape when Pinocchio has him reach the keys to the lock on the cage by telling lies since that makes his nose grow. Geppetto, Figaro and Cleo go out to look for Pinocchio when he fails to come home for dinner.
Soon, Pinocchio is swiped up by a coach full of children driven by a charismatic Coachman, who is taking the kids to Pleasure Island, an isle where misbehavior is encouraged. When they reach the island, Pinocchio slowly gets disturbed by the amount of cruelty the kids commit, much to the bemusement of an unruly boy named Lampwick. When Jiminy, who got separated from Pinocchio again, makes it to the island, he soon finds out that the kids their get turned into donkeys and the Coachman sells them to the salt-mines with help from his fog-like henchmen. Pinocchio witnesses Lampwick get transformed himself at a pool hall and he and Jiminy escape the island before the Coachman and his goons can get them, but not before Pinocchio gains a donkey's ears and tail.
Pinocchio and Jiminy make it back to Geppetto's but find that he's not home because Sofia gave him a flyer of Pleasure Island to let him know where Pinocchio is and that he sold all of his clocks to buy a boat to go there. While trying to find Geppetto, Pinocchio reunites with Fabiana and Sabina, who tell him that Stromboli has been arrested and they have taken over his puppet show. They offer Pinocchio to join them, but Pinocchio declines, wanting to save his father, which makes his donkey parts disappear. Sofia pulls a rope for Pinocchio to hold out to the sea, where they soon find Geppetto in his boat. Just as they reunite, they are swallowed by a giant sea monster named Monstro. They take refuge in a giant boat in Monstro's stomach, and Pinocchio gets the idea to make him sneeze by starting a fire within him. The plan is successful, and Monstro sneezes them out, but he gives a chase that ends with him and the group crashing on dry land and rendering Geppetto unconscious.
Pinocchio thinks Geppetto has died, and despairs before Geppetto comes to and soon tells Pinocchio that despite being a puppet, he has proven himself to be a true boy at heart for all that he's done, and they depart for home as Pinocchio slowly transforms into a real boy. Jiminy then breaks the fourth wall before ending the film.
Cast.
Voices.
Figaro the Cat, Cleo the Goldfish and Monstro the Sea Monster also appear.

= = = Stubenberg, Bavaria = = =
Stubenberg is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the river Inn, close to the border with Austria.

= = = Tann, Bavaria = = =
Tann is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany. It has about 4,000 residents and is 15 km from the corner of Austria away.

= = = Triftern = = =
Triftern is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Unterdietfurt = = =
Unterdietfurt is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Tomodachi Collection = = =
Tomodachi Collection is a life and social simulator video game created for the Nintendo DS by Nintendo SPD. The video game is a prequel to the video game Tomodachi Collection: New Life or Tomodachi Life in other countries. The video game is only available in Japan for Japan DS's. This game features Nintendo's avatars featured on the Wii called Miis.
Gameplay.
The game first starts the player on an empty island. On the island, you are to give the island a name. Afterwards, you must give your island a look-alike Mii that looks like you. Then you will feed them, give them another Mii to live with. After this is complete, the player is allowed to make as many Miis as they want to unlock other parts of the island such as an interior or clothing store. The game does not end, and you can play for as long as you want.

= = = Tomb of Nader Shah = = =
Tomb of Nader Shah is a building in Mashhad, which is designed by Hooshang Seyhoun. This building is the grave and resting place of Nader Shah, Shah of Afsharid Iran.

= = = Jon Jones = = =
Jonathan Dwight Jones Nickname "Bones" (born July 19, 1987) in Rochester, New York is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the light heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is a former two-time UFC Light Heavyweight Champion, holding the title from March 2011 to April 2015 and from December 2018 to August 2020. Jones also held the interim UFC Light Heavyweight Championship.
He has recently moved up to the Heavyweight Division to fight Ciryl Gane.

= = = Inge Scholl = = =
Inge Aicher-Scholl (11 August 1917 – 4 September 1998), born in present-day Crailsheim, Germany, was the daughter of Robert Scholl, mayor of Forchtenberg, and elder sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl, who studied at the University of Munich in 1942, and were core members of the White Rose student resistance movement in Nazi Germany. Inge Scholl wrote several books about the White Rose after the war.

= = = Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl = = =
Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (born 27 February 1920 in Forchtenberg as Elisabeth Scholl; died 28 February 2020 in Stuttgart) was the sister of Hans and Sophie Scholl.
Life.
Elisabeth Hartnagel (then Scholl) grew up together with her siblings Inge (1917–1998), Hans (1918–1943), Sophie (1921–1943) and Werner (1922–1944). Her siblings initially enthusiastically followed National Socialism and were members of the League of German Girls or Hitler Youth, but later became dissatisfied with the Nazi Regime.
Scholl arrest and Sippenhaft.
Her siblings Hans and Sophie were arrested on February 18, 1943. Elisabeth found this out from the newspaper. Four days later, on the 22nd February, Hans and Sophie Scholl and their fellow student Christoph Probst were sentenced to death in Munich by the People's Court chaired by Judge Roland Freisler, who came from Berlin for the sole purpose of the trial. Around 5 p.m., the convicts were beheaded in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. At the funeral of Hans and Sophie Scholl on the 24th February, the parents and siblings Inge, Elisabeth and Werner were present. Three days later, on Elisabeth's 23rd birthday, the Scholl family was taken into custody in Ulm, Elisabeth Scholl fell seriously ill in "protective detention" and was released after two months. She was the first of the Scholls to be released from prison.
After the War.
In October 1945, she married Fritz Hartnagel (1917–2001). Fritz had been Sophie’s fiance, and after the execution Fritz and Elisabeth had been brought together from their shared grief at their loss. Together the couple had four children. After the death of her sister Inge Aicher-Scholl in 1998, Elisabeth began to speak about her siblings at schools and other educational institutions. She was commited to keeping the memory of her brother and sister alive. She died on February 28, 2020, one day after her hundredth birthday.

= = = Fritz Hartnagel = = =
Friedrich "Fritz" Hartnagel (born February 4, 1917 in Ulm; died April 29, 2001 in Stuttgart) was a lawyer and soldier of the Wehrmacht during World War II. In the 1950s, Hartnagel, then a judge in Stuttgart, campaigned against the rearmament of the Federal Republic. He was Sophie Scholl's (unofficial) fiancée.
Early Life and Relationship with Sophie Scholl.
When Hitler first came to power Hartnagel was entranced by him and his vision for Germany. He volunteered for an officer career in the spring of 1936 after an early Abitur and was a professional officer of the Wehrmacht until the end of World War II.
In 1937, Hartnagel met Sophie Scholl at a dance event. Under Scholl's influence and after experiences on the front (including in the Battle of Stalingrad), Hartnagel changed from an enthusiastic soldier to an opponent of war and Nazi dictatorship. He supported the resistance activities with news about the course of the war and war crimes and with amounts of money (including 1000 Reichsmarks) although he never officially joined any reistance movements.
After the execution of Hans and Sophie on the 22nd February 1943 Hartnagel assisted the Scholl family. After the remaining Scholl family members were put into Sippenhaft (clan arrest), Hartnagel appealed for clemency for the Scholl family. After they were released, he supported them financially. 
After the War.
On April 14, 1945, Hartnagel was captured by US troops and kept as a prisoner of war until September 1945. In October 1945, he married Sophie's sister Elisabeth Scholl, who he had grown close to after Sophie's execution.
In 1946, Hartnagel began law studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich (the same college Sophie Scholl had gone to.) He completed his studies and became a judge. He died on April 29, 2001, at the age of 84.

= = = Atlanta Compromise = = =
The Atlanta Compromise was an informal agreement, between the black people of the cotton-producing states of the United States, and the government of these states. It came after a speech by Booker T. Washington, given in 1895. The compromise is the following: The black people would tolerate means of racial segregation, most notably the Jim Crow laws. In exchange the white government of these states would allow them to get some basic education for free; this education was focused on technical jobs or basic training in jobs the industry needed. This would also improve the living conditions of the black people. Black people would no longer focus on fighting for equality, integration into society or justice. White people would finance educational institutions for black people, such as Tuskegee University. Even though people agreed on these points, their agreement was never written down. 
Shortly afterwards, around 1900, African-American leaders, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter, said that black people should instead focus on the stuggle for civil rights. It was Du Bois who coined the term to Atlanta Compromise to refer to the speech by Booker T. Washington.

= = = N-factorial = = =
In mathematics, the formula_1-factorial is the generalized formula for the factorial.
When formula_2, it is called the double factorial, and generally it is written as formula_3.

= = = Hamid Motahari = = =
Hamid Motahari (Persian: ���� ����� born 25 April 1974 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian retired professional football midfielderand who is Head Coach and now he is currently assistant of Yahya Golmohammadi in Persepolis F.C.
Early life.
Hamid Motahari born 25 April 1974 in Tehran Iran.
Hamid Motahari is married and result of this life is a daughter named Harir.
Hamid Motahari is a former player and Iranianfootball coach.
Playing career.
Club.
He started his football career with the youth of Vahdat F.C. team and at the same time he played for the youth and adults.
He joined Persepolis F.C. after playing for teams such as Sepahan and Keshavarz F.C.
He was a player at Persepolis F.C. until the end of his playing career, but with a serious injury, his playing career ended very quickly.
International.
He was playing in the Iran U-20 1991–1993 and the Iran U-23 1993–1995
Coaching career.
Hamid Motahari joined the railway team in 2009 at the age of 35 as a coach and was present in the technical staff of this club for about 2 years as an assistant coach.
In 2014, he became the head coach of Omid Perspolis F.C.. 
After a year, he joined Saipa F.C. and in 2016, he signed a contract with Paykan F.C. and was the assistant coach of Majid Jalali in this team for two years.
After a short experience, he joined Nassaji Mazandaran F.C. and then was a member of the technical staff of Shahr Khodro F.C. from 2020-2019.
When Yahya Golmohammadi was in the Perspolis F.C. team, he also took Motahari to this team. 
Hamid Motahhari has been Yahya Golmohammadi assistant in Perspolis F.C. since 2020. 
Saba Qom F.C. 2007-2009 assistan
Rah Ahan F.C. 2009-2011 assistan
Saipa F.C. 2014-2015 assistan
Paykan F.C. 2016-2018 assistan
Nassaji Mazandaran F.C. 2019 assistan
Shahr Khodro F.C. 2019-2020 assistan
Motahari is now Yahya Golmohammadi's assistant in Perspolis F.C.

= = = Life skills = = =
Life skills are abilities which help people to deal with the demands and challenges that they face in life.
The World Health Organization in 1999 identified cross-cultural areas of life skills:
Most of the times children get life skills when they play or discover new things with adults.

= = = Fordtown, Tennessee = = =
Fordtown is an unincorporated community in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States, The community's name was adopted due to the number of people with the last name Ford, who lived in the area. It is accessed by the road named after it, Fordtown Road.

= = = Orientalism = = =
Orientalism by Edward Said is a discourse in which the Occident holds power over the Orient. It is through this power that the Occident can structure it how it wants to. It is an idea that the Eastern world and the Western world have opposite ways of thinking in terms of being and knowledge. This is often shown in the superiority of the West and the inferiority of the East. Edward Said first used the word this way in his 1978 book "“Orientalism”". 
Before the term Orientalism was used like this by Said, it had a different meaning. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the term Orientalism was used to describe the effects of the Orient’s influence on art, literature, and architecture fields. It basically referred to an academic study of the East by the West. This included the academic study done by philologists who were focused on the Oriental languages and the understanding of ancient Oriental texts. This knowledge was thought to be enough to understand Oriental civilizations. There was no interest to the everyday life of these Oriental communities and their customs and traditions.
Oriental art shows different elements which are seen as typical for this art direction. Furthermore, oriental art represents how Western people imagined the Orient. Additionally, there are several movies which included Orientalism, such as Aladdin.
Orientalism in art.
Development of Oriental Art.
The rise of Oriental art started in Venice in Italy. The city and the Ottoman Empire were at war from 1463 till 1479. Because of this, Venice needed to give money to the Ottoman Empire to keep sea trade. Also, in 1479, the venetian government sent Gentile Bellini to work for the sultan. Then Bellini started to work with the experiences and impressions he gained in the Ottoman Empire, He processed those in his paintings, when he was back in Venice in 1481. The interaction between Sultan Mehmed II and Bellini was the first historical meeting to express Orientalist art.
The second meeting was between France and the Ottoman Empire. Because of the “Franco-Ottoman Alliance” in 1536, many impressions and ideas emerged either of Europe or the Middle East. Because of this interaction between the two different continents, international goods became popular. As a result, the French painting style, Turquerie was created.
The third meeting is seen as the peak of oriental art. Because of Napoleon, France had power over Egypt rom 1798 till 1801. At this time, Egyptian products became popular in France.
In 1893, the institution called the Society of French Oriental Artists emerged. This institution supported the idea of oriental art. They also supported going to the Middle East to gain experience and impressions to use in their paintings. 
Lastly, oriental art started to get disliked in the 19th century. This was because the art was now often connected to discrimination. 
Elements of Oriental Art.
In general, this art style presents how western artists imagined the Orient to be. For example, how everyday life could look like in this region. Either they had visited the region, or they painted what the region could look like. 
Firstly, Oriental painters use mostly warm colours, such as yellow, orange or red. Another feature of these paintings is the use of shadows and light. 
Secondly, typical elements are nude women, harems, or mosques. 
Thirdly, oriental art can be seen in form of photography and so-called genre paintings. These presented everyday activities. 
Lastly, the paintings were mostly made by people from western countries. For example countries like France or Great Britain. Those states were controlling regions of the Middle East. By creating these paintings, these countries tried to promote themselves in the region. Furthermore, they presented the Orient as bad and disrespectful. 
An example of today is Aladdin. This movie shows how the producers of the movie expected the Orient to be and how the people in the region could look like. 
Scholarly Orientalism.
Philology and Orientalism.
From the 19th century, the term Orientalism was used to mean an academic field. Here people had with a special job to study Oriental languages and sacred ancient texts. In the late 18th century and early 19th century, studies about Sanskrit, Persian, and Egyptian hieroglyphs became very popular. Many institutions were founded during this time to help support these studies.
Philology was considered to be the only necessary thing to understand Oriental civilizations. Orient was a big and not precise term. However, it was clear that the Orientalists studied mostly the Middle East rather than India and China. Over the time the Oriental studies were divided into more specific group such as “Near Eastern” and “East Asian” departments. Finally, at the beginning of the 20th century the term “Middle East” was invented by the US army.
Edward Said.
Important terms.
The Orient: An area including most of present-day North Africa and Middle Eastern countries. 
The Occident: Western countries that had colonized the Orient. This in particular includes France, Great Britain and later the United States.
Colonialism: When countries take control of weaker countries.
Discourse: Discourse is a system of society. It produces knowledge and meaning. This production then creates processes that shape the things they talk about.
Cultural Hegemony: Cultural Hegemony by Antonio Gramsci, is a form of social control by the upper class over the lower classes. Here, ideas and opinions are enforced by them, so that the lower classes accept only the upper class’ opinions and not their own.
Postcolonial: A term which covers all affected by colonialism.
The Book Orientalism (1978).
Summary:
The book Orientalism by Edward Said was published in 1978. In this book Said establishes his concept of Orientalism and gives a new definition for the term.
Before his book, Orientalism was a word used in academia to refer to the study of the region formerly labelled ‘the Orient’. The focus here was its culture and languages. The word also described all things that were created in this study about the Orient by the Occident. For example: books, articles, and art. 
In the first chapter, ‘The Scope of Orientalism’, Said gives a history of ‘Orientalism’ as an academic discipline. 
In the second chapter, ‘Orientalist Structures and Restructures’, Said shows the strong contrast that is created between the representations of Orient and the Occident. These representations come out of the academic study of Orientalism. He does this by analyzing texts by Silvestre de Sacy, and Ernest Renan. In the works that the Occident made about the Orient, the western countries were always shown as better. In contrast, the Orient was described as undeveloped and secondary. 
The last chapter of the book is called ‘Orientalism Now’. Said uses his theory of Orientalism to explain 19th and 20th French and British colonialism. Said explains that this can also explain American foreign policy in the Middle East. He says ‘area specialists’ are taking the role of the philologists of earlier centuries. In Said’s view, such ‘experts’ help reinforce the system of Orientalism in present day. This maintains the Western discourse of Orientalism into the 1980s.
Said’s concept of Orientalism.
The concept of Orientalism by Edward Said is made up of many different components. Said explains three approaches for how Orientalism is can be understood. First, Orientalism is an ‘academic discipline’. Here, Orientalism is a science, and the Orient is seen as a subject for studying. The Occident wants to classify and label the Orient through this study. This approach is how the West understands Orientalism. In their view it is only an academic discipline. 
The second approach is Orientalism as a ‘style of thought’. This means it is a way of thinking. It is based on the contradictions and contrasts that are formed by society between the Orient and the Occident. 
Lastly, Orientalism is an approach in which the West views the Orient as a political instrument. They want to use this instrument for ‘cultural and political domination'. They also use it to justify colonialism. 
It is only when all three of these approaches join, Orientalism becomes a discourse. In this discourse, Orientalism becomes the way the Occident holds power over the Orient. It is through this power that the Occident can structure it how it wants to. 
The origin of this type of Orientalism is the concept of the ‘Other’. Every culture creates an ‘Other’ to form their self-image. This comes from the definition of identity where one is what one is not. If the Orient is the undeveloped and bad ‘Other’, the Occident then is not. The Occident is then modern and good. The idea of the ‘Other’ sets the two against each other, causing fights.
Because of this, Said explains that the Orient was created by the West. It is not a thing, but just an idea. The idea is created in and for the Orient. Its culture is only what the West gives it. The Occident is also man-made. This is because it only exists in relation to the Orient. They are rely on each other. 
The West ‘created’ the Orient through their relationship of power and domination. This relationship is led by hegemony. Hegemony stabilises Orientalism. Only then can the relationship be maintained. Said argues that this is why the Orient was and is not free. 
Also, the Occident will only ever see the Orient in a wrong way. This is because of the ‘lens of Orientalism. This lens ruins all images, studies, and representations that the Occident makes about the Orient.
Impact:
Said’s idea of Orientalism has influenced many people. It has even been called one of the most influential books. Said’s definition of Orientalism has become the one most associated with the word. 
Because it made people look at colonialism in new ways, ‘postcolonial theory’ was born. It has also greatly influenced other academic fields, for example cultural studies, anthropology, political science, and history. 
Another example is feminist studies (academic study of women's position in society). Orientalism is a model that made it possible for people to analyze the very complicated identity of Middle Eastern women. This is also an example that Said’s theory of Orientalism gave opportunities to less advantaged people. 
Criticisms:
While Edward Said’s book and definition of Orientalism attracted much support, many rejected his ideas, for several reasons. 
Some said that Said was not the first person to talk about Orientalism in this way. There were similar books published before his. For example, "English speaking Orientalist" (1965) by Syrian academic Abdul Latif Tibawi and "The Myth of the Lazy Native" (1977) by Malaysian sociologist Syed Hussain Alatas. 
Others said Said’s Orientalism treats the Occident unfairly. They say it creates a wrong image of the West. This type of criticism is called ‘Occidentalism’. It was said that Said was doing the same thing to the Occident as he claimed the Occident did to the Orient. 
Said was also accused of being too limited in his analysis. He ignores German, Austrian, and Russian colonialism and orientalism. He also only considers a small part of the Middle East. Said even criticises himself for only looking at 19th and 20th century academic Orientalism.
Orientalism now.
Present-day example.
The children Disney movie Aladdin from 1992, shows people living in the Orient in a disrespectful way. The images and song texts of the movie are showing stereotypes. They also show the typical motifs of oriental art. 
There are different common oriental art elements in the story of the movie. The name of the city Agrabah should just sound Arabic. It does not actually have any Arabic meaning. The idea of proposing a forced marriage to Jasmine is also a stereotype. The scenery of the movie is mostly in warm colours or blue. In the film you can see also camels, a desert and harems. 
The most obvious characteristics of the characters also present Orientalism. Aladdin speaks with an “American accent”. He is dressed almost topless. The female character, Jasmine, also has an American accent. She wears belly dancer clothing and owns a tiger as a pet. Both main characters are shown in a good manner. But they are both sexualised by showing them in less clothing. Other characters are characterised by a big, curved nose and a lot of facial hair.
The main characters are depicted in a westernised way. Because of this they are recognised as good in western societies. The other characters do not have western or American characteristics. They are then seen as bad. This means that people who do not share the same values or appearances as western people are directly seen differently and gross. 

= = = Edward Said = = =
Edward Wadie Said (1935-2003) was a Palestinian academic. He came up with the theory of Orientalism (1978) and wrote the book "Culture and Imperialism" (1993).
Early life.
Said was born on 1 November 1935, son of Hilda Said and Wadie Said. He was born during the time the British ruled over Palestine. He was raised as a Christian Palestinian, though he would later become agnostic. He was trained as a pianist, though this was not the main focus of his career. 
Education.
Said attended St George's School, which is a British boys' school in East Jerusalem. He would later study in Victoria College, Alexandria, before moving to the United States. He graduated from Princeton University in 1957. He completed his master's degree and PhD at Harvard University.
Career.
Said published "Orientalism" in 1978. He published "Culture and Imperialism" in 1993. He was a leading founder of a field of academic study known as Postcolonial Studies.
Death.
Said died on 24 September 2003. The cause of his death was leukaemia.

= = = Tanzimat = = =
The Tanzimat was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended in 1876. It intended to modernize the Ottoman Empire, and allowed for religious freedom. Tanzimat means "re-ordering" or "restructuring" the relationship between the state and the different communities, which were named subjects. The period started with the publishing of the Tanzimat edict which was written by Koca Mustafa Reşit Paşa under the order of Sultan Mahmud II. The period began in 1839, after Hatt-ı Şerif. It was followed by Hatt-ı Hümayun in 1856. The Constitution of 1876 made these two edicts into law. These laws limited the power of the Sultan. Some of the reforms were influenced by those in British Empire and France.
Hatt-ı Şerif (Noble Script or Edict of Gulhane).
The Hatt-ı Şerif was a proclamation, or edict, that was announced on 1856. It is considered the first act of the Tanzimat, which begun under Sultan Abdülmecid I.
It is also known as the Edict of Gulhane or Noble Script. The Hatt-ı Şerif proclamation included three main demands. It began to limit the Sultan's power and also to establish the basis for equality among citizens of the Ottoman Empire.
Hatt-ı Humayun (Imperial Script).
This edict was established 18 days after the Crimea War (1853) on 18 February 1856. It guaranteed that all subjects of the Ottoman Empire would have security of life, honor, and fortune regardless of their ethnicity or religion. It promised equality for everyone who lived in the Ottoman Empire. It also reformed the tax system and the military. One of the goals of the edict was to weaken the power of the local governors and lay the groundwork for the creation of a modern army.
Land code of 1858.
The Land Code of 1858, also referred to as The Ottoman Imperial Land Code, modernized the taxation system and agriculture. It was divided into three sections, that included 132 articles. It changed the way people owned property. Individuals now had the right to own land. Before people farmed only to feed themselves and their family. With this change people began commercial agriculture to farm more food than they needed. They sold the extra food for money. This was good for the Sultan because he could collect more taxes. The Code added to the freedom of people who possessed land and made inheritance rules more fair for men and women.
Constitution of 1876.
In 1876, the Hatt-i Sherif and the Hatt-i Humayun were turned into law as part of the constitution. It was established during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II.
The constitution established two chambers of government, an elected chamber called the Chamber of Deputies, and a senate that was appointed by the Sultan.
The constitution was partly modelled on the 1831 Belgian constitution, which democratized some aspects of Ottoman society. However, the Sultan maintained significant amounts of power. The Sultan was able to declare war, appoint and dismiss ministers, approve law, and form and dismiss the Chamber of Deputies. These parts of the constitution meant that the executive branch of government - the Sultan - held significantly more power than the elected branch.
Another important outcome of the constitution was the declaration that all religions in the Empire were now equal citizens. Islam remained the state religion, however the system of the millet was abolished.

= = = Bloomingdale, Tennessee = = =
Bloomingdale is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 8,918 at the 2020 census.
It is part of the Kingsport–Bristol (TN)–Bristol (VA) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.
Geography.
Bloomingdale is located at .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,918 people, 3,977 households, and 2,449 families residing in the CDP.

= = = Shane Baxley = = =
Shane Baxley (born February 13, 1986), is an American concept designer for media projects.
Baxley has created concept art for vehicles, characters and environments for movies and television programs, including "", "Bumblebee" and the "Loki" series, He has also worked on the Spike Jonze's award-winning Apple Home Pod commercial. Most recently he has contributed designs to James Gunn's "The Suicide Squad" including Starro and "The Thinker" as well as designs for the to be released "Peacemaker" series and "Guardians of the Galaxy Volume 3". Other contributions \include "Star Wars" "Obi-Wan Kenobi", "Furiosa", "Black Panther 2" and "Blue Beetle".
Early life and education.
Shane Baxley was born in Santa Clara, California. He graduated from Los Gatos High School in 2004. Having graduated from Art Center College of Design's Transportation Design Department.
Career.
In 2012, he worked as a freelance designer for several automotive and product design studios including: Gruppo bertone, Boombang, Design by Eleven and Astro studios before shifting to film. In 2014, he appeared in eight episodes of the reality show Motor City Masters.
In 2015, Baxley launched "Baxley Corp" which handles a wide array of design and art direction.
In 2019, during the Covid pandemic he created the motorcycle brand known as "BAX MOTO" which is currently seeking prototype funding.
Most recently he contributed a short story to the book "TRAVERSE: Vehicles From the Outer Rim of Imagination" which donated profits to the "Williams Syndrome Association".

= = = Elizabethton, Tennessee = = =
Elizabethton is a city in, and the county seat of Carter County, Tennessee, United States. Elizabethton is the historical site of the first independent American government (known as the Watauga Association, created in 1772).
The city is also the historical site of the Transylvania Purchase (1775) which was a major site during the American Revolutionary War for both the Battle of Musgrove Mill (1780) and the Battle of Kings Mountain (1780). It was within the secessionist North Carolina "State of Franklin" territory (1784–1788).
Geography.
Elizabethton is located within the "Tri-Cities" area (encompassed by Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport) of northeast Tennessee.
Their time zone is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): UTC-5 (Eastern Time).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.51%, is water.
Education.
Public Schools in Elizabethton are operated by Elizabethton City Schools. www.ecschools.net
Colleges.
Satellite campuses of Northeast State Community College and Tennessee College of Applied Technology are located in the eastern part of the city off Tennessee State Route 91.
Milligan College and Emmanuel Christian Seminary are located in the southwestern part of the city off Tennessee State Route 359.

= = = Fall Branch, Tennessee = = =
Fall Branch is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washington and Greene counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The population was 1,248 at the 2020 census. Some areas in Sullivan also use the Fall Branch ZIP code.
History.
One of the earliest settlers at Fall Branch was Isaac White. He was a Revolutionary War veteran who arrived in the area in 1781. He eventually established a farm at what is now the intersection of Interstate 81 and State Highway 93. Another early settler, Gabriel Morgan, built a grist mill at Fall Branch in the early 1800s. The mill stood until the 1930s, when it was torn down.
By the early 1800s, Fall Branch was known as "Crouch Town", after a family of early settlers. The name had changed to "James' Cross Roads" by 1830, when a post office was established. The name "Falls Branch" had been adopted by 1854, and the "s" was dropped from "Falls" in 1883, giving the community its current name. The name was inspired by the waterfall the community's main creek, also called Fall Branch, spills over just before it empties into Horse Creek.
In 1836, Fall Branch was designated as the county seat of the proposed "Powell County", which would have consisted of parts of Washington, Greene, Sullivan, and Hawkins counties. While voters approved of the new county, it was rejected by the Tennessee Supreme Court on the grounds that it failed to meet the minimum size required by the state constitution for new counties.
Schools.
A school, Fall Branch Seminary, was established at Fall Branch in 1842. Fall Branch High School, initially a two-year school, was established before 1900. The high school was consolidated with several other smaller schools to form Daniel Boone High School in nearby Gray in 1971.
Buildings.
A number of buildings dating to the 19th century still stand in Fall Branch. The Masonic Lodge, home to Johnson Lodge No. 274, was completed in 1869. The Joseph Sheppard House, constructed in the late 1850s, was believed to have been used to hide Confederate soldiers during the Civil War. The Bud White Home was constructed by a local physician, Jonathan Blair White, in 1869. The Hopper House, used as a boarding home for early Fall Branch Seminary students, was constructed in the first half of the 19th century.
Education.
One school is located in Fall Branch; Fall Branch School, which serves grades PreK–8 in the Washington County portion of the community. West Pines Elementary School (grades PreK–8) previously served the Greene County portion until its closure in 2019. Grades PreK-5 now attend Baileyton Elementary in Baileyton and grades 6-8 now attend North Greene Middle School in Ottway. High school students attend North Greene High School (Greene County portion) and Daniel Boone High School (Washington County portion).
Transportation.
Fall Branch is located off Interstate 81 exit 50, on State Route 93 near where Tennessee State Route 93 and Tennessee State Route 81 intersect South of Kingsport, north of Jonesborough and northeast of Greeneville.

= = = Muni Metro = = =
Muni Metro is a light rail system serving San Francisco, California, United States, operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni).
Operations.
Muni Metro runs from approximately 5 am to 1 am weekdays, with later start times of 7 am on Saturday and 8 am on Sunday. Owl service, or late-night service, is operated on much of the L and N lines by buses that show the same route designation. 
History.
Market Street subway.
On February 18, 1980, the Muni Metro officially began. It started with a weekday N-line service in the subway. The Metro service was put in phases. The subway was served only on weekdays until 1982. The K Ingleside line began using the entire Metro subway on weekdays on June 11, 1980, the L Taraval and M Ocean View lines on December 17, 1980, and the J Church line on June 17, 1981. Meanwhile, weekend service on all five lines (J, K, L, M, N) continued to use PCC streetcars operating on the surface of Market Street to the Transbay Terminal. The Muni Metro was closed on weekends. At the end of the service day September 19, 1982, streetcar operations on the surface of Market Street were discontinued entirely. The remaining PCCs taken out of service, and weekend service on the five light rail lines switch to buses for a while. Finally, on November 20, 1982, the Muni Metro subway began operating seven days a week.
Routes.
, the L Taraval is replaced by bus service, while other routes have resumed rail operation.

= = = Wörthersee Stadion = = =
Wörthersee Stadion is a stadium in Klagenfurt, Austria. It is the home ground of SK Austria Klagenfurt .
History.
The first Wörtherseestadion was built in 1960 as the home ground of the old SK Austria Klagenfurt with a capacity of 10,900. Although Austria Klagenfurt was relegated in 2004 the Carinthian government was for building a new stadium for the UEFA Euro 2008.
The new stadium was for 32,000 visitors. It was opened on 7 September 2007 with a a friendly match between Austria and Japan in front of 26,500 spectators. For the 2007-08 season FC Pasching was relocated to the stadium to ensure matches after the Euro 2008. Till the bankruptcy in 2010 Pasching played under the name SK Austria Kärnten in the stadium. 2010 the stadium was renamed Wörthersee stadium because the name sponsor so far ( Hypo Group Alpe Adria) was in economic troubles. The stadium is now the homeground of SK Austria Klagenfurt. It also hosted final matches of the Austrian Cup.
Since July 2022 it is named 28 Black stadium for sponsorship reasons.
Euro 2008 matches.
The "Wörthersee Stadion" hosted 3 matches of Euro 2008.

= = = Duvar (movie) = = =
Duvar is a 1983 Turkish-French drama movie directed by Yılmaz Güney and starring Tuncel Kurtiz, Zeynep Kuray, Ayse Emel Mesci Kuray, Malik Berrichi, Nicolas Hossein, Ahmet Ziyrek, Jacques Dimanche, Jean-Pierre Colin, Ali Berktay.

= = = Challenge Cup = = =
The Challenge Cup was a tournament for football clubs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire It was played from 1897 to 1911.
History.
It started in 1897 and was invented by John Gramlick. He was one of the founders of Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. The competition was for all clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All teams came from the three major cities Vienna, Budapest and Prague. It was played in a knockout format.
The trophy is now in the possession of its last winner Wiener Sport-Club. The Challenge Cup was played for the last time in 1911. Today it is seen as a early version of the Austrian Cup (first held in 1918).

= = = Getting Even (1986 movie) = = =
Getting Even is a 1986 American Cold War movie directed by Dwight H. Little and starring Edward Albert, Audrey Landers, Joe Don Baker, Caroline Williams. It was distributed by Vestron Video.

= = = Dustin Poirier = = =
Dustin Poirier Nickname "The Diamond" (born January 19, 1989 in Lafayette, Louisiana ) is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the Featherweight and Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is a former Interim UFC Lightweight Champion (One time). In the lightweight division, he holds notable wins over former UFC champions Anthony Pettis, Eddie Alvarez, and Conor McGregor.

= = = Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba = = =
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba (born 2 January 1981) is a Burkinabé military officer. He was the 4th President of Burkina Faso and Chairman of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration from January to September 2022. He removed President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré from power on 24 January 2022 during the 2022 Burkinabé coup d'état.
Damiba was removed from power by Ibrahim Traoré in the September 2022 coup d'état.

= = = Nanobiotix = = =
Nanobiotix is a biotechnology company. It uses nanomedicine to develop new radiotherapy techniques for cancer patients. The home office of the company is in Paris. Also, it has offices in New York and Massachusetts.
Nanobiotix is a spin-off of the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo.

= = = Marco Cappato = = =
Marco Cappato (born 25 May 1971) is an Italian activist and politician. Cappato was an Italian Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2009. He was a candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.

= = = Paolo Maddalena = = =
Paolo Maddalena (born 27 March 1936) is an Italian lawyer and academic. He was a Judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy from 2002 to 2011. In 2022, he was nominated by members of the Italian Parliament as a candidate for President of Italy.

= = = 2022 Montenegrin pro-government protests = = =
Protests began in Montenegro on 19 January 2022 against the proposition of URA to remove Prime Minister Zdravko Krivokapić and his cabinet from power. They are also against the formation of a temporary minority government. Since most ministers of the cabinet are close to Krivokapić, most ministers supported or attended these protests. 
The protests are being held in multiple cities such as Podgorica, Bijelo Polje and Berane. While most have been peaceful, there have been cases of violence at the protests, such as the assault of a reporter.
Krivokapić was removed from power in a motion of no confidence on 4 February 2022.

= = = Sheldon Silver = = =
Sheldon Silver (February 13, 1944 – January 24, 2022) was an American Democratic Party politician, lawyer, and convicted felon. He was Speaker of the New York State Assembly from 1994 to 2015. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1977 to 2015. Silver was born in New York City.
Silver was arrested on federal corruption charges in early 2015, and resigned as Speaker of the Assembly shortly afterward. At his trial that November, he was convicted of all charges. Silver was resentenced in July 2020 to years in prison.
Silver died on January 24, 2022 at a prison hospital in Ayer, Massachusetts from problems caused by kidney disease, aged 77.

= = = Ayberk Pekcan = = =
Ayberk Pekcan (22 May 1970 – 24 January 2022) was a Turkish actor. He was born in Mersin, Turkey. His career began in 1995. He was known for playing Hıdayet in "Winter Sleep" (2014) and Erol in "Mustang" (2015).
Pekcan died on 24 January 2022 in Mersin from lung cancer, aged 51.

= = = Szilveszter Csollány = = =
Szilveszter Csollány (; 13 April 1970 – 24 January 2022) was a Hungarian gymnast. He was born in Sopron, Hungary. He won a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He also won a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Csollány was hospitalised in November 2021 with COVID-19 and put on a ventilator in Budapest. He died from the infection on 24 January 2022, at the age of 51.

= = = Caetano Veloso = = =
Caetano Emanuel Viana Teles Veloso (; born August 7, 1942) is a Brazilian composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist. Veloso first became known for his participation in the Brazilian musical movement Tropicalismo. Veloso has won nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards. He was born in Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil. His career began in 1957.

= = = Vaccine hesitancy = = =
Vaccine hesitancy is the act of avoiding and protesting the use of vaccines. They usually spread ideas that go vaccines. Some people believe that vaccines cause more harm than of help. Others, especially parents of children with allergies, think that kids are getting more vaccines than they need.
"Anti-vaccination activism" is about the opposition to vaccination; in more recent years, anti-vaccinationists have been known as "anti-vaxxers" or "anti-vax". Vaccine hesitancy is difficult to understand and is context-specific, varying across time, place, and types of vaccines.
It can be caused by a lack of proper scientifically-based knowledge and understanding of how vaccines are made, or how vaccines work, and other psychological factors, including fear of vaccination needles, or the suspicion for public figures and politicians. Some anti-vaxxers believe that vaccines cause autism (damage to the brain and neurons), which is not true.
Vaccine hesitancy for infants is also related with parents' health beliefs. Parents with higher education levels would have their children vaccinated. On the other hand, children from families with mistaken beliefs or inaccurate teaching, and also believe that vaccines cause allergies (which is not true), are likely to have their vaccinations delayed by their parents. 
Religion also plays an important part in anti-vaccination activism. Religious anti-vaccinationists would always refer to vaccines as unnatural and therefore, unhealthy. Other opponents of vaccination question the necessity of vaccinating against rare diseases. This is ironic, since the lack of disease is a result of successful vaccination 
Finally, the contradictory of scientific evidence also confused the public when making vaccine decisions. As the nature of scientific evidence encourages critical thinking and constructive supplements. This made the public struggle in believing the truth of existing vaccine science.

= = = Theresa Amayo = = =
Theresa Guichard Amayo Brasini (13 July 1933 – 24 January 2022) was a Brazilian actress. She was born in Belém, Brazil. Her career began in 1953. Her best known roles were as Sonia in "S.O.S. Mulheres ao Mar" (2014) and Lillisa in "The Pilgrim" (2014). She also played Vitoria in the telenovela "Pecado Capital" (1975–1976).
Amayo died of kidney cancer on 24 January 2022 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil at the age of 88.

= = = Alon Wieland = = =
Alon Carl Wieland (April 26, 1935 – January 22, 2022) was an American Republican politician and businessman. He was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives, from 2002 to 2014. He was the Commissioner of Cass County, North Dakota from 1983 to 2003. Wieland was born in Underwood, North Dakota.
Wieland died in West Fargo, North Dakota on January 22, 2022, at the age of 86.

= = = Underwood, North Dakota = = =
Underwood is a city in McLean County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 784 at the 2020 census.

= = = Washburn, North Dakota = = =
Washburn is a city in southern McLean County, North Dakota, United States. It is on the upper Missouri River. It is the county seat of McLean County. The population was 1,300 at the 2020 census.

= = = Combined Statistical Area = = =
Combined statistical area (CSA) is a term for a combination of nearby metropolitan (MSA) and micropolitan statistical areas (�SA) across the 50 US states and the territory of Puerto Rico that can demonstrate economic or social links. The OMB defines a CSA as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. These areas that combine retain their own designations as metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas within the larger combined statistical area.

= = = Gernot Böhme = = =
Gernot Böhme (3 January 1937 – 20 January 2022) was a German philosopher and author. He was the director of the Institute for Practical Philosophy in Darmstadt, Hesse from 2005 until his death. Böhme was born in Dessau, Anhalt, Germany. 
As a research scientist he worked at the Max-Planck-Institute with Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. From 1977 to 2002 he was Professor of Philosophy at Technical University of Darmstadt. 
Böhme died on 20 January 2022 in Darmstadt, at the age of 85.

= = = Stephen Churchett = = =
Stephen George Churchett (10 April 1947 – January 2022) was an English actor and writer. He was born in Bromley, Kent, England. His career began in 1969. He was known for playing Marcus Christie in "EastEnders". 
Churchett died in January 2022, at the age of 74.

= = = Dick Halligan = = =
Richard Bernard Halligan (August 29, 1943 – January 18, 2022) was an American musician and composer. He was best known as a founding member of the jazz-rock band Blood, Sweat & Tears. He won a Grammy Award in 1970. He composed the movie scores for "Go Tell the Spartans" (1978), "Cheaper to Keep Her" (1981), "Fear City" (1984), and the Chuck Norris movies "A Force of One" (1979) and "The Octagon" (1980).
Halligan died in Rome on January 18, 2022, at the age of 78. 

= = = Bill Owens (Massachusetts politician) = = =
William Owens (July 6, 1937 – January 22, 2022) was an American politician and businessman. He was the first Black state senator in the Massachusetts State Senate. Owens was born in Demopolis, Alabama. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1973 until 1974. He was a Democrat. He was in the state senate from 1975 to 1982 and from 1989 to 1992.
Owens died on January 22, 2022 from COVID-19 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 84.

= = = Lyudmyla Yanukovych = = =
Lyudmyla Oleksandrivna Yanukovych (; née Nastenko; October 9, 1949) is a Ukrainian engineer. She is the ex-wife of fourth Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych. She was the First Lady of Ukraine between 2010 until 2014. She has worked at the Yenakiyeve Iron and Steel Works, in the design and appraisal bureau. 
After her divorce from Yanukovych, she moved to Crimea.

= = = Olena Zelenska = = =
Olena Volodymyrivna Zelenska (born 6 February 1978) is a Ukrainian screenwriter serving as the first lady of Ukraine since 2019 as the wife of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
Biography.
Early life and education.
Olena Kyiashko was born on 6 February 1978 in Kryvyi Rih, Soviet Ukraine. She studied at Kryvyi Rih National University, where she met her future husband, Volodymyr Zelenskyy. In 2000, she graduated from Kryvyi Rih Technical University and received a specialist diploma. She also graduated from a music school with a piano class.
Marriage and family.
In 2003, she and her husband got married. They have two children named Oleksandra and Kyrylo.
First Lady of Ukraine (2019–present).
On August 23, 2021, the First Kyiv Summit of First Ladies and Gentlemen took place in Kyiv at the initiative of Zelenska. Eleven first ladies from different countries joined the event. The main topic of discussion was the COVID-19 pandemic.
On 19 July 2022, Zelenska started her visit to the United States. On the first day of the visit, Zelenska met with the U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Samantha Power. 
On the second day of the visit, she held a meeting with U.S. First Lady Jill Biden at the White House. Zelenska was also met U.S .President Joe Biden and U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris.
Zelenska also addressed the U.S. Congress on the second day of her visit. She became first presidential wife of another country to address the U.S. Congress.
Olena Zelenska Foundation.
On 22 September 2022, Olena Zelenska presented her foundation at a charity evening in New York City during the 77th UN General Assembly.
The Foundation has three key directions: medicine, education and humanitarian aid.
Awards and honors.
She was honored as one of the BBC 100 Women in December 2022.
In November 2023, Zelenska was named one of the 25 most influential women in the world.

= = = Sean Rad = = =
Sean Rad (born May 22, 1986) is an entrepreneur and co-founder of Tinder, the online dating app. 
Early life and education.
Rad was born on May 22, 1986 in Los Angeles, California. Rad began his studies at the University of Southern California (USC) but dropped out after two years. 
Career.
Rad started his first company, Orgoo an application for messaging and video chat integration tool in 2004. He also founded Adly an influencer social media management company in 2009.

= = = Affiliated Computer Services = = =
Affiliated Computer Services Inc. (ACS) was a company that provided information technology services as well as business process outsourcing solutions to businesses, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. ACS was based in Dallas, Texas. Founded in 1988, by Darwin Deason, ACS operated in nearly 100 countries, generating over $6 billion per year.
Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) was founded by Darwin Deason in 1988. At first created as a data services provider to the financial services industry, Deason expand ACS's influence on the communications, education, financial services, government, healthcare, insurance, manufacturing, retail, and travel and transportation industries.
In 1995 ACS became a public company and stopped bank data processing. By FY 1996 ACS became the fourth-largest commercial outsource provider in the United States.
In February 2010, following its purchase by Xerox, ACS was replaced by Urban Outfitters on the Standard & Poor 500 Index.
On July 1, 2015, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business to Atos. Xerox pointed out that ITO did not line up with its vision of integration of BPO (business process outsourcing) and the legacy document handling concerns. On July 29, 2016, the US District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the suit at law by Matthew Sciabacucchi. The lawsuit contended that some Xerox Corp directors and officers had cancelled their duties because of purchasing ACS for $6.4 billion in 2010.
On January 3, 2017, a company called Conduent was spun off as a divestiture from Xerox. The business scope of Conduent was generally identical to that of the former Affiliated Computer Services (ACS).
In February 2020 efforts to take down the company's former headquarters building in Dallas failed.
SEC Investigation.
In 2006, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reported ACS that they were conducting an informal investigation into certain stock option grants made by the company from October 1998 through March 2005. This was associated with the inadequate and unethical practice of reverse back-dating to specific low points available. ACS said the managers incorrectly backdated the price of grant options from 1994 to 2005.
During that time, ACS said they chose days on purpose the days when ACS's shares fell a dip as the effective date for the options, making them more valuable when exercised. Rich, King, and Edwards "used retrospect to select favorable grant dates," ACS said in a statement. CEO Mark King and CFO Warren Edwards, both involved in the wrongdoing. So they immediately resigned. The former CEO Jeff Rich previously retired at the beginning of the year.

= = = Northern Territory Government = = =
The Government of the Northern Territory of Australia, also referred to as the Northern Territory Government, is the Australian territorial democratic administrative authority of the Northern Territory formed in 1978. 

= = = Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly = = =
The Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly is the only chamber of the unicameral legislature of the Australian Capital Territory. It sits in the Legislative Assembly Building in Canberra.

= = = Etchika Choureau = = =
Etchika Choureau (19 November 1929 – 25 January 2022) was a French actress. She was known for her relationship with Hassan II of Morocco from 1958 until 1961. Her best known roles were in "Children of Love", "A Girl from Paris" and "Darby's Rangers".
Choureau died on 25 January 2022, at the age of 92.

= = = Sverre Stensheim = = =
Sverre Malvin Stensheim (31 October 1933 – 22 January 2022) was a Norwegian cross-country skier. He competed in the 30 km and 50 km events at the 1960 and 1964 Winter Olympics. He came in fifth place in the 50 km in 1964. Stensheim was born in Oppdal, Norway.
Stensheim died on 22 January 2022 at the age of 88.

= = = Luigi Manconi = = =
Luigi Manconi (born 21 February 1948) is an Italian academic, journalist and politician. He was a Member of Senate of the Republic between 1994 until 2001 and again from 2013 until 2018. He was nominated by the Italian Parliament as a candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.

= = = Elisabetta Casellati = = =
Maria Elisabetta Casellati, née Alberti (born 12 August 1946), is an Italian lawyer and politician. She was the President of the Italian Senate from 2018 to 2022. She is the first woman to have ever held this position. In 2022, she was nominated as a candidate for President of Italy by centre-right coalition. Election president, the crash of lawyer Casellati who was already seen at the Quirinale. She became Minister for Institutional Reforms in the Giorgia Meloni cabinet in 2022.

= = = Ivanoe Bonomi = = =
Ivanoe Bonomi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian statesman. He was the 25th Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 until 1922 and again during 1944 until 1945.

= = = Enrico De Nicola = = =
Enrico De Nicola, (; 9 November 1877 – 1 October 1959) was an Italian jurist, journalist, politician. He was the head of state of republican Italy from 1946 to 1948. He became the first president of Italy on 1 January 1948.

= = = Laura Boldrini = = =
Laura Boldrini, (; born 28 April 1961) is an Italian politician and former United Nations official. She was President of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy. She was the Spokesperson to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for Southern Europe.

= = = Giuseppe Saragat = = =
Giuseppe Saragat (; 19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician who was the president of Italy from 1964 to 1971.

= = = Giovanni Gronchi = = =
Giovanni Gronchi, (; 10 September 1887 – 17 October 1978) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician. He was the president of Italy from 1955 to 1962.

= = = Giovanni Leone = = =
Giovanni Leone (; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician, jurist and university professor. He was a founding member of the Christian Democracy (DC). He was the president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978.
He also was prime minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968. He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963.
Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal. In 1978, he was accused of bribery and these allegations were proven false.

= = = Mariano Rumor = = =
Mariano Rumor (; 16 June 1915 – 22 January 1990) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy (DC). He was the 39th Prime Minister of Italy from December 1968 to August 1970 and again from July 1973 to November 1974. 
Rumor also was Minister of Agriculture from 1959 to 1963, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1974 to 1976 and Minister of the Interior in two brief times, in 1963 and from 1972 to 1973. 
Rumor was also Secretary of the Christian Democracy from 1964 to 1969.

= = = Nilde Iotti = = =
Leonilde Iotti, commonly known as Nilde Iotti (; 10 April 1920 – 4 December 1999) was an Italian politician. She was a member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She was the first woman and only member of the PCI to become President of the Chamber of Deputies.

= = = Irene Pivetti = = =
Irene Pivetti (born 4 April 1963) is an Italian journalist, television presenter and politician. She has been President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 1994 to 1996.

= = = Luciano Violante = = =
Luciano Violante (born 25 September 1941) is an Italian judge and politician. He was a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 1979 to 2008.

= = = Gianfranco Fini = = =
Gianfranco Fini (born 3 January 1952) is an Italian politician. He was the president of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013.

= = = Fausto Bertinotti = = =
Fausto Bertinotti (born 22 March 1940) is an Italian politician. He led the Communist Refoundation Party ("Partito della Rifondazione Comunista") from 1994 to 2006. 
On 29 April 2006, he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, a position he held until 2008.

= = = Montefalcione = = =
Montefalcione (Irpino: ) is a town and "comune" of the province of Avellino in the Campania region of southern Italy.

= = = Arthur Lira = = =
Arthur César Pereira de Lira (born 25 June 1969), or simply Arthur Lira, is a Brazilian lawyer, farmer, businessman and politician. He has been the Federal Deputy for Alagoas since 2011. He is a member of Progressistas (PP). He is the President of the Chamber of Deputies since February 2021.

= = = Rodrigo Pacheco (politician) = = =
Rodrigo Otavio Soares Pacheco (born 3 November 1976) is a Brazilian politician and lawyer. He is the President of the Federal Senate since 2021 and of the National Congress of Brazil since 2019. He was in the chamber of deputies from 2015 to 2019.

= = = Luiz Fux = = =
Luiz Fux () (born 26 April 1953) is a Brazilian judge. He is the current Chief Justice of the Supreme Federal Court since 2020. He was appointed as a justice of the Court by President Dilma Rousseff in 2011 and had his nomination approved by the Senate. He is the first Jewish Brazilian member of the Court. 
He was a minister of the Superior Court of Justice.

= = = Slade Brockman = = =
William Edward Slade Brockman (born 27 March 1970) is an Australian politician. He has been a Senator for Western Australia since 2017, representing the Liberal Party. He was elected President of the Australian Senate in October 2021 following the resignation of Scott Ryan. 

= = = Pseudis platensis = = =
Pseudis platensis is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.
Scientists used to think this was the same frog as "Pseudis paradoxa". They said it was a subspecies. They called it "Pseudis paradoxa platensis". Then, in 2007, scientists looked at the frog's genes. The genes of "Pseudis platensis" were different enough from "Pseudis paradoxa" to say it was its own species.

= = = Andrew Wallace = = =
Andrew Bruce Wallace (born 27 February 1968) is an Australian politician. He is the 31st Speaker of the House of Representatives since 2021. He is a member of the Liberal Party. He has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2016.

= = = Powa Technologies = = =
Powa Technologies was a technology company, based in the United Kingdom. It is known for its commerce, mobile commerce and e-commerce services. The company’s flagship product was the mobile application "PowaTag". In February 2016, investment company Wellington Management appointed professional services firm Deloitte as administrators of Powa Technologies. 
History.
Powa was founded in 2007 by British businessman Dan Wagner. The company got the largest Series A funding round for a technology start-up at the time, collecting $76 million in August 2013. The investment attracted the attention of David Cameron.
In June 2014, Powa Technologies bought Hong Kong business MPayMe and its ZNAP technology. So Wagner suggested that Powa had a business value of $2.6 billion.
In 2015, they announced that their planned LSE £1.6 billion float would be suspended until the year. By early 2016, the company had run into financial difficulties, missing payments to staff and third parties.
Its Hong Kong office did not pay its employees on time and its ex-employees within 7 days, with some employees having to seek help from the Labor Department. On 28 January 2016, Alessandro Gadotti became CEO of PowaTag in the effort of restructuring the business.
During his leadership, he also served as the Group's interim CEOs, supporting the process and the sale of the Group's companies. On February 19, 2016, Powa Technologies was transferred to management, and on February 23, 2016, Powa Technologies made 74 of its London-based staff redundant.
On 24 February 2016, Powa Technologies filed for bankruptcy and fired most of its employees. Wellington Management, an investment firm, has appointed Deloitte Professional Services as PowaTag administrators. 
PowaTag.
PowaTag was a technology for mobile payments and mobile application by Powa Technologies. PowaTag was launched at a March 2014 event in New York by Powa CEO Dan Wagner. It was reported that at the time of launch, more than 240 retailers had signed up to use the service. However, later reports showed that most of the companies had only written non-binding Letters of Intent. 
Thanks to the application, users could shop with a smartphone, where the payment and delivery data are tied to a specific smartphone device. The app contained elements of QR code detection, audio recognition, and beacon technology. 
Audio watermarks in the form of insensitive tones embedded within radio, commercials, or live broadcast events were detectable by the app, that taking users to a mobile commerce store where you could make a purchase. 

= = = Chief Justice of Australia = = =
The Chief Justice of Australia is the presiding Justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The current chief justice is Susan Kiefel, who is the first woman to hold the position.

= = = Gerard Brennan = = =
Sir Francis Gerard Brennan (22 May 1928 – 1 June 2022) was an Australian lawyer and jurist. He was the 10th Chief Justice of Australia, appointed by Prime Minister Paul Keating in 1995. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser appointed Brennan to the court in 1981.

= = = Murray Gleeson = = =
Anthony Murray Gleeson (born 30 August 1938) is an Australian former judge. He was the 11th Chief Justice of Australia, in office from 1998 to 2008.
On 7 November 2008, Gleeson was appointed a non-permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

= = = Pekka Rinne = = =
Pekka Rinne (born 3 November, 1982) is an Finnish former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for almost 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Nashville Predators. He also played for Oulun Kärpät of the SM-Liiga and for Dinamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
During his career, Rinne was a very successful goaltender. Rinne won the Vezina Trophy in 2017. He also helped lead the Predators to their first Stanley Cup Final in 2017.
On July 13, 2021, Rinne announced that he was retiring from professional hockey. On February 24, 2022, the Predators also announced that Rinne's number 35 jersey would be the first jersey number to be retired in team history.

= = = Robert French = = =
Robert Shenton French (born 19 March 1947) is an Australian lawyer and judge. He was the twelfth Chief Justice of Australia, in office from 2008 to 2017. He has been the chancellor of the University of Western Australia since 2017.

= = = Susan Kiefel = = =
Susan Mary Kiefel (; born 17 January 1954) is an Australian lawyer and judge. She is the chief justice of Australia since 30 January 2017. She has been on the High Court since 2007. Kiefel is the first woman to serve as Chief Justice.

= = = Wittibreut = = =
Wittibreut is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Wurmannsquick = = =
Wurmannsquick is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Zeilarn = = =
Zeilarn is a municipality in Rottal-Inn in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Geographical position.
Zeilarn is in the region Landshut in a Lower Bavarian landscape of hills directly along the B20 about 14 km southeast of Eggenfelden, 18 km northeast of Altötting, 20 km north of Burghausen, 17 km northwest of Simbach and 20 km southwest of the county town Pfarrkirchen. The nearest train station is in Marktl.
Municipal structure.
Zeilarn has 87 officially named districts:

= = = Altendorf, Upper Palatinate = = =
Altendorf is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Bodenwöhr = = =
Bodenwöhr is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Bruck in der Oberpfalz = = =
Bruck in der Oberpfalz is a market town in Schwandorf in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Burglengenfeld = = =
Burglengenfeld is a town in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Naab, 22 km north of Regensburg.

= = = Dieterskirchen = = =
Dieterskirchen is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.
Neighbouring communities.
The neighbouring communities clockwise: Oberviechtach, Winklarn, Thanstein, Neunburg vorm Wald, Schwarzhofen and Niedermurach.

= = = Fensterbach = = =
Fensterbach is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Gleiritsch = = =
Gleiritsch is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Guteneck = = =
Guteneck is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Maxhütte-Haidhof = = =
Maxhütte-Haidhof () is a municipality in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 21 km north of Regensburg.

= = = Clarivate = = =
Clarivate Analytics is an independent US company founded in 2016 that manages databases, information systems, and intellectual property collections funded by a subscription to its services. The company is focused on scientific and academic research, patent analysis and legal regulation, pharmaceutical and biotechnological research, patents, and regulatory compliance; trademark protection, and domain and brand protection.
From 1992 until 2016, the company's intellectual property belonged to Thomson Reuters, because it was a branch of IP & Science. On October 3, 2016, it jumped into an independent company.
The purpose of the company to select, analyze and provide high-quality information for scientists, teachers, publishers, librarians, doctors, patent staff, market stomach, managers, etc.
Clarivate is quickly developing due to numerous acquisitions: 5 years since the foundation of Clarivate bought more than 10 of information services companies. In some cases, Clarivate bought, despite increased antimonopoly worsens, companies that were direct competitors to each other. Perhaps the most notable example of this was the purchase of ProQuest for $5.3 billion in December 2021, which was a Competitor Web of Science, Clarivate owned since 2017.
Clarivate reported its gross profit margin as 64% (in 2019) and its EBIDTA profit margin as 45% (in 2021), which places it in the range of entertainment software and tobacco industries, and ahead of pharmaceutical, oil/gas and cell phone industries.

= = = Nabburg = = =
Nabburg is a municipality in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Naab, 23 km east of Amberg.
Town division.
28 districts belong to Nabburg.:

= = = Neukirchen-Balbini = = =
Neukirchen-Balbini is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = 2021 NFL season = = =
The 2021 NFL season was the 102nd season of the National Football League (NFL). This is the first season to have 17 games. The regular season games started on September 9, 2021. The regular season games ended on January 9, 2022. The playoffs started on January 15 and ended with Super Bowl LVI on February 13.

= = = Guillermo del Toro's Pinnochio = = =
Guillermo del Toro's Pinnochio (also known as simply just Pinnochio) is an upcoming stop-motion animated musical fantasy film. It is directed by by Guillermo del Toro and Mark Gustafson. It is based on Gris Grimly's design from his 2002 edition of the 1883 Italian novel "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodi. The film marks the animated feature film directorial debut of del Toro. It stars the voices of Ewan McGregor, David Bradley, Gregory Mann, Finn Wolfhard, Cate Blanchett, John Turturro, Ron Perlman, Tim Blake Nelson, Burn Gorman, Christoph Waltz, Tilda Swinton. It has a screenplay by del Toro, Gris Grimly, Patrick McHale and Matthew Robbins and a story by del Toro and Robbins. Daniel Radcliffe is the movie's executive producer.
Produced by The Jim Henson Company and ShadowMachine in co-production with Necropia Entertainment, "Pinocchio" was announced by Del Toro in 2008 and originally scheduled to be released in 2013 or 2014, but the project went into development hell. In January 2017, McHale was announced to co-write the script, but in November 2017, the production was suspended as no studios were willing to provide financing. The production was revived the following year after being acquired by Netflix. It is set to be released in December 2022.
Plot.
A dark, twisted retelling of the famous Carlo Collodi fairytale about a wooden puppet who comes to life and dreams of becoming a real boy takes place in 1930s Fascist Italy. When Pinocchio comes to life, he turns out not to be a nice boy, causing mischief and playing mean tricks. But at its core, "Pinocchio" is "a story of love and disobedience as Pinocchio struggles to live up to his father’s expectations."

= = = Neunburg vorm Wald = = =
Neunburg vorm Wald is a municipality in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 21 km east of Schwandorf on the river Schwarzach, a tributary of the Naab.

= = = 2021 Detroit Lions season = = =
The 2021 season was the Detroit Lions' 92nd season in the National Football League, the 20th season playing home games at Ford Field and their first season under the head coach Dan Campbell.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Lions schedule was released on May 13, 2021.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Los Angeles Rams season = = =
The 2021 season is the Los Angeles Rams' 84th season in the National Football League and the fifth under head coach Sean McVay. 
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Rams' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021–22 NFL playoffs = = =
The 2021–22 NFL playoffs was the playoff tournament for the 2021 season. This was the first playoff with a 17 game season. The playoffs ended with Super Bowl LVI on February 13, with the Los Angeles Rams becoming champions.
Schedule.
Winners of each game are in Bold

= = = 2021 San Francisco 49ers season = = =
The 2021 season is the San Francisco 49ers' 72nd season in the National Football League and their fifth under the head coach Kyle Shanahan. They finished the regular season with 10 wins and 7 lossses, and advanced to the playoffs as the 6th seed. In the playoffs, they upset the 3rd-seeded Dallas Cowboys (who had 12 wins and 5 losses) and the 1-seed Green Bay Packers (13 wins and 4 losses), but lost in the NFC title game to division rival Los Angeles Rams.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The 49ers' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Niedermurach = = =
Niedermurach is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Nittenau = = =
Nittenau () is a municipality in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Regen, 18 km southeast of Schwandorf, and 24 km northeast of Regensburg.
It is the "sister city" of Lake Zurich, Illinois.

= = = 2021 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season = = =
The 2021 season was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' 46th season in the National Football League (NFL) and their third under head coach Bruce Arians.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Buccaneers' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12. As defending Super Bowl champions, the Buccaneers hosted the 2021 NFL Kickoff Game at Raymond James Stadium against the Dallas Cowboys.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Green Bay Packers season = = =
The 2021 season was the Green Bay Packers' 101st season in the National Football League and their third under head coach Matt LaFleur.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The first week was announced 11 hours ahead of the rest of the season on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Postseason.
As the result of clinching the NFC North division title and the best record in the NFC, the Packers hosted a playoff game in the Divisional round.

= = = Super Bowl LVI = = =
Super Bowl LVI was the 56th Super Bowl. It was the final game of the 2021 season and end of the 2021–22 NFL playoffs. It was played between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Los Angeles Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals. The game was played on February 13, 2022, at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California. The Rams beat the Bengals 23-20.

= = = 2021 Dallas Cowboys season = = =
The 2021 season was the Dallas Cowboys' 62nd season in the National Football League and the 33rd under the ownership of Jerry Jones.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Cowboys' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Philadelphia Eagles season = = =
The 2021 season was the Philadelphia Eagles' 89th season in the National Football League and their first under head coach Nick Sirianni.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Eagles' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 New Orleans Saints season = = =
The 2021 season was the New Orleans Saints' 55th season in the National Football League and the 15th and last under head coach Sean Payton.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Saints' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata = = =
The dotted humming frog ("Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata") is a frog that lives in Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. Scientists think it might live in Colombia too. Scientists have seen it between 0 and 400 meters above sea level. It is famous because it lives in the same holes in the ground with tarantula spiders.
Appearance.
The adult male frog is 20 to 23 mm long from nose to rear end. The adult female frog is 21 to 24 mm long. The skin on its back and sides is dark green or gray with gold and light blue spots. Its underside is yellow-white in color with big gray or brown spots. Its feet are not webbed. For a frog, it has short hind legs. For a frog, it has a narrow head and pointed nose.
Home.
This frog lives in tropical forests in the Amazon where there is water in the air, but people have also seen it in places where trees have been cut down and in other places where humans have changed the places where the frog could live. It spends most of its time on land instead of in the water like a swimming frog or up in the trees like a tree frog. People have found it hiding in the dead leaves on the ground. It stays still during the day and looks for food at night. This frog lives in the same place with other frogs that came from the same ancient ancestor frog: "Chiasmocleis anatipes", "Chiasmocleis antenori", "Chiasmocleis bassleri", "Ctenophryne geayi", and "Hamptophryne boliviana".
Reproduction.
This frog has many young ones all at once. Sometimes they do this after heavy rain. More than 50 male frogs go to a shallow pond. Then they float on the water and sing together for the females. Their singing has a hum in it. The females lay eggs in water that does not flow: ponds but not streams. One female frog can lay more than 200 eggs at a time. The eggs are 2 mm across. The eggs float in groups on top of the water. The tadpoles are gray in color.
Food.
This frog eats ants. Its body and narrow head make it very good at catching ants. Its body is not very good at catching other kinds of food.
Threats.
Snakes and large animals without spines can catch and eat this frog.
Tarantulas.
Scientists have seen this frog living in the same burrows or holes in trees as tarantula spiders like the Colombian lesserblack tarantula ("Xenesthis immanis"). The spiders could eat the dotted humming frogs and do eat other kinds of frogs, but they do not eat the dotted humming frogs that live with them.
Scientists think the tarantulas use chemicals to tell which frog is which. They have seen young tarantulas pick up small frogs. The young tarantulas touch the frogs with their mouths. Then they put the frogs back down. They do not eat or bite them. Microhylid frogs, like the dotted humming frog, make chemicals in their skin that taste bad. Scientists think this might be why the frogs and spiders started living together.
The dotted humming frog is so small that large insects and other animals without spines can eat it. But the tarantula can fight or eat these insects.
The dotted humming frog eats ants. Ants eat tarantula eggs. Scientists think the tarantula and the spider live together because the spider frightens away animals that would eat the frog and the frog eats the ants that would eat the tarantula's eggs. Scientists call this relationship mutualism or mutualistic symbiosis.
Other frogs and tarantulas that live far from South America also live together like this. For example, there are frogs and tarantulas in Sri Lanka that live together this way. Scientists think this relationship evolved more than once.
Name.
The name "Ventrimaculata" comes from Latin from the words ""venter" and "macula"." "Venter" means belly and "macula" means spot. This means that the name means "stains on its belly."

= = = Nicolae Guță = = =
Nicolae Linguraru ( b, 3 December 1967) is a Romani (Gypsy) manele singer.
Musical career.
Guță started as a singer and accordionist in the late 1980s. He played lăutărească music. He released his first album in 1992. Two years later, he released his first main hit somg – "De când te iubesc pe tine" (english: "Since I've Been Loving You"). It was on his second long-play record. His first album for a foreign audience was released in France in 1996. At this time while Romanian music critics had very little reaction towards his music. Foreign journalists liked his music. They called it a very modern fashion of Gypsy jazz.
Around 1998, Guță started to become interested in manele music. It was a club-friendly subgenre of Balkans folk music influenced by Turkish and Arab pop. 

= = = 2021 Carolina Panthers season = = =
The 2021 season was the Carolina Panthers' 27th in the National Football League and their second under head coach Matt Rhule.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Pittsburgh Steelers season = = =
The 2021 season was the Pittsburgh Steelers' 89th season in the National Football League and their 15th under head coach Mike Tomlin.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Steelers' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Oberviechtach = = =
Oberviechtach () is a town in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is southeast of Weiden in der Oberpfalz, and northeast of Schwandorf.

= = = Pfreimd = = =
Pfreimd is a town in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Naab, 19 km north of Schwandorf, and 20 km south of Weiden in der Oberpfalz. It is also close to the border with the Czech Republic.

= = = Schmidgaden = = =
Schmidgaden is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Schmidgaden is in the north of the Upper Palatinate.
The municipality includes the following areas: Schmidgaden, Trisching, Wolfsbach, Rottendorf, Gösselsdorf, Littenhof

= = = Schönsee = = =
Schönsee is a town in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany, near the border with the Czech Republic, 38 km northeast of Schwandorf, and 34 km southeast of Weiden in der Oberpfalz.

= = = Schwandorf = = =
Schwandorf is a town on the river Naab in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany, which is the seat of the Schwandorf district.
Twin towns – sister cities.
Schwandorf is twinned with:

= = = Schwarzach bei Nabburg = = =
Schwarzach bei Nabburg is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.
The municipal is divided in 15 smaller settlements.:

= = = Schwarzenfeld = = =
Schwarzenfeld is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Sabra and Shatila massacre = = =
The Sabra and Shatila massacre refers to the killings of Palestinian refugees and Lebanese Shias at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camp that took place in Beirut, Lebanon, the 16, 17 and 18 of September, 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War.
Israeli-backed Phalange militia killed between 2,000 and 3,500 Palestinian refugees and Lebanese civilians in two days. Those killed were nearly all Palestinian refugees, and the slaughter was carried out by the decision of the Lebanese Christian political party by their Phalangist militia. The massacre is today referred to as Sabra and Shatila after the names of the refugee camps in the attack.
Historical Context: The Lebanese Civil War.
Before the War: A Strained Situation.
The Lebanese civil war took place in a context of extreme tensions all around Lebanon. The politicians were corrupted and could not agree on the country's policy, for example on subjects such as international policy and on the Palestinian question, in which many countries of the Middle-East region were involved.
Lebanese society was divided between religious groups. Certain religious groups had certain political rights and occupied specific functions that could not be taken by a member of another group. The Christian group was monopolizing the political life while Muslim groups were put aside. 
There is also an important Palestinian presence in the south of the country. The Palestinians were mainly refugees. They were victims of the 1948 Nakba, or “catastrophe” in Arabic, fleeing the violent ethnic cleansing of Palestine by Zionist militias as Israel was formed. The different classes of society were also divided about the Palestinian question. The economic situation is not great as well since unemployment is very high. 
The context before the Sabra and Shatila massacre.
Right before the massacre of the two camps, the President of Lebanon, Bachir Gemayel, was murdered in a bombing attack on the 14 of September 1982. He also was the leader of the Lebanese Phalanges. They took control and closed the west part of Beirut, including the Sabra and Shatila camps. Their invasion was helped by Israeli forces in the pretext of maintaining order in the capital. 
The Factions Involved in the Massacre of Sabra and Shatila.
There were different factions involved in the Sabra and Shatila massacre: The Lebanese phalanges, the Israeli army, and the Palestinian refugees, inhabitants of the camps.
The Lebanese Phalanges.
Formally known as the Christian Maronite Lebanese Forces, the Lebanese Phalanges were the primary Christian militia involved in the Lebanese Civil War. The Maronites first came to Lebanon in an attempt to escape persecution in Syria. The group was able to build a relationship with European powers, specifically maintaining a connection with France. In addition to the Phalangist militia, there was also a strong Phalangist political party, led most prominently by Pierre Gemayel. 
One of the key leaders of the Phalangist military faction was Bachir Gemayel, son to Pierre, and eventually elected president, though he was assassinated in mid-September of the same year he was elected, before having the opportunity to actually take office. His murder was carried out by bombing and perpetrated by Habib Tanious Shartouni, whose allegiance lay with Syria. He is known to have been a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Another was Elie Hobeika, who was known to have a close relationship with Gemayel and served as a military leader for the Lebanese forces at the time of the war. 
The Israeli Army.
in 1982 Israel sent troops to Lebanon after the murder attempt on Shlomo Argov, the Israeli ambassador. This gave Israel a pretext to invade the south of Lebanon and the capital. This operation was called "Peace for Galilee". Its goal was to drive out the PLO fighters who established in the country. Though the murder attempt on Shlomo Argov was not perpetuated by the PLO, it gave to Israel the justification to attack Palestinian fighters in Lebanon. The Israeli army slowly advanced on Beirut where they joined their military forces with the Syrian forces already involved in the conflict and with the Lebanese Phalanges. They did not enter the capital until a cease-fire agreement was set up by the USA in September.
After the assassination of Bachir Gemayel Israel broke the agreement. They allowed the Lebanese militia to enter the camp, despite the agreement to protect the Muslim population.
The Palestinian Refugees and Fighters of the PLO.
The Palestine Liberation Organization, started in 1964 with the intention of creating a Palestinian state. The organization had directly opposition to and conflict with the State of Israel. Both Palestinian refugees and fighters had seen large amounts of violence. They sought to establish a place for themselves in Southern areas of Lebanon and in Beirut.
The Palestinian refugees' presence in Jordan played a significant role in the rising tension which eventually led to the Lebanese Civil War. They were the target of several forces, including the Maronites, accompanied by the Lebanese army and several other militias, as well as the Israeli army. 
The Proceedings: When, Where, How and Why the Massacre Occurred.
In June of 1982, the Israeli army invaded Lebanon in an attempt to obliterate the Palestinian Liberation Organization. 
Despite steadfast attempts at resistance from the Palestinian-Lebanese side, violence and death was increasing and other actors became involved. Along with several others, the Lebanese prime minister, Shafik Wazzan, and an American representative named Philip Habib were making attempts to diffuse the issue diplomatically. On 11th August 1982, they came to an accord which said that the PLO would be forcefully removed from Beirut under the direction of both American and European forces, specifically France and Italy. Providing this evacuation of Palestinian troops, the Israeli government said that their army would not infiltrate west Beirut or perpetrate further attack. They also pledged, in conjunction with the United States government, the safety of the Palestinians and people inside the refugee camps. 
The Shatila camp, located in west Beirut, had been a standing Palestinian refugee camp since the 1940s. Over time, the camp had grown to also include the nearby Sabra neighborhood, and both Sabra and Shatila were in the direct path of the violence by the Israeli forces. However, because of the formal agreement reached by Philip Habib and Shafik Wazzan, the camps and the Palestinian civilians' security should have been safeguarded. This changed following the assassination of Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel. That prompted the Israeli army and the Phalangist militia, whose loyalty was strongly tied to Gemayel, to take action that they considered necessary to regain control in Beirut and protect the area and people within it. This claim of needing to acquire security and safeguard against terrorism was the veneer Israeli forces employed to justify the disruption of their previous promises and the acts of brutality which followed. Many other parties, including the United States, were implicated in the events of the next few days. 
On 15th September, the Israeli army was the first power to occupy Sabra and Shatila, closing all access out of the camps and effectively confining thousands of civilians and refugees inside. From 16th to 18th September 1982, the camps were then subjected to an onslaught of violence, rape, abuse, and mass murder. Other groups were involved, including the Lebanese Forces and other right-wing militias. The massacre was an enormous loss of human life, consisting of almost entirely Palestinian refugees and Lebanese civilians, including many women and children, hospital patients, and public servants such as medical staff. There is still uncertainty as to precisely how many were killed in the massacre; some state the death toll was as low as 300, some claim it's nearer to 1,700, while other estimates range as high as 4,500 victims. Most sources say that at least 3,000 innocent people were murdered in this 3-day period. 
The Impact of the Massacre.
International reactions.
The massacre was highly denounced by international powers and by the israeli population. The United Nations said the event was a "high scale massacre" and as a "genocide". It also pointed out the responsibility of Israel, while Israeli people demonstrated in the streets. An international inquiry commission, the Mc Bride Commission, was opened. Under pressure, Israeli government was forced to open its own inquiry commission, the Kahan Commission.
The Mc Bride commission, did not establish the direct responsibility of Israel in the massacre. However, it makes Israel responsible for letting the Phalanges enter the camps and helping the massacre by lighting the camps at night. This allowed the massacre to continue even after nightfall. 
Following the Kahan Commission, Israel recognized having surrounded and controlled the camps during the massacre. However, it denies knowing that the massacre was happening. Ariel Sharon, the Israeli minister of Defense, was several times blamed for the massacre. He was sued in Belgium with other Israeli supervisors. However, the plaint would not be followed.
Lebanese responsibility.
Elie Hobeka was particularly blamed as the one who ordered the massacre by the Phalanges. He was the leader of the Lebanese secret services. Today, his role as the main responsible of the massacre is fully acknowledged. He died in a bombing in 2002 as he was involved in the Belgian trial for the accusation against Ariel Sharon.
Testimonies.
Many scholars and journalists have written about the massacre. Also, numerous testimonies depicting the massacre have spread through journalist's work. Many testimonies say that Israeli soldiers saw the massacres occurring. We can illustrate that through the testimonies collected by Pierre Péan, or Leila Shahid. These allegations however could have been discussed and their authenticity has not always been proved. In addition to their memorial role, they are also used by journalists and scholars who study the importance of the massacre. Seth Anziska has worked on American actions during the war. He based his works on the communications between Israel and the USA and the record of the military movements. 

= = = Schwarzhofen = = =
Schwarzhofen is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.
Neighbouring communities.
The neighbouring communities clockwise: Niedermurach, Dieterskirchen, Neunburg vorm Wald, Altendorf.

= = = Stadlern = = =
Stadlern is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Stadlern is on the western hillsides of the mountain Reichenstein.
To the west is the Schnabelloh-Creek with the mills Bemmerlmühle, Stadlermühle and Tabakmühle.
Across the Schnabelloh-Creek at the eastern hillside of the Drechselberg is the hamlet Reichenberg.
To the east is the river Bayerische Schwarzach with the villages Waldhäuser and Schwarzach and the mill Neumühle and the village Charlottenthal.
Neighbouring communities.
The neighbouring communities clockwise: Bělá nad Radbuzou, Rybník nad Radbuzou, Tiefenbach, Weiding, Schönsee.

= = = Steinberg am See = = =
Steinberg am See (Northern Bavarian: "Stoaberg") is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Stulln = = =
Stulln is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Teublitz = = =
Teublitz () is a town in Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Naab, 12 km south of Schwandorf, and 23 km north of Regensburg.

= = = Teunz = = =
Teunz is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Karambit = = =
The karambit or kerambit is a kind of curved knife of Indonesian origin that is used as a weapon.
The shape of its blade resembles a tiger's claw. Many kerambits have a ring at the end of the handle to retain the index finger.

= = = Arrowhead (1953 movie) = = =
Arrowhead is a 1953 American western movie directed by Charles Marquis Warren and was based on the novel "Adobe Walls" by W. R. Burnett. It stars Charlton Heston, Brian Keith, Jack Palance, Katy Jurado, Milburn Stone, Pat Hogan and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

= = = Bloody Mary (cocktail) = = =
A Bloody Mary is an Alcoholic drink, which has vodka and tomatoes, and sometimes other things, like: Worcestershire sauce, hot sauce, garlic, herbs, horseradish, celery, olives, salt, black pepper, lemon juice, lime juice and celery salt. Some different versions of the drink like the "Surf 'n' turf""" Bloody Mary have shrimps and bacon on it. In the USA, people usually drink Bloody Maries in the morning or noon to stop hangovers.
The Bloody Mary was invented sometime between the 1920s and 1930s. There are many ideas for the origin of the drink and its name. The Bloody Mary also has different versions, like the Red Snapper (Sometimes called the "Bloody Margaret"), the Virgin Mary, the Caesar, and the Michelada.

= = = Richard J. Hughes = = =
Richard Joseph Hughes (August 10, 1909 – December 7, 1992) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. He served as the 45th governor of New Jersey from 1962-1970, and as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1973-1979. Hughes was the first Catholic governor in New Jersey's history. He was a Democrat.
He died on December 7, 1992 in Boca Raton, Florida.

= = = Spanish Sahara = = =
The Spanish Sahara refers to Spain's control of the Western Sahara territory during 1884-1976.

= = = Ghassan Kanafani = = =
Ghassan Kanafani (9 April 1936 – 8 July 1972) was a Palestinian writer and activist. He was a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). He wrote many texts including "Men in the Sun" (1962). At the age of 36, he was killed in a car bomb by Mossad.
Early Life.
Born in the British Mandate of Palestine in the city of Acre on 9 April 1936, Kanafani and his family were forced to flee to Beirut, with the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War in 1948. Afterwards, Kanafani and his family settled in Damascus. Kanafani completed his secondary education, receiving a United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) teaching certificate in 1952. In the subsequent year, he crossed paths with George Habash, who initiated him into the realm of politics and left a significant impact on his early endeavors. He was later expelled from Damascus due to his political activity in support of Pan-Arabism. He then moved to Kuwait along with his sister in 1956 and they both took teaching positions there. After spending some time in Kuwait as a drawing and sports teacher, Kanafani eventually returned to Beirut where he joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in 1967, serving as the spokesperson and editor of its newspaper, al-Hadaf.
Political Views.
During his time in Beirut, Kanafani moved away from Pan-Arabism, a movement calling for unity of all Arab countries, and focused on the Palestinian struggle for liberation. He also became interested in Marxism, which made him join the PFLP the same year it was founded in 1967, as it declared itself as a Marxist-Leninist organization. 
The PFLP was known to carry out armed attacks against Israel and thus, was labelled a terrorist organization by many Western countries including the EU.
Kanafani was never directly involved in these armed activity, yet he supported the armed struggle against Israel and rejected any negotiations with the state. In a 1970 interview, when he was asked by the Australian broadcaster Richard Carleton why he won't participate in “peace talks” with the Israelis, he famously responded with: “That’s the kind of conversation between the sword and the neck.” 
Work.
During his lifetime, Kanafani published many stories, his first and most famous novel, "Men in the Sun", being translated into many different languages. Kanafani is often considered to be one of the most influential Palestinian writers, whose stories are part of a “resistance literature”, a term he created. The Palestinian resistance literature were an act of defiance because it preserved the Palestinian identity and allowed the stories of the people to be told, at a time where it was suppressed. Palestinians were forcefully displaced from their homeland, starting with the Nakba in 1948, and faced defeats with the loss of the Arab–Israeli War. 
These stories reflect these painful experience of Palestinians who live under occupation, in refugee camps or abroad under harsh conditions. But instead of only documenting the pain of the Palestinian people and expressing the despair felt after the Nakba and loss of the Arab-Israeli War, Kanafani calls for resistance and to fight back against the Zionists. This made him stand out from other Palestinian writers who were in a state of self-pity. 
Assassination and Legacy.
After the massacre at Lod Airport in 1972 that killed 26 people, the Israeli secret service Mossad started to target members of the PFLP who, along with the Japanese Red Army, claimed responsibility for the attack. On 8 July 1972, Kanafani was killed in Beirut, along with his niece in a car bomb. The Israeli Mossad claimed responsibility.
However, he left a legacy behind that continues to inspire Palestinians. His face can be found as graffiti drawings throughout Palestine and its refugee camps. The Lebanese non-governmental organization Ghassan Kanafani Cultural Foundation (GKCF) that supports education for Palestinian refugee children in Lebanon is named after him, and was founded in 1974 on his second death anniversary.

= = = Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine = = =
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) is a Palestinian revolutionary group founded in 1967 by George Habash. It is the second largest group forming the Palestine Liberation Organization.

= = = Thanstein = = =
Thanstein is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = ITA Airways = = =
ITA Airways is an Italian airline and the flag carrier of that country. The airline is expected to take over the assets and routes of the former Italian flag carrier, Alitalia. ITA belongs to the SkyTeam alliance.
On September 30, 2021, ITA announced that the airline will work with Airbus as a "strategic partner" with the airline, this included the announcements of the future of the ITA fleet. The airline also announced a memorandum with Airbus for the purchase of 10 Airbus A330neo aircraft, 7 Airbus A220 and 11 Airbus A320neo, a total of 28 new aircraft; along with an agreement with Air Lease Corporation for the lease of an additional 31 new Airbus aircraft (this includes the lease of the Airbus A350-900).

= = = The Defenders (1961 TV series) = = =
The Defenders is an American courtroom drama series that aired on CBS. It ran for 4 seasons and 132 episodes from 16 September, 1961 to 13 May, 1965 and starring E. G. Marshall, Robert Reed, Polly Rowles, Joan Hackett.

= = = Trausnitz = = =
Trausnitz is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Wackersdorf = = =
Wackersdorf is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany. 

= = = Weiding, Schwandorf = = =
Weiding is a municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Wernberg-Köblitz = = =
Wernberg-Köblitz is a market town in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Winklarn = = =
Winklarn is a market town and municipality in Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany. Winklarn is in the Upper Palatinate. In the North of Winklarn, there is a large forest, the Frauenstein.

= = = Bergrheinfeld = = =
Bergrheinfeld is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Dittelbrunn = = =
Dittelbrunn is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.
Dittelbrunn has 4 parts: Dittelbrunn, , Holzhausen and Pfändhausen.

= = = Donnersdorf = = =
Donnersdorf is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Euerbach = = =
Euerbach is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Extreme points of Azerbaijan = = =
This is a list of the extreme points of Azerbaijan, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points. The extreme points are based on the latitudes and longitudes, and on the altitude.
Latitude and longitude.
Azerbaijan.
This section includes only the central contiguous section of Azerbaijan.
Nakhchivan.
This section includes only the exclave of Nakhchivan.

= = = Tashiro (surname) = = =
Tashiro (Japanese: ��) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

= = = Uchida (surname) = = =
Uchida (Japanese: ��) is a common Japanese surname. Notable people with this name are listed as below.

= = = Vienna Cricket and Football-Club = = =
Vienna Cricket and Football-Club is a sport club from Vienna. Today they have tennis and athletics sections, but the club is most famous for the football section which was one of the oldest football clubs in Austria.
History.
The club was founded by English men in Vienna under the name Vienna Cricket Club . Because only few people want to see Cricket they founded a football section. They chanced the name to First Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. They want an official permit and got it on on 23 August 1894 only one day after Vienna FC . So they had to swipe the "first" out of their name. The first official match was a 4:0 win versus their rival First Vienna FC. Because the number of members increased many spin-offs happend. The most important was in 1911 the Wiener Amateursportverein later known as FK Austria Wien.
In 1908 the club hosted the first international match between Austria and Germany in front of 5,000 visitors. Ludwig Hussak was the only player from the club.
One of the founders, John Gramlick, later established the Challenge Cup. In the early 20th century the club was famous for Cricket and Football. Due to financial problems the football section of the club was dissolved in the early 1930s.

= = = Kudo (surname) = = =
Kudo (Japanese: ��) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

= = = Sudo (surname) = = =
Sudo (Japanese: ��) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

= = = Kubo (surname) = = =
Kubo (Japanese: ��) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

= = = Sakai (name) = = =
Sakai (Japanese: ��, �� etc) is a Japanese surname. It has many kanji descriptions. Things with this name include:

= = = Ozawa (surname) = = =
Ozawa (Japanese: ��, ��) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with name include:

= = = Igawa = = =
Igawa (Japanese: ��) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

= = = Suda (surname) = = =
Suda (Japanese: ��, �� etc) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

= = = List of Austrian football champions = = =
The Austrian football champions are the winners of the highest league of football in Austria. Since the 1974-75 season the Austrian Football Bundesliga runs the competition. 

= = = Gert Schutte = = =
Gerrit Jan "Gert" Schutte (24 May 1939 – 25 January 2022) was a Dutch politician. In the 1980s and 1990s he was leading the Reformed Political Alliance ("Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond" - GPV), one of the two forerunners of the ChristianUnion.
After started his career in the civil service at several municipalities, Schutte was a member of the Provincial States of Utrecht from 5 June 1974 to 7 June 1978, and a member of the House of Representatives from 27 May 1981 to 14 February 2001.
Schutte was born in Nieuwpoort. He died on 25 January 2022 in Zeist, aged 82.

= = = Kawai (name) = = =
Kawai (Japanese: ��, ��, ��, �� etc) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with name include:

= = = Nieuwpoort, South Holland = = =
Nieuwpoort is a very small city in the Netherlands, located in the Alblasserwaard and within this region in the municipality of Molenlanden. The settlement lies on the south bank of the Lek, which is a continuation of the Rhine river. About 1,400 people were living there in 2020.
Nieuwpoort was also a municipality. It formed with Groot-Ammers, Langerak, and Streefkerk the municipality of Liesveld in 1986.
Nieuwpoort received city rights in 1283.

= = = Takagi = = =
Takagi (Japanese: ��) is a Japanese surname. It means "high/tall tree". Notable people with this name are listed below.

= = = Arkansas (movie) = = =
Arkansas is a 2020 American crime thriller movie directed by first time director Clark Duke (who also stars) and also starring Liam Hemsworth, Michael Kenneth Williams, Vivica A. Fox, Eden Brolin, John Malkovich, Vince Vaughn, Patrick Muldoon. It was distributed by Lionsgate.

= = = DWET-TV = = =
DWET-TV (channel 5) is a television station in Metro Manila, Philippines, serving as the flagship of the TV5 network. It is owned and operated by the network's namesake corporate parent; TV5 also provides certain services to RPTV flagship DZKB-TV (channel 9) and One Sports flagship DWNB-TV (channel 41) under an airtime lease agreement with station owners Radio Philippines Network and Nation Broadcasting Corporation, respectively.
The three stations share studios at the TV5 Media Center, Reliance cor. Sheridan Sts., Brgy. Highway Hills, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, while DWET-TV's alternate studios and hybrid analog/digital transmitting facilities are located at the TV5 Complex, 762 Quirino Highway, Brgy. San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City. The alternate digital transmitting facility is located at Block 3, Emerald Hills, Sumulong Highway, Antipolo, Rizal.
Digital television.
Digital channels.
DWET-TV's digital signal operates on UHF Channel 18 (497.143 MHz)1 and broadcasts on the following subchannels:
Prior to the NTC's assignment of channels 14 to 20 for major broadcast networks, the station utilized UHF Channel 51 (695.143 MHz)2 for its digital TV operations, although it remains active to this day.
16:9 widescreen output. The One Sports subchannel feeds, however, converted to widescreen broadcasting less than a year later, on January 22, 2024. Upon the launch of RPTV on February 1, 2024, it replaced the subchannel space of One PH, which reverted its availability to pay TV and streaming.
1 – Permanent digital frequency assigned by NTC (through a Memorandum Circular).
<br>
2 – Licensed to Mediascape (Cignal TV), Inc.

= = = Suzuki (disambiguation) = = =
Suzuki (Japanese: ��) may refer to:

= = = Suda (disambiguation) = = =
Suda may refer to:

= = = Ōshima (surname) = = =
Ōshima (Japanese: ��, ��) is a Japanese surname. It means "big island". Notable people with this name are listed below. 

= = = List of Detroit Lions seasons = = =
The Lions have won four NFL championships. The Lions were the first franchise to finish a full (non-strike shortened) regular season with no wins or ties since the move to sixteen season games in 1978, going 0–16 during the 2008 NFL season. They are also one of four current teams, and the only one in the NFC, to have never played in the Super Bowl.

= = = List of Super Bowl champions = = =
The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that decides the champion of the National Football League (NFL). The game ends the regular season and is the best game in the NFL playoffs.
Super Bowl championship (1966–present).
Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:
 Indicates a team that made the playoffs as a second-place team (rather than by winning a division).<br>
 Indicates a team that made the playoffs as a wild card team (rather than by winning a division).

= = = 1991 Detroit Lions season = = =
The Detroit Lions season was the franchise's 62nd season in the National Football League. It is the team's best season since 1970.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Pseudis tocantins = = =
Pseudis tocantins is a frog that lives in Brazil.

= = = Super Bowl XXVI = = =
Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins beat the Bills by a score of 37–24, bringing the number of Super Bowls they won to three. The Bills lost two Super Bowls in a row. The game was played on January 26, 1992, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

= = = Frankenwinheim = = =
Frankenwinheim is a village in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany and part of Gerolzhofen.
Geography.
Frankenwinheim is in the Main Rhön region, about 20 kilometers south of Schweinfurt. Frankenheim is divided into Frankenwinheim and Brünnstadt.

= = = Geldersheim = = =
Geldersheim is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Gerolzhofen = = =
Gerolzhofen () is a town in Schweinfurt, Bavaria, Germany. The town is the earlier center of the district of Gerolzhofen.
Twin towns and cities.
Gerolzhofen is twinned with:

= = = Gochsheim = = =
Gochsheim is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = 1991 NFL season = = =
The 1991 NFL season was the 72nd regular season of the National Football League. The season ended with Super Bowl XXVI when the Washington Redskins beat the Buffalo Bills 37–24 at the Metrodome in Minnesota.

= = = List of National Football League seasons = = =
This is a list of seasons of the National Football League, including the ten regular seasons of the American Football League, which merged into the National Football League in 1970.

= = = Grafenrheinfeld = = =
Grafenrheinfeld is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Grettstadt = = =
Grettstadt is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany. It has the following villages: Dürrfeld, Grettstadt, Obereuerheim, Untereuerheim.

= = = Kolitzheim = = =
Kolitzheim is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Steve Sims (entrepreneur) = = =
Steve Sims (born 1966) is an entrepreneur and the founder and CEO of the luxury concierge service Bluefish. He is the author of "Bluefishing: The Art of Making Things Happen".
Career.
Sims began his career as a Bricklayer in London, then stockbroker job in London. He moved to Hong Kong where he was fired in 5 days.

= = = Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory = = =
The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the apex court of the Australian Capital Territory. 

= = = Government of the Australian Capital Territory = = =
The Government of the Australian Capital Territory, also referred to as the Australian Capital Territory Government or ACT Government, is the executive authority of the Australian Capital Territory.

= = = Lülsfeld = = =
Lülsfeld is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Michelau im Steigerwald = = =
Michelau im Steigerwald is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Niederwerrn = = =
Niederwerrn is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Oberschwarzach = = =
Oberschwarzach is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Poppenhausen = = =
Poppenhausen is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.
It has the following six districts: Hain, Kronungen, Kützberg, Maibach, Pfersdorf, Poppenhausen.

= = = Röthlein = = =
Röthlein is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany. The village is south of Schweinfurt, close to the Main valley. The quarters are Röthlein, Heidenfeld and Hirschfeld.

= = = Schonungen = = =
Schonungen is a municipality in Schweinfurt, Bavaria, Germany. The villages in this municipality are:
and some more

= = = Forst (Unterfranken) = = =
Forst in Unterfranken is a village in the Schonungen municipality that is in Schweinfurt.
Geography.
Forst is about 1/2 mile just north of the Main river along the southern north edge of the Main river valley. At 923 ft (284m) above sea level, it is about 227 ft (70m) above the river. Many new houses have been built, except in the old village center, due to the great view into the valley. The expansion largely took place to the west towards Schonungen.

= = = Reichmannshausen = = =
Reichmannshausen in Unterfranken is a village in the municipality of Schonungen, in Schweinfurt, Bavaria.
Geography.
Reichmannshausen is 341 meters above sea level on the Schlettach plateau. It is completely surrounded by forest.

= = = Schwanfeld = = =
Schwanfeld is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = 2021 Seattle Seahawks season = = =
The 2021 season was the Seattle Seahawks' 46th season in the National Football League and their 12th under head coach Pete Carroll.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Seahawks' regular season schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Schwebheim = = =
Schwebheim is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = 2021 Arizona Cardinals season = = =
The 2021 season was the Arizona Cardinals' 102nd season in the National Football League and their third under head coach Kliff Kingsbury.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Cardinals' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Sennfeld = = =
Sennfeld is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Stadtlauringen = = =
Stadtlauringen is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Place.
Stadtlauringen is in the Main Rhön region, about 20 kilometers north east of Schweinfurt. It is the northernmost municipality in Schweinfurt.
The Lauer flows through it. The Ellertshäuser See is close to the village Altenmünster.
Towns and Villages.
The municipality Stadtlauringen has the following towns and villages:

= = = 2021 Indianapolis Colts season = = =
The 2021 season was the Indianapolis Colts' 69th season in the National Football League and their fourth season under head coach Frank Reich.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Colts' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Sulzheim, Bavaria = = =
Sulzheim is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = 2021 Chicago Bears season = = =
The 2021 season was the Chicago Bears' 102nd season in the National Football League and their fourth and final under head coach Matt Nagy.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Bears' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12. The Bears will alternate home and away games every game of the season, becoming first team to do so in a 17-game season and the fifth since the NFL season expanded to 16 games in .

= = = 2021 Jacksonville Jaguars season = = =
The 2021 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 27th season in the National Football League and their only season under head coach Urban Meyer.
Draft.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Üchtelhausen = = =
Üchtelhausen is a municipality and community in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Üchtelhausen is in region Main - Rhön Mountains.
It has the following districts: Ebertshausen, Hesselbach, Hoppachshof, Madenhausen, Ottenhausen, Thomashof, Weipoltshausen, Zell, Üchtelhausen.

= = = Waigolshausen = = =
Waigolshausen is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = 2021 Minnesota Vikings season = = =
The 2021 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 61st in the National Football League (NFL) and their eighth and final under head coach Mike Zimmer.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = Wasserlosen = = =
Wasserlosen is a municipality in Schweinfurt, Bavaria, Germany. The villages in this municipality are:

= = = 2021 Cincinnati Bengals season = = =
The 2021 season was the Cincinnati Bengals' 52nd season in the National Football League and their third under head coach Zac Taylor.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Bengals 2021 schedule was announced on May 12. 
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Atlanta Falcons season = = =
The 2021 season was the Atlanta Falcons' 56th season in the National Football League and their first under head coach Arthur Smith.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Falcons 2021 schedule was announced on May 12. They opened the season at home against the Philadelphia Eagles.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Tennessee Titans season = = =
The 2021 season was the Tennessee Titans' 52nd season in the National Football League and their fourth under head coach Mike Vrabel.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Titans' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Houston Texans season = = =
The 2021 season was the Houston Texans' 20th season in the National Football League and their first and only under head coach David Culley.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Texans' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 New York Jets season = = =
The 2021 season was the New York Jets' 52nd season in the National Football League and their first under head coach Robert Saleh. 
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Buffalo Bills season = = =
The 2021 season was the Buffalo Bills' 52nd in the National Football League, and their fifth under the head coachSean McDermott.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Bills 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Kansas City Chiefs season = = =
The 2021 season is the Kansas City Chiefs' 52nd season in the National Football League and their ninth under head coach Andy Reid.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 New England Patriots season = = =
The 2021 season was the New England Patriots' 52nd season in the National Football League and their 22nd under head coach Bill Belichick.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Patriots' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Miami Dolphins season = = =
The 2021 season was the Miami Dolphins' 52nd season in the National Football League and their third and final year under head coach Brian Flores.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Dolphins' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Las Vegas Raiders season = = =
The 2021 season was the Las Vegas Raiders' 52nd season in the National Football League and their eight and final under head coach Jon Gruden.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Baltimore Ravens season = = =
The 2021 season was the Baltimore Ravens' 26th season in the National Football League and their fourteenth under head coach John Harbaugh. 
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Ravens' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 New York Giants season = = =
The 2021 season was the New York Giants' 97th season in the National Football League and their second and final under head coach Joe Judge.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Washington Football Team season = = =
The 2021 season was the 90th season for the Washington Football Team and their second under head coach Ron Rivera.
Schedule.
Regular season.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Los Angeles Chargers season = = =
The 2021 season was the Los Angeles Chargers' 52nd season in the National Football League (NFL) and their first under head coach Brandon Staley.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Cleveland Browns season = = =
The 2021 season was the Cleveland Browns' 69th season as a member of the National Football League and their second under head coach Kevin Stefanski.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Browns' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2021 Denver Broncos season = = =
The 2021 season was the Denver Broncos' 52nd season in the National Football League.
Regular season.
Schedule.
The Broncos' 2021 schedule was announced on May 12. Until the Week 18 flex, the Broncos would not have appeared on Monday Night Football for the first time since 1991.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = List of Ministers of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan = = =
The Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan () is a government minister who is the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan. The person in this position is appointed and dismissed from the office by the President of Azerbaijan.

= = = SC Rudolfshügel = = =
SC Rudolfshügel was a footballclub from Favoriten, a district of Vienna. The club played from 1902 till 1934. From 1907 till 1927 he played in highest level of Austrian football. In 1919 he was runner-up in the championship. The colors were blue and white. The club was named after a elevation between Laaer Berg and Wienerberg.

= = = Burghausen bei Schweinfurt = = =
Burghausen in Lower Franconia is a village in the commune of Wasserlosen.

= = = 1991 Buffalo Bills season = = =
The 1991 Buffalo Bills season was the 32nd season and 22nd in the National Football League. They ended their season with their second Super Bowl appearance in a row but lost to the Washington Redskins, 24–37.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2020 Detroit Lions season = = =
The 2020 season was the Detroit Lions' 91st in the National Football League (NFL) and their third and final season under head coach Matt Patricia. This season, their opponents scored more points and yards against them than any other season in Lions history, and the third most for both for any team in NFL history.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = D'Andre Swift = = =
D'Andre Tiyon Swift (born January 14, 1999) is an American football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the running back position. Before entering the NFL, he played for the Georgia Bulldogs football team, a college team in Georgia. He was selected in the second round of the 2020 NFL Draft.

= = = Matthew Stafford = = =
John Matthew Stafford (born February 7, 1988) is an American football player for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the quarterback position. He ranks in the top 20 for all-time in pass attempts, completions, passing yards, and passing touchdowns. Stafford is third in all-time passing yards per game. He was the fastest NFL player to reach 40,000 yards.
Stafford was with the Detroit Lions from 2009 until 2020. In 2011, Stafford became the fourth NFL quarterback to throw for over 5,000 yards in a single season, while the Lions played in the playoffs for the first time since 1999.

= = = Jared Goff = = =
Jared Thomas Goff (born October 14, 1994) is an American football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the quarterback position. He was selected first in the 2016 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams.

= = = 2019 Detroit Lions season = = =
The 2019 season was the Detroit Lions' 90th in the National Football League (NFL) and their second year under head coach Matt Patricia.
Regular season.
Schedule.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = 2018 Detroit Lions season = = =
The 2018 season was the Detroit Lions' 89th in the National Football League (NFL) and their first under head coach Matt Patricia. 
Draft.
Regular season.
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

= = = FC Wacker Innsbruck = = =
FC Wacker Innsbruck was an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck, Tyrol.
History.
The "Fußball-Club Wacker Innsbruck" was founded in 1915 with the colours black and green. They played friendlies against other Innsbruck teams, then they stopped until 1918 because of the First World War. 1923 they were in danger to be relegated so they merged with Rapid Innsbruck under the name FC Sturm Innsbruck . But this club soon was dissolved. The club was new founded in 1924 under the old name. 
In 1964 the club was promoted to the A-Liga, today's Bundesliga They reached the first title in 1971.
On 20 July 1971 FC Wacker Innsbruck and SV Wattens merged to SpG Swarovski Wattens-Wacker Innsbruck (SSW Innsbruck). The union was only in professional football, the youth teams were part of their original clubs. SSW Innsbruck won the Austrian Championship five times and reached the quarterfinals in the European Cup in 1977–78.
In 1981 SSW Innsbruck was relegated the first time and in 1986 the club was renamed FC Wacker Innsbruck. After the new club FC Swarovski Tirol took over the license of the club FC Wacker Innsbruck had to play in the eighth division. 1992 FC Swarovski was dissolved and Wacker took the Bundesliga license and access to the UEFA Cup 1992–93. They only played for one season because in 1993 the FC Tirol Innsbruck was formed, to which FC Wacker again lost its license. In 1999 the club, meanwhile playing in the seventh division, finally folded.
Honours.
National.
Austrian Bundesliga
Austrian Cup
International.
Mitropa Cup
European cup history.
QF = Quarterfinal

= = = Patrick Mahomes = = =
Patrick Lavon Mahomes II (born September 17, 1995) is an American football player for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the quarterback position. He is the son of former Major League Baseball (MLB) player Pat Mahomes. He played college football and college baseball at Texas Tech University, but quit baseball to focus on football more. He was selected in the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft.
Mahomes spent his first season with the Chiefs as a backup to Alex Smith. He became the primary player in the 2018 season. In the same season, Mahomes threw for 5,097 yards, 50 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. He had also thrown for over 5,000 yards in a college season, becoming the first player to throw more than 5,000 yards in college and the NFL. He also became the second player to throw for more than 5,000 yards and score 50 touchdowns in a season, with Peyton Manning being the first.
During the 2019–20 playoffs, Mahomes appeared in Super Bowl LIV, the Chiefs' first Super Bowl appearance in 50 years, where they beat the San Francisco 49ers. Mahomes was awarded the Super Bowl MVP, the second African-American quarterback and youngest player to do so.
Mahomes is known for his athleticism and his unique passing ability.
Early life.
Mahomes was born on September 17, 1995, in Tyler, Texas, to MLB player, Pat Mahomes and Randi Mahomes. In high school, Mahomes played football, baseball, and basketball. Playing football in his senior year, Mahomes he had 4,619 passing yards and 50 passing touchdowns. In baseball, he threw a no-hitter with 16 strikeouts in a game. He was selected in the 37th round of the 2014 MLB Draft by the Detroit Tigers, but did not sign a contract.

= = = Sepia = = =
Sepia may refer to:

= = = Lowland tropical bullfrog = = =
The lowland tropical bullfrog ("Leptodactylus andreae") is a frog that lives in South America. It lives in the Amazon Basin, east of the Andes mountains in Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname.
Appearance.
The adult male frog is 1.7 to 2.0 long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 2.0 to 2.2 cm long. This frog has brown skin with dark marks on its back. Some of the frogs have two lighter stripes down their sides. Each frog has white skin on its belly and pink or gray skin on the insides of its legs.
Reproduction.
This frog has many young ones when there is a lot of rain. It has the most in December. The male frog digs a small hole in the ground called a burrow. He sings for the females on the ground. The female frog lays about 10 eggs in the burrow, covered in foam. The tadpoles live in this foam nest and not in a pond or stream.
Food.
This frog looks for food during the day and at night. This frog eats many kinds of insects and other animals with no bones.

= = = Pakka Commercial = = =
Pakka Commercial () is an 2022 Indian Telugu-language legal action-comedy film. It is directed by Maruthi and produced by UV Creations and GA2 Pictures. The film stars Gopichand and Raashi Khanna with Sathyaraj, Rao Ramesh and Anasuya Bharadwaj playing pivotal roles. The movie was originally scheduled to release on May 20, 2022, but instead, it released on July 1, 2022.
Plot.
Suryanarayana is a dutiful lawyer, who resigns after being unable to deliver justice to Amulya, who was threatened and blackmailed by the rich man named Vivek and ultimately committed suicide. While he works hard at his shop to provide for his family, his son Ramchand "Lucky" finds his law books and coat, sparking an inspiration to become a lawyer. Years later, Lucky becomes an advocate, who embodies the opposite principles of his father, settling cases outside of the court for his personal profits, which Suryanarayana is unaware. One day, Jhansi an actress whose character, a lawyer in a serial, was killed off to save money requests Lucky so that she can sue the studio. Although their case is rejected, Lucky is impressed by Jhansi's knowledge and qualifications in real-life law and they fall in love with each other. 
Afterwards, Lucky defends a gangster, who killed a lawyer despite extensive evidence against him while Suryanayarana helps a couple file a case against a corrupt developer and politician who is actually Vivek. When Suryanarayana refers the case to him, he instead meets Vivek and agrees to work with him for substantial rewards. Vivek also kidnaps the husband, who exposed his corruption. On the second hearing for the gangster's murder case, Jhansi, who has gotten closer to the family, unexpectedly brings Suryanarayana to the courtroom, forcing Lucky to honestly argue and leading to a guilty verdict for the gangster. Watching through a secret camera, Vivek is impressed by his performances and reaches the court. Vivek's arrival brings all the truths to light, and Suryanaryana is ashamed by Lucky's actions, where he decides to fight for the couple himself. 
Jhansi decides to join Suryanarayana after seeing his drive for justice. At home, they work on the case, splitting the house into halves which they title themselves as "Commercial" (Lucky) and "Non-Commercial" (Suryanaryana and Jhansi). Lucky uses various tricks to hamper Suryanaryana and Jhansi, slanders the couple's names, claiming that he had actually gone to Dubai and had affairs, and nearly gets Suryanaryana disbarred. Meanwhile, Lucky keeps getting gifts from Vivek. Lucky's search for the disappeared husband, ends to no avail and Vivek plans to kill him by putting him in a pillar and casting concrete inside. Lucky also meets a mysterious woman also named Amulya, who is Vivek's wife. Ultimately, Lucky gets a seat as an MLA in Vivek's political party. 
As Vivek prepares to be sworn, the news breaks about the body of a cab driver that Vivek had murdered earlier being found at his farmhouse. It is revealed that Amulya is actually Saira Banu, the cab driver's wife. In retaliation, Vivek kidnaps Suryanarayana and asks Lucky to cover his bail. However, Lucky instead saves Suryanarayana from Vivek's goons and reveals that he had planned everything all along to seek vengeance on Vivek, ever since he saw Suryanarayana's sufferings as a child following his resignation, and had enlisted Saira Banu to seduce and distract Vivek. Vivek attempts to appeal, but his lawyer deserts him after revealing that Lucky used his gifts and conversations to collect his evidence and biometric traits. Finally, Vivek becomes insane and requests the court to provide him a death penalty.

= = = The Nightingale (2018 movie) = = =
The Nightingale is a 2018 Australian psychological thriller/drama movie. It is written, directed and co-produced by Jennifer Kent. It stars Aisling Franciosi, Sam Claflin and Baykali Ganambarr. It was filmed mostly in English, but Irish and Palawa kani are also spoken in some parts of the movie.
Set in the penal colony of Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania, Australia) in 1825, "The Nightingale" follows a young Irish convict, Clare Carroll. With the help of an Aboriginal tracker named Billy, Clare looks to take revenge for the terrible acts carried out against her and her family by British Army officers.
The movie was given positive reviews for its performances, atmosphere, cinematography, screenplay, scope and acknowledgement of racial violence in Australia. However, there was some controversy due to its scenes that include violence and rape.

= = = Paul B. Johnson Jr. = = =
Paul Burney Johnson Jr. (January 23, 1916 – October 14, 1985) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician from Mississippi. He was Governor of Mississippi from 1964 to 1968. He was a son of former Mississippi Governor Paul B. Johnson Sr.

= = = Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (movie) = = =
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is an upcoming film based on the play of the same name. It will be directed by Chris Colombus and is in development with Warner Bros. and will release sometime in 2023.

= = = Heropanti = = =
Heropanti () is an 2014 Indian Hindi-language romantic action film. It was directed by Sabbir Khan and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala. It stars Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon in their Hindi film debuts, alongside Prakash Raj in a supporting role. It is the remake of the Telugu film "Parugu". The film received mixed reviews, who appreciated performances of ensemble cast, action sequences performed by Shroff, and cinematography, but criticized the screenplay, pace, and narration. It was released on May 23, 2014.
Plot.
Suraj Singh Chaudhary is a very strict patriarch of the Jat family from Haryana and is a well-respected leader in his village and brothers. When Renu, Chaudhary's elder daughter, elopes with her boyfriend, Rakesh, on the night of her marriage, Chaudhary decides to find them at any cost. His brothers and henchmen round up Rakesh's friends, including one Bablu, and hold them captive till they tell of the couple's whereabouts. They say to him that they do not know anything, but no one believes them. Meanwhile, Bablu tells his friends that he is in love with a girl of that town, whom he does not know, and he only has her dropped earring as a clue. The friends manage to escape one day, but Bablu gets a glimpse of the girl and stops in his tracks, and the boys are caught because of him.
Meanwhile, Chaudhary's younger daughter and Renu's sister, Dimpy, find Renu's love letters and tries to get rid of them, but the letters unintentionally end up in the hands of Bablu and his friends. Bablu uses them as leverage and gets Dimpy to help him find the girl he loves in exchange for Renu's location. That night, Bablu escapes and enters the house during a blackout, then ends up drunk. Dimpy finds Bablu, and he gives her the earring he discovered that belongs to the girl he fell in love with. She realizes that the girl Bablu saw was none other than Dimpy, but she stays silent.
When Chaudhary's men almost succeed in locating Renu and Rakesh, Bablu helps them escape and board a bus without detection. When his friends confront him about his deceit, Bablu defends himself, which Dimpy overhears. She inadvertently reveals this to her uncle, who demands that she identify who helped Rakesh and Renu elope. They figure out that it was Bablu and he realises that the girl he loves is none other than Dimpy. He tells Chaudhary that Rakesh-Renu are in Delhi when they threaten to kill his friends.
Bablu and his friends and Dimpy accompany Chaudhary and his men to Delhi to find the couple. At this juncture, Dimpy is kidnapped by some local goons, who attempt to rape her. Bablu manages to locate her in time and beats up the goons, winning Chaudhary's trust. In the morning, while Dimpy confesses her love to Bablu, Chaudhary spots Renu and Rakesh and chases after them, with Bablu and Chaudhary's men following close behind. They manage to catch up to them, but when Renu talks back to her father, Chaudhary is heartbroken. When Renu and Rakesh are about to be killed as punishment, Renu confesses that she is pregnant. Chaudhary decides to spare their lives, but at a cost – openly claiming that Renu is no more to him.
The group returns home, and Chaudhary arranges Dimpy's marriage with Rajjo. Bablu realizes that he misses Dimpy too much. He and his friends return for the wedding to get Dimpy to elope with Bablu. However, Chaudhary is frightened when Bablu returns after finding out about Dimpy and Bablu's love. He keeps a close eye on Bablu and Dimpy. When Chaudhary confronts Bablu, Bablu tells him that he understands how Chaudhary felt when Renu ran away from home and promised him that he would not elope with Dimpy.
When Bablu and his friends are about to leave, Rajjo arrives & beats up Bablu, but Bablu fights back and defeats him when Rajjo insults Bablu and Dimpy. They are, however, stopped at the last moment by Chaudhary. He realizes that Dimpy will only be happy if she is with Bablu and lets Bablu and Dimpy reunite. Chaudhary and the other Jat community people agree to permit inter-caste and love marriages, and Chaudhary accepts Renu back as his daughter.

= = = Paul B. Johnson Sr. = = =
Paul Burney Johnson Sr. (March 23, 1880 – December 26, 1943) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician. He was a United States Representative from Mississippi, 1919–1923, and Governor of Mississippi, 1940–1943. His son, Paul B. Johnson Jr., later became the Governor of Mississippi. He was a Democrat.

= = = Yuppie = = =
Yuppie (derived from "young upwardly-mobile professional" or "young urban professional") is a type of skilled worker. The word was coined in the early 1980s, originally in the United States, to denote a young white-collar professional working in a city.
Yuppies are generally professionals between 20 to 40 years old, usually from an intermediate living standard between the middle and upper class.
The word first appeared in a May 1980 "Chicago" magazine article by Dan Rottenberg.

= = = Rütschenhausen = = =
Rütschenhausen in Lower Franconia is a village in the commune Wasserlosen.

= = = Werneck = = =
Werneck is a market town in Schweinfurt in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Place.
Werneck is in Lower Franconia in Bavaria, about 12 km from Schweinfurt and 25 km from Würzburg. It is on a curve in the Wern, a tributary of the Main, on the edge of the plateau above the river. Its highest point is at 337.20 m of elevation, its lowest at 212.50 m. The total area of the municipality is 73.65 km2, of which about 9 km2 are wooded.
Subdivisions.
Werneck has the following districts: 

= = = Wipfeld = = =
Wipfeld is a municipality in Schweinfurt in Bavaria, Germany.
Twin towns.
Wipfeld is twinned with:

= = = Aholfing = = =
Aholfing is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Belle Chasse, Louisiana = = =
Belle Chasse is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.

= = = Boothville, Louisiana = = =
Boothville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.

= = = New Flyer Xcelsior = = =
The New Flyer Xcelsior is a line of transit buses. It is made in three sizesː 35' rigid, 40' rigid, and a 60' articulated bus. New Flyer Industries started making the bus in 2008. The buses have different motors: conventional diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), diesel-electric hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell, overhead electric wire and battery electric. 
Model codes.
For example, a New Flyer XE40 NG is a 40' (nominal) rigid Next Generation Xcelsior with battery-electric power, or an XN60 is a 60' articulated Original Generation Xcelsior with CNG power.

= = = Charadrahyla = = =
Charadrahyla is a group of frogs in the family Hylidae. They live in southern Mexico. The name of this genus comes from the Greek word "charadra" ("ravine") and "Hyla". Accordingly, common name ravine treefrogs has been coined for the genus.
Taxonomy and systematics.
Scientists made this genus in 2005 after looking closely at all the frogs in Hylidae. The frogs in "Charadrahyla" are those that used to be in the "Hyla taeniopus" group as defined by in 1970. The genus was originally made using molecular markers and no morphological synapomorphies, meaning that scientists only used the frogs' genes to tell whether they should be in this group. They did not use what the frogs looked like or how their bodies worked. The closet related group to "Charadrahyla" is the genus "Megastomatohyla".
Five of the frogs in this genus were in the genus "Hyla" before 2005. Since then, scientists discovered two species of frogs for the first time, and placed them in "Charadrahyla" too. Another two were moved into "Charadrahyla" from "Exerodonta" in 2018 after scientists studied their DNA.
Description.
The frogs in "Charadrahyla" are large for frogs. They lay eggs in streams in cloud forests and humid pine-oak forests of central and southern Mexico. Most of the male frogs in this genus are long from nose to rear end and females . But the former "Exerodonta" species, "Charadrahyla juanitae" and "Charadrahyla pinorum", are much smaller, with males and females . Most species have a brownish skin on their backs with large spots (exception is "Charadrahyla altipotens").
Species.
As of 2019, there were ten species in this genus:

= = = 2020–21 NFL playoffs = = =
The 2020–21 NFL playoffs was the playoff tournament for the 2020 season. It began on January 9, 2021 and ended with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers becoming champions by defeating the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl LV on February 7 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.

= = = FC Tirol Innsbruck = = =
FC Tirol Innsbruck was an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck, Tyrol. They played between 1993 and 2002.
History.
It the second split-off of FC Wacker Innsbruck. They played with their Bundesliga license. 1994 the president was arrestet and the club was saved by tyrolian politics. 
The club won under the name "FC Innsbruck Tirol" the Austrian football championship in 2000, 2001 and 2002. 2002 the club went bankrupt. The license went back to Wacker Innsbruck.

= = = David Stenmarck = = =
David Axel Stenmarck is a Swedish musician, songwriter and producer and CEO of Swedish based royalty-free soundtrack providing company Epidemic Sound.
Career.
David started his career as a singer before started writing and producing. He has written songs for acts such as "Westlife", "A-Teens", "Jeff Timmons", "Martin Kesici", "Martin Stenmarck", German popidol winner "Alexander" etc.

= = = The Bing Crosby Show (1964 TV series) = = =
The Bing Crosby Show is an American sitcom series that aired on ABC. It ran for 28 episodes between 14 September 1964 and 19 April 1965. It starred Bing Crosby as the title character, Beverly Garland, Carol Faylen, Diane Sherry, Frank McHugh.

= = = Alblasserwaard = = =
The Alblasserwaard is a region in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands.
It is a rural area, surrounded by the Lek river in the north, the Noord river in the west, the Beneden-Merwede and Boven-Merwede rivers in the south, and the Zederik and Linge rivers in the east.
The Alblasserwaard encompasses the municipalities of Alblasserdam, Gorinchem (except a small part in the east) , Hardinxveld-Giessendam, Molenlanden (except a tiny part in the southeast), Papendrecht, and Sliedrecht. A small part of the municipality of Vijfheerenlanden belongs also to the Alblasserwaard.
The well-known windmills of Kinderdijk can be found in the northwest corner.

= = = 12 Rules for Life = = =
12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos is a 2018 self-help book by Canadian clinical psychologist and psychology professor Jordan Peterson. The book has sold over five million copies worldwide, and was at the top of bestseller lists in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Peterson went on a world tour after the book was released, and got a lot of attention for an interview in the UK on "Channel 4 News". Many critics liked the book's unusual style and the advice it gives, but some have criticized his writing style.

= = = Dacope Upazila = = =
Dacope () is an upazila of Khulna District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh.

= = = Greeneville, Tennessee = = =
Greeneville is a town in and the county seat of Greene County, Tennessee, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 15,479. The town was named in honor of Revolutionary War hero Nathanael Greene and it is the second oldest town in Tennessee. It is the only town with this spelling in the United States, although there are numerous U.S. towns named "Greenville". The town was the capital of the short-lived State of Franklin in the 18th-century history of East Tennessee. 
Greeneville is part of the Johnson City-Kingsport- Bristol TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – most often known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

= = = FC Swarovski Tirol = = =
FC Swarovski Tirol was an Austrian association football club from 1986 to 1992. They came from Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria.
History.
The club was founded by Swarovski. It was a split-off of FC Wacker Innsbruck. They got the license it adopted and the greatest part of the team. Under Felix Latzke they reached the semifinals of the UEFA Cup 1986/97. Under manager Ernst Happel it won the Austrian football champions of 1989 and 1990 and 1990 also the Cup. In 1992 the club was dissolved and the license came back to FC Wacker.

= = = Okatyali Constituency = = =
Okatyali Constituency, also know as Okatjali is a constituency in Oshana Region of northern Namibia. It had 2,815 residents in 2004 and 2,051 registered voters . The capital of the constituency is Okatyali.
Politics.
Okatyali constituency is dominated by the South West Africa People's Organization party. The first councillor for this constituency was Paulus Kapia, who served until 1998. 
In the 2015 local and regional elections, SWAPO candidate won and became councillor after no opposition party nominated a candidate. In 2020, the SWAPO candidate Josįf Mupetami obtained 992 votes and won the election, followed by Aveli Nambili of the Independent Patriots for Change with 80 votes, and Silvanus Nakale of the Popular Democratic Movement with 33 votes.

= = = PS = = =
PS may refer to:

= = = PSD = = =
PSD may refer to

= = = Pseudis cardosoi = = =
Pseudis cardosoi is a frog that lives in Brazil.
The adult male frog is 33 to 46 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female is 45 to 56 mm long. It has vomerine teeth in its jaw. It has strong front legs. None of its feet are webbed. It is dark green or brown in color with darker marks. It can have a narrow green or black strope down each side of its body. Its eardrum is brown or greenish brown. It can have dark lines across its hind legs.
This frog eats many different kinds of animals with bones on the outside. It can even eat plants.
The frog is named after Adão José Cardoso, a man who studied Brazil's frogs and toads.

= = = Aiterhofen = = =
Aiterhofen is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
It is about 5 km southeast of Straubing in the Gäuboden.

= = = Ascha = = =
Ascha is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Atting = = =
Atting is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Bogen, Germany = = =
Bogen () is a town in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. Bogen is between the southern slopes of the Bavarian Forest and the River Danube. The town is at the foot of the Bogenberg, a hill on the Danube.

= = = Falkenfels = = =
Falkenfels is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. The English meaning of the name is "Falcon Cliff".

= = = Feldkirchen, Lower Bavaria = = =
Feldkirchen is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Geiselhöring = = =
Geiselhöring is a town in Straubing-Bogen, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 14 km southwest of Straubing, and 30 km southeast of Regensburg.

= = = Haibach, Lower Bavaria = = =
Haibach is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Haselbach, Bavaria = = =
Haselbach is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Haselbach is in the southern borders of the Bavarian Forest, about 11 kilometres (6,8 miles) north of the river Danube. The municipality has the village of Haselbach as well as 49 other named districts. 

= = = Hunderdorf = = =
Hunderdorf is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Irlbach = = =
Irlbach is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the Danube River.

= = = Kirchroth = = =
Kirchroth is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the Danube River. By the local government reform of May 1978, villages Kößnach, Oberzeitldorn, Obermiethnach, Pillnach, Pondorf, Niederachdorf, as well as Aufroth and Neuroth were incorporated.

= = = Konzell = = =
Konzell is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
Konzell is in the south of the Bavarian Forest. Here is the spring of the Menach, which flows in the valley of Menach direction the Bogen.
Mountains.
The "Gallner Berg" to the south, the western peak of the Gallner, and the Kramerschopf to the east are the highest points, each reaching 710 metres. To the north is the Himmelberg at 680 metres.
Urban districts.
To Konzell belong the urban districts Auggenbach, Denkzell, Gossersdorf and Kasparzell.

= = = Laberweinting = = =
Laberweinting is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
Geography.
The Große Laaber and the Kleine Laber, the Bayerbach and the Grafentraubach flow through the Laberweinting.
Subdivisions.
The municipality Laberweinting has 31 villages

= = = Leiblfing = = =
Leiblfing is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Loitzendorf = = =
Loitzendorf is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Aman Andom = = =
Aman Mikael Andom (1924-1974) was an Eritrean general who was made Chairman of the Derg, and was Head of State of Ethiopia from 15 September until 17 November, 1974. 

= = = PP = = =
PP may refer to

= = = Mallersdorf-Pfaffenberg = = =
Mallersdorf-Pfaffenberg () is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
Mallersdorf-Pfaffenberg is in the middle of Bavaria in the south of Germany. The medieval cities Regensburg and Landshut are within a 30 km radius and even the major cities Munich (München) and Nürnberg are just about 100 km away.

= = = Mariaposching = = =
Mariaposching is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is a member of the municipal association Schwarzach.
It is on the river Danube.

= = = Mitterfels = = =
Mitterfels is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is the head of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Mitterfels.
Geography.
Mitterfels is in the region between the Danube and the Bavarian Forest.

= = = Neukirchen, Lower Bavaria = = =
Neukirchen is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Donau-Wald region in the Bavarian Forest.
Districts.
Neukirchen has 65 districts:

= = = Niederwinkling = = =
Niederwinkling is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is a member of the municipal association Schwarzach.

= = = Oberschneiding = = =
Oberschneiding is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
It is in the south of the "Gäuboden", a very high-producing area famous for its agriculture.
Today's municipality of Oberschneiding has 31 villages previously organized in five different municipalities (Grossenpinning, Niederschneiding, Oberschneiding, Reissing and Wolferkofen). The biggest town and seat of the municipality is Oberschneiding.

= = = Parkstetten = = =
Parkstetten is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Perasdorf = = =
Perasdorf is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is a member of the municipal association Schwarzach.

= = = Perkam = = =
Perkam is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Rain, Lower Bavaria = = =
Rain is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Rattenberg, Bavaria = = =
Rattenberg is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Rattiszell = = =
Rattiszell is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Salching = = =
Salching is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
References.

= = = Sankt Englmar = = =
Sankt Englmar ("English": Saint Englmar) is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Schwarzach, Lower Bavaria = = =
Schwarzach is a market town and municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the municipal association Schwarzach. 

= = = Catbug = = =
Catbug is a main character on the animated American YouTube series "Bravest Warriors" created by Pendleton Ward. He is voiced by 8-year-old Sam Lavagnino, and depicted as a part cat, part ladybug creature, and has the ability to teleport through various dimensions. The character was created by "Bravest Warriors" writer/director Breehn Burns, and designed by illustrator/Cartoonist Bob Flynn. Burns has said that the character was inspired by an incident in his neighborhood when he heard a dog barking, followed by a sudden teleportation-like sound then silence, and then the sudden sound again with the return of the animal’s barks.
The character has received largely positive critical reception.
Biography.
Catbug lives in the Invisible Hideout and sleeps in Wallow’s bed. Catbug is well-intentioned, but generally unhelpful during the Bravest Warriors’ adventures, though it is debatable how much he understands about the situations they find themselves in. Catbug enjoys soft tacos and sugar peas. Often childlike and seemingly carefree, the Bravest Warriors treat him much like a child and don’t hold him accountable for his actions. In “Jelly Kid Forever” Catbug decapitates Jelly Kid, but isn’t punished for it. He demonstrates pride that he “caught him for Danny” rather than concern or guilt for having apparently killed something.
We discover Catbug’s origins in “The Dimension Garden,” set 10 years before the present day, when Beth finds a baby larva in her dad’s garden. Wallow soon grows attached to the creature and falls asleep with the larva in his arms, only to wake up stuck the outside of a massive cocoon that has filled his room. Catbug emerges from the cocoon fully formed with superlative cute non sequiturs for which this character is known. In “Hamster Priest”, new sides of Catbug’s personality are presented through Catbugs from alternate dimensions, in which he takes on the persona of “Commander Catbug” and “Lord Catbug”.
Appearance.
Catbug is a blue-furred cat with the shell and wings of a Ladybug. He appears to run and pounce like a cat, but often stands and walks on two feet. He is capable of flight, and some strength as shown in “Aeon Worm” when he carries Beth and her dad away from the Aeon Worm and out of the See-Through Zone.
Contributions to the Bravest Warriors.
Catbug spends a lot of time with one of Wallow’s other pets, Impossibear, who seems to be the only one not at all fazed by Catbug’s adorably clueless nature. In “Catbug’s Away Team”, Chris asks Catbug, not Impossibear, to pull together an away team to handle things on the surface of the planet while the Bravest Warriors handle things in space. Rather than do his given job, Catbug ends up distracted, focusing instead on all the wrong things, like picking the right flavor of ice cream for one of the aliens (Super Chinese Peanut Butter). In the end, Catbug does not complete his mission, and Chris and Wallow question why they trusted him in the first place. This episode is wonderful display of Catbug’s childlike place on the team, and his limited attention-span. 
Catbug also hangs around with the Bravest Warriors during their downtime, and can be seen in many episodes just playing in the background as the Bravest Warriors talk.
Media.
Catbug debuted in the first Bravest Warriors mobile video game, Fly Catbug Fly, on Thursday April 10, 2014. The game was developed by Ludoko Studios for Frederator Studios / Cartoon Hangover, and released on iOS and Android devices. The game is an endless flier in the 8-bit style, inspired by classic games such as Helicopter and Katamari Damacy. In the 48-hours after its release, the game was the #1 in the Action and Arcade categories in iTunes, and in the top 10 Games overall; and #1 new game in the Google Play Store for the first week of its launch.
On April 11, TouchArcade named Fly Catbug Fly its game of the week, and wrote “What could have easily been a thrown together advergame to promote an internet cartoon is in actuality my new favorite cave flyer, even rivaling what I consider the pinnacle of the genre in Jetpack Joyride, though they're different enough from each other to happily coexist. If you're already a Bravest Warrior fan definitely give Fly Catbug Fly! a try, but even if you're never heard of the show before you really have to give it a whirl if you enjoy cave flyers.” 
Catbug is the star of a series of e-books published by Frederator Books.
Comics.
Catbug made his debut in the Bravest Warriors Comics, published by BOOM! Studios. He recently appeared in their “Bravest Warriors 2014 Annual”, the issue features four separate stories, each focused entirely on Catbug.
Appearances.
Catbug has appeared in the following episodes of the Bravest Warriors Series:
Reception.
Catbug received positive reviews from fans.

= = = List of NFL quarterbacks with 5,000 passing yards in a season = = =
Passing for 5,000 yards in a single regular season is a rare thing in the National Football League (NFL). Nine quarterbacks have done it. Drew Brees has the most seasons with 5,000 passing yards at 5. 

= = = Kamaru Usman = = =
Kamaru Usman, nicknamed "The Nigerian Nightmare" (born May 11, 1987 in Auchi, Nigeria), is a Nigerian-American professional mixed martial artist, former freestyle wrestler. Who currently competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is the current UFC Welterweight Champion. Usman was also The Ultimate Fighter 21 tournament winner.

= = = Stallwang = = =
Stallwang is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Steinach, Bavaria = = =
Steinach is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Straßkirchen = = =
Straßkirchen is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Wiesenfelden = = =
Wiesenfelden is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Windberg = = =
Windberg is a municipality in Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Bad Neualbenreuth = = =
Bad Neualbenreuth (before September 2019: "Neualbenreuth") is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Bärnau = = =
Bärnau is a town in Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany. It is near the border with the Czech Republic, 25 km northeast of Weiden in der Oberpfalz, and 26 km southwest of Mariánské Lázně.

= = = Kryszina Kicka = = =
Kristina Kicka (born Kryszina Mikhailenko 26 March 1992 in Minsk) is a Belarusian volleyball player.
She competed in the 2013–14 Women's CEV Cup, winning the gold medal with her team, Fenerbahçe S.K. 

= = = Brand, Bavaria = = =
Brand is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Ebnath = = =
Ebnath is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Erbendorf = = =
Erbendorf () is a town in the Upper Palatinate in Germany.
The following villages are incorporated into the town:
Aschenhof, Birkenreuth, Boxdorf, Eppenhof, Frodersreuth, Glashütte, Gössenreuth, Gramlhof, Grötschenreuth, Hauxdorf, Inglashof, Napfberg, Neuenreuth, Pfaben, Plärn, Schadenreuth, Siegritz, Steinbach, Straßenschacht, Thann, Wäldern, Wetzldorf, and Wildenreuth.

= = = Tatsiana Markevich = = =
Tatsiana Markevitch (born 25 March 1988) is a Belarusian female volleyball player, playing as a right side hitter. She was part of the Belarus women's national volleyball team.
She competed at the 2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship. 

= = = Falkenberg, Upper Palatinate = = =
Falkenberg () is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Friedenfels = = =
Friedenfels is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Fuchsmühl = = =
Fuchsmühl is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Immenreuth = = =
Immenreuth is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Kastl, Tirschenreuth = = =
Kastl is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Kemnath = = =
Kemnath () is a small town in Tirschenreuth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is near the Fichtelgebirge, 24 km southeast of Bayreuth. The town's motto is "das Tor zur Oberpfalz," which translates into English as "The Door to the Upper Palatinate."

= = = Second French Empire = = =
The time from about 1852 to 1870 is known as Second Empire in French history. Napoléon III was the emperor. First he had an authoritarian style of ruling, but there was a lot of opposition. Like with many other countries, industrialization (and the industrial revolution) started during his reign. France also became one of the most powerful counties in Europe. It collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871 during the Unification of Germany by Otto von Bismarck to create the German Empire in 1871 .

= = = Khiladi = = =
Khiladi () is an 2022 Indian Telugu-language action crime movie. It is written and directed by Ramesh Varma who co-produced it with Satyanarayana Koneru under A Studios. It stars Ravi Teja alongside Arjun Sarja, Unni Mukundan, Meenakshi Chaudhary, and Dimple Hayathi. It was scheduled to be released on 28 May 2021. But it has been indefinitely postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Soundtrack and score of the film is composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The movie was finally released on 11 February 2022 in theaters.

= = = John Henry (representative) = = =
John Henry (November 1, 1800 – April 28, 1882) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. Born near Stanford, Kentucky, Henry attended the public schools. He served as a private in Captain Arnett's company of Illinois volunteers in the Black Hawk War. He served as a member of the State House of Representatives 1832–1840.

= = = Greater Danbury = = =
Greater Danbury, also known as the Housatonic Valley Region, is a region in the state of Connecticut centered on the city of Danbury. It consists of the city of Danbury and adjacent towns in the areas around the Housatonic River and the Still River.
It consists on the towns of Bethel, Bridgewater, Brookfield, New Fairfield, New Milford, Newtown, Ridgefield, Roxbury, and Sherman for a total of 9 municipalities.

= = = Konnersreuth = = =
Konnersreuth is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.
It is in the northeast foothills of the Steinwald mountains between the Fichtelgebirge mountains and the Upper Palatinate Forest, close to the Czech border.

= = = Krummennaab = = =
Krummennaab is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Kulmain = = =
Kulmain is a municipality in Tirschenreuth north of Kemnath in Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Leonberg, Bavaria = = =
Leonberg is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Mähring = = =
Mähring is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Neusorg = = =
Neusorg is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany. The town itself is the seat of Neusorg municipal federation.
Geography.
Neusorg has nine districts: Neusorg, Riglasreuth, Schwarzenreuth, Stockau, Stöcken, Wäsch, Weihermühle, and Wernersreuth.

= = = Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict = = =
Diplomatic relations between Qatar and Saudi Arabia have been strained from 2014 onwards, with its peak being the Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017.
History.
19 century.
During the first half of the 19 century, the Qatari peninsula was claimed alternatively by the House of Thani, House of Saud and House of Khalifa. On September 12, 1868, a declaration of Arab maritime peace, drafted by Sir Lewis Pelly was re-signed and re-affirmed. For the first time, Mohammed bin Thani, leader of the Guttur tribes, was asked to sign too, a move widely seen as the first international recognition of the sovereignty of Qatar.
20 century.
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In 1968, the British Government announced its plans to withdraw troops from "East of Suez" , leaving behind the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms, Bahrain and Qatar. After these plans were announced by the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson on 16 January 1968, attempts were made for the creation of a federation of Arab Emirates. In a summit with the Sheikhs of Qatar, Bahrain, and the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms, the declaration of union for a federation with nine rulers, proposed by the Qatari government, was approved. After multiple disputes, Qatar declared its independence on September 1, 1971, and became the second independent Gulf Sheikhdom, after Bahrain. Shortly after, on September 5, 1971, the United States recognized Qatar as an Independent State, beginning diplomatic relations on March 19, 1972.
In a move supported financially, politically and militarily by Saudi Arabia, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani deposed Ahmad bin Ali on February 22, 1972. The new leadership could rely on continued support from Saudi Arabia, as the House of Thani (the ruling family of Qatar) had been supported by the House of Saud (the ruling family of Saudi Arabia) since the beginning of Wahhabism.
In the 1995 Qatari "coup d'état", Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, and transformed Qatar into a rival of Saudi Arabia. Under Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani's rule, Al Jazeera was founded, a Qatari government-funded international Arabic-language news channel.
21st century.
In preparation of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Qatar opened the Al Udeid Air Base in 2002, hosting United States Air Force personnel. As Saudi Arabia objected against having the base on their land, this move is seen as pivotal in turning Qatar into a strategic partner of the United states and a rival of Saudi Arabia.
Political tensions.
Diplomatic relations were cut for five years between 2002 and 2008 after Saudi Arabia removed their ambassador from Qatar. In the midst of the Arab Spring, Qatar's pro-Arab Spring policies resulted in resistance from other member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In March 2014, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and United Arab Emirates removed their ambassadors from Qatar - a move not seen before in the history of the GCC. In November 2014 the ambassadors returned to Doha, Qatar.
The started in June 2017 when Saudi Arabia, along with Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain severed diplomatic relations and blocked all entries to Qatar via air, sea or land. Saudi Arabia's severing of diplomatic ties was based upon the accusation that Qatar supported the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, and that the Al Jazeera news coverage interfered with internal affairs, undermining authority. 
Saudi Arabia led the coalition against Qatar and issued an ultimatum with a list of 13 demands for Qatar. Qatar dismissed the demands, but through Kuwait as mediator dialogue was opened.
Diplomatic relations were restored in Januray 2021, after a blockage of more than three years, resolving the Gulf crisis. The conflict was mediated though joint efforts by Kuwait and the United States through drafting of a resolution. On 16 January 2021, Saudi Arabia announced it would open their embassy in Doha within days.

= = = Pechbrunn = = =
Pechbrunn is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict = = =
The Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, also named the New Middle Eastern Cold War, refers to the struggle between its two main actors - Iran and Saudi Arabia. They are not confronting each other militarily, however, as the contest for political influence in the region mainly plays out in other Middle Eastern states. The rivalry is primarily a political and economic struggle exacerbated by the history between the two countries.
Background.
Beginning with the rule of King Saud in 1932, Saudi Arabia has claimed to be the Muslim representative involving the Sunni Wahhabi ideology, initiated by the state, and being the guard of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Iran, on the other hand, has been affiliated with Shia Islam and declared to be the protector of Islam during the 1979 Iranian Revolution, when Khomeini seized power of the country; this marked the beginning of the proxy conflict as it undermined Saudi Arabia's image as leader of the Muslim World. Another important event in 1979 was the , where extremist insurgents protested against westernization of the monarchy and called for the overthrow of the house of Saud. Though the state captured them, the monarchy took over their demands for stricter Islamization policies to re-establish its Islamic legitimacy. Before 1979, Iran and Saudi Arabia managed cordial ties. However, these relations were not without tensions.
Arab Spring.
The Arab Spring of 2011 was a wave of uprisings that caused political instability. These uprisings were mainly concerned with economic, political, and social issues.
Involved parties.
Iranian allies.
Iran's main strategic allies are the Syrian government led by Assad and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah. Syria's main incentive for their relations with Iran was to find a new counterforce to its main enemies, Israel and Iraq. The relationship between Hezbollah and Iran can be explained in political and religious terms, as Hezbollah shares Iran's Shiite Islamist ideology, and in financial terms as Iran has played a role in funding Hezbollah's military wing. Additionally, Yemen's Houthis have an alleged relationship with Iran.
Saudi Arabian allies.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) comprised Saudi Arabia as a de facto leader, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates, has been described as an important ally to Saudi Arabia in this conflict. Concerns over Iran's expansionary goals following the 1979 revolution are said to be the main drivers for the creation of the GCC in 1981 as a regional political, economic, and security alliance. It is important to note that there are numerous political and ideological differences among the GCC's members, and their positions towards Iran are not identical. Especially Qatar and Oman have pursued a strategy of maintaining positive relations, emphasizing independent trade and commercial links to Iran.
Other parties.
Although nations such as the United States, Israel and Turkey play an important role in the Middle East, they have not played a decisive role in this conflict. This is because they are concerned with the regional balance of power. Still, their interests are not as directly tied up with every detail of the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia. However, all three nations tend to lean more towards Saudi Arabia.
Involvement in regional conflicts.
Several Middle Eastern states have been battlegrounds for the geopolitical and geo-sectarian friction between Saudi Arabia and Iran with destabilizing effects.
Iraqi Civil War.
The first proxy war was set in Iraq, involving Saddam Hussein invasion of Iran in response to the 1979 Revolution and its commitment to exporting its ideology to other countries. This resulted in the eight-year eighth-year-long Iran-Iraq war, in which Saudi Arabia backed Ir, ref, When Iraqi troops invaded Saudi Arabia's ally Kuwait in 1990, however, Saudi got directly involved in the offensive against Iraq with the help of the United States. In 2003 the Americans led an invasion toppling the Iraqi government, creating a power vacuum in the region. Because Iran was concerned that they might be the next target of the Americans, it supported Shiite militias in their fight against American forces. Saudi Arabia remained more passive during the invasion, likely to avoid any complications in its relations with the United States. As the American troops withdrew from Iraq in 2011 and with the rise of Islamic State in 2014, Iran's influence in the country grew. More recently, Iran has played a role in suppressing the Iraqi Kurdish call for independence, whereas Saudi Arabia are said to support the Kurds.
Syrian Civil War.
The Syrian civil war began as a part of the Arab uprisings in 2011, when civilians protested against the government for greater freedom and openness, to which the regime responded with great violence. While Iran and Hezbollah back the Assad regime through the provision of weaponry, military technology, and financial support, Saudi Arabia and other GCC states support the various resistance groups that actively oppose the regime.
Yemeni Civil War.
The Yemeni Civil War began in 2014, when the Houthis aligned with Iran and took control of the capital, Sana, in an attempt to take over the country. The government was sent into exile in Saudi Arabia, which formed a coalition with the UAE against the Houthis. They heavily bombarded the nation, causing many civilian deaths. In addition, the coalition-backdrops Yemeni opposition groups. Iran, which had a relationship with the Houthis before 2014, expanded their military aid to support the Houthi movement.
Bahreini Uprising.
Saudi Arabia and Iran have spent decades trying to expand their influence in Bahrain. The estimate percentage of Shia in the Bahraini population is between 60% and 70%, which concerns the neighboring Sunni countries because they fear a Shiite revolution against the government incited by Iran. Bahrain's Sunni ruling al-Khalifa family and the Sunni dynasties in the region have also accused Iran for provoking the Bahraini anti-government Uprising during the Arab Spring in February 2011. The protesters were non-sectarian and wanted greater political representation. The uprising was shut down after the Bahraini government requested help from neighboring countries. Saudi-Arabia deployed more than one thousand troops with armored support in an attempt to prevent Iranian involvement in the country but also to put a stop to democratic aspirations from spreading into the Gulf region.
nuclear programs of Iran and Saudi Arabia.
For years, Iran's and Saudi Arabia's nuclear ambitions have gained much international attention. According to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, "Although Saudi Arabia does not possess weapons of mass destruction, Saudi officials have hinted at the desirability of possessing nuclear weapons to counter the nuclear ambitions of rival regional Iran." In 2015, Iran concluded an agreement restricting its nuclear program in exchange for sanction relief. Saudi Arabia felt threatened by this deal, fearing that the easing of sanctions would allow Iran to further support Shia groups in the Middle East. In 2018, the U.S. withdrew from the deal.

= = = Plößberg = = =
Plößberg is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Pullenreuth = = =
Pullenreuth is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Kurdistan Workers' Party = = =
The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is a Kurdish militant organization and armed guerrilla movement currently operating in Turkey founded by Abdullah Öcalan in the 1970s. Since 1984 there have been many clashes between them and the Turkish government. They once sought for an independent socialist state, now they want more autonomy and democratic confederalism. They are recognised as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, United States, and the European Union.
History.
The organization can be traced back to 1972-1973 when a group of revolutionary students got together led by Abdullah Öcalan. After the military coup of 1971, many leftists groups went underground to avoid repression by the generals in the name of restoring law and order. It was established as a party in 1978 and it held its foundation congress in November of the same year. In 1980 there was another coup which resulted in the ruling of Turkish Armed Forces for three years. In 1983 a law passed to prohibit the use of the Kurdish language, and the Turkish forces committed several human rights abuses.
1984 war.
In 1984 a guerrilla war between the PKK and the Turkish state started, although attacks from both sides had been performed before. It was met with a violent military reaction, and repeated clashes caused many losses and massive migrations. The following years resulted in continuous fighting and tension, leading up to the capture and imprisonment of leader Öcalan in 1999 and their admitted military defeat. This led to internal divisions in the party. 
Peace talks.
Since the divisions, several ceasefires have been declared and peace talks have been held. However, the conflict has not ended and recently there has been a renewed rise in violence. 
Ideology.
Original ideology.
The PKK started as an ideologically leftist nationalist movement which applied Marxism-Leninism thought of class struggle and national liberation to the Kurdish national context. Through their first years (1978-1986) their goal was achieving independence from Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. They also wanted to seize state power through armed revolution to establish a Kurdish socialist state.
Changes.
Their ideology went through changes from 1985 until 1995. This was a period in which Öcalan made various criticisms of socialist organizations at the time, questioning the focus on state led socialism and calling for a merging of socialist ideals with democratic and pluralist ones.During this time their ideal of creating an independent state shifted and a political solution without separatism was proposed.
These changes further developed after 1999 after Öcalan was imprisoned and started reading Murray Bookchin. Since then, the PKK has shifted to an ideology of democratic confederalism with a strong focus on radical direct democracy, feminism and environmentalism. This has also led to a change in their demands as they no longer believe in the nation-state and therefore seek autonomy and the slow disappearance of borders rather than an independent state.
Tactics.
Warfare.
The party has used several guerrilla tactics since its existence, taking inspiration from Che Guevara’s Guerrilla Warfare. One of these was the strategic use of mountains they were familiar with, but Turkish armed forces were not. To escape from Turkish persecution, members of the PKK have also strategically crossed borders to Syria, Iraq or Iran. In the 1990s, they started using bomb attacks and shifted to positional warfare.
Politics.
Along with its ideological change since the 1990s the PKK also experienced strategic transformations. They entered the field of law, electoral politics and media. Additionally, after Öcalan's arrest the PKK argued that they went into defense mode militarily without giving up their armed struggle, and put focus into constructing a civil society and electoral politics. 
Recognition.
Because of their use of guerrilla tactics and positional warfare, the PKK is registered as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the European Union, NATO, and most Western governments. Yet, this definition has been contested by other countries, the PKK itself and other institutions.

= = = Reuth bei Erbendorf = = =
Reuth bei Erbendorf is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Tirschenreuth = = =
Tirschenreuth (Northern Bavarian: "Dirschnrad", "Diascharad") is the capital city of the district of Tirschenreuth. It is in the northeast of Bavaria, close to the Czech-Bavarian border.
Geography.
Tirschenreuth is in the north of Upper Palatinate administrative region, about 75 miles north of Regensburg and 35 miles east of Bayreuth.
Incorporations.
The following villages were incorporated in Tirschenreuth
Twin towns and cities.
Tirschenreuth is twinned with:

= = = Waldershof = = =
Waldershof is a town in Tirschenreuth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 22 km northwest of Tirschenreuth, and 3 km southwest of Marktredwitz.
Geography.
The 60 square kilometer City of Waldershof is bounded on the North by the City of Marktredwitz. The boundary line between the two cities is also the border for the counties of Tirschenreuth and Wunsiedel as well as the regional zones of the Upper Palatinate and Upper Franconia.
Literature.
Zeitler, Walther. (Ed.). (1988). Heimatbuch der Stadt Waldershof. Amberg, Bavaria, Germany: Vereinigte Oberpfaelzische Druckereien und Verlagsanstalt Gmbh, Translated by: Walter Swett

= = = Wiesau = = =
Wiesau is a municipality in Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Altenmarkt an der Alz = = =
Altenmarkt an der Alz is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Bergen, Upper Bavaria = = =
Bergen is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Chieming = = =
Chieming is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.
Name origin.
The name "Chieming", "Chiemsee" and the name of the area "Chiemgau" go back to the Old High German personal name "Chiemo" (7th/8th century). At the end of the 8th century the name "Chiemgau" appeared for the first time in documents as "Chimigaoe" but it stood at that time for a smaller area around the village of Chieming.
Personal life.
Price is married to Betty Price. They have one son together. Price is a Presbyterian. 

= = = James Mattis = = =
James Norman "Mad Dog" Mattis (born September 8, 1950) is a retired United States Marine Corps general and was the 26th United States Secretary of Defense. On January 20, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed Mattis' nomination as Defense secretary with a 98-1 vote. He last served as the 11th Commander of United States Central Command from August 11, 2010 to March 22, 2013.
On December 20, 2018, Mattis announced his plans to retire on February 28, 2019. However after reading his resignation letter criticizing Trump's treatment of American allies, Trump ordered Mattis fired on December 31, 2018.
Early life.
Mattis was born on September 8, 1950, in Pullman, Washington. He was raised in Richland, Washington. Mattis earned a BA degree in history from Central Washington University in 1971.
Military career.
Mattis is known for carrying out the COIN strategy. Before President Obama appointed him to replace General Petraeus on August 11, 2010, he commanded United States Joint Forces Command from November 9, 2007 to August 2010 and served as NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Transformation from November 9, 2007 to September 8, 2009 at the same time. Prior to that, he commanded I Marine Expeditionary Force, United States Marine Forces Central Command, and 1st Marine Division during the Iraq War.
United States Secretary of Defense (2017–2018).
On December 1, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced that Mattis would be nominated to serve as United States Secretary of Defense in the coming administration. He was confirmed by the United States Senate with a 98-1 vote. On the same day, he was sworn-in by Vice President Mike Pence.
On April 5, 2017, Mattis called the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack "a heinous act" and said it would be treated accordingly. On April 10, Mattis warned the Syrian government against using chemical weapons again.
Mattis has voiced support for a Saudi Arabian–led military campaign against Yemen's Shiite rebels. He asked Trump to remove restrictions on U.S. military support for Saudi Arabia.
Mattis insisted that the U.S. would remain in Syria following the defeat of ISIS to ensure they did not regroup. However, Trump announced the U.S. withdrawal from Syria on December 19. The next day, Mattis submitted his resignation after failing to persuade Trump to reconsider. In his resignation letter, Mattis criticized Trump for not respecting allied nations while criticizing China and Russia's authoritarian rule. In response to the letter, Trump ordered Mattis' firing on January 1, nearly two months earlier than Mattis planned leaving office.
Personal life.
Mattis is a lifelong bachelor who has never been married and has no children. He is nicknamed "The Warrior Monk" because of his bachelor life and lifelong devotion to the study of war.

= = = Bernardo Bertolucci = = =
Bernardo Bertolucci (; 16 March 1940 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian director and screenwriter. His most well known works were "The Conformist", "Last Tango in Paris", "1900", "The Last Emperor", "The Sheltering Sky", "Stealing Beauty" and "The Dreamers". 
For "The Last Emperor", he won two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards (for directing and screenplay).
In 1979, he was married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. until 2018.
Bertolucci died in Rome on 26 November 2018, at the age of 77 of lung cancer.

= = = Giuseppe Caselli = = =
Giuseppe Guglielmo Umberto Caselli (July 5, 1893 – December 19, 1976) was an Italian painter. He studied under Felice Del Santo and Antonio Discovolo. In 1913, Caselli was imprisoned in a concentration camp in Austria. After that, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. In 1938 he participated in the "Premio del Golfo (Gulf Award)", organized by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
Caselli was one of the best known painters from La Spezia. He painted thousands of works during his long career. In his paintings, Caselli showed the life of La Spezia. He painted the life in the Cinque Terre ("Five Lands"), a portion of coast on the Italian Riviera.

= = = Sultan Rahi = = =
Sultan Muhammad (generally recognized as Sultan Rahi) was born in a Muslim arain family of Saharanpur in 1938 Uttar Pradesh, British India. He was a famous Pakistani film actor who was well-known in Pakistan in Punjabi & Urdu films during the 1970s and 1980s till 1996. He was mostly admired among people in Punjab, Pakistan and among Sikh and Punjabi community of India. 
Biography.
He acted in over 700 Punjabi and Urdu films, and is named in the Guinness Book of Records as the most creative actor. His popular films include: Maula Jatt, Sher Khan, Chan Veryam, Dada, Qanoon, Kaley Chore, and The Godfather. He started his film career as an extra but quickly became a leading actor and in 1972.
Burly Pakistani actor Sultan Rahi specialized in playing superheroes and muscle men. Over his career, which began with his playing bit parts in the late '50s, Sultan appeared in more than 700 Punjabi films. He became a leading man in 1971 in Babul and a star the following year in Bashira. Born, Muhammad Sultan in India, Rahi moved to Pakistan at age nine.
Assassination.
Rahi was shot dead on 9 January 1996 in Gujranwala, Pakistan.

= = = Meenakshi Temple = = =
Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple is a ancient historic Hindu temple on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi, and Sundareswarar (Shiva).
History.
The temple is in the center of 2,500-year-old city of Madurai and is a significant symbol for the Tamil people. Though most of the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE. It is said that the temple was originally built in the 6th century BC by survivors of the Kumari Kandam. In the 14th century, the Sultanate Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the temple and looted it of its valuables. It was rebuilt by the Nayak ruler Vishwanatha Nayakar around the 16th century. It houses 14 "gopurams" (gateway towers), ranging from 45–50m in height. The tallest is the southern tower, high, and two golden sculptured "vimanas", the shrines over the "garbhagrihas" (sanctums) of the main deities.
Meenakshi temple as a tourist place.
The temple attracts 15,000 visitors a day, around 25,000 on Fridays, and receives an annual revenue of 60 million. There are an estimated 33,000 sculptures in the temple. It was on the list of top 30 nominees for the "New Seven Wonders of the World". The temple is the most prominent landmark and most visited tourist attraction in the city. The annual of 10-days Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, is celebrated during April and May, attracts 1 million visitors.

= = = 2015 South Indian floods = = =
2015 South Indian floods is a disaster happened in South India. The heavy floods were resulted due to heavy rainfall by the annual northeast monsoon in November–December 2015.The mainly affected regions are Coromandel Coast region of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and the union territory of Puducherry and especially the most devastated area, the city of Chennai. More than 500 people were killed and over 18 lakh (1.8 million) people were displaced.
From October to December each year, a very large area of south India, including Tamil Nadu, the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh and the union territory of Puducherry, receives up to 30 percent of its annual rainfall from the northeast monsoon (or winter monsoon). The northeast monsoon is the result of the annual gradual retreat of monsoonal rains from northeastern India.
On 8 November 2015, during the 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, a low pressure area consolidated into a depression and slowly intensified into a deep depression before crossing the coast of Tamil Nadu near Puducherry the following day.On 15 November, well-marked low pressure area moved northwards along the Tamil Nadu coast, dropping huge amounts of rainfall over coastal Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh with 24‐hour totals peaking at 370 mm in Ponneri. Chennai International Airport recorded 266 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. On 28–29 November, another system developed and arrived over Tamil Nadu on 30 November, bringing additional rain and flooding. The system dropped 490 mm of rainfall at Tambaram in 24 hours starting 8:30 am on 1 December. Very heavy rains led to flooding across the entire stretch of coast from Chennai to Cuddalore.
Flood in Chennai and Tamil Nadu regions.
Between 9–10 November 2015, Neyveli received of rainfall; rains continued to downpour in Cuddalore, Chidambaram and Chennai. Continuing rains led to low-lying parts of Chennai becoming sunk by 13 November, resulting in the evacuation of over 1000 people from their homes. The flooding in Chennai city was worsened by years of illegal development and inadequate levels of flood preparedness. 
The flooding in Chennai city was described as the worst in a century. The continued rains led to schools and colleges remaining closed across Puducherry and Chennai, Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur districts in Tamil Nadu and fishermen were warned against sailing because of high waters and rough seas.these floods caused a large amount of destruction in the southern area
Puducherry affected by the floods.
Puducherry sustained relatively minor damage in November as the depression largely remained offshore; some trees were downed and several banana and sugarcane plantations at Kutchipalayam were severely damaged. Puducherry reported receiving 55.7 mm of rainfall over the 24-hour period from 14–15 November. Water entered several houses in low-lying areas, while three houses collapsed in Uppalam. On 5 December, the territorial government announced that nearly 9,000 hectares of paddy fields had been damaged by torrential rainfall, including 4,420 hectares of paddy fields in Puducherry,4,248.34 hectares in Karaikal and 287.15 hectares in Yanam. The government also reported 1,544 hectares of sugercane fields under cultivation had been damaged, along with 297.73 hectares of plantains, 231.9 hectares of tapioca and related tubers, 168.10 hectares of vegetable fields and eight hectares under betel-leaf cultivation. Proposed compensation rates would be as follows: per hectare for betel-leaf losses, ) per hectare for plantains, ) per hectare for paddy fields and ) per hectare for losses of vegetables, tapioca, tubers and sugercane. Compensation scales had also been set for losses of cotton, lentils and flowers.
Consequences.
Supplies of basic necessities, including milk, water and vegetables, were affected due to logistical difficulties. During the December floods in Chennai and the adjoining areas, milk packets sold for , five times more than their usual cost. Water bottles and cans were sold at prices between to . Vegetables were sold at least to over and above their normal average cost at the wholesale level.
Apart from basic necessities, fuel supplies and travel were greatly affected, especially in Chennai.In Chennai, over 1.5 lakh (150,000) street vendors sustained losses of over . The persistent rainfall and flooding forced several major automakers in the region, including Ford, Renault, Nissan and Daimler AG, to temporarily halt production, resulting in estimated losses of up to . 

= = = Cuddalore = = =
Cuddaloreis a city which is the headquarters of the Cuddalore district in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu.After the fall of Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks, Thajavur Marathas, Tipu Sultan, French and the British Empire. Cuddalore was the scene of Seven Years' War and the Battle of Cuddalore in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties.
Apart from fishing and port related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The town is administered by a special-grade municipality covering an area of and had a population of 173,676 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency which is a part of the Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency. There are a total of nine schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the town. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens. Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Chennai International Airport, located away from the town. The nearest major seaport is Karaikal port, located away from the town.
Cuddalore is located at . It has an average elevation of . The land is completely flat with large deposits of black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar river runs north of the town, while Gadilam river runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at a distance of from the state capital Chennai and from Puducherry, the neighbouring union territory. The nearest airport is at Chennai, kilometres from Cuddalore. According to 2011 census, Cuddalore had a population of 173,636 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 17,403 were under the age of six, constituting 8,869 males and 8,534 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.22% and .3% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.

= = = Adyar River = = =
Adyar River is one of the two rivers that flows in Chennai. It originates near the Chembarambakkam Lake, Kanchipuram district.The long river contributes to the estuarine ecosystem of Chennai. Despite the high pollution levels, boating and fishing take place in this river. The river collects surplus water from about 200 tanks and lakes, small streams and the rainwater drains in the city, with a combined catchment area of . Most of the waste from the city is drained into this river and the Cooum River.
Adyar river starts from Malaipattu tank near Manimangalam village in Sriperumbudur Taluk at about west of Tambaram near Chennai. It starts to appear as a stream only from the point where water from Chembarambakkam lake joins the river. It flows through Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Chennai district for about before joining the Bay of Bengal in Adyar, Chennai. Here it forms an estuary, which extends from the Adyar Bridge to the sandbar at the edge of the sea, with some small islets in-between. The estuary attracts a wide variety of birds. The estuary covering an area of about was made a protected wildlife reserve in 1987. The river forms a backwater near the mouth, known as the Adyar creek, due to the formation of sand bar at the mouth. This creek is a natural channel which carries tidal water back into the sea.
The river is almost stagnant except during the rain season. Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation has led to severe contamination of this river. However, the river gets just 10 per cent of the untreated sewage being let into the three principle waterways of Chennai daily, with the other two, namely, the Buckingham Canal and the Cooum River, taking the major share (60 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively).
The problem of sedimentation was not severe as the Adyar's width near Thiru.Vi.Ka. Bridge is nearly that enabled tidal effect into the waterway for about . However, it was essential to provide groynes to keep the river mouth open for adequate width and prevent inundation during monsoon. In 2011, the Water Resources Department (WRD) proposed to construct groynes to reduce formation of sand bars near the mouth the river.In 2012, the state government allotted 3,000 million towards construction of 337 sewage cleaning systems in the waterways in the city, including 49 locations in the Adyar river. Others include 105 points in Cooum river and 183 locations in the Buckingham Canal.

= = = Cooum River = = =
Cooum River is the shortest river draining into the Bay of Bengal. This river is about 72 km in length, flowing 32 km in the Urban part and the rest in rural part. The river is highly polluted in the urban area (Chennai). Along with the Adyar River running parallel to the south, the river trifurcates the city and separates Northern Chennai from Central Chennai.
Its source is in a place by the same name 'Cooum' or 'Koovam' in Tiruvallur district adjoining Chennai district. Owing to intensive use of surface water upstream for agriculture, indiscriminate pumping of groundwater leading to reduced base flow in the river, formation of sand bar at the mouth of the river, discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents and encroachment along the banks, the river, especially the downstream, has been highly polluted.

= = = Hugues Quiéret = = =
Hugues Quiéret was a French naval commander who played a major role at the Battle of Sluys.

= = = Hamamatsu festival = = =
Hamamatsu Festival (�����) is a festival held in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, on May 3 to 5 every year. The Hamamatsu festival is not a religious festival but a city festival. In Japan, May 3 to 5 is a holiday called Golden week. Golden week is the longest national holiday in Japan. May 3 is Constitution Memorial Day, May 4 is Greenery Day, and May 5 is Children's Day. During the festival, people who live in each ward celebrate children, especially baby boys, and local restaurants pray for success and prosperity.
History.
The first Hamamatsu festival was held in 1558 to celebrate the birth of the son of the lord of Hamamatsu castle. The lord and his close advisers flew a kite with the son's name written on it. In the middle of the Edo era (1603~1868), not only in Hamamatsu but also all over Japan, it became popular to fly kites on the Children's Day (May 5). On that day, Japanese people usually celebrate and pray for boys' growth, good health, and bright futures.
Kite festival.
The Hamamatsu festival is famous for its large kites. At 11 am on May 3, more than 100 large kites fly in the sky. The kite holders stand at the Nakataima Sand Dunes and release them all at the same time, signaled by a trumpet call. The Nakatajima Sand Dunes, is one of three largest sand dune areas in Japan. The Nakatajima Dunes overlook Enshu-nada sea, so the place has the strong winds needed for flying kites. The kites are decorated with baby boys' names and marks or designs of each town ("chō)". People believe that the higher the kites fly, the healthier the baby boys grow up.
Participants in each town also fight using the kites: They intertwine the 5 mm thick kite strings and use the friction to cut their opponents' kite strings. This kite festival is held for three days in the daytime.
Parade.
At night, there is a parade. The parade has 83 palace-like parade floats in the center of Hamamatsu. Parade floats are large, movable carts covered in scenery or sculptures. Each small town has one float. Girls ride on the floats and play traditional music using Japanese instruments like taiko drums, shinobue flutes, and bells. Other children, their families, and people who live in the town also carry a floats around the area. The audience watches the parade from the side of the road.

= = = Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon = = =
Wat yai chai mongkhon is a Buddhist temple in Ayutthaya, Thailand. built in 1357. It is the most important temple in Ayutthaya. It is a historical landmark and a popular tourist attraction.

= = = Hyeokgeose = = =
Hyeokgeose () was the first king of Silla (��), a the kingdom of ancient south-west Korea, from B.C. 57 to B.C. 935.
Mythology.
Birth of Hyeokgeose.
In B.C. 69, six village chiefs gathered with their children and announced that “We have been living disorderly. It because we do not have a Great Chief on our villages. So, let’s set someone on the throne who is a virtuous person and found a nation.” At that time, they found the strange light looked like thunderbolt on Yang-san (��) .
When they climbed the mountain to observe the light, The light went up to the sky at Najung (��), the foot of Yang-san. And They found a white horse that was bowing. The horse flew up to the sky after it howled a long time. As soon as it left, they looked through the place and they found a big purple egg. The people broke the egg, and they reached out one boy who looked nice and beautiful. When people washed him at Dongchun (��), his body shines and birds and beasts came to dance and sing. Also the sky and the earth shook and the sun and the moon became clear. After then, people named him King Hyeokgeose, meaning bright ruler.
Birth of Queen.
When the son of the sky came down to the earth, he suggested that Hyeokgeose has to find good wife for him. At that time, Gyeryong (��), which is a dragon looked like rooster, came down from the sky to Alyeong-jung (���) in Sarang-ri (���) and bore a beautiful girl who had chicken beak under the dragon’s left rib. When people moved and washed her at Bookchun (��) in Walsung (��), the beak chipped off. So the people called the place Balchun (��) and named her Alyeong.
Marriage.
The people built up the palace at the foot of South mountain and brought up two babies, who are Hyeokgeose and his wife to be a prince and princess.
Death.
After 61 years from he start to rule the country, he flew up to heaven. After seven days, the ashes of his body fell to the earth and scattered, and the soul of his queen ascended to join him in paradise. All the people cried the ashes of their great king and queen. So they tried to bury them in the same tomb, but a big snake showed up and protected the ashes. So the royal remains of each were divided into five parts and interred in pairs in the Northern Mausoleum, within the precincts of a temple called Tamom-sa (���). The people called these the Five Mausoleums, or Sa-ning (Tomb of the Snake;��). The Crown Prince succeeded to the throne and was given the title Namhae-wang.
Reign.
The prince was crowned king with Princess Alyeong. The country at that time was called Sorabol (���) in native language. The name Silla was not used until a later time. during the reign of Kaerim-guk (���). The Great Chief of the Park family founded the kingdom of Silla and ruled over it for sixty-two years
Origin of Family Name, Park.
Since the prince had been born from an egg in the shape of the gourd called "park" in the native tongue, they gave him the family name Park (�). The princess was named Alyeong (��) after the well where she was born.

= = = Selenocysteine = = =
Selenocysteine is the 21st protein-building amino acid. It is almost the same as cysteine, but a selenium atom replaces the sulfur atom.

= = = Hohtenn = = =
Hohtenn is a village and former municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hohtenn and Steg merged into the new municipality of Steg-Hohtenn.

= = = Kippel = = =
Kippel is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

= = = Animal track = = =
An animal track is the imprint left behind in soil, snow, mud, or other ground surfaces that an animal walks across. 
Animal tracks are used by hunters to track their prey, and by naturalists to identify animals living in an area.
Tracks can be fossilized over millions of years. It is for this reason we are able to see fossilized dinosaur tracks in some types of rock formations. These types of fossils are called trace fossils since they are a trace of an animal left behind rather than the animal itself. In paleontology, tracks often preserve as sandstone infill, forming a natural mold of the track.

= = = Confederate States Congress = = =
The Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America. It existed during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. Like the United States Congress, the Confederate Congress consisted of two parts. The upper house was the Senate. It was made up of two senators from each state who were chosen by their state legislatures. The lower house was called the House of Representatives. Its members were elected by the citizens of the individual states. 
Three congresses.
On February 4, 1861, the Provisional Congress met at Montgomery, Alabama. Representatives of each state were appointed by their state secession conventions. The session ended on February 17, 1862 which also ended the Provisional Congress.
On February 18, 1862 the first congress held its first session. After four sessions, the congress adjourned "sine die" (without setting a day for another meeting) exactly two years later.
The Second Congress met for two sessions before the end of the war. Its last session ended on March 18, 1865.
Congress.
The first act of the Confederate Congress was to keep in force all laws of the United States which did not conflict with the Confederate States Constitution. 
The Confederate States Constitution, however, was not adopted until March 11, 1861. It was almost the same as the United States Constitution but with a few changes. These included the President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, having a line-item veto. The president served only one six-year term and could not be voted president again. Members of the president's cabinet also served as non-voting members of Congress.
The central government of the Confederacy, the president and the Congress, could not make laws that overruled those of the individual Confederate states. The Confederacy did not have a Supreme Court because no agreement was ever reached on how it would work. Because the Confederate government was limited, they could not raise much money. States could and sometimes did refuse to send their militias if they felt they were needed in their own state. Congress was not able to control inflation and as prices went up drastically there were food riots in the South including the Capital city of Richmond, Virginia.
While during this time the United States Congress made a great number of changes in U.S. law. At the same time, the Confederate Congress was just trying to keep the Confederacy alive and working. Of the many acts passed was the first military draft passed in 1862. They also approved black men as soldiers in March of 1865. It had been debated for some time as it became apparent the South could lose the war. About this same time, in 1864, the Confederate Congress was in a near-panic. The Army needed more soldiers. Among the resolutions was for members of Congress to join the military and fight. Another resolution was to exempt men over the age of 50 from military service. This included most of the members of Congress. Others wanted to Congress to leave Richmond and find a place of safety. While the Confederate Congress debated, the Union Army was pushing closer and closer to Richmond. At the same time, Sherman's March to the Sea was pushing towards Atlanta, Georgia.

= = = The Bridge (poem) = = =
The Bridge is a long poem by American author Hart Crane. The work was published for the first time in 1930. It was intended by the poet to be a modern epic poem. The poem has fifteen parts. Many of them are about New York City. The best-known part of the poem is its introductory part named "To Brooklyn Bridge". "The Bridge" is considered to be Hart Crane's most ambitious undertaking. It is sometimes, however, called a failure, too.
Hart Crane is a modern poet. But in this poem he used mostly iambic pentameter. This iambic pentameter is usually unrhymed (blank verse), but sometimes rhymed.
<poem>
"And Thee, across the harbor, silver paced"
"As though the sun took step of thee yet left"
"Some motion ever unspent in thy stride,—"
"Implicitly thy freedom staying thee!"
</poem>
Hart Crane is known for his attention to the sounds of language. He used alliteration, rhymes and internal assonance. The assonance, that is repeating of the same vowel, can be found in this strophe. The sound [i] occurs in many accented syllables in it.
<poem>
"How many dawns, chill from his rippling rest"
"The seagull’s wings shall dip and pivot him,"
"Shedding white rings of tumult, building high"
"Over the chained bay waters Liberty —"
</poem>
Alliteration, that is repeating of the same consonant, should be noticed in the next strophe.
<poem>
"O harp and altar, of the fury fused,"
"(How could mere toil align thy choiring strings!)"
"Terrific threshold of the prophet’s pledge,"
"Prayer of pariah, and the lover’s cry,"
</poem>

= = = Postal codes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein = = =
This page is a summary of the postal codes of Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
The countries use 4 numbers in their postal code. The numbers are sorted by location. 

= = = Nendeln = = =
Nendeln is a village in Liechtenstein. It is in the municipality of Eschen.
Geography.
The village is in north-central Liechtenstein. It is on the main road Schaan-Schaanwald. The road links Liechtenstein with Buchs, Switzerland and Feldkirch, Austria.

= = = Schaanwald = = =
Schaanwald is a village of Liechtenstein. It is in the municipality of Mauren.
Geography.
The village is in north-central Liechtenstein. It is on the main road that links Liechtenstein with Buchs, Switzerland and Feldkirch, Austria.

= = = Connor McDavid = = =
Connor McDavid (born January 13, 1997) is a Canadian ice hockey centre and captain for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

= = = American Eskimo Dog = = =
The American Eskimo dog is a small breed of companion dog originating in Germany. The hair of American Eskimo dog is snowy white. Their hair also is long and thick, pure and luster, agile and flexible. American Eskimo belongs to the Spitz family. And all these breeds are from German Spitz. During the First World War, this breed was renamed “American Eskimo Dog.” There are three sizes of American Eskimo breed: toy, miniature and standard. The average lifespan of American Eskimo Dog is 12–15 years.
The best living places that are suit for American Eskimo Dog is active singles and seniors, apartments, family with children, houses with yards. This breed loves playing with human and it is very friendly with the children and stranger. Also, the nickname of American Eskimo Dog is “Eskie”.
History.
In the mid nineteenth century, the American Eskimo Dog was discovered in German colonial area in the United States. These dogs belong to the breed of German Spitz that came over from Europe with immigrants. Their early name is American Spitz. The American Eskimo Dog was famed in the United States at the end of nineteenth Century. In 1917, these dogs were renamed from American Spitz to American Eskimo Dog. (Even though their name does not have connection with American Eskimo culture.) They used to be watchdogs on farms to protect people's property. But at the end of nineteenth Century, the American Eskimo Dog prevailed in the circus.They  attracted a lot of people’ s attention because of their white coat, innate intelligence, trainability and amazing agility. Later, the American Eskimo Dog has become the first choice for household.
Temperament/Behavior.
The American Eskimo Dog is full of vitality. They can make people who are around them feel happy. This breed wants to run, play, learn new tasks and solve problems. They are great watchdog that are always vigilant. But this breed loves barking. If you leave your dog at home by itself, it will bark whole day. Your neighbors may complain because of barking. You can’t train the barking out of the Eskie, but you can teach them a stop barking command. American Eskimo Dogs need companionship, and if they stay alone, they will feel very dysphoric.
Exercise requirement.
Because this breed likes sports, the dog needs to have plenty of exercise every day. A lot of exercise can keep their health and make them happy. The toy and miniature sizes can be fed in apartments, but the standard sizes may need a yard or enough space to run.

= = = Machalilla National Park = = =
Machalilla National Park is an Ecuadorian  park. It is located in  the Pacific West coast of Ecuador in South America. It is in the province of Manabí. Machalilla National Park was declared by Minister of Environment  of Ecuador  as a  park  and natural preserve area on July 26, 1979. It was officially registered on November 20 of the same year. In 1990 the Ramsar Convention on Westlands named as a Ramsar site, which is a place where animals come to breed. The land part  is 56.184 hectares and the water part is 14.430 nautical miles.
Geography.
Machalilla National Park is located at  the Pacific West coast of Ecuador in South America. It is in the province of Manabí at the river banks of the Ayampe River. Nearest towns are Puerto Lopez and Pajan.
Machalilla National Park  has three areas: the north sector, the south area and Isla de la Plata. The north sector covers  Puerto Cayo area, 3 km parallel to the coast. The south sector covers Puerto Lopez and Island Salango, and the third  area is The Isla de la Plata. It  is 40 km offshore from Ecuador continental.
Rivers.
There are 7 rivers that cross the Machalilla National Park  territory the Jipijapa, Salitre, Seco, Punteros, Buena Vista, Piñas, and Ayampe.
Weather.
The weather is tropical to subtropical. It has a very dry climate and there is rarely any rainfall.  It rains an average of 161 mm to 1,120 mm per year. The temperature varies from 23 °C to 25 °C and remains the same year round.
Plants.
The plans that grow in this area are; dry coast shrubland, some ferns, cactus (opuntia) ,palo santo trees , kapok trees and algarrobo trees.
Fauna.
The diversity within Machalilla National Park includes; sea turtles, fishes, part of the coral reefs ecosystem, dolphins, stingrays and sea lions at “Isla de la Plata”.  Humpback whales visit the coast of Manabi to breed; from June to September.  There are quite rare animals on the Ecuadorian coast as the panthera onca,  monkeys: alouatta palliata,  capuchins,  leopardus spp. There are also variety of birds: little wood star, colibri, albatrosses, frigates, blue-footed boobies.
Isla de la Plata “ Silver Island”.
The Silver Island is 40 km offshore, It is part of Machalilla National Park and part of the Manabi Province. This natural reserve is home of many animals some of which migrate from Galapagos Islands, it includes blue-footed boodies, albatrasses, frigate birds, seals, iguanas, dolphins, stingrays and reef fishes. This small island  is uninhabited, the control and conservation for the Island  is promoted by Ecuador’s Minister of Environment and OGN Fundacion Natura.
Agua Blanca.
This is a forest preserved area in Machalilla National Park,  There are an interesting  bird wildlife, a sulfur water  lagoon and a museum.   It is 22 kilometers from Puerto Lopez, a small fishing town. Local people help inside the area.
Tourism.
The Machalilla National Park provides the visitors a good selection of services that include tourist information, hotel guide, maps and attraction. The major attraction at the  park is to visit Isla de la Plata due to many migrant animals from Galapagos Islands. There are albatrosses, frigatebirds and blue-footed boodies some seals. This is the only place where people can appreciate those charming birds.
The activities in the Machalilla National Park year along the: scuba diving, snorkeling, scenic views, eco walking trails, whale watching. The best Place in the Ecuadorian coast for diving is the Silver Island due to the coral reef that surrounds  it. “From June to September,” Manabi is visited for  arctic  humpback whales, every year they come to breed. In Agua Blanca community there are a sulfur lagoon where visitors like to cover themselves in sulfurous mud from the bottom of the lagoon. Visit the Agua Clara museum and Salango museum.
Beaches.
Machalilla National Park has many  beautiful beaches to enjoy that are calm and a little deep.  Los Frailes is the most visited beach, and  Salango beach is an   island is surrounded by coral reef. Respect the facilities of the beaches; Playa Negra beach and Tortuguita bay are pure nature. you can visit them respecting the rules of conservation.

= = = Street cricket = = =
Street cricket or backyard cricket is an informal version of the game of cricket. 
It is played in many countries by people of all types and ages. It is played in gardens, back yards, on the street, in parks, car parks, beaches and other places. The rules get adapted to local conditions. They play with bat or bat like wood and use any kind of ball like plastic, sponge, paper and others. 
Overview.
Street cricket sometimes uses rules from similar games, like baseball. For example, a batter who is not in a batsman's ground can be touched by an opponent holding the ball to be tagged out, or the opponent might put a foot on the wicket while holding the ball to run out a batter, which is similar to a force out. 
South American versions.
Bete-ombro.
Bete-ombro is a Brazilian bat-and-ball game very similar to cricket. The main differences are that there are no 4s or 6s, and only the bat can be used to avoid runouts and stumpings. The wickets are often bottles.
Plaquita.
"La plaquita" or "la placa" is a similar game from the Dominican Republic, which traditionally used license plates as wickets. 
Bat-en-bal.
Bat-en-bal is played in Suriname, with only one set of stumps.

= = = Synchronized diving = = =
Synchronized diving (synchro diving) is a sport in which two divers dive at the same time as a team from a three-meter springboard or a ten-meter platform. It is one type of diving which has belonged to the Olympic games since 2000 Sydney Olympics. The competition consists of five or six rounds depending on the events. Divers dive two basic dives during the first two rounds. Then they dive more complex freestyle dives from the third to the fifth round. The winners are determined according to total scores from judges. There are two types of judges. One is a technical judge who evaluates degree of completion of their dives.  Another is a synchro judge who evaluates the synchronization of two divers. (synchro)
History of Synchronized Diving.
Synchronized diving was internationally introduced at the 1995 FINA world cup. In 1999, four synchronized diving events were added as the Olympic programme at the IOC Executive Board meeting held in Lausanne. Then, it became an Olympic sport with its debut at the 2000 Sydney games with three-meter springboard and ten-meter platform events for both men and women.
Type of Dives.
Dive Groups.
There are six groups of dives. The first four show the direction the diver rotates.
1. Forward group: The diver faces the front of the board and jumps toward the water.
2. Backward group: Backward dives begin on the end of the board with divers back to the water.
3. Reverse group: Reverse dives begin with the diver facing the front of the board and then  rotates toward the board.
4. Inward group: these dives begin on the end of the board with divers’ back to the water but then rotates toward the board.
5. Twisting group: Any dive that uses a twist excluding armstands.
6. Armstand group: The dives begin with a handstand position on the end of the platform before the dive.
Body Positions.
A dive may be performed using one of the following four positions.
Pike: The legs are straight with the body bent at the waist. arm placement can be different according to the dives by each diver.
Tuck: The Body is bent at the waist and knees with thighs drawn to the chest.  Heels kept close to the buttocks, and feet should be kept together.
Straight: without bend at the waist or knees. Arm placement can be varied by diver’s choice or is decided by the dive performed.
Free: using any of the above three positions, or combinations them, when performing a twisting dive.
Scoring & Judging.
Scoring.
While it takes seven judges to score individual events, 11 judges score synchronized diving. During a synchro event, three judges score the completion of Diver A’s performance, while three other judges score the completion of Diver B’s performance. The remaining five judges score the synchronization of two divers. Each judge scores a dive between 0 and 10 points, in half-point increments.
10: Excellent
8.5-9.5: Very good
7-8: Good
5-6.5: Satisfactory
2.5-4.5: Deficient
0.5-2: Unsatisfactory
0: Completely failed
Judging.
Judges evaluate the following parts of a dive to determine an overall score:
Approach: several steps forward to the end of the board before takeoff. It should be smooth but forceful with good form.
Takeoff: A diver’s jump from the board prior to execution of the dive. showing control and balance is important with appropriate angle and distance from the board.
Elevation: The amount of the jump has an effect on the appearance of the dive.A higher jump allows divers to dive with accuracy and smoothness of movement.
Execution: proper mechanical performance, skills, form, and grace.
Entry: The entry into the water is important because it’s the last moment the judge watches. It should be vertical with a minimal amount of splash.

= = = TWA Flight 800 = = =
Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA 800) was a scheduled flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport on July 17, 1996. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-100. The plane exploded just 12 minutes after takeoff. It crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York. The cause was determined to be a spark that ignited the center wing fuel tank. None of the 230 people onboard survived. It remains the third-deadliest aviation accident in U.S. history.
Passengers and Crew.
Most of the 230 occupants on-board were from the United States, but 42 more came from France, 10 from Argentina, and 60 more from sixteen other countries.
The pilots on board TWA Flight 800 were Captain Ralph G. Kevorkian, Co-pilot Steven E. Snyder and Flight Engineer Richard G. Campbell. All had more than 30 years employment with Trans World Airlines. There was also a Flight Engineer Trainee on board Oliver Krick, who was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training.

= = = Arrondissements of the Haute-Marne department = = =
There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Marne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Haute-Marne are:
History.
Since its creation, the Haute-Marne department has had few changes:

= = = Arrondissements of the Marne department = = =
There are 5 arrondissements in the Marne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Marne are:
History.
Since its creation, the Marne department has had few changes:

= = = 2016 Oakland warehouse fire = = =
The 2016 Oakland warehouse fire was a fire in Oakland, California on December 2, 2016. At around 11:30 PM Pacific Standard Time, a fire started in a warehouse. The warehouse, known as Ghost Ship, had been changed into places for people to live and into an artist collective. Those changes were done without permits.
At least 36 people died because of the fire. It was the deadliest building fire in Oakland history.

= = = Arrondissement of Châlons-en-Champagne = = =
The arrondissement of Châlons-en-Champagne is an arrondissement of France, in the Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Châlons-en-Champagne.
History.
When the Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Châlons-en-Champagne, with the name Châlons-sur-Marne, was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Châlons-en-Champagne is the central "arrondissements" of the Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Reims and, for a short distance, by the Ardennes department; to the northeast by the Sainte-Menehould "arrondissement"; to the southeast and south by the Vitry-le-François "arrondissement"; and to the west by the Épernay "arrondissement".
The "arrondissement" of Châlons-en-Champagne is the second largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, , and the third in population (103,110 inhabitants) with a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Châlons-en-Champagne, there are six cantons and three of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Châlons-en-Champagne has 100 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Arrondissement of Épernay = = =
The arrondissement of Épernay is an arrondissement of France, in the Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Épernay.
History.
When the Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Épernay was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Épernay is in the southwest of the Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Reims, to the east by the Châlons-en-Champagne "arrondissement", to the southeast and south by the Aube department, to the southwest by the Seine-et-Marne department and to the west by the Aisne department.
The "arrondissement" of Épernay is the largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, , but the second in population (109,771 inhabitants) with a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Épernay, there are six cantons and only two of them have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Épernay has 181 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Arrondissement of Reims = = =
The arrondissement of Reims is an arrondissement of France, in the Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Reims.
History.
When the Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Reims was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Reims is in the northwest of the Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the Ardennes department, to the east by the Châlons-en-Champagne "arrondissement", to the south by the Épernay "arrondissement" and to the west by the Aisne department.
The "arrondissement" of Reims is the third "arrondissement" of the department in area, , but the first in population (296,374 inhabitants), for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Reims, there are 14 cantons and only three of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Reims has 155 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Vaganova Ballet Academy = = =
The Vaganova Ballet Academy is a ballet school in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was founded in 1738 by Empress Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) 
The original name of the academy was the Imperial Ballet School. In the Soviet regime, the school was rebuilt as the Leningrad State Choreographic Institute. After that, in 1957, the name of the school became the Vaganova Ballet Academy by Agrippina Vaganova. Every year, over 3,000 children audition and only approximately 70 children are accepted. It has eight year curriculum, and 30 dancers complete the whole of the curriculum. Dancers who take the eight year course may join ballet companies all over the world.

= = = Kishiwada Danjiri Festival = = =
Kishiwada Danjiri festival( ���������) is a festival which is held in Kishiwada, located in southern Osaka,  in Japan for abundant crops. There are some differnet Danjiri matsuri festivals in western Japan region, but Kishiwada one is the biggest. People pull Danjiri float , run, walk and play some traditional instrument.   The date which it is held is on saturday and Sunday just before the Respect-for-the Aged Day Holiday of September.
Food.
There are some special foods for this festival. Some people invite their relative or friends and make blue crabs, Kantoudaki and Kurumimochi. People in Kishiwada eat a blue swimming crabs which is caught in the sea near Senshu which is located in south Osaka. The best time of catching crabs coincidents with the festival so people had degun to eat it. Kantoudaki is a japanese food in which variety of ingredients such as egg, radish potatoes, octopus, beef are boiled together in a large pot of seasoned fish broth. It is easy to make a lot at one time so many people cook this dish in Danjiri festival. Kurumimochi is a kind of a rice cake covered with ground walnuts. This is a local sweet in Osaka, and people eat this for huge harvest.
Organization.
the management of this festival is organized by some neighborhood associations in each town. There is an association for Danjiri in each town in parallel with women's association and child association. there are some roles in this organization. The leader is called is called Tyoukaichou( ���), and the person who assumes heavy responsibility. When some incident happen or the accident has caused someone's death, Tyoukaityou is reponsible. He rides in front of Danjiri float. The leader pulling Danjiri is called Eikousekininnsha(�����. He is the highest ranking person and he is also in front of Danjiri float.

= = = Alissa White-Gluz = = =
Alissa White-Gluz (born July 31, 1985) is a Canadian singer. She is best known for being the lead singer of Swedish death metal band Arch Enemy and the former singer of Canadian metal band The Agonist.
Career.
The Agonist.
In 2004, she formed The Agonist with guitar player Danny Marino and bass player Chris Kells.
Arch Enemy.
In 2014, she left The Agonist and joined Arch Enemy after the last singer, Angela Gossow, left.
Personal life.
She is an atheist and straight edge. She is also an animal rights activist.

= = = UEFA Euro 2016 squads = = =
These are the twenty-four national teams who played at Euro 2016 in France. Every national association must present before the UEFA a list of 23 footballers (which three of them must be goalkeepers) in ten days before the first match, that means: 31th May, 2016.
A footballer can be replaced by another one if he is injured or sick, although must be certified by the UEFA's Medical Committee and by the medical staff of his football club. 
These dispositions are applied according art. 44 of Euro 2016's regulations.

= = = Arrondissement of Vitry-le-François = = =
The arrondissement of Vitry-le-François is an arrondissement of France, in the Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Vitry-le-François.
History.
When the Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Vitry-le-François was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Vitry-le-François is in the southeast of the Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the Sainte-Menehould "arrondissement", to the northeast by the Meuse department, to the east by the Haute-Marne department, to the south by the Aube department, to the west by the Épernay "arrondissement" and to the northwest by the Châlons-en-Champagne "arrondissement".
The "arrondissement" of Vitry-le-François has an area of and 47,741 inhabitants, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Vitry-le-François, there are three cantons and only one does not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Vitry-le-François has 113 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Arrondissement of Sainte-Menehould = = =
The arrondissement of Sainte-Menehould is an arrondissement of France, in the Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Sainte-Menehould.
History.
When the Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Sainte-Menehould was part of that original department.
In 1926, the "arrondissement" was eliminated but it became again an "arrondissement" of the Marne department in 1940.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Sainte-Menehould is in the northeast of the Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the Ardennes department, to the east by the Meuse department, to the south by the Vitry-le-François "arrondissement" and to the west by the Châlons-en-Champagne "arrondissement".
The "arrondissement" of Sainte-Menehould is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department with an area of and the one with fewest people living in it (13,821 inhabitants), for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There is only one canton in the "arrondissement" of Sainte-Menehould: the canton of Argonne Suippe et Vesle; the "communes" of this canton are in the "arrondissements" of Châlons-en-Champagne and of Sainte-Menehould.
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Sainte-Menehould has 67 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Multiplication table = = =
A multiplication table is a tool used to learn how to multiply two numbers. The oldest known multiplication tables were written by the Babylonians about 4000 years ago. Many people think it is important to know how to multiply two numbers by heart, usually up to 12 × 12, 30 × 30, 50 × 50, or 100 × 100.
Most children are introduced to the two, five and 10 times tables by year two - at the age of six and seven. Between the age of seven and eight, children start to learn the three, four and eight times tables. The hardest multiplication is 6×8, which students got wrong 63% of the time. This was closely followed by 8×6, then 11×12, 12×8 and 8×12. The easiest multiplication, on the other hand, was 1×12, which students got wrong less than 5% of the time, followed by 1×6 and 9×1.
In a multiplication table, a number on the first column is multiplied by a number on the first row. The number they corner up to is the answer. In the table below, 21 and 18 are multiplied to get 378, using the table. The numbers in bold are squares (numbers multiplied by themselves).
Warring States decimal multiplication table.
A group of 21 strips of bamboo from 305 BC from the Warring States period is the world's oldest known decimal multiplication table.
Examples.
The traditional form of multiplication tables are written in columns with complete number sentences, instead of the standard modern grid. This form is also taught in the schools. Some examples of traditional form of multiplication tables are multiplication tables of 6 and 7 given below.
Other operations.
Addition and Division can also have their own tables. Similarly, Subtraction can also have its own table, although it is not commonly used.
In mathematics, a division table, like multiplication table, is a mathematical table used to define a division operation for an algebraic system, or to obtain the solution to a certain equation. The division symbol ÷ is used in the division table, known as the obelus. It was first used to signify division in 1659. Mathematicians however, almost never use the ÷ symbol for division. Instead they use fraction notation, called the vinculum. Division tables are used for finding the Quotient in the Long division.

= = = Magistrate = = =
A magistrate is a law officer who administers the law in a court. The term varies in its use in different countries.
Early years.
In ancient Rome, a "magistratus" was one of the highest ranking government officers. They had judicial and executive powers. 
Recent examples.
In some parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court. They usually deal with minor or preliminary matters. In England and Wales there are two types of magistrates: justices of the peace and district judges.

= = = Arrondissement of Chaumont = = =
The arrondissement of Chaumont is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Chaumont.
History.
When the Haute-Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Chaumont was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Chaumont is in the centre of the Haute-Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the Saint-Dizier "arrondissement", to the east by the Vosges department, to the south by the Langres "arrondissement", to the southwest by the Côte-d'Or department and to the west by the Aube department.
The "arrondissement" of Chaumont is the largest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area , but the second in population (64,970 inhabitants) with a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Chaumont, there are eight cantons and four of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Chaumont has 159 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Arrondissement of Langres = = =
The arrondissement of Langres is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Langres.
History.
When the Haute-Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Langres was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Langres is in the southern part of the Haute-Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the Chaumont "arrondissement", to the northeast by the Vosges department, to the southeast by the Haute-Saône department, and to the south and west by the Côte-d'Or department.
The "arrondissement" of Langres is the second largest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area , but the one with fewest inhabitants (44,332 inhabitants) and a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Langres, there are five cantons and two of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Langres has 157 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Arrondissement of Saint-Dizier = = =
The arrondissement of Saint-Dizier is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Saint-Dizier.
History.
When the Haute-Marne department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Dizier was part of that original department.
In 1800, the subprefecture was moved to Wassy. On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Wassy was eliminated but in 1940 Wassy was made again an arrondissement but the subprefecture was moved back to Saint-Dizier.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Saint-Dizier is the most northern of the "arrondissements" of the Haute-Marne department. It is bordered to the north and east by the Meuse department, to the southeast by the Vosges department, to the south by the Arrondissement of Chaumont "arrondissement", to the west by the Aube department and to the northwest by the Marne department.
The "arrondissement" of Saint-Dizier is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area of , but the one with more inhabitants (71,371 inhabitants) and a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
In the "arrondissement" of Saint-Dizier, there are eight cantons and two of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Saint-Dizier has 111 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:

= = = Herod the Great = = =
Herod I ( 74/73 BCE – 4 BCE/1 CE), also known as Herod the Great, was the King of Judea from 37 to 4 BC. At the time Judea was a client state of Rome. During his 33 year reign, Herod was an excellent leader. But he is most famous for the Bible account of his killing the boys of Bethlehem. While this is not confirmed by other historical records, Herod did murder countless rivals, a mother-in-law, a wife and three of his sons. 
Rise to power.
Herod was born about 73–75 BC. He was the son of Antipater the Idumaean and his wife Cyprus, the daughter of an Arabian sheik. Both Herod's grandfather and his father were political officials in Judea. Both had close ties to the Romans. When Antipater came to the aid of Julius Caesar after the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, Caesar made Antipater the governor of Judea. In 47 BC Antipater made his oldest son, phasael, the governor of Jerusalem. He made Herod governor of Galilee. As governor, Herod won favor with the Romans by his dealing with hostile revolts. At the same time his actions were censured by the Great Sanhedrin. 
King of Judea.
Herod was friends with Octavian and Mark Antony who in 40 BC had the Roman Senate designate Herod as the next king of Judea. Herod traveled to the Temple of Jupiter to give thanks to the gods of Rome. When the king of Judea was beheaded in 37 BC, Herod became the "de facto" king.
During Herod's early years as king, Mark Antony's relationship with Cleopatra allowed the Egyptian queen to keep taking small parts of Herod's kingdom. When Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Herod made a new alliance with Octavian. He gained a reputation for his harsh taxes but was able to keep the peace in the region. He sent expensive gifts to Rome but did not have to pay tribute. By 30 BC, he had regained all the territory Cleopatra and the Hasmoneans had taken. He expanded his rule into northern Galilee and resettled several areas. By giving extravagant gifts to Athens and supporting the Olympic Games he increased the status of Judea in the Mediterranean world.
Achievements.
Herod saw himself as the perfect example of a refined king even if Bible writers saw him as a tyrant. He became completely involved in Greco-Roman history, culture and philosophy. At the same time he began neglecting the affairs of state and the study of Halakha (Jewish law). He needed the consent of the Pharisees in order to rule so he kept trying to gain their approval in a number of ways. He never won them over completely. When he built the Caesarea Maritima (22–10 BC) in honor of his patron Caesar Augustus, the pagan symbols decorating his cities upset the Jewish leaders. He organized fights between gladiators every five years and celebrated with orgies, which further upset the Jewish leaders. In 20 BC, Herod turned his attention to building the renovations for the Second Temple, also called Herod's Temple. While Herod wanted the temple to be the crowning monument to the Jewish faith, he used Greek architects. He allowed moneylenders to operate in the temple courtyard which angered many Jews. 
His greatest religious scandal was digging up King David's Tomb to find the treasure it was rumoured to contain. He had spent great sums of money on his other projects and thought that by secretly robbing the tomb he could profit from any treasure he found there. But on opening the tomb, there was no treasure.
He rebuilt the fortresses at Masada and Herodium. After a severe earthquake in 31 BC, he built a new market, a new 
amphitheater and a new building for the Sanhedrin. He built a new royal palace for himself. He also improved the water supply for Jerusalem.
Domestic life.
Herod is thought to have had as many as nine wives and may have been married to more than one at a time. He had a large number of concubines. Herod seems to have been plagued by paranoia. He continuously thought there were conspiracies and plots to overthrow him as king. He may have married too often and produced too many sons. Herod worried each one was plotting to take his place. In all he had three of sons killed. He became suspicious of the brother of his favourite wife, Mariamme, and had him drowned in a game of water polo. He ordered Mariamme's grandfather killed and finally, Mariamme herself. 
As Herod realized he would die soon, he ordered all the leading men in Judea to be brought together in a large arena. As soon as the king died, they were all to be put to death. This was to keep others from celebrating his death. Herod had probably been suffering from chronic kidney disease, gangrene and possibly other diseases that left him mentally unbalanced.

= = = Maxwell (unit) = = =
Maxwell is a Gauss unit of cgs(centimetre-gram-second) on magnetic flux, named after James Clerk Maxwell and introduced by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

= = = Linus Sebastian = = =
Linus Gabriel Sebastian is a host of the YouTube channels LinusTechTips, TechQuickie, TechLinked, ShortCircuit, and ChannelSuperFun. He is the founder of LinusMediaGroup, a company dedicated to creating videos for these channels. In 2015, Inc. magazine ranked Sebastian 4th in a list of the "Top 30 Power Players in Tech".

= = = 1824 United States presidential election = = =
In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected the sixth President of the United States. There were five candidates for president: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford , Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. Jackson was by far the most popular candidate. The winner of the Electoral College was Jackson who had 99 votes. Adams was second with 84 votes. Crawford won 41 votes while Clay won only 37. For the first time since 1801 the United States House of Representatives would decide the election. Under the Twelfth Amendment to the United States, with no Electoral College winner, the President would be voted on from among the top three candidates. Meeting in February 1825, Adams won by a single vote. Adams was the son of the second President of the United States, John Adams.
Background.
In 1824 the Era of Good Feelings had come to an end. Up to this time one political party, the Democratic-Republicans, had dominated American politics. When James Monroe did not support a candidate to succeed him, it allowed a wide-open campaign for president in 1824.
In 1824, America was a republic, but still developing as a democracy. At the time people were not as directly involved in the political process as they would become. There were 24 states and six of them left the choice of president up to their state legislatures. So a presidential campaign was not the popularity contest it would later become. The choice of a president was in part made by other elected officials and in part by citizens who could vote. Unlike modern politicians, presidential candidates did not campaign personally. Instead, their campaign managers and others would place ads in newspapers that criticized their candidate's rivals while promoting the virtues of their candidate. The candidates left the campaigning to their friends.
In the summer of 1824, about one-third of the eligible congressmen met in an informal caucus to nominate Crawford to be president. The Massachusetts legislature followed by nominating Adams as their favorite son candidate. Clay was nominated by the Kentucky legislature. Calhoun decided to run for Vice President instead. All four candidates were Democrat-Republicans so there was no official party endorsement. 
By this time the Federalist Party no longer existed.
The candidates.
Monroe turned out to be the last of the Virginia dynasty of presidents. But three members of his cabinet decided to run. Adams, from Massachusetts, was the Secretary of State. Crawford, from Georgia, was the Secretary of the Treasury. Calhoun, of South Carolina, was the Secretary of War. Clay, nearly as popular in the Western territories as Jackson, was the powerful Speaker of the House of Representatives. As a heroic General, Jackson was by far the best known by the public. He had only a brief term in Congress and had been a territorial governor. He had few other qualifications. He was not experienced in diplomacy, never held a cabinet post and did not speak any foreign languages. Up to this time all U.S. presidents had diplomatic and administrative experience before becoming president.
Adams, was undoubtedly the most qualified to be president. He was a son of the second president and had studied at Harvard College. He was fluent in Dutch, French and German. In 1794 he was the U.S. minister to the Netherlands. During his father's presidency he served as the minister to Prussia. Under President Madison he helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ending the War of 1812. As Secretary of State he played a key role in foreign policy. Adams helped to formulate the Monroe Doctrine. He was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1802 and the next year was elected to the United States Senate.
Adams, however, almost completely lacked charisma. He wasn't able to generate much excitement as someone like Jackson could. If he had campaigned in person, his appearance would have prevented him from getting many votes. He described himself saying "I am a man of reserved, cold, austere and forbidding manners."
Crawford had run for president once before in 1816. He had served two terms as a U.S. Senator. He served two presidents as a cabinet member and had experience as a foreign diplomat. Crawford was a strong supporter of states' rights. He was a member of a group called the "Old Republicans" or "Radicals". He was against protective tariffs and wanted limited budgets to keep the federal government weak. While generally easygoing and friendly, he had a temper every bit as bad as Jackson's. He suffered a severe stroke in 1823 and nearly died. This left him frail and weak. At the time of his nomination he was blind and still paralyzed. But he refused to give up another bid for the presidency.
Calhoun was a strong Jeffersonian Republican. He was elected in 1807 to South Carolina's state legislature and in 1811 he represented his state in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was in favor of a war against Great Britain as early as 1807. In 1817 he became secretary of war under James Madison. Calhoun briefly ran for president in 1824, but withdrew early and ran for vice president instead.
Henry Clay was a leading candidate in 1824. He was born in Virginia in 1777. After becoming a lawyer in Virginia in 1797, he moved to Kentucky to establish a law practice there. He was elected to the Kentucky General Assembly in 1803. Another follower of Jeffersonian politics he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1811. There he served several terms eventually rising to become Speaker of the House. He was one of the five delegates from the U.S. who negotiated the Peace Treaty at Ghent. It was Clay who proposed and got the passage of the Missouri Compromise in 1820.
In some ways the candidate to beat was General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. He was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. During the War of 1812 he had fought against the Creek Indians along with another hero, Davy Crockett. His men had nicknamed him "Old Hickory." This made him better known than most of the other candidates. Like George Washington he had risked his life to serve his country. He was a political outsider. Unless other candidates could put together a coalition, Jackson would be difficult to defeat.
Results.
There were a total of 261 electoral votes needed to win, with the winning candidate needing to get 131 of them. However, no candidate did. Andrew Jackson got first place in both the electoral vote and popular vote, but he didn't get close to 131, getting just 99. Adams placed second with 84, Crawford third with 41 and Clay with 37. The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution said that if this happened, the House of Representatives would vote on who would be president. Only the top three candidates would get to be voted on, though, so Clay officially lost. However, Clay, being the House Speaker, had a lot of power. He liked John Quincy Adams and hated Andrew Jackson. His influence likely gave Adams the win, able to secure just enough votes. In this House vote, there was one vote from each state. There were 24 states, which meant 24 votes would be given. The majority number of votes was 13. Adams got 13, so he just barely won. Jackson got 7, and Crawford got 4.
Aftermath.
Jackson and his supporters became really mad at Adams and Clay. Jackson began accusing Adams and Clay of making a "corrupt bargain", where in exchange for Adams becoming president, Clay would become his Secretary of State. It didn't help when Adams actually did make Clay his Secretary of State. It effected Adams' presidency over its entire four years, and would make Adams lose in the next election in 1828.
Election results.
There was no election "day" in 1824. All through the fall of 1824, voters cast their ballots either for individual candidates or for electors to vote in the Electoral College. Electors were chosen in the states of Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, New York, South Carolina and Vermont. Some electors were pledged to support certain candidates while others were not. Of those who were pledged, some changed their minds and voted for another candidate.
House of Representatives.
Jackson received the majority of the popular vote and the majority of the electoral vote. But, no candidate received the necessary 131 electoral votes required by the Constitution. Based on the Twelfth Amendment, the election would be decided by the House of Representatives between the top three candidates. Clay, as the fourth candidate, was eliminated. But, as Speaker of the House he would play a large part in the decision of who would become president. Clay used all his influence to support Adams. He also convinced other members of the House that Jackson was not qualified to be president. This was in spite of the fact that Clay had instructions from the Kentucky legislature to vote for Jackson. Clay's arguments apparently succeeded and Adams was elected president by the House on February 9, 1825. A few days later, Adams nominated Clay to be his Secretary of State.
Aftermath.
Andrew Jackson and his supporters called the actions of Clay and Adams a "corrupt bargain." The presidential race of 1828 began even before Adams was sworn in as president. The apparent agreement between Adams and Clay was used to show the corruption of the system that ignored the will of the people. Jackson began campaigning as the "champion of the common man".
The 1824 election caused several changes to American presidential politics. It was the end of the system of Congressional caucuses for nominating candidates. From 1800 to 1820, Congressional caucuses selected presidential candidates. There was very little direct voter involvement in the system. But in 1824, only one candidate was selected by a caucus. The other candidates decided to appeal directly to the people. This led to a major change in the system. By the 1830s politics had become a subject of wide national interest.
The election of 1824 saw the end of the one-party political system. The Democratic-Republicans split into two parties. The new Democratic Party was formed by Jackson and his followers. The National Republican Party (not to be confused with the later Republican Party) was led by Adams and Clay.
Jackson resigned his Senate seat returning to Tennessee. He and his followers began the groundwork for his 1828 presidential campaign. His support grew across the United States. In Congress, his supporters opposed spending programs put forward by Adams. Jackson was the champion of the common man while Adams was said to represent everything that was wrong in American politics. After three years in office, Adams accomplished very little. This was in part because of his own shortcomings and in part by the pressure put on him by Jackson's followers.

= = = Wigan Warriors = = =
Wigan Warriors are a rugby league club from Wigan, United Kingdom. Wigan play in Super League and have won 21 league championships, 19 Challenge Cups and 4 World Club titles. Wigan play at the DW Stadium.

= = = Super League = = =
The Super League is a rugby league competition for clubs from the United Kingdom and France. The league started in 1996 and Wigan Warriors are the current champions, having won the 2016 title.

= = = Nissan Navara = = =
Nissan Navara (also called Nissan Frontier) is a pickup truck from Nissan. The line began around 1997. It replaced the Datsun Hardbody trucks.
The Navara is named for the Navarre region in northern Spain.
The truck is available in two and four doors.

= = = Andrew Puzder = = =
Andrew Franklin "Andy" Puzder (born July 11, 1950) is the chief executive of CKE Restaurants. He received his Juris Doctor in 1978 from Washington University School of Law in St. Louis where he served as senior editor on the Law Review. Puzder has served as president and CEO of CKE since September 2000.
On December 8, 2016, Puzder was named as President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of Labor. He withdrew as the nominee on February 15, 2017.

= = = Joseph Mascolo = = =
Joseph Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and former dramatic actor. 
Mascolo was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. He studied at the University of Miami and at the United States Military Academy. He began acting in 1957. 
During his long career, he has acted in many movies such as "Jaws 2", "Heat" and "The Trail of the Incredible Hulk". He was best known for playing super villian Stefano DiMera, a role he originated in 1982 on NBC's "Days of Our Lives" until his retirement in January 2016.
Mascolo was married to Rose Maimone in 1953. She died in 1986. They had one son. Mascolo then married Patricia Schultz in 2005. He lived in Los Angeles. California. Mascolo was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2015 and suffered a crippling stroke the same year.
Mascolo died on December 8, 2016 at his home in Los Angeles from complication of the disease, aged 87. He was survived by his wife Patricia, his sister Marie, his son Peter and a step-daughter Laura.

= = = Associação Chapecoense de Futebol = = =
Associação Chapecoense de Futebol is a football club which plays in Brazil.

= = = Virtual reality = = =
Virtual reality (often just called VR) is the name for computer technology that makes a person feel like they are somewhere else. It uses software to produce images, sounds, and other sensations to create a different place so that a user feels like he or she is really part of this other place. That other place can be a real place (to take a tour in another country, for instance) or imaginary (playing a game). 
A user uses a headset which consists of a screen to project the content, and speakers to produce sounds. The technology to do this needs special display screens or projectors and other devices. Often the picture will change when the user moves their head, they may be able to "walk" through this virtual space and to see things in that space from different directions, and maybe move things in that space. Haptic feedback might also be used to help make it seem more real - haptic feedback uses special gloves that make it feel like you touched something in real life.
Virtual reality is different than augmented reality, which shows the real place that a person is in, but changes or adds to it. Pokémon Go is an example of augmented reality. Augmented reality headsets are also commercially available such as the Microsoft HoloLens.

= = = Martisberg = = =
Martisberg was a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Martisberg and Betten merged into the new municipality of Bettmeralp.

= = = Mörel, Switzerland = = =
Mörel was a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Mörel and Filet merged into the new municipality of Mörel-Filet.

= = = Bettmeralp = = =
Bettmeralp is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Before the merger, Bettmeralp was the name of a village and ski resort in Betten.
On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Betten and Martisberg merged into the new municipality of Bettmeralp.

= = = Vincent Laforet = = =
Vincent Laforet (born 1975, Switzerland) is a French American director and photographer.
Laforet shared the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography. The other photographers who won were: Stephen Crowley, Chang Lee, James Hill, and Ruth Fremson. The group worked for "The New York Times". They covered events outside of the United States after the September 11 attacks.

= = = Associação Atlética Ponte Preta = = =
Ponte Preta is a Brazilian soccer club.

= = = Clube Náutico Capibaribe = = =
Clube Náutico Capibaribe also known as Náutico, is a Brazilian sports club, including a professional football team, in Recife, Pernambuco. Náutico, as of 2021, is competing in the Série B.

= = = Raising Hope = = =
Raising Hope is an American sitcom. It aired from September 21, 2010, to April 4, 2014, on Fox.
The show aired during prime time, a block of television viewing time in the peak evening hours. The show averaged over 6 million viewers per episode in the first season. The show was also broadcast internationally. It aired in Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. It was broadcast by I.Sat in Latin America.

= = = Citropsis articulata = = =
Citropsis articulata is a type of flowering plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is native to tropical West Africa.
The plant and fruit are known by many names. Some of the names are: African cherry orange, West African cherry orange, Uganda cherry orange, Agbalumo, Udara, Otien, and Omuboro. 

= = = Mannheim Steamroller = = =
The Mannheim Steamroller is a neoclassical new-age music group. It was founded by Chip Davis. The group is well-known for mixing classical music with new aged and rock music. They also do Christmas music.
Their music is done using the "Fresh Aire" series of studio albums. They have sold over 28 million albums worldwide.
The Mannheim Steamroller was founded in 1974.

= = = Christmas music = = =
Christmas music is songs that relate to Christmas and New Year's. The music is normally heard during the holiday season.
Music was an early part of Christmas and its celebrations.
During the Middle Ages, the English people combined circle dances with singing and called them carols. Christmas carols in English first appeared in a 1426 work from John Audelay. 
Traditional Christmas songs are "Silent Night", "Deck the Halls" and "God Rest You Merry Gentlemen".
Modern Christmas songs include "Jingle Bell Rock", "The Christmas Song", "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", "Sleigh Ride", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" and "I'll Be Home for Christmas".

= = = Tā moko = = =
“Ta Moko” means tattoo art in Maori.
Often these tattoos covered the whole face and were a symbol of rank, social status, power and prestige for the Maori people. Ta Moko is a visual language which connects the person who has it to his “whakapapa”. Whakapapa is the family, it’s the genealogical tree, so there is nothing which links religion to Ta Moko. Ta Moko symbolises identification with their origins. It is considered to be beautiful but ferocious because they have to frighten their enemies. The Maori facial tattoo was used as a kind of “identification card”.
These tattoos look like animals or geometric shapes. The most popular tattoo is “the tortoise”. Making the tattoos leaves scars. Traditional tools to make Ta Moko are albatross bone chisels and black ink. A Maori tattoo takes a lot of time to do; generally the Maori people start tattooing themselves in adolescence and they finish in adulthood. They take years to be finished. But a real Ta Moko is very painful. The tattoo artist removes skin by making wide cuts with a mallet and either a turtle scale or an Albatross bone.
Boys start to be tattooed around adolescence but we don’t know when women start to be tattooed.
Men’s tattoos can be found everywhere on their bodies; whereas women can only have tattoos on their foreheads, necks, lips, chins and backs. 
The number of tattoos they have depends on their age, what the people have done in their lives and the place of the person in the tribe. For Maoris these tattoos are like a diary because they are a written record of all the important events and places a man has experienced in his life.

= = = Sekkizhar = = =
Sekkizhar is a Tamil poet and scholar. He lived during the period of Kulothunga Chola II. He was considered an excellent poet. Sekkizhar wrote "Periya Puranam". It was originally 4253 poems describing the lives of 63 Shaiva Nayanars.
Life of Sekkizhar.
Sekkizhar was born in the village of Kundrathur in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He was a scholar in vedas as well as Tirumurai (later his work was also been added as a tirumurai). His real name is Ramadevan. He was an inmate in a Vaishnavite shrine near Kanchipuram. He started his works of "Periya Puranam" when he was in Chidambaram. Among all Puranas in Tamil, Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam stands first. Kulothunga Chola II began to restore Tamil Shaivism that was begun by his ancestors because he was a great devotee of Lord Nataraja (Shiva) at Chidambaram. The king called upon Sekkizhar to compose a poem on the life of Shaiva saints.
In Tamil literature, Periya Puranam, the great poem works of Sekkizhar is considered the fifth veda. It had also took place as the twelfth tirumarai or Shiva canon.

= = = Turkish Airlines Flight 981 = = =
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was a regular flight operated by Turkish Airlines, from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stopover in Paris. On 3 March, 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight suffered an explosive decompression and crashed into the Ermenonville Forest, shortly after it had left Paris, killing all 346 people on board. An investigation after the crash found out that one of the cargo doors at the rear of the aircraft was not properly closed and secured. After takeoff, part of the door broke off and caused an explosion in the rear of the aircraft. The explosion also damaged cables needed to fly the aircraft. This meant that after the explosion, the aircraft was uncontrollable.
Earlier issues.
A McDonnell Douglas DC-10, flying as American Airlines Flight 96, had experienced an explosive decompression in the aft cargo hold in June 1972. American Airlines Captain McCormick had managed to land the plane safely. On the ground, it was discovered the rear cargo door had opened in flight. This caused damage to the fuselage, but not the explosive damage in the case of Turkish Flight 981. The two planes were also configured differently above the baggage compartment. There were three rows of extra seats added to TC-JAV, which added a greater overall load to the floor. When the cargo door blew out, the additional seats and passengers were ejected from the plane. Both flights experienced uncontrolled explosive decompression when the cargo door latches failed.
An Airworthiness Directive was immediately issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FFA), calling for strengthening the load floor and control cables. It also required improving the electrical wiring having to do with the cargo door, so that if the cargo door was not closed properly, the light in the cockpit indicating that the door was still open would stay lit.
Crew.
The pilot in command was Nejat (or Mejat) Berkoz, age 44, a former Turkish Air Force pilot and had a total of 7,783 flight hours, and has been with Turkish Airlines for six years. He also had flown the Fokker F27 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-9.
The First Officer was Oral Ulusman, age 38, he had been with Turkish Airlines for five years at the time of the accident, with a total of 5,589 flight hours.
The Flight Engineer was Huseyin Ozer, age 37, he ha had 2,113 flight hours at the time of the accident..
The cabin consisted of eight flight attendants.
Accident.
TK981 was scheduled to fly from Istanbul to London Heathrow, with a stop in Paris Orly airport. The first leg from IST to ORY went smoothly, with a flying time of four hours. While the ORY-LHR leg usually did not attract many passengers, an ongoing strike by British European Airlines employees meant that the economy cabin was full, with the aircraft originally 167 passengers and 11 crew members for the first leg, 50 disembarked, and 218 more pasengers boarded. The flight departed at 12:32 PM local time.
ATC cleared the aircraft to 6,000 initially, then up to FL230 within 2 minutes of leveling off. Shortly after 1140 hrs, when Turkish Airlines flight TK981 had reached 12,000 (roughly 3,700 m) feet during climb, the Air Traffic Control recorded a transmission in the Turkish language, partly covered by heavy background noise and accompanied by the pressurization warning and then the overspeed warning; and at the same time, the aircraft radar return split in two and the secondary radar label disappeared.
The flight was over Coulommiers, France at the time. A rapid decompression caused the last two rows of seats to be sucked through a large hole in the plane. The loss of the rear left cargo door caused a huge pressurization difference with the cabin right above it. This section was ripped off the aircraft, along with the six passengers seated there. However, the loss of the door resulted in pilots losing access to critical parts of the plane, including the rudder, elevator, and engine two.
The six passengers in the seats were killed when they fell into a field in St. Pathus. The plane remained in the air another 70 seconds while the pilots tried to regain control, unsuccessfully. The aircraft's pitch angle gradually decreased to negative 20 degrees in the next 20 seconds after the explosion, resulting in the aircraft accumulating a massive amount of airspeed during its quick descent. In the final 15 seconds, the aircraft's descent rate began to decrease as the nose raised as a result of the aircraft's high speed. Captain Ulusman pushed the throttles forward to TO/GA in a last ditch effort to save the aircraft, calling out "Speed, speed!" The aircraft hit the tree tops at about 434 knots (500 mph; 800 km/h) at a negative 4 degree pitch angle; the wings broke up, spilling and igniting fuel, exploding and killing the remaining 340 passenger and crew on board on board. The plane almost completely disintegrated leaving only 40 bodies intact.
Investigation.
The investigation sparked blame on Turkish Airlines and Douglas itself since both were at fault for different parts of the crisis. The airline had failed to station an engineer on the ground and had reportedly rushed the training process for the DC-10. However, McDonnell-Douglas knew about the flaws with the door design and an NTSB directive after a similar incident had not been implemented.
TK981 went on to become the deadliest single aircraft crash for over a decade, until the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 in 1985, which became the single deadliest aircraft disaster, holding a death toll of 520. The aftermath saw several design changes to the DC-10 to prevent such crashes and renewed scrutiny of the design process.
The accident was the result of the ejection in flight of the aft cargo door on the left-hand side: the sudden depressurization which followed led to the disruption of the floor structure, causing six passengers and parts of the aircraft to be ejected, rendering No 2 engine inoperative and impairing the flight controls (tail surfaces) so that it was impossible for the crew to regain control of the aircraft.
The underlying factor in the sequence of events leading to the accident was the incorrect engagement of the door latching mechanism before take-off. The characteristics of the design of the mechanism made it possible for the vent door to be apparently closed and the cargo door apparently locked when in fact the latches were not fully closed and the lock pins were not in place.
It should be noted, however, that a view port was provided so that there could be a visual check of the engagement of the lock pins.
This defective closing of the door resulted from a combination of various factors:
Finally although there was apparent redundancy of the flight control systems, the fact that the pressure relief vents between the cargo compartment and the passenger cabin were inadequate and that all the flight control cables were routed beneath the floor placed the aircraft in grave danger in the case of any sudden depressurization causing substantial damage to that part of the structure.
All these risks had already become evident, nineteen months earlier, at the time of the Windsor accident, but no efficacious corrective action had followed.
Passengers and Crew.
Of the 346 people on-board, 
177 passengers came from the United Kingdom,
48 came from Japan,
45 passengers and 11 crew members came from Turkey, 
25 came from the United States, 
16 came from France, 
10 were from Italy, 
9 from Thailand,
7 from Austria,
6 from China, 
5 each from Hong Kong and Brazil, 
4 from Canada,
3 each from Argentina, Portugal, Taiwan, and Yugoslavia, 
2 each from Australia, Hungary, India, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, 
and 1 each from Belgium, Cyprus, West Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Ireland, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Portugal, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and South Vietnam.

= = = Cuttack = = =
Cuttack is the former capital of the state of Odisha in East India. It is the headquarters of the Cuttack district. Cuttack is nicknamed the "Millennium City" and the "Silver City". Cuttack has over 1000 years of history, and has a famous silver jewelry works. The High Court of Odisha is located in Cuttack. Cuttack is also called as the commercial capital of Odisha. This is due to the large number of trading and business houses in the city.
Cuttack and Bhubaneswar are often called the Twin-Cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities has a population of 1.68 million in 2014. Cuttack is a Tier-II city as per the ranking system used by Government of India.

= = = Deomali (mountain) = = =
Deomali is a mountain peak in the Chandragiri-Pottangi subrange of the Eastern Ghats. It is located near Koraput town in the Koraput district of southern Odisha, India.At 1672 m Deomali is the highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha. It is also one of the tallest peaks of the Eastern Ghats. The peak has a good surrounding scenery.

= = = Danish Football Association = = =
The Danish Football Union (; DBU) is the leading body of football in Denmark. It is the organization of the Danish football clubs and runs the professional Danish football leagues and the Denmark national football team for men and women. It is founding member of both FIFA and UEFA. It was established in 1889 and is on of the oldest associations in world football.

= = = Mörel-Filet = = =
Mörel-Filet is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Filet and Mörel merged into the new municipality of Mörel-Filet.

= = = Niedergesteln = = =
Niedergesteln is a municipality in the district Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

= = = Tryptophan = = =
Tryptophan (Trp or W) is encoded by the codon UGG. It is an �-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins. 
Tryptophan has an �-amino group (which is in the –NH3+ form under biological conditions), and an �-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions). It also has a side chain indole, which makes it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. Tryptophan is essential to humans: the body cannot synthesize it, so it must be got from the diet.
Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin.
People get tryptophan by eating protein-rich foods like meat, eggs, and dairy products.

= = = Saint-Dizier = = =
Saint-Dizier is a commune of France, and a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.
Geography.
The city of Saint-Dizier is on the northern part of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France near the Meuse and the Marne departments.
It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The "commune" of Saint-Dizier is surrounded by the "communes" Trois-Fontaines-l'Abbaye, Chancenay, Bettancourt-la-Ferrée, Ancerville (Meuse department), Chamouilley, Eurville-Bienville, Troisfontaines-la-Ville, Humbécourt, Laneuville-au-Pont, Moëslains, Valcourt, Hallignicourt and Villiers-en-Lieu.
Two rivers flow through the city: the "Ornel" and the Marne. The city is at about from "Lac du Der-Chantecoq", the largest man-made lake of Western Europe.
Climate.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Saint-Dizier is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb". The average amount of precipitation for the year is and the average temperature for the year is .
Population.
The inhabitants of Saint-Dizier are known, in French, as "Bragards" (women: "Bragardes") or "Bragars" (women: "Bragares").
The city of Saint-Dizier has a population, in 2014, of 25,505; it is the "commune" of Haute-Marne with more people living in it, even more than Chaumont (22,560 inhabitants) that is the prefecture of the department. Its population density is of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Saint-Dizier
Saint-Dizier forms, with other five "communes", the urban area of Saint-Dizier with a population of 32,086 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Saint-Diziert, formed by 43 "communes", with a population of 53,790 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
Administration.
Saint-Dizier is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Saint-Dizier and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
It is part of the intercommunality "Saint-Dizier, Der et Blaise" ().

= = = Adam Ries = = =
Adam Ries was a mathematician from Bad Staffelstein in Bavaria. Ries lived in the 16th century. He was born in 1492 or 1493, and died in 1559.
Ries became known for a work on how to calculate. His first work was about a "calculating board", which was widely used at the time. It worked rather like an abacus. Ries showed that Roman numerals were impractical for calculation.
Ries wrote in German, and not in Latin, as orher mathematicians of his time. 

= = = Robot lawyer = = =
A robot lawyer is an artificial intelligence (AI) computer program. It is designed to ask the same questions as a real lawyer about certain legal issues.
Robot lawyers are being used in many countries around the world including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Holland.

= = = Cheryl = = =
Cheryl [ sher-"uh"l ] is a female given name. It is very common in English-speaking countries. It is an English version of the French name Cherie. Cheryl is a moniker that has enjoyed widespread popularity for numerous decades. This name carries significant significance and history. Of French extraction, Cheryl signifies "beloved" or "darling." Although it has been bestowed upon both genders, it is more frequently bestowed upon female offspring.
The name appeared in the early 20th century. It was most popular during the Cold War period. In North America, it was popular between the 1940s and 1980s. In the United Kingdom, it was popular from the 1950s to 1990s. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).
Famous people with the name "Cheryl" include Cheryl Ladd and Cheryl Hines.

= = = Al-Masih ad-Dajjal = = =
Al-Masih ad-Dajjal ( "", "the false messiah", or "the deceiver") is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. He is to appear, pretending to be "al-Masih" (i.e. the Messiah), before "Yawm al-Qiyamah" (the Day of Resurrection). According to Islamic belief, at the end of days he will gather together everyone he has deceived into a great army. His army will then confront the Messiah and his army. The Dajjal is not mentioned directly in the Qur'an. This may be because he is only human and is mentioned in the future.

= = = Australian impact structure = = =
The Australian impact structure is also called the "massive Australian Precambrian/Cambrian impact structure" or MAPCIS.
It is thought to be the remains of a huge meteorite strike. Its centre is in the Northern Territory, about halfway between Uluru (Ayers Rock) and Mount Conner. The crater is about 600 km (370 mi) in diameter. There is a wider ring 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) in diameter which may be related to the impact. If it is confirmed, MAPCIS would be the largest impact structure on Earth. It is not confirmed at present.
The age of this hypothetical impact is about 545 mya. This puts it just before the Cambrian period.

= = = Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society = = =
Azerbaijan Red Crescent Society () is a charitable organization in Azerbaijan. It is a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It was established on March 10, 1920. Its headquarters are in Baku. Their mission is "to serve vulnerable people by mobilizing the capacity of Azerbaijan Red Crescent and the power of humanity."

= = = Shoemaker crater = = =
The Shoemaker crater in Western Australia (formerly known as Teague Ring) is an obvious impact crater, the remains of an ancient meteorite strike. Later research gave clear evidence for this, including the presence of shatter cones and shocked quartz.
It is in dry central Western Australia, about north-northeast of Wiluna. It is named after planetary geologist Eugene Shoemaker.
It was dated to 1630 million years ago. More recent dating by K–Ar methods give ages as young as 568 ± 20 mya. This age could date the impact event or represent tectonic activity.

= = = Immortals (2011 movie) = = =
Immortals is a 2011 American adventure-fantasy movie directed by Tarsem Singh. It is loosely based on the myths of Theseus, the Minotaur and the Titanomachy. The movie it stars Henry Cavill, Freida Pinto and Mickey Rourke. It was released on November 11, 2011. The reviews were mixed to negative. But it was a commercial success.
Plot.
Before the age of man or beast, the immortals wage war on each other in the heavens. The winners become the gods. The losers become the Titans who were imprisoned in Mount Tartarus. During the war, a powerful weapon called the Epirus Bow was lost. In 1228 B.C., the Heraklion king Hyperion (Mickey Rourke), lays waste to Greece searching for the bow. With it he can free the Titans and destroy the gods who failed to save his wife and children from dying of disease. Hyperion captures the virgin oracle Phaedra (Freida Pinto), in the hopes that her psychic visions will help him locate the bow.
Meanwhile, the people of a village prepare to flee to Mount Tartarus to escape from Hyperion's soldiers. One of them is the warrior Theseus (Henry Cavill). He was mentored by a mysterious old man (John Hurt). Theseus and his mother Aethra (Anne Day-Jones) are considered as outcasts as he is the product of Aethra being raped. They are forced to stay behind by soldiers from Athens including Lysander (Joseph Morgan). Theseus beats off multiple opponents until the Athenian officer Helios (Peter Stebbings) has Lysander dismissed for his actions. Lysander travels to Hyperion offering him his service the location of the village. The king accepts but labels Lysander a traitor and, to punish him, has his testicles hammered, so he is unable to produce children. Hyperion's soldiers attack the village and, after murdering Aethra and the villagers, take Theseus captive.
It is revealed that the old man in Zeus (Luke Evans). He warns his fellows gods Athena (Isabel Lucas), Poseidon (Kellan Lutz), Ares (Daniel Sharman), Heracles (Steve Byers) and Apollo (Corey Sevier) not to interfere with mortal affairs unless the Titans are freed and they must have faith in the humans to defeat Hyperion.
Theseus is enslaved alongside the thief Stavros (Stephen Dorff). Phaedra, who is being held prisoner nearby, sees a vision of Theseus and organizes a riot, and Theseus uses the chaos to escape with Stavros and the other slaves. Theseus attempts to pursue Hyperion by hijacking a boat, but he and his allies are attacked by Hyperion's soldiers. Poseidon deliberately disobeys Zeus by diving into the sea from Olympus and causing a tidal wave which drowns Hyperion's men. When Phaedra sees a vision of Theseus standing near a shrouded corpse, she determines he must return to bury his mother. Despite Theseus's scepticism, his mother believed in the gods and therefore must receive a proper burial.
While laying Aethra to rest in the village labyrinth, Theseus discovers the bow embedded in rock. He frees it, but Hyperion's henchman Minotaur attacks him; though he succeeds in killing the monster, Theseus collapses from poisoned wounds. Phaedra heals Theseus, and later falls in love with him. The two have sex, stripping her of the prophecies she deemed a curse.
As Hyperion's forces gather at Mount Tartarus, the party travel to Phaedra's temple, and Theseus loses the bow in an ambush. Outnumbered by Hyperion's men, Ares, going against Zeus's orders, directly intervenes by fighting the soldiers, and Athena provides Theseus and Stavros with horses to reach Tartarus. Zeus arrives and angrily kills Ares for his defiance, letting his death be a warning to the gods, and that the mortals will no longer receive divine support, and must justify the faith he has in Theseus, before leaving with Athena. The stolen bow is brought to Hyperion.
Theseus, Stavros and Phaedra travel to Mount Tartarus, where he tries to no avail to warn the Greek king Cassander of Hyperion's plans. Cassander dismisses his talk of the gods as myth, intending to negotiate a peace treaty with Hyperion. The next day, Hyperion uses the bow to fell the walls of Tartarus, which are seemingly impregnable. 
Theseus leads the Greek forces against Hyperion, and kills Lysander. Hyperion ignores the battle, storms through to Mount Tartarus, killing Helios and Cassander and using the bow to release the Titans, with the force of the release knocking the mortals down. Unable to escape the vault, Stavros kills a Titan to buy Theseus time to escape, before sacrificing himself. Zeus leads the gods in a battle against the Titans while Theseus fights Hyperion, and while they are more than a match, the gods are overwhelmed by sheer numbers, with all but Zeus and Poseidon dying. While Zeus collapses the mountain onto the Titans, Theseus kills Hyperion. As the mountain collapses, Zeus ascends to the heavens with Athena's body and a wounded Poseidon. The collapsing mountain decimates Hyperion's forces, and the dying Theseus is rewarded with a place among the immortals.
Years later, Theseus's story has become legend, and Phaedra is raising his son Acamas, who has inherited her gift of prophecy. The boy is visited by Zeus as an old man, who informs him he will become a warrior like his father and mustn't fear his visions. Acamas has a vision of Theseus leading an army of gods in a battle in the sky with the Titans.

= = = Capital asset pricing model = = =
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a tool for figuring out risk of stock profit or losses (called returns). 
It makes an assumption, which is that investors care only about two things: the average returns of stocks over, for example, ten years, and the volatility of annual returns around that average during the same period. 
The main result of the model is that the return of a stock can be broken down in the sum of two things: a risk-free rate and a risk premium. This risk premium can be seen as the product of two things: a measure of the risk of the stock (called the "beta") and the average reward for risk in the market (the "equity risk premium", which is the return of the market over and above the risk-free rate).

= = = Wisconsin in the American Civil War = = =
Wisconsin in the American Civil War, being a northern state, fought for the Union. When the Civil War started, Wisconsin raised 91,379 soldiers for the Union Army. They were organized into 53 infantry regiments, 4 cavalry regiments, a company of Berdan's sharpshooters, 13 light artillery batteries and 1 unit of heavy artillery. Most of the Wisconsin troops served in the Western Theater. However, several regiments served in Eastern armies, including three regiments within the famed Iron Brigade. A total of 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded. Another 8,022 died of disease. About 400 were killed in accidents. The total casualties were 12,216 men. This was about 13.4 percent of total Wisconsin enlistments.
Soldiers.
Approximately 1 in 9 residents (regardless of age, sex or qualification for service) served in the army. In turn, half the eligible voters served. Wisconsin was the only state to organize replacements for troops that had already been sent to war. This led northern generals to prefer having Wisconsin regiments in their command if possible.
A number of Wisconsin regiments were distinguished, including three that served in the celebrated "Iron Brigade"&mdash. These were the 2nd Wisconsin, 6th Wisconsin, and 7th Wisconsin. All were noted for their hard fighting and dashing appearance. They were among the only troops in the Army of the Potomac to wear Hardee hats and long frock coats. They suffered severely at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. The 8th Wisconsin, another hard-fighting regiment, was often accompanied into battle by its mascot, Old Abe, a bald eagle.
In a January 1863 letter to his sister, Union soldier Chauncey Herbert Cooke, a private from Company G of the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, gave his reasons for fighting for the Union in the war, stating that "I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot go free."
Women during the war.
While men were fighting, many women needed to learn how to farm and do other manual labor. Besides having to tend to the home and children while the men were away at war, women also contributed supplies. Quilts and blankets were often given to soldiers. Other items women often sent included: shirts, sheets, pillows, pillowcases, coats, vests, trousers, towels, handkerchiefs, socks, bandages, canned fruits, dried fruits, butter, cheese, wine, eggs, pickles, books, and magazines. At one point, after the Battle of Resaca in Georgia, women sent every wounded man within a certain distance a fresh orange or lemon. These fruits were to quench the strong thirst that was known to accompany a wound.

= = = John Howard Northrop = = =
John Howard Northrop (July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987) was an American biochemist. He shared the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley.
Northrop was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949. He was employed by the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961. In 1949 he was appointed Professor of Bacteriology and later, Professor of Biophysics at the University of California, Berkeley.

= = = California in the American Civil War = = =
California in the American Civil War was involved in sending gold east, recruiting volunteer soldiers to replace regular army forces in the Western United States and in maintaining and building numerous camps and fortifications. The State of California did not send its units east, but many citizens traveled east and joined the Union Army. California's Volunteers also conducted many operations against the Native American peoples within the state and in the other Western territories of the Departments of the Pacific and New Mexico.
Following the Gold Rush, California was settled primarily by Midwestern and Southern farmers, miners and businessmen. Democrats dominated the state from its foundation. Southern Democrats were sympathetic to the Confederate States of America who seceded, but they were a minority group in the state. California businessmen played a significant role in Californian politics through their control of mines, shipping, finance, and the Republican Party. But they were a minority party until the secession crisis.
From statehood to the Civil War.
When California was admitted as a state under the Compromise of 1850, Californians had already decided it was to be a free state. The constitutional convention of 1849 unanimously abolished slavery. As a result, Southerners in Congress voted against admission in 1850 while Northerners pushed it through, pointing to its population of 93,000 and its vast wealth in gold. Northern California, which was dominated by mining, shipping, and commercial elites of San Francisco, favored becoming a state. In the United States presidential election, 1856, California gave its electoral votes to the winner, James Buchanan.
Southern California's attempts at secession.
Following California's admission to the Union, Californios and pro-slavery Southerners in lightly populated, rural Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status. The last attempt, the "Pico Act" of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature. It was signed by the State governor John B. Weller and approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed "Territory of Colorado". The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.
In 1860 Lincoln won 38,733 popular votes, only 32% of the total. But it was enough to win all four of California's electoral votes.
California volunteers called up.
On July 24, 1861, the Secretary of War called on the Governor of California for enlisted volunteer to guard the overland mail route from Carson City to Salt Lake City. They were also to guard Fort Laramie. The initial call was for five companies of cavalry plus one regiment of Infantry. On August 14, four more regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry were requested. They were to report to General Edwin Vose Sumner. These volunteers replaced the regular troops transferred to the east before the end of 1861. California would have to protect itself using its own manpower during the Civil War.
The fight for California.
Both the Union and the Confederacy wanted California's gold. Ulysses S. Grant once said "I do not know what we would do in this great national emergency if it were not for the gold sent from California." The Confederates also needed ports that were not being blockaded by the Union Navy. If they could get control of Southern California it would give them the ports it badly needed. Southern California had a number of Southerners who moved to California during the Gold Rush. While they were a minority, they wanted Southern California to secede from the Union and join the Confederate states. At the time, Northern California was very pro-Union. A number of pro-Confederate groups were organized in Southern California. These included the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles and chapters of the Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret pro-slavery organization.
The pro-Union state militias and Union forces used a number of forts and camps in California. One of the best known is Alcatraz Island. Before it was a federal prison, it was a prisoner of war camp for Confederate prisoners. The last army fort still standing is the Drum Barracks. It was the headquarters of the Union Army in Southern California and the Arizona Territory.

= = = Quassel = = =
Quassel IRC, or Quassel, is an IRC client, introduced in 2008. It is released under the GNU General Public License for GNU and Unix-like operating systems, OS X, and Microsoft Windows. Since the release of Kubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) Quassel is Kubuntu's default IRC client. Quassel uses the Qt application framework.

= = = Palisade cell = = =
Palisade cells are special cells in the leaves of plants. They are the main place where photosynthesis takes place. They absorb light so photosynthesis can take place. 
They have the largest number of chloroplasts per cell of any plant tissue. They convert the light to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. The cells are just below the epidermis and cuticle.

= = = Extermination through labor = = =
Extermination through labour is a way of torturing and killing prisoners. In a system of extermination by labour, prisoners are forced to do very heavy work without enough food or medical care. Eventually, prisoners die from malnutrition, illness, or injury.
Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union both had systems of extermination through labor. Some people describe North Korea's prison system as a system of extermination through labor.
Use as a term.
The term "extermination through labor" was first used during World War II. Most of the Nazi SS did not use the term ("Vernichtung durch Arbeit" in German). However, Albert Bormann, Joseph Goebels, Otto Georg Thierack, and Heinrich Himmler used the term during the fall of 1942, while talking about moving prisoners to concentration camps. Thierack and Goebbels specifically used the term. The phrase was used again during the Nuremberg Trials after World War II ended.
In the 1980s and 1990s, historians have argued over whether this term is appropriate. For example, Falk Pingel believed the phrase should not be applied to all Nazi prisoners. On the other hand, Hermann Kaienburg and Miroslav Kárný believed "extermination through labour" was one of the SS's specific goals. More recently, Jens-Christian Wagner has also argued that not all Nazi prisoners were targeted with death, so "extermination through labor" might not be the best way to describe the Nazis' goals for those prisoners.
In Nazi Germany.
Victims.
During the Holocaust, the Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, persecuted, tortured, and killed millions of people because of differences in race, ethnicity, politics, religion, sexual orientation, and disability.
The Nazis also persecuted people who were "German-blooded," but who the Nazis thought of as "social misfits" ("aisoziale"). The Nazis said these people led useless "ballast-lives" ("Ballastexiltenzen"). These people included:
The Nazis lists of these people and persecuted them in many ways. For example, some were forced to be sterilized. Many were eventually sent to prison camps for "extermination through labor." Along with them, anyone who spoke out against the Nazi regime (like communists, social democrats, democrats, and conscientious objectors) were sent to prison camps. Many of them did not survive.
Extermination through labor was an important part of the Nazis' Final Solution - their plan to kill all the Jews in Europe.
Concentration camps.
Conditions.
In the Nazi prison camps, prisoners were treated like slaves:
Abuse and Torture.
Workers were also tortured and physically abused. For example, victims of "Torstehen" ("Gate Hanging") had to stand outside naked with their arms raised – like a gate hanging on its hinges. When they collapsed or passed out, they would be beaten until they re-assumed the position. Victims of "Pfahlhängen" ("Post Attachment") were tied with their hands behind their back and were hung by their hands on a tall stake. This would dislocate the prisoner's arm joints, and the pressure would be kill them within hours.
During the Holocaust, the Nazis built concentration camps and then extermination camps to imprison their victims. These "camps" were not just prisons. Their goal was not just to keep people locked up. Their goal was to torture and destroy people. All parts of camp life came along with humiliation and harassment. Forced labour was a part of this. Prisoners were whipped and treated like animals. Some forced labor was meant to help the German war machine grow. However, other prisoners were forced to do pointless heavy labor just to wear them down. There were "no limits to working hours," according to official Nazi policy.
Death rates.
A slave worker on a work assignment usually lived less than four months, on average. Up to 25,000 of the 35,000 prisoners forced to work for IG Farben at Auschwitz concentration camp died. Some died from exhaustion or disease. Others were killed after the Nazis decided they were not healthy enough to work any more.
Some work assignments were deadlier than others. Some prisoners were assigned to dig tunnels for German weapons factories during the last months of the war. About 30% of them died. In the satellite camps, which were near mines and industrial firms, death rates were even higher. In these satellite camps, the supplies were often even less adequate than in the main camps.
The phrase "Arbeit macht frei" ("work shall set you free") appeared on the entry gates at Auschwitz and other Nazi labor camps.
In the Soviet Union.
Some historians call the Soviet Gulag a system of death camps,<ref name="Joel Kotek / Pierre Rigoulot "Gefangenschaft, Zwangsarbeit, Vernichtung""> Joel Kotek / Pierre Rigoulot "Gefangenschaft, Zwangsarbeit, Vernichtung", Propyläen 2001</ref> particularly in post-Communist Eastern European politics. Other historians argue that this trivializes the Holocaust (makes the Holocaust seems like it was not so bad) because, at least after the war ended, a very large majority of people who entered the Gulag left alive.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn introduced the expression "camps of extermination by labour" in his non-fiction work "The Gulag Archipelago". In the book, Solzhenitsyn argues that the Soviet Union beat its enemies by making them work as prisoners on big state-run projects (like the White Sea-Baltic Canal, quarries, remote railroads, and urban development projects) under terrible conditions. Roy Medvedev comments: "The penal system in the Kolyma and in the camps in the north was deliberately designed for the extermination of people." Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev writes that Stalin was the "architect of the gulag system for totally destroying human life."
According to formerly secret internal Gulag documents, some 1.6 million people must have died in the period between 1935 and 1956 in Soviet forced labour camps and colonies. This does not include people who died in prisoner-of-war camps. Most (about 900,000) of these deaths fell between 1941 and 1945. At that time, World War II was ongoing, and food supplies were low in the entire country.
Russian historian Oleg Khlevniuk writes that about 500,000 people died in the camps and colonies from 1930 to 1941. However, these figures do not include people who died in transport (on their way to the camps). It also does not include the number of people who died shortly after their release due to the harsh treatment in the camps (there were many of these people, according to both archives and memoirs).
Historian J. Otto Pohl estimates that 2,749,163 prisoners died in the labour camps, colonies, and special settlements. He says this figure is incomplete.
In 2010, Stanford historian Norman Naimark wrote a book called "Stalin's Genocides". Naimark said scholars should change the word "genocide" so that it also meant killing people because they were in a social class or had political beliefs so that Stalin's killings would count as genocide.
In North Korea.
It is believed that similar camps are operating in North Korea, and killed at least 20,000 political prisoners in 2013 alone, with at least 130,000 held therein.

= = = GN-z11 = = =
GN-z11 is a galaxy. It was the oldest known galaxy and farthest-known galaxy from Earth until 2022. It is located 32 billion light years (302.74 sextillion km) away from us.

= = = Konversation = = =
Konversation is an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client. It is built on the KDE Platform. It is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License. It is the default IRC client in many Linux distributions, such as openSUSE, the KDE spin of Fedora, and Kubuntu.

= = = Lagerordnung = = =
The Lagerordnung (the "Disciplinary and Penal Code") was a set of rules for punishing prisoners at Dachau concentration camp in Nazi Germany. On January 1, 1934, the Lagerordnung became the official rules of every concentration camp in Nazi Germany.
Also known as the "Strafkatalog" (Punishment Catalogue), it set out the rules the prisoners had to follow. SS guards were told to report to the camp commandant when a prisoner broke a rule.
The Concentration Camps Inspectorate was in charge of carrying out punishment. They did this without making sure the prisoner had actually broken the rule. Once they were accused, prisoners had no way of proving themselves innocent.
Evolution of a new penal system.
At first, the Nazis had built temporary concentration camps, like Kemna concentration camp. These earlier camps did not have common, agreed-upon rules. Instead, they took the "Lagerordnung" from rules that were often used in police departments and prisons at the time.
There was not much difference between the rules at the early concentration camps. Some did not allow smoking; others allowed prisoners to receive food parcels or visits from family members. The rules were still based on existing laws, and the camps were patterned after ordinary prisons. The early camps had penalties like having privileges taken away, or for more severe cases, solitary confinement, a hard bed, not being given food, or being left in solitary confinement in a darkened cell. However, there was no corporal punishment. The early camps were primarily controlled by the SA or the Gestapo.
However, Dachau was under the control of the SS. Sometime in May 1933, SS camp commandant Hilmar Wäckerle wrote the first "Lagerordnung" for a concentration camp. It gave all legal powers to the camp commandant. The Dachau Lagerordnung allowed prisoners to be executed based on a decision from two SS men who had been chosen by the commandant. The accused prisoner would no longer have a defense. The executive, judicial, and legislative parts of government were all placed together under the camp commandant's power. There would be no system of checks and balances. The threat of the death penalty was always there, which created a constant state of emergency for Dachau's inmates.
The first legalized murders took place at Dachau. (There would never be as many political murders in any of the other, earlier concentration camps than there were in Dachau's first few months.) Sophie Handschuh, the mother of one of the murdered prisoners, filed a formal complaint to find out what had really happened to her son. The resulting prosecution forced Himmler to replace Wäckerle. Himmler chose Theodor Eicke, a fanatical "SS-Oberführer" who had, in March 1933, been committed for evaluation at a psychiatric clinic at the University of Würzburg due to extremely violent behavior. Himmler arranged for Eicke to be released, asking his doctor, Werner Heyde, to talk to Eicke and get him to promise to control himself.
Expanded to all camps.
Six months later, on October 1, 1933, Commandant Eicke wrote a second edition of the "Lagerordnung", adding the Postenpflicht and introducing corporal punishment (flogging). The "Lagerordnung" established a "state within a state." The second edition established an orderly system in which "legally" arrested political opponents could be tortured and executed.
From this point on, all SS concentration camps were to follow the Dachau model and become a "state within a state": shielded centers of terror with their own laws and judges, without legal defense, and with their own executable violence.
After January 1, 1934, all subsequent versions of the "Lagerordnung" were effective for all SS-run concentration camps.
The Disciplinary and Penal Code.
[Translator's note: The sometimes odd phrasing, inconsistencies of capitalization, and style itself are from the source, not the translator.]
Dachau Concentration Camp<br>
Office of the Commandant, October 1, 1933
Disciplinary and Penal Code for the Detention Camp
Introduction
The following penalties are issued within the scope of existing camp regulations, to maintain order and discipline on the grounds of Dachau concentration camp, 
These regulations apply to all prisoners of the DCC from the time of admission on, till the hour of discharge.
"These rules are added on to the list of rules Dachau already has. Its goal is to keep order and discipline at Dachau. They apply to all prisoners, all the time."<br>
The consummate authority of punishment is in the hands of the camp commandant, who is personally responsible to the political police commander for the implementation of the rules as issued.
"[The camp commandant has complete and total authority to punish prisoners. He is in charge of implementing these rules.]"<br>
Tolerance means weakness. Realizing this, there will be a ruthless grip there, where, in the interests of the fatherland, it appears necessary. The decent, incited [sic] "Volksgenosse" will not come into contact with these penalties. But to the politicizing rabble-rouser and intellectual agitator — regardless of which direction — let it be said, beware, that you're not nabbed, otherwise you'll be grabbed by the neck and after your own recipe, [sic] made to hold your peace.
"["Tolerance means peace." People who speak out against Germany will be punished badly. People who mind their own business and do not question Germany will not be punished this way. But people who try to cause trouble by getting people upset about politics will be forced to be quiet.]"
§1
§5
To be punished with 8 days of hard time and with several weeks of punitive labor:
1. Whoever shirks his work or feigns physical deficiency or disease with the aim of being idle.
2. Whoever leaves a work place or workshop without command, prematurely backs in, fails [at quitting time] to check out with the supervising SS man, checks out at quitting time with a fellow prisoner.
§6
To be punished with 8 days of hard time and be flogged 25 times with a stick at the beginning and end of the punishment:
1. whoever makes derogatory or sarcastic remarks to an SS member, deliberately neglects the mandatory salute, or by his manner otherwise indicates that he will not submit to the compulsory discipline and order,
2. whoever as prisoner-sergeant, as prisoner-corporal or as foreman exceeds the powers as "Ordnungsmann", assumes the rights of a superior with respect to other prisoners, maneuvers preferred work or any other advantage for politically like-minded prisoners, bullies politically otherwise-minded fellow prisoners, makes false reports about them or in some way discriminates.
§7
Will be punished with 14 days of severe time
1. Whoever exchanges his assigned housing with another, unauthorized without the order of the commander of the company, or incites or misleads fellow prisoners,
2. whoever attaches forbidden or camp-made items in outgoing laundry packages, hides or sews in clothing items etc.,
3. whoever enters or leaves barracks, housing, or other buildings outside the stipulated entry ways, crawls through windows or existing openings,
4. whoever smokes in the barracks, toilets and in flammable atmospheres, or stores or sets flammable items down in such areas. If a fire occurs as a result of disregarding this ban, then sabotage will be assumed.
§8
Will be punish with 14 days of severe time and be flogged 25 times with a stick at the beginning and end of the punishment:
1. Whoever leaves or enters the prison camp without escort, whoever follows a work column marching out of the camp, unauthorized,
2. whoever in letters or other communication makes derogatory remarks about National Socialist leaders, the state and government, authorities and establishments, exalts Marxist or liberal leaders or "November parties", communicates goings-on in the concentration camp,
3. whoever keeps prohibited items, tools, batons and knives in his room or in straw sacks
§9
Will be punished with 21 days of severe time
Whoever carts off government-owned items, of whatever sort, from said location to another, deliberately damages, destroys, squanders, alters or uses for any other than purpose than prescribed; apart from the penalty, according to circumstances, is liable to some or all of the prisoners for any losses incurred.
§10
Will be punished with 42 days of severe time or lengthy detention in solitary confinement:
1. Whoever accumulates sums of money in the camp, finances prohibited efforts in or outside of the camp, or brings fellow prisoners to heel or binds them to secrecy through money,
2. whoever has sent to himself sums of money which come from prohibited Rote Hilfe collections, or distributes to fellow prisoners,
3. clergy who make announcements that lie outside the framework of pastoral care, slip letters or messages to be passed on, [whoever] seeks the clergy to achieve forbidden objectives,
4. the symbols of the National Socialist state or the pillars of same, makes contemptible, curses, or in other ways disregards,
§11
Whoever in the camp, at work, in the barracks, in kitchens and workshops, lavatories and rest areas, for the purpose of agitating, politicizes, gives provocative speeches, meets with others for this purpose, forms cliques, or gads about, gathers true or untrue news to further the goals of the opposition's atrocity-propaganda [sic] about the concentration camp or its institutions, receives, buries, passes along to foreign visitors or others, smuggles outside the camp using a secret message or other means, in writing or verbally gives released or transferred [prisoners], hides in articles of clothing or other items, using rocks, etc. throws over the camp wall, or draws up ciphers; moreover, whoever for the purpose of inciting, climbs up on barracks roofs or trees, gives or seeks connection outside [the camp] through light signals or other means, or whoever induces others to escape or commit a crime, and to this end, gives advice or supports through other means, by dint of revolutionary justice, will be hanged as an agitator!
§12
Whoever assaults a guard or SS man, refuses to obey him or refuses to work at a work site, calls on or leads others for the purpose of mutiny or the same assault, as mutineer leaves a marching column or workshop, calls on others during a march or at work to hoot, shout, agitate or gives speeches, will be shot on the spot as a mutineer or hanged afterwards.
§13
Whoever deliberately causes in the camp, in the barracks, workshops, work sites, in kitchens, warehouses etc. a fire, an explosion, water or some other damage to property, moreover whoever carries out actions on the wire hindrance, on a power line in a switching station, on telephone or water lines, on the camp wall or other security installation, on heating or boiler plants, on machines or vehicles, which do not meet the order given, will be punished with death for sabotage. If the action happened because of negligence, then the guilty party will be held in solitary confinement. In cases of doubt, sabotage will nevertheless be assumed.
§14
Whoever offers gifts to an SS man or guard, seeks to win him over with gifts, money or other means, carries out actions for the purpose of subverting the SS troops, enters into a political discussion in the presence of a guard or SS man, about Marxism or other November Party or glorifies their leaders, makes derogatory remarks about the SS, SA, the National Socialist state, its leader and its institutions, or appears otherwise insubordinate, moreover whoever at the camp produces or passes along to others forbidden items for the purpose of smuggling secret messages or for purposes of attack, will be held for community perilousness in perpetual solitary confinement. Release for such persons is out of the question.
§15
Whoever repeatedly avoids work, despite previous warning stays away from roll calls for work assignments or head counts, constantly reports to the doctor or dentist without reason, feigns physical suffering or disability doesn't march [out to work], constantly acts lazy and sluggish, was unclean, writes obnoxious letters, steals from fellow prisoners, hits, bullies [others] for their attitude, derides or ridicules, will be punished for incorrigibility with continuous punitive labor, detention, with punitive exercise or be flogged.
§16
Whoever after the onset of curfew moves outside his quarters, forms a crowd with others, on the order of an SS man does not disperse at once, after the onset of the alarm does not immediately seek out his own quarters or during an extended alarm leave the station or the windows open [sic], will be shot at by the nearest SS man or guard.
§17
Whoever keeps forbidden items (tools, knife, files, etc.) or wears civilian clothing unauthorized, can be held in solitary confinement for suspicion of escape.
§18
Whoever as "stubenältester", as foreman or as prisoner suspects or becomes aware of the intent to commit sedition, mutiny, sabotage or some other punishable act, if he does not immediately report his knowledge, will be punished as a perpetrator. The informer will not be held responsible for filing a false report, if, through special circumstances, he was misled.
§19
Hard time will be carried out in a cell with a hard bed and bread and water. Every 4th day, the inmate will receive a warm meal. Punitive labor involves hard physical or particularly dirty work, which will be carried out under special supervision.
Supplementary punishments that may be considered:
punishment exercise, corporal punishment, withholding of mail, withholding of food, hard bed, strappado, reprimand and warnings. All punishments will be kept on file. Hard time and punitive labor lengthen the protective custody a minimum of 8 weeks; addition of a supplementary punishment lengthens the protective custody a minimum of 4 weeks. Prisoners kept in solitary confinement will not be released in the foreseeable future.
The "Kommandant" of the Concentration Camp
(signed) SS-"Oberführer" Eicke 

= = = Guanacaste = = =
Guanacaste ("Enterolobium cyclocarpum") also known as elephant-ear tree or devil's ear is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is native to tropical regions of the Americas. It is the national tree of Costa Rica.
Common names in some other languages are:
"Enterolobium cyclocarpum", the scientific name of the guanacaste tree was given by August Grisebach to this plant in 1864.
Description.
The guanacaste is a large tree, growing to tall, with a trunk up to in diameter. The bark is light gray. The crown (the upper part of tree) is broad and widely spreading. Leaves are long, alternate and compound.
The guanacaste is evergreen, or briefly deciduous for 1–2 months during the dry season (without rains). Most leaves fall in December, at the start of the dry season. In late February, leaves start to appear and produce a fresh, thick crown by April.
Flowers are hermaphrodite; the pollination is by insects like bees.
The fruit is a legume (also known as a pod) with the shape of a human ear.
Where it grows.
The guanacaste tree is native to tropical America. It grows from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America. It is found also in the West Indies. It has been introduced in other tropical regions.
It grows normally at an elevation from sea level to , usually along the coast and rivers.
Uses.
The wood is reddish-brown, lightweight and water-resistant; it is used to make objects like doors, windows, furniture, cabinets, and for shipbuilding. It is used also as firewood.

= = = Rex Tillerson = = =
Rex Wayne Tillerson (born March 23, 1952) is an American businessman and the 69th United States Secretary of State. He served from February 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018. He was the chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corporation, the fifth largest company by market capitalization until his resignation in 2017.
In December 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Tillerson to be the Secretary of State. The United States Senate approved of his nomination on February 1, 2017 and shortly assumed the office. On March 13, 2018, Trump fired Tillerson and said he would nominate Mike Pompeo to succeed him as Secretary of State. Tillerson's term officially ended on March 31, 2018.
Early life.
Tillerson was born on March 23, 1952, in Wichita Falls, Texas. Tillerson received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975.
Business career.
Tillerson joined Exxon in 1975, and by 1989 had become general manager of the Exxon USA central production division. In 1995 he became president of Exxon Yemen Inc. and Esso Exploration and Production Khorat Inc. In 2006, Tillerson was elected chairman and chief executive officer of Exxon, the world's 6th largest company by revenue. Tillerson retired from Exxon effective December 31, 2016, and was succeeded by Darren Woods. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He resigned his position from Exxon to pursue his nomination of United States Secretary of State.
United States Secretary of State.
On the evening of December 10, the BBC cited NBC reports that "sources close to Mr Trump [were] ... saying that Mr Tillerson is likely to be named next week" and that former UN ambassador John Bolton "will serve as his deputy". On December 12, "The New York Times" reported that he had been chosen. On December 13, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced that Tillerson would be his nominee for Secretary of State.
On January 11, 2017, Tillerson's congressional confirmation hearing was held. Tillerson was approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on January 23, 2017, to be Secretary of State when it voted 11-10 to send his nomination to the full Senate. The Senate confirmed Tillerson as Secretary of State on February 1 2017. The Senate voted 56 to 43, with all Republicans in support and 42 Democrats voting against him.
On March 13, 2018, Trump fired Tillerson as Secretary and nominated Director of the CIA Mike Pompeo of the position. His term ended on March 31, 2018.
Personal life.
Tillerson is married to Renda St. Clair. They have four children. He resides in Irving, Texas.

= = = John F. Kelly = = =
John Francis Kelly (born May 11, 1950) is a retired United States Marine Corps General. He was the 28th White House Chief of Staff from July 31, 2017 to January 2, 2019. Kelly was the 5th United States Secretary of Homeland Security, serving from January through July 2017.
He is the former Commander of United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM). Kelly last served as the commanding general of the Multi-National Force—West in Iraq from February 2008 to February 2009, and as the commander of Marine Forces Reserve and Marine Forces North in October 2009.
Early life.
Kelly was born on May 11, 1950 in Boston, Massachusetts, into an Irish Catholic family.
He served for one year as a United States Merchant Marine. Kelly initially enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps in 1970, and was discharged from active duty as a sergeant in 1972.
Kelly received a Master of Science degree in National Security Studies from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service in 1984. He also studied at the University of Massachusetts, Boston.
United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2017).
On December 7, 2016, it was reported that then-President-elect Donald Trump nominated Kelly to be the fifth United States Secretary of Homeland Security.
On January 20, 2017, Kelly was confirmed as Secretary of Homeland Security by the United States Senate with a vote of 88-11. On that evening he was sworn in by Vice-President Pence.
White House Chief of Staff (2017–2019).
On July 28 2017, he was appointed to replace Reince Priebus as White House Chief of Staff.
Early into his tenure, media outlets such as "The New York Times", "The Washington Post" and FiveThirtyEight speculated that Kelly would bring moderation and discipline to the White House. In August 2017, early into Kelly's tenure, the "Washington Post" wrote that Kelly had "left no discernible imprint on the White House's philosophy" and that it was unclear if he would bring calm and rigor to the White House.
On December 8, 2018, Trump announced that Kelly would be leaving the position by the end of the year. He left the office on January 2, 2019.
Personal life.
Kelly is married to Karen Hernest. They have three children.
In 2010, Kelly’s 29-year-old son, First Lieutenant Robert Kelly, was killed in action when he stepped on a landmine while leading a platoon of Marines on a patrol in Sangin, Afghanistan. Robert Kelly's death made John Kelly the highest-ranking military officer to lose a son or daughter in Iraq or Afghanistan.

= = = Scott Pruitt = = =
Edward Scott Pruitt (born May 9, 1968) is an American lawyer and Republican politician from the state of Oklahoma. Scott was the 14th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from February 17, 2017 until his resignation on July 6, 2018. He was the Oklahoma Attorney General serving from 2011 through 2017. Pruitt was a State Senator, representing Tulsa and Wagoner counties from 1998 until 2006. 
On December 7, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump selected Pruitt to be his nominee as the next Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. On February 17, 2017, the Senate confirmed Pruitt's nomination, by a vote of 52-46. While critics, such as Senator Bernie Sanders, described him as a climate change denier, he believes that the climate is changing and human activity is responsible to climate change.
Pruitt ran for the United States Senate in the 2022 special election to replace Senator Jim Inhofe.
Early life.
Pruitt was born in 1968 in Danville, Kentucky, but moved to Lexington, Kentucky when he was young. He studied at Georgetown College earning his Bachelor of Arts degree and at the University of Tulsa earning his Juris Doctor degree.
Early political career.
Pruitt represented Tulsa and Wagoner Counties in the Oklahoma Senate from 1998 until 2006. In 2006, Pruitt launched an unsuccessful campaign to receive the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma.
Attorney General of Oklahoma (2011–2017).
In 2010 Pruitt was elected Attorney General of Oklahoma. In that role, he supported religious freedom laws and fought against abortion rights, same-sex marriage, the Affordable Care Act, and environmental regulations as a self-described "leading advocate against the EPA’s activist agenda".
On September 9, 2014, in "Pruitt v. Burwell", the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma ruled against the IRS.
On December 7, 2014, The New York Times published a front-page story highlighting that Pruitt had used his office's stationery to send form letters written by energy industry lobbyists to federal agencies during public comment.
In April 2015, Pruitt wrote a letter to school superintendents stating that schools can lawfully allow the dissemination of religious literature on campus.
In May 2016, Attorneys General Pruitt and Luther Strange authored an op-ed in the National Review criticizing other state attorneys general for "acting like George III" regarding the ExxonMobil climate change controversy, writing "global warming has inspired one of the major policy debates of our time. That debate is far from settled. Scientists continue to disagree about the degree and extent of global warming and its connection to the actions of mankind."
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (2017 – 2018).
On December 7, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced his plans to nominate Pruitt as the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The nomination was reviewed during hearings held by the members of the Environment and Public Works Committee. He then passed to the full Senate for a vote. On February 17, 2017, the United States senate confirmed his nomination with a 52-46 vote. He was sworn-in the next day by Vice President Mike Pence.
During his tenure, Pruitt was accused of corruption for misusing the EPA's money for his personal gain. Many Senators and other politicians called for Pruitt's resignation.
Under fire since his appointment, Pruitt resigned on July 5, 2018, leaving Andrew R. Wheeler as the acting head of the agency.
2022 U.S. Senate election.
In April 2022, Pruitt announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate in the special election to replace retiring Senator Jim Inhofe. He lost the Republican nomination in the first round of voting in June 2022.
Personal life.
Pruitt married Marlyn Pruitt in 1992. They have two children.

= = = Linda McMahon = = =
Linda Marie McMahon (née Edwards; born October 4, 1948) is an American professional wrestling magnate and politician. She is the 25th Administrator of the Small Business Administration serving from February 14, 2017 to April 12, 2019. McMahon was active with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE, known as the World Wrestling Federation, short WWF, until 2002) from 1980 to 2009. She had been married to Vince McMahon since 1966.
Early life.
McMahon was born Linda Marie Edwards in New Bern, North Carolina, the daughter of Evelyn and Henry Edwards. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from East Carolina University.
WWE business career.
McMahon was active with the WWE from 1980 to 2009. During this time, the company grew from a small regional business in the North East to a large multinational corporation.
As President and later CEO of the company, she created the company's civic programs, "Get REAL" and "Smackdown Your Vote". She occasionally made on-screen appearances, most notably in a wrestling "feud" with her husband which climaxed at WrestleMania X-Seven. McMahon and her husband became wealthy through WWE's success, and the McMahon family name is now synonymous with the professional wrestling industry.
United States senate campaigns.
In 2009, McMahon left the WWE to run as a Republican for a seat in the United States Senate from Connecticut, but lost to Democratic Party nominee Richard Blumenthal in the general election of 2010.
McMahon was the Republican nominee for Connecticut's other Senate seat in the 2012 race, but lost to Democratic Representative Chris Murphy.
Administrator of the Small Business Administration (2017 – 2019).
On December 7, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate McMahon to be the Administrator of the Small Business Administration when he takes office. McMahon was confirmed by the full Senate on February 14, 2017, with a vote of 81-19.
On March 29, 2019, it was officially made public by the Trump administration that McMahon would be stepping down as the Administrator of the Small Business Administration. The resignation took effect on April 12, 2019.
On April 15, 2019, McMahon was officially named Chairman of America First Action, a pro-Trump Super PAC.
Personal life.
McMahon married Vince McMahon in 1966. Together they had two children: Shane and Stephanie. McMahon is a Roman Catholic.

= = = Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra = = =
The Hajibeyov Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra (Azeri: "Hacıbəyov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Simfonik Orkestri") was formed in 1920, at the request of composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov after whom it was later named. It was one of the first orchestras in the Soviet Union. It is part of the Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society.
Composers such as Rhené-Baton and Otto Klemperer were invited from abroad to help in establishing and training the orchestra. From 1938 to 1984, Hajibeyov's nephew Niyazi was conducting the orchestra. After his death, the conducting has been performed by "People's Artist" of Azerbaijan, Professor Rauf Abdullayev. The orchestra has toured a number of countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, and Egypt.

= = = Diana Lynn = = =
Diana Lynn (July 5, 1926 – December 18, 1971) was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television. 
Early years.
Lynn was born Dolores Marie Loehr on July 5, 1926, in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Louis Loehr, was an oil supply executive. Her mother, Martha Loehr, was a concert pianist. She was considered a child prodigy. She began taking piano lessons when she was 4 years old, and by the age of 12, she played with the "Los Angeles Junior Symphony Orchestra".
Career.
In 1939, she made her movie debut playing the piano in "They Shall Have Music". She played again, with Susanna Foster, in "There's Magic in Music", when it was decided that she had more potential than she had been allowed to show. Later, Paramount Pictures changed her name to "Diana Lynn". They began casting her in movies that allowed her to show her personality and developed her skills as an actress.
As a solo pianist, she released at least one single on Capitol Records, accompanied by the Paul Weston orchestra.
In 1964, Lynn had a six-month stint on Broadway, replacing Barbara Bel Geddes in "Mary, Mary". In the early 1950s, she starred with Maurice Evans in "The Wild Duck" on Broadway.
Death.
Before filming started on "Play It as It Lays", Lynn suffered a stroke and died on December 18, 1971. She was 45.

= = = Jason Kander = = =
Jason Kander (born May 4, 1981) is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician. He was elected Secretary of State of Missouri in 2012, serving from January 2013 through January 9, 2017. He served as a state representative before becoming secretary of state. He was an intelligence officer in the Army National Guard, achieving the rank of Captain. 
Career.
He was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate, losing the 2016 Senate election to Republican incumbent Roy Blunt.
On June 25, 2018, Kander announced that he will run for mayor of Kansas City in 2019 to replace term-limited incumbent Sly James. He dropped out on October 2, 2018, after revealing that he suffered from PTSD and depression.

= = = John Neely Kennedy = = =
John Neely Kennedy (born November 21, 1951) is an American politician. He is the United States Senator from Louisiana. Before becoming a senator, he was the State Treasurer of Louisiana. He is a member of the Republican Party. 
He served five terms as Treasurer of Louisiana. He took office in the United States Senate on January 3, 2017, after defeating Democratic candidate Foster Campbell in the Senate election runoff by over 21 percentage points.

= = = Sun of May = = =
The Sun of May ("el sol de mayo") is a national emblem of Argentina and Uruguay. It is a reference to the May revolution in Argentina, which led to that country's later independence from Spanish rule. In Uruguay it also refers to the May revolution. On 25 May 1810, the sun came out in Buenos Aires during a public gathering. This was seen as a good omen for the future success of the independence struggle.<ref name=uruflg/z>

= = = Peter van Straaten = = =
Peter van Straaten (25 March 1935 – 8 December 2016) was a Dutch cartoonist and comics artist. He was best known for his political cartoons as well as his satirical observations of everyday people. He also had a newspaper comic strip "Vader & Zoon", which ran in "Het Parool" for almost two decades.
Van Straaten announced his retirement on 2 August 2016. He died four months later on 8 December in Amsterdam, at the age of 81.

= = = Alan Thicke = = =
Alan Willis Thicke (born Alan Willis Jeffery; March 1, 1947 – December 13, 2016) was a Canadian actor, songwriter, and game and talk show host. He was known for his role as Jason Seaver, the father on the ABC television series "Growing Pains." 
He was the father of singer Robin Thicke.
Thicke died at his home in Burbank, California on December 13, 2016 from a sudden Aortic dissection, aged 69.

= = = Jewish diaspora = = =
The Jewish Diaspora was a time formally described as" the scattering of the Jews." A time after the Babylonian captivity when Jews settled in different places, eventually settling together.

= = = Shirley Hazzard = = =
Shirley Hazzard (30 January 1931 – 12 December 2016) was an Australian-born American author of fiction and non-fiction. She was born in Australia, but held citizenship of the United States. Her 1970 novel, "The Bay of Noon", was shortlisted for the Lost Man Booker Prize in 2010
and her 2003 novel "The Great Fire" won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.
Hazzard died in New York City on 12 December 2016 from complications of dementia, aged 85.

= = = Frederick Wiseman = = =
Frederick Wiseman (born January 1, 1930) is an American filmmaker, documentarian, and theatrical director.
In 2016, he was a recipient of an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

= = = Anne V. Coates = = =
Anne Voase Coates (12 December 1925 – 8 May 2018) was a British movie editor with a more than 60-year-long career. She was best known as the editor of David Lean's epic movie "Lawrence of Arabia" in 1962. 
Personal life.
Coates was born in Surrey, England. She studied at Bartrum Gables College. Coates worked as a nurse in East Grinstead. She was married to Douglas Hickox until his death in 1988. Together, they had two sons and one daughter.
Awards.
Coates has been nominated five times for the Academy Award for Film Editing for the movies "Lawrence of Arabia", "Becket" (1963), "The Elephant Man" (1980), "In the Line of Fire" (1993), and "Out of Sight" (1998). She was awarded BAFTA's highest honour, a BAFTA Fellowship, in February 2007 and was given an Academy Honorary Award, which are popularly known as a Lifetime Achievement Oscar, in November 2016 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Death.
Coates died on 8 May 2018, at a retirement center in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California.

= = = David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort = = =
David Robert Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort (23 February 1928 – 16 August 2017), known as Mr David Somerset until 1984, was a British peer. He served as a member of the House of Lords from 5 February 1984 to 11 November 1999. He was President of the British Horse Society between 1988 and 1990, and was chairman of Marlborough Fine Art.
Somerset died on 16 August 2017 at his home in Badminton, Gloucestershire, South West England at the age of 89.

= = = Lester L. Wolff = = =
Lester Lionel Wolff (January 4, 1919 – May 11, 2021) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. He served as a representative from 1973 through 1981.
He was president of the International Trade and Development Agency. In 2014, Wolff received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States.
Wolff was also the chair of the Touro College Pacific Community Institute, the author of numerous books on foreign policy, and the host of weekly PBS show "Ask Congress".
Wolff died on May 11, 2021 at a hospital in Syosset, New York at the age of 102.

= = = Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament = = =
The men's field hockey tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was the 22nd edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympic Games. It was held over a thirteen-day period beginning on 30 July. The medal finals were on 11 August. All games were played at the Riverbank Arena within the Olympic Park in London, United Kingdom.
Defending champions Germany won the gold medal for the fourth time. They defeated the Netherlands 2–1 in the final. Australia won the bronze medal by defeating Great Britain 3–1.

= = = Fisher-Price = = =
Fisher-Price is an American company. It produces toys for children. Since 1992, the company has been owned by Mattel.
The company was founded in 1930.
The company has produced toys including "Barney & Friends" related products, "Dora the Explorer" products and some Disney, "Muppets" and Sesame Street products. 

= = = Matchbox (brand) = = =
Matchbox is a toy brand which got started in 1953. It is now owned by Mattel. The toys were sold in boxes similar to those in which matches were sold.
The brand made various toys, like action figures and toy vehicles such as model cars.
In May 1992, the company was sold to Tyco Toys. Five years later, Tyco was sold to Mattel. Matchbox was originally a competitor to Hot Wheels.

= = = Die-cast toy = = =
A die-cast toy is any toy produced by the process of die casting. The toys are made of metal with plastic, glass and rubber details. The most common die-cast toys are scale models of vehicles, aircraft and trains. Hot Wheels toys are an example of die-cast cars. Early die-cast toys were made of lead. Modern toys are made of Zamak which is an alloy of zinc, aluminium, magnesium, and copper.

= = = West African Vodun = = =
Vodun (meaning "spirit" in the Fon and Ewe languages, with a nasal high-tone "u"; also spelled Vodon, Vodoun, Vodou, Voudou, Voodoo, etc.) is practiced by the Ewe people of eastern and southern Ghana, and southern and central Togo; and the Kabye people, Mina people, and Fon people of southern and central Togo, southern and central Benin. It is also practiced by some Gun people of Lagos and Ogun in southwest Nigeria. All the which belong to Gbe speaking ethnic groups of West Africa, except the Kabye. 
It is different from the African traditional religions in the middle of these countries and is the main source of religions with similar names found among the African Diaspora in the New World such as Haitian "Vodou"; Puerto Rican "Vodú"; Cuban "Vodú"; Dominican "Vudú"; Brazilian "Vodum"; and Louisiana "Voodoo". All of these closely related faiths are syncretized with Christianity to various degrees and with the traditional beliefs of the Kongo people and Indigenous American traditions.

= = = Caaguazú Department = = =
Caaguazú () is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Coronel Oviedo. Its code is PY-05.
History.
In 1712, Gregorio Bazán de Pedraza founded the town of Villa de San Isidro Labrador de Curuguaty, followed by Ybytimí in 1715, San Joaquín in 1746, and Carayaó in 1770.
The department was created in 1906 with the name of "Yhú"; the town of Yhú was named as the capital of the department. Other towns were Ajos (present day Coronel Oviedo), Carayaó, San Joaquín and Caaguazú. Upon territorial reorganization in 1945, it was given the name of Caaguazú.
Its present limits were defined in 1973.
Geography.
The Caaguazú department is in middle of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , of the area of Paraguay. Its estimated population in 2013 is 484,177 for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The "Caaguazú mountain range" crosses the department from the north to the south. The main river in the department, and of Paraguay, is the Paraguay.
Climate.
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Coronel Oviedo was . The month with the most precipitation was April with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Coronel Oviedo was . The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts.
The department is divided in 22 districts:

= = = Ulisseia (epic poem) = = =
Ulisseia ou Lisboa Edificada is an epic poem by Portuguese poet Gabriel Pereira de Castro. It was published by author's brother Luís Pereira de Castro in 1636. The poem is written in ottava rima (oitava rima in Portuguese). The stanza is rhymed abababcc. The poem is about discovery of Portugal by Ulysses.
<poem>
As Armas e o varão que os mal seguros
Campos cortou do Egeu e do Oceano,
Que por perigos e trabalhos duros
Eternizou seu nome soberano:
A grã Lisboa e seus primeiros muros
(De Europa e largo Império Lusitano
Alta cabeça), se eu pudesse tanto,
À Pátria, ao mundo, à Eternidade canto.
</poem>

= = = Combined gas law = = =
The combined gas law is a formula about ideal gases. It comes from putting together three different laws about the pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas. They explain what happens to two of the values of that gas while the third stays the same. The three laws are:
The combined gas law shows how the three variables are related to each other. It says that:
The formula of the combined gas law is:
where:
To compare the same gas with two of these cases, the law can be written as:
By adding Avogadro's law to the combined gas law, we get what is called the ideal gas law.
Derivation from the gas laws.
Boyle's Law states that the pressure-volume product is constant:
Charles's Law shows that the volume is proportional to the absolute temperature:
Gay-Lussac's Law says that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature:
where "P" is the pressure, "V" the volume and "T" the absolute temperature of an ideal gas.
By combining (1) and either of (2) or (3), we can gain a new equation with "P", "V" and "T". If we divide equation (1) by temperature and multiply equation (2) by pressure we will get:
As the left-hand side of both equations is the same, we arrive at
which means that
Substituting in Avogadro's Law yields the ideal gas equation.
Applications.
The combined gas law can be used to explain the mechanics where pressure, temperature, and volume are affected. For example: air conditioners, refrigerators and the formation of clouds and also use in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.

= = = Kevin Shinick = = =
Kevin Shinick (19 March, 1969, Merrick, New York) is a voice actor, screenwriter and producer. He won an Emmy Award in 2010 for Outstanding Short-Format Animated Program for "Robot Chicken". Shenick is the creator, voice actor and producer of the comedy series Mad (TV series). He was also a writer for Robot Chicken.

= = = Bill English = = =
Sir Simon William "Bill" English (born 30 December 1961) is a New Zealand politician. He was the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 2016 to 2017 and the leader of the National Party. He was previously Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 to 2016.
At the 2017 general election, National won the largest share of the party vote (44.4%) and the largest number of seats (56) in the House Representatives.
However, National lacked enough seats to govern alone due to two of the party's support partners, the Māori Party and United Future, losing their parliamentary seats. In response, English announced that the party would be entering into talks to form a coalition with New Zealand First. However, on 19 October 2017, Jacinda Ardern became the next Prime Minister after Winston Peters announced he would enter a coalition government with Labour.

= = = Big data = = =
Big data is a term used for certain database systems. It is used for a number of technologies which help to organize, gather and analyse data. 
At least some of the following characteristics apply:
Use.
Big data is used to analyse different subjects. Through the analysis, new information can be gained. Bigger amounts of data make it easier to find reliable information. It is used in many different areas, such as government, health care, insurance, media, advertisement and information technology.
Origin.
The data is gathered among other things through:
Critique.
Big data has been criticised for different reasons. One prominent criticism is the increasing surveillance to gather data, which takes place in many new forms. Edward Snowden has revealed how the American National Security Agency (NSA) uses digital technology to spy on people around the world. Another prominent criticisms is data privacy, which is about the risk of sensitive personal data leaking because it is not protected well enough.
A more fundamental critique of big data is just because it is bigger, it is not automatically better. The quality of the data still has to be controlled. It also says that data analysis can only ask "what" is happening, but not "why" it is happening.

= = = European Women's Handball Championship = = =
The European Women's Handball Championship is the official competition for the women's national handball teams of Europe. It takes place every two years. In addition to crowning the European champions, the tournament is also a qualifying tournament for the Olympic Games and World Championship.
As of December 2014, the only teams that have ever won the championship are Norway (six times), Denmark (three times), Hungary and Montenegro (once). Denmark has hosted the most European Championships for three times, in 2010 Denmark was co-host with Norway.

= = = Thirunallar Saniswaran temple = = =
Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple or Dharbaranyeswarar Temple is a famous Hindu temple that is dedicated to Lord Shani or Lord Saturn. It is located in Thirunallar of Karaikal district in Puducherry Union territory, India. Another name of this temple is Dharbaranyeshwarar Temple. The main deity of the temple is Lord Shiva (Lord Dharbaranyeshwarar).
The temple and its significance.
The main deity Lord Shiva is said to be made with the "dharbha grass", from which the temple got its name of Dharbaranyeshwarar Temple. The temple also centers Lord Saniswaran or Lord Saturn as one of the main gods. The shrine of Thirunallar is famous for this lord. According to Hinduism, Lord Saniswaran resides in each rasi or zodiac sign for about two and half years. The temple is revered by hymns of the Shaiva poets like Appar, Sundarar and Sambandar. Therefore it is classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam or the shrine which was revered by hymns of the poets.

= = = Nagore = = =
Nagore is a town in the Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the important Islamic shrine in Tamil Nadu. Five centuries old Nagore Dargah is famous throughout the state.It attracts thousands of people daily. The total population of Nagore is 97,525. It is 12km away from Karaikal and 5 km away from district headquarters Nagapattinam.
The Nagore Kandhuri Festival is very famous throughout the region. The festival season in Nagore falls in the month of May.Nagore Dargah is famous because any religious people can gather in the religious site. It is the Common Religious Gathering Point of thousands of people visiting the place each day.
Nagore is also famous for sweets and fishes that are obtained from the coastal region of Nagore. The Nagore Railway station is one of the crowded railway station in that region, since thousands of devotees come through railway to the holy Dargah.

= = = Nellore = = =
Nellore is a city in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the banks of Penna River. It is the fourth most populous city in Andhra Pradesh. The city is well known for agriculture and aquaculture.It is the headquarters of the Nellore district. The total population of the city is 600,869.Density is 4000/km2.
The name is said to be taken from Purana that depicts, a linga under the Nelli tree(Amla or Indian gooseberry). From then the place is called as Nelli-ooru then the name emerged as Nellore. It is said that the city existed since the Mauryan dynasty.
The main economy of the city is based on agriculture and aquaculture. The main productive is Shrimp culturing.The Nellore city is located near the coastal region of Bay of Bengal.

= = = Protologism = = =
A protologism is a brand new word. Most people don't know about the word after its creation. Only a tiny group of people have ever used the word. Sometimes the coiner is the only person who has ever used the word. Sometimes people create protologisms because of a gap in the language.

= = = Riederalp = = =
Riederalp is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
On 1 November 2003, the former municipalities of Goppisberg, Greich and Ried-Mörel merged into the new municipality of Riederalp.

= = = Steg, Valais = = =
Steg was a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Steg and Hohtenn merged into the new municipality of Steg-Hohtenn.

= = = Tirupati = = =
Tirupati is a city in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is a municipal corporation and headquarters of Tirupati revenue division and Tirupati mandal (taluk). As of the census of 2011, Tirupati is the 9th most populous city in Andhra Pradesh with the total population of 287,482. Population of the urban agglomeration of Tirupati is 459,985.
Tirupati has one of the most visited tourist attraction as well as religious shrine and the second richest temple in the world, the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. This temple is one of the holiest Hindu pilgrimage sites. Because of this temple, Tirupati is considered as "the Spiritual capital of Andhra Pradesh".
Tirupati is mainly world renowned for the holy temple as well as its prasadham, the Tirupati Laddu. The Tirupati Laddu is a famous naivedhyam or prasadham offered to devotees in the Tirumala Venkateshwara Temple.The other attractions here are the Padmavathi Temple, Govindaraja Temple, Kapileshwara Temple, Kapila Theertham, and Sri Kodhandaramaswami Temple.The second largest zoo park in Asia is the Venkateshwara Zoological Park, which is located in Tirupati.

= = = Chittoor = = =
Chittoor is a city and district headquarters of the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is the headquarters of the Chittoor mandal and Chittoor revenue division. Telugu is the widely spoken language in this region. The total population of Chittoor city was 353,766 as of the 2011 Census of India.
The total area of the city is .
The main attraction in this city is the Chandragiri Fort.
Nara Chandrababu Naidu was born in Chittoor. He is the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and the leader of the Telugu Desam Party.

= = = Ajmer = = =
Ajmer is a city in Rajasthan, India. Ajmer is the headquarters of the Ajmer district. The city was established as "Ajayameru" by a Chahamana ruler, either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II, and served as their capital until the 12th century CE. 
Ajmer is surrounded by the Aravalli Mountains. Ajmer had been a municipality since 1869. Ajmer has been selected as one of the heritage cities for the HRIDAY and Smart City Mission schemes of the Government of India.
Tourism.
The main tourist places here are the Ajmer Sharif, Taragarh Fort, Soniji Ki Nasiyan, Nareli Jain Temple and many attracts tourists. The Pushkar Lake is located 11km away from Ajmer.

= = = Arrondissements of the Aube department = = =
There are 3 arrondissements in the Aube department.
The arrondissements of Aube are:
History.
Since its creation, the Aube department has had few changes:

= = = Arrondissement of Bar-sur-Aube = = =
The arrondissement of Bar-sur-Aube is an arrondissement of France, in the Aube department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Bar-sur-Aube.
History.
When the Aube department was created in 1800, the "arrondissement" of Bar-sur-Aube was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Bar-sur-Aube is in the east of the Aube department. It is bordered to the north by the Marne department, to the east and southeast by the Haute-Marne department and to the southwest and west by the Troyes "arrondissement".
The "arrondissement" of Bar-sur-Aube is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area of , and it is also the "arrondissement" with fewest inhabitants (28,733 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are only 3 cantons in the arrondissement of Bar-sur-Aube; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Aube has 104 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Seine = = =
The arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Seine is an arrondissement of France. It is in the Aube department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Nogent-sur-Seine.
History.
When the Aube department was created in 1800, the "arrondissement" of Nogent-sur-Seine was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Nogent-sur-Seine is in the northwest of the Aube department. It is bordered to the north by the Marne department, to the east by the Troyes "arrondissement", to the south by the Yonne department and to the west by the Seine-et-Marne department.
The "arrondissement" of Nogent-sur-Seine has an area of and a population of 54,177 inhabitants.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are 5 cantons in the arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Seine; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Nogent-sur-Seine has 80 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = Arrondissement of Troyes = = =
The arrondissement of Troyes is an arrondissement of France, in the Aube department, Grand Est region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Troyes.
History.
When the Aube department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Troyes was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Troyes is in the middle of the Aube department. It is bordered to the north by the Marne department, to the east by the Bar-sur-Aube "arrondissement", to the south by the Côte-d'Or department, to the southwest by the Yonne department and to the west by the Nogent-sur-Seine "arrondissement".
The "arrondissement" of Troyes is the largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, with , and in population, with 225,184 inhabitants.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are 14 cantons in the arrondissement of Troyes; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Troyes has 247 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:

= = = A14 road (Great Britain) = = =
The A14 is a major road in England. It is a trunk road which runs roughly east to west, from the Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk to the junction of the M1 and M6 motorways near Rugby, Warwickshire. Along the way, it crosses the ancient main north-south route of Watling Street, now the A1.
The road forms part of the Trans European Road Network, and runs mostly through Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.
It is part of unsigned Euroroutes E24 and E30.

= = = Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple = = =
The Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple is the Hindu temple in Karaikal of Pondicherry Union territory, India. It is dedicated to goddess Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars of Shaiva. She is one of the renowned goddess in Karaikal.The earliest findings of Carnatic Music poetry were told to be sung by Karaikal Ammaiyar in praise of Lord Shiva in Thiruvalangadu, a village.
History.
The temple of Karaikal Ammaiyar was constructed by Malaiperumal Pillai in the year 1929. Malaiperumal Pillai was born in Karaikal in the year 1890 and dead in 1937.The Ammaiyar temple has the sanctums for goddess Karaikal Ammaiyar, Lord Somanathar (Lord Shiva) & Lord Vinayaka.
Important festivals.
The mangani (Mango) festival celebrated is the most famous festival in Karaikal.On the month of Aani(June-July), this festival is celebrated every year. This was since Lord Shiva in procession as Bikshatadanamurthi came to the world begging. In Karaikal, Ammaiyar gave him a mango and curd rice. The festival is considered spiritual because it is said that the women participating in the festival and eating the mango thrown, will be given the boon of child.

= = = Kadapa = = =
Kadapa is a city in Rayalseema region of Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is the headquarters of the Kadapa district.The city is said to be nicknamed "Gadapa" (threshold), as it is the gateway to the sacred Tirumala hills from the west. The city is surrounded by Nallamala and Palakonda hills.The city is known for its spicy and culinary food.
Kadapa is one of the fastest growing cities in Andhra Pradesh. As of the 2011 Census of India, the city had a population of 344,078. The literacy rate of the city is 79.34%. Telugu is the widely spoken language in Kadapa. English, Hindi and Urdu are the other languages that are spoken in Kadapa.
For transportation, Kadapa has its own airport and railway stations. Kadapa Airport is a domestic airport. The Mumbai-Chennai line, one of the busiest railway line passes through Kadapa Railway station .

= = = Vadodara = = =
Vadodara is the Second largest city in Gujarat, India. It used to be called Baroda. It is the administrative capital or headquarters of Vadodara district in Gujarat. The city is on the banks of Vishwamitri River. The city is famous for Lakshmi Vilas Palace, an excellent architectural palace. It is also the place for the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (Vadodara), the largest university in the state.
The city is an important place of industrial, educational and cultural centre in India. Vadodara has its own airport. The Vadodara Airport has good connectivity with Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and other main airports. An international terminal was built and was inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi in 2016. Vadodara Railway Station is one of the busiest railway station in Gujarat. It deals with about 150 trains daily.
As of the 2011 census, Vadodara metropolitan area had a population of 3,565,771. Gujarati, Urdu, Marathi and Hindi are the widely spoken languages in Vadodara. Vadodara has the oldest cricket ground in Asia, the Moti Baug Stadium. Vadodara is the birthplace of cricketers like Yusuf Pathan, Irfan Pathan, Nayan Mongia, Deepak Hooda, Hardik Pandya, Krunal Pandya, Ambati Rayudu and Kiran More.

= = = Vijayawada = = =
Vijayawada is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is on the banks of Krishna River. Vijayawada is a municipal corporation and headquarters of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority and Vijayawada mandal. It is also known as the business capital of Andhra Pradesh. This is because it is one of the major trading and business center of the state.
Vijayawada is the second largest city after the Visakhapatnam port city, in Andhra Pradesh. The city is recognised as the Global City of the Future by "McKinsey Quarterly". According to the 2011 census the total population of the city is 1,034,358. The urban area population is 1,476,931. The literacy rate of the city is 82.59%.
Vijayawada Railway station is an important junction in the south central railway zone. Vijayawada Airport is well connected with nearby cities such as Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and Kadapa.

= = = Vellore = = =
Vellore is an important city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the headquarters of Vellore district. It is located on the banks of Palar River.The area of Vellore covers about 87km2.The total population of Vellore city is 423,425 as per 2001 census.Vellore is the base place where two of India's top 10 educational institutions located.They are:Christian Medical College Hospital and VIT University.
Vellore region is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Vellore leather accounts for more than 37% of the country's export of leather and leather-related products. 
Vellore Fort, Science Park, Vainu Bappu Observatory, Amirthi Zoological Park, Religious places such as Jalakandeswarar Temple, Srilakshmi Golden Temple, Big Mosque and St. John's Church and Yelagiri Hill station are the top tourist attractions in and around Vellore.

= = = Warangal = = =
Warangal is a city in Telangana, India. It is the headquarters of Warangal district in Telengana. Warangal is the second largest city after Hyderabad by both area as well as population. 811,844 people live in Warangal.
Warangal is one of 12 heritage cities in the country chosen for Scheme HRIDAY – Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana by Government of India. It is also selected as a smart city in the "fast-track competition", so it may get additional investment to improve the urban infrastructure and industrial opportunities under Smart Cities Mission.
Warangal was the capital of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1195 CE until that ruling family was defeated by the Delhi Sultanate in 1323. The city was then renamed as Sultanpur. After the Telangana movement, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014, Warangal became part of Telangana State. Bhadrakali Lake and Waddepally Lake are the two famous lakes are the major sources of drinking water.

= = = James Gillray = = =
James Gillray (13 August 1756 or 1757 – 1 June 1815) was a British caricaturist and printmaker. He was famous for his cartoons. They were etched political and social satires, mainly published between 1792 and 1810.
Gillray has been called "the father of the political cartoon". He satirized George III, prime ministers and generals. He was one of the two most influential cartoonists of that time: the other was William Hogarth. Gillray's wit and humour, knowledge of life, and fine drawing, gave him the first place among caricaturists.
The name of Gillray's publisher and print seller was Miss Hannah Humphrey. Her shop is always associated with the caricaturist. Gillray lived with Miss (often called Mrs) Humphrey for the entire period of his fame.
Although he satirized George III as "Farmer George", his main target was the gluttonous Prince of Wales (later George IV). Napoleon was another favourite target. Gillray was especially hard on the rich, the famous and the most powerful people.
Many of his prints were sent to Germany and reprinted in the magasine London und Paris.

= = = The Elf on the Shelf = = =
The Elf on the Shelf: A Christmas Tradition is a 2004 children's picture book. It was written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell. The book was illustrated by Coë Steinwart. It tells a Christmas-themed story, written in rhyme. The story explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and who is nice. It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve, after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season.

= = = Debutante = = =
A debutante is a young woman who is first introduced into society. In former times, these young ladies would be part of nobility, or the upper class. Originally, the term meant the young person was now old enough to be married. The purpose of the coming out was to display her to eligible bachelors and their families. The term comes from French, and can be translated as "beginner". 
In those days, a young lady of quality could not meet anyone unless they were introduced to her. This introduction could happen at an event (such as a ball) which was part of the 'season'. In the United Kingdom there was a formal presentation of the debutants to the monarch at the Royal Court (abolished by the present Queen Elizabeth II in 1957). According to the peerage guide Debrett's, the traditional social season runs from April to August. The dress code for debutantes is traditionally a pure white ball gown and white evening gloves.

= = = Fentanyl = = =
Fentanyl (sometimes spelled fentanil) is a synthetic opioid that is used as a painkiller. It also acts as a sedative. It has a short duration of action and works rapidly. The two most common forms are patches that are put on the skin, and an intravenous solution. Paul Janssen developed Fentanyl in 1960. It is about 120 times as potent as morphine; this means much less Fentanyl is needed to get the same effect. 
The effects of the intravenous solution can be seen after three to five minutes. In about twelve hours, the concentration in the bloodstream will have halved. 
Many deaths have resulted from its improper use. Fentanyl has a relatively wide therapeutic index (270) which makes it a very safe surgical anesthetic when monitored carefully. Because it is so potent, finding the right dose to use requires great care: Fentanyl comes as a highly diluted solution. There is also a powder, but its use is impractical without advanced scientific equipment: The effective dose needed and a lethal dose of fentanyl powder placed next to each other would be difficult or impossible to differentiate with the naked eye.
Non-medical use of fentanyl by people without opioid tolerance can be very dangerous and has resulted in many deaths. Even people with opiate tolerance are at high risk of overdoses. Fentanyl is used as a recreational drug. This has led to thousands of overdose deaths each year from 2000 to 2015. It is now "the leading cause of death for young adults in the US". It is also the main cause of death in British Columbia for people aged between 10 and 59. 
Most of it comes from Mexico. As it is so powerful the quantities are very small. All the fentanyl needed to supply the US for a year weighs about 5 tonnes. This makes it hard to stop. Very few people are needed to make it. Heroin is not used so much now because fentanyl is more profitable. It has not spread much outside North America.

= = = Aube (river) = = =
The Aube is a river in France. It is a right tributary of the Seine. The Aube department is named after the river.
Geography.
The Aube river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of . 
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Arcis-sur-Aube in the Aube department.
Course.
The source of the Aube river is in the Langres Plateau, in the "commune" of Praslay, at an altitude of about , in the Haute-Marne department.
The Aube river flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 80 "communes". It flows through the following "communes", among others:
Finally, it flows into the Seine river in the town of Marcilly-sur-Seine in the Marne department.
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries of the Aube river are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:

= = = Terza rima = = =
Terza rima is a three-line rhyme scheme of Italian origin. The first line rhymes with the third one. The second line is free and can rhyme with a line in the next strophe. 
Terza rima occurs in sonnets. Sonnets are often composed of two quatrains and two terza rimas, for example abba abba cdc dcd. This scheme can be found in many Italian, Spanish and Portuguese sonnets. This sonnet by the 16th century Portuguese poet Francisco de Sá de Miranda is a good example.
<poem>
"O sol é grande, caem co’a calma as aves,"
"do tempo em tal sazão, que sói ser fria;"
"esta água que d’alto cai acordar-m’-ia"
"do sono não, mas de cuidados graves."
"Ó cousas, todas vãs, todas mudaves,"
"qual é tal coração qu’em vós confia?"
"Passam os tempos vai dia trás dia,"
"incertos muito mais que ao vento as naves."
"Eu vira já aqui sombras, vira flores,"
"vi tantas águas, vi tanta verdura,"
"as aves todas cantavam d’amores."
"Tudo é seco e mudo; e, de mestura,"
"também mudando-m’eu fiz doutras cores:"
"e tudo o mais renova, isto é sem cura!" 
</poem>
Usually terza rimas are linked to each other making long chain-like sequences. There is an extra line at the end of the sequence. The scheme of rhymes is: aba bcb cdc ded... xyx yzy z. Terza rimas are suitable for long poems. The best known example is The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri. Perhaps every child in Italy knows these lines by heart.
<poem>
"Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita"
"mi ritrovai per una selva oscura,"
"ché la diritta via era smarrita." 
"Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura"
"esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte"
"che nel pensier rinova la paura!" 
"Tant’è amara che poco è più morte;"
"ma per trattar del ben ch’i’ vi trovai,"
"dirò de l’altre cose ch’i’ v’ ho scorte." 
</poem>
Spanish poet Bernardo de Balbuena, who lived in Mexico, wrote a long poem in terza rima named "Grandeza mexicana"
<poem>
"Oh tú, heroica beldad, saber profundo,"
"que por milagro puesta a los mortales"
"en todo fuiste la última del mundo;"
"criada en los desiertos arenales,"
"sobre que el mar del sur resaca y quiebra"
"nácar lustroso y perlas orientales;"
"do haciendo a tu valor notoria quiebra,"
"el tiempo fue tragando con su llama"
"tu rico estambre y su preciosa hebra;"
</poem>
In Britain Robert Browning used terza rima in "The Statue and the Bust":
<poem>
"There’s a palace in Florence, the world knows well," 
"And a statue watches it from the square," 
"And this story of both do the townsmen tell." 
"Ages ago, a lady there," 
"At the furthest window facing the east," 
"Asked, “Who rides by with the royal air?”' 
"The bridesmaids’ prattle around her ceased:"
"She leaned forth, one on either hand;" 
"They saw how the blush of the bride increased."
</poem>
Percy Bysshe Shelley invented a sonnet built of fout terza rimas and a couplet. It rhymes aba bcb cdc ded ee. Shelley used it in "Ode to the Western Wind". It consists of five sonnets. Let us look at the first one.
<poem>
"O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,"
"Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead"
"Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,"
"Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,"
"Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,"
"Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed"
"The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,"
"Each like a corpse within its grave, until"
"Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow"
"Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill"
"(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)"
"With living hues and odours plain and hill:"
"Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;"
"Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!"
</poem> American poet Robert Frost in his poem "Acquainted with the Night" used aba bcb cdc dad aa scheme.
Jan Kasprowicz, who translated Shelley's poem into Polish, used this scheme in a work by his own. It is called "Cisza wieczorna". ("Evening Silence").
Another form composed of terza rimas is a villanelle. It is made up of nineteen lines. It rhymes according to the scheme aba aba aba aba aba abaa. An example is "Do not go gentle into that good night" by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.

= = = Therapeutic index = = =
The therapeutic index is a number that tells how safe it is to use a drug. It is found by dividing two numbers: the dose needed so that half of all people show the wanted result and the dose which will kill half of them.

= = = Geodetic datum = = =
A geodetic datum is used to locate a given position when using a set of reference, such as a map. That way a set of coordinates might reference an exact location on the map. 

= = = Sic semper tyrannis = = =
Sic semper tyrannis is a Latin phrase attributed to Marcus Junius Brutus, one of the people who assassinated Julius Caesar. It can be translated as "Thus always to tyrants". John Wilkes Booth is believed to have said the phrase after assassinating Abraham Lincoln.
It is also the motto of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

= = = Karl Ernst von Baer = = =
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer, Edler von Huthorn (; – ) was an Estonian scientist and explorer. Baer is also known in Russia as Karl Maksimovich Baer ().
Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and a founding father of embryology.
He was an explorer of European Russia and Scandinavia. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society, and the first president of the Russian Entomological Society.

= = = European Russia = = =
Russia is a country that is in both in Europe and Asia. About twenty-five percent of the area is in Europe, and seventy-five percent is in Asia. 
By population, about 110 million of the 144 million people, or 80%, live in the European part. The European part makes up 40 % of the surface of Europe. In the European part of Russia, there are 27.5 people per square kilometer. The Asian part (Siberia) has 20 % of the population, which means there are 2.5 people per square kilometer. 
The two biggest cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg are in the European part. Moscow is big, with a population of 12.9 million people.

= = = Foreign and Commonwealth Office = = =
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (or Foreign Office) is a ministry of the Government of the United Kingdom. Its job it is to protect British interests around the world.
The minister responsible is known as the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, which is usually shortened to "Foreign Secretary". This position is one of the four most important in the government's Cabinet. David Cameron is the current Foreign Secretary of the UK.

= = = École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique = = =
The École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the "Futuroscope".
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSMA.
Research labs.
Research activities at ENSMA relate to the following topics:

= = = Steg-Hohtenn = = =
Steg-Hohtenn is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
History.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hohtenn and Steg merged into the new municipality of Steg-Hohtenn.

= = = Fuller House (TV series) = = =
Fuller House is an American television sitcom. This is the sequel to "Full House", which aired on ABC from 1987 to 1995. The show looks at Donna Josephine "D.J." Tanner, now a widowed mother of three sons living in San Francisco.
Most of the original "Full House" series cast members returned to play the same characters in "Fuller House". They have made guest appearances or have returned to their original acting roles. Candace Cameron Bure plays D.J. Tanner. Jodie Sweetin plays Stephanie. The sister of widowed mom of three and the cool aunt of Tommy jr, Max and Jackson. Andrea Barber plays Kimmy. The best friend of D.J who later moves in with her daughter Ramona Gibbler. Her husband Fernando moves in in a later episode.
The series began on February 26, 2016 on Netflix. On March 2, 2016, a second season was ordered.

= = = Italian Renaissance = = =
The Italian Renaissance ( ) was the earliest beginning of the general European Renaissance. It was a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century. It lasted into the 17th century, marking the gradual change between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The term "renaissance" is a modern one that was first used in 1858 by French historian Jules Michelet. The Italian renaissance was a period of gradual change. Some parts can be traced back to the earlier part of the 14th century. Other parts did not happen until the end of the century. The French word "renaissance" ("Rinascimento" in Italian) means "Rebirth". The era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiquity. While it started as a humanist movement it spread to other areas including science, religion, art and exploration. During this period William Shakespeare wrote his plays, Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa, and Martin Luther had started a new religious movement. It saw Christopher Columbus discover the Americas and Johannes Gutenberg introduced printing to Europe. The Italian "rebirth" gradually spread into Northern Europe. As it moved northward, it changed into less a classical movement and more into a religious movement. 

= = = Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite = = =
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is a NASA space telescope searching for planets outside of the Solar System. Like the Kepler (spacecraft), it is using occultation to find these extrasolar planets but is searching a larger part of the sky. 
TESS was launched on April 18, 2018 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Full Thrust rocket from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The total value of the launch services contract is US$87 million. SpaceX was awarded the launch in December 2014. As of November 2022 it had found 273 confirmed exoplanets and 4079 possible ones that need further investigation.
Orbit.
"TESS" is orbiting the Earth with a period of about 14 days, which is half of the period of the Moon. The orbit is highly elliptical, closer to the Earth at some points but very far at other times. "TESS" has four high-resolution cameras and continuously takes photos of the sky. It sends the photos to the laboratory on Earth which makes them available to scientists to study. Members of the public, like astronomy hobbyists and enthusiasts, can also download and see the photos.
The main purpose of "TESS" is to find planets around other stars. Such planets, when they are orbiting around their stars, partially cover the stars and make them not as bright half of the time. This is called occultation. 
"TESS" satellite is small, about in size, with the solar panel span of . It weighed at launch.

= = = Barron Hilton = = =
William Barron Hilton (October 23, 1927 – September 19, 2019) was an American business magnate, socialite, and hotel heir.
He was the son and successor of hotel pioneer Conrad Hilton. He created a record in business and philanthropy that was like his famous father's.
He was the retired chairman, president and chief executive officer of Hilton Hotels Corporation, and chairman emeritus of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. Hilton was also a founding partner of the American Football League and the original owner of the San Diego Chargers.
Hilton died at his Bel-Air, Los Angeles home on September 19, 2019 of natural causes at the age of 91.

= = = Machine learning = = =
Machine learning gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed (Arthur Samuel, 1959). It is a subfield of computer science.
The idea came from work in artificial intelligence. Machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms which can learn and make predictions on data. Such algorithms follow programmed instructions, but can also make predictions or decisions based on data. They build a model from sample inputs.
Machine learning is done where designing and programming explicit algorithms cannot be done. Examples include spam filtering, detection of network intruders or malicious insiders working towards a data breach, optical character recognition (OCR), search engines and computer vision.
Using machine learning has risks. Some algorithms create a final model which is a black box. Models have been criticized for biases in hiring, criminal justice, and recognizing faces.
Overview.
Learning algorithms try to predict what will happen in the future with patterns from the past. These predictions can be obvious: for example, if the sun rose for the past 10,000 days, it will probably rise again. These predictions can also be more complex. An example of a complex prediction is facial recognition (knowing who someone is by looking at face).
Machine learning programs can do things that is hasn't been told to do by a programmer. Machine learning programs will be shown some patterns. These patterns will be an input (such as a question) and an output (the answer to the question). Then, the machine learning program will predict the output based on the input. Machine learning isn't always necessary. Computers can do simple tasks by being told instructions. However, sometimes there are a lot of things that control the output. Then, it is hard for a human to tell the computer all of the instructions. It is sometimes easier to tell the computer how to teach itself.
There are a lot of different ways to tell the computer to teach itself. When a problem has a lot of answers, different answers can be marked as valid. This is used to form data that the computer is trained with. One example of training data is the data. The MNIST data has images of handwritten numbers. The computer can learn to identify handwritten numbers using the MNIST data. 

= = = Arrondissements of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department = = =
There are 4 arrondissements in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Meurthe-et-Moselle are:
History.
Since its creation om 1871, the Meurthe-et-Moselle department has had few changes:

= = = Indian Act = = =
The Indian Act ("An Act respecting Indians"), is a Canadian statute that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves. It was first passed in 1876 and is still in force with amendments. It is the primary document which governs how the Canadian state interacts with the 614 First Nation bands in Canada and their members. Throughout its long history, the Act has been an ongoing source of controversy. It has been interpreted in many ways by both aboriginal and non-aboriginal Canadians. The legislation has been amended many times, including "over twenty major changes" made by 2002.

= = = Mark-Paul Gosselaar = = =
Mark-Paul Gosselaar (born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is well-known for his roles on television. He played Zack Morris on "Saved by the Bell". He also played the detective John Clark on ABC's "NYPD Blue".
Gosselaar was born in the Los Angeles area of California.

= = = Arrondissement of Briey = = =
The arrondissement of Briey is an arrondissement of France, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Briey.
History.
When the Meurthe-et-Moselle department was created in 1871, the "arrondissement" of Briey was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Briey is the most northern of the "arrondissements" of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, in the panhandle. It is bordered to the northwest by Belgium, to the northeast by Luxembourg, to the east by the Moselle department, to the southeast by the "arrondissement" of Nancy, to the southwest by the "arrondissement" of Toul and to the west by the Meuse department.
The "arrondissement" of Briey has an area of . It is the smallest "arrondissement" but the second in population (164,589 inhabitants).
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are 6 cantons in the arrondissement of Briey; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Briey has 130 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux = = =
École nationale supérieure des mines d'Albi-Carmaux is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Toulouse Tech (Southern France).
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Mines Albi.
Research labs.
Research activities at Mines Albi relate to the following topics:

= = = Arrondissement of Lunéville = = =
The arrondissement of Lunéville is an arrondissement of France, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Lunéville.
History.
When the Meurthe-et-Moselle department was created in 1871, the "arrondissement" of Lunéville was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Lunéville is in the southeast of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department. It is bordered to the north and east by the Moselle department, to the southeast by the Bas-Rhin department (a short border), to the south by the Vosges department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Nancy.
The "arrondissement" of Lunéville has an area of and a population of 79,567 inhabitants.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are only 3 cantons in the arrondissement of Lunéville; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Lunéville has 164 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = Arrondissement of Nancy = = =
The arrondissement of Nancy is an arrondissement of France, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Nancy.
History.
When the Meurthe-et-Moselle department was created in 1871, the "arrondissement" of Nancy was part of that original department.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Nancy is in the middle of the southern part of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department. It is bordered to the north by the Moselle department, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Lunéville, to the south by the Vosges department, to the west by the "arrondissement" of Toul and to the northwest by the "arrondissement" of Briey.
The "arrondissement" of Nancy has an area of and a population of 417,430 inhabitants.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are only 16 cantons in the arrondissement of Nancy; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Nancy has 188 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = Lady Jane Grey (poem) = = =
"Lady Jane Grey" is an English epic poem by Francis Hodgson. It was published in 1809. It tells about the life and death of Lady Jane Grey.
The hero.
Jane Grey, known as "The Nine Days Queen", was a great-granddaughter of the king Henry VII, father of Henry VIII. When Henry VIII's son and successor Edward VI died, the crown of England was offered to her. She was however soon put in prison by Queen Mary I of England, called "Bloody Mary". She was sentenced to death. She had her head cut off in the Tower of London. She was seventeen years old at the time.
The author.
Francis Hodgson was an English romantic poet. He was born in 1781. He was a friend of Lord Byron. He was known as a translator. He translated into English many works by Roman poets. He died in 1852.
The form.
The poem is written in iambic pentameter put in heroic couplets. Such form was typical for English poetry in 18th century.
<poem>
"Through these low grounds of sorrow, toil and strife,"
"As runs the troubled stream of human life,"
"Why should the poor laborious crowd repine?"
"For wealth, for honour, lovely Jane were thine,"
"Yet my sad tale examplifies in thee,"
"How equal are our shares of misery"
"Or in the highest, or the humblest lot,"
"The king's proud palace, or the straw-roof'd cot."
</poem>
Reviews.
The poem was reviewed in "The Satirist: Or, Monthly Meteor" and "The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine Or Monthly Political and Literary Censor".

= = = Chigger = = =
A chigger is a small, parasitic mite which lives in tall grass. It is a member of a larger family known as the Trombiculidae. 
The species of Trombiculidae which bite in their larval stage cause "intense irritation", or "a wheal, usually with severe itching and dermatitis". 
Their color can range from bright red to brown. Chiggers are almost too small to see with the naked eye, so checking grass for them is near impossible. Chigger bites appear 2-3 hours after a host is bitten, and can last for a few weeks. They bite in hot, moist places, such as the armpits, under the knees, and the genitals.
Trombiculidae live in forests and grasslands and in low, damp areas such as woodlands, berry bushes, orchards, along lakes and streams. It does live in drier places, such as lawns, golf courses, and parks. They are most numerous in early summer when grass, weeds, and other vegetation are heaviest. 
In their larval stage they attach to various animals and feed on skin, often causing itching. 
The best known species of chigger in North America is the hard-biting "Trombicula alfreddugesi" of the southeastern United States, humid midwest and Mexico. In the UK, the most common chigger, the "harvest mite", is "Trombicula autumnalis". It lives through Western Europe to Eastern Asia.

= = = Arrondissement of Toul = = =
The arrondissement of Toul is an arrondissement of France, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Toul.
History.
When the Meurthe-et-Moselle department was created in 1871, the "arrondissement" of Toul was part of that original department. In 1926, it was eliminated but became again an "arrondissement" in 1943.
Geography.
The "arrondissement" of Toul is most western of the southern part of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Briey, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Nancy, to the south by the Vosges department and to the west by the Meuse department. It has an small exclave to the southeast of the "arrondissement" of Briey.
The "arrondissement" of Toul has an area of and a population of 69,418 inhabitants, the "arrondissement" with fewest inhabitants in the department.
Composition.
Cantons.
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".
There are only 5 cantons in the arrondissement of Toul; they are:
Communes.
The "arrondissement" of Toul has 112 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

= = = Mick Mulvaney = = =
John Michael "Mick" Mulvaney (born July 21, 1967) is an American politician. Mulvaney was the United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland from 2020 to 2021. He was the 44th Director of the Office of Management and Budget from February 16, 2017 to March 2020. He was the U.S. Representative for from 2011 through 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. Mulvaney served as a member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 16th district (Lancaster and York Counties), from 2009 to 2011.
He is the first Republican to represent South Carolina's 5th district since 1883. On December 16, 2016, it was reported that Presidential-Elect Donald Trump has selected Mulvaney as Director of the Office of Management and Budget. On February 16, 2017, the Senate confirmed him, 51-49.
In November 2017, Trump controversially appointed Mulvaney as Acting Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
On December 14, 2018, Trump hired Mulvaney as White House Chief of Staff-designate in an acting capacity.
In March 2020, President Trump nominated Mulvaney to be United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. In January 2021, Mulvaney resigned as Special Envoy for Northern Ireland following the storming of the U.S. Capitol.
Early life.
Mulvaney was born in Alexandria, Virginia. He grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina, before moving to Indian Land, South Carolina. He studied at Charlotte Catholic High School and then Georgetown University.
U.S. House of Representatives (2011–2017).
Elections.
Mulvaney ran against Democratic incumbent John Spratt for . The race was highlighted by Mitt Romney's Free and Strong America PAC's "Take Congress Back: 10 in '10" initiative as one of the top 10 House challenger races. He defeated Spratt, who had held the seat since 1983, with 55% of the vote.
Mulvaney won re-election to a second term, by defeating Democrat Joyce Knott 56%–44%. He won re-election to a third term, by defeating Democrat Tom Adams, a Fort Mill Town Council member, 59%–41%. Mulvaney was re-elected to a fourth term, winning over 59% of the vote.
Tenure.
Mulvaney aligned himself with the Tea Party movement. On December 10, 2013, Republican Representative Paul Ryan and Democratic Senator Patty Murray announced that they had negotiated the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, a proposed two-year budget deal. In 2015, Mulvaney voted against a government-funding resolution, in part because it included funding for Planned Parenthood. Mulvaney opposed gun control initiatives.
In September 2015, Mulvaney endorsed Kentucky Senator Rand Paul in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries.
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (2017–2020).
On December 16, 2016, Mulvaney was announced to have been chosen by President-elect Donald Trump to be the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
Mulvaney's nomination as Director-designate was reviewed in hearings held by the members of the United States Senate Committee on the Budget and the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs then presented to the full Senate for a vote. On February 16, 2017, the Senate confirmed Mulvaney, 51-49.
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau controversy.
Trump appointed Mulvaney to serve as Acting Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Many believe that Trump cannot appoint an Interim director. The dispute has arisen over whether Mulvaney can be so-named under the FVRA or whether a provision of the Dodd-Frank Act controls, which would make the deputy director, currently Leandra English, acting director of the CFPB instead.
The Senate may also resolve the dispute by confirming a permanent replacement once nominated by the President. On November 28, 2017, a federal judge ruled in Trump's favor to allow Mulvaney to serve as CFRB Acting Director.
Acting White House Chief of Staff (2019–2020).
On December 14, 2018, Donald Trump named Mulvaney as his acting White House Chief of Staff, replacing John F. Kelly. He was sworn-in on January 2, 2019. He was replaced by Mark Meadows in March 2020.
Special Envoy to Northern Ireland (2020–2021).
After leaving his Chief of Staff post, Mulvaney was named Special Envoy for Northern Ireland, a role which had last been held by Gary Hart. His swearing-in was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which also prevented him from making a planned trip to Northern Ireland as envoy.
He was sworn in via virtual FaceTime call on May 1, 2020. He resigned on January 7, 2021.
Personal life.
Mulvaney has two siblings. He married his wife Pamela West in 1998. They have triplets. He is a Roman Catholic.

= = = Charles Zwick = = =
Charles John Zwick (July 17, 1926 – April 20, 2018) was an American civil servant. He served as director of the United States' Office of Management and Budget from January 29, 1968 until January 21, 1969 under the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson.
Zwick died of cancer on April 20, 2018 in Coral Gables, Florida at the age of 91.

= = = Series and parallel circuits = = =
Two types of electrical circuits are the series circuit, and the parallel circuit.
Series Circuit.
In a series circuit, the electrical current is only able to flow around a single path. The current will flow from a power source, such as a battery, into one or more electrical loads, such as a light bulb, and then back to the power source. In a series circuit, the same amount of amperage from the power source flows through each load. The voltage in a series circuit is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads on a series circuit stops working, the current will not be able to flow through the rest of the circuit, and the rest of the loads will also stop working.
Parallel circuit.
In a parallel circuit, the electrical current may flow along multiple paths before returning to the power source. The Voltage in a parallel circuit is the same across all of the loads in the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the amperage is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads in a parallel circuit stops working, the other loads in parallel will be able to continue to work. The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same on all the loads.

= = = Assassination of Andrei Karlov = = =
On 19 December 2016, Russian diplomat Andrei Karlov was shot dead during an exhibition in Ankara, Turkey. He was shot dead by an assailant who was angry about Russian involvement in Syria and the deaths of civilians in Aleppo.

= = = Chromebook = = =
A Chromebook is a laptop that uses the Linux-based Chrome OS as its operating system. 
It uses the internet. Most applications and data are in the "cloud". A Chromebook is an example of a thin client. It is a lightweight computer which uses remote access to a server. It depends heavily on another computer (its server) to do its computation.
In March 2018, Acer and Google announced the creation of the first Chromebook tablet: the Chromebook Tab 10. This device was to compete with the market for discount Apple iPad tablets in the education market. The Tab 10 screen (9.7 inches, 2048 x 1536 resolution) was identical to that of the iPad. The device includes a stylus. Neither device included a keyboard.
In March 2020, following the COVID-19 pandemic, many schools used Chromebooks to do school online, and put apps onto it like Google Meet and Zoom. 30 million Chromebooks were bought by schools in 2020 alone because of it. Some schools used iPads, but since they are too expensive for other schools, they use Chromebooks instead.

= = = Gavialis = = =
Gavialis is a genus of crocodylians that includes the living gharial "Gavialis gangeticus" and several extinct species.

= = = Andrei Karlov = = =
Andrei Gennadyevich Karlov (; 4 February 1954 – 19 December 2016) was a Russian diplomat. He served as the Russian Ambassador to Turkey from 12 July 2013 until his death. He also served as Russia's ambassador to North Korea from 9 July 2001 to 20 December 2006. He was born in Moscow.
Karlov, 62, was shot and killed on 19 December 2016 in Ankara, Turkey. His killer, 22-year-old Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş, was killed by security forces.

= = = Jackson's Valley Campaign = = =
Jackson's Valley Campaign, also known as the 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign, was a campaign conducted in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley in the spring of 1862 during the American Civil War. It was led by a relatively unknown Confederate General, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. His success in this campaign made him one of the most famous Southern generals. Jackson marched his army up and down the Shenandoah Valley for ten weeks. During that time, his army fought in five battles, winning four of them. He defeated three different Union armies. His movements tied down 70,000 Union soldiers, a force four times larger than his own. These soldiers were needed by Union general George B. McClellan for his Peninsula Campaign. Jackson's brilliant Valley Campaign is ranked among the great masterpieces of military strategy. Jackson's campaign is still studied at the United States Military Academy at West Point.
Background.
After a series of victories in the West, the Union Army of the Potomac launched a major offensive on the Virginia Peninsula. Their goal was to take Richmond, the Confederate States' capital. The Union was expecting a similar victory that could quickly end the war. In Virginia, the Union army now controlled the western part of the state. They established armies in Fredericksburg and in the lower Shenandoah Valley. While the Shenandoah Valley was important to both sides, it was far more important to the Confederacy. Its geography provided a natural corridor which Confederate armies could use to attack the North. It also provided a safe refuge when the same armies needed to move south again. The Shenandoah Valley was most important because its crops fed the Confederate armies.
Battles.
First Battle of Kernstown.
The battle was fought in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia on March 23, 1862. It was the opening battle in Jackson's Valley Campaign. Jackson's cavalry commander, Colonel Turner Ashby, had skirmished with Union troops on March 22, 1862. On March 23, Jackson sent his cavalry under Ashby against the Union position. Colonel Nathan Kimball, the Union commander, concentrated his forces on Pritchard Hill and also set up his artillery there. Jackson set up his artillery west of Pritchard Hill on Sandy Ridge. During the battle he visited his artillery position. He discovered that while he thought he was attacking a moderate sized Union army, he was in fact fighting an entire division. Seeing a force much larger than his, Jackson turned to his aide and said "We are in for it."
Jackson changed his attack plan. He placed his infantry around his guns on Sandy Ridge. Kimball, not realizing that his forces outnumbered Jackson's, attacked Sandy Ridge to silence the Confederate cannons. At about four o'clock, Kimball's infantry ran into Jackson's Stonewall Brigade at the base of Sandy Ridge with heavy fighting. Jackson only managed to hold his position even though he kept sending in more troops. The fight soon turned into a stalemate with neither side being able to push back the other. Kimball began sending in Union reinforcements and by six o'clock the Confederates were running out of ammunition. At this point they began to withdraw. Soon the withdrawal turned into a running fight that only ended after dark.
Although the battle was a Confederate tactical defeat, it represented a strategic victory for the South. It prevented the Union from sending forces from the Shenandoah Valley to reinforce McClellan on the peninsula.
Battle of McDowell.
After the battle of Kernstown, Jackson retreated south to Swift Run Gap. His army joined with Edward Johnson's Army of the Northwest. They were also joined by a division under Richard S. Ewell. Jackson now had about 17,000 Confederate soldiers.
Johnson's Army of the Northwest was about the size of a brigade. At the time he joined Jackson, his army was being followed by a Union brigade commanded by General Robert H. Milroy. Milroy was expecting support by another Union brigade under General Robert C. Schenck. Milroy moved west near the village of McDowell waiting for Milroy. Jackson, now at Staunton, Virginia, advanced his forces west towards Milroy and Scheneck's Union brigades. On May 8, Milroy attacked the Confederates on Sitlington’s Hill. For four hours the two armies fought, finally throwing Milroy's army back at nightfall. While the Confederates suffered greater casualties, Milroy and Schenck retreated into western Virginia during the night. This left Jackson free to push against the other Union army in the valley. He would keep Union forces busy in the valley for another month.
Battle of Front Royal.
The next battle was fought on May 23, 1862 at Front Royal, Virginia. Jackson's forces attacked a 1,000 man Union garrison commanded by colonel Kenly. The Confederates surprised the pickets and quickly overran them. They drove the Union force back through the streets of Front Royal to Camp Hill (now Overlook Park in the southeastern part of Winchester). Kenly's force tried to set fire to the river bridges as they retreated but the fires were quickly put out. On Camp Hill, the Union forces made a stand before falling back to Guard Hill. They were quickly outflanked by the Confederate force and retreated towards Cedarville. Confederate cavalry under Major Flournoy made two charges on the retreating Union forces. About 900 Union soldiers surrendered. 
First Battle of Winchester.
Jackson's victory at Front Royal caused Union general Nathaniel Banks to move his forces from Strasburg and retreat to Winchester. With Jackson now on his right flank, Banks was in danger of being cut off from his base at Winchester. President Lincoln felt Jackson's army in the Shenandoah Valley threatened the safety of Washington D.C. He ordered General Irvin McDowell's corps to hold their position at Fredericksburg, Virginia and not join McClellan's Union push towards Richmond.
When Banks arrived at Winchester, he started organizing his defenses. Jackson's army approached from the south while Ewell's army approached from the southeast. On May 25, Jackson's forces made their first attack, but were thrown back. Ewell's division attacked Camp Hill. At the same time Jackson's Louisiana Brigade outflanked, then overran the Union position on Bower's Hill (southwestern part of Winchester). With their flanks broken, the Union troops began a disorganized retreat through the city of Winchester. Even citizens of Winchester fired on the Union soldiers. Banks retreated across the Potomac River back into Maryland. As a result of the battle, Banks lost about 2,000 men and nearly all of his supplies. The total Confederate casualties numbered only about 400. This was the decisive victory for Jackson's Valley Campaign.
Battle of Cross Keys.
Lincoln was now concerned that if Banks could not hold Jackson, his Confederate army might move to attack Washington D.C. On May 24, he had instructed Generals John C. Frémont and Irvin McDowell to send troops to support Banks. This was before Banks was defeated at Winchester. Frémont was ordered to move his forces towards Harrisonburg, Virginia, to the southeast. McDowell was ordered to sent 20,000 of his 40,000 troops to support Banks at Winchester.
On June 8, Frémont’s 11,500-man Union army found Ewell's Confederate division at Cross Keys, Virginia. Ewell had been ordered to block Frémont's movements towards Port Republic, Virginia. The battle started with a two-hour duel between the Union and Confederate artilleries. A Union flanking maneuver from the left was thrown back by Confederate volley fire. The surprise volley caused 258 Union casualties in just under ten minutes. Frémont did not realize he was dealing with a smaller Confederate force. Under the protection of his artillery batteries, Frémont fell back to the Keezletown Road. The following day, while two Confederate brigades held Frémont where he was, the remainder of Ewell's Confederates moved towards Port Republic.
Battle of Port Republic.
On June 9, 1862, the last of the six battles of Jackson's Valley Campaign was fought at Port Republic, Virginia. Jackson had arrived in the area after dark on June 7. The next day he learned that Frémont's Union forces had been prevented from joining those of General James Shields at Cross Keys. Early in the morning of June 9, Jackson's forces used a makeshift bridge to cross over the South River in Virginia. Union general Erastus B. Tyler placed artillery batteries on a ridge covering the front of the Union position. When Jackson arrived he ordered an assault across the wheat field without taking the time to organize his forces. He had also not made a reconnaissance to find out what Union forces were there and how they were placed. The Stonewall Brigade led the Confederate charge. As they moved forward they came under heavy attack from Tyler's artillery batteries. Jackson sent Richard Taylor's Louisiana brigade on a flank attack against the Union artillery. But the Union gunners saw the flank attack developing and pinned down the Confederates with artillery fire. Jackson knew he had to break through the Union line before Frémont could join Shields. While Jackson was trying to find a way to solve the problem, Ewell's men arrived from Cross Keys. Ewell immediately saw the problem and he attacked the Union left flank. This gave the Stonewall Brigade time to regroup. Confederate artillery batteries opened up on the Union front. This caused the Union line to break and fall back in retreat. This last victory gave Jackson control of the upper and middle Shenandoah Valley.
Aftermath.
Jackson's Valley Campaign in the spring of 1862 was a tremendous success. In just 48 days, his approximately 17,000 Confederates had marched up and down the Shenandoah Valley. They engaged and defeated three different Union armies totaling about 52,000 men. Jackson kept them from reinforcing McClellan's army on the Virginia Peninsula. The campaign cost the Union 5,735 casualties at a loss of about 2,441 Confederate casualties. They captured so many supplies from Banks' army that Confederate soldiers began referring to the Union general as "Commissary Banks."

= = = Mattel = = =
Mattel is an American multinational toy company. It was founded in 1945.
The company makes products and brands, like American Girl dolls, Barbie dolls, Fisher-Price toys, Thomas & Friends trains and Hot Wheels toys. 
In 2014, it ranked #403 on the Fortune 500 list. It is the largest toy maker in terms of revenue.

= = = 2016 United States presidential election in Florida = = =
The 2016 United States presidential election in Florida was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.
On 15 March 2016, the state also voted for who they wanted to be the nominee of their respective parties.
Presidential.
Polling.
Below is a table with the polling results in Florida. Florida has not voted Republican in the general election since 2008.
Caucuses.
Democratic.
The Democratic caucus occurred on 15 March 2016.
Republican.
The Republican caucus occurred on 1 March 2016.

= = = 2016 United States presidential election in New Jersey = = =
The 2016 United States presidential election in New Jersey was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.
On 7 June 2016, the state also voted for who they wanted to be the nominee of their respective parties.
Presidential.
Polling.
Below is a table with the polling results in New Jersey. New Jersey has voted Democrat in every general election since 1992.
Caucuses.
Democratic.
The Democratic caucus occurred on 7 June 2016.
Republican.
The Republican caucus occurred on 7 June 2016.

= = = 2016 Berlin truck attack = = =
On 19 December 2016 at 20:02 Central European Time, a truck rammed into a crowd of people at a Christmas market in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany. This killed 12 people and injured 49 others. The original driver of the truck was found shot dead in the passenger seat. 
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the terrorist attack.<ref name="GmbH 2016 / ISIS"></ref> The perpatrator was Anis Amri, a Tunisian asylum seeker. On 23 December 2016, Amri was shot dead by an Italian police officer in Sesto San Giovanni, Lombardy. German police later confirmed that Amri's fingerprints were the same as those in the truck.
Attack.
The truck that was involved, a Scania semi-trailer truck, was owned by a Polish company named "Usługi Transportowe Ariel Żurawski". The truck was transporting steel beams to Berlin.
The original truck driver, Lukasz Urban, is believed to have been killed by the perpetrator. He was stabbed and shot in the head. On 19 December 2016, at 20:02 local time, the truck drove through a Christmas market. This killed 12 people. The truck drove 50–80 metres (160–260 ft) and destroyed many booths. Some witnesses saw the driver leave the truck and run towards Tiergarten.
Reactions.
Czech Finance Minister Andrej Babiš said "Unfortunately... [Angela Merkel's open-door migration] policy is responsible for this dreadful act. It was she who let migrants enter Germany and the whole of Europe in uncontrolled waves, without papers, therefore without knowing who they really are." Marcus Pretzell, husband of AfD leader Frauke Petry, tweeted: "When will the German state of law strike back? When will this cursed hypocrisy finally stop? These are Merkel's dead! #Nice #Berlin."
Muslims and Chrisitians held a vigil together after the attack.

= = = 2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning = = =
In late December 2016, 58 people died from mass methanol poisoning in Irkutsk, Russia. It was caused by people drinking cheap counterfeit alcohol that was actually supposed to be used as a bath lotion. The counterfeit was called "Boyaryshnik" (���������; Russian for "Hawthorn").
Cause.
"Boyaryshnik" was much cheaper than vodka, so people bought it instead amid the tough economic conditions. Similar incidents have been on the rise as Russia's economy has suffered from low oil prices and international sanctions from the Russian intervention in Ukraine. Russia's deputy prime minister said before the incident that this type of alcohol made up 20% of all the alcohol drank in the country.
The lotion was mixed with methanol; which is an alcohol that is poisonous. The label on the bottle said that the lotion instead had ethanol. A total of 58 people died from drinking the lotion. The victims were poor and were all between the ages of 35 and 50.
Aftermath.
Many people who were involved with making the potion were arrested. About 500 litres (130 US gal) of lotion was confiscated from the facility where it was made.
Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev called for a ban on counterfeit alcohol, stating that "it's an outrage, and we need to put an end to this."

= = = 2015 Kyrgyz parliamentary election = = =
The 2015 Kyrgyzstani parliamentary election was held on 4 October 2015.
Electoral system.
The 120 seats in the Supreme Council were elected by proportional representation. This means that if a party gets 20% of the vote, for example, they get 20% of the seats. A party had to receive at least 7% of the vote to get seats in the council. No party was allowed to win more than 65 seats. 
Campaign.
Many political parties were formed before the election; often made by wealthy Kyrgyz who want to promote their own interests.
A lot of potential candidates were not allowed to run due to criminal convictions. One party leader, a former boxer, was banned after he beat up a rival candidate.
Result.
Sources: 
Conduct.
Even though there were some reports of voter fraud, the OSCE said that the elections were "lively and competitive" and "unique in this region." The PACE said that voters had "made their choice freely among a large number of contestants."
The OSCE did note some problems with voter registration, and the Council of Europe had concern over the transparency of some campaigns and financing.

= = = Kyrgyzstan (political party) = = =
The Kyrgyzstan Party is a political party in Kyrgyzstan. It was created in May 2015 by businessman Sharshenbek Abdakerimov. The party is now led by Kanatbek Isaev (a former member of the Respublika Party.)
The party has a lot of support in the south of the country. In the 2015 Parliamentary elections, the Kyrgyzstan Party won 18 seats after getting 12.67% of the votes.

= = = Branchiobdellida = = =
Branchiobdellida are an order of leech-like worms that are mostly ectoparasites of crayfish.

= = = Patrick H. Grace = = =
Patrick Henry Grace (1832 – February 24, 1896) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition of 1871. He was a native of Ireland but moved to the United States. His original name was Henry Patrick Grace but he changed it. Grace was cited for "gallant and meritorious service".
Medal of Honor citation.
Rank and organization: Chief Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1835. Ireland. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No. 177, December 4, 1915.
Citation.
On board the U.S.S. "Benicia" during the attack on the Korean forts, 10 and 11 June 1871. Carrying out his duties with coolness, Grace set forth gallant and meritorious conduct throughout this action.

= = = Kelly (given name) = = =
Kelly [ kel-ee ] is a given name and family name. As a given name, "Kelly" is used mostly for females. However, there are some males with the name.
As a family name, "Kelly" has many origins. The family name started in the 19th century. It was used for a masculine name in the late 19th century. Feminine use began around 1940. By 1957, it surpassed male usage thanks to American actress Grace Kelly. Kelly is a gender-neutral name that has been in vogue for both male and female individuals for several decades. The name has roots in Ireland and is derived from the Gaelic term "ceallach," which signifies "warrior" or "fighter." Kelly has a fascinating past and is linked with numerous notable personalities, such as actors, musicians, and sportspeople.
Kelly, as a girl's name, was at #900 in 1950. It peaked at #10 around 1977. Kelly is still popular as a girl's name, although it has declined. This name was ranked #849 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

= = = Joanne Dru = = =
Joan Letitia LaCock (later Joanne Dru; January 31, 1922 – September 10, 1996) was an American television, stage and movie actress. She played Anne Stanton in "All the King's Men" in 1949. She also played Patricia Nash Dean in "The Pride of St. Louis" in 1952. 
Dru was born in Logan, West Virginia. She died in Los Angeles, California resulting from respiratory failure and lymphedema. She was 74.

= = = All the King's Men (1949 movie) = = =
All the King's Men is a 1949 political drama movie. 
Plot.
Politician Willie Stark goes from a rural county seat to the governor's mansion. He loses a race for county treasurer. Stark teaches himself law. As a lawyer, he continues fighting the local establishment. He eventually rises to become a candidate for governor. He loses the first time. On his second try, he wins.
Along the way, Stark loses his innocence. He becomes dishonest like the politicians against whom he fought. His son becomes paralyzed in a drunk driving accident that kills a female passenger.
Cast.
Character actor Paul Ford has an uncredited role as the Leader of the Senate Opposition
Awards.
"All the King's Men" won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress.

= = = The Waste Land = = =
"The Waste Land" is a poem by T.S. Eliot. It was first published in 1922. After it had been printed in London in "The Criterion", it was reprinted in New York in "The Dial". Then it was published in the form of a book. The poem is dedicated to Ezra Pound, whom T.S. Eliot regarded as his friend and teacher of poetry. Ezra Pound was the first reader of the poem. He helped Eliot to make it shorter and better.
The poem is divided into five parts. They are: "The Burial of the Dead", "A Game of Chess", "The Fire Sermon", "Death by Water" and "What the Thunder Said". It is composed of 433 lines. The work is written in free verse and blank verse.
The poem is full of quotations from classic works of world literature. Eliot makes allusions to Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, Oliver Goldsmith, Ovid, Charles Baudelaire, Gerard de Nerval and Thomas Kyd. He uses different sources of inspiration, including both Christianity and Buddhism. The story is based on the Christian legend of the search for the Holy Grail. The poem ends with the Sanskrit words Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. / Shantih shantih shantih.
"The Waste Land" is commonly considered to be one of the most important literary works of the 20th century. It has been translated into many languages. Czesław Miłosz, a Nobel Prize winner, translated it into Polish.

= = = Monster High = = =
Monster High is an American fashion doll franchise. It was created by Mattel. They launched the brand in July 2010.
The dolls are based on horror movie characters. The initial characters were created by Garrett Sander and his twin brother Darren. Besides the dolls, "Monster High" includes books, video games, and television specials. "Ever After High" is a spin-off of "Monster High". The Ever After dolls are based on fairy tale characters.

= = = Azərpoçt = = =
Azərpoçt is the official national postal operator of Azerbaijan. It provides postal, payment and retail services. Azərpoçt currently operates through 1,500 post offices across Azerbaijan, from urban to the most remote rural regions.

= = = 2012 Stanley Cup Finals = = =
The 2012 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League (NHL) .
The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Kings defeated the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils four games to two.
Rosters.
Years in boldface under the "Finals appearance" column mean that the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.

= = = Mevlut Mert Altintas = = =
Mevlut Mert Altintas (June 24, 1994 - December 19, 2016) was a Turkish police officer, he worked in the Turkish Security Agency, Ministry of riot police for two and a half years. He shot and killed Russian Ambassador Andrei Karlov in Turkey December 19, 2016 in the Turkish city of Ankara.

= = = Arrondissements of the Moselle department = = =
There are 5 arrondissements in the Moselle department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Moselle are:
History.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in nine districts: Metz, Bitche, Boulay, Briey, Longwy, Morhange, Sarreguemines, Sarrelouis and Thionville, with Metz as is capital.
In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the nine districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Metz, Briey, Sarreguemines and Thionville.
The Moselle department was eliminated in 1871 when part of the territory became part of Germany; the remaining parts were combined with the Meurthe department to form Meurthe-et-Moselle.
In 1919, a new department of Moselle was formed with nine "arrondissements". In 2015, four "arrondissements" were eliminated and their territories passed to the remaining five "arrondissements": Forbach-Boulay-Moselle, Metz, Sarrebourg-Château-Salins, Sarreguemines and Thionville.

= = = Chad Robinson = = =
Chad Robinson (20 October 1980 –  26 November 2016) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer. He played from 2000 until 2009 as a lock and second-row forward. He played for the Parramatta Eels, the Sydney Roosters and the Harlequins RL. He was born in Sydney, New South Wales.
Robin was reported missing on 26 November 2016. He was found dead on 22 December 2016 in Kenthurst, New South Wales. He was 36.

= = = Significant figures = = =
The term significant figures refers to the digits, in a number or measurement, which show the precision (sureness) of the number. For example, in the number 2300, the count of significant digits is 2. In the number 2040, the significant digits are "204" as a total of 3.

= = = Santa María del Naranco = = =
The church of St Mary at Mount Naranco () is a Roman Catholic church in Oviedo, northern Spain. It was built in 848 as a royal palace for King Ramiro I of Asturias. It was changed into a church during the 13th century. Santa María church is an example of Asturian pre-Romanesque architecture. In 1985 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was declared "Bien de Interés Cultural" in 1885. The Church of St Mary at Mount Naranco was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Royal Palace of Aranjuez = = =
The Royal Palace of Aranjuez () is one of the places the King of Spain lives. It is in the town of Aranjuez, Community of Madrid, Spain. The palace is open to the public as one of the Spanish royal sites.
It was originally the site of a medieval hunting lodge. Philip II built it as a modest summer palace. The palace was designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera who also designed El Escorial. Later kings kept adding to it. It was completed during the reign of Ferdinand VI in the mid-18th century. Charles III added two wings to it. By that time the palace had over 300 rooms.
The Royal Palace of Aranjuez was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Host defence peptide = = =
A Host defence peptide (or antimicrobial peptide) is one of a part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life.
They act against invading microorganisms. The peptides kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. This includes strains which are resistant to conventional antibiotics. The peptides also work against mycobacteria (including "Mycobacterium tuberculosis"), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.
These peptides are excellent candidates for medical use. They complement conventional antibiotic therapy. They have a broad range of activity, and are bactericidal as opposed to bacteriostatic. They need only a short contact time to kill bacteria.
There are big differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. Unlike most antibiotics it seems that antimicrobial peptides may also improve immunity by working as immunomodulators (beefing up the immune system).

= = = Mar Menor = = =
Mar Menor (, "Minor sea") is a salty lagoon, in the southeast of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain. It separated from the Mediterranean sea by La Manga, a sandbar in length and with a width ranging from to .
Municipalities.
It belongs to four municipalities: Cartagena, Los Alcázares, San Javier and San Pedro del Pinatar. It has a surface area of . It has a perimeter of . The warm and clear water is no more than in depth. It was called "the largest swimming pool in the world", by famous swimmer and Hollywood actress Esther Williams.
The water has a high salt content which aids in flotation. It is one of the most popular places in Europe for a wide variety of water sports.
First the Phoenicians and then the Moorish kings, chose this "small sea" as the site of their summer residences. Today, this area attracts all those who seek a quiet place to rest and relax. There are ideal weather conditions all year round.
Ecological importance of the Mar Menor.
At the northern end there are salt marshes which include a wetland of international importance. This area is conserved as a natural park run by the local government. Its Spanish name is "". The microbes that live in this coastal lagoon have been recently described.
In 1994 the Mar Menor was on the Ramsar Convention list for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The Mar Menor is also part of a Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance and is a Special Protection Area ("ZEPA" in Spanish) for bird life.
The Mar Menor was one of the top 100 finalists for 12 Treasures of Spain announced on 31 December 2007.

= = = Fury (2014 movie) = = =
Fury is a 2014 American war movie starring Brad Pitt. It is set in Germany in April 1945. The release date was October 17, 2014.

= = = Palacio de Galiana = = =
The Palacio de Galiana is a palace in Toledo, Spain. It is on the borders of the Tagus River. It was built where there had been a summer house and garden of the king Al-Mamun, the king of the Taifa of Toledo. It was built in the thirteenth century by king Alphonso X.

= = = Poblet Monastery = = =
The Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet () is a Cistercian monastery. The abbey is located at the feet of the Prades Mountains, in the comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain). It was founded in 1150 by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona. It was the first of three monasteries that made up the "Cistercian triangle". The other two were Vallbona de les Monges and Santes Creus. The main architect was Arnau Bargués.
Burials.
The following kings and queens of Aragon are buried at the Poblet Monastery:

= = = Cysteine = = =
Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an �-amino acid. It has the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH. 
Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that humans can make it. The codons UGU and UGC code for cysteine. The thiol side chain in cysteine often does enzyme reactions as a nucleophile. The thiol oxidises to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which is important in many protein structures. When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920.

= = = Lugo Cathedral = = =
Saint Mary's Cathedral (), better known as Lugo Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral and basilica. It is located in Lugo, Galicia (Spain). It was built starting from the early 12th century. It was started in the Romanesque style. During its construction the style changed to Gothic and Baroque architecture. 
Structure.
The cathedral has a Latin cross floor plan, with a length of . It has a nave, covered by a barrel vault, and two aisles, with an ambulatory and five apse chapels.

= = = Terrassa Cathedral = = =
Terrassa Cathedral, or the Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Spirit (, ), is a Roman Catholic cathedral on the plaça Vella of Terrassa. It is the seat of the Diocese of Terrassa.

= = = Teruel Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Teruel is a church in Teruel, Aragon, Spain. It belongs to St. Mary. It is a notable example of Mudéjar architecture. Since 1986, it has been part of the UNESCO Heritage site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.
Overview.
The bell tower is one of the best preserved Mudéjar towers in Spain. It is square. It has three floors. It is decorated with azulejos (painted tiles) and ceramic glaze. At the top is an octagonal lantern from the 18th century.

= = = Monfragüe = = =
Monfragüe is a comarca (county, with no administrative role) of Extremadura, western Spain. It contains one of the country's fifteen National Parks, "".
Since 1979, the area has been protected as a natural park.
Monfragüe was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Sierra Nevada National Park = = =
The Sierra Nevada National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada) is a national park in Spain. It is in the Granada and Almería provinces. Its area is .
Sierra Nevada was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Geography.
There are more than 20 peaks over . The highest are Mulhacén (), Veleta () and Alcazaba ().

= = = Baeza Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Baeza (), in full the Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady of Baeza () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Baeza, Andalusia, Spain. It was built in the styles of the Renaissance. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site with other monuments in Baeza and the nearby city of Úbeda. The cathedral was one of 100 nominees for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Tower of Hercules = = =
The Tower of Hercules (Galician and ) is an ancient Roman lighthouse in Spain. It is on a peninsula about from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia.
The tower is a National Monument of Spain. Since June 27, 2009, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the second tallest lighthouse in Spain, after the Faro de Chipiona.
The Tower of Hercules was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla = = =
The monasteries of San Millán de Suso (6th century) and San Millán de Yuso (11th century) are two monasteries in the village of San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja, Spain. They were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December 1997.
The first written text in spanish and euskera was found there in the book called “glosas Emilianenses”.This treasure is the reason why this place is part of the human patrimony.
The monasteries were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Latin cross = = =
A Latin cross or Crux immissa is a type of Christian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam. This is the main representation of the cross by which Jesus Christ was crucified. The Latin cross began as a Roman Catholic emblem but later became a universal symbol of Christianity. If displayed upside down it is called St. Peter's Cross because he was reputedly executed on this type of cross. When displayed sideways it is called St. Philip's cross for the same reason.
A Latin cross plan is a floor plan found in many cathedrals and churches. When looked at from above or in plan view it takes the shape of a Latin cross ("crux immissa"). The Latin cross plans have a nave with aisles or chapels, or both and a transept that forms the arms of the cross. It also has at least one apse that traditionally faces east. Many also have a narthex at the entry.

= = = Ambulatory = = =
The ambulatory (Medieval Latin "ambulatorium") is the covered passage around a cloister. The term is sometimes applied to the procession way around the east end of a cathedral or large church. This is usually behind the high altar. 

= = = Barrel vault = = =
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is a type of ceiling. It is an architectural element formed by the extension of a simple arch. It forms the shape of a semicircle over parallel walls.

= = = Hunter Pence = = =
Hunter Andrew Pence (born April 13, 1983) is a retired American Major League Baseball player. Pence plays for the San Francisco Giants. He plays the position outfielder. He previously played for the Houston Astros and Philadelphia Phillies. Pence is tall. He weighs . He bats and throws right-handed. Pence was with the San Francisco Giants when they won the World Series in 2012.
Career.
Houston Astros
Hunter Pence in 2008 with the Astros.
A college player from Texarkana, Texas, Hunter Pence was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 40th round in 20021 but turned down the offer to join the University of Texas at Arlington Mavericks. He later signed his first professional contract with the Houston Astros, who selected him in the second round of the 2004 amateur player draft.
Season 2007.
He played his first major league game on April 28, 2007. In his rookie season, he maintained an impressive batting average of .322 and totaled 17 home runs and 69 runs batted in 108 games. He finished 3rd in the National League Rookie of the Year voting, behind Ryan Braun and Troy Tulowitzki.
Season 2008.
Pence improved his statistics in his second year, hitting 160 hits, 13 more than his first season. He hit 25 home runs and drove in 83 runs. However, his batting average dropped to .269.
Season 2009.
In 2009, the outfielder earned his first All-Star selection in Major League Baseball.
Season 2010.
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Season 2011.
Pence was once again invited as the Astros' representative to the All-Star Game in 2011.
Philadelphia Phillies
Hunter Pence in June 2012 with the Philadelphia Phillies.
On July 29, 2011, just two days before the trade deadline in Major League Baseball, Pence was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for four minor league players (first baseman Jonathan Singleton, right-handed pitchers Jarred Cosart and Josh Zeid, outfielder Domingo Santana)). Pence hit .324 with 35 runs batted in the last 54 games of the season with the Phillies. During this period, he hit 11 home runs, the same number he had in the previous 100 games of the 2011 season with Houston. He finished the year with a .314 batting average, 190 hits, 22 home runs, and 97 runs batted in (a new personal record). He had four hits, drove in four runs, and scored three in the five-game Division Series between the Phillies and the St. Louis Cardinals.
Pence had a somewhat disappointing first half of the 2012 season. In 101 games in Philadelphia, his batting average was .271. He had 17 home runs and 59 runs batted in but also slightly more strikeouts (85).
San Francisco Giants.
Hunter Pence in 2013 with the San Francisco Giants.
On July 31, 2012, Hunter Pence was traded to the San Francisco Giants in a deal that sent outfielder Nate Schierholtz, minor league catcher Tommy Joseph, and minor league right-handed pitcher Seth Rosin to Philadelphia.
He batted only .219 in his last 59 games of the 2012 season with San Francisco but still hit 7 home runs and had 45 runs batted in. He finished the season with 24 home runs and a career-high 104 runs batted in. His batting average was .253 in 160 games played for Philadelphia and the Giants. His batting average was .209 in 16 playoff games with one home run and 4 runs batted in, and he enjoyed winning the 2012 World Series with San Francisco, his first title of that kind.
Season 2013.
The mediocre performances of late 2012 gave way to an excellent 2013 season for Pence, who was one of the top hitters for the Giants. Playing all 162 games for his team, he set a new personal record for home runs (27), added 35 doubles, had a total of 178 hits, and drove in 99 runs. He scored 91 runs and stole a personal best of 22 bases in 25 attempts. He was named the National League Player of the Month for September 2013 with 11 home runs, the highest slugging percentage in the majors during that period (.667), 16 walks, 23 runs scored, and an on-base percentage of .393.
As the 2013 season ended, Pence, who was set to become a free agent in the following weeks, signed a $90 million contract for 5 seasons with San Francisco.
Season 2014.
Pence received his 3rd career All-Star Game invitation in 2014, his first since joining the Giants.
Pence was not in the starting lineup for the Giants on September 27, 2014, ending a streak that began on September 25, 2012, of 331 consecutive starts, the longest active streak in the majors. However, a pinch-hit appearance extended his consecutive games played streak to 382, the longest active streak of its kind in the majors.
Pence won the World Series for the second time in his career when the Giants triumphed over the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series. He batted .444 in the 7 games of the final, with 12 hits, a home run, 5 runs batted in, 7 runs scored, an on-base percentage of .500, and a slugging percentage of .667. He reached base 15 times in 30 plate appearances against the Royals. In total, in 17 playoff games in 2014, Pence maintained a batting average of .333 and an on-base percentage of .405.
Season 2015.
On March 5, 2015, during spring training with the Giants, Pence fractured his left forearm when hit by a pitch from Corey Black of the Chicago Cubs, an injury that forced him into an expected 6 to 8-week period of inactivity. Indeed, he returned, following a tweet to Giants manager Bruce Bochy, on May 16. He made his season debut in Cincinnati, where he went 2 for 3 that day and hit a home run the next day.

= = = Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais = = =
Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, short PUC-MG) is an university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It was established in 1958. It is one of the five largest universities in Brazil. In 2010 it was nominated the best private university in Brazil by Best Universities.

= = = Walls of Ávila = = =
The Walls of Ávila in central Spain were completed between the 11th and 12th centuries. They are the city's principal historic feature.
About.
The work was started in 1090 by Raymond of Burgundy. Most of the walls appear to have been rebuilt in the 12th century. The enclosed area is a rectangle of with a perimeter of some , including 90 semicircular crenellated towers. The walls have an average width of . They have an average height of . The wall has nine fortified gates. The Puerta de San Vicente (Gate of St Vincent) and Puerta del Alcazar (Gate of the Fortress) are flanked by twin towers, high, linked by a semicircular arch. The apse of the cathedral also forms one of the towers. The fortifications are the most complete in Spain.
It is possible to walk on the walls for about half their circumference. Some of the walls will never be able to be walked on because they are connected to other buildings. There is a large section of the walls that have not been made safe for people.
The site was registered as a National Monument in 1884. In 1985, the old city of Ávila and its extramural churches were declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
The walls were one of finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Intersection (movie) = = =
Intersection is a 1994 drama movie. The movie is about an architect who has flashbacks when his Mercedes crashes. Lolita Davidovich plays Olivia Marshak. Sharon Stone plays Sally Eastman. Jennifer Morrison also stars in the movie.
The reviews of the movie were negative. It did poorly in the box office.

= = = Hanging Houses of Cuenca = = =
The Casas Colgadas (Hanging Houses), also known as Casas Voladas, Casas del Rey is a complex of houses located in Cuenca, Spain. Houses of this kind were frequent along the eastern border of the ancient city in the past. They hang on the cliffs over the Huécar River gorge. Today there are only a few of the houses still there. The most well known is a group of three with wooden balconies. The houses date to the 14th century. Through the years they have been refurbished a few times. The most recent took place during the 1920s. They have been used as individual homes. They have also been used as council houses. Now they are the host to a "mesón", a type of restaurant, and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español (Spanish Abstract Art Museum), in Cuenca.
The Casas Colgadas were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Blink (movie) = = =
Blink is a 1994 American neo noir crime drama mystery movie. It is set in Chicago. The movie is about a young blind musician. She has surgery that makes her see again. Madeleine Stowe plays Emma Brody. Laurie Metcalf plays Candice.
This movie got mixed to positive reviews.

= = = David Chavchavadze = = =
Prince David Chavchavadze (20 May 1924 – 5 October 2014) was an British-born American author and civil servant. He was a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer for the United States. He is of Georgian-Russian origin. He was born in London, England.
Chavchavadze died in his sleep on 5 October 2014 in Washington, D.C., after a long illness, aged 90.

= = = Serhiy Zakarlyuka = = =
Serhiy Volodymyrovych Zakarlyuka (17 August 1976 – 6 October 2014) was a Ukrainian footballer and football manager. 
Zakarlyuka has played for a number of clubs in Ukraine and played for the Ukraine national team on 9 occasions between 2002 and 2004.
On 6 October 2014, Zakarlyuka was killed in the traffic accident just outside of Poltava.

= = = Palma Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral located in Palma, Majorca, Spain. It was built on the site of a pre-existing Arab mosque. It is 121 metres long and 55 metres wide. Its nave is 44 metres tall. 
The cathedral was styled in the Catalan Gothic style. It has Northern European influences. The building was it was started by King James I of Aragon in 1229. It was finished building in 1601. It sits within the old city of Palma. It is on top of the former citadel of the Roman city. It is between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina and the episcopal palace. It overlooks the "Parc de la Mar" and the Mediterranean Sea.
Fifty years after a restoration of the cathedral had started in 1901 Antoni Gaudí was invited to take over the project. Some of his ideas were adopted. He moved the choir stalls from the middle nave to be closer to the altar. He also made a large canopy. Gaudí abandoned his work in 1914 after an argument with the contractor. The planned changes were cosmetic rather than structural. The project was cancelled soon after.
The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Zzyzx, California = = =
Zzyzx , formerly Camp Soda and Soda Springs, is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is within the boundaries of Mojave National Preserve.

= = = Anna Maria Gherardi = = =
Anna Maria Gherardi (21 March 1939 – 5 October 2014) was an Italian actress and voice actress. She was known for her roles in "Lost Love" and in "Petomaniac". She was born in Bologna, Italy.
Gherardi died in Rome, Italy, aged 75.

= = = Peer Augustinski = = =
Peer Augustinski (June 25, 1940 – October 3, 2014) was a German actor and voice actor. He was born in Berlin. He was the official German dub-over artist of Robin Williams. Augustinski voice dubbed nearly all of Williams' work such as "Awakenings", "Toys", "Good Will Hunting", "Aladdin", and "Dead Poets Society".
Augustinski died in Cologne, aged 84.

= = = Time Warner Cable News NY1 = = =
NY1 (also known as Time Warner Cable News NY1 and spoken as "New York One") is an American cable news television channel. It is owned by Time Warner Cable. The channel provides 24-hour news coverage, with a focus on the five boroughs of New York City. Its programming primarily features news and weather forecasts. NY1 also features specialty programs such as "Inside City Hall" (which is renamed "Road to City Hall" during New York City mayoral elections).

= = = Winter Solstice (band) = = =
Winter Solstice is an American metalcore band formed in 2000. The group split up in 2006.

= = = Palmeral of Elche = = =
The Palmeral or Palm Grove of Elche (Spanish: "Palmeral de Elche", Valencian: "Palmerar d'Elx") is the generic name for the date palm orchards in the city of Elche (Spain).
In the urban area of Elche there are a total of 97 different orchards. They contain about 70,000 date palms. Most of them are in the east bank of the Vinalopó. This number does not include other large plantations located around the city. The total may be near 200,000 palms. The Palm Grove covers over , including in the city of Elche.
It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in Europe. It is the largest in the world. The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Rolling coal = = =
Rolling coal is a term used to describe the result of intentionally removing the pollution controls on diesel trucks or cars. This causes the vehicle to produce black, sooty exhaust. Participants often "roll coal" on pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers of hybrid vehicles.
Vehicle modifications.
Pollution controls such as exhaust filters are removed. Additionally, the vehicle may be modified to deliver more fuel to the engine than usual. The turbocharger may also be disabled, although this is uncommon because it can reduce performance and cause engine problems.
Legality.
In most countries, rolling coal is prohibited by anti-pollution laws, for example, in the United States it is prohibited by the Clean Air Act.

= = = Park Güell = = =
The Park Güell (Catalan: "Parc Güell") is a public park system of gardens and architectonic elements. It is located on Carmelo Hill, in Barcelona (Spain). Carmelo Hill belongs to the mountain range of Sierra de Collserola — the Parque del Carmelo (Catalan: "Parc del Carmel") is located on the northern face. Park Güell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell gave the design of the park to architect Antoni Gaudí. He designed the park in the Catalonian modernism style. The park was built between 1900 and 1914. It opened as a public park in 1926. 
In 1984, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site under “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.
Park Güell was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Edward Albee = = =
Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright. He was known for works such as "The Zoo Story" (1958), "The Sandbox" (1959), "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1962), and a rewrite of the book for the unsuccessful musical "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1966), an adaptation of Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name.
In 1963, "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" won the Tony Award for Best Play. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1967 for "A Delicate Balance", in 1975 for "Seascape", and in 1994 for "Three Tall Women".
Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.
Albee died on September 16, 2016 at his home in Montauck, New York from complications of diabetes, aged 88.
Works.
Plays.
Works written or adapted by Albee:

= = = Why, Arizona = = =
Why (O'odham: Ban Hi:nk) is a tiny unincorporated rural community in Pima County, Arizona, United States. 
Why is near the western border of the Tohono O'Odham Indian Reservation. It is due north of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Southern Arizona. 
Why is about thirty miles north of the Mexican border where Lukeville, Arizona, and Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico, border each other. It is ten miles south of Ajo, Arizona.

= = = Logic programming = = =
Logic programming is using mathematical logic to write computer programs. There are specialized programming languages where the user can directly enter logical statements. Probably the best-known of these languages is called Prolog. Alonzo Church used a form of logic programming in what is known as lambda calculus today. Logic programming has also been used in LISP. 
Programs consist of a set of rules and facts. In most cases, logic programming uses what is called negation as failure or "weak negation:" This means that if it is not possible to derive some clause formula_1 from the facts and rules, the system will assume that its negation is true.

= = = Besmilr Brigham = = =
Besmilr Brigham (born Bess Miller Moore; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet. She also wrote short stories.
Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.
According to the "Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture", "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."
Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham. The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.

= = = Rule of inference = = =
A rule of inference, inference rule, or transformation rule is a tool used in logic. A rule of inference can take one or more statements, called premises, and return some other statement, called a conclusion. For example, the rule of inference called "modus ponens" takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q". The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic, in the sense that if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.
Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property. In many-valued logic, it preserves a general designation. But a rule of inference's action is purely syntactic, and does not need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts as a rule of inference. Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of a given set of formulae according to the rule.
Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include "modus ponens", "modus tollens", and contraposition. First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.

= = = Logical quantifier = = =
In logic, a quantifier is a way to state that a certain number of elements fulfill some criteria. For example, every natural number has another natural number larger than it. In this example, the word "every" is a quantifier. Therefore, the sentence "every natural number has another natural number larger than it" is a quantified expression. 
Quantifiers and quantified expressions are a useful part of formal languages. They are useful because they let rigorous statements claim how widespread a criteria is. Two basic kinds of quantifiers used in predicate logic are universal and existential quantifiers. A universal quantifier states that all the elements considered fulfill the criteria. The universal quantifier is symbolized with "∀", an upside down "A", to stand for "all". An existence quantifier (symbolized with "∃") states that at least one element considered fits the criteria. The existential quantifier is symbolized with "∃", a backwards "E", to stand for "exists".
Quantifiers are also used in natural languages. Examples of quantifiers in English include "for all", "for some", "many", "few", "a lot", and "no".
Mathematics.
This statement is infinitely long:
This is a problem for formal languages, since a formal statement needs to be finite in length. These problems can be avoided by using "universal quantification". This results in the following compact statement:
In the same way, we can shorten an infinite sequence of statements joined by "or" such as:
by rewriting it using "existential quantification":
Notation.
The two quantifiers most widely used are the universal quantifier and the existence quantifier.
The universal quantifier is used to claim that for elements in a set, the elements all match some criteria. Usually, this statement "for all elements" is shortened to an "A" flipped upside down, which is "∀".
The existential quantifier is used to claim that for elements in a set, there exists at least one element that matches some criteria. Usually, this statement "there exists an element" is shortened to an "E" flipped upside down, which is "∃".
English statements can be often rewritten using symbols, predicates representing criteria, and quantifiers. One example is "Each of Peter's friends either likes to dance or likes to go to the beach". Let "X" be the set of all Peter's friends. Let "P"("x") be the predicate ""x" likes to dance". Let "Q"("x") be the predicate ""x" likes to go to the beach". We can rewrite the example using formal notation as formula_1. The statement can be read as "For every "x" that is a member of "X", "P" applies to "x" or "Q" applies to "x"."
There are other ways to use quantifiers in formal language. Each of the following statements below says the same thing as formula_2:
There are a few more ways to represent the universal quantifier:
Several statements above explicitly include "X", the set of elements that the quantifier applies to. This set of elements is also known as the range of quantification, or the universe of discourse. Some of the statements above do not include such a set. In this case, the set will have to be specified before the statement. For example, ""x" is an apple" must be stated before formula_12. In this case, we are making a statement that at least one apple fits the predicate "P".
Using quantifiers formally does not require using the symbol "x". In fact, other symbols, such as "y" and "z", can also be used. However, one must be careful not to use the same symbol to refer to two different things.
Nesting.
It is important to put quantifiers in the right order. Below is an example of an English sentence showing how meaning changes with order:
This statement is true. It states that every natural number has a square. However, if we turn the order of the quantifiers around:
then the statement is false. It claims that there is one natural number "s" that is the square of "every" natural number.
In certain circumstances, changing the order of quantifiers does not change the meaning of the statement. For instance:
Other quantifiers.
There are also less common quantifiers used by mathematicians.
An example is the solution quantifier. It is used to state which elements solve a particular equation. The solution quantifier is represented by a § (section sign). For example, the following statement claims the squares of 0, 1 and 2 are smaller than 4. :formula_13
Other quantifiers include:
History.
Term logic was developed by Aristotle. It was an early form of logic, and included quantification. The use of quantification was closer to that of natural language. This meant that statements in term logic with quantifiers were less suited for formal analysis. Term logic included quantifiers for "All", "Some" and "No" (none) in 4th century BC.
In 1879, Gottlob Frege created a notation for universal quantification. Unlike the modern notation, he would represent a universal quantification by writing a variable over a dimple in an otherwise straight line. Frege did not create a notation for existential quantification. Instead, he combined universal quantification and a number of negations to make an equivalent statement. Frege's use of quantification was not widely known until Bertrand Russell's 1903 "Principles of Mathematics".
In 1885, Charles Sanders Peirce and his student Oscar Howard Mitchell also created a notation for universal and existential quantifiers. They wrote �x and �x where we now write ∀"x" and ∃"x". Pierce's notation was used by many mathematicians into the 1950s.
In 1897, William Ernest Johnson and Giuseppe Peano created another notation for universal and existential quantification. They were influenced by Pierce's previous quantification notation. Johnson and Peano used the simple ("x") for universal quantification, and ∃"x" for existential quantification. Peano's influence on math spread this notation across Europe.
In 1935, Gerhard Gentzen created the ∀ symbol for universal quantification. It was not widely used until the 1960s.

= = = Universal quantifier = = =
In mathematics and logic, the universal quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition applies to all elements in the universe of discourse. An example that uses this quantifier would be the proposition "All men are mortal". Usually, a turned A (∀) is used to denote the universal quantifier, "for all x" is written as either "∀x", "∀(x)".
Predicate logic and syllogisms look at the properties of universal quantification.
Propositions can be falsified. To falsify a proposition which contains a universal quantifier, it is sufficient to find one element of the universe of discourse where the proposition is false. This element is known as a counterexample.

= = = Existence quantifier = = =
In mathematics and logic, the existence quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition is true for at least one element in the universe of discourse. The existence quantifier is commonly written as formula_1 (a mirrored E), and is read as "there exists". An example involving an existence quantifier is the statement "some natural number is equal to 3+5", which can be written as formula_2. 
In general, a statement of the form formula_3 is true if there is an "x" in the universe of discourse satisfying the predicate formula_4, and is false otherwise. An existence quantifier is different from a universal quantifier, which is used to state that a proposition is true for "all" elements in the universe of discourse. 

= = = Universe of discourse = = =
In mathematics, the universe of discourse or domain of discourse is a set of all elements to which a function applies. A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse. 
The term is also used informally. 

= = = The Banger Sisters = = =
The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy drama movie. The film is about two middle-aged women who were best friends and groupies when they were younger. Goldie Hawn plays Suzette. Susan Sarandon plays Vinnie.
This movie was released in September of 2002. It made quite a bit of money at the box office.

= = = Maid in Manhattan = = =
Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a hotel maid and a politician who fall in love with each other. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa. Ralph Fiennes plays Christopher. Natasha Richardson plays Caroline.
This movie got negative reviews from critics. It made lots of money anyway. This movie was released in December 2002.

= = = Bryan McCabe = = =
Bryan McCabe (born June 8, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a career total of 1135 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Florida Panthers, and the New York Rangers.
Playing career.
Before playing in the NHL, McCabe played 2 seasons with the Medicine Hat Tigers, 3 seasons with the Spokane Chiefs and 1 season with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL).
He was drafted with the 40th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. Halfway through his third season with the Islanders, McCabe was traded along with Todd Bertuzzi and a third round draft pick in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks for Trevor Linden on February 6, 1998.
During his time with the Canucks, he played one and a half seasons with them before he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with their first round draft pick in 2000 for the Blackhawks' first round draft pick in 1999.
On October 2, 2000, after he had 6-goal, 25-point season with the Blackhawks in the 1999–2000 season, McCabe was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Alexander Karpovtsev and a fourth round draft choice (Vladimir Gusev) in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. McCabe had a good 2001–02 season with Toronto, having a 17-goal, 43-point breakout season, as well as, 53 points two seasons later, ending in a fourth-place finish in Norris Trophy voting Second Team All-Star honours.
During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, McCabe played in the Swedish Elitserien with HV71. He didn't have a good time with HV71, recording one goal, 30 penalty minutes and a -12 rating over ten games. He exercised an escape clause in his contract before he went to a game against Södertälje SK where he was supposed to be a healthy scratch for them.
When the lockout ended, he returned to the Maple Leafs. He recorded a career high 19 goals, 49 assists and 68 points in 73 games with the Maple Leafs. He finished the season third overall in points among defencemen, behind Nicklas Lidström and Sergei Zubov.
On June 28, 2006, he signed a 5-year deal with the Leafs worth $28.75 million with a no-movement clause. The next seasons, he recorded 57 points in 82 games the following season. On October 15, 2007, during the dying seconds of overtime against the Buffalo Sabres, McCabe scored in his own net. The goal was credited to Paul Gaustad.
On September 2, 2008, the Maple Leafs traded McCabe along with a fourth round draft pick in 2010 to the Florida Panthers for Mike Van Ryn. On September 23, 2009, he was named as the Panthers' captain.
On February 26, 2011, the Panthers traded him to the New York Rangers for Tim Kennedy and a 3rd round draft pick.
On February 15, 2012, McCabe announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey.

= = = Jean-Yves Leroux = = =
Jean-Yves Leroux (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Leroux played 4 seasons with the Beauport Harfangs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).
He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL). During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes. On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals. Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.
He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2010.

= = = Maspalomas Dunes = = =
The Maspalomas Dunes are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Timanfaya National Park = = =
Timanfaya National Park () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza. The area is . The parkland is entirely made up of volcanic soil.
Timanfaya National Park is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Volcanic activity.
The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736.

= = = León Cathedral = = =
Santa María de León Cathedral, also called "The House of Light" or the "Pulchra Leonina" is in the city of León in north-western Spain. It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath. The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León. It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s. The second cathedral was consecrated in 1073. It was built in the Romanesque style of architecture. The present Gothic style cathedral was started in 1255. It was completed about 50 years later. The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.

= = = Las Médulas = = =
Las Médulas (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site near the town of Ponferrada, Spain. It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain. From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold. It left a series of rock pinnacles, gullies, caves and tunnels. Las Médulas is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.

= = = Roman Walls of Lugo = = =
The Roman Walls of Lugo (Spanish, Galician: "Muralla Romana de Lugo") were constructed in the 3rd century AD. The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications. They are still largely intact today. They stretch over around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them. The walls average about in height and are up to thick. At the front of the wall there are a series of semicircular towers up to in diameter. The walls are constructed of schist from the local area. The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.

= = = La Seu Vella, Lleida = = =
The La Seu Vella (also called Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella; Catalan and Spanish: "Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella", ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida. It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.

= = = Reichssicherheitshauptamt = = =
The RSHA, or Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Head Office) was an organization headed by Heinrich Himmler. This was in his dual capacities as "Chef der Deutschen Polizei" (Chief of German Police) and "Reichsführer-SS". The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.

= = = Cathedral of Murcia = = =
The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia (), commonly called the Cathedral of Murcia, is a church in Murcia, Spain. It is the only cathedral in use in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena in Spain.
The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Roman Theatre = = =
The Roman Theatre is an ancient Roman theatre in Cartagena, Spain. The theatre was built between 5 BC and 1 BC.

= = = Jaén Cathedral = = =
The Assumption of the Virgin Cathedral is a Spanish Renaissance cathedral located in Santa María Square in Jaén, Spain. It is across from the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace (Archbishop's palace). The Santa María Square is one of the historical sites in Jaén. The cathedral stands on the same ground that was once occupied by an early mosque. 
Construction of the cathedral began in 1249. It was built on the ruins of an early Spanish mosque. It was damaged and rebuilt on numerous occasions during the following two centuries. In the sixteenth century Andrés de Vandelvira built the biggest part of the Cathedral. It was consecrated in 1724.
The more representative architectural element is its façade. It was designed by Eufrasio López de Rojas. It was sculpted by Pedro Roldán. It houses the Veil of Veronica. In 1545 the young Francisco Guerrero was the "maestro de capilla".
Jaén Cathedral is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Tim Salmon = = =
Timothy James Salmon (born August 24, 1968), is a former Major League Baseball player. He played for the California Angels from 1992 to 2004 and again, with the renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2006. He won the World Series with the Angels in 2002. He hit 299 home runs in his career.

= = = Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington = = =
Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (6 June 1919 – 9 July 2018) was a British Conservative politician.
He served as British Defence Secretary between 1970 and 1974, Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He was the last surviving member of the Cabinets of both Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home.
Carington died on 9 July 2018, aged 99.

= = = Sergio Balanzino = = =
Sergio Silvio Balanzino (20 June 1934 – 25 February 2018) was an Italian diplomat. Balanzino was born in Bologna, Italy.
He served as the Italian ambassador to Canada from May 1990 to January 1994. He then became the Deputy Secretary General of NATO before briefly becoming acting Secretary General twice. Firstly by replacing Manfred Wörner on August 13, 1994 after the latter resigned in the last stages of cancer. He was then replaced by Willy Claes on October 17, 1994 who resigned on alleged corruption charges on October 20, 1995. 
Balanzino, who had gone back to being Deputy, again took over the reins until he was replaced on December 5, 1995 by Javier Solana. He died in Rome in February 2018. 

= = = Heat transfer = = =
Heat transfer is the way the heat moves from one physical system (or body) to another. Heat transfer requires a difference in temperature. Heat moves from the hotter body (higher temperature) to the colder one (lower temperature). The bodies in question may be in a solid state, a liquid state or a gaseous state. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

= = = Martin Walser = = =
Martin Walser (24 March 1927 – 26 July 2023) was a German writer. He became famous for talking about the troubles for anti-heroes he had in his novels and stories. In 1998 he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in Frankfurt. Walser was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee, Germany.
At the age of 17, Walser became a member of the Nazi Party on 20 April 1944, though Walser denied that he entered the party.
Walser died on 26 July 2023 in Überlingen, Germany at the age of 96.
He was among the important German authors after the Second World War.
Most of his works are about the protagonists, and the inner conflicts they have to overcome. This is similar to the world of other German-language writers of the time, such as Heinrich Böll, Peter Handke or Siegfried Lenz.

= = = Hans Magnus Enzensberger = = =
Hans Magnus Enzensberger (11 November 1929 – 24 November 2022) was a German author, poet, translator and editor. He wrote under the pseudonym Andreas Thalmayr. He was born in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. He moved to Nuremberg in 1931. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems.
He died in Munich on 24 November 2022.

= = = Ōfunato = = =
 is a city in southeastern Iwate, Japan.
The city of Ōfunato was originally part of the ancient Mutsu Province. It has been settled since the Jōmon period. The modern village of Ōfunato was made within Kesen District, Iwate on April 1, 1889. In 1896, the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake caused a 25-meter tsunami that killed 27,000 people in Sanriku. Ōfunato was promoted officially promoted to town status on April 1, 1932. In 1933, a 8.4 magnitude earthquake stuck the town and caused a 28-meter tsunami that killed 1522 people. On April 1, 1952, the town of Sakari, and villages of Akasaki, Takkon, Massaki, Ikawa and Hikoroichi all merged with Ōfunato to form the city. On November 15, 2001, the town of Sanriku (from Kesen District) also merged into Ōfunato.
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Ōfunato was very badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The wave that hit the city was estimated to have reached 23.6 meters in height.
It was listed that 3,498 out of 15,138 houses in the town were destroyed by the tsunami and 305 people were confirmed dead. At least six of Ōfunato's 58 designated evacuation sites were flooded by the tsunami.

= = = El Escorial, Madrid = = =
El Escorial is a municipality in the administrative district of Madrid. It is located northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Its population in 2013 was 15,197.
References.
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= = = Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija = = =
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija is a joint UNESCO World Heritage site in Almadén, Spain, and Idrija, Slovenia. The property includes two mercury mining sites. In Almadén mercury has been extracted since antiquity, while in Idrija it was first found in 1490 AD. The Almadén site includes buildings relating to its mining history. These include Retamar Castle, religious buildings and traditional houses. The site in Idrija notably features mercury storage and infrastructure. It also includes miners’ living quarters, and a miners’ theatre. The sites shows how trade in mercury generated important exchanges between Europe and America over the centuries. The two sites represent the two largest mercury mines in the world and were working mines until recent times.

= = = Bardenas Reales = = =
The Bardenas Reales is a semi-desert natural region, or badlands. It is about and is located in southeast Navarre (Spain). The soils are made up of clay, chalk and sandstone. They have been eroded by water and wind. This has created a number of shapes, canyons, plateaus, tabular structures and isolated hills, called seamounts. Bardenas lacks urban areas and vegetation is scarce.
Location.
The Bardenas is in the southeast of Navarra, bordering Aragon. It is located in the middle of the depression of the Ebro valley at the foot of the mountains of the Yugo and the Zaragoza region of Cinco Villas. It is from north to south and east-west and at an altitude ranging between . Its area is . Limited to sixteen municipalities, of which thirteen are in Navarre and three in the province of Zaragoza.

= = = Ryan VandenBussche = = =
Ryan VandenBussche (born February 28, 1973) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 9 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was known for his pugilistic skills.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, VandenBussche played 2 seasons with the Cornwall Royals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).
He was drafted with the 173rd overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He spent most of his first seasons between the OHL and the American Hockey League (AHL) with the St. John's Maple Leafs, Springfield Indians, and Binghamton Rangers.
On August 22, 1995, he signed a contract with the New York Rangers after he became an unrestricted free agent. After he spent two seasons in the AHL with the Rangers AHL-affiliate team, the Binghamton Rangers, VandenBussche made his NHL debut on December 13, 1996 in a 3-0 win against the Buffalo Sabres.
After 27 games with the Rangers over 2 seasons, the Rangers traded VandenBussche to the Chicago Blackhawks for Ryan Risidore on March 24, 1998. With the Blackhawks, VandenBussche played 263 games over 7 years with them.
On July 12, 2004, he signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins as an unrestricted free agent.
He only played 20 games with the Penguins before he was signed for a try-out by Jokerit of the SM-liiga on September 25, 2006.
He signed with the New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League (CHL) as a player/coach on November 5, 2006. On January 17, 2007, he announced that he was retiring from playing professional hockey because of medical reasons.
During his career, VandenBussche was mainly known as an enforcer. He is known for ending the career of Nick Kypreos during a fight in a pre-season game in September 1997.
After retiring, he decided to sell real estate with his wife Lisa, and under the direction of his father Ron, in Norfolk County.
On July 3, 2006, VandenBussche was charged with three counts of assaulting police and one count of uttering a death threat after a fight at a bar in Turkey Point. He was later cleared of the charges.

= = = Inverse-square law = = =
In physics, an inverse-square law is a physical law that states that the farther away an object is from an effect, or a physical quantity causing an effect, the less change can be observed in the object.
The following are examples of when this law applies:

= = = Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral = = =
Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral or the Cathedral of Saint Lawrence (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat.

= = = Bilbao Cathedral = = =
Santiago Cathedral (; ) is a Catholic cathedral in the city of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. It was originally built as a Gothic church in the late 14th century. After a fire in the 1500s it was rebuilt. It was officially given the status of a cathedral in 1950.

= = = Horned owl = = =
Bubo is a genus of large owls. It includes the eagle-owls (Old World) and the horned owls (the Americas). This genus contains about one or two dozen species of typical owls (family Strigidae) and is found in many parts of the world. Some of the largest living Strigiformes are in "Bubo". Traditionally, only owls with ear-tufts were included here, but that is no longer the case.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome "b" sequence data supports the decision to put the snowy owl, an eagle-owl adapted to Arctic conditions, into "Bubo".
The fish-owls in the genus "Ketupa", and the "Scotopelia" fishing owls, are also closely related. They might be moved into "Bubus", but that would make the genus rather large. As it is some of these owls, like Verreaux's eagle-owl, are not studied enough. More research is needed.

= = = Prince of Asturias = = =
Prince of Asturias (, ) is the traditional title given to the heir to the Spanish throne. John I of Castile first gave the title to his oldest son, prince Henry (Henry III of Castile) in 1388. The title lapsed in 1931 when the monarchy was overthrown. Military dictator Francisco Franco appointed Juan Carlos de Borbón as his "successor with the title of King". But he gave him the new title of "Prince of Spain" instead of Prince of Asturias. In 1977 the title was given to Felipe VI of Spain, who was the eldest son and then heir apparent of King Juan Carlos I.
Legacy.
In preservation of the legacy of the family and its heirs, they've established The Princess of Asturias Foundation. It is a non-profit organization assembled the Princess of Asturias Awards, which presents academic ceremony each year in Oviedo, the capital of the Principality of Asturias. The foundation celebrates and promotes excellence in the cultural, scientific, and humanistic values. 
Examples.
List of some people who held the title:

= = = Palacio de Villena (Cadalso de los Vidrios) = = =
The Palace of Villena () is a palace in Cadalso de los Vidrios, Spain. It was built by Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo.
The building and the gardens are listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest.
The building is listed as a "monument". It has been protected since 1931. The gardens are listed as a "jardín histórico" ("historic garden"). They have been protected since the 1970s.

= = = James Arnold Taylor = = =
James Arnold Taylor (born July 22, 1969) is an American actor and voice actor. He has voiced Obi-Wan Kenobi, Plo Koon and other "Star Wars" characters. He voices Obi-Wan Kenobi in "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" and "Star Wars: Rebels". He also voices Johnny Test and Fred Flintstone.

= = = Shaker Heights, Ohio = = =
Shaker Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the city population was 29,439.

= = = Chardon, Ohio = = =
Chardon is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,242 at the 2020 census.

= = = Ebola virus cases in the United States = = =
On September 30, 2014, the first case of Ebola virus disease was diagnosed in the United States. It came from a 42-year-old Liberian national, Thomas Eric Duncan. Even before Duncan's diagnosis, three Americans had been medically evacuated from Africa and treated in the United States for Ebola virus disease. This was during the current Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Two were treated at Emory University Hospital's isolation unit and one at Nebraska Medical Center.
About Thomas Eric Duncan.
Duncan, who came from Liberia, had been visiting family in Dallas, Texas. He was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas. By October 4, his condition had deteriorated from "serious but stable" to "critical". On October 4, Duncan started receiving the experimental drug brincidofovir, but remained in critical condition. On October 8, Duncan died of Ebola virus disease.

= = = Jeen van den Berg = = =
Jeen van den Berg (8 January 1928 - 8 October 2014) was a Dutch speed skater. He was known as the winner of the Elfstedentocht of 1954. He rode the race a record seven times. His first time was in 1947. His final race was in 1997. van den Berg was born in De Veenhoop, Netherlands.
On 3 February 1954, van den Berg finished the race in a record 7 hours and 35 minutes, a record bettered by Evert van Benthem only 31 years later. He came third in the infamous 1963 race. In 1973 he became the first Dutch marathon skate champion.
van den Berg died in Heerenveen, Netherlands, aged 86.

= = = Mike Waugh = = =
Michael L. "Mike" Waugh (December 17, 1955 – October 8, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Waugh was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 28th District from 1998 until 2014. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1993 through 1998.
Waugh left his job on January 13, 2014, after he learned he had pancreatic cancer. He died on October 8, 2014 of cancer.

= = = Feridun Buğeker = = =
Feridun İsmail Buğeker (5 April 1933 – 6 October 2014) was a Turkish football forward who played for Turkey in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Fenerbahçe S.K. between 1950–55 and 1961-63. He was born in Istanbul, Turkey.
Buğeker died in Istanbul, Turkey, aged 81.

= = = Cigar (horse) = = =
Cigar (April 18, 1990 – October 7, 2014) was an American thoroughbred racehorse. In 1995 and 1996, Cigar won 16 races in a row. He was the first American racehorse racing against top-class competition to do that since Citation in 1948 and 1950. 
When Cigar retired, he had made more money than any other American Thoroughbred racehorse. He is now in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.
Cigar died from spinal surgery complications in Lexington, Kentucky, aged 24.

= = = Doñana National Park = = =
Doñana National Park is a natural reserve in southern Spain. It is in Andalusia, in the provinces of Huelva and Seville. It is in Las Marismas, where the Guadalquivir River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The park covers . Of that area, are protected. The park has marshes, shallow streams, and sand dunes. It was named as a nature reserve in 1969. The World Wildlife Fund and the Spanish government bought a section of marshes to protect it. The eco-system has been in danger from draining the marshes, using river water to irrigate land along the coast, and making tourist facilities bigger. The park is named after Doña Ana de Silva y Mendoza, the wife of Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia.
Doñana National Park was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll = = =
The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a Benedictine monastery in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia, Spain. It was built in the Romanesque style. Much of the church was rebuilt in the 19th century. The sculptured portico is a noted work of Romanesque art.
The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

= = = San Juan de la Peña = = =
The monastery of San Juan de la Peña is a religious complex in the town of Santa Cruz de la Serós. It is to the southwest of Jaca, in the province of Huesca, Spain. It was one of the most important monasteries in Aragon in the Middle Ages. Its two-level church is partly carved in the stone of the large cliff that is over the foundation. "San Juan de la Peña" means "Saint John of the Cliff".
The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
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= = = Prism (disambiguation) = = =
Prism may mean:

= = = Almería Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Almería (), in full the Cathedral of the Incarnation of Almería (), is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Almería, Andalusia. It is the seat of the Diocese of Almería.
The cathedral was built in Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles from 1524 to 1562. Its last bell was built in 1805.

= = = Cartagena Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Cartagena (also called Cathedral of Santa María la Vieja) was a cathedral of the Diocese of Cartagena. It was in the old town of Cartagena. It has been in ruins since 1939, when it was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War.

= = = Alcalá de Henares Cathedral = = =
The Alcalá de Henares Cathedral (also called as Cathedral of St Justus and St Pastor in Alcalá de Henares) () is a Catholic cathedral in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was declared "Bien de Interés Cultural" in 1904.

= = = Mérida Cathedral = = =
The Mérida Cathedral in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, is one of the oldest cathedrals in the Americas.
History.
The cathedral was built on the site of Mayan ruins Tiho.

= = = Astorga Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Astorga () is a Roman Catholic church in Astorga, Spain. It was declared a national monument in 1931. Bishop of this cathedral is Camilo Lorenzo Iglesias (Bishop of Astorga).

= = = San Sebastián Cathedral = = =
The San Sebastián Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of the Good Shepherd)� (, ) is a cathedral in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain. It is the seat of the suffragan Diocese of San Sebastián and under to the Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela.

= = = Jerez de la Frontera Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of San Salvador is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Asidonia-Jerez in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, southern Spain. It was declared "Bien de Interés Cultural" in 1931. It was elevated to the rank of cathedral in 1980.
Style.
Built in the 17th century, it is a mix of Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassicist style.

= = = Cádiz Cathedral = = =
Cádiz Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church in Cádiz, southern Spain, and the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. It was built between 1722 and 1838. The cathedral was declared "Bien de Interés Cultural" in 1931.

= = = Ceuta Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption () is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Spanish city of Ceuta located in a small exclave on the north coast of Africa.
The cathedral is a 15th-century structure, built on the site of a sixth-century Christian church. The cathedral contains works of art dating from the 17th century to the present day.

= = = Las Palmas Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Santa Ana (Holy Cathedral-Basilica of Canary or Cathedral of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) is a cathedral in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. It is the seat of the Diocese of the Canaries in the Roman Catholic Church. It is in the Vegueta neighborhood, next to the Plaza Mayor of Santa Ana. The feast of the cathedral's dedication is celebrated annually on November 26. It is one of two cathedrals in the Canary Islands, near the La Laguna Cathedral in Tenerife.

= = = La Laguna Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna or Catedral de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios ("Santa Iglesia Catedral de San Cristóbal de La Laguna" in Spanish) is a Catholic cathedral in Tenerife, Spain. It started construction in 1904 and was completed in 1915. It is dedicated to the Virgin of Los Remedios (patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna). This is one of the most important cathedrals in the Canary Islands.

= = = Tarragona Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Tarragona is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Tarragona, Spain. The site was previously occupied by a Roman temple of Jupiter. Later it was a Visigothic cathedral, then a Moorish mosque. It was declared a national monument in 1905. During the Spanish Civil War the cathedral was vandalized and in 1939 a reconciliation rite was celebrated.

= = = Solsona Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Solsona is a cathedral in Solsona, Catalonia, Spain. The apse, in Roman style, probably dates from the twelfth century.

= = = Vic Cathedral = = =
Vic Cathedral (, ), officially the Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Vic, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Vic.
It has a mix of Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassic styles.

= = = Neanderthal 1 = = =
Neanderthal 1 is the name of the first fossil found that was clearly identified as a Neanderthal ("Homo neanderthalensis"). Sometimes this fossil is also called Feldhofer 1, but that name is less common.
It is not the first fossil found of a Neanderthal, but before this find, the importance of the fossils was unclear. The fossil is part of a skull, with a fragment of the left temporal bone, part of the right scapula (shoulder blade), the right clavicle, both humeri (bones in the upper arm), one radius (a bone in the forearm), both ulnae (another bone in the forearm), five ribs, an almost complete half pelvis, and both femurs.
Studies done in 1999 included a radiocarbon dating of the bones: The bones were fouund to be about 39.900 ± 620 years old. This means this Neanderthal was from one of the last Neanderthal populations in Europe. In the 1990s and 2000s, bones from two other Neanderhals were found nearby, they are called Neanderthal 2 and Neanderthal 3 respectively. Neanderthal 2 has the same age, but a lighter build. Neanderthal 3 was probably a teenager.
Neanderthal 1 was male. At the time of death, he was between 40 and 42 years old.

= = = Gall–Peters projection = = =
The Gall–Peters projection is an equal-area map projection. It cannot be used to navigate with. It is a map style that has areas near the equator appear to be smaller than they are. Those areas closer to the poles appear larger. It was named after James Gall and Arno Peters. A controversy came up in the late 20th century about the political implications of map design. Maps based on this projection are promoted by UNESCO. They are also widely used by British schools.The Gall-Peters projection was Made in 1885 but publiched by Arno Peters in 1974.

= = = Gullan Bornemark = = =
Elin Gunhild "Gullan" Bornemark (born "Bohlin"; 28 November 1927 in Härnösand, Sweden) is a Swedish musician, lyricist and composer. Between 1951 and 2007, she was also active as a music teacher.

= = = Mad Money = = =
Mad Money is a 2008 criminal-comedy thriller movie. Diane Keaton plays Bridget. Katie Holmes plays Jackie. Queen Latifah plays Nina.
The movie received mixed to negative reviews from the critics. It was released on January 18, 2008.

= = = Sigüenza Cathedral = = =
The Cathedral of Sigüenza () is a cathedral in Guadalajara, Spain. It was declared "Bien de Interés Cultural" in 1931. It is built in Romanesque and Gothic style.
The cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara.

= = = Co-cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor = = =
The Co-cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor () is a co-cathedral in Guadalajara, Spain. It was declared "Bien de Interés Cultural" in 1941.

= = = Felix Körling = = =
John "Felix" August Körling, born 17 December 1864, in Kristdala, Sweden, dead 8 January 1937 in Halmstad, Sweden, was a Swedish composer, church musician and music teacher. He was the brother of Sven Körling and son of August Körling. Felix Körling also wrote children's songs.

= = = Olle Widestrand = = =
John Olof "Olle" Widestrand, born 9 July 1932, dead 25 March 2018, was a Swedish parish-musician, teacher and composer. He is represented in Den svenska psalmboken 1986 with two works (number 61 and 90) and several other hymnals with one hymn. He has written several children's songs and published songbooks and educational materials for schools. He lived in the town of Jönköping until his death.

= = = Britt G. Hallqvist = = =
Britt Gerda Hallqvist, born "Nyman" 14 February 1914 in Umeå, Sweden, dead 20 March 1997 in Lund, Sweden was a Swedish hymnwriter, poet and translator. Her grandfather was medical professor Salomon Eberhard Henschen and she was also the cousin of neurology professor David H. Ingvar and his sister Cilla Ingvar.

= = = Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares = = =
The Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares (Spanish: "Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares") is a palace in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest in 1931.

= = = Elizabeth Ann Seton = = =
Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton (August 28, 1774 – January 4, 1821) was the first native-born citizen of the United States to be made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. She was canonized on September 14, 1975. 
Seton started the first Catholic school in the country. This school was at Emmitsburg, Maryland. She also founded the first American congregation of religious sisters. It is called the Sisters of Charity.
Life.
Elizabeth Ann Bayley was born on August 28, 1774. She was the second child of Dr. Richard Bayley and Catherine Charlton of New York City. They were Protestants. 
On January 25, 1794, at age 19, Elizabeth married William Magee Seton, aged 25. He was a wealthy businessman. They had five children. William Seton brought the first Stradivarius violin to America.
Seton's husband died in Italy on December 27, 1803. Seton learned about Roman Catholicism in Italy. After she came back to the United States, she joined the Catholic Church. She was received on March 14, 1805 by the Rev. Matthew O'Brien, pastor of St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, New York.
In 1809, Seton moved to Emmitsburg, Maryland. A year later she started the Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School. That school was dedicated to the education of Catholic girls.
On July 31, Elizabeth established a religious community in Emmitsburg. This community took care of poor children. This was the first congregation of religious sisters to be founded in the United States. Its school was the first free Catholic school in America. This was the start of the Catholic parochial school system in the United States.
Seton spent the rest of her life developing her religious community. She died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1821. She was 46. Her remains are in the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

= = = Magnus Uggla = = =
Per Allan Magnus Claësson Uggla (pronounced ; born June 18, 1954 in Stockholm) is a Swedish artist, composer, actor, and occasional radio host. He is known for songs with satirical lyrics. Breaking through in the 1970s, in 2006, he released his 13th studio album.

= = = Carl Bertil Agnestig = = =
Carl Bertil Agnestig, originally "Andersson", born 7 March 1924 in Järvsö Parish, Sweden, is a Swedish music teacher and composer.
He is known for music-instruction books and has written several songs, one of the more well-known is "Adventstid". He's represented in Den svenska psalmboken 1986 with two works, (nr 214 b and 443). 

= = = Methods of Mayhem = = =
Methods of Mayhem is an American heavy metal band formed in 1999.

= = = Iva Withers = = =
Pearl Iva Edith Withers (July 7, 1917 – October 7, 2014) was a Canadian-born American actress and singer. She was best known as a replacement player who had long runs in some of Rodgers and Hammerstein's biggest musical theatre hits. 
She also appeared in "Carousel", "South Pacific" and "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes". Withers was born in Rivers, Manitoba, Canada.
Withers died in Englewood, New Jersey at age 97 on October 7, 2014 at the Lillian Booth Actors Home.

= = = Ghost Festival = = =
The Ghost Festival, also called the Hungry Ghost Festival, is held on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. Both Buddhists and Taoists celebrate this festival. The belief is that the gate to the underworld opens on the first day of the seventh lunar month. This month is regarded as the Ghost Month. All of the ghosts and spirits are released from hell. They are free to wander for the whole month. People hold ceremonies to welcome the ghosts and spirits. 
History.
Traditionally, the Chinese call Ghost Festival ""Chung-yuan" Festival". Taoists believe it is the birthday of "Yenlo Wang", the Demon King. In the first half of the 6th century AD it became a Buddhist festival. It has kept the same form since then. During the 20th century Republican and Communist governments saw this as a relic of the past. The People’s Republic of China did not allow public religious celebrations including ghost festivals. But reforms in the 1970s allowed these festivals to return. 
Traditional Rituals.
The Offering Ritual.
The offering ritual is the most important part of the celebration. People arrange long tables in front of the houses and temples. This is for offering food to ghosts. At the height of the celebration priests toss food and candy in the air. This is to feed the hungry ghosts. Children, and sometimes adults, scramble to gather the sweets. People also offer the ghosts incense, paper clothes and "spirit money". 
Salvation Lanterns.
Salvation lanterns are used to guiding the wandering spirits and evil ghosts. They are placed at the doors of homes and temples. The lanterns are set up on the last day of the end of the sixth lunar month. They are lit at midnight each night during Ghost month. When the gates to the ghost world are closed, the lanterns are put away.
Releasing Water Lanterns.
Water lanterns are for the water ghosts who died from drowning. They illuminate the waterways to bring ghosts up to the celebrations. This allows the ghosts from the underworld and underwater are able to be in the same space peacefully. 
Stealing the Lone Object.
The stealing the lone object activity is called “Chiang-Gu”. This is celebrated in Yi-Lan. Competitors climb up a tall tower to reach a prize. The game was banned for some time due to people falling and being injured or killed. In 1991 the game was brought back.
Closing the gate of the underworld.
On the first day of the eighth month in the lunar calendar the gates to the temples are closed. This represents the end of the Ghost month. It is the time for the wandering souls to go back to the underworld. A Taoist priest uses a sword to expel away the wandering soul. He shuts the gate of the underworld in the northeast position, and brings the event to a successful close.
Ghost festivals are celebrated across Asia. This includes China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan. It is also celebrated by many of the 34 million Chinese who live overseas.

= = = Peter A. Peyser = = =
Peter A. Peyser (September 7, 1921 – October 9, 2014) was an American politician. He was a United States Representative from New York. He served as representative from 1971 to 1977 as a Republican and from 1979 to 1983 as a Democrat.
On October 9, 2014, he died of Parkinson's disease. He was 93.

= = = Leif Bloms = = =
Leif Bloms was a dansband in Växjö in Sweden. The band scored chart successes at the Swedish album chart during the mid-late 1970's. On 31 December 1995 the band was disbanded after singing and playing together for almost 40 years. Starting with the 1981 album "Håll dig kvar", the band's singer was Mona Gustafsson, who wrote the band's 1992 song "Dej ska jag älska all min tid" which won the 1992 Hänt song contest in Älvsjö. After the band was disbanded, Mona Gustafsson, Patrik Ahlm and René Saulesco founded another dansband, .

= = = Fernandoz = = =
Fernandoz is a Swedish dansband formed in 1986 in Vitsand, near Torsby. They had a big hit in 1991 entitled with the song "Jag vet att jag vill ha dig". The band won the "svenska dansbandsmästare" award in 1993 and soon begun to appear at Bingolotto. Their most recognized hits include "Guld och gröna skogar", "En dag den sommaren", "När ett hjärta har älskat" Band guitarist Conny Ohlson and singer Anders Nordlund have won a Swedish Grammy "Guldklaven" for their work.
Members.
Because of its long existence, the band has seen many changes. 
Present members:
Earlier members:

= = = Helene & gänget = = =
Helene & gänget was a dansband in Kristianstad in Sweden. It was founded in 1990 by members of the Färmarna dansband. The band broke through in 1995 with the album "Segla din båt i hamn". The band broke up in 2002 and its singer Helene Persson begun acting as SR Kristianstad programme host. Famous songs recorded by the band are "Segla din båt i hamn", "En korg med blommor" and "Nånstans så finns du".

= = = Sarracenia = = =
Sarracenia ( or ) is a genus of 8 to 11 species of carnivorous plants. They are often called trumpet pitchers. The genus is in the family Sarraceniaceae. That family also contains "Darlingtonia" and "Heliamphora".
In the wild, "Sarracenia" grows around the East Coast of the United States, Texas, the Great Lakes area and southeast Canada. Most species grow only in the southeast United States. Only "S. purpurea" can live in cold places. The plant's leaves have evolved into a funnel in order to trap insects. The plant digests its food with proteases and other enzymes.

= = = Jan Hooks = = =
Janice "Jan" Hooks (April 23, 1957 – October 9, 2014) was an American actress and comedian. She was best known for her work on NBC's "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL"). She starred in SNL from 1986 to 1991. She was also known for her roles in "Designing Women", "3rd Rock From the Sun", "The Simpsons", and in "Batman Returns". 
Hooks died on October 9, 2014 in Woodstock, New York from non-chemo reactive throat cancer, aged 57.

= = = Karen Lewis = = =
Karen Lewis (June 26, 1953 – February 7, 2021) was an American Chicago Public Schools teacher and labor leader. She was the president of the Chicago Teachers Union from 2010 to 2014. She was a former King College Prep High School and Lane Technical High School chemistry teacher. She was a teacher for 22 years.
Lewis was considering running for Mayor of Chicago in 2015. In July 2014 poll, Lewis defeated Emanuel in a hypothetical electoral contest by 45-36 . She decided not to run for mayor due to health issues and endorses Chuy Garcia.
On October 9, 2014, Lewis was hospitalized for a "serious illness". At the time, no further details about Lewis' health have been revealed. On October 13, a source confirmed that Lewis had been diagnosed with glioblastoma. 
Lewis died from problems caused by the cancer in Chicago on February 7, 2021 at the age of 67.

= = = Sphagnum = = =
Sphagnum is a genus of about 120 species of mosses. "Sphagnum" moss can store water. Both living and dead plants can soak up water. Each sphagnum plant can hold up to 1 billion times as much water as their dry weight, depending on the species.
"Sphagnum" helps make peat bogs in temperate wetlands.

= = = Denard Span = = =
Keiunta Denard Span (born February 27, 1984) is an American professional baseball player for the Tampa Bay Rays. He is an outfielder. He has also played for the Minnesota Twins, Washington Nationals, and the San Francisco Giants.
Span bats and throws left-handed. He is also one of the top defensive players.

= = = Five Nights at Freddy's = = =
Five Nights at Freddy's (FNaF) is an indie survival horror video game. It was made by Scott Cawthon and is powered by Clickteam Fusion. The first game was released August 8, 2014. The game takes place in the fictional pizza restaurant, Freddy Fazbear's Pizza. The player acts as a night security guard with the aim of keeping safe from the animatronic animal characters that are stated to be "malfunctioning". To complete the levels of the game called Nights, the player must keep the antagonists away from the guard's office, using mechanical doors, lights, and a CCTV camera panel. The animatronic characters in the first game of the series are named Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica, Foxy and Golden Freddy.
In November 2014, a prequel, "Five Nights at Freddy's 2" was released. In 2015, "Five Nights at Freddy's 3" and "Five Nights at Freddy's 4" were released. A Five Nights at Freddy's RPG called FNAF World was released on 2016. A fifth game, ' was released the same year. A feature-changing game called "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator" was made in 2017. In 2018, yet another game was released called "Ultimate" "Custom Night" featuring almost every character from the series, including some fan characters. In 2019, was released with it’s own DLC "'Five Nights at Freddy's: Curse of Dreadbear'" which included scenarios with animatronics. In 2021, the massive project was made with the help from Steel Wool Studios being an Open world game. Two years later, the game received a free DLC Ruin"', which is an extension of the story for the base game. In 2023, "Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted 2" was released.
"See all of Five Nights at Freddy's titled media here".
The game series has a complicated and heavily hidden storyline that has sparked thousands of fan-made theories around the world, with the main goal being a reliable "timeline" of the events and characters in the series. Tons of lore and timeline secrets are yet to be discovered. Thousands of fans have tried to figure out what all the secrets are and trying to "solve" FNAF, most famously MatPat from the YouTube channel Game Theory, who has been FnaF theorizing for nearly 10 years.

= = = Castres = = =
Castres can refer to:

= = = Eutely = = =
Eutelic organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity. The exact number is constant for any one species. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs by cell enlargement only.
Most eutelic organisms are small or even microscopic: examples include the nematodes like ascaris, gastrotrichs, rotifers, tardigrades and dicyemida.

= = = Hypnagogia = = =
Hypnagogia is the state of mind that exists between being awake and sleep, or just after waking up.
People in this state may have experiences that resemble hallucinations, but are not. The person usually knows that it is not real, but very often nothing can be done against it. Most of these "pseudohallucinations" are visual experiences.
Other experiences that may happen are sleep paralysis and lucid dreams. All of these symptoms happen because of the changes that occur in the brain, and they are not linked to a disease.
The writings of Aristotle already talk about hypnagogia. In more recent centuries, many authors have referred to the state. Edgar Allan Poe, for example, wrote of the "fancies" he experienced "only when I am on the brink of sleep, with the consciousness that I am so".
Serious scientific inquiry began in the 19th century with Johannes Peter Müller, Jules Baillarger and Alfred Maury, and continued into the 20th century with Leroy.
With electroencephalography (EEG) in the mid 20th century, detecting such a state has become easier.

= = = Church of la Magdalena (Torrelaguna) = = =
The Church of la Magdalena () is a Gothic-style church in Torrelaguna, central Spain. It was listed as Spain's national heritage listing in 1983. The bell tower in this church was built in the 15th century, and was commissioned by cardinal Cisneros.

= = = Jenny from the Block = = =
"Jenny from the Block" is a song performed by American singer Jennifer Lopez. The song is a contemporary R&B and old school hip hop song. The single is about not changing despite having a fortune and being famous, and never forgetting where one came from. 
The song was released on September 26, 2002. It hit #3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song got mixed reviews from critics. It was a commercial success.

= = = Receptor antagonist = = =
A receptor antagonist is a biological repressor molecule. A receptor antagonist slows down the cell by stopping some of the cell reactions by clogging up the areas that make the cell work. They are sometimes called blockers, such as beta blockers. An antagonist is a ligand which blocks or dampens a biological effect. It acts against an agonist. They may block enzymes or passages through cell membranes.
They are part of the homeostatic system which regulates the body physiology. Some are made for pharmaceutical uses.

= = = If You Had My Love = = =
"If You Had My Love" is the debut single by Jennifer Lopez released on April 19, 1999 from Lopez' debut album "On the 6". The lyrics are about Lopez making rules for her lover before starting a relationship. The song was number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in June 1999.

= = = Valeri Karpov = = =
Valeri Yevgenievich Karpov (, 5 August 1971 – 10 October 2014) was an Russian ice hockey player. He played in the Soviet Hockey League and National Hockey League. He competed for Traktor Chelyabinsk and HC CSKA Moscow in Russia before moving to North America.
In the summer of 2014, during a fight in his house he took a hit to the head. Afterwards, he had a bad fall that resulted in a coma. He underwent two trepanning surgeries, but did not regain consciousness. He died on 10 October 2014.

= = = Ed Nimmervoll = = =
Edward Charles "Ed" Nimmervoll (21 September 1947 – 10 October 2014), was an Austrian-born Australian rock music journalist, author and historian. He worked with rock magazines "Go-Set" (1966–1974) and "Juke Magazine" (1975–92) both as a journalist and as an editor.
Nimmervoll died of brain cancer on 10 October 2014, at the age of 67. 

= = = Lassa fever = = =
Lassa fever or Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF) is a fever caused by the Lassa virus. It is common in West Africa. One in 80 people who get Lassa fever will die. Some cases are severe and require going to a hospital. These cases have a death rate of 1 in 5. Lassa Fever was discovered in 1969 after two nurses died from the disease. It was named for the town in Borno State, Nigeria where it was first diagnosed.
How people get Lassa fever.
Lassa fever is transmitted from rodents to humans. It is caused by direct contact with rodent droppings. It can also be transmitted by humans to other humans by their blood. Lassa fever is common in West and Central Africa (around the equator).
Lassa fever cannot be transmitted by breathing. It is not very contagious between humans. However it is much more contagious among seriously ill patients. Lassa fever is transmitted by humans through skin lesions, mucous that is exposed to the virus, or by a patient's blood. This means healthcare workers (such as doctors and nurses) need to be especially careful in treating patients, or they risk getting the virus themselves.
Symptoms of Lassa fever.
In 80% of cases, the disease does not have any symptoms and does not make people ill. In the other 20% of cases it shows symptoms and becomes much more severe. About 5,000 people die from it each year.
In infected patients, the disease has an incubation period of 5 days to 3 weeks. During this time, the virus remains dormant and does not cause harm. After this time various symptoms begin to appear including:
Diagnosis and treatment.
In laboratories, there are many ways to test if a patient has Lassa fever. However, in many of the affected regions, there is no equipment to do the tests. This means sometimes people may not be correctly tested and identified with having Lassa fever.
If a patient is diagnosed with Lassa fever, then the patient will be kept away from other people, to prevent the spread of the virus. If found early, it is possible to treat Lassa fever with the medicine Ribavirin. Despite the fact the drug is relatively cheap, the medicine is still considered expensive for many people in affected regions. Patients may also require blood transfusions and rehydration.
Pregnant women in their 3rd trimester may need their baby's birth to be induced to allow them to have a chance of survival.
Due to the use of Ribavirin, fewer people are dying from Lassa fever.
Prevention.
It is not practical to control the amount of rodents in the affected states. Therefore the best way of prevention is to keep rodents out of houses and public areas to prevent people coming into contact with infected droppings. Infected patients should also be isolated to prevent the spread of the virus (by humans to other humans). In rich countries, diseases such as Lassa fever can be easily monitored by public health organisations to prevent outbreaks. Poor countries often cannot afford these services
There is a vaccine which has shown promise in primates. It has not yet been proved effective in humans.

= = = Muhammad Jalal-ud-din = = =
Muhammad Jalal-ud-din also known as Jalal Baba (1910-1981) was an activist and political leader of the All India Muslim League. He was born in Abbottabad District in British India. He was active from 1935 and 1936 onwards in the Pakistan Movement.
The Jalal Baba Auditorium in Abbottabad city, now in Pakistan, is named after him. 

= = = Per Almar Aas = = =
Per Almar Aas (11 June 1929 – 18 May 2014) was a Norwegian politician. He was for the Christian Democratic Party. He was born in Ballangen.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms in 1973, and was re-elected on three occasions. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1969–1973.
On the local level he was a member of Harstad municipal council from 1967 to 1971. From 1971 to 1975 he was a member of Troms county council. He chaired the county party chapter from 1970 to 1973, and was a member of the national party board from 1970 to 1973 and 1985 to 1999.
Outside of politics he started his career as a manual laborer in Ballangen (1945–1950), Snåsa (1951), Ørsta (1951–1952) and Volda (1952–1953). In 1969 he settled in Harstad to become a school teacher.
Aas died in Oslo, Norway, aged 84.

= = = Pauline Wagner = = =
Pauline Cynthia Wagner (August 18, 1910 – May 2, 2014) was an American actress and glamour girl. She had minor roles in the 1930s. She made her debut in "King of Jazz" in 1930. 
Her first big role was in "College Lovers". She was Fay Wray's back-up in "King Kong" in 1933. She had small parts in "Lady Killer" and "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town". She worked for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and RKO. Her movie career ended in 1941. 
Wagner died in Glendale, California on May 2, 2014, aged 103.

= = = Kailash Satyarthi = = =
Kailash Satyarthi (born 11 January 1954) is an Indian children's rights activist. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980. He has acted to protect the rights of 80,000 children.<ref name="http://www.hindustantimes.com"></ref>
He was awarded the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Malala Yousafzai, "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".

= = = Shirin Ebadi = = =
Shirin Ebadi ( "Širin Ebādi"; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist. She is the founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran. On 10 October 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her "significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights". She was the first ever Iranian to receive the prize.

= = = Jinnah-Sikandar Pact = = =
The famous Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was an agreement signed between Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, at Lucknow, British India, October 1937.
Background.
In 1937 the All India Muslim League was a weak party with very little political strength. It had lost the 1936 general elections in India quite badly. It needed more support from powerful Muslims to make it strong. The party wanted to help Muslims in India get their rights. So, in October 1937, M.A. Jinnah, the main leader of the Muslim League party, invited powerful Muslims to a conference in Lucknow city. One of the most powerful Muslim leaders was Sardar Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KBE (1892-1942), Premier of the Punjab province and head of the Punjab Unionist Party. He was also invited by Jinnah to this big conference.
Events.
At this conference, at first most of the big and powerful Muslim leaders refused to accept Jinnah's request for help. Only Aga Khan III was ready to support him. At this time, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan thought that it would be bad if the Muslims did not stand united to get their rights. He thought it was time for unity. So, he convinced some other big leaders to join him. These included Sir Saadullah of Assam, Molvi A.K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan of Bhopal State and some others. They all went together and told Jinnah that they would support and help the Muslim League. A special agreement or pact was also signed at this time, between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar, called the 'Jinnah-Sikandar Pact'. This pact also said that all the Muslim members of the Punjab Unionist Party could join the Muslim League if they wanted to. Muslim people all over India were very happy to know that now, they had strong support from big leaders.
Effects.
The Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was one of the most important documents and agreements of the Pakistan Movement. According to Professor Stanley Wolpert, '...it made Pakistan possible'. The Punjab was the biggest and richest province of British India. It linked together all the other Muslim areas and provinces. After this pact was signed in 1937, the Muslim League was next able to make the famous Pakistan Resolution at Lahore, Punjab, in 1940. And just seven years later, in 1947, an independent Pakistan was finally made.
Syed Amjad Ali, a Muslim leader of Punjab said that 'Thanks to the agreement reached between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar in Lucknow, the dream of Pakistan became real. All Pakistanis today should be thankful to these two great Muslim leaders and their wisdom'.

= = = Khaksar movement = = =
The Khaksar movement was a fanatical political and social movement of British India. It was probably started in 1931 by the genius and leader Inayatullah Mashriqi.
Background.
There are different opinions about the Khaksar Movement and its followers (called 'Khaksars'). Some conservative Sunni Muslims in India and Pakistan believe it was a movement to help reform Islam and guide Muslims to a better life. But many other people believe it was a fascist organization which wanted freedom from British regime in India. It wanted to then come to power and set up a secular and real Islamic state, in India.
Organisation.
The Khaksars (meaning 'humble persons') used to wear "Khaki" colored (light brown) uniforms and carry spades all the time. They were very well organized and ready all the time to obey the orders of their leaders.
1940 onwards.
In 1940, the Government of the Punjab ordered that the Khaksar leaders should be arrested in Lahore city. But the Khaksars attacked the official police force very violently, and then the police fired back at them killing many. This was called the 'Khaksar massacre of 1940'. In 1947, when Pakistan was finally made the Khaksars Movement closed down for some time. But later on, it started again. It wants to bring an 'Islamic Revolution' there. 

= = = Inayatullah Mashriqi = = =
Inayatullah Mashriqi or Inayatullah Khan al-Mashriqi also sometimes called Allama Mashriqi (1888-1963) was an Indian and later Pakistani mathematician, evil genius and political leader. He was the founder of the fascist Khaksar Movement. 

= = = IHeartMedia = = =
iHeartMedia, Inc. (known in the past as CC Media Holdings, Inc.) is a radio organization that was established in 1972. It was then taken as a private company in 2008. It is the holding company of iHeartCommunications, Inc. (used to be known as Clear Channel Communications). It owns more than 850 AM radio and FM radio stations through the United States alone.
On September 16, 2014, CC Media Holdings changed their name to iHeartMedia, Inc., while Clear Channel Communications became iHeartCommunications, Inc.

= = = Luxor Temple = = =
Luxor Temple is an Ancient Egyptian temple, located in modern-day Luxor, which was known as Thebes at the time. The temple was dedicated to the god Amun, his wife Mut, and their son Chons. The temple was built during the time of the New Kingdom. Because some of the stones were re-used, an older monument was probably there beforehand, during the 12th dynasty. Some of the stones of the temple were later re-used to build Abu el-Haggag mosque. 
Together with the Temple at Karnak, Luxor Temple is on the list of World Heritage Sites. 
Note that Luxor Temple is different from the necropolis of Hatshepsut, located in Deir el-Bahari, which is also near Luxor. 

= = = Trace fossil = = =
Trace fossils (or ichnofossils) are geological records of biological activity. They are fossils, but not of the living things themselves. Probably the best-known examples are dinosaur trackways.
Trace fossils may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism. Burrows, borings, footprints, feeding marks, and root cavities are examples. The term includes the remains of other organic material produced by an organism for example coprolites (fossilized droppings) or chemical markers. Stromatolites are sediment structures produced by bacteria. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of parts of organisms' bodies, usually altered by later chemical activity or mineralization.
Structures which are not produced by the behaviour of an organism are not considered trace fossils.
The study of traces is called ichnology. Traces reflect the behaviour, not usually not the biological affinity of their makers. They are given their own names in taxonomy, based on their appearance and the implied behaviour of their makers.

= = = Lorenz attractor = = =
The Lorenz attractor (also called Lorenz system) is a system of equations. Edward N. Lorenz formulated the equations as a simplified mathematical model for atmospheric convection. The equations are ordinary differential equations, called Lorenz equations. They are notable for having chaotic solutions for certain parameter values and starting conditions. In particular, the Lorenz attractor is a set of chaotic solutions of the Lorenz system which, when plotted, resemble a butterfly or figure eight.
The notion of butterfly effect is coupled with that of the Lorenz attractor. Lorenz first used the phrase in a speech he gave in 1972.

= = = Ordinary differential equation = = =
An ordinary differential equation (often shortened to ODE) is a differential equation which contains one free variable, and its derivatives. Ordinary differential equations are used for many scientific models and predictions. The term "ordinary" is used to differentiate them from partial differential equations, which contain more than one free variable, and their derivatives.
Numerical methods.
Since ODEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of ODE. Therefore, numerical methods for ODEs are widely studied since the appearance of computers.

= = = Margin Call (movie) = = =
Margin Call is a 2011 American independent drama movie. The movie is about insider trading on Wall Street. Demi Moore plays Sarah Robertson. Mary McDonnell plays Mary Rogers. Kevin Spacey plays Sam Rogers.
The movie got positive reviews from the movie critics. It was released on October 21, 2011.

= = = Inoculation = = =
Inoculation (also known as variolation) is an historical method of making people immune to smallpox. Unlike a vaccine, inoculation uses infected material (for example scabs) from an infected patient. The benefit of inoculation is it gives the individual a less dangerous type of the virus. Another benefit of inoculation is the fact it has a death rate of 0.5% - 2% (as opposed to the 35% death rate of smallpox). Inoculation was eventually replaced after Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine against smallpox. 
Historical uses.
China.
China may have used inoculation in the 10th century. The Emperor of China at the time lost his eldest son to smallpox. He wanted a way to help prevent smallpox from killing any more members of his family. He summoned many people from throughout the empire to attempt to find a cure to smallpox. A man carried out inoculation to Immunise his family. However, the source of the story was supposedly written 100's of years after the event. 
Inoculation was not widely used in China until the 'Longqing Emperor' in the 16th century. This was written by Yu Tianchi. Inoculation using the most deadly strain of the virus was banned from use in China to prevent high death rates. Inoculation is documented to have been used in India in the 18th century. It may have been used earlier than that, but there is no evidence to prove this. 
Importation to Europe.
The practice of Inoculation was first used in England after an ambassador's wife witnessed it in Constantinople. Her name was Lady Mary Wortley Montague and she was impressed by the benefits. She had lost her son, and bore scars of the virus herself. When an epidemic of smallpox occurred in England in 1721, she ordered that her daughter be inoculated. Many people visited her daughter, and were impressed at the results of inoculation. Eventually, inoculation was tested in Newgate Prison. This was before the members of the royal family were inoculated. After the success in England, many European countries began to use inoculation against smallpox.
Decline in Use.
In 1796 Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine against smallpox which had a very low death rate. It was also more effective. Inoculation began to be replaced by this new vaccine, and was eventually outlawed in England in 1840. France banned Inoculation in 1762 due to the death rates associated with it.

= = = Evermoor = = =
Evermoor is a new television series for the Disney Channel. It is produced by Lime Pictures. The series premiered on the Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) on 10 October 2014. It began on 17 October 2014 on the Disney Channel in the United States, and on the Family Channel in Canada. 
Plot.
The series is about Tara Crossley. She is an American teen who moves from the United States to an English village called Evermoor. As her mother and father unpack at their new home, Tara, her brother, and her British step-siblings adjust to their new life. Danger, mystery and intrigue come along with the adventure.
Development.
On 17 March 2014, the series was announced. Filming took place in the spring of 2014 at Arley Hall in Cheshire. The series has been described as "a hugely exciting project for the team here in EMEA with a gripping story that I’m sure will captivate our global Disney Channel audience. The movie’s intriguing cast of characters also gives us a great opportunity to find exciting new talent” by David Levine. Lime Pictures produced the special, which was created by Diane Whitley and Tim Compton. The executive producers was Rebecca Hodgson. The producer was Compton. It was a co-production between Disney U.S. and the Walt Disney Company EMEA.
Episodes.
Series overview.
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= = = Battersea Dogs & Cats Home = = =
Battersea Dogs & Cats Home is the United Kingdom's oldest and most famous home for dogs and cats. It is in the Battersea area of London, England. The home gets its money from donations. 
History.
Battersea Dogs & Cats Home was started in Holloway in 1860 by Mary Tealby. Its name was Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs. In 1871 it moved to Battersea. Its name was changed because of this. In 1885, Queen Victoria became Patron of the home. The television show "For the Love of Dogs" is mostly filmed at Battersea. There are Battersea centres in Old Windsor, Berkshire and Brands Hatch, Kent as well as in Battersea.
Mission.
The home has a goal to never turn away a dog or cat in need of help. It reunites lost dogs and cats with their owners. When they can not do this, the home cares for them until a new home can be found for them. It also aims to educate the public about responsible pet ownership.

= = = Apse = = =
In architecture, the apse (from Latin "apsis": "arch, vault") is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome. It is similar to another form known as an "exedra". In Romanesque, Byzantine and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral and church architecture, the term is applied to a semi-circular or polygonal termination of the main building. This is usually at the liturgical east end (where the altar is). It is also regardless of the shape of the roof, which may be flat, sloping, domed, or hemispherical.

= = = All I Have to Do Is Dream = = =
"All I Have to Do is Dream" is an American popular song. The song was recorded in 1958 by the Everly Brothers. The song was near the top of several music charts in the United States in 1958.
The song was written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant. It was recorded many times by other musicians, including Roy Orbison and Juice Newton.

= = = Marked for Death = = =
Marked for Death is a 1990 action movie. This movie is about a former DEA agent finding Jamaican drug dealers in his home town. Steven Seagal plays John Hatcher. Elizabeth Gracen plays Melissa Hatcher. Danielle Harris plays Tracey Hatcher.
This movie was released on October 5, 1990. It got mixed reviews from the critics. It got back almost $58 million at the box office.

= = = Ontario Highway 417 = = =
Ontario Highway 417 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It starts on the eastern Ontario border with Quebec, near Hawkesbury, as an extension of Quebec Autoroute 40. It ends near Arnprior, where it becomes Ontario Highway 17. Construction on Highway 417 started in May 1969. The last section of the highway near Arnprior was finished in 2012.

= = = Zilpha Keatley Snyder = = =
Zilpha Keatley Snyder (May 11, 1927 – October 8, 2014) was an American author of books for children and young adults. Three of Snyder's works were named Newbery Honor books: "The Egypt Game", "The Headless Cupid" and "The Witches of Worm".
Snyder died in San Francisco, California from a stroke, aged 87.

= = = Decatur, Georgia = = =
Decatur is a city in, and county seat of, DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It has a population of 24,928, as of the 2020 census.

= = = Pavel Landovský = = =
Pavel Landovský (September 11, 1936 – October 10, 2014) was a Czech actor, playwright and director. He was born in Německý Brod. He studied at the Faculty of Theatre in Prague. Landovský died in Prague, Czech Republic from a heart attack, aged 78.

= = = Carmelo Simeone = = =
Carmelo Simeone "Cholo", (September 22, 1933 – October 11, 2014) was an Argentine football defender. He won three league championships with Boca Juniors. Simeone played for the Argentina national team. He was born in Ciudadela, Argentina.
Simeone started his playing career in 1955 with Vélez Sársfield. In 1961 he joined Boca Juniors where he was an important defensive player in the teams that won the Argentine Primera in 1962, 1964 and 1965. Simeone left Boca In 1967 and spent some time playing for Sportivo Belgrano in the lower leagues of Argentine football.
Simeone represented Argentina at the Copa América in 1959, and at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.
Simeone died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 81.

= = = Juan José Pizzuti = = =
Juan José Pizzuti (9 May 1927 – 24 January 2020) was an Argentine football striker and football manager. He enjoyed his most notable successes as a player. He was the manager of the Racing Club de Avellaneda. He was born in Barracas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Pizzuti played for Argentina between 1951 and 1959, he was part of the squad for the South American Championship in 1959 where he scored three goals to help them to win the title.
Pizzuti died on 24 January 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 92.

= = = José Varacka = = =
José Varacka (27 May 1932 – 22 October 2018) was an Argentine football player and coach. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Career.
Club career.
Varacka played for three of the big five teams in Argentina. He started his career in 1952 with Independiente. In 1954 he played and scored in a famous 6–0 win over Real Madrid. He joined River Plate in 1960 where he played for six seasons.
In 1966 Varacka joined San Lorenzo de Almagro and after one season with the club he would down his career at Colo-Colo in Chile and then Miraflores in Peru.
International career.
Varacka played in the 1958 and 1966 editions of the FIFA World Cup. He played in the Copa América 1956 and 1959. He also played in the 1964 Copa de Las Naciones, played in Brazil.
Manager career.
Varacka started his managerial career with Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata in 1968. He went on to serve as the manager of Boca Juniors and River Plate.
Death.
Varacka died on 22 October 2018 in Buenos Aires at the age of 86.

= = = José Sarney = = =
José Sarney de Araújo Costa (born 24 April 1930) is a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and writer. He was President of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.
He was originally elected Vice President of Brazil with Tancredo Neves as President. However the day before the inauguration, Neves died from diverticulitis. Sarney was sworn in as Vice President of Brazil on 15 March 1985 and became president on 21 April.
In July 2021, Sarney was hospitalized for pleural effusion and had surgery to remove fluid from his lungs.

= = = Albacete Cathedral = = =
Albacete Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of San Juan de Albacete) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Albacete, Spain. 

= = = Jaca Cathedral = = =
Jaca Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of St Peter the Apostle), is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Jaca. It is in Jaca, Huesca, Spain.
This is the first Romanesque cathedral built in Aragon (1070s-early 12th century). It is one of the oldest cathedrals in the Iberian peninsula.

= = = Ourense Cathedral = = =
Ourense Cathedral (Catedral de Ourense or Catedral do San Martiño) is a cathedral in Ourense, Spain. It was founded in 550. It was made a Heritage site of Spain in 1931. It is mainly in the style of Gothic architecture. Building the cathedral was completed in 1220.

= = = Getafe Cathedral = = =
Getafe Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of La Magdalena) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Getafe, Spain. It was designed by Alonso de Covarrubias. The construction was begun in 1549. It was finished in 1770. The bell tower is in Mudéjar architectural style. The cathedral is known for its collection of fine paintings. It was declared as "Spanish Property of Cultural Interest" in 1958.

= = = Santander Cathedral = = =
Santander Cathedral is one of the most famous Roman Catholic holy buildings in the city of Santander, Spain. It is mainly built in the Gothic architectural style.

= = = Damask = = =
Damask is a weaving pattern that is usually used with silk or wool. It is a poular classical pattern. It is made with a special technique: the original Damask was made in the Ottoman Empire, Syria, Iran and Jordan.
History.
Damask was first made using the five original weaving methods during the Middle Ages. It was common in the Byzantine Empire, and in Islamic areas. Its name comes from the city of Damascus, where the pattern and the manufacturing technique were invented. Damask lost popularity after the ninth century, except in Andalusia. It was revived by European weaving manufacturers, who got interested in oriental patterns and models. They made it on weaving looms from the 14th century onwards.
Modern uses.
Damask is a pattern used today on computerized looms. Even if the original pattern was a colored one, the modern Damask is usually monochromatic. It is woven in silk, linen and even synthetic materials. The patterns can represent plants, flowers and fruits, but also other classical Arabian designs. The unique characteristic of the pattern is that the light reflects differently, when watched from different angles.

= = = News Corp = = =
News Corporation stylized as News Corp, is a mass media and publishing company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was formed on June 28, 2013, following a spin-off of the media outlets of the original News Corporation as 21st Century Fox (21CF). Operating across digital real estate information, news media, book publishing, and cable television, News Corp's notable assets include Dow Jones & Company (publisher of The Wall Street Journal), News UK (publisher of The Sun and The Times), News Corp Australia, REA Group (operator of realestate.com.au), Realtor.com, and book publisher HarperCollins. 
It is one of two companies that succeeded the original News Corp., alongside 21st Century Fox, which consisted of broadcasting and media properties such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21CF was the legal continuation of the original News Corp., with the new News Corp being a new company formed by a stock split. Since March 19, 2019, Fox Corporation (which holds 21CF's national broadcasting, news and sports assets due to 21CF's sale to Disney the next day) is the sister company of News Corp under the Murdoch family's control.
In September 2023, Rupert Murdoch announced he would step down as News Corp's chairman by November.

= = = 21st Century Fox = = =
21st Century Fox (Twenty-First Century Fox) was an American multinational mass media corporation founded in 2013. In 2019, Disney acquired most of 21CF.
It is one of two companies made from the 2013 split of News Corporation (founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979). 21st Century Fox has the broadcasting and movie assets and serves as the legal successor to News Corporation. The publishing assets were spun off to form News Corp at the same time. The split was so both companies operate under more "focused" management, which Murdoch claimed would "unlock" their true value.
Among the holdings of 21st Century Fox are Fox Entertainment Group. This owns the 20th Century Fox film studio and Fox television network. There are other assets, such as the pan-Asian pay channel operator Star India.
On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company said that they would acquire a lot of 21st Century Fox's subsidiaries for $52 billion USD. This includes the 20th Century Fox studio and Fox's partnership with National Geographic. Some subsidiaries like Fox Broadcasting Company and Fox News Channel will still be a part of 21st Century Fox. The deal closed on March 20, 2019.
Final holdings.
21st Century Fox primarily consisted of the media and broadcasting properties that were owned by its predecessor, such as the Fox Entertainment Group and Star India. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the current incarnation of News Corp and was not a part of 21st Century Fox.
TV.
Cable.
Cable TV channels owned (in whole or part) and operated by 21st Century Fox include:

= = = Punch-Out!! = = =
Punch-Out!! is a series of boxing games created by Nintendo. There are seven games in the "Punch-Out" series. 
Characters.
The player controls Little Mac as he fights his way up the ranks in the World Video Boxing Association. He is helped by his trainer, Doc Luis. Doc Luis later got his own WiiWare game. Little Mac is a playable fighter in both Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U.

= = = Ontario Highway 11 = = =
Ontario Highway 11 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It is long, which makes it Ontario's second longest highway. It starts at Highway 400 in Barrie in Central Ontario. It runs westward around the north of the Great Lakes and ends at Rainy River, Ontario near the border with Minnesota.

= = = Zeist = = =
Zeist is a town in Utrecht province, Netherlands. It is east of the city of Utrecht. The most famous site in Zeist is Slot Zeist. It is an historical building. 

= = = Ontario Highway 21 = = =
Ontario Highway 21, also called King's Highway 21, is a provincial highway in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It starts near Ontario Highway 402, almost half way between Sarnia and London. It runs north/northeast for and ends in Owen Sound with Highway 6, Highway 10, and Highway 26. The roadway is referred to as the Bluewater Highway because it remains very close to the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron. It was started in 1927 as Highway 3 running across Kent and Lambton Counties. In 1930 it was extended and renamed King's Highway 21. It is one of Ontario's most treacherous roads for winter driving. Highway 21 is frequently closed during winter because of snow blowing off Lake Huron.

= = = Nuclear DNA = = =
Nuclear DNA is the DNA inside the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells. This DNA is a double helix, with two strands wound around each other. This double helix structure was first described by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in 1953. 
This DNA is different from the DNA in bacteria, mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplasts. Nuclear DNA is very long, and is bound up in chromosomes which, apart from the DNA, are protein structures. The second difference is that each eukaryote cell has two sets of DNA, one set from each parent: it is diploid. Mitochondrial and plastid DNA is relatively short, is in a circle, and there is only one set (haploid), not two. It is supposed that these organelles were once independent bacteria (see endosymbiosis).
The consequence of nuclear DNA being double is highly important. The genes in mitochondria and plastids only change when a mutation happens. Nuclear DNA gets shuffled by the cell division known as meiosis, part of sexual reproduction. This leads to a variety of offspring from any two parents.
Another feature of nuclear DNA is that it is regulated by proteins and RNA systems which control the rate of transcription into messenger RNA. In this way, most of the cell products are adjusted according to the circumstances.

= = = Kurtis Blow = = =
Kurtis Blow (born Kurtis Walker; August 9, 1959) is an American rapper. He sang many major songs, like "Christmas Rappin'" and "The Breaks". In 1980, "The Breaks" was the first rap single that was certified gold.
He was born in The Bronx, New York City.
In 1979, he was the first rapper signed to Mercury Records.

= = = Old-school hip hop = = =
Old-school hip hop (also old school rap) is the earliest recorded hip hop music. It lasted from the late 1970s to around 1983 or 1984. This music is said to have ended in the early-to-mid 1980s due to changes in rapping techniques and the accompanying music and rhythms.
A lot of this music was about partying and having a good time. 
Old-school rappers include Kurtis Blow and Grandmaster Flash.

= = = Bachelor of Science = = =
Bachelor of Science is an academic degree awarded by a university or other qualified institution. It is a first degree, and is given to students who graduate in a science course. Bachelor's degrees may take three to five years to complete.
The degree gives graduates the right to put BSc (or sometimes BS) after their name.

= = = Roll Bounce = = =
Roll Bounce is an American comedy-drama movie. This movie is about roller skating in the late 1970s in Chicago. Bow Wow plays Xavier.
The movie was released on September 23, 2005.

= = = Paola Andino = = =
Paola Nicole Andino (born March 22, 1998) is an American actress of Puerto Rican origin. She is best known for her lead role of Emma Alonso in "Every Witch Way".
Early life and career.
She was born in Bayamon,Puerto Rico. She and her family moved to Texas a few months after her third birthday.
As a child, she danced as member of the Lewisville's Footlights Dance Studio. At 10 years old she started the take acting classes in Lewisville. She appeared in a "Grey's Anatomy" episode, and in 2011 was in the movie "Beyond the Blackboard", playing Maria, a young homeless girl.
In December 2013, she got the lead role in the new Nickelodeon TV series "Every Witch Way" as Emma Alonso, a good witch discovering her new magic powers. The series was premiered on January 1, 2014 and is the American version of the Latin American telenovela "Grachi". For this role she was nominated to the "Best TV young actress" at the Image Awards 2014.

= = = Lambton County = = =
Lambton County is a county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Plympton–Wyoming. The largest city in the county is Sarnia. The county was formed in 1849. It was named after John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham.
According to the 2011 census, 124,623 people lived in the county. Most people in the county work in manufacturing and retail trade. The Pinery Provincial Park is a popular tourist destination.

= = = Marc Fortier = = =
Marc Fortier (born February 26, 1966) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a career total of 212 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Quebec Nordiques, Ottawa Senators, and Los Angeles Kings.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Fortier played 4 seasons with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He went undrafted but he was signed as a free agent on February 3, 1987. He spent his time between the Nordiques and their AHL-affiliates Fredericton Express and Halifax Citadels. After he became a free agent, Fortier signed a contract with the Ottawa Senators on October 1, 1992. He played 10 with the Senators and was traded by the Senators along with Jim Thomson to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Bob Kudelski and Shawn McCosh. He played 6 games with the Kings and then left.
He traveled to Europe and played for the ZSC Lions of the National League A for 3 seasons, Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) for 6 seasons, the Frankfurt Lions for 1 season, HC Ajoie of the National League B for 2 seasons and 4 games for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A.
He is currently the general manager of his old team, the Chicoutimi Saguenéens.

= = = Southwestern Ontario = = =
Southwestern Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It covers from the Bruce Peninsula in the north to Lake Erie in the south. From east to west, it goes from Guelph to Windsor. London is the largest city in the region.
In 2011 the population of the region was 2,504,878. Agriculture and auto manufacturing are a large parts of the region's economy. Much of Canada's trade with the eastern and midwestern United States passes through southwestern Ontario.

= = = Owen Sound = = =
Owen Sound is a city in Southwestern Ontario. It is the county seat of Grey County. It is at the mouths of the Pottawatomi River and the Sydenham River on an inlet of Georgian Bay. According to the 2011 census, the 21,688 people lived in Owen Sound.
Owen Sound was founded in 1841. It was named after British Admiral Edward Owen. The Canadian World War I flying ace Billy Bishop was born in Owen Sound.
Georgian College is in Owen Sound. The Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute is one of the oldest schools in Canada.
There are five sports teams in Owen Sound:

= = = Klondike, Yukon = = =
The Klondike is a region of Yukon in northwest Canada. It is around the Klondike River, a small river that enters Yukon from the east at Dawson City. The Klondike Gold Rush took place there from 1897 to 1899.
The summers in the Klondike are short and very hot. The winters are long and very cold. There are snow storms between September and May.
Jack London's novel "The Call of the Wild", published in 1903, was set in the Klondike.

= = = Division of Moreton = = =
The Division of Moreton is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first election in 1901. It is named after Moreton Bay, though changes to the boundaries over the years mean it is no longer near the bay. 
The seat decided the 1961 federal election. The Liberals won the seat by only 130 votes to have a one-seat majority in Parliament.
Boundaries.
Moreton is located in south east Queensland, and is based in the southern suburbs of the City of Brisbane. The division includes Archerfield, Chelmer, Fairfield, Graceville, Karawatha, Kuraby, Macgregor, Moorooka, Nathan, Oxley, Robertson, Rocklea, Runcorn, Salisbury, Stretton, Sunnybank, Sunnybank Hills, Tennyson, Yeronga, and Yeerongpilly, and parts of Algester, Berrinba, Calamvale, Coopers Plains, Drewvale, Eight Mile Plains, Parkinson, Sherwood, and Tarragindi, Corinda.

= = = Hitch (movie) = = =
Hitch is a 2005 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about a professional dating consultant who teaches men how to get women to like them. Will Smith plays Alex. Eva Mendes plays Sara. Amber Valletta plays Allegra.
The movie was released on February 11, 2005. The overall reviews were positive. The box office was also positive.

= = = Klondike River = = =
The Klondike River is a river in the Yukon in Canada. It is a tributary of the Yukon River. The river starts in the Ogilvie Mountains. It flows into the Yukon River at Dawson City. Gold was discovered near the Klondike River in 1896. That started the Klondike Gold Rush.

= = = Division of Petrie = = =
The Division of Petrie is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was founded in 1949 and named after Andrew Petrie (1798–1872), a civil engineer, pioneer and explorer, and the first free settler in Brisbane (1837).
Petrie is in the northern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Bald Hills, Bracken Ridge, Carseldine, Clontarf, Deception Bay, Fitzgibbon, Griffin, Kippa-Ring, Mango Hill, Margate, North Lakes, Redcliffe, Rothwell, Scarborough, Woody Point, and parts of Aspley, Bridgeman Downs, and Burpengary. 

= = = Division of Rankin = = =
The Division of Rankin is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1984. It is named after Annabelle Rankin, the first Queensland woman elected to the Senate.
Rankin is in the outer southern suburbs of Brisbane including, Algester, Berrinba, Browns Plains, Calamvale, Crestmead, Daisy Hill, Drewvale, Heritage Park, Hillcrest, Kingston, Logan Central, Marsden, Parkinson, Priestdale, Regents Park, Rochedale South, Slacks Creek, Springwood, Underwood, and Woodridge.

= = = Lake Laberge = = =
Lake Laberge is a lake in Yukon, Canada. It is where the Yukon River widens north of Whitehorse. It is long. It is between wide.
The lake is named after Michel LaBerge, a French-Canadian who explored the area in 1866.

= = = Yukon Party = = =
The Yukon Party is a conservative political party in Yukon, Canada. It was organized in 1978 as the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party. In 1991, it was renamed the "Yukon Party". In the 2002 elections, the Yukon Party won enough seats to form a government. The party also won the 2006 elections and the 2011 elections. They lost the 2016 elections and are the current Official Opposition.

= = = Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell = = =
Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell (March 10, 1933 - December 4, 2004) was a surrealist poet and translator from Argentina. She was born in Buenos Aires. She worked as a teacher at the University of Buenos Aires. She wrote about literature in "La Nación". She also translated writing from English to Spanish. She translated writing by Edgar Allen Poe, Dylan Thomas and William Shand. She was influenced by Olga Orozco. In 1984, she was given the Konex Award. She died in Buenos Aires in 2004. 

= = = Roberto Telch = = =
Roberto "Oveja" Telch (November 6, 1943 - October 12, 2014) was an Argentine footballer. He was born in San Vicente, Córdoba.
He won four league championships with San Lorenzo in Argentina and represented the Argentina national football team at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Telch managed several teams in the lower leagues of Argentine football. He also worked for many years with the youth teams at San Lorenzo.
Telch died in Buenos Aires of a heart attack, aged 70.

= = = Finn Lied = = =
Finn Lied (12 April 1916 – 10 October 2014) was a Norwegian military researcher and politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was born in Fana, Norway.
He served as a captain in the army from 1944 to 1945, and civil engineer. From 1946 to 1956 he was a researcher at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment. He had 41 positions in different government councils, boards and agencies. He served as the Minister of Industry in 1971–1972, in the Bratteli's First Cabinet. From 1973 to 1984 he was the chairman of Statoil.
From 1971 he was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He was also a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. He was appointed a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1980, and became Honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1982.
Lied died in Oslo, Norway, aged 98.

= = = Mary Beckett = = =
Mary Beckett (1926-2013) was an Irish author.
She was born in Belfast in Northern Ireland. She used to work for BBC Northern Ireland, where she wrote plays for the radio. She also wrote short stories. She also worked as a teacher. She was married and had five children. She stopped publishing writing until the 1980s, when she wrote "The Belfast Woman". In addition to short stories, she also wrote children's books and one novel.

= = = Citadel Center = = =
Citadel Center is a 580ft (177m) tall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill. Citadel Center is the 44th tallest building in Chicago. It was completed in 2003. It has 39 floors. The copy of the sculpture Winged Victory of Samothrace is on display in the lobby. 

= = = Maryam Mahboob = = =
Maryam Mahboob (born 1955) is an Afghan writer. She writes about patriarchy and migrants in Afghanistan. She was born in Maimana, Afghanistan in 1955. She moved a lot because her father worked for the government. She went to college in Kabul and at the University of Tehran. She had to leave Afghanistan in 1979 after the Soviet War. She moved to Pakistan and then moved to Delhi, in India, in 1981. She created a journal, along with other Afghani who were living outside Afghanistan, called "Gahanama". The government of Afghanistan and the Mujahideen were angry about the journal and Mahboob had to move to Canada in 1983. 
Today, she writes a lot about Afghani communities around the world. She writes mainly about women's rights. 

= = = Fairfield County, Connecticut = = =
Fairfield County is located in the southwestern corner of the U.S. State of Connecticut. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 957,419. The county has a total area of 2,168 km2 (837 mi2). 1,621 km2 (626 mi2) of it is land and 547 km2 (211 mi2) of it is water. The total area is 25.23% water.

= = = Hartford County, Connecticut = = =
Hartford County is located in the north central part of the U.S. state of Connecticut. As of the 2020 census, the population was 899,498. The county has a total area of 1,944 km2 (751 mi2). 1,905 km2 (735 mi2) of it is land and 39 km2 (15 mi2) of it is water. The total area is 2.02% water.

= = = Litchfield County, Connecticut = = =
Litchfield County is located in the northwestern corner of the U.S. State of Connecticut. As of the 2020 census, the population was 185,186. The county has a total area of 2,446 km2 (945 mi2). 2,383 km2 (920 mi2) of it is land and 64 km2 (25 mi2) of it is water. The total area is 2.61% water.

= = = Middlesex County, Connecticut = = =
Middlesex County is located in the south central part of the U.S. State of Connecticut. As of the 2020 census, the population was 164,245. The county has a total area of 1,137 km2 (439 mi2). 956 km2 (369 mi2) of it is land and 181 km2 (70 mi2) of it is water. The total area is 15.90% water.

= = = Tolland County, Connecticut = = =
Tolland County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. State of Connecticut. As of the 2020 census, the population was 149,788. The county has a total area of 1,080 km2 (417 mi2). 1,062 km2 (410 mi2) of it is land and 18 km2 (7 mi2) of it is water. The total area is 1.66% water.

= = = Interstate 95 in Connecticut = = =
Interstate 95 is the main north-south Interstate Highway on the East Coast of the United States. It runs in a general east-west compass direction for 111.57 miles (179.55 km) in Connecticut. The majority of the road, west (south) of the New London area, is part of the Connecticut Turnpike. This is connected to the New England Thruway in New York state. I-95 leaves the Turnpike west of New London, and continues east through that city towards Westerly, Rhode Island rather than turning north with the Turnpike (designated Interstate 395).

= = = Connecticut Turnpike = = =
The Connecticut Turnpike (also known as Governor John Davis Lodge Turnpike) is a freeway in Connecticut. It runs from Byram to South Killingly. It is approximately 135 miles long (94 miles on Interstate 95, 37 miles on Interstate 395, and 4 miles on State Route 695).
The Connecticut Turnpike opened in the early 1950s as the state's main highway. Once the road was considered paid for, and also due to several accidents near the toll booths, tolls were removed from the road in 1985. The turnpike was renamed for former Governor John Davis Lodge soon afterward. Very few signs nowadays identify the route as one unified road, and the section that runs as Route 695 carries no current identification at all (not even CT 695 markers) except to say that eastbound it goes "To US 6" and westbound it goes "To I-395".

= = = William Shand = = =
William Shand (1902 – 1997) was a writer and translator. He was born in Scotland. He lived in Argentina. He wrote poetry. He was also a playwright. He moved to Argentina in 1938. He wrote book reviews for "La Nación". He translated poetry by John Donne and Stephen Spender from English into Spanish. He worked with Alberto Girri to put together poetry collections of other poets' works. He was given a Merit Diploma of Translation in 1984 and 1994 by the Konex Foundation.

= = = Capitol Loop = = =
Capitol Loop is a state trunkline highway running through Lansing, Michigan. It was opened on October 13, 1989. It creates a loop route. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) has marked it as Capitol Loop I-496 or CL I-496 on some maps, similar to the designation of a business loop. It is known at MDOT as Connector 81. Part of it runs on the same road as BL I-96.

= = = Jan van Dornicke = = =
Jan van Dornicke (born around 1475 in Tournai, died around 1527 probably in Antwerp) was a painter of the Antwerp Mannerism movement. He was active in Antwerp from 1509 to his death. He was active as a producer of pictures for winged altars, which were mostly produced for export. 

= = = Chehel Sotoun = = =
Chehel Sotoun (or 'Chihil Sutun') is a pavilion in Isfahan, Iran. It is in the middle of a park at the end of a long pool. It was built by Shah Abbas II for his entertainment and receptions. In this palace, Shah Abbas II and his successors would receive dignitaries and ambassadors, either on the terrace or in one of the stately reception halls.
The name, meaning "Forty Columns" in Persian, was inspired by the twenty slender wooden columns supporting the entrance pavilion, which, when reflected in the waters of the fountain, are said to appear to be forty.
The palace has many frescoes and paintings on ceramic. Many of the ceramic panels are now in the possession of major museums in the west. They show specific historical scenes. There are also aesthetic compositions in the traditional miniature style which celebrate the joy of life and love.
The Chehel Sotoun Palace is among the nine Iranian Gardens which are registered as one of the Iran’s 17 World Heritage Sites. The nine gardens go by the name of "The Persian Garden".

= = = Jan Massys = = =
Jan Massys (born around 1510 in Antwerp, died 8 October 1575, also in Antwerp) was a Flemish painter. Other spellings of his name are Massijs, Matsys, Matsijs, Messijs, Messys, Metsijs, and Metsys. Today, he is known for his history paintings amongst others.

= = = Paul Sahlin = = =
Paul Sahlin, originally "Johansson", born 30 March 1955 in Strömslund in Trollhättan, Sweden, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. He scored successes in Sweden and West Germany. Later he bcame a funeral director He is well known for songs like the 1977 Svensktoppen hit "Guenerina", "Flyg min fjäril flyg" and the Christmas song "Jag önskar er alla en riktigt god jul". He also was the singer in Matz Bladhs between 1991 and 2004. Earlier, he had been the singer in the band "Säwes". Later, he became active with his dansband "Paul Sahlins".

= = = Ann-Cathrine Wiklander = = =
Ann-Cathrine Wiklander, born 4 July 1958 in Sollefteå, Sweden, is a Swedish female singer. She scored dansband successes during the 1990s. 
She has scored Svensktoppen hit songs like "Kärleken" (1993), "Vänd inte ryggen åt en vän" (1994), "Alla stunder" (1995), "Julklockor över vår jord" (1995-1996), "Liksom svalorna kommer med solen" (1996), "Min tanke är hos mig" (1998) and "Gamla vänner" (2000). On 12 July 1994, she appeared as a guest at Allsång på Skansen.
Ann-Cathrine Wiklander participated with the song "Som en dröm", at "schlager-SM" i TV 3 1994, together with Keith Almgrens orkester at Sandgrund in Karlstad.
In late 2012, she begun touring with Erik Lihm. She also works as a diabetics nurse at Österåsens hälsohem in Sollefteå.

= = = The Book of Life (movie) = = =
The Book of Life is a 2014 animated romantic comedy movie. This movie is about being torn between family expectations and following the heart of one. Christina Applegate plays teacher Mary Beth. Ice Cube plays a Candle Maker. Channing Tatum plays Tatum.
The movie was released on October 17, 2014.

= = = Dan Chicoine = = =
Daniel Chicoine (born November 30, 1957) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 31 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Cleveland Barons and the Minnesota North Stars.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Chicoine played 4 seasons with the Sherbrooke Castors of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). Chicoine ended up being drafted 23rd overall by the Cleveland Barons in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft and was also drafted 81st overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1977 WHA Amateur Draft.
He spent time between their AHL-affiliate team, the New Haven Nighthawks. He spent 6 games with the Barons and 17 games with the Phoenix Roadrunners of the Central Hockey League (CHL). On June 13, 1979, Chicoine was claimed as a fill-in during Expansion Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. He played 25 games with the North Stars and 117 games with their CHL-affiliate team, the Oklahoma City Stars. On June 9, 1981, he was traded to Quebec by Minnesota for Nelson Burton. He never played for them and spent 21 games with the Sherbrooke Jets of the AHL before retiring from professional ice hockey in 1983.

= = = Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury = = =
Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury is a oil painting by Albert Chevallier Tayler in 1906. The chairman of the Kent County Cricket Club, Lord Harris, wanted to celebrate their first County Championship title win. Tayler painted the picture after spending time with each of the Kent players one by one. 
The painting mostly stayed at Kent's St Lawrence Ground until 1999 when it was moved to Lord's Cricket Ground. Kent could no longer afford to insure it. In 2006, Kent sold the painting to the Andrew Brownsword Art Foundation at an auction. The painting is currently on display at the Lord's Pavilion.

= = = The Spectacular Now = = =
The Spectacular Now is a 2013 American romantic comedy-drama movie. Brie Larson plays Cassidy. Shailene Woodley plays Aimee. Mary Elizabeth Winstead plays Holly. Jennifer Jason Leigh plays Sara.
The movie got good review from the critics. The box office was also good.

= = = Charlie Countryman = = =
Charlie Countryman is a 2013 romantic comedy-thriller movie. The movie is about relationships and love, taking chances and life in Chicago. The title character is played by Shia LaBeouf. Evan Rachel Wood plays Gabi.
The movie got negative reviews from critics. It was released in November 2013.

= = = Ulla Persson = = =
Ulla Persson, born 1947 in Stockholm, Sweden, is a female singer from Sweden. During the 1960s she scored succeses.

= = = Pontus Segerström = = =
Pontus Segerström (17 February 1981 – 13 October 2014) was a Swedish footballer.
Segerström started his career at IF Brommapojkarna where he had played football from a young age. He later played for Danish Odense BK during a short period of time in 2004 before moving back to Sweden to play for Landskrona BoIS, first in Allsvenskan for the 2005 season and later in Superettan for the 2006 season. His two last seasons at the club was in Allsvenskan in 2013 and 2014.
Segerström died just 76 days after his last played Allsvenskan game, which he played as the captain from brain cancer, aged 33.

= = = Ali Mazrui = = =
Ali Al'amin Mazrui (24 February 1933 – 12 October 2014) was a Kenyan academic professor and political writer. He wrote about African and Islamic studies and North-South relations. He was born in Mombasa, Kenya. He was an Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities and the Director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York. 
Mazrui died in Binghamton, New York, aged 81.

= = = Eicochrysops meryamae = = =
Eicochrysops meryamae is a butterfly in the Lycaenidae family. It is found in Ethiopia.

= = = Hypatopa lucina = = =
Hypatopa lucina is a moth in the Blastobasidae family. It is found in Costa Rica.

= = = Gotra = = =
Gotra is a clan in Hindu society. It means the people who are descended in an unbroken male line from a common male ancestor. In the 4th century, Pāṇini wrote that gotra are the descendants of a sage, "beginning with the son's son."(IV. 1. 162). A person who says "I am Kashyapa-gotra," can trace his family from the ancient sage Kashyapa through an unbroken male line. 
According to the Brihadaranyaka Upanisad 2.2.6, Gautama and Bharadvāja, Viśvāmitra and Jamadagni, Vashishtha and Kaśhyapa, and Atri are seven sages (also known as Saptarishi). The descendants of these eight sages are said to be gotras. This explanation of the eight primary gotras seems to have been known to Pāṇini. Descendants of others are called "gotrâvayava".

= = = Chandra = = =
Chandra is a Hindu moon god. He is described as being young, beautiful and fair. In his hands he carries a club and a lotus. He rides his chariot across the sky every night, pulled by ten white horses or an antelope.

= = = Division of Ryan = = =
The Division of Ryan is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after T. J. Ryan, Premier of Queensland from 1915 to 1919. Ryan is located in south east Queensland. It is based on the south western suburbs of Brisbane, including Auchenflower, Bellbowrie, Brookfield, Chapel Hill, Ferny Grove, Fig Tree Pocket, The Gap, Indooroopilly, Karana Downs, Kenmore, Keperra, Lake Manchester, Moggill, Pullenvale, St Lucia, Taringa, Toowong, the western Centenary Suburbs and parts of Bardon.
Members.
John Moore was a Minister in the Fraser government, and also served as Minister for Defence in the Howard government. In 2001, Moore retired from politics, leading to a by-election for the division. The ALP won the by election but did not win the division at the next election, held later the same year. Michael Johnson was sacked from the Liberal Party after allegations of improper fundraising and not following the rules about using his tax payer provided motor car. He continued in Parliament as an independent, but was defeated at the 2010 election.

= = = Division of Wright = = =
The Division of Wright is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Queensland. It was set up in 2010. It covers the area inland from the Gold Coast, and includes the towns of Beaudesert and Boonah. It is named after the poet, Judith Wright (1915-2000) who lived in the area.

= = = Frontiersman = = =
Frontiersmen and frontierswomen are people living on the frontier between settled and unsettled lands. The frontier was a place between civilization and the unknown wilderness. Frontiersmen often cleared the land, built shelters, raised children, and grew crops. Hunting and animal trapping were prime sources of meat. Animal furs and skins were made into clothing. Famous American frontiersmen include Davy Crockett, Daniel Boone, and Kit Carson. The United States, Canada, and Australia are countries In which frontiersmen and women have been found in large numbers.

= = = Black Box (band) = = =
Black Box was a late 1980s/early 1990s house music group. They were known for hit singles like "Everybody Everybody", "Strike it Up" and "I Don't Know Anybody Else".
The group broke up in 1998.

= = = Super Mario (disambiguation) = = =
Super Mario might mean:
People.
Since the appearance of "Super Mario Bros.", a number of individuals named Mario have been nicknamed "Super Mario" by fans.

= = = Gang Starr = = =
Gang Starr was an East Coast hip hop duo. The members were MC Guru and DJ Premier. The group was started in Boston, Massachusetts in 1985. The group made hardcore hip hop.
The group ended in 2006.
Guru died in 2010.

= = = List of Bienes de Interés Cultural in the Province of Biscay = = =
This is a list of Bienes de Interés Cultural (registered monuments and landmarks) in the Province of Biscay, Spain.

= = = Big Daddy Kane = = =
Antonio Hardy (better known as Big Daddy Kane; born September 10, 1968) is an American rapper. He began his rapping career in 1986 with rap group the Juice Crew. In the late 1980s, Kane released his album "It's a Big Daddy Thing". As of 2014, that was his biggest album. That album included songs like "Smooth Operator".
Hardy was born in Brooklyn, New York.

= = = Isaiah Owens = = =
Isaiah Randolph "Ikey" Owens (December 1, 1975 - October 14, 2014) was an American keyboardist. He was known for his work with The Mars Volta, Jack White and a variety of bands from the Long Beach music scene.
On October 14, 2014, Owens was found dead in his hotel room in Cholula, Mexico, aged 38. He died of an apparent heart attack.

= = = William Peter Blatty = = =
William Peter Blatty (January 7, 1928 – January 12, 2017) was an American writer, screenwriter, and movie director. The novel "The Exorcist", written in 1971, is his most well-known novel. He was the screenwriter of the movie adaptation. He won an Academy Award for it. He also wrote and directed the third movie of the trilogy, "The Exorcist III."

= = = Adactylidium = = =
Adactylidium is a genus of mites. It is known for its short and unusual life cycle. The pregnant female mite attaches herself to a single egg of a thrip. She grows from five to eight female offspring and one male in her body. The offspring begin to eat their mother from the inside out. The single male mite mates with all his sisters when they are still in the mother. The females, now pregnant, cut holes in their mother's body. This is so that they can get out to find new thrips eggs. The male gets out too. But having served his biological function he dies after a few hours. The females die at the age of four days, when their own offspring eat them alive from the inside.

= = = Thompson Twins = = =
Thompson Twins were an English alternative rock band formed in 1977. The group disbanded in May 1993. They were successful in having three top ten hits in the US. When the group did not move past their Synthpop sound they lost their popularity. Through most of their career there were three members. However none were twins and none were named Thompson.

= = = Animorphs = = =
Animorphs is a young-adult science fiction book series. They were written by K. A. Applegate and published by Scholastic. It is told in the first person, from perspectives of 6 different characters; Rachel, Cassie, Jake, Tobias, Marco, and Aximilli-Esgarouth-Isthil. A different character is featured for each book. It was published from June 1996 to May 2001. There are 54 books in the series.

= = = Fiddlehead fern = = =
Fiddleheads are a type of vegetable.

= = = Hurricane Gonzalo = = =
Hurricane Gonzalo was a Category 4 hurricane. The storm threatened Bermuda. The hurricane struck the northern Leeward Islands, killing one person. Gonzalo formed on October 12, 2014. On October 14, hurricane notices were put up for Bermuda when the storm began heading their direction.

= = = Delhi Poetry Festival = = =
Delhi Poetry Festival is an annual poetry festival. It was organized by Poets Corner Group in Delhi in 2013.

= = = Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium = = =
Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium (24 July 1833 – 17 May 1834), was the eldest child and heir-apparent of King Leopold I of the Belgians and his second wife, Louise of Orléans. He died as an infant. He may have been named after his grandfather Louis Philippe I.
Life.
Louis Philippe became crown prince at birth in Laeken. His birth was announced by the sound of 101 cannon shots at the capitol, Brussels. The baby was baptised at the Collegiate church of St. Michael and St. Gudule at Brussels.
Death and burial.
Louis-Philippe died of an inflammation of the mucous membranes. According to his father, this was completely preventable. His funeral was held on 24 May 1843. He was buried in the Mausoleum of the Dukes of Brabant at the Collegiate church of St. Michael and St. Gudule. He is now burried in the chapel of Church of Our Lady of Laeken (Notre Dame de Laeken), near his family's tomb. This church did not exist at the time of his death. His mother died in 1850 and wanted to be buried at Laeken near the royal residence. Construction for the church began in 1854. It houses the royal crypt where the royal family is buried. A contemporary source recorded his passing: "The family of King Leopold are plunged into the deepest distress by the sudden death of the Duke of Brabant, the heir-apparent to the throne." He was followed as crown prince upon the birth of his younger brother, Leopold (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor), who would later succeed their father as Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Leopold was the replacement child to Louis-Philippe.
Titles and Styles.
His tombstone records his titles as: "S.A.R. ("Son Altesse Royale" or Royal Highness) le Prince Louis-Philippe Duc le Brabant".

= = = The Hindu = = =
The Hindu is an English language newspaper in India. It was founded on 20 September 1878. It is headquartered in Chennai, India.

= = = Poets Corner Group = = =
Poets Corner Group is a poetry group in India founded in 2011 by poet Yaseen Anwer. The group hosts online competitions, poetry reading events, panel discussions, book launches, workshops, and other activities. Poets Corner organizes annual poetry event in New Delhi called Delhi Poetry Festival. It has published over 21 anthologies in both English and Hindi.

= = = Marie Dubois = = =
Marie Dubois (Claudine Lucie Pauline Huzé; January 12, 1937 - October 15, 2014) was a French actress. Dubois was born in Paris, France. She studied at l'École de la rue Blanche (ENSATT). She made her movie debut in 1959. She was first gaining notice as Léna in "Shoot the Piano Player".
She was known for her roles in "Jules and Jim", "The Thief of Paris", "Hot Line", "La Ronde", "La Grande Vadrouille", and "Monte Carlo or Bust". In 1978 she won the César Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Dominique Montlaur in "La Menace".
Dubois married French actor Serge Rousseau in 1961. They remained together until his death in 2007. Dubois died in Paris, France from multiple sclerosis, aged 77.

= = = Giovanni Reale = = =
Giovanni Reale (15 April 1931 – 15 October 2014) was an Italian historian and philosopher. Reale was born in Candia Lomellina, Pavia, Italy. He mostly wrote about Greek philosophy. He was a teacher at Vita-Salute San Raffaele University in Italy. 
Reale died on 15 October 2014 in his home in Luino, Italy, aged 83.

= = = Elizabeth Peña = = =
Elizabeth Peña (September 23, 1959 – October 14, 2014) was an Cuban-American actress and television director. She was known for her roles in "The Incredibles", "Rush Hour", "Jacob's Ladder", and "La Bamba". She was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
Peña died at the age of 55 on October 14, 2014 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from septic shock and cardiopulmonary arrest complicated from cirrhosis of the liver.

= = = Helmut Ruge = = =
Helmut Ruge (7 February 1940 – 8 October 2014) was a German comedian, author, director and actor. He was born in Stuttgart. Ruge was originally a graduate sociologist and psychologist. He wrote 37 cabaret programs and ten plays. 
Ruge lived in Munich since 1967. Ruge died on October 8, 2014 at the age of 74 years after a long illness in Munich.

= = = Berberis hayatana = = =
Berberis hayatana is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae. It was first described in 1952 then renamed in 1954. It is found mainly in Taiwan. "Berberis hayatana" is a low evergreen shrub. It is common to the Central Mountain Range at elevations of between and . 

= = = Gone Girl (movie) = = =
Gone Girl is a 2014 American crime thriller mystery movie set in Missouri. It is an adaptation of a novel by Gillian Flynn that is also called "Gone Girl". The movie is about a man who is suspected of killing his wife after she goes missing. Ben Affleck plays Nick Dunne. Rosamund Pike plays his wife Amy.
The movie received positive reviews from critics. Its box office was very positive.

= = = Matt Carpenter = = =
Matthew Martin Carpenter (born November 26, 1985) is a professional baseball player. He plays for the St. Louis Cardinals. The positions he plays are second and third base. Carpenter played his major league game on June 4, 2011 at Busch Stadium. He became their regular leadoff hitter early in the 2013 season.

= = = Christian church = = =
A Christian church (or local church) is a group of people who share a faith or belief within a community. They usually meet in one particular location called a cathedral, temple, tabernacle, or simply a church building. A church group represents a certain doctrine and traditions. Many Christian churches that use the same name and share the same beliefs are a part of a denomination. A church that not part of a larger group is usually called nondenominational. There are estimated to be over 41,000 denominations worldwide. They may fall within three general groups: Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant Churches.

= = = Horses in World War I = = =
Horses in World War I were very easily killed by machine guns and ordinary guns on the battlefields. Over 48,000 horses were killed in World War I, 210 from poison gas. Many drowned, died of exhaustion, or got stuck in mud or shell holes.
Horses were mainly used for helping with transport. They carried guns and bullets. They were better than motor vehicles over rough and muddy surfaces. It was hard to get enough food for them because they were in the middle of war. Horses ate about ten times as much food as a human. In 1917, allied operations were threatened when horse feed rations were reduced.

= = = Fitzroy River (Queensland) = = =
The Fitzroy River is in Queensland, Australia. The river is formed by the coming together of the Mackenzie and Dawson rivers at Duaringa. 
The Fitzroy was named by Charles and William Archer on 4 May 1853. The river was named in honour of Sir Charles FitzRoy, Governor of the Colony of New South Wales. Queensland did not become a colony until 1859.

= = = Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette = = =
Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the United States as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat, politician and liberal thinker. He believed in the Age of Enlightenment and played an important role during the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. In 1789, he presented a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. He worked on the document with Thomas Jefferson, who was the American ambassador in Paris.
Birth and family.
Gilbert du Motier was born at the château de Chavaniac, in southern France. His father, Louis Christophe du Motier, was Marquis of La Fayette in his own right. His mother, Marie Louise Jolie de La Rivière, was from an aristocratic family from northern France.

= = = Portuguese Football Federation = = =
The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) ( FPF; ) is the governing body of football in Portugal. It organises the Campeonato Nacional de Seniores, the Taça de Portugal, the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, youth levels, women's football, beach soccer, futsal, and also the men's and the women's national football teams. It was formed in 1914. It is based in Lisbon.

= = = Fitzroy River (Western Australia) = = =
The Fitzroy River is in the West Kimberley part of Western Australia. The Fitzroy flows into the Indian Ocean. The first European to visit the Fitzroy River was George Grey in 1837 aboard the H.M.S. Beagle. The river was given its European name by Lieutenant J.L. Stokes in February 1838 after Captain Robert FitzRoy.

= = = Fitzroy River = = =
There are three rivers named the Fitzroy River, all in Australia:

= = = IPad Air 2 = = =
The iPad Air 2 is the second generation version of the iPad Air tablet computer that is designed and sold by Apple Inc. It was announced during an event on October 16, 2014 along with the iPad mini 3. It has a thinner design and also has Touch ID compared to the iPad Air.
The iPad Air 2 originally came with iOS 8 installed and is upgradable up to iPadOS 15.

= = = Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple = = =
The Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple is a shrine in Kerala, India. The shrine is in Mullassery. It is from Karakulam. It is from Thiruvananthapuram. The temple is managed by the Pathiyanadu sree Bhadrakali Kshetram Trust.
Deities.
The temple enshrines Goddess Bhadrakali as the presiding Deity. The idol stands for Goddess Bhadrakali, the daughter of Lord Shiva. Other deities worshipped at the Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple called Upadevatha's temples include Lord MahaGanapathy and Nagaraja.
Kali - Darika Myth.
Darika was a demon who received a boon from Brahma which granted that he would never be defeated by any man living in any of the fourteen worlds of Hindu mythology. This made Darika immensely powerful and arrogant. Armed with this boon, Darika went on to conquer the world, defeating even Indra, the king of the gods. As his atrocities became intolerable, the sage Narada asked Shiva to stop Darika. Shiva agreed, saying that Darika would be killed by the goddess Kali. Shiva opened his third eye and produced Kali, whose purpose was to destroy Darika. The goddess was a woman and not born among the humans. She killed him by beheading him. The goddess didn't stop with Darika and, unable to control her rage, began destroying the landscape and the very humans for whose sake she had destroyed Darika. The Gods could not defeat her, and she was finally calmed when Shiva lay on the ground in front of her, submitting.
Festival.
Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple Festival is held every year, One of the Festival is Navaratri Mahotsavam and it is about Nine Days Festival and the Main Festival (Kumbabharani Mahotsavam) usually between February and March. The Dikkubali Mahotsavam is held every three years and the Paranettu Mahotsavam is held every six years. These festivals begin in the Malayalam month of Kumbham and the nakshatra Bharani, So all these festivals are called Kumbhabharani Mahotsavam.
Swayamvara Parvathy Pooja.
This pooja is held on the Third day of the Festival. On that day girls above 18 participate in this pooja to remove their Dhoshas on their marriage, and get married soon and also get good a groom. On that day Trikalayanam (marriage of goddess Bhadrakali, based on Chilapathikaram) takes place. There are thousands and thousands of people here to see this pooja and participate in Trikalayanam and to get the goddess's blessings.
Grahalekshmi Pooja.
This pooja is seen only in this temple in Kerala. On the Festival days many people participate in this pooja to remove Durdevadas from their house and get Lekshmi Devi's blessings to their house.
Grahadhosha Nivarana Pooja.
This pooja is seen only in this temple in Kerala. It is on the Festival days many people participate in this pooja to remove Dhosham like (black magic etc.) from their house.
Balithooval.
On the fifth day of festival, this is performed by the priest of the temple. He performs some trance like dances until he is unconscious. It is done to remove Dhosham like Drishti dhosham, Vilidhosham, Black Magic etc. It believed that on this pooja the presiding deity's bhoothaganams remove these dhosham from the people who participated in this pooja and also to the people who watch this pooja.
Sarppabali.
It is performed by the Kshetra thantri, on Festival day. This pooja is conducted to remove Sarppadhoshas.
Kalamkaval.
Kalamkaval is a famous custom practiced at the temple premises and nearby places during the festival. It is believed that the Goddess Bhadrakali searches her enemy demon, Daaruka in all directions before putting him to death. Devotees commemorate this legend by seeing this unique Kalamkaval. Kalamkaval is the ritual in which the chief priest, carries the idol on his head and performs some trance like dances until he is unconscious. During kalamkaval, the chief priest wears anklet and thiruvabharam (traditional gold ornaments of goddess that includes kappu, vanki, odyanam, paalakka mala, pichi mottu mala, muthu mala etc.). People believe that the priest gets strength to carry on the trance with the idol on his head, due to the blessings of the Devi enshrined in the temple.
Dikkubali.
It is believed that Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali searches for her enemy demon, Daaruka in all four directions before putting him to death.The four directions are East, South, West, North and also in each of these direction Kalamkaval and Gurusi takesplace.
Paranettu.
It is believed that a fight erupted between Devi and the demon Darikan in the sky. The fight is enacted on a specially erected stage, about 100 feet high and is conducted at night known as Paranettu.
Nilathilporu.
Nilathilporu marks the conclusion of the Kumbhabharani Paranettu festival at Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple. During the climactic moment of this ceremony, the demon Daarika (the man with the symbolic crown in the foreground) weeps and begs for mercy from the Goddess. Subsequently, the Goddess beheads the demon.
Aaraattu.
The festival, ends with a grand procession knows as Aaraattu. During Aaraattu the Idol is cleaned using water collected from 101 pots. Aaraattu is conducted at Pathiyanadu Ambalakkadavu. Girls below ten years of age with the chief priest perform the function.
Pongala.
Pongala at Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple is celebrated during the Festival of Malayalam month of Kumbham on the Punartham Nakshatram (Punarvasu Nakshatra). Pongala is the rice cooked with jaggery, ghee, and coconut and other ingredients in the open in small pots by women to please the Goddess. In Pathiyanadu Sree Bhadrakali Temple Pongal many women from different places come and put pongala to makes their wishes true.
Nercha.
Akathu Nivedhyam, Kumkumaarchana, Ikyamathyarchana, Vidhyaasooktham, Rakthapushpaarchana, Bhaagyasooktharchana, Saraswathymantrarchana, Shatruthaasamhararchana, Swayamvaraarchana, Muttirakku (only on Sundays), Kumkumabhishekam(only on Sundays), Manjalabhishekam(only on Sundays), ManjalPara(only on Sundays), Swayamavara homam (specific months), Ganapathy homam, Mahaganapathy homam (on swayamvarahomam days and on vinayaka chathurthi),Chandika Homam (once in a year),Guruthi Pushpanjali (only on Sundays), Thattam pooja(with all fruits), Nagarchana, Ayilya Pooja, Thulaabhaaram, Kunjoonu, Aazhcha Pooja, Visheshal Pooja etc.
Cultural Programmes.
There are many cultural programmes held on Festival days, Karkkidakavavu bali, etc. On the Festival days Samskaarika Sammelanam takes place. On that occasion several awards are given to the talented people. Awards like the sadhchitra award, Kalamadhyamasreshtta Puraskaaram, and also awards for the students who are talented in several arts and also in studies. The Kalamadhyamasreshtta Puraskaaram is given to the people who show talent in the fields of Films, Media, etc. In 2011, the Kalamadhyamasreshtta Puraskaaram was given to the actress Chippi; in 2012 it was given to cinema serial actress Indhulekha; In 2013 to Actor Madhu, in 2014 to Sugathakumari teacher, and in 2015 to Kavaalam Narayana Panicker

= = = CompactFlash = = =
CompactFlash is a name of a standard used for a mass storage device, which is mostly used in digital cameras. Today, most CompactFlah devices use flash memory. Since most CompactFlash cards have no movable parts, they are also used in embedded systems. Compact flash cards are 36.4mm by 42.8mm in size, and either 3.3mm or 5mm thick. The 3.3mm type is known as Type I, the 5mm type is known as Type II. Most type II devices are small hard disks. The transfer speed is often given as an x rating, where the base is 150kB/s for 1x speed, which was also the base speed for reading compact discs.
In many cases, reading is faster than writing, often by a factor of two to three. That way, a speed of "133x" is roughly that of 20MB/sec. When the speed is given as a rate, usually in MB/s, this speed is the maximum speed that can be obtained reading from the device.
There are ComactFlash devices of different capacities.

= = = Misty Upham = = =
Misty Anne Upham (July 6, 1982 – October 2014) was an American actress. She was best known for her role in the Academy Award-nominated movie "Frozen River" (2008). She also appeared in movies such as "Django Unchained" (2012) and "". Upham was also had roles in the television shows "Big Love" and "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet".
Early life.
Upham was born in Kalispell, Montana and grew up in Auburn, Washington. She was Native American and apart of the Blackfoot Confederacy of Montana.
Personal life.
Upham went missing on October 5, 2014. On October 16, she was found dead at the bottom of a cliff in a wooded area near Auburn. She was 32.

= = = Nika Kiladze = = =
Nika Kiladze ( 29 November 1988 – 7 October 2014) was a Georgian footballer. He played professionally in both Georgia and Finland from 2006 until his death in 2014. He played as a defensive midfielder for Orbebi Tbilisi, Kokkolan Palloveikot (KPV), Kajaanin Haka, and FC Guria Lanchkhuti.
Kiladze was born in Gagra, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR of the Soviet Union.
Kiladze died in a motorcycle accident on 7 October 2014 in Tbilisi. He was 25.

= = = Doggystyle = = =
Doggystyle is a gangsta rap album by Snoop Dogg (then known as Snoop Doggy Dogg). The album was recorded not long after "The Chronic" (1992). "Doggystyle" was praised by critics for lyrical "realism".
This album was released on November 23, 1993. It premiered at #1 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart. The lyrics created some controversy.

= = = Tête de Moine = = =
Tête de Moine is a hard cheese made from cows' milk. It is made in the cantons of Berne and Jura in Switzerland. It was first made in the Bellelay Abbey in the 12th century. 

= = = Tanhum Cohen-Mintz = = =
Tanhum "Tani" Cohen-Mintz (8 October 1939 – 11 October 2014) was an Israeli basketball player. A 6 ft 8 1/2 in (2.04 m) center, he played professionally between 1956 and 1972 for Maccabi Tel Aviv. He was also the captain of the Israel national basketball team 86 times between 1959 and 1971. In 1992, he became a member of the Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
Cohen-Mintz was born in Riga, Latvia to Jewish parents. He also played tennis, to follow his mother, Edith, but was convinced to play basketball due to his height and athletic abilities.
Cohen-Mintz died from cancer on 11 October 2014 in Tel Aviv. He was 75.

= = = Alfstarz = = =
The Alfstarz was a dansband in the town of Ronneby, Sweden.

= = = 2014 Asian Games = = =
The 2014 Asian Games, officially known as the XVII Asiad, was a sports event in Incheon, South Korea. It occurred from September 19 to October 4, 2014. There were 439 events in 36 sports and disciplines.
On April 17, 2007, Incheon was chosen to host the event. Incheon was the third city in South Korea to have the Asian Games. Seoul hosted them in 1986 and Busan hosted them in 2002.
The final medal count was led by China, followed by South Korea and Japan. Fourteen World records and 27 Asian records were broken during the Games. Japanese swimmer Kosuke Hagino was the most valuable player of the Games. Though there were several controversies, the Games were considered mainly successful. That was helped by the low cost and the rising standard of competition between the Asian countries.
2014 Asian Para Games.
The 2014 Asian Para Games is a disabled sport event held months after the Asian Games.

= = = Seppo Kuusela = = =
Seppo Ilmo Kuusela (25 February 1934 – 16 October 2014) was a Finnish basketball player and coach. A 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) point guard and shooting guard, he played professionally between 1952 and 1969. He played for both Pantterit and Tapion Honka (now known as Espoon Honka), as well as for Finland's national basketball team. From 1970 until 1992, he coached Espoon Honka.
Kuusela was born in Helsinki. He grew up in Töölö.
Kuusela died on 16 October 2014 at the age of 80.

= = = China at the 2014 Asian Games = = =
China participated in the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea from 19 September to 4 October 2014.

= = = Lyudmila Shishova = = =
Lyudmila Shishova (; 1 June 1940 – 21 February 2004) was a Soviet fencer. In the 1960 Summer Olympics, she won gold in the women's team foil fencing. In the 1964 Summer Olympics, she won a silver medal.

= = = Kimani Njogu = = =
Kimani Njogu (born Simon Kimani Njogu) was born in Kipkelion Township and educated at Taita Towett Secondary School, Kenyatta College, the University of Nairobi and Yale university where he attained a Ph.D in linguistics in 1993.. He is an editor, playwright, theorist and linguist. He is published in studies, language and media. 
He is best known for his work promoting the use of the Swahili language. He is the founding-Chairman of Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa (CHAKITA-Kenya), the Kenya National Swahili Committee which guided the process of developing the Languages of Kenya Policy and Bill. He is the Chair of the Board of the Legal Resources Foundation Trust; a not-for-profit Kenyan civil organization which promotes access to justice through human education, research and advocacy. 

= = = Yvonne Strahovski = = =
Yvonne Jaqueline Strzechowski (born 30 July 1982), better known by the stage name Yvonne Strahovski, is an Australian actress. She is best known for playing CIA agent Sarah Walker in the NBC television series "Chuck" from 2007 until 2012. She also appeared as Hannah McKay in the Showtime series "Dexter" from 2012 until 2013. Her movie roles include "Killer Elite" (2011), "The Guilt Trip" (2013) and "I, Frankenstein" (2014). She also played Miranda Lawson in the "Mass Effect" video games and CIA agent Kate Morgan in "24": "".
Strahovski was born in Werrington Downs, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. Her parents are Polish immigrants from Tomaszów Mazowiecki. She speaks both English and Polish. She is also a supporter of PETA.

= = = Tim Hauser = = =
Timothy DuPron "Tim" Hauser (December 12, 1941 – October 16, 2014) was an American singer. He was best known for being a member of the vocal group The Manhattan Transfer. He was a founding member of the group in 1969. The group has won ten Grammy Awards.
Hauser was born in Troy, New York and grew up in the coastal region of Jersey Shore, New Jersey. Both of his marriages ended in divorce. He had two children: a son, Basie, and a daughter, Lily.
Hauser died from cardiac arrest and pneumonia on October 16, 2014 in Sayre, Pennsylvania. He was 72.

= = = African palm civet = = =
The African palm civet ("Nandinia binotata"), or two-spotted palm civet, is a small mammal. It is in the Feliformia suborder.
It has short legs, small ears, a body like a civet cat, and a long lithe tail as long as its body. Adults usually weigh . It is native to the forests of eastern Africa and the Congo River basin. It usually lives in trees, and it is omnivorous: it eats rodents, insects, eggs, carrion, fruit, birds and fruit bats. The animal is generally solitary and nocturnal.
Although it looks like other civet species (in the family Viverridae), the African palm civet is genetically distinct: they probably diverged from other civets before the cats did. They are therefore classified as the only species in the genus Nandinia and in their own family, Nandiniidae. However, not all experts accept this.

= = = Max & Shred = = =
Max & Shred is a Canadian/American-produced sitcom. It was first shown in the United States on Nickelodeon on October 6, 2014. It was first shown in Canada on YTV on October 7, 2014.
Plot.
The series is about the friendship between Max Asher (Jonny Gray), a celebrity snowboarder, and Alvin "Shred" Ackerman (Jake Goodman), a science whiz-kid. They become roommates and instant friends when Max moves to Colorado to train for the Winter Cup.

= = = Carina Jaarneks orkester = = =
Carina Jaarneks orkester was a dansband in the town of Ronneby, Sweden. The band scored chart successes at Svensktoppen between the late 1980s and the early 2000s. The band was started in 1989. Carina Jaarnek acted as the band's singer. In 1991, the band won the first, unofficial, edition of the Swedish Dansband Championships contest. In the year 2000, the band participated in the finals of the "Dansbandslåten" contest with the song "Minns du hur vi älskade". However, the song didn't win the contest

= = = Bradford Forster Square railway station = = =
Bradford Forster Square is one of two main railway stations in Bradford, West Yorkshire. The other one is Bradford Interchange.
History.
The railway station was moved to its current place in the early 1990s. Before that, it was next to where it is now. In the old place, it was much bigger. A little while after the move, the line was made electric.
Service.
The station has some service to London King's Cross. It has regular service to Leeds, Skipton and Ilkley. For most long distance service, passengers must change at Leeds.

= = = Mario Power Tennis = = =
Mario Power Tennis, known as in Japan is a sport video game for the GameCube. The game was released in Europe and North America in 2004 and in Australia in 2005. The game was re-released on the Nintendo Wii as part of New Play Control!. And you released date only the Platfrorms complete.
Reviews.
The game got very good reviews, including a score of 81.03% on GameRankings. It also received a score of 8.5 from IGN.

= = = Bradford Interchange = = =
Bradford Interchange is one of two main railway stations in Bradford, West Yorkshire. The other is Bradford Forster Square. It is a transport interchange in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It consists of a railway station and combined bus and coach station adjacent. The Interchange was designed in 1962. At the time it was hailed as a showpiece of European design when it opened in 1971. It is served by the majority of bus services in the city centre. It is also served by National Express. The railway station, which is one of two in the city centre, is served by Northern Rail. It is also the terminus for Grand Central services to Kings Cross railway station.
History.
The station opened as part of the Leeds and Bradford railway in 1850 as "Bradford Exchange" It has been rebuilt since. The latest part to be rebuilt is the bus station in the 1990s.
Layout.
The station has an unusual layout with a concourse on the ground floor and both the bus and train stations on the first floor. They are accessed by escalators. The railway station is a terminus station.
Services.
Rail.
The station has services to Leeds, Halifax and Manchester Victoria. For most long distance trains passengers change at Leeds. Grand Central Trains run a service to London King's Cross.
Bus and coach.
The Interchange is the city's main bus and coach station. Buses run by First Bradford run throughout the city from the Interchange and National Express coaches to other cities do too.

= = = Bammy = = =
Bammy or bami is a traditional Jamaican cassava flatbread. It is like the simple flatbread eaten by the Arawaks. Today, it is produced in many places. It is sold in stores and by street sellers in Jamaica.

= = = Monia Sjöström = = =
Linda "Monia" Paulette Sjöström, born 21 December 1973 in Ballingslöv, Sweden is a Swedish female dansband singer. She has sung with Grönwalls, and was one of the bandmembers who in 1991 formed the band, and in 1992 won the Swedish Dansband Championships contest. She also participated at Melodifestivalen 1997 with the song "Nu i dag", ending up 11th.
In February 1999, she was appointed "best dansband voice of Sweden" in the "Får jag lov" magazine. Some months later, she left Grönwalls to start a country music carrier with the albums "Monia", recorded in the USA, and "Söderns hjärtas ros". Both albums entered the Swedish album chart.
In mid 2004, she returned to Grönwalls.s In 2006 she was awarded the Guldklaven award in the category "Singer of the year" during the Swedish Dansband Week in Malung.

= = = Patrick Paul D’Souza = = =
Patrick Paul D'Souza (August 28, 1928 October 16, 2014) was a Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood on December 20, 1953. D'Souza was named bishop of the Diocese of Banaras on June 5, 1970. He was ordained bishop on August 8, 1970. The diocese was renamed Diocese of Varanasi in 1971. D'Souza retired on February 24, 2007. He was born in Bendur, Mangalore.
D'Souza died in Mumbai, India, aged 84.

= = = Sumi Haru = = =
Sumi Haru (also known as Sumi Sevilla Haru; August 25, 1939 – October 16, 2014) was an American movie, television and theatre actress. She was best known for such movies and television shows as "Krakatoa, East of Java", "MASH", "The Beverly Hillbillies" and "Hill Street Blues".
Haru died at the age of 75 on October 16, 2014.

= = = Mikhail Marynich = = =
Mikhail Marynich (; , 13 January 1940 — 17 October 2014) was a Belarusian opposition leader. He was from Homiel Voblast. He was a minister of foreign economic affairs and an ambassador of Belarus to Latvia. 
Marynich died on 17 October 2014 at the age of 74.

= = = Tom Shaw (bishop) = = =
Marvil Thomas "Tom" Shaw III, SSJE (August 28, 1945October 17, 2014) was an American Episcopal bishop. He was the fifteenth Bishop of Massachusetts. Shaw was born in Battle Creek, Michigan.
Shaw died of brain cancer in West Newberry, Massachusetts, aged 69.

= = = Topic sentence = = =
Topic sentence is a term in grammar. It applies to expository writing. Expository writing is a type of writing where the purpose is to explain, inform, or even describe. 
A topic sentence is usually the first in a paragraph. It states the main idea in a paragraph. In this way, it helps the reader to understand what follows. So, for example, a sentence like "Minor planets are smaller than major planets, and have orbits further out than the orbit of Neptune" could be followed by details of the minor planets. Often topic sentences do a similar job to summaries.As usual we will give you an example of topic sentence
Topic:sophia missed her exam
Detail 1:she was get up at 7:30 pm
Detail 1:she was playing too much with her cousins at her g.ma's house

= = = Calamari = = =
Calamari is squid that is prepared to be eaten. It can be prepared in several ways. Most common is deep frying or sautéing after coating the rings with batter. If deep fried, it is done for less than two minutes to prevent toughness. It is usually served with a dip, mayonnaise or something similar. Calamari is a standard dish in Italian restaurants, served as a starter.

= = = Fruit salad = = =
Fruit salad is a dish with of different kinds of fruit. Fruit salad can sometimes be served in a liquid like juices or a syrup. Most of the time it is served as an appetizer or as a dessert. A fruit salad is sometimes known as a fruit cocktail or fruit cup.

= = = Francesca Marie Smith = = =
Francesca Marie Smith (born March 26, 1985) is an American actress. She is best known as the voice of Helga Pataki and Timberly Johanssen. This was on Nickelodeon's "Hey Arnold!" series (1996–2004).
Personal life.
Smith graduated from California's Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts degree. She earned a Master of Arts degree in Communication at Pepperdine University. Smith taught Public Speaking and Rhetorical Analysis at Pepperdine. This is while she continued to work as a debate coach. She is a doctorial candidate at the University of Southern California.

= = = Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine = = =
Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine is a 1961 LP featuring Ronald Reagan. It is a ten-minute recording.
In the recording, Reagan criticized Social Security for ""supplanting" private savings" and warned that medicine would be "bad for Americans' freedom" and that "pretty soon your son won't decide when he's in school, where he will go or what he will do for a living. He will wait for the government to tell him."

= = = Edgar Mitchell = = =
Dr. Edgar Dean "Ed" Mitchell, (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016), (Capt, USN, Ret.) was an American retired naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, parapsychologist, and NASA astronaut. He was a moonwalker.
He was the Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 14. He spent nine hours working on the lunar surface in the Fra Mauro Highlands region. Mitchell was born in Hereford, Texas.
Mitchell died under hospice care in Lake Worth, Florida from complications of kidney cancer on February 4, 2016 at the age of 85.

= = = Statue of Liberty National Monument = = =
The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a national monument of the United States. It is made up of two islands: Ellis Island and Liberty Island. The Statue of Liberty is included because it is on Liberty Island.
This national monument was created in 1924. At first, it included only the Statue of Liberty. In 1965, Ellis Island was added. In 1966, Liberty Island was added.

= = = Ontario Highway 402 = = =
Ontario Highway 402, also called King's Highway 402, is a provincial highway in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It connects the Blue Water Bridge in Sarnia and Ontario Highway 401 in London. The highway runs mostly east-west. The only large municipality along the highway is Strathroy-Caradoc.
Construction on the highway started in 1939 but was stopped due to World War II. Work started again in 1952. The highway was finished in 1982. In 2009, the westbound part of the highway near Sarnia was widened from four lanes into six lanes.

= = = British Columbia Highway 97 = = =
British Columbia Highway 97 is a provincial highway in British Columbia, Canada. It is 2,081 kilometers (1,293 miles) long. It runs from the Canada/United States border near Osoyoos to the British Columbia/Yukon border near Watson Lake, Yukon. It is the longest provincial highway in Canada. The highway is a continuation of U.S. Route 97, from which it gets its name.
The highway has several names, depending on which part of British Columbia it passes through. For example, the 269 kilometer (167 mile) part between the U.S. border and the town of Cache Creek is called the "Okanagan Highway", named after the Okanagan region of British Columbia.

= = = Blender (band) = = =
Blender is a Swedish dansband. The band was founded in March 2002 by Lasse Lundberg. Soon, the band became a full-time dansband and since then has played all over Sweden.
In 2007 they won the Guldklaven award in the "Album of the Year" and they have also got several other awards.
In 2009 the single "Ingen ingenting" was qualified to Sveriges Radio P4's so called B rotation list, which guaranteed it a lot of airplay over the radio each week. On 12th of December 2009 the band participated with The Playtones, Titanix, Casanovas and Bhonus in the last of the qualification sets in Dansbandskampen, performing two songs: ("Dag efter dag" & "Hold Me Now". Then they also played in the final. but didn't win the contest.
In 2011 the band scored a success with the album "Ingen utan mig". It reached fourth position at Sverigetopplistan.

= = = Bird sound = = =
Bird sounds include bird songs, calls and any other noises they make for communication. Birds do a lot of communicating, mostly to other birds of the same species.
Bird song.
Bird songs are for other members of the same species. The functions are partnership, mating and territory ownership. According to one expert source, the primary function is as a keep-off signal to other males of the same species. Depending on the species, bird songs may differ for different functions. In general, bird songs are only used by Passeriformes, the songbirds. It is one of their typical adaptations.
Bird song may have evolved through sexual selection. Experiments suggest the quality of bird song may be a good indicator of fitness. Experiments also suggest that parasites and diseases may directly affect song characteristics such as song rate. This also acts as a reliable indicator of health. The song repertoire also appears to indicate fitness in some species. The ability of male birds to hold and advertise territories using song also demonstrates their fitness.
Heredity.
Although the capability is inherited, songbirds learn the detail of their "song" by copying. They are in trouble if they live in places where there are no older birds to copy. On the other hand, "calls" are usually inherited. Alarm calls, for example, have a critical survival function. and may well predate songs in evolution by a long way.
In general, males sing, and females choose mates. Both sexes use calls.
Song identification.
Many bird songs are so specific that they can be used for species identification. The calls of birds have been described using words or nonsense syllables or line diagrams.
Calls.
Most birds are social animals, and some are always near others of the same species. They use calls which sound quite different to their usual songs. Alarm calls are usually short and loud, and very difficult to locate. They warn others of predators. Mobbing calls gather other birds to scare off intruders. Flocks of birds call to keep themselves together in flight.
Quite a few birds can mimic sounds they have heard. Parrots and drongos are famous for their mimicry. Common drongos in the Kalahari Desert use other birds' alarm calls to scare them off food. They get 23% of their food that way. 
Non-vocal sounds are done by some birds. Woodpeckers drum on hollow trees as a territory marker. Snipes make a sound called "winnowing" or "drumming" with their tail feathers when flying. Storks, which are almost voiceless, clatter their beaks.
Media.
The first person to record bird songs was Ludwig Karl Koch (18811974). He made the first known recording in 1937, and later became a BBC broadcaster and sound recordist.

= = = Stephen Collins = = =
Stephen Weaver Collins (born October 1, 1947) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Eric Camden on the television series "7th Heaven". 
Collins is also known for the roles of Captain Will Decker in "", and Dr. Dayton King on the ABC TV series "No Ordinary Family". He also had a supporting role in the TV series "Revolution" as Dr. Gene Porter.
Sexual abuse investigation and confession.
In October 2014, the New York City Police Department began investigating Collins after the media got an audio recording. The recording had a male voice believed to be Collins. The person on the recording admitted to past sexual abuse of a child. In 1983, two girls stated that they were "touched" by Collins. 
The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) said Collins had been investigated by the department in 2012. That investigation happened after LAPD received a claim from forty years earlier regarding sexual abuse. The LAPD said they were not able to prove that the claim was true.

= = = Ray Wise = = =
Raymond Herbert "Ray" Wise (born August 20, 1947) is an American actor. Some of his best-known roles are as Jack Taggart Sr. in "Jeepers Creepers 2", Leland Palmer in "Twin Peaks", henchman Leon C. Nash in "RoboCop", the Devil in the CW television series "Reaper", as Hal Gardner in season 5 of "24" and as James Gordon in "".

= = = Gero Bisanz = = =
Gero Bisanz (3 November 1935 - 17 October 2014) was a German football coach.
Bisanz played for 1. FC Köln and Viktoria Köln. From 1982 to 1996, he was the coach of the Germany women's national football team, in that time winning the UEFA Women's Championship three times, in 1989, 1991 and 1995.
He also was leading director of the German Football Association's coaches training facilities from 1971 to 2000, then being followed by Erich Rutemöller. He also coached 1. FC Köln (amateurs), Bayer Leverkusen, TuS Lindlar and Germany B.

= = = Edwards Barham = = =
Erle Edwards Barham (July 10, 1937 – October 17, 2014) was an American farmer and conservationist. He was the first Republican elected—by a 29-vote margin—to the Louisiana State Senate since the era of Reconstruction.
Barham represented the agricultural District 33 from 1976 to 1980. He was narrowly unseated in the 1979 nonpartisan blanket primary by the Democrat David "Bo" Ginn of Bastrop, who held the seat until 1988.
Barham died in a plane crash on October 17, 2014. He was attempting to take off at Rayville Municipal Airport when his Beechcraft Bonanza aircraft struck a perimeter fence.

= = = Joanne Borgella = = =
Joanne Borgella (May 29, 1982 – October 18, 2014) was an American singer-songwriter, jewelry designer and model. She was signed to Wilhelmina Models. She was the first winner of "Mo'Nique's Fat Chance" pageant as "Miss F.A.T." in 2005 and a top 24 contestant on the seventh season of "American Idol" in 2008. 
Borgella died on October 18, 2014, due to a rare form of endometrial cancer that had spread to her brain. She was 32 years old.

= = = Paul Craft = = =
Paul Craft (August 12, 1938 – October 18, 2014) was an American singer-songwriter. He was known as the songwriter for Mark Chesnutt's single "Brother Jukebox" and for "It's Me Again, Margaret".
Craft was born in Memphis, Tennessee.
His song "Keep Me From Blowing Away" was originally recorded by The Seldom Scene on their 1973 album Act II and was then recorded by Linda Ronstadt on her 1974 album "Heart Like a Wheel", and has since been recorded by Moe Bandy, T. Graham Brown, Jerry Lee Lewis and Willie Nelson. His song "Midnight Flyer" was recorded by the Eagles. His song "Dropkick Me, Jesus" was a number 17 country hit for Bobby Bare in 1976. 
Craft died at a hospital in Nashville, Tennessee on October 18, 2014 at the age of 76.

= = = Replacement child = = =
A replacement child is a child conceived by parents to replace an older dead sibling. He or she is usually of the same sex as the child they replaced. Often they are given the same name. The replacement child provides consolation to the parents for the loss of the earlier child. It is also frequently believed they are a reincarnation of the lost child. As a result a replacement child represents the hopes and dreams parents had for the dead child.
History.
The replacement child or replacement child syndrome became popular in periods of high infant mortality. But it continues in modern times in some places. In some religions and cultures, it was bad luck to mention a dead child's name. Even among European royal families, a dead child was often referred to by his or her title and not their name. Among the replacement children of Holocaust the names of the dead were often not spoken of. The name was memorialized in the replacement child (because they were alive the name could be used). 
In early modern Europe the name given a child was supposed to make them like the person they were named for. In many cases the name given a child was an attempt to recreate the lost child (or ancestor). The grief the family felt over the dead child was made better by naming the child after the lost child. This shows a belief that dead spirits were present among the living. In Renaissance Italy the belief was a child was born into the identity given him or her by his family. The modern idea that a person creates their own fate did not exist in earlier times.
Philippe Airès's "L'Enfant et la vie familiale sous 'Ancien Regime" (The Child and Family Life in France before the Revolution), was published in 1960. He believed that before the 18th century the French had no real concept of children. They were seen as adults. They were often dressed like adults. Parents knew many of their children would not survive. For this reason they did not invest in them emotionally. 
The heir and the spare.
In history it has long been a practice for an aristocratic wife to provide an "heir and a spare". That means an heir to continue the family line and a spare in case the heir died too young. In Royal families one spare was the minimum. When child mortality rates were high, more was considered even better to secure the throne. Queen Victoria had nine children. George III had thirteen. These children had different names, but the concept was and is the same. The difference between early heirs and spares and the modern practice is that today a female can inherit the throne. 

= = = Bloom filter = = =
A Bloom filter is a data structure that allows computers to see if a given element occurs in a set. Bloom filters use hash functions to do this. For each element that is added, a hash value is calculated. When a new element is added, its hash value is compared to that of the other elements in the set. A Bloom filter is a probabilistic data structure. It is possible to get a false positive, but not to get a false negative. In other words, a query returns either "possibly in set" or "definitely not in set". Elements can be added to the set, but not removed. For each added element, the probability of getting a false positive grows. 
Edward Bloom proposed the Bloom filter in 1970. In the article, Bloom supposes there is an algorithm to hyphenate words at the end of a line. According to the example, most words have simple hyphenation patterns. But about 10% of the words require time-consuming lookups to fetch the correct rule. His case was that of hyphenating about 500,000 words. He saw that using the "normal" error-free hashing techniques, storing the hyphenation patterns, would require a lot of memory. He found that using his technique, he could eliminate most lookups. For example, a hash area only 15% of the size needed by an ideal error-free hash still eliminates 85% of the disk accesses.
More generally, fewer than 10 bits per element are required for a 1% false positive probability, independent of the size or number of elements in the set.

= = = Watson Lake, Yukon = = =
Watson Lake, Yukon is a town in the Canadian province of Yukon. At the 2011 census, 802 people lived there. The town is on Yukon Highway 1, just north of the border with British Columbia.
Watson Lake is the center for the forestry industry in Yukon. It is also a service centre for the mining industry in the area.

= = = Ace Bailey = = =
Irvine Wallace "Ace" Bailey (July 3, 1903 – April 7, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto St. Patricks/Toronto Maple Leafs organization. In the beginning of his 8th season with the team, he had his career ended.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Bailey played 2 seasons of senior hockey with Peterborough. He was signed by the Toronto St. Patricks in November 1926. During his first season with the team, they changed their named to the Toronto Maple Leafs.
In the 1928–29 NHL season, Bailey became the league leading goal scorer, scoring 22 goals and 32 points in 44 games. He once again became the Maple Leafs' leading scorer in the 1929–30 season and he was one point short of repeating as leading scorer in the 1930–31 season. His offensive production declined in the 1931–32 season but he was still able to help Toronto win the Stanley Cup in 1932.
On December 13, 1933, during a game between the Maple Leafs and the Boston Bruins, Bailey was hit from behind by Eddie Shore of Bruins and hit his head on the ice, fracturing his skull. Bailey had severely injured head and it was feared that he would not survive. Bailey would eventually recover from his injury but he was never able to play hockey again. There was an all-star benefit game that was held at Maple Leaf Gardens on February 14, 1934, which raised $20,909.40 for both Bailey and his family. Bailey and Shore shook hands and embraced at centre ice before the start of the game. The NHL introduced the annual all-star game thirteen years later.

= = = Blunt Force Trauma (album) = = =
Blunt Force Trauma is the second studio album by Cavalera Conspiracy. The album was released on March 29, 2011.

= = = Milan Hnilička = = =
Milan Hnilička (born June 25, 1973) is a Czech retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 121 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers, and Los Angeles Kings. He has also played in the Czech Extraliga for the HC Kladno, HC Sparta Praha, HC Bílí Tygři Liberec, and HC Slavia Praha and in the Russian Superleague with Salavat Yulaev Ufa.
Career.
Before playing professional hockey, Hnilička played 1 season with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL), 9 games with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles of the International Hockey League (IHL), 43 games with the Richmond Renegades of the ECHL, and 15 games with the Denver Grizzlies of the IHL.
He was drafted 70th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. He didn't play a game with them and he signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent on July 15, 1999. He played 2 games with them before he was sent down to play with their AHL-affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack. During his time with the Wolf Pack, he won the Calder Cup and also won the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award for having the lowest goals against average. He shared to award with Jean-François Labbé.
After he became a free agent, he signed a contract with the Atlanta Thrashers. He played 3 seasons with the Thrashers and 15 games with the AHL-affiliate, the Chicago Wolves. On September 15, 2003, the Thrashers traded him to the Los Angeles Kings for future considerations. He played 20 games with the Kings' AHL-affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs and was called to play Kings. He missed most of the 2003-04 season because of a finger injury that he suffered in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes on December 31, 2003. He then left North America and signed a contract to play for HC Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga on May 18, 2004. He played 3 seasons with them and played 9 games for Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Russian Superleague (RSL) before returning to HC Bílí Tygři Liberec.
He played 3 games with HC Slavia Praha before he announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey in August 2010.

= = = Culgoa River = = =
Culgoa River is a river in the South West Queensland district of Queensland and the Orana district of New South Wales, Australia.
The river is the western branch of the Balonne River in southern Queensland, near Dirranbandi. It flows southwest across parts of the Darling Riverine Plains. The river is joined by ten tributaries. It flows into the Darling River near Bourke, New South Wales.
Culgoa is an Aboriginal word meaning "running through" or "returning".

= = = Bell River = = =
Bell River may refer to:

= = = Latin poetry = = =
Latin poetry is the poetry of Ancient Rome. They started by adapting Greek models. The verse comedies of Plautus are the earliest surviving examples of Latin literature. They were probably composed around 205–184 BC. 
There was a play written by a Greek slave, Livius Andronicus, at Rome in 240 BC. Livius translated Greek comedy for Roman audiences. He used metres that were those of Greek drama, but modified to the needs of Latin. 
His successors, Plautus and Terence, continued this process. The traditional metre of Greek epic poetry, the dactylic hexameter, was introduced into Latin literature by Ennius (239–169 BC). Ennius provided a model for the later 'classical' poets such as Virgil and Ovid. Horace (who was a contemporary of Virgil) wrote verses in dactylic hexameter. They were in a conversational style, as if writing a letter. Virgil's hexameters are regarded as "the supreme metrical system of Latin literature".

= = = Snowy Mountains = = =
The Snowy Mountains, known informally as "The Snowies", is a region of southeastern Australia and the highest mountain range on the island. It contains the Australian mainland's highest mountain, Mount Kosciuszko, height . This is one the five highest peaks in the range, all of which are above . 
The Snowy Mountains are in southern New South Wales and are part of the larger Australian Alps and Great Dividing Range. Unusually for Australia, the mountain range have large natural snowfalls every winter. Snow normally falls the most in June, July and early August. Therefore, most of the snow usually melts by late spring. The Tasmanian highlands are the other (major) alpine region in Australia.
The range is host to the mountain plum-pine, a low-lying type of conifer. The region is one of the centres of the Australian ski industry during the winter months: all four snow resorts in New South Wales are in the region.
The Alpine Way and Snowy Mountains Highway are the major roads that go through the Snowy Mountains region.

= = = Publishing agent = = =
A publishing agent (or a literary agent) is an agent who represents writers and what they are writing. They represent these to publishers, film producers and film studios. They help in the sale of the writers' works. They get a percentage from the sales of these works. 

= = = Division of O'Connor = = =
The Division of O'Connor is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia. It is one of Western Australia's three rural seats. It is named after C. Y. O'Connor, the Engineer-in-Chief of Western Australia who designed Fremantle Harbour and the Goldfields Pipeline. It was set up for the 1980 election. 
There were large changes to the area covered by O'Connor for the 2010 election. The northern half was added to the new seat of Durack. The boundary for the division moved to the east, including most of the south part of the former Division of Kalgoorlie. It now includes the cities of Albany and Kalgoorlie, and the regional towns of Bridgetown, Denmark, Esperance, Kojonup, Laverton, Leonora, Manjimup, Mount Barker, Ravensthorpe, Southern Cross, Wagin and Warburton.

= = = Hardback = = =
A hardback, hardcover, or hardbound book is one with stiff covers. 
The covers are of rigid cardboard. They are usually covered with cloth or heavy paper. A heavy cloth like buckram, or a leather is sometimes chosen. 
It should have a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened. Less good is a glued spine, because the glue gets worse with time. 
Hardback books may be printed on acid-free paper. They are much more durable than paperbacks. Paperbacks are often printed on cheap recycled paper, and have flexible, easily damaged paper covers. Hardback books are only slightly more costly to make, but are often much more expensive to buy. 
Hardbacks may have artistic dust jackets, or designs printed right on the board binding.

= = = Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures = = =
Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures also known in Japan as Pac-World, is a computer-animated television series produced by 41 Entertainment, Arad Productions, a partnership between Sprite Animation Studios and OLM, Inc., and Bandai Namco Entertainment for Tokyo MX (stereo version), BS11 (stereo version) and Disney XD (bilingual version). Based on Bandai Namco's Pac-Man video game franchise, it is the second animated series to be based upon the game franchise, following the 1982 TV series. The show aired from June 15, 2013, to May 25, 2015, running for two seasons and 52 episodes.
Various games and merchandise were produced based on the series, including two video games and several mobile apps.
Story.
On the planet Pac-World, Pac-Man and his friends Cylindria and Spiral help to protect Pacopolis from the threat of Ghosts

= = = Dogg Food = = =
Dogg Food is the first studio record by Tha Dogg Pound. Snoop Dogg was involved in the production. The record had controversial lyrics on it. The album had two big singles, "Let's Play House" and "New York, New York". The album sold over 2 million records.
The record was released on October 31, 1995. The original release date was moved because of controversy.

= = = Byzantine architecture = = =
Byzantine architecture is the architectural style of the Byzantine Empire. This is a term used by modern historians to mean the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The empire lasted for more than a millennium. It left a lasting influence on Medieval architecture in Europe and the Near East. It also influenced the later Renaissance architecture and Ottoman architecture.
As a distinctive style.
Early Byzantine architecture evolved from Early Christian architecture. The early Christian style typically was a basilica with three or five isles. Usually they had wooden roofs. Vaults and domes were rarely used. Byzantine architecture rarely used three isle or five isle basilicas. In this style domes were frequently used. The Semi-dome was also used, especially over an apse. It reached its highest form with the use of the pendentive. These are usually used to support a dome. The Byzantine pendentive is a geometric form using four triangular legs sitting on a square base. It developed during the 6th century reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. This is when Byzantine architecture became a distinctive style. Windowed domes were also a distinctive feature of this style. The intent was to make the dome look like a crown with jewels of light.
Legacy.
In the West, Byzantine architecture was replaced by Romanesque and Gothic architecture. In Asia it had an influence on early Islamic architecture. Later Ottoman architecture was also influenced by the Byzantine style.

= = = List of Mario television series = = =
Several television series were based on the "Mario" series of video games, started by Nintendo.

= = = Thor Görans = = =
Thor Görans was a dansband in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The band was established 1976, and disestablished following the final gig, which took place in Lycksele, Sweden on 8 April 2006.

= = = Lynda Bellingham = = =
Lynda Bellingham, OBE (born Meredith Lee Hughes; 31 May 194819 October 2014) was a Canadian-born English actress, broadcaster and author. She played the role of the mother in the long-running series of "Oxo Family" British TV adverts between 1983 and 1999. 
Bellingham died on 19 October 2014 from colon cancer in a London hospital, aged 66.

= = = Gloria Casarez = = =
Gloria Casarez (December 13, 1971 – October 19, 2014) was an American lesbian leader and activist. Casarez was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
In 2008, she was appointed to a public sector position as Director of LGBT Affairs for the City of Philadelphia.
Casarez died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from cancer, aged 43.

= = = John Holt (singer) = = =
John Kenneth Holt (11 July 1945 – 19 October 2014) was a Jamaican reggae singer and songwriter. He first found fame as a member of the Paragons, before establishing himself as a solo artist.
Holt died on 19 October 2014 in a London hospital, aged 69.

= = = Stephen Paulus = = =
Stephen Paulus (August 24, 1949 – October 19, 2014) was an American composer. He was best known for his operas and choral music. His best-known piece is his 1982 opera "The Postman Always Rings Twice", one of several operas he composed for the Opera Theatre of St. Louis, which prompted "The New York Times" to call him "a young man on the road to big things". Paulus was born in Summit, New Jersey.
Paulus died in New York City, New York, aged 65.

= = = Ox Baker = = =
Douglas A. "Ox" Baker (April 19, 1934 – October 20, 2014) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He was famous for his finishing move, the Heart Punch, sometimes called the "Hurt Punch". He was also known for his famous catchphrase "I love to hurt people!" He has appeared in several movies including "Blood Circus" and "Escape from New York".
Baker died in Hartford, Connecticut on October 20, 2014, due to complications from a heart attack.

= = = Étienne Mourrut = = =
Étienne Mourrut (December 4, 1939 – October 19, 2014) was a French politician. He was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Mourrut was an MP for Gard's 2nd constituency. Mourrut was born in Le Grau-du-Roi, Gard, France.
Mourrut died in Paris, France, aged 74.

= = = Family Guy (season 1) = = =
The first season of the animated comedy show Family Guy aired on Fox from April 4 to May 16, 1999. The first season of "Family Guy" has seven episodes. The show is about the dysfunctional Griffin family. The family consist of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and their anthropomorphic (having human abilities) dog Brian. They all live in their hometown of Quahog, Rhode Island. The show features the voices of the show's creator Seth MacFarlane. Other voice actors include Alex Borstein, Seth Green, and Lacey Chabert. The executive producers for the first season were David Zuckerman and MacFarlane.
The first episode with "Death Has a Shadow" and the ended with "Brian: Portrait of a Dog", received more positive feedback than the rest of the episodes of season one. Some critics did not like the theme of those episodes. The Volume One DVD box set, included all seven episodes and the second season. It was released in Region 1 on April 15, 2003, Region 2 on November 12, 2001, and Region 4 on October 20, 2003. The show has since been released in other television shows. 
MacFarlane first thought of the idea for "Family Guy" in 1995. He was studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). There, he created his thesis movie "The Life of Larry". His professor at RISD submitted the movie to Hanna-Barbera. This gave MacFarlane being hired by the company. Executives at Fox saw the movie. They contracted MacFarlane to create a show based on the characters. They called it "Family Guy". While working on the show, Larry and his dog Steve, became Peter and Brian. The rest of the show's characters were added later.
Episodes.
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= = = Brian Spencer = = =
Brian Roy "Spinner" Spencer (September 3, 1949 – June 3, 1988) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Islanders, Buffalo Sabres and Pittsburgh Penguins.
Career.
Spencer was drafted 55th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1969 NHL Amateur Draft. On December 12, 1970, He was called up to play for the Leafs in what would be his first NHL game on television. Spencer phoned his father Roy in British Columbia to tell him to watch the game that night on Hockey Night in Canada. There was an interview with Spencer between periods of the game. However, in British Columbia, instead of the Toronto Maple Leafs/Chicago Black Hawks game being shown, CBC Television aired a game featuring the Vancouver Canucks versus the California Golden Seals instead. Roy was infuriated by this and drove 135 kilometres (84 mi) to Prince George, where the closest CBC Television station, CKPG-TV, is located. When he arrived there, he ordered station staff, at gunpoint, to broadcast the Maple Leafs/Black Hawks game instead. The station did put the game on, but as Roy left the station, he was confronted by the RCMP. After he had a short stand-off with the RCMP, Roy Spencer was shot and killed. He played 95 regular season games with the Maple Leafs and also spent time with their developmental team, the Tulsa Oilers.
On June 6, 1972, during the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft, Spencer was claimed by the New York Islanders from the Maple Leafs.
He would play 2 seasons with the Islanders before he was traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Doug Rombough on March 10, 1974. During his time with the Sabres, he had his best offensive production. He was able to record 12 goals and 29 assists in the 1974–75 season. He was a fan favourite in Buffalo, fans loved his hustle, aggressive play, and hitting ability.
On September 20, 1977, the Sabres traded Spencer to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Ron Schock. During his time with the Penguins, his offensive play declined drastically. His last seasons in the NHL came in 1978-79. He was sent down to the AHL to play for the Binghamton Dusters, Springfield Indians, and Hershey Bears and then he retired in 1980.
Death.
After Spencer retired from hockey, he struggled with a life of drugs and violence. In 1987, he was charged murder and kidnapping and he faced the death penalty. Former Sabres teammate Rick Martin testified as a character witness at the trial. In March 1988, a not guilty verdict was returned by the jury and Spencer vowed to change his life around.
Even though he was acquitted, his life still continued to spiral out of control and on June 3, 1988, Spencer was shot and killed at gunpoint in a robbery following a crack cocaine purchase in Riviera Beach, Florida. Two men were charged in his murder. Larry Willie Johnson was sentenced to 40 years in prison and Leon Daniels was sentenced to 18 years in prison.
He was survived by five children from two marriages, and his twin brother, Byron. A book about Spencer's life called "Gross Misconduct: The Life of Spinner Spencer", was written by Martin O'Malley. The book was later adapted into a made-for-television movie in Canada called Gross Misconduct by Atom Egoyan.

= = = Oscar de la Renta = = =
Óscar Arístides de la Renta Fiallo (July 22, 1932 – October 20, 2014) was a Dominican Republic fashion designer. He was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. De la Renta was trained by Cristóbal Balenciaga and Antonio del Castillo.
He became internationally known in the 1960s as one of the couturiers to dress Jacqueline Kennedy. An award-winning designer, he worked for Lanvin and Balmain. De la Renta is moslty known for his red carpet gowns and evening wear.
De la Renta died from cancer on October 20, 2014 at his home in Kent, Connecticut at the age of 82.

= = = Sean Pertwee = = =
Sean Pertwee (born 4 June 1964) is an English actor. He is the son of actor Jon Pertwee. In 2014, Pertwee was casted as Alfred Pennyworth in the TV series "Gotham".
Pertwee was born in London, England.

= = = Efua Dorkenoo = = =
Efua Dorkenoo, OBE (6 September 1949 – October 2014) was a Ghanaian campaigner against female genital mutilation (FGM). She was Programme Director of " and Senior FGM Advisor for Equality Now, an international human rights organisation. 
She was one of the founders in 1983 of the Foundation for Women's Health, Research and Development (FORWARD). It is a British charity that supports women who have experienced FGM. Dorkenoo is the author of "Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation" (1996). 
Dorkenoo died of cancer at the age of 65 in London.

= = = René Burri = = =
René Burri (9 April 1933 – 20 October 2014) was a Swiss photographer. He was known for his photos of major political, historical and cultural events and key figures of the second half of the 20th century. 
Burri worked for Magnum Photos. He has been photographing political, military and artistic figures and scenes since 1946. He made portraits of Che Guevara and Pablo Picasso as well as iconic pictures of São Paulo and Brasília.
Burri died from a long illness at his home in Zurich, aged 81.

= = = The Black Keys = = =
The Black Keys is a musical group from Akron, Ohio, United States. The members of the group are Dan Auerbach (vocals and guitar) and Patrick Carney (drums). The genres which they play are indie rock, garage rock and blues rock. The band was formed in 2001. They have 8 albums: "The Big Come Up" (2002), "Thickfreakness" (2003), "Rubber Factory" (2004), "Magic Potion" (2006), "Attack & Release" (2008), "Brothers" (2010), "El Camino" (2011) and "Turn Blue" (2014).
Auerbach and Carney were friends when they were children. When they finished college they started the band. Their labels are Alive, Fat Possum, Nonesuch and V2.

= = = Hedenäset = = =
Hedenäset is a locality in Övertorneå Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden. In 2010, 270 people lived there.

= = = Semi-dome = = =
A semi-dome(also called a "half-dome") is the term in architecture for half a dome. It is used to cover a semi-circular area, usually an apse. A semi-dome was often used at each end of a barrel vaulted ceiling. 
History.
An early use was to cover Roman cult images. They are a feature found in Ancient Roman and traditional church architecture. The semi-dome is featured in Byzantine architecture and Early Christian architecture. They are prominent in mosques and iwans in Islamic architecture. Some mosques featured semi-domes decorated with glass mosaics. In the second half of the 6th century Ottoman architecture began using half-domes combined with domes. Semi-domes were common in Roman baths, palaces and large buildings. During the Dark Ages in Britain whenever an apse was built, a semi-dome covered it. In 11th century Normandy every apse of every church had a semi-dome over it. The semi-dome went out of use when the east end of churches were squared.

= = = Thomas Thomas (boxer) = = =
Thomas "Tom" Thomas (8 April 1880 – 13 August 1911), was a Welsh boxer. He was the first British middleweight boxing champion. He won the Lonsdale belt in 1909. Thomas died of pneumonia in 1911 at age 31.

= = = DK King of Swing = = =
DK: King of Swing, known as in Japan, is a puzzle video game in the "Donkey Kong" series. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2005. The game got good reviews, including a 71/100 from Metacritic, and 73/100 from GameSpot. A sequel, titled "DK: Jungle Climber", was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007.

= = = Ilford railway station = = =
Ilford railway station serves the town of Ilford in the London Borough of Redbridge in London. The station has five platforms. Platforms 3, 4 and 5 are normally used. Platforms 1 and 2 are only used during engineering work and line disruption. Ilford is currently served by TfL Rail services between Liverpool Street railway station and Shenfield, with limited services only operating between Stratford/Ilford-Shenfield. The station is located on the Great Eastern main line. Crossrail services will replace the current Liverpool Street-Shenfield stopping metro service in 2018.

= = = Robert Tiernan = = =
Robert Owens Tiernan (February 24, 1929 – October 15, 2014) is an American lawyer and politician. He was from Rhode Island. He served in the Rhode Island State Senate. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives. Tiernan was born in Providence, Rhode Island.
Tiernan died in South Kingstown, Rhode Island on October 15, 2014, aged 85.

= = = Christophe de Margerie = = =
Christophe de Margerie (6 August 1951 – 20 October 2014) was a French businessman. He was the CEO of oil company Total S.A.. de Margerie was born in Mareuil-sur-Lay, France.
De Margerie died in an airplane crash in Moscow on 20 October, 2014, aged 63.

= = = Seth Gaaikema = = =
Seth Regner Gaaikema (11 July 1939 – 21 October 2014) was a Dutch cabaret artist, writer, and lyricist. He translated many plays into Dutch. They include "My Fair Lady" (his first, 1959), "Kiss Me Kate", "Oliver!", "Les Misérables", and "The Phantom of The Opera". Gaaikema was born in Uithuizen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Gaaikema died in Schijndel, North Brabant from heart failure, aged 75.

= = = Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani = = =
Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani (, 8 April 1931 — 21 October 2014) was an Iranian cleric, writer and conservative politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of Iran from 2 September until 29 October 1981.
Kani died at the age of 83 in Tehran, Iran from heart failure, aged 83.

= = = Ellsworth Bunker = = =
Ellsworth F. Bunker (May 11, 1894 – September 27, 1984) was an American businessman and diplomat. He was the ambassador to Argentina, Italy, India, Nepal and South Vietnam). He was an important figure in the war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia during the 1960s and 1970s.

= = = Chita Rivera = = =
Dolores Conchita Figueroa del Rivero Anderson (January 23, 1933 – January 30, 2024), better known as Chita Rivera, was an American actress, dancer, and singer, who was best known for her roles in musical theater. She was the first Hispanic woman and first Latino American to receive a Kennedy Center Honors award (December 2002). She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Following a brief illness, she died in New York on January 30, 2024, one week after her 91st birthday.

= = = Naucalpan de Juárez = = =
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Mexico. The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl language. It means “place of the four neighborhoods or four houses". It is just northwest of Mexico City.

= = = Brothers of the Road = = =
Brothers of the Road is the ninth studio album by The Allman Brothers Band. The album was released on August 1981. It was the second and last studio album with label Arista Records.

= = = Doug Zmolek = = =
Douglas Allan Zmolek (born November 3, 1970) is an American retired professional ice hockey defenseman. He played a career total of 8 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the San Jose Sharks, Dallas Stars, Los Angeles Kings and the Chicago Blackhawks.
Career.
Before playing professional hockey, Zmolek played 3 years of college hockey with the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers. While he was there, he was named to the WCHA Second All-Star Team and the NCAA Second All-American Team in his junior and final year in 1992.
He was drafted 7th overall by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. On May 30, 1991, the San Jose Sharks claimed Zmolek from Minnesota in the dispersal draft. Zmolek played 2 seasons with the Sharks before he was traded along with Mike Lalor to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Ulf Dahlén and Dallas' 7th round choice in 1995 NHL Entry Draft. He spent parts of two seasons with the Stars.
The Stars traded Zmolek along with Shane Churla to the Los Angeles Kings for Darryl Sydor and Los Angeles' 5th round choice (Ryan Christie) in 1996 NHL Entry Draft on February 17, 1996. He would play parts of 2 seasons with the Kings before he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Chicago's 3rd round choice (František Kaberle) in 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons with the Blackhawks.
On December 28, 2000, when he became a free agent, Zmolek signed a contract to play for the Chicago Wolves of the International Hockey League (IHL). After only playing 2 games with the Wolves, his contract was bought out and he retired in 2000.
After he retired, Zmolek became an advisor and member of the board to the Rochester Youth Hockey Association (RYHA). He also runs an off-season hockey camp called "Top Shelf," in his home city of Rochester, Minnesota.

= = = Blair Atcheynum = = =
Blair Michael Atcheynum (born April 20, 1969) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 196 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Ottawa Senators, Nashville Predators, St. Louis Blues and the Chicago Blackhawks. He is of Cree First Nation descent.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Atcheynum played for the Battlefords North Stars of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL) and with the Saskatoon Blades, Swift Current Broncos, and Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League (WHL).
He was drafted 52nd overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. However, he never played a game for the Whalers and he was claimed by the new Ottawa Senators in the 1992 NHL Expansion Draft. Atcheynum spent most of his professional hockey career playing for the minor leagues. He made his NHL debut with the Senators in the 1992–93 season and played 3 games with them. He spent most of that season playing for the Senators' AHL-affiliate, the New Haven Senators.
On September 15, 1997, Atcheynum became a free agent and signed a contract with the St. Louis Blues. When he was with St. Louis, he mainly played on a line referred to as the "CPA Line" along with Craig Conroy and Scott Pellerin.
He played 1 season with the Blues and he was claimed by the newly formed Nashville Predators in the 1998 NHL Expansion Draft. He would play 53 games with the Predators before he was traded back to the St. Louis Blues for St. Louis' 6th round choice (Zbynek Irgl) in 2000 NHL Entry Draft on March 23, 1999.
On September 30, 1999, he became a free agent and he signed a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played 66 games for the Blackhawks between 1999 and 2001. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2001.
On August 19, 2011, Atcheynum was inducted into the Moose Jaw Warriors and Legends Hall of Fame.
He is currently an assistant coach with the Battlefords North Stars of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League.

= = = Allen Lanier = = =
Allen Glover Lanier (June 25, 1946 – August 14, 2013) was an original member of Blue Öyster Cult. He played keyboards and rhythm guitar. Lanier wrote several songs for Blue Öyster Cult albums. These included "True Confessions", "Tenderloin", "Searchin' for Celine", "In Thee", and "Lonely Teardrops". He also contributed to music by Patti Smith, Jim Carroll, The Dictators and The Clash. He dated Patti Smith for several years during the 1970s. When Lanier started in 1967, the group was known as Soft White Underbelly. He left the group and was replaced in 1986 by Tommy Zvoncheck. He returned in 1987. He retired from performing with them after the autumn of 2006. On August 14, 2013 he died of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

= = = Aspergillus flavus = = =
Aspergillus flavus is a potentially dangerous pathogen. It is a fungus with a very widespread distribution. It grows in soils as a saprophyte. It also grows on cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts.
In addition to causing pre-harvest and post-harvest infections, many strains produce toxic compounds known as mycotoxins. If eaten, they are toxic to mammals. The toxin produced by this species is called 'aflotoxin'.
"A. flavus" is a human and animal pathogen. In mammals, the pathogen can cause liver cancer if contaminated food is eaten. It also causes aspergillosis (invasive growth) in people whose immune system is damaged.
How deadly is it?
In 1960 on an English farm, about 100,000 turkeys died. The cause of death was the primary food source, peanut meal. It was infected with "A. flavus". The culture was isolated, grown in pure culture, and a subset of healthy turkeys was infected. The pure culture isolate causes death in the healthy turkeys. There were four toxic chemicals (aflatoxins).
Turkey autopsies showed aflatoxins targeted the liver and either completely killed the tissue cells or induced tumor formation. New standards for the production of food for human consumption were developed, which led to increases in cost.
Crop management.
To keep grains and legumes remain free of "A. flavus" infection, some things must be done before, during, and after harvest. Moisture levels should be kept below 11.5%. Temperature in storage units should be kept as low as possible: the pathogen cannot grow below 5°C. The low temperature slows respiration and reduces moisture.
Fumigation reduces insects and mites, otherwise they help the spread of the pathogen. Removing old, unripe, damaged and broken seeds, and cleanliness also keeps down the spread of the pathogen.
Biological control.
Yeast.
To protect tree nuts and corn plants that are affected by "A. flavus" treating the plants with the yeast "Pichia anomala" reduces the growth of "A. flavus". Treating pistachio trees with "P. anomala" inhibited the growth of "A. flavus" up to 97% when compared to untreated trees. The yeast successfully competes with "A. flavus" for space and nutrients, ultimately limiting the growth of "A. flavus".
"A.flavus" AF36.
The good news is that there is a non-harmful strain which outcompetes the pathogenic strains.
"Aspergillus flavus" strain AF36 is not carcinogenic and is toxin-free. It is used as an active ingredient in pesticides. AF36 is a fungal antagonist and is applied as a commercial biocontrol to cotton and corn to reduce aflatoxin exposure. AF36 is grown on sterile seeds which serve as the carrier and a source of nutrients. After application and colonization, AF36 growing seeds will out-compete aflatoxin-producing strains of "A. flavus". Non-aflatoxin spore dispersal is aided by wind and insects.

= = = Ljungaverk = = =
Ljungaverk is a locality in Ånge Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden. In 2010, 885 people lived there.

= = = Salus populi suprema lex esto = = =
Salus populi suprema lex esto (Latin "The safety of the people should be the supreme law," or "The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law") is found in Cicero's "De Legibus" (book III, part III, sub. VIII). It is the state motto of Missouri. It is part of its state seal. Also cited in a 1764 essay by James Otis (1725-1783) Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved 
Motto.
It is the motto of:

= = = List of bridges in Spain = = =
List of bridges in Spain.
Big Spanish bridges.
Bridges bigger than 100m.

= = = List of lighthouses in Spain = = =
This is a list of lighthouses in Spain.

= = = Alan Hodgkin = = =
Sir Alan Hodgkin, OM, KBE, PRS (Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, 5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998) was an English physiologist and biophysicist. He shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and John Eccles.
Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and John Eccles (for his research on synapses) were jointly awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane". In addition Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led them to suggest the existence of ion channels in cell membranes, which was confirmed decades later.
Hodgkin was knighted (KBE) in 1972 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1973. From 1970 to 1975 he was President of the Royal Society.

= = = Mario Super Sluggers = = =
Mario Super Sluggers, known in Japan as , is a Mario sports game for the Wii. It was a sequel to Mario Superstar Baseball. It released in Japan and North America, but was never released in Europe and Australia Due To The Limited Release Of the game.
Reviews.
The game got average to good reviews. The game got a 69/100 from Metacritic, and a 7.4/10 from IGN. 

= = = Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games = = =
Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games is a sports game for the Nintendo Wii U. It is the fourth Mario & Sonic crossover game. It is the official video game of the 2014 Olympic Winter Games, which took place in Sochi. It is the first game in the series that was not released on a handheld console as well.
Reviews.
The game got very average reviews. It got a 55/100 on Metacritic. IGN's Scott Thompson said "[The game] has some good ideas but it's weighed down by bad motion controls". Metro gave it a 3/10, saying it was too similar to the other games in the series. 

= = = 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa = = =
The 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa were shootings that took place on October 22, 2014 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. A gunman shot and killed a Canadian Army soldier, Nathan Cirillo, who was on ceremonial guard duty just outside the Canadian National War Memorial. Prime Minister Stephen Harper called the shootings a "terrorist attack."
Shootings.
Earlier, witnesses saw a man dressed in blue jeans and a black jacket with a head scarf arrive at the National War Memorial in a car, carrying a double-barreled shotgun. The man fired two shots and fatally wounded Corporal Nathan Cirillo, a Canadian Army reservist soldier, who was standing guard at the Memorial. After the gunman shot Cirillo, he carjacked a vehicle and drove 600 meters to Parliament Hill. Cirillo was later rushed to the hospital where he was reported dead.
The gunman entered the Canadian Parliament buildings through the Centre Block just under the Peace Tower and shot a security guard in the leg. There were then around 20 and 30 gunshots exchanged between the gunman and security. The gunman ran down the Hall of Honor to the entrance of the Library, which is beside the office of Kevin Vickers, the Sergeant-at-Arms of the Canadian House of Commons. Vickers grabbed his handgun and went into the hall. He dropped to the ground and shot three times. The gunman was engaged by six officers. One of the shots fired by Constable Curtis Barrett hit the gunman in the head and killed him. 
Prime Minister Stephen Harper and New Democratic Party Leader Thomas Mulcair were both holding caucus meetings in rooms that were on both sides of the shooter's path. The Prime Minister and some of the MPs were escorted out of the building while some of the others had barricaded themselves behind doors.
The gunman was later identified as Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, a 32-year-old Canadian man, who had a criminal record and had recently converted to Islam. His passport had been seized by the Canadian government because he had been labeled as a 'high-risk traveller'.

= = = Garland, Texas = = =
Garland is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is near the Ray Hubbard lake. It is also near the town of Richardson.

= = = John-Roger Hinkins = = =
John-Roger Hinkins (born Roger Delano Hinkins) (September 24, 1934 – October 22, 2014) was an American author and public speaker. He was the founder of the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness (MSIA), as well as several other New Age, spiritual, and self-help organizations.
Hinkins died in Los Angeles, California, aged 80.

= = = Contras = = =
The contras is the name given to the rebel groups that were active from 1979 through to the early 1990s. They were against the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance.
From an early stage, the rebels received financial and military support from the U.S. government. President Ronald Reagan supported the group. After the U.S. support was banned by Congress, the Reagan administration secretly gave them money from profit they gained after selling weapons to Iran. These secret activities soon became known as the Iran–Contra affair.

= = = Daniel Ortega = = =
José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (; born November 11, 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician. He has been President of Nicaragua since 2007. He also served as President of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
In November 2021, Daniel Ortega, was re-elected for a fourth five-year term with 75% of the vote, according to the first partial official results released by the Supreme Electoral Council.

= = = Juan Bautista Sacasa = = =
Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa (21 December 1874 - 17 April 1946) was the President of Nicaragua from 1 January 1933 to 9 June 1936. He was the eldest son of Roberto Sacasa, 44th and 46th President of Nicaragua, and wife and cousin Ángela Sacasa Cuadra. He was a relative of Benjamín Sacasa, 67th President of Nicaragua.

= = = Fernando Agüero = = =
Fernando Bernabé Agüero Rocha (June 11, 1920 – September 28, 2011) was a Nicaraguan politician. He was the founder (1988) and leader of the Social Conservative Party. 
In 1967 Agüero was chosen to represent the conservative 1966 National Opposition Union (UNO) in the presidential election against the Somoza regime. His campaign was marked by the bloody repression of one of his political rallies in Managua. In 1971 however, Agüero signed the controversial Kupia Kumi pact with Anastasio Somoza Debayle. He was born in Managua, Nicaragua.
Agüero died in Managua, Nicaragua from pneumonia, aged 91.

= = = Claribel Alegría = = =
Clara Isabel Alegría Vides (May 12, 1924 – January 25, 2018) was a Nicaraguan poet, essayist, novelist, and journalist. She was a major voice in the literature of contemporary Central America. She wrote under the pseudonym Claribel Alegría. She was awarded the 2006 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Her first book, "Anillo de Silencio" ("Ring of Silence") was published in 1948. She retired in 2003.
Alegría later lived in Managua, Nicaragua. She died on 25 January 2018, aged 93.

= = = Big Dreams & High Hopes = = =
Big Dreams & High Hopes is the eighth studio album by Jack Ingram. The album was released on August 25, 2009. It was his first new material in 2 years. It was produced by Big Machine Records. It debuted at #21 on Billboard's Top Country Albums Chart.
Critical reception.
Allmusic reviewer Thom Jurek gave the album three-and-a-half stars out of five. He wrote ""Big Dreams & High Hopes" is the sound of contemporary country music and all of its tropes." He also said that most of the songs were well-written but not distinctive.

= = = List of castles in Spain = = =
This is a list of castles in Spain. Today there are about 2500 castles in Spain. These castles were built for defence. 
Castile-La Mancha.

= = = From Paris with Love = = =
From Paris with Love is a 2010 French action thriller movie. The movie is about an operative from the CIA who lives in Paris with his girlfriend. John Travolta plays Charlie Wax. Jonathan Rhys Meyers plays James Reese.
The reviews on the movie were mixed. This movie was released on February 5, 2010.

= = = The Fall of Rome = = =
The Fall of Rome is the only studio album by Winter Solstice. The album was released on March 8, 2005.

= = = Sally Menke = = =
Sally Menke (December 17, 1953 – September 27, 2010) was an American movie and television editor. She was editor for all Quentin Tarantino movies before her death. She also edited documentaries for CBS. 
She was born in Mineola, New York. She died from heat stress in Los Angeles, California.

= = = Mario Party Advance = = =
 is a party game in the Mario Party series. It was the seventh game in the Mario Party series, the first to be released on a handheld console. The game got mixed reviews, including a 54/100 from Metacritic and a 1/10 from Eurogamer (who called the game "a dud"). 

= = = Trumpeter swan = = =
The trumpeter swan ("Cygnus buccinator") is the largest species of swan. It is found in North America.

= = = Ghulam Azam = = =
Ghulam Azam (; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was the Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000. Azam hated the idea of independence of Bangladesh during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Azam was convicted for war crimes in July 2013.
Azam died in Dhaka, Bangladesh from a stroke, aged 91.

= = = John Bramlett = = =
John "the Bull" Bramlett (July 7, 1941 – October 23, 2014) was an American football linebacker. He played from 1965 to 1971 on four teams. They were the Denver Broncos, the Miami Dolphins and the Boston Patriots in the American Football League and the Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the National Football League . 
He was a two time AFL All-Star. Bramlett served as a minister before his death. Bramlett was born in Memphis, Tennessee.
Bramlett died on October 23, 2014, in Memphis, Tennessee, according to the Shelby County Mayor's Office, aged 73.

= = = Alvin Stardust = = =
Bernard William Jewry (27 September 1942 – 23 October 2014), known as Alvin Stardust, was an English pop singer and stage actor. He first performed as Shane Fenton. He was best known for singles released in the 1970s and 1980s, including "My Coo Ca Choo", the UK Singles Chart-topper "Jealous Mind", and "I Feel Like Buddy Holly".
Stardust was born in Muswell Hill, London. He was raised in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. He died in Ifold, West Sussex, England from prostate cancer, aged 72.

= = = Göran Johansson = = =
Bengt Göran Lennart Johansson (31 August 1945 – 23 October 2014) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party.
He was for many years, he served as the chairman (commissioner) of the Gothenburg Municipality Executive Board. With a working class background, he was a union leader at his workplace at SKF and later became the Social Democratic Party's "strong man" in Gothenburg. 
Johansson served as Mayor of Gothenberg from 1988 through 1991.
He was one of the best known politicians in Sweden. H has been voted as one of the most popular politicians. But he has also been criticized for an undemocratic leadership which has made several – especially female – politicians leave their assignments within the Social Democratic Party.
Johansson suffered from systemic lupus erythematosus, which caused his face to look swollen and red. He was nominated for the 2008 World Mayor award.
Johansson died on 23 October 2014 in Gothenburg Municipality at the age of 69.

= = = Millas Mirakel = = =
Millas Mirakel was a pop group in the town of Halmstad, Sweden. The group scored chart successes in Sweden during the late 1980s. One of their more famous songs were "Rytmen av ett regn".

= = = Miio = = =
Miio is a teen pop group from Sweden. The group was established by the Tetrapop producer in 2003. The group scored chart successes in Sweden between 2003-2005.
The group originally consited of the girls Josefine Wahlsten and Linnéa Roxeheim In 2004 Linnéa left the group, and was replaced by 19 years old Mia. Mia appread on the group's second album.

= = = Immanuel Nobel = = =
Immanuel Nobel (24 March 1801 – 3 September 1872), the younger, was a Swedish engineer and inventor. He was the inventor of the rotary lathe used in plywood manufacturing. He was the father of Robert Nobel, Ludvig Nobel and Alfred Nobel. He also often experimented with nitroglycerin with his sons.
Nobel moved to Russia from Sweden in 1838. This was to sell his inventions in St. Petersburg. He lived there for two decades with his family. Immanuel founded a successful war supplies factory. The end of the Crimean War in 1856 brought about a shift in Russian policies. Tsar Alexander II ordered a severe cut in the military budget. Immanuel's company lost money. In 1859, Immanuel returned to Sweden. He left his factory to his son Ludvig. In 1862 Immanuel's firm was finally sold by his creditors.

= = = Emoji = = =
 are symbols or faces often used in text messages on a mobile phone or computer. They come in all shapes and sizes and can mean many things depending on when and how it is used. There are emoji for objects, places, emotions and much more. Emojis are normally used when people text each other. Examples include 😀😃😞😆😷🤓💩😘. The first emojis were created in 1999 by Shigetaka Kurita. Later on, people began to put emojis on webpages and they became very popular outside Japan when they were added to Apple's iOS and Google's Android software.
In November 2016, a conference about emoji was held in San Francisco, California. 
In fiction.
The 2017 animated film The Emoji Movie is about emojis in a phone who live and act like people.

= = = Foundation (engineering) = = =
A foundation is the lowest part of a building. A building needs a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time. A heavier building or softer soil needs a deeper foundation.
To make a foundation, engineers dig a trench in the ground. They dig until they reach solid ground. When the trench is deep enough, it is filled it with strong, hard material. Sometimes concrete is used. Concrete can be made stronger by putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel ties the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete. Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, construction can start.

= = = Foundation (nonprofit) = = =
A foundation is a kind of company set up to carry out charity or research work. A foundation is usually endowed, which means it is given a large sum of money to do its work. Examples of foundations include the Rockefeller Foundation and the Wikimedia Foundation. The Rockefeller family made their money from banking and oil and their family foundation is endowed with a very great sum of money. The people running the foundation think of ways to use the money to help charities, the arts, or whatever they like.
Another example is the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates made a fortune from Microsoft. He and his wife now spend nearly all their time giving away the money he has made. They give it to projects like education in the United States and treating AIDS in Third World countries.

= = = Roman Josi = = =
Roman Josi (born June 1, 1990) is a Swiss ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Playing career.
Before playing in the NHL, Josi played 106 games with the SC Bern of the National League A (NLA). He also played 3 games with HC Neuchâtel of the National League B (NLB).
He was drafted with the 38th overall pick by the Nashville Predators in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. On May 28, 2010, the Predators signed Josi to a three-year entry-level contract. On November 26, 2011, Josi made his NHL debut in a 4-1 loss against the Detroit Red Wings. On December 10, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Dan Ellis of the Anaheim Ducks.

= = = Habit (biology) = = =
Habit in biology is about the shape or behaviour of animals and plants.
Botany.
The way plants grow makes their shape of habit. This is the way we can tell trees apart even at a distance. The shape of a willow tree or a poplar is very distinct. It is made during growth. Bacteria and fungi also have very distinct types of growth.
Trees are also examples of a life style when compared to shrubs and annual plants. To be a tree is to occupy a different space in the ecosystem from shrubs or climbers.
Zoology.
In zoology, "habit" often refers to a specific behaviour of a species. For example:
The 'mode of life' (or 'lifestyle') is sometimes referred to as the 'habit of an animal. Terms like motile or sessile, sedentary, free-living, parasitic, saprophyte, terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, pelagic, diurnal, nocturnal, are all modes of life or habits.

= = = Jonas Hiller = = =
Jonas Hiller (born February 12, 1982) is a Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Anaheim Ducks and Calgary Flames. Outside of the NHL, Hiller played for HC Davos, HC Lausanne, and EHC Biel of the National League A (NLA). He would also play for HC La Chaux-de-Fonds of the Swiss League.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Hiller played 13 games for HC Lausanne and 3 seasons for HC Davos of the National League A (NLA). Hiller also won Switzerland's championship in 2002, 2005 and 2007, as well as the Spengler Cup in 2004 and 2006 with HC Davos. He was not drafted but he signed a contract with the Anaheim Ducks on May 25, 2007.
On September 30, 2007, Hiller made his NHL debut for the Anaheim Ducks defeating the Los Angeles Kings 4–1 in London, England. In his first season with the Ducks, Hiller recorded a 2.06 goals against average (GAA) and .926 save percentage in 23 games. On November 16, 2008, Hiller earned his first NHL shutout when the Ducks defeated the Los Angeles Kings 2–0.
Hiller was named as the Ducks starting goaltender for the 2009 NHL Playoffs. On April 16, 2009, he started in his first playoff and he recorded a shutout against the San Jose Sharks with 35 saves. The Ducks were able to eliminate the Sharks in six games but they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings in seven games in the next round. On January 30, 2010, he signed a four-year extension with the Ducks going throughout the 2013–14 NHL season. In the 2012-13 NHL Season, Hiller was able to help the Ducks place 2nd overall in the Western Conference. In the 2013 Stanley Cup Playoffs, the Ducks were eliminated in the first round in a seven game series against the Detroit Red Wings for the second time in five years.
On July 1, 2014, Hiller decided to sign a two-year, $4.5 million per year contract as a free agent with the Calgary Flames.
On 16 March 2020, Hiller announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

= = = Huskvarna Södra IS = = =
Huskvarna Södra IS was established in 1930 and is a sports club in Huskvarna, Sweden. The club won the Swedish women's table tennis team championship in 1970 and 1972. The association football team played their home games at Hjärttorpsvallen near Tenhultsvägen. In 1987 the men's association football team merged with Husqvarna IF, leading to the establishment of Husqvarna FF.
The early 1970s saw the dawn of the club scoring women's association football successes., The team playing in the Swedish top division in 1978 and 1979.

= = = Habo IF = = =
Habo IF is a sports club in Habo in Sweden. The club was established on 26 April 1926. It now only plays association football. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish second division and played the qualifying rounds for the Swedish top division three times during the 1940s. In 1944, the bandy team lost 3-6 against IFK Nässjö in the qualifying rounds. The bandy section was disestablished in 1998. The club has also competed in Athletics, handball, table tennis, cycling, racewalking, Nordic skiing, orienteering and gymnastics. It is the mother club of Erik Edman.

= = = Habo Wolley = = =
Habo Wolley is a volleyball club in Habo in Sweden. The club started in 1987. The men's team qualified for the Swedish top division, Elitserien, in 1998.

= = = Apalachee = = =
The Apalachee were a Native American people who historically lived in the Florida Panhandle. 
History.
The Apalachee occupied the site of Velda Mound starting about 1450 CE. They had left the area before the Spanish came in the 17th century. They first saw Spanish explorers in the 16th century. This is when the Hernando de Soto expedition arrived. They lived between the Aucilla River and Ochlockonee River, at the head of Apalachee Bay. This was an area known to Europeans as the Apalachee Province. 
The Spaniards had created Catholic missions throughout their province by the early 1600s. The Apalachee were farmers and noted warriors. By 1655 there were eight towns, each with a mission. In addition to the Spanish, each town had an Apalachee population of between 6,000–8000. The British with their Creek allies often raided the Apalachee and Spanish towns. In 1703 a British army and hundreds of Creek warriors attacked the territory. The Apalachee were nearly destroyed. The survivors, who numbered about 1400, dispersed. Over time many Apalachee mixed in with other groups, particularly the Creek Confederacy. Others found protection with the French in what is now Alabama and Louisanna. About 300 descendants in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, claim an Apalachee identity today.
Language.
The Apalachee spoke a Muskogean language called Apalachee. The language is now extinct.

= = = Sylvain Viau = = =
Sylvain Viau is a Canadian producer, executive producer, founder and head of Image Entertainment Corporation. His title is Chief Executive Officer and President. He is the co-creator of the Walter and Tandoori cartoon series. Viau lives in Montreal, Quebec.
Biography.
Sylvain Viau has been the producer and executive producer of the Walter and Tandoori series. This includes the Walter & Tandoori's Christmas. His company has done a variety of co-production with Marathon Media in Paris. Viau is the executive producer of Totally Spies!, The Amazing Spiez!, Monster Buster Club, Team Galaxy and Martin Mystery. He served as a producer with Vincent Chalvon-Demersay and David Michel on The Amazing Spiez! and Monster Buster Club co-production Marathon and IEC television series. He was a co-producer on Totally Spies! co-production Marathon and IEC television series. In the Walter and Tandoori series he was a producer and executive producer. In the Walter's Christmas film he was a director and producer.

= = = Caltrop = = =
Caltrops are spiked weapons used against men and horses since at least as early as Roman times. Later versions were designed to deflate automobile tires. They are a type of anti-personnel weapon, and anti-vehicular weapon. Japanese samurai used a similar weapon, the makibishi.
Iron caltrops were used as early as 331 BC at Gaugamela. They were known to the Romans as "tribulus", meaning 'jagged iron'. They were used in the Battle of Carrhae in 51 BC.
The Roman writer Vegetius, discussed scythed chariots in his "De Re Militari":
In more modern times, they were used by both the Allies and Axis during World War II to puncture the tires of wheeled vehicles. Improvised caltrops, usually made of welded nails, have also been used occasionally by labor activists in the United States during strikes to destroy the tires of vehicles belonging to management and replacement workers. In the labor context, these devices are more often called jack rocks. A recent example of the use of jack rocks in labor disputes was in 2012, allegedly by two men on a picket line at an aluminum products plant in West Virginia.

= = = Mario Golf (video game) = = =
 is a sports video game made by Camelot Software for the Nintendo. The game got very good reviews, including 91% in favor on Metacritic and 7.2 out of 10 from GameSpot. 

= = = Himno de Riego = = =
"El Himno de Riego" is the anthem of the second Spanish Republic. It was named for of Colonel Rafael Del Riego. It was composed by José Melchor Gomis.

= = = Meaning = = =
Meaning is a term in linguistics and philosophy. It is also a word in everyday life. The basic idea is this: meaning is the information which is sent by speech or messages. What that information is can be inferred by a listener or reader.
Meaning makes sense as part of a conversation between two or more people. The bits of a conversation, like questions and answers, suggestions and explanations, work to help the meaning get across. Requests and instructions are other types of communication which depend on meaning.
Although humans use language to carry meaning, non-verbal communication definitely has meaning. In fact it is far more ancient than human language, and interpreting its meaning is mostly done by the unconscious mind. Messages travel by scent and sight as well as sound. Humans do some of this as well as almost all animals. In humans, facial expressions and the sense of touch are very important. All these things have meaning.

= = = Erica Sjöström = = =
Erica Sjöström, born 30 June 1970 in Tierp, Sweden, is a Swedish female singer and saxophonist. Since 1999. she has been the singer in Swedish band the Drifters.
She begun her carrier in 1992 in the part-time band Manges orkester from Tierp. Manges participated at Svenska dansbandsmästerskapen in 1994 and 1996, reaching the finals. 
In 1999, she won the "Sångmicken" contest in Ekebo. She has been awarded five Guldklaven awards in Malung. She has been the prize personal as "wind musician of the year" and "singer of the year", She has also been awarded the award together with the other bandmembers of the Drifters, in the categories "band of the year" and "song of the year".
In 2010, she could also be heard performing a duet with Scotts recording the song "In a Moment Like This".

= = = Reach for the Sky = = =
Reach for the Sky is the eighth studio album by American southern rock band The Allman Brothers Band. The album was released in August 1980. It was first studio album without label Capricorn Records. It was the first studio album with new label Arista Records. 

= = = Kim Anderzon = = =
Kerstin Kristina Birgitta "Kim" Anderzon (20 March 1943 – 24 October 2014), was a Swedish actress. She starred on movies and theatre. Her daughter Anna Catharina Tintin Anderzon is also an actress. She won the award for Best Actress at the 19th Guldbagge Awards for her role in "Second Dance". Along with Tomas Bolme, she co-hosted the 27th Guldbagge Awards.
Anderzon died of spinal cancer in Stockholm, Sweden, aged 71.

= = = S. S. Rajendran = = =
Sedapatti Suryanarayana Devar Rajendran, commonly known by his stage name S. S. Rajendran (SSR), (January 1928 – 24 October 2014) was an Indian movie actor, director, producer and politician. He was known for his roles in "Parasakthi", "Ratha Kanneer", "Sivagangai Seemai", "Aalayamani", and in "Poompuhar".
Rajendran died in Chennai, India from a lung infection, aged 88.

= = = Mbulaeni Mulaudzi = = =
Mbulaeni Tongai Mulaudzi (8 September 1980 – 24 October 2014) was a South African middle distance runner, and the 2009 world champion in the men's 800 metres. 
He carried the flag at the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. He later won a silver medal for the 800m there. He was born in Muduluni, Transvaal Province. He became South Africa's first black athlete to be ranked number one in the world.
Mulaudzi died in a car crash on 24 October 2014 at the age of 34 in Mpumalanga.

= = = Joan Quigley = = =
Joan Quigley (April 10, 1927 – October 23, 2014), was an American astrologer. She was best known for her astrological advice to Nancy and Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. Quigley was born in Kansas City, Missouri.
She was called on by First Lady Nancy Reagan in 1981 after John Hinckley's attempted assassination of the president. She stayed on as the White House astrologer in secret until being revealed in 1988 by former chief of staff Donald Regan.
Quigley died after a short illness on October 23, 2014 in San Francisco, California, aged 87.

= = = Flag of South Africa = = =
The national flag of South Africa was adopted in April 1994. It was designed by Frederick Brownell in March 1994.
Appearance.
It has horizontal bands of red (on the top) and blue (on the bottom), It is separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal "Y" shape. 
References.
trent was here

= = = Wikipedia Monument = = =
The Wikipedia Monument () is a statue designed by Armenian sculptor Mihran Hakobyan honoring Wikipedia contributors. It is located in Słubice, Poland. 
The fiber and resin sculpture cost about 50,000 złotys (about $14,000; 12,000 euros). It was funded by Słubice regional authorities. It was unveiled in Frankfurt Square (Plac Frankfurcki) on 22 October 2014 in a ceremony that included representatives from both local Wikimedia chapters and the Wikimedia Foundation. 

= = = John Marshall Harlan II = = =
John Marshall Harlan (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an American jurist. He served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. His namesake was his grandfather John Marshall Harlan, another associate justice who served from 1877 to 1911.
Harlan died of spinal cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 72.

= = = Spinal tumor = = =
Spinal tumors is a form of tumor that grows in the spinal cord. Extradural tumors are more common than intradural neoplasms.
Forms.
Depending on their location, the spinal cord tumors can be:

= = = Emmett Brown = = =
Dr. Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the "Back to the Future trilogy". He is the inventor of the first time machine. He builds it out of a DeLorean sports car. 
The character is played by Christopher Lloyd in all three movies, as well as in the live action sequences of the "". He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series. The character's appearance and actions are loosely inspired by Leopold Stokowski and Albert Einstein. In 2008, Dr. Emmett Brown was selected by "Empire" magazine as one of "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time", ranking at #76. 
Lloyd played Brown once again in Seth MacFarlane's 2014 comedy western movie, "A Million Ways to Die in the West".

= = = Marty McFly = = =
Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly is a fictional character in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. He is the series' protagonist and is played by actor Michael J. Fox. Marty also appears in the , where he was voiced by David Kaufman. 
In by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J Locascio. In 2008, Marty McFly was selected by "Empire" magazine as the 39th Greatest Movie Character of All Time. Eric Stoltz was originally cast as Marty McFly, but after five weeks of shooting scenes for the first movie, director Robert Zemeckis and executive producer Steven Spielberg chose to re-cast the role to Fox.

= = = Back to the Future Part II = = =
Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It is the second movie for the "Back to the Future trilogy". It stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Thomas F. Wilson and Lea Thompson.
Plot.
Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Christopher Lloyd) appears in 1985 in his time-traveling DeLorean and tells Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox) and his girlfriend Jennifer Parker (Elisabeth Shue) that something is wrong with their future children, and that Marty and Jennifer must come with him to the future to fix it. As the three of them leave in the time machine, they are accidentally witnessed by Biff Tannen (Thomas F. Wilson).
Doc takes the DeLorean to 2015, thirty years in the future. Jennifer keeps asking questions about her and Marty's future marriage, causing Doc to use a sleep-inducing generator to knock her out, explaining that no one should know too much of their own future. Doc reveals to Marty that his future identical son, Marty Jr. (Michael J. Fox), was imprisoned after a failed bank robbery in which he was forced to participate by Biff's future grandson Griff Tannen (Thomas F. Wilson). Marty's future daughter Marlene (Michael J. Fox) attempted to break Marty Jr. out, only to be caught and imprisoned herself. Doc explains his plan: to have Marty pose as his future son, refuse to participate in the bank robbery with Griff, and return to 1985 so his future family can live a happy life. Doc gives Marty futuristic clothes so he can look the part, and they leave an unconscious Jennifer in an alley. 
Marty explores a futuristic Hill Valley and enters the nostalgia-themed Cafe '80s, where he's supposed to meet Griff. Marty meets an elderly Biff and almost runs into Marty Jr., who Griff bullies when he arrives at the cafe. Marty swaps places with his son and confronts Griff, refusing to participate in the robbery. Griff calls Marty "chicken", which triggers Marty and causes a fight between him and Griff's gang. Marty steals a hoverboard and uses it to escape. Griff and his gang try to hurt Marty on their own hoverboards but are knocked off balance, crashing into the courthouse mall at the city center. Griff's gang is arrested and the future changes, with Marty Jr. no longer going to jail. Marty keeps the hoverboard and buys a 2015 sports almanac to take back to 1985, in order to unfairly bet on sports results. Doc finds out and scolds Marty. They try to get back to 1985 but find out that Jennifer has been found by cops and taken to her future home. Doc throws away the almanac, but the elder Biff retrieves it from the trash and steals the DeLorean. Jennifer wakes up in her future home, where she sees older versions of herself and Marty and her future children. She watches as Marty's future self enters a shady business deal and is fired from his job. Doc and Marty intervene in time and bring Jennifer back to the DeLorean, and return to 1985.
Marty quickly figures out that the timeline has been changed, with Biff now a rich tycoon who made his fortune by betting on sports results since the 1950s. After learning that his mother Lorraine (Lea Thompson) is married to Biff against her will and his father George (Jeffrey Weissman) is dead, Marty works with Doc to figure out what happened; they realize that the elder Biff from 2015 stole the DeLorean in order to give the almanac to his younger self 

= = = Back to the Future Part III = = =
Back to the Future Part III is a 1990 American science fiction Western movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is the third and final movie for the "Back to the Future trilogy". It stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson, Crispin Glover and Lea Thompson.
Plot.
A lightning bolt sends 1985 Doc and the time machine from 1955 back to 1885. Marty finds the time machine where Doc hid it. He soon finds out that the Doc is shot by Buford 'Mad Dog' Tannen and goes back to 1885 to save Doc.

= = = Biff Tannen = = =
Biff Howard Tannen is a fictional character in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. Thomas F. Wilson plays Biff in all three movies as well as the Universal Studios ride, and voiced the character in the .
Biff is the series' antagonist. He is a tall, mean, violent bully who gets what he wants by bullying others into doing his work for him, or by cheating. He and his family members usually misuse idioms in a way that makes them sound foolish and doesn't sound like an insult.

= = = Thomas F. Wilson = = =
Thomas Francis "Tom" Wilson Jr. (born April 15, 1959) is an American actor, writer, musician, painter, voice-over artist, comedian, and podcaster. He played Biff Tannen, Griff Tannen and Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen in the "Back to the Future" trilogy, and Coach Ben Fredricks on NBC's "Freaks and Geeks".

= = = James Tolkan = = =
James Stewart Tolkan (born June 20, 1931) is an American actor. He is often cast as a strict, overbearing, bald-headed authority figure. He is known for his role as Mr. Strickland in all three of "Back to the Future movie series"; "Back to the Future", "Back to the Future Part II", and in "Back to the Future Part III".

= = = Zamora Cathedral = = =
Zamora Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zamora, Spain. It was built in the middle of the 12th century. King Alfonso VII of León and Castile sponsored the construction. The cathedral was built mostly in the Romanesque architectural style. It also has Byzantine influences. It is built on the Latin cross floor plan. Its last bell was built in 1805.

= = = V-Rally 2 = = =
V-Rally 2 is a racing video game. It is the sequel to "V-Rally" for the PlayStation. It is known in America as Need for Speed: V-Rally 2 and in Europe as V-Rally 2 Championship Edition. The Dreamcast version is known as Test Drive V-Rally in America. 
Reviews.
The game got very good reviews. IGN gave it a 8.5/10 for its graphics and sound effects.
Sequel.
A sequel with title "V-Rally 3" has been release for "PlayStation 2", release in "Europe" on 2002, and "North America" on sale March 25, 2003.

= = = Duke of Marlborough (title) = = =
Duke of Marlborough is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire. It is the only current dukedom in the Peerages of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom that can pass to a woman and through a woman. The family have long been involved with the politics of the day. They are also famous for their traditional home which is "Blenheim Palace". This is the only non-royal palace in the United Kingdom. The family still live at the palace. The duke is entitled to the style of address of Your Grace. 
List of Dukes.
The heir apparent to the Dukedom is George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (b. 1992). He is the eldest son of the 12th Duke.

= = = Jeff Bagwell = = =
Jeff Bagwell (born May 27, 1968) is a retired Major League Baseball player. He played for the Houston Astros. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

= = = Tha Doggfather = = =
Tha Doggfather is the second studio album by Snoop Doggy Dogg. This album was released on November 12, 1996. The album sold two million copies. The singles released were "Snoop's Upside Your Head", "Vapors" and "Doggfather"

= = = Pamhagen = = =
Pamhagen is a small village in Austria. It is located in the northern part of the state Burgenland. The population is 1641 (1st January 2014).

= = = Curtie and the Boombox = = =
Curtie and the Boombox was Duch pop group. The group scoring chart successes during the mid 1980s. Famous songs recorded by the group are "Black Kisses (Never Make You Blue)" and "Let's Talk it over in the Ladies Room".

= = = Tha Last Meal = = =
Tha Last Meal is the fifth studio album from rapper Snoop Dogg. Several singles were released off this album. One of them was "(Snoop Dogg) What's My Name Part 2".
This album was released on December 19, 2000.

= = = Korat = = =
The Korat is a natural breed of cat. It is also one of the oldest cat breeds. It first lived in Thailand. It is named after a province named "Korat" by the local people. The Korat is known as one of the "good luck cats".
Appearance.
The Korat is a blue-gray colour with a small to medium stocky or "cobby" body. It can be surprisingly heavy for its size. It is intelligent, active, playful and likes to be with people. It has a heart-shaped head and large green eyes.
The Korat's colour is actually a silver blue that looks like it is shimmering. The people of Thailand call the colour "rain-cloud gray," and the shimmer "sea foam." This cat has one coat of fur that is short. The roots of the fur are a lighter silver blue. The colour along the fur increases to deeper blue and the tips are silver, especially on the muzzle and toes. This is the only colour allowed for a Korat. The eyes are large and peridot green in an adult cat. Kittens have amber or golden-green eyes which gradually change as they become adults, at two to four years. 
Korats may rarely have some white markings or spots, or even pale gray stripes. Sometimes these spots increase in size as the cat gets older. These are flaws in the colour, and these cats are not allowed in cat shows. Even though the colour is wrong, they are still healthy cats. 
History.
The first time the Korat breed was written about in books was in a poem written in Thailand, between 1350 and 1767 AD. The book is now in the national library in Bangkok. But the drawing of the Korat in this book did not have enough detail to positively say it is this breed. In more recent years, the Korat was pictured on a postage stamp in Thailand. 
A Korat cat first appeared in Britain with the name "Blue Siamese" in 1889 and 1896. But these solid blue cats did not meet the cat show standards for a Siamese cat, so they disappeared by 1901. 
In the United States, a Korat first appeared in the 1950s. In 1959, Cedar Glen cattery was the first to import a pair of Korats to the U.S. for breeding. They were a male named Nara and a female named Darra. In 1966, the Korat was first allowed to be shown for championship status, by a breeder from Maryland. 

= = = The Chronic = = =
The Chronic is the first studio album from Dr. Dre. Snoop Doggy Dogg performs on the album. The album is named for a slang term for high-grade marijuana. It was released on Dre's Death Row Records. The album included the single "Let Me Ride".
The album got to #3 on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States. It sold about three million records. 
It was released on December 15, 1992.

= = = Guido Gezelle = = =
Guido Gezelle (1 May 1830 – 27 November 1899) was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium. He was also a writer, translator and poet.
Gezelle was born and died in Bruges. He became priest in 1854.
Gezelle's parents were Pieter Jan Gezelle and Monica Devrieze. He was an uncle of the Flemish writer Stijn Streuvels.
Gezelle is still famous now for his translation of "The Song of Hiawatha" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

= = = New Play Control! = = =
 was a series of Nintendo GameCube games re-released for the Nintendo Wii. They were remade with Wii controls, and a 16:9 aspect ratio (instead of 4:3). Only 6 New Play Control games were released (7 in Japan).
Games.
Note: Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 2 were not available by themselves outside of Japan.

= = = Reyhaneh Jabbari = = =
Reyhaneh Jabari (Persian: ������ ����� c. 1988 - October 25, 2014) was a Iranian woman convicted of murdering a former intelligence officer, Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She said she killed Sarbandi because he was sexually assaulting her.
She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing Sarbandi. She published her story about what happened to her in prison. Her lawyer published her story in his blog.
Jabbari was executed by hanging on 25 October 2014 at dawn at the Gohardasht Prison, north of Karaj, aged 26.

= = = Lorenzo Albacete = = =
Monsignor Lorenzo Albacete (January 7, 1941 – October 24, 2014) was an American theologian, Roman Catholic priest, scientist and author. A New York Times Magazine contributor, Albacete was one of the leaders in the United States for the international Catholic movement Communion and Liberation. He was the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of Crossroads Cultural Center. Albacete was born in Puerto Rico.
Albacete died in Yonkers, New York, aged 73.

= = = XQuartz = = =
XQuartz is software made by Apple Inc. It takes a not-specific-to-Mac program – one that is compatible with a standard called X Window System or "X11" – and allows it to be displayed on the Mac. The functionality is only limited to the actual Graphical User Interface the user sees, nothing more.

= = = 1,000,000,000 = = =
1,000,000,000 is the natural number after 999,999,999 and before 1,000,000,001. In the short scale, it is called one billion, but in the long scale, it is called one thousand million or one milliard (or yard). One billion can also be written as b or bn.

= = = Jack Bruce = = =
John Symon Asher "Jack" Bruce (14 May 1943 – 25 October 2014) was a Scottish musician and composer. He was known as a founder member of the British psychedelic rock power trio, Cream, in the late 1960s. Whilst in the band, Bruce played a fretless bass guitar.
Bruce died on 25 October 2014 from liver disease in Suffolk, England, aged 71.

= = = André Piters = = =
André Piters (18 January 1931 – 23 October 2014) was a Belgian footballer. He played as a striker. Piters played club football for Standard Liège and Olympic de Charleroi. He earned a total of 23 caps for Belgium between 1955 and 1961, four of which came in FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. He scored seven goals in his international career.
Piters died on 23 October 2014 in Brussels, Belgium, aged 83.

= = = Patricia Roc = = =
Patricia Roc (7 June 1915 – 30 December 2003), born Felicia Miriam Ursula Herold, was a British movie actress. She was popular in the Gainsborough melodramas such as "Madonna of the Seven Moons" (1945) and "The Wicked Lady" (1945). She only made one movie in Hollywood, "Canyon Passage" (1946). 
She also appeared in "Millions Like Us" (1943), "Jassy" (1945), "The Brothers" (1947) and "When the Bough Breaks" (1947).
Affair with Ronald Reagan.
She met Ronald Reagan over lunch in 1945. They had an intense affair. Reagan, at the time, was married to Jane Wyman. Reagan wanted to marry her, but their relationship ended in 1947. Before her death, she kept a picture of Reagan and herself in the drawing-room of her Swiss home at ­Minusio, overlooking Lake Maggiore. It showed them gazing deeply into each other’s eyes.
Death.
Roc died of kidney failure in her home in Locarno, Switzerland, aged 88.

= = = Hugo Carvana = = =
Hugo Carvana (4 June 1937 – 4 October 2014) was a Brazilian movie and television actor and director. He appeared in 65 movie since 1955. He was known for his roles in "Entranced Earth" and in "Antonio das Mortes". He was also known for directing "Casa da Mãe Joana".
Carvana died of an illness in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aged 77.

= = = Andrea de Cesaris = = =
Andrea de Cesaris (31 May 19595 October 2014) was an Italian racing driver. He started 208 Formula One Grands Prix but never won, holding the record for the longest career without a race victory. 
He was in many car accidents during his career. That earned him the nickname "Andrea de Crasheris". He became known for being very fast but also wild. The nickname stuck, though he went on to become a calmer, more mature driver in his later career. In 2005 and 2006 he competed in the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired F1 drivers.
de Cesaris died on 5 October 2014 after losing control of his motorcycle on Rome's Grande Raccordo Anulare motorway, aged 55.

= = = Igor Mitoraj = = =
Igor Mitoraj (March 26, 1944 – October 6, 2014) was a Polish artist. He was born in Oederan, Germany. Mitoraj studied painting at the Kraków Academy of Art under Tadeusz Kantor. 
After graduating, he had several exhibitions. He held his first solo exhibition in 1967 at the Krzysztofory Gallery in Poland. In 1968, he moved to Paris to continue his studies at the National School of Art.
Mitoraj worked with terracotta and bronze. In 1979, he began to use marble for most of his works. In 1983, he set up a studio in Pietrasanta. In 2006, he created the new bronze doors and a statue of John the Baptist for the basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Rome.
Mitoraj died in Paris, France, aged 70.

= = = Alfonso VII of León and Castile = = =
Alfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), born Alfonso Raimúndez, he was called the Emperor ("el Emperador"). He was given rule in Galacia alongside his mother Urraca of León in 1107. Alfonso became the King of Galicia in 1111. He became King of León and Castile in 1126 after his mother's death. Alfonso adopted the style of "Emperor" in his . In 1135 in a ceremony at the court of Leon he was officially recognize as Emperor. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy. He was the first of the House of Burgundy to rule in the Iberian peninsula. During his rule Portugal declared independence, in 1128. It was recognized as being independent in 1143. 

= = = Creampie (sexual act) = = =
A creampie is a term used in pornography. It is when a person's penis ejaculates semen inside their partner's vagina or anus and the semen leaks out, looking like the cream filling of a pie. Creampies are risky because they can result in unwanted pregnancy (vaginal, if the receiving partner is not using contraception) or transmission of STDs (vaginal or anal).

= = = Tagbilaran = = =
Tagbilaran is the capital and main city of the Bohol province, in the Bohol island, Philippines. Because of the Tagbilaran Airport, the city is an important way for tourists to start trips through the rest of the island and neighboring islands.
The inhabitants of this city are known as "tagbilaranons".
History.
In 1565, a Spanish explorer named Miguel López de Legazpi came to Bohol looking for spices and gold. He made a peace pact with Datu Sikatuna in a place called Bool, now a district of Tagbilaran. This pact was signed with a blood pact between the two men.
On 9 February 1742, the Governor of the Visayas Francisco Antonio Calderon de la Barca separated Tagbilaran from Baclayon and made it a town with the name of "San Jose de Tagbilaran" and dedicated to St. Joseph the Worker. Since then, it was part of the province of Bohol and became officially a component city (a city that is part of a province) on 1 July 1966 by the Republic Act No. 4660.
Geography.
Tagbilaran is in the southwestern part of the island of Bohol, in front of the smaller island of Panglao; between the two islands is the Tagbilaran Strait.
The city is southeast of the national capital of Manila and south of the regional capital, Cebu City.
It has a total area of , but the total land area, without the parts that are in the sea, is . The coastline is about long.
There is a ridge (a long and narrow chain of small hills) with an average altitude of that runs parallel to the coastline; at both ends of the ridge there are two hills: "Elley Hill" () in the north and "Banat-I Hill" () in the south.
Tagbilaran borders with the municipalities of Cortes (north), Corella (northeast) and Baclayon (east). To the south is the "Tagbilaran Strait" and the Panglao island, and to the west is the "Maribojoc Bay" (part of the Cebu Strait).
With a population of 96,792, Tagbilaran has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Climate.
Tagbilaran has, like the rest of the Philippines, a tropical climate. The average temperature is high and the humidity is also high. The dry and the wet seasons are very similar.
Administrative divisions.
The city of Tagbilaran is divided into 15 barangays (like neighbourhoods).

= = = Panglao Island = = =
Panglao is a small island in the north Bohol Sea, in the Central Visayas Region of the Visayas island group, in the south-central Philippines.
The island is an important touristic place because of the beaches found here and the presence of coral reefs near the island.
Geography.
The island of Panglao has an area of . The island had a population, as of 2010, of 68,051, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The island is in the northern part of the Bohol Sea (or "Mindanao Sea"), to the southwest of the island of Bohol and to the east of the island of Cebu. Panglao is separated from the Bohol island by a narrow strait, the Tagbilaran Strait, and two bridges connect the island with the city of Tagbilaran.
There are several smaller islands close to Panglao, such as Gak-ang, Pontod, and Balicasag.
Panglao has a terrain that range from plain, hilly to mountainous, composed by a limestone that is soluble and that causes the formation of caves and sinkholes. One interesting geological feature of the island is the "Hinagdanan Cave" which has an underground water source; because there no rivers or lakes in the island, the cave is an important water source.
Biodiversity.
During the works of the Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project, about 250 new species of crustaceans and 1,500-2,500 new species of mollusks were found in the waters of Panglao and Balicasag. The project found that Panglao alone has more marine biodiversity than Japan and the Mediterranean sea.
Because of this biodiversity, the island was proposed in 2006 as a World Heritage Site by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources of the Philippines.
Administrative divisions.
The island of Panglao is within the Bohol province, and is divided into 2 municipalties and 22 barangays (like neighbourhoods).

= = = Freshman Father = = =
Freshman Father is an English 2010 romantic drama made for television movie from the Hallmark Movie Channel. It was directed by Michael Scott. It is based on a true story. It is rated PG.
Story.
A prom queen gets pregnant so she can stay with her boyfriend when he goes to Harvard. She goes with him, but she is homesick and cannot stand the pressure. When she leaves, he is left with the baby. The plot is about the way he tries to balance his time between his son and his exams.
The theme song.
The theme song is called "Best At the Time".

= = = Rio Grande (Brazil) = = =
Rio Grande is a Brazilian municipality located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In 2014 its population is estimated to be 207,036 people.

= = = Agout = = =
The Agout or Agoût () is a river in southwestern France, left tributary of the Tarn river. It flows through the Occitanie region.
Three "communes" have the name of the river in their names: La Salvetat-sur-Agout, Fraisse-sur-Agout and Vielmur-sur-Agout.
Geography.
The Agout river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Lavaur in the Tarn department.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Lavaur (56 years)
Course.
The source of the Agout is on the "Monts d'Espinouse", in the southern Massif Central in the Parc Naturel Régional du Haut-Languedoc ("Regional Natural Park of High Languedoc"), in the "commune" of Cambon-et-Salvergues, Hérault department, at an altitude of about .
The Agout flows, in general, to the northwest and passes through the following regions, departments and "communes":
The Agout river flows through a total of 36 "communes".
Finally, it flows, as a left tributary into the Tarn river at Saint-Sulpice, in the Tarn department, at of altitude.
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries, with a length greater than 30 km, of the Agout are:

= = = Egon Spengler = = =
Egon Spengler, Ph.D. is a fictional character from the "Ghostbusters" franchise. He appears in the movies "Ghostbusters" and "Ghostbusters II", in the animated television series "The Real Ghostbusters", and later in "Extreme Ghostbusters". 
Spengler was played by Harold Ramis in the movies and voiced by him in "", and voiced by Maurice LaMarche in the cartoon series. He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three doctors of parapsychology, along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Raymond Stantz.

= = = Peter Venkman = = =
Peter Venkman, Ph.D. is a fictional character from the "Ghostbusters" franchise. He appears in the movies "Ghostbusters" and "Ghostbusters II" and in the animated television series "The Real Ghostbusters".
In both live action movies, he was played by Bill Murray, and was voiced in the animated series first by Lorenzo Music and then by Dave Coulier. He is a parapsychologist and the leader of the Ghostbusters.
In 2008, Peter Venkman was selected by the magazine "Empire" as one of "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time", described by Empire's Nick de Semlyen as "the ultimate New York hero: cynical, sarcastic, secretly sweet-natured", "a man possessed by manic spontaneity, with a wont to twirl in circles around a public concourse or declare undying love for a woman he's just met", and the "most popular" character played by Murray.

= = = Ray Stantz = = =
Raymond "Ray" Stantz, Ph.D. is a fictional character from the "Ghostbusters" franchise. He appears in the movies "Ghostbusters", "Ghostbusters II", "Casper", and the animated television series "The Real Ghostbusters". 
In both live action movies, he was portrayed by Dan Aykroyd, and was voiced by Frank Welker. He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three doctors of parapsychology, along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Egon Spengler.

= = = Winston Zeddemore = = =
Winston Zeddemore is a fictional character appearing in the "Ghostbusters" movies, TV series, and video games. He was played by Ernie Hudson in both movies and was voiced by Arsenio Hall in the first two seasons of "The Real Ghostbusters". 
Buster Jones provided Winston's voice in the remaining seasons, and he reprised the role in a cameo on "Extreme Ghostbusters". Hudson returned to provide his appearance and voice to Zeddemore in 2009's "".
Unlike the other Ghostbusters, Zeddemore is not a doctor and sometimes never appears with the group.

= = = Ghostbusters II = = =
Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural fantasy comedy movie and the sequel to the 1984 movie "Ghostbusters". It is produced and directed by Ivan Reitman.
It stars Bill Murray, Sigourney Weaver, Harold Ramis, Dan Aykroyd, Ernie Hudson, Annie Potts, Peter MacNicol, Wilhelm von Homburg and Rick Moranis.
It follows the further adventures of the four parapsychologists and their organization fighting paranormal activities. It was released on June 16, 1989. The movie earned $215 million at the box office and received mixed reviews.

= = = Guyle Fielder = = =
Guyle Abner Fielder (born November 21, 1930) was an American-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played 9 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Boston Bruins. Fielder is the third-leading scorer in professional hockey history, behind Wayne Gretzky and Gordie Howe. He was one of only three hockey players to pass 2000 points in their playing career. He also holds the records as the leading games played, career assists and career points in minor league hockey history. He was born in Potlatch, Idaho but he moved to Nipawin, Saskatchewan with his Canadian parents at an early age and grew up there.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Fielder played 2 seasons of with the Lethbridge Native Sons of the Western Canadian Junior Hockey League (WCJHL).
On March 9, 1951, Fielder signed a contract with the Chicago Black Hawks as a free agent. The Black Hawks loaned Fielder to the New Westminster Royals of the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL) for cash in August, 1951. On September 23, 1952, the Black Hawks traded Fielder along with Steve Hrymnak and Red Almas to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for cash. He was claimed off of waivers by the New York Rangers on September 29, 1953. The Rangers traded him to the Seattle Americans of the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the rights to Lee Hyssop in October 1953. Fielder's NHL rights were traded to the Boston Bruins by the Americans for cash in October 1953. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1973.

= = = Chevy Chase, Maryland = = =
Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Maryland. It was founded during the late 1880s. It is located near Washington, D.C.

= = = Battle of Kasserine Pass = = =
The Battle of the Kasserine Pass was a battle fought in Tunisia. It was part of the Tunisia Campaign. The battle took place from 19 February 1943 to 24 February 1943.
The Axis forces were commanded by Erwin Rommel. They were mostly made from the Afrika Korps and The Italian Centauro Armoured Division. They also included some divisions from the German 5th Panzer Army. The Americans and the II Corps of the U.S Army were led by Lloyd Fredendall. The British 1st Army was led by Kenneth Anderson.
This battle is remembered for being the first major battle between the Americans and Germans in World War Two.
It was the first battle in which the Americans soldiers fought an enemy with better organization and experienced soldiers. The battle at the beginning was very costly for the Americans. They were forced to retreat from their starting position at the Faid Pass. The Americans were soon reinforced with both American and British reinforcements. They forced Rommel to retreat to better positions.
This battle caused a change in American military organization, to better prepare the army for the war in North Africa. Major General Lloyd Fredendal was sent home to the United States. When Rommel and the Americans fought again weeks later, the American improvements were seen in battle.

= = = Anselme Payen = = =
Anselme Payen (6 January 1795 – 12 May 1878) was a French chemist. 
Payen discovered the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833. He is also known for isolating and naming the carbohydrate cellulose.

= = = List of Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain = = =
This is a list of Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain.
List.
Cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Church in Spain:

= = = Bernard Mayes = = =
Anthony Bernard Duncan Mayes (October 10, 1929 – October 23, 2014) was a British-born American broadcaster, university dean and author. He was known for being the founder of America's first suicide prevention hotline. Mayes was gay and was also known for being a gay rights activist.
Mayes died in San Francisco, California from Parkinson's disease, aged 85.

= = = Raphael Ravenscroft = = =
Raphael Ravenscroft (4 June 1954 – 19 October 2014) was a British musician, composer and author. He was known for playing the saxophone. Ravenscroft was known for performing in Gerry Rafferty's first song "Baker Street".
Ravenscroft died on 19 October 2014 at a hospital in Exeter, England from a suspected heart attack, aged 60.

= = = Carlos Morales Troncoso = = =
Carlos Morales Troncoso (29 September 1940 – 25 October 2014) was a Dominican politician. He served as Vice–President of the Dominican Republic from 1986 to 1994, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Dominican Republic from 2004 to 2014.
Troncoso died in Houston, Texas, United States from leukemia, aged 74.

= = = Pavle Merkù = = =
Pavle Merkù (12 July 1927 – 20 October 2014) was a Slovene composer, ethnomusicologist, Slovene specialist, and etymologist. Merkù received the Prešeren Award for lifetime achievement in 2014. He was known for composing "Ljudsko izročilo Slovencev v Italiji" (Slovene Folk Heritage in Italy).
Merkù died in his birthplace in Trieste, Italy, aged 87.

= = = Title (album) = = =
Title is the debut major-label album from American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor. It was released on January 9, 2015.

= = = Hotline Miami = = =
Hotline Miami is a violent 2D top-down shooter indie video game developed by Dennaton Games and published by Devolver Digital. The game was inspired by the 2011 film "Drive" and the 2006 film "Cocaine Cowboys". 
Development.
The developers said that they "wanted it to be disturbing and we wanted people to feel the violence". They made the graphics pixel art to make sure the game was not controversial. A developer, Jonatan Söderström started making a game called Super Carnage, which was very similar to Hotline Miami. The aim of the game was to kill as many people as possible. The game was left unfinished because of difficulties coding the AI. 
Before starting development, the developers wanted inspiration, so they watched some movies like Kick-Ass, Drive and Cocaine Cowboys. They wanted to raise questions about what it meant to kill a virtual person in a video game. Mid-way through development, Söderström worried that he was running out of money, so he started Hotline Miami. They spent 9 months in an apartment coding the game. Dennis Wedin said this about the development of the game: "It was fucking hard...". 
Söderström said that he created Hotline Miami with Games Maker, because it let him make the game fast. He also said that it doesn't need that much programming knowledge to use. He said it was a lot slower than other engines, and is quite limited. They had some problems with Games Maker, because they were using an old version. Weldin claimed he liked games that were just games, but Söderström wanted the player to think about the game's meaning. 
The developers said that the AI was the hardest thing to create in the game.
Story and Gameplay.
The player controls an un-named hero (who fans call Jacket), who's gradually losing his mind. The objective of each level is to kill all enemies in the room, and go to the next one. After every job, the player goes to the same store to order a pizza. The player then return to your safehouse.
Masks.
There are unlockable masks in Hotline Miami, each have their own abilities.
Sequel.
A sequel to "Hotline Miami", called "" was released on March 10, 2015. It was originally going to be DLC for the main game, but this was changed. 
Reviews.
The game got very good reviews, with IGN praising its "striking blend of fast ultraviolence, a dense, challenging story and brilliant presentation". They given the game a final score of 8.8/10. 

= = = Diastase = = =
Diastases are a group of enzymes which break down starch into the sugar maltose. Diastase was the first enzyme discovered. It was got from malt solution in 1833 by Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz, chemists at a French sugar factory.
The name "diastase" comes from the Greek word ��������� (diastasis). It means a parting or separation. The enzymes simply split the starch molecule. Today, diastase means any �-, �-, or �-amylase that can break down carbohydrates.
The commonly used -ase suffix for naming enzymes was derived from the name diastase. The breakdown of starches follows a general diastase-catalysed reaction:
A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H

= = = Ontario Highway 401 = = =
Ontario Highway 401, also called King's Highway 401, is a provincial highway in southern Ontario, Canada. It is 828.0 kilometres (514.5 miles) long. It starts near Ontario's border with Quebec, where the road is called Quebec Autoroute 20. The western end of the highway is in Windsor.
Construction on the highway started in 1947. By 1952, three different parts of the highway were finished, with the three parts connected by 1964. In 2013, another part of the highway was started. This part would extend the highway to the Gordie Howe International Bridge at the Canadian-U.S. border near Detroit.
In 2008, part of the highway between Trenton and Toronto was called the "Highway of Heroes". This was because many Canadian soldiers who were killed overseas arrived at the Trenton airforce base. Their bodies were then transported along the highway to Toronto.

= = = Vadakkangara = = =
Vadakkangara is a village in the Malappuram district in Kerala, India. The Village has small areas including Vadakke kulambu, Kizhakke kulambu, Tadathil kundu, Kalavu. India census, Vadakkangara had a population of 18702 with 8920 males and 9782 females.

= = = Iridescence = = =
Iridescence is a thing about some surfaces. If a surface looks like its colour changes as the light moves, then it is iridescent.
There are many iridescent things in nature. Soap bubbles, butterfly wings and sea shells, and some minerals are iridescent. They have tiny structures that affect the light.
The physical process which causes iridescence is usually interference.

= = = Specialized High Schools Admissions Test = = =
The Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT) is a test given to eighth and ninth grade students living in New York City. Students take this test if they wish to get into Specialized high schools in New York City. About 30,000 students take the test but only 3,000 can be accepted. According to U.S. News & World Report the eight specialized schools all rank among the top 200 high schools in the US. 
The schools.
The SHSAT is used to get into any of the following eight specialized high schools.
Examination format.
The SHSAT has both English and math questions. Both sections is made up of multiple-choice questions. It is recommended that students spend more than 75 minutes on each section, but students can use the time in any way you wish. There is no break in between the sections. The exam happens only once a year. Calculators cannot be used in the test.
Verbal.
45 Multiple Choice Questions
Mathematics.
50 Multiple Choice Questions

= = = Festus Mogae = = =
Festus Gontebanye Mogae (born 21 August 1939) is a Motswana politician. He served as President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008. He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was reelected in October 2004. After being president for ten years, he stepped down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Ian Khama.

= = = Lubrication = = =
Lubrication is a physical process which allows surfaces to move smoothly against each other. A thin film of lubricant put between the surfaces reduces friction and wear on the surfaces, and keeps temperatures from rising too far. The lubricant film can be a solid/liquid dispersion, a liquid, a liquid-liquid dispersion (a grease) or, exceptionally, a solid or gas.
Examples are the use of oil in machinery, the function of tears in eyes and synovial fluid in joints.

= = = Gaolese Kent Koma = = =
Gaolese Kent Koma (7 December 1918 – 9 March 2006) was a Botswana politician, statesman, and businessman. He was in the National Assembly as Member of Parliament for Mahalapye village from 1965 to 1994.
Koma died on 9 March 2006 in Gaborone, Botswana from complications following a stroke, aged 87.

= = = Michael Dingake = = =
Michael Kitso Dingake (born 11 February 1928, Bobonong) is a Botswana political activist and writer. In 1966 he was sentenced to 15 years on Robben Island. He was released in 1981. He worked at the University of Botswana. 
In 1992 he entered national politics, becoming vice-president of the Botswana National Front in 1993 and entering the National Assembly as MP for Gaborone Central in 1994. In 1998 he led the breakaway Botswana Congress Party, but lost his seat to Margaret Nasha of the Botswana Democratic Party in 1999. 
He retired from politics in 2004. Since then, he became a weekly columnist for the newspaper "Mmegi".

= = = Thomas Tlou = = =
Thomas Tlou (1 June 1932 – 28 June 2010) was a Botswana academic and historian. Tlou was the first Motswana (Botswana citizen) to be vice-chancellor of the University of Botswana, serving from 1985 to 1998. After, he continued at the university as professor of history, finally retiring in 2005.
Tlou died in Gaborone, Botswana from a heart attack, aged 78.

= = = Francistown = = =
Francistown is the second largest city in Botswana. It has a population of about 100,079 and 150,800 since 2011.

= = = Kanye, Botswana = = =
Kanye is a city in Botswana. It has a population of 45,196 since 2011. It is the seventh largest city in Botswana. Quett Masire, who used to be the President of Botswana, was born here.

= = = Flag of Botswana = = =
The flag of Botswana shows two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top and bottom) and a white and black line in the middle. The flag was adopted in 1996.

= = = Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School = = =
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts is a high school that teaches visual and performing arts. It is located near the Lincoln Center and the Juilliard School in Manhattan, New York City. The school is operated by the New York City Department of Education.
The school prepares high school students for professional careers and conservatory study. This is for careers in dance, drama, the visual arts, music and theatre. It is informally known as LaGuardia Arts, or LaGuardia High School. It is the only school among the nine specialized high schools in New York City that receives special funding from the New York State legislature. They have a teacher–student ratio of 1:15.

= = = Ingrid Pitt = = =
Ingrid Pitt (21 November 1937 – 23 November 2010) was a Polish-British actress and novelist. She acted in horror movies in the 1960s and 1970s. She played Alice Allison in "Nobody Ordered Love". She also played Heidi in "Where Eagles Dare".
Pitt was born Ingoushka Petrov in Warsaw, Poland. She died in a London hospital several days after collapsing. 

= = = Gustav Adolf Church, Hamburg = = =
The Gustav Adolf Church (, ) is a church building in Hamburg-Neustadt in Germany. The church belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was built between 1906 and 1907.

= = = Huddinge HK = = =
Huddinge HK is a handball club in Huddinge in Sweden. The club was established on 27 March 1971. The women's team has played in the Swedish top division.

= = = Växjö HF = = =
Växjö HF is a handball club in Växjö i nSweden. The club was established 1972 out of Växjö BK. The men's team played three seasons in the Swedish top division during the early 1990s.
The men's junior team won the Swedish national championship in the year 2000. In 2003, the girls' team won the Swedish national championship. It is the mother club of Swedish player Jonas Källman.

= = = The Division Bell = = =
The Division Bell is the fourteenth studio album by Pink Floyd. The album was released in April 5, 1994.

= = = Shine On (Pink Floyd album) = = =
Shine On is the first box set by Pink Floyd. The album was released in 1992.

= = = Seretse Khama = = =
Sir Seretse Khama, KBE (July 1, 1921 – July 13, 1980) was a Botswana statesman from Botswana. He founded the Botswana Democratic Party in 1962. He became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966, Botswana gained independence and Khama became its first president. During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress.
Khama died of pancreatic cancer in Gaborone, Botswana, aged 59. His son, Ian Khama, is the current President of Botswana.

= = = Oscar Taveras = = =
Oscar Francisco Taveras (June 19, 1992 – October 26, 2014) was a Canadian–Dominican professional baseball outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cardinals signed him as an undrafted free agent in 2008. 
Taveras made his MLB debut in 2014 after batting .321 with a .519 slugging percentage over six minor league seasons. He played all three outfield positions while spending most of the time in center field.
On Sunday, October 26, 2014, Taveras and his girlfriend died in a car accident in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, aged 22. Taveras was travelling from Jamao al Norte to Sosúa, his hometown.

= = = Marcia Strassman = = =
Marcia A. Strassman (April 28, 1948 – October 24, 2014) was an American actress and singer. She was best known for her roles as Julie Kotter in "Welcome Back, Kotter" and as Diane Szalinski in the 1989 feature movie "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids" and its sequel "Honey, I Blew Up the Kid".
Strassman was born in New York City and raised in Passaic, New Jersey. She died on October 24, 2014 in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from breast cancer, aged 66.

= = = Scott Darling = = =
Scott Darling (born December 22, 1988) is an American ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Darling played 2 years of college hockey with the University of Maine Black Bears. He was drafted 153rd overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.
On July 1, 2014, he was signed to a one-year deal as a free agent by the Chicago Blackhawks. On October 26, 2014, Darling made his first start in goal for the Blackhawks. He also recorded his first NHL win in the same game, winning 2–1.

= = = Ho-Chunk = = =
The Ho-Chunk, also called Winnebago, are a Siouan-speaking tribe of Native Americans. Their homeland was in the present-day state of Wisconsin. In the 19th century they were removed to reservations in Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota. Today there are two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes: the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. 
Since the late 20th century, the two tribal councils have built gambling casinos on their lands. These are used to earn money to help the tribes. The Ho-Chunk Nation is working on restoring their language. They have developed a Hocąk-language Mobile app for the iPhone. 

= = = False positives and false negatives = = =
False positives and negatives are words related with practical testing. When performing a practical test, there is the possibility that the result of the test does not show the real situation.
In a test, a false positive is when a test result shows that a condition is present but it is not. A false negative is when a test result shows a condition is "not" present when in fact it "is" present.

= = = Hartola Church = = =
Hartola Church (, ) is a church building in Hartola, Finland.
Construction begun in 1911. The church was opened on 16 December 1913. Architect was Josef Stenbäck.

= = = List of Roman sites in Spain = = =
This is a list of containing Roman sites in Spain.

= = = Skellefteå IBK = = =
Skellefteå IBK is a floorball club in Skellefteå in Sweden, established 1985. The men's team played six seasons in the Swedish top division, starting with the 1989-1990 season.

= = = Sonic Rush = = =
 is a platformer video game in the Sonic Rush series. It was only ever released for the Nintendo DS in 2005. The game eventually got a sequel Sonic Rush Adventure, which was released in 2007. In the game, you can play as Sonic the Hedgehog and Blaze the Cat. The game is 2D, but the characters are 3D, making the game look 2.5D.
Reviews.
The game got excellent reviews, including a 9/10 from IGN, and an average of 82/100 from Metacritic. 

= = = Jan Öjlers = = =
Jan Öjlers was a dansband from Sweden. The band scored several Svensktoppen hit songs.

= = = Beauvau family = = =
The House of Beauvau was a noble family that originated from Anjou a region of France. The Beauvau du Rivau branch was rooted in Brittany. It produced two bishops of Nantes. The Craon (Prince of Craon) branch was established in Lorraine. This branch was intimate with the then reigning ducal family.
Brief history.
Of knightly extraction, it has proofs of its nobility going back as far as 1265. The title of marquis of Beauvau was granted to the head of the family by Louis XIV in 1664. The family also had rights to the prestigious title of "cousin du Roi", reserved for a few families with an alliance with the royal house. Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679–1754) was entitled prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1722, and it was under this title that the family was admitted to the "honneurs de la Cour" in 1775.
Princes of Craon.
The princely title of Prince of Craon was a title used by the Beauvau family using their status as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire which was gained in 1722. This was later fully recognised by Louis XV of France in 1755. The title was inherited by male offspring. It became extinct in 1982. These princes were sometimes but also known as the Prince of Beauvau.
In Lorraine.
The Beauvau family later enjoyed close relations with the then ducal family of Lorraine even going so far as to name one of their sons after a son of the Duke. They had a townhouse in Nancy, itself the capital of Lorraine. The townhouse was called the "Hôtel de Craon". The family also had a residence in Paris named the "Hôtel de Beauvau".
Other websites.
Further information on the family

= = = Hemlock = = =
Hemlock is a herbal poison got from several related plants in the Apiaceae family. The toxic chemicals differ in each plant, but there is a general similarity in the way they work.

= = = Stijn Streuvels = = =
Stijn Streuvels (3 October 1871, Heule, Kortrijk – 15 August 1969, Ingooigem, Anzegem), born Franciscus (Frank) Petrus Maria Lateur, was a Belgian writer.
His real name was Frank Lateur.
When he was young, Streuvels worked as a baker. 
The Flemish writer Guido Gezelle was his uncle. Gezelle inspired him to become himself a writer.
His house in Ingooigem is now a Streuvels museum.
Two times he got a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Translations.
Streuvels' books have been translated and published in Afrikaans, Czech, Danish, English, French, German, Latvian, Malay, Serbian, Slovak, Spanish.

= = = Felix Timmermans = = =
Felix Timmermans (5 July 1886 – 24 January 1947) was a writer, poet, and drawer from Belgium.
Timmermans was born in Lier, a Belgian city, near Antwerp.
Translations.
Some of his books were translated and published in English, French, German, Lithuanian, and Italian.

= = = Hall, Indiana = = =
Hall is an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Indiana. It is in Gregg Township, Morgan County, Indiana. It was founded in 1860. 

= = = Mo Collins (American football) = = =
Damon Jamal Collins (September 22, 1976 – October 26, 2014), nicknamed Mo Collins, was an American college and professional football player. He was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons during the 1990s and early 2000s. 
Collins played college football for the University of Florida, and was a member of a national championship team. The Oakland Raiders selected him in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, and he played his entire professional career for the Raiders. 
Collins died of kidney failure in Charlotte, North Carolina, aged 38.

= = = Senzo Meyiwa = = =
Senzo Robert Meyiwa (24 September 1987 – 26 October 2014) was a South African footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for Orlando Pirates in the Premier Soccer League, and for the South Africa national team. He was the captain of both.
Meyiwa was killed when two people broke into his house and shot him in Vosloorus, South Africa, aged 27. South African President Jacob Zuma led tributes to Meyiwa.

= = = Jeff Robinson (starting pitcher) = = =
Jeffrey Mark Robinson (December 14, 1961 – October 26, 2014) was an American professional baseball player. He played pitcher in the Major Leagues from 1987 to 1992. Robinson pitched for the Baltimore Orioles, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers and Detroit Tigers.
Robinson died in Overland Park, Kansas from a short-illness, aged 52.

= = = Vasaloppet USA = = =
Vasaloppet USA is a cross-country skiing event held around Mora in Minnesota, USA. The first race was held in 1973, The race is held each February. The main event is 58 kilometers long. The competition is named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.

= = = Johanna Ölander = = =
Johanna Ölander, born 23 May 1827, dead 16 July 1909 in Hedvig Eleonora Parish in Stockholm in Sweden was a Swedish song composer. She has written the tune for the Christmas song "Julpolska" ("Nu ha vi ljus, här i vårt hus").
She was married with Per August Ölander.

= = = Vasaloppet Japan = = =
Vasaloppet Japan is a cross-country skiing event held around Asahikawa on the island of Hokkaidō in the northern parts of Japan. The event has been held since 1981. The event is named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.

= = = Vasaloppet de la Sergerie = = =
Vasaloppet de la Sergerie is a cross-country skiing event. It is held around Le Norvégien in the Quebec Province in Canada. The event was first held in 2007
The event is held in February or early March. The event is named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.

= = = Botniavasan = = =
Botniavasan is a cross-country skiing event held around Vörå in Finland. The event was first held in 2006. The event is held every year in February. The first time the event was first held was in 2006. The main race is 50 kilometers long. The event has been named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.

= = = Democratic Labour Party (Australia) = = =
The Democratic Labour Party (or DLP) is a social conservative political party in Australia. The party was founded in 1955.

= = = Vasaloppet China = = =
Vasaloppet China () is a cross-country skiing competition held in the beginning of every year in the People's Republic of China. The race was first held in 2003. It has been part of Worldloppet since 2014. The competition is named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.

= = = Atlanta Campaign = = =
The Atlanta Campaign (6 May 1864 – 2 September 1864) was a series of battles during the American Civil War. The campaign was planned and executed by the Union Army under Major general William T. Sherman. The first part of the plan was to defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee led by General Joseph E. Johnston. The second goal was to take the important city of Atlanta. Sherman captured Atlanta but was unable to completely destroy the Army of Tennessee.
Background.
The war had been going on for three years when Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the Union Army. While a much smaller army, the Confederates had been moving their forces to battle whichever Union army was active at the time. By doing this they had won most of the battles. Grant decided to coordinate his armies and defeat the confederates. His field armies would all engage the confederate field armies at the same time. This would pin down the smaller southern armies so the Union army could defeat them. Grant would personally lead the Army of the Potomac against Confederate general General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. He would try to capture the capital of the confederacy, Richmond. Sherman would move his army against Johnston and capture the South's second largest city, Atlanta. If successful, it would shorten the war and get President Abraham Lincoln reelected that November. If they failed, Lincoln would lose the election and the southern states might break away permanently.
The campaign.
By 1864, the Confederacy knew they could not defeat the stronger Union army. But they could win the war by simply not losing to the North. They would keep fighting until the Union got tired of war and asked for peace. Lee had to defend Richmond and keep the Union army away. Johnson had to defend Atlanta and keep their supply lines open.
Sherman had over 100,000 men he divided into three field armies. Johnson had 53,800 men. At the last minute he received another 15,000 men making his the larger of the two main Southern armies. But it was still only about half the size of the Union army facing him. In the opening weeks of the campaign Sherman forced Johnston's confederates back from one place to another. Repeatedly Sherman moved two of his field armies against Johnston while a third army under James B. McPherson threatened the supply lines. McPherson's army was also used in flanking maneuvers. Sherman's combined armies kept moving towards Atlanta while Johnson's armies fell back. Finally Johnson retreated into Atlanta on July 9–10. Jefferson Davis the Confederate president, dismissed Johnson for not stopping the Union army. He gave command to John B. Hood, Johnson's second in command. Hood had little chance of succeeding. Sherman's army was five miles from the city when Hood took command.
Siege of Atlanta.
Hood ordered his men to attack Sherman's army on July 20. The attempts failed and by July 22 Hood had lost 8,000 men to Sherman's losses of about 3,000. Hood retreated back into Atlanta again. Sherman set up his cannon and began a bombardment of Atlanta that would last a month. Then Sherman withdrew his armies leaving only a small force. Hood's army followed them to Jonesboro, Georgia. Sherman's army cut Hoods line of retreat back to Atlanta. The Battle of Jonesborough lasted two days and ended on 1 September. After taking heavy casualties what was left of Hood's army burned their supplies and ammunition and left Atlanta. Sherman then took Atlanta. This was a major loss for the confederacy. It almost guaranteed Lincoln's reelection. It also led to the next campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea.

= = = Tjejtrampet = = =
Tjejtrampet was an annual road bicycle racing event which, as the name tells, was open only for female participants. The event was held in Sweden by lagte May between 1990-2009. The race was held for first time on 13 May 1990. It was won by Marianne Berglund.
In 2006, the event were moved from the town of Stockholm to the town of Västerås.

= = = Starke Taylor = = =
Austin Starke Taylor, Jr. (July 2, 1922 – October 27, 2014) was an American politician. He served as Mayor of Dallas, Texas. Taylor was a member of the Republican Party. He served as mayor from 1983 to 1987. He was also a cotton investor. Taylor was born in Paris, Texas.
Taylor died at his home in Dallas on October 27, 2014, aged 92.

= = = Paris, Texas = = =
Paris is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in Lamar County, Texas. It had a population of 24,476 in 2020. It has been called the "Second Largest Paris in the World". It has a replica of the Eiffel Tower.

= = = Francisco Accioly Rodrigues da Costa Filho = = =
Francisco Accioly Rodrigues da Costa Filho (Paranaguá, March 5, 1920 - Curitiba, November 13, 1979) was a lawyer, professor, and Brazilian politician. He was a Senator of the Republic between 1971 and 1978.

= = = The Fall of Ideals = = =
The Fall of Ideals is the third studio album by All That Remains. The album was released on July 11, 2006. It was the only studio album with drummer Shannon Lucas.
The song "Six" was featured in the 2006 video game, "Guitar Hero II".
The song "This Calling" was featured in the 2007 video game, "Rock Band", on the "Saw III" soundtrack and on the ""Masters of Horror II" soundtrack".

= = = Brassica juncea = = =
Brassica juncea is a species of the mustard plant. It is commonly known as mustard greens, Indian mustard, Chinese mustard, Kai Choi, and leaf mustard. Originally, it came from Asia, but it has also been imported into other parts of the world. 
Its leaves are commonly used as a vegetable. Its flowers can also be eaten raw, or cooked. Its seeds can be pressed into a vegetable oil or used as a kind of spice. The seeds are also used to make culinary mustard, especially Dijon mustard.

= = = Recess (album) = = =
Recess is the debut studio album by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. "Recess" was released on March 14, 2014. It was released through Big Beat Records, Asylum Records, and Atlantic Records.
The album debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200. Skrillex recorded the album while he was touring around the world, through countries such as the United States, Canada, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.
The album featured the singles "Try It Out" and "Recess".

= = = Climbing plant = = =
Climbing plants are plants which climb up trees and other tall objects. Many of them are vines or lianas. Their stems twine round trees and branches. 
There are various of ways of climbing. The climbing habit has evolved many times. In most cases the climbing plants were more diverse (had more species) than their non–climbing sister groups. 
It is a key innovation which has been very successful. Over 130 plant families include climbers. Vine species may be more than 40% of species diversity in tropical forests.
It has evolved independently in several plant families, using many different climbing methods: Botanists generally divide climbing plants into two broad groups:
The climbing fetterbush ("Pieris phillyreifolia") has a strange habit. It is a woody shrub vine which climbs without clinging roots, tendrils, or thorns. Its stem goes into a crack in the bark of fibrous barked trees (such as bald cypress). The stem flattens and grows up the tree "underneath" the host tree's outer bark. The fetterbush then sends out branches that emerge near the top of the tree.
Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.
One odd group of climbing plants is the fern genus "Lygodium", called "climbing ferns". The stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing; they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rock faces, and fences.

= = = Flanking maneuver = = =
In military tactics, a flanking maneuver (also called a flank attack), is an attack on the sides or rear of an opposing force. If a flanking maneuver succeeds, the opposing force would be surrounded or have to fight from two or more directions. This reduces the ability of the outflanked force to move or defend itself. Unlike an envelopment, which depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain, a flanking maneuver uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank. A psychological advantage may also be present. The confusion and threat from multiple directions can often cause shock and panic. This may cause soldiers to run from the battle. A larger-scaled tactical flanking is called a strategic flanking. This is where the targets of the flanking could be as large as divisions or even entire armies.
Strategy.
A flanking maneuver works best when an enemy is engaged at their front. Often an opposing force must be maneuvered into a position where a flanking attack would work. An ideal situation is getting them into a position where their front is narrow and the flanks are long. A classic example of a flanking maneuver was by Confederate general Stonewall Jackson against the Union Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

= = = Lincoln Center = = =
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is a group of building in New York city used for showing performing arts. It is a complex of buildings. The Lincoln Center is located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Henry Timms is the president. The Lincoln Square neighborhood was named for United States President Abraham Lincoln. 
History and facilities.
A group of civic leaders led by John D. Rockefeller III built Lincoln Center. It was part of the "Lincoln Square Renewal Project" during Robert Moses's program of urban renewal in the 1950s and 1960s. Respected architects were contracted to design the major buildings on the site. Over the next thirty years the area around Lincoln Center became a new cultural hub.
Rockefeller was Lincoln Center's first president in 1956. He became its chairman in 1961. Rockefeller is credited with raising more than half of the $184.5 million in private funds needed to build the complex. The center's three buildings, Avery Fisher Hall (formerly Philharmonic Hall), David H. Koch Theater (formerly the New York State Theater) and the Metropolitan Opera House were opened in 1962, 1964 and 1966, respectively.
The center may have been named because it was located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood. It is unclear whether the area was named as a tribute to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the New York City Board of Aldermen. The records give no reason for choosing that name.

= = = Mike Moustakas = = =
Mike Moustakas (born September 11, 1988) is a Major League Baseball player for the Kansas City Royals. He is a third baseman.

= = = List of shoe companies = = =
This is a list of shoe companies.

= = = Marc de Beauvau, 1st Prince of Craon = = =
François Vincent "Marc" de Beauvau, 1st Prince of Craon (2 April 1676 - 10 March 1754), was a member of the powerful French House of Beauvau. He was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and known as the Prince of Craon. He also acted at Viceroy of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He was also the Prince of Beauvau but known better as the Prince of Craon. He and his wife were close friends with the then Duke and Duchess of Lorraine his wife later being the mistress of the duke. He was also made a "Grandee of Spain".
Biography.
The future Prince of Craon was born in Nancy itself the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine in 1676. His father was a nobleman who held the title of Marquis. His mother was a lady of lower rank. He was a childhood friend of Leopold I of Lorraine the future duke of the smsll state. Marc and the duke were frequently together and the duke later awarded him the title of Marquisate of Craon. He later married Il on the 16 December 1704 at Lunéville, to Anne Marguerite de Ligniville (1686-1772), Countess of the Holy Roman Empire and later lady in waiting the Duchess of Lorraine and future mistress of Leopold I. He was later the governor of Francis I of Lorraine and it was in 1722 that the title of Prince of Beauvau was granted by the then Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1722. Marc had also been instrumental in the marriage plans between Francis I of Lorraine and Maria Theresa of Austria. The future Holy Roman Emperor also made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He and his wife later had 15 children including the next Prince of Craon.
Children.
He and his wife had 15 children. two of whom were named after members of the Ducal family of Lorraine. 

= = = Kit Carson Peak = = =
Kit Carson Mountain is a mountain in Colorado. It is high. It is named after the American frontiersman Kit Carson.

= = = Jason Vargas = = =
Jason Matthew Vargas (born February 2, 1983) is an American professional baseball player. He plays for the Kansas City Royals. He joined the Florida Marlins in the 2004 MLB Draft. Vargas made his MLB debut in 2005. He recorded two career starts with the New York Mets in 2007 and was sent to the Seattle Mariners in 2009.

= = = If You Were Still Around = = =
"If You Were Still Around" is a song by Welsh musician and composer John Cale. It was co-written by John Cale and playwright Sam Shepard. It was originally released in 1982 on "Music for a New Society" album. The new version of the song was released in 2014 together with music video directed by Abigail Portner. The video was dedicated to Lou Reed who died one year before.

= = = Tomasgårdens IF = = =
Tomasgårdens IF was a floorball club at the Thomas Church in Västerås in Sweden. It was established as a club in 1982 following the 1978 establishment of a floorball team. The club was disestablished in 1999, when the club was merged with Västerås IBF. The men's team won the Swedish national championship in 1984. The men's team also played in the Swedish top division during the 1990's. In 1991, the men's team lost the Swedish national championship finals to IBK Lockerud.

= = = KFUM Örebro = = =
KFUM Örebro is an YMCA association in the town of Örebro in Sweden. It was established in 1890. In 1990 the club won the Swedish women's juniors national volleyball championship. Between 1996 and 2001 the club won the Swedish national women's volleyball championship during six seasons in a row.
The men's floorball team played in the Swedish top division during the 1990s.

= = = Kolbäcks VK = = =
Kolbäcks VK is a volleyball club in Kolbäck in Sweden. The club was established in 1948.
The club won the Swedish men's national volleyball championship in 1962, 1963 and 1965. In 1969, the club won the Swedish women's national volleyball championship in 1969. The club also won the Swedish men's national junior volleyball championship in 1974. In 1985 and 2003 the club won the Swedish men's junior national volleyball championship.

= = = Kolbäck = = =
Kolbäck is a locality in Hallstahammar Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden. In 2010, 1,951 people lived there.

= = = Samantha Power = = =
Samantha Power (born September 21, 1970) is an Irish-born American academic and diplomat. Power is the 19th and current Administrator to the United States Agency for International Development since April 2021 under the Joe Biden administration. She was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2013 until 2017 under the Barack Obama administration.
Power is listed as the 63rd most powerful woman in the world by "Forbes".
Power was born in Dublin, Ireland. She moved to Pittsburgh when she was nine. She graduated from Yale University in 1992.
Her book, "A Problem From Hell", which won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, examines the role and responses of the United States government in the genocides and ethnic conflicts of the 20th Century.
In January 2021, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Power to be the head of the United States Agency for International Development. In April 2021, her nominated was confirmed by the United States Senate with a 68 to 28 vote.

= = = Allegiance = = =
Allegiance is a duty of of faithfulness or loyalty said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or citizens to their state or sovereign.
Oath of allegiance.
The oath of allegiance is an oath of fidelity to the sovereign in the United Kingdom. It must be taken by all persons holding important public office and as a condition of naturalization. By ancient common law, it was required of all persons above the age of 12. It was repeatedly used as a test of loyalty. In England, it was first imposed by statute in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558). The words have, more than once, been altered since. Up to the time of the revolution, the promise was "to be true and faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb and terrene honour, and not to know or hear of any ill or damage intended him without defending him therefrom." The Convention Parliament enacted the form that has been in use since that time – "I do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty ..."
In the United States and some other republics, the oath is known as the Pledge of Allegiance. Instead of declaring fidelity to a monarch, the pledge is made to the flag, the republic, and to the core values of the country, specifically liberty and justice. The reciting of the pledge in the United States is not compulsory because of the rights guaranteed to the people under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The guarantee of freedom of speech includes the freedom "not" to speak.
In Islam.
The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is "bay'at" (Arabic: ����), which means "taking hand". The practice is sanctioned in the Quran by Surah 48:10: "Verily, those who give thee their allegiance, they give it but to Allah Himself". The word is used for the oath of allegiance to an emir. It is also used for the initiation ceremony specific to many Sufi orders.

= = = Edward J. Perkins = = =
Edward Joseph Perkins (June 8, 1928 – November 7, 2020) was an American diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Liberia, South Africa, and the United Nations 1992-1993. He was later Director of the US State Department's Diplomatic Corps.
Perkins died on November 7, 2020 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. from a stroke at the age of 92.

= = = John Bolton = = =
John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948) is an American lawyer and diplomat. He was the 27th United States National Security Advisor from April 9, 2018 through September 10, 2019. He has served in several Republican administrations. Bolton served as the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations from August 2005 until December 2006 as a recess appointee by President George W. Bush. John Bolton advocated the second war with Iraq. He resigned in December 2006. 
On March 22, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his appointment as National Security Advisor, to take office on April 9, 2018.
On September 10, 2019, Bolton turned in his resignation to the Trump administration.
A member of the Republican party, his political views have been described as American nationalist, conservative, and neoconservative. Bolton rejects the last term.
Bolton has openly thought about the idea of running for president in the 2024 United States presidential election to win the Republican nomination against former President Donald Trump.

= = = Vernon A. Walters = = =
Vernon A. Walters (January 3, 1917 – February 10, 2002) was an American politician. He was a member of the United States Army. Walters was born in New York City, New York.
He served from 1972 to 1976 as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, from 1985 to 1989 as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations and from 1989 to 1991 as Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany.

= = = Jeane Kirkpatrick = = =
Jeane Duane Kirkpatrick (née Jordan; December 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American politician. She served as the American ambassador to the United Nations. She served as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 campaign and later in his Cabinet.
Kirkpatrick died of congestive heart failure caused by heart disease in Bethesda, Maryland, aged 79.

= = = Edward Stettinius Jr. = = =
Edward Reilly Stettinius, Jr. (October 22, 1900 – October 31, 1949) was an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of State under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, serving from 1944 to 1945. He was also the first United States Ambassador to the United Nations.

= = = Office of Management and Budget = = =
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP). 
The Director of the OMB is a member of the executive office of the president. The main job of the OMB is to help the President in preparing the budget. The OMB also measures the quality of agency programs, policies, and procedures and to see if they comply with the President's policies.

= = = Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency = = =
The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is the head of the United States federal government's Environmental Protection Agency. It is responsible for enforcing the nation's Clean Air and Clean Water Acts, as well as many other environmental statutes.
How are they nominated?
The Administrator is nominated by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by a vote of the Senate. The office of Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1970 in legislation that created the Environmental Protection Agency.

= = = Council of Economic Advisers = = =
The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) is an agency within the Executive Office of the President that advises the President of the United States on economic policy. The CEA provides much of the research for the White House and prepares the annual Economic Report of the President.

= = = Samuel Pierce = = =
Samuel Riley Pierce, Jr. (September 8, 1922October 31, 2000) was an American politician. He was Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. He served as secretary from January 23, 1981 until January 20, 1989.

= = = Hans Schneider (mathematician) = = =
Hans Schneider (24 January 1927 - 28 October 2014) was an Austrian-American mathematician, and James Joseph Sylvester Emeritus professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was the first president of the International Matrix Group (1987-1990) and it successor, the International Linear Algebra Society (1990 – 1996). 
Schneider was a founding editor (1968-1972) and then editor-in-chief of "Linear Algebra and Its Applications (1972 - 2012)". He was also an Advisory Editor of the "Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra". 
Personal life.
Schneider born in Vienna, Austria. He died of cancer at the age of 87.

= = = Shin Hae-chul = = =
Shin Hae-chul (6 May 1968 – 27 October 2014), also known by the nicknames Demon Lord (��) and Cult Leader (��), was an avant-garde South Korean pop music performer. He was known for being a member of the pop group "N.EX.T".
Hae-chul died in Seoul, South Korea from a heart attack, aged 46.

= = = The Elephants' Graveyard (1976) = = =
The Elephants' Graveyard is a 1976 British drama television play. It was written by Peter McDougall for the BBC's "Play for Today". It stars Billy Connolly and Jon Morrison.
It was filmed in Greenock, Scotland. It was released on DVD in 2006.
The total running time is 49 minutes.
Story.
Two strange unemployed men meet in an old house in the woods. They find out that they both are pretending to work.
They spend the day together with drinking and deep conversations.
Quotes.
You get neither chance nor choice. You leave school and straight to work without even thinking about it. Then you get married without even knowing about it. Then spend the rest of your days using both as an excuse for never have done anything with your life.

= = = Thittuvilai = = =
Thittuvilai is a town panchayat situated 10-11 km north of Nagercoil passing Vadasery, Putheri, Erachakuzham, Navelkad, Eshathimangalam, Thuvarancaud. It is a panoramic village surrounded by mountains in all the three directions except south. The main attraction is Mukkoodal Dam which is the source of drinking water to Nagercoil and its adjacent villages. Until now this village is a standing example of religious harmony, the main population are Muslims but considerable percentage of Christians and Hindus are also living in perfect cooperation with each other.
The bus route from Nagercoil is 4, 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4T, 318 etc.

= = = Diane de Poitiers = = =
Diane de Poitiers (9 January 1500 – 25 April 1566) was the mistress of Henry II of France.

= = = Big Banana Feet = = =
Big Banana Feet is a 1976 comedy documentary movie of Billy Connolly directed by Murray Grigor and David Peat.
Story.
They followed Billy on his 1975 Irish tour.

= = = Blue Money = = =
Blue Money is a 1985 British criminal comedy TV movie. It stars Tim Curry, Debbe Bishop and Billy Connolly. It was made for London Weekend Television.
Story.
Larry, a taxi driver, dreams of becoming a star.

= = = Mastitis = = =
"Mastitis" is an inflammation in the breast cells.

= = = Coal Chamber = = =
Coal Chamber is an American nu metal band from Los Angeles, California. The band formed in 1993.

= = = Battle of Crete = = =
The Battle of Crete was a battle fought in World War 2 between the Nazis and British Commonwealth soldiers with Greek support. It was fought from 20 May to 1 June 1941. The battle began in the morning of 20 May when German paratroopers began Operation Mercury. The battle was fought on the Greek island of Crete.
On the first day of fighting, the German paratroopers suffered heavy losses due to heavy anti-aircraft warfare and fierce ground fighting, but the British were confident that they would destroy the German invasion. Due to miscommunication and bad decisions, the Germans were able to capture an airfield, allowing them to transport supplies and reinforcements to Crete, and destroy the Allied forces defending the island.
This battle was the first time Hitler used paratroopers on a massive scale, and the first big airborne invasion in Military history, and the first time the Allies made significant use of intelligence from the German Enigma code, and the first time German troops encountered mass resistance from a civilian population. That was common later in the war. Losses were so great, that Hitler decided not to make any more big paratroop assaults.

= = = Romualdas Granauskas = = =
Romualdas Granauskas (18 May 1939 – 28 October 2014) was a Lithuanian author and dramaturge. He was born in Mažeikiai, Lithuania.
Granauskas started publishing his stories in 1954 in his collection "Medžių viršūnės" (eng. "Tops of the Trees") (1969), and in "Duonos valgytojai" (eng. "Bread Eaters") (1975). One of the main creations of Romualdas Granauskas is considered to be the novella "Gyvenimas po klevu" (eng. "Life Under the Maple Tree") (1988), which drew the whole society's attention. Nature, history and mythology are the topics of one of the most mature and sophisticated novellas of R.Granauskas "Jaučio aukojimas" (eng. "Sacrifice of a Bull") (1975).
Granauskas died in Vilnius on 28 October 2014, aged 75.

= = = Koichiro Kimura = = =
 was a Japanese mixed martial artist and professional wrestler. He was also known for the ring name Super Uchuu Power. 
Kimura was known for his work in promotions like Dramatic Dream Team, W*ING, Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling and All Japan Pro Wrestling, among others. He was also involved in MMA, facing Rickson Gracie at the second event of Vale Tudo Japan and being the founder of the female MMA brands AX and G-Shooto. 
Kimura died of pneumonia on October 28, 2014.

= = = Galway Kinnell = = =
Galway Kinnell (February 1, 1927 – October 28, 2014) was an American poet. For his 1982 "Selected Poems", he won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry and split the National Book Award for Poetry with Charles Wright. From 1989 to 1993 he was poet laureate for the state of Vermont.
He was inspired by the works of Walt Whitman. His best-loved poems are "St. Francis and the Sow" and "After Making Love We Hear Footsteps". He also in favour with civil rights movement against racial segregation and opposed Vietman War.
Kinnell died in Sheffield, Vermont from leukemia, aged 87.

= = = Michael Sata = = =
Michael Chilufya Sata (6 July 1937 – 28 October 2014) was a Zambian politician. He was the fifth President of Zambia. He served as president from 23 September 2011 until his death on 28 October 2014.
Sata died in London, England, aged 77 on 28 October 2014.

= = = Rupiah Banda = = =
Rupiah Bwezani Banda (19 February 1937 – 11 March 2022) was a Zambian politician. Banda was the President of Zambia. He served as president from 2008 to 2011.
Banda died of colon cancer on 11 March 2022 in Lusaka, Zambia almost one month after his 85th birthday.

= = = Armançon = = =
The Armançon is a river in France. It is a right tributary of the Yonne river. It flows mostly through the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
Eight "communes" have the name of the river in their names: Aisy-sur-Armançon, Argenteuil-sur-Armançon, Brienon-sur-Armançon, Chailly-sur-Armançon, Montigny-sur-Armançon, Pacy-sur-Armançon, Perrigny-sur-Armançon, Saint-Martin-sur-Armançon.
Geography.
The Armançon river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 28.90 cubic metres per second at Brienon-sur-Armançon in the Yonne department.
Course.
The source of the Armançon is in the natural region of "Auxois", about to the northwest of the town Meilly-sur-Rouvres, Côte-d'Or department, at an altitude of about .
The Armançon flows, in general, to the northwest and passes through the following regions, departments and "communes":
Finally, it flows, as a right tributary into the Yonne river at the limits of the "communes " Migennes and Cheny, in the Yonne department, at of altitude.
Main tributaries.
The main tributaries, with a length greater than 30 km, of the Armançon are (only right tributaries because the left tributaries are very short):

= = = Charles Juste de Beauvau, 2nd Prince of Craon = = =
Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (10 September 1720 – 21 May 1793), 2nd Prince of Craon (1754), Marshal of France (1783) was a French scholar, nobleman and general. The son of Marc de Beauvau, he was also brother of the famous "Madame de Boufflers" and through her uncle to the poet Stanislas de Boufflers.
Personal and public life.
Charles Juste was born at the Hôtel de Craon, Lunéville in the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine. His family were the most powerful in Lorraine after the ruling Duke of Lorraine. His mother, Anne Marguerite de Ligneville, was the mistress of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, husband of Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (niece of Louis XIV). He was the twelfth of twenty children.
He married twice; firstly on 3 April 1745 to Marie Charlotte de La Tour d'Auvergne (20 December 1729 – 6 September 1763), daughter of Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne and his last wife Louise Henriette Françoise of Lorraine. The couple had one child who married into the Noailles family. Marie Charlotte died of smallpox aged 33 in 1763. The next year, on 14 March, he married again; this time to Marie Charlotte Sylvie de Rohan, a cousin of the Prince of Soubise. The couple had no children. Marie Charlotte Sylvie outliving her husband till 1807.
He entered military service for France and was made a lieutenant of the cavalry on 10 December 1738; colonel of the guard (Lorraine) on 1 May 1740 and distinguished himself under the leadership of the Duke of Belle-Isle at the Siege of Prague in 1742. Created a Brigadier on 16 May 1746 he was later created a Field marshal on 10 May 1748. He was later elevated to Lieutenant General on 28 December 1758. He gained further distinction in 1762 while serving in Spain.
He was named the Governor of Languedoc on 12 June 1747, he was later created the governor of Provence.
A Grandee of Spain, first class from 11 May 1754, he became a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit, the highest decoration in Ancien régime France (1 January 1757).
He had dealings with the Académie française. He kept a fashionable salon, keeping company with the likes of Jean Devaines, the philosopher Jean-François Marmontel, the poet Jean François de Saint-Lambert as well as his nephew Stanislas de Boufflers.
He was created a Marshal of France in 1783. In 1789, he served as the Secretary of State for War for six months. A supporter of reforms, he was untroubled by the French Revolution and died in his bed at the height of the "Reign of Terror".
The maréchal de Beauvau, died at the "Hôtel de Beauvau", his Parisian residence on the "Place Beauvau", named after him. The hôtel was built by the architect Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières around 1770 for Charles Juste. The Hôtel de Beauvau has housed the French Ministry of the Interior since 1861. He owned the Château du Val at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a property later acquired by Benjamin Franklin.
His nephew Marc Étienne Gabriel de Beauvau (1773–1849) became the next Prince of Craon but better known as the Prince of Beauvau.
Issue.
Anne Louise Marie de Beauvau, Mademoiselle de Beauvau (1 April 1750 – 20 November 1834) married Philippe Louis de Noailles, Prince of Poix and had children together.

= = = Frederick Chiluba = = =
Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (April 30, 1943 – June 18, 2011) was a Zambian politician. He was the second President of Zambia from 1991 to 2002.
Chiluba died on June 18, 2011 from heart failure, aged 68.

= = = Guy Scott = = =
Dr Guy Lindsay Scott (born 1 June 1944) is a Zambian politician. He was the acting President of Zambia. Scott served as Vice President of Zambia from 2011 to 2014. He became acting President after the death of Michael Sata on 28 October 2014. He became the first white President of an African country since apartheid South Africa's F. W. de Klerk and the first to be democratically elected (as VP on the ticket).
Scott's mother was an English immigrant; his father was a Scottish immigrant.

= = = Klas Ingesson = = =
Klas Inge "Klabbe" Ingesson (20 August 1968 – 29 October 2014) was a Swedish footballer and manager. He spent most of his career as a midfielder. Ingesson represented the Sweden national team on 57 occasions, including the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 1992 European Championship. He was the manager of IF Elfsborg from 2013 to 2014.
On 29 October 2014, Ingesson died of the effects of multiple myeloma, aged 46.

= = = Barranquilla = = =
Barranquilla () is a city and municipality in northern Colombia. It is the capital of the Atlántico Department. With a population of 1,885,500 (2011), it is Colombia's fourth largest city after Bogotá, Medellín and Cali.

= = = Flag of Zambia = = =
The national flag of Zambia was created in October 1964.
Appearance.
It is completely covered in green, except with the black, orange, and red stripes at the right-hand corner. It has a golden eagle on top of the multi colored stripes. It has a ratio of 2:3.
Symbolism.
The flag's colours and emblems all have a meaning. Each of the four colours represents an aspect of Zambia: green is for the natural resources and vegetation; red is for the struggle for freedom; black is for the people and orange is for rhe mineral wealth (primarily copper). The eagle is an African fish eagle, which also appears in the national coat of arms and represents the people's ability to rise above the country's problems.

= = = Lleida Esportiu = = =
Club Lleida Esportiu is a Spanish football team. It is based in Lleida, Catalonia. It was founded in July 2011. It plays in Segunda División B, Its home stadium, Camp d'Esports, can hold 13,500 people.

= = = Lleida = = =
Lleida (, , ) is a city in western Catalonia, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Lleida.

= = = Flag of Uruguay = = =
The national flag of Uruguay was created in July 1830.
Appearance.
It has a yellow sun on the top-left corner. The flag has nine stripes. Four of them are dark blue and five are white. The original flag had 16 stripes, but it was changed in December 1828. It has a ratio of 2:3.

= = = Bucaramanga = = =
Bucaramanga is the capital of Santander Department, Colombia. It has a population of 530,900 people.

= = = Noguera = = =
Noguera may refer to:

= = = Noguera (comarca) = = =
Noguera (, ) is a comarca (county) in the Province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. It is the largest comarca and its area represents some 5,56% of Catalonia. Its capital is Balaguer.
Municipalities.
Populations are for 2001.

= = = Barcelonès = = =
Barcelonès () is a comarca (county) of Catalonia, Spain. Its capital is Barcelona, which is also the capital of Catalonia.
Municipalities.
Population figures are for 2009 (source: Spanish INE).

= = = L'Hospitalet de Llobregat = = =
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (), often shortened to L'Hospitalet (), is a municipality and city in Catalonia, Spain. It is located immediate southwest of Barcelona.
It is the second largest city in Catalonia and the 16th in Spain. 

= = = Alicia von Rittberg = = =
Alicia Gräfin von Rittberg (born 10 December, 1993 in Munich, Bavaria) is a German actress. She began with small roles in Dingsda and KiKA in the years 2000 and 2005.

= = = San Sebastián = = =
San Sebastián (; , ()) is a coastal city and municipality in the Basque Country, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, from the French border. It's the capital of Gipuzkoa. The municipality's population is 186,409 (2012). Locals call themselves "donostiarra" (singular), both in Spanish and Basque.

= = = Topik = = =
Topik or topig is an Armenian dish. It is like a vegetarian meatball. It has a chickpea based paste and is usually mixed with potatoes or flour. It has surrounding filling of onions, nuts, and currants. It is flavored with herbs, spices, and tahini.

= = = Atlético Junior = = =
Club Atlético Junior, also known simply as Junior, is a Colombian football club from Barranquilla, that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. They play their home games at the Esatdio Metropolitano Roberto Melendez.

= = = Maja Dramadol = = =
Derman Dol (, , ) is a top of the Halja mountain in Montenegro and Kosovo. This mountain reaches a height of 2,120 metres and is on the west side of the Halja.

= = = Kilcullen = = =
Kilcullen (Irish: Cill Chuilinn) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland. As of 2011, 3,473 people live in Kilcullen.

= = = Mullingar = = =
Mullingar (Irish: An Muileann gCearr) is the county town of County Westmeath. As of 2011, 20,103 people live in Mullingar.

= = = Hyacinthe Rigaud = = =
Hyacinthe Rigaud (18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743) was a French Baroque painter. He was of Catalan origin. He was from Paris. He was known for his oil paintings.

= = = Bridegroom = = =
Bridegroom (full title: Bridegroom: A Love Story, Unequaled) is a 2013 American documentary movie. The movie is about two gay men. It was directed and produced by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason. "Bridegroom" premiered at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival on April 23, 2013. The movie gained a lot of press coverage. This was because former president Bill Clinton introduced the movie at the festival.
Awards.
The movie won the festival's Audience Award for Best Documentary Movie. "Bridegroom" also received the 2014 GLADD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary alongside "Call Me Kuchu". The movie aired on television on October 27, 2013 on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". 
Reviews.
The movie was released on Netflix and on DVD on November 19, 2013. "Bridegroom" got very positive reviews. It has an 89% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic, the movie has an 85/100 rating.
About the movie.
"Bridegroom" talks about the story of Shane Bitney Crone and his same-sex partner Thomas Lee "Tom" Bridegroom who died in a tragic accident. After Bridegroom's death, Crone is not given any legal protection. The movie tells the story of their 6-year-long relationship. It also talks about Crone's struggles after Bridegroom's death. Crone faces Bridegroom's family not allowing Crone to attend the funeral of his life partner.

= = = First Dog = = =
First Dog is a 2010 American family movie staring Eric Roberts.
Story.
The dog of the President of the United States is lost. A kid who lives in a foster home finds it and make it his mission to bring it back to the White House.
The movie follows Danny on his difficult and dangerous journey.

= = = Belubula River = = =
Belubula River is a perennial river in the central west region of New South Wales, Australia. It flows into the Lachlan River, which is part of the Murray-Darling basin.
The Belubula begins near Vittoria, between Bathurst and Orange. It flows south and west, joined by eight smaller streams. It flows into Carcoar Lake before reaching its mouth at the Lachlan River, east of Gooloogong. It drops over its course of .
The name comes from the Indigenous Australian word for "stony river" or "big lagoon". The first people to live by the Belubula River are the Wiradjuri clan.
Towns on the Belubula River, from its source towards its mouth, include Blayney, Carcoar, and Canowindra.

= = = To Heal a Nation = = =
To Heal a Nation is a 1988 drama television movie that tells the true story of Jan Scruggs (played by Eric Roberts), a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War. The movie was directed by William A. Graham.
The movie was made available on video on January 6, 1993.
Story.
In 1979, Scruggs is working for the US Department of Labor. He becomes obsessed with the dream of erecting a monument to the people who died in Vietnam.

= = = To the North of Katmandu = = =
To the North of Katmandu is a 1986 British comedy movie. It was filmed in Katmandu, Nepal.
Story.
Max Boyce takes part in the 1985 World Elephant Polo Championships in Katmandu, Nepal.

= = = Perennial stream = = =
A perennial stream or perennial river is a stream or river (channel) which always flows in some parts all year round during years of normal rainfall. Perennial streams are different to intermittent streams; which normally stop flowing for weeks or months each year. They are also different to ephemeral streams that flow only for hours or days after rainfall. During unusually dry years a perennial stream may stop flowing. In a drought, they may not flow for months. The differences between perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams are not exact and can change if different measures are used by different groups.
In dry weather it may not be possible to see the water flowing, or see any water at all. In streams with gravel, sandy or rock bottoms, the water may be flowing beneath or between the rocks. In biology, a stream is flowing if there is enough water to support aquatic life, including fish and gill-breathing amphibians, benthic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. These can live in a shallow flow beneath rocks or logs. The flow may be so small that it can not be measured by stream flow measurement instruments.

= = = Ramie = = =
Ramie ("Boehmeria nivea") is a flowering plant in the nettle family Urticaceae, native to eastern Asia. It is a herbaceous perennial growing to 1–2.5 m tall.
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops, used for at least six thousand years. It is mainly used for fabric production. Ramie is normally harvested two to three times a year but under good growing conditions can be harvested up to six times per year. Unlike other fibre crops, ramie needs chemical processing to de-gum the fibre.
Producers.
China leads in the production of ramie and exports mainly to Japan and Europe. Other producers include Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Brazil. Only a small percentage of the ramie produced is available on the international market. Japan, Germany, France and the UK are the main importers, the remaining supply is used domestically.

= = = Trio me' Bumba = = =
Trio me' Bumba' is a band established at Södermalm in the town of Stockholm in Sweden in 1957. They broke through in 1963 with the song "Spel-Olles gånglåt", charting for 30 weeks at Svensktoppen. One of their most famous songs is "Man ska leva för varandra" from 1968.

= = = Anthony Duclair = = =
Anthony Duclair (born August 26, 1995) is a Canadian ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the New York Rangers, Arizona Coyotes, Chicago Blackhawks, Columbus Blue Jackets, and Ottawa Senators. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, and he grew up in Pointe-Claire, Montreal, Quebec.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Duclair played 3 seasons with the Quebec Remparts of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with the Remparts, Duclair was able to score 50 goals in 59 games during the 2013–14 QMJHL season. Due to his impressive feat, he was named to the QMJHL First All-Star Team.
He was drafted 80th overall by the New York Rangers in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On January 2, 2014, he was signed to a three-year entry-level contract as a free agent by the New York Rangers. On October 27, 2014, Duclair scored his first NHL goal against Darcy Kuemper of the Minnesota Wild.
On March 1, 2015, the Rangers traded Duclair to the Arizona Coyotes along with John Moore and two draft picks, in exchange for Keith Yandle and Chris Summers. On October 14, 2015, Duclair scored his first NHL career hat-trick in a 4–0 shutout win against the Anaheim Ducks.

= = = Aneuploidy = = =
Aneuploidy is a condition where the nucleus of a cell has one or a few chromosomes more or less than the usual number in the species. It is a common cause of genetic disorders. Aneuploidy occurs during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells. 
Aneuploidy often causes birth defects and miscarriages. Birth defects make up about 3% of births in the United States. Among those who survive birth, Down syndrome is the most common form of aneuploidy. Many with Down syndrome do survive to adulthood. Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. The aneuploid theory of cancer suggests that aneuploidy is a cause of cancer rather than a result of it. 

= = = Anson Carter = = =
Anson Carter (born June 6, 1974) is a Canadian retired ice hockey right winger. He played for the Washington Capitals, Boston Bruins, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, Los Angeles Kings, Vancouver Canucks, Columbus Blue Jackets, and the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the HC Lugano of the National League A (NLA). He was born in Toronto, Ontario, and he grew up in Scarborough, Ontario.
Career.
Before playing in the NHL, Carter played 4 years of college hockey with the Michigan State University Spartans. During his time with the Spartans, Carter was named to the CCHA First All-Star Team in 1994 and 1995, the Second All-Star Team in 1996, and the NCAA West Second All-American Team in 1995.
He was drafted 220th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. On April 3, 1996, the Nordiques' successor, the Colorado Avalanche, traded him to the Washington Capitals in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut in the 1996–97 NHL season and he split his time between the Capitals and their AHL-affiliate, the Portland Pirates.
On March 1, 1997, the Capitals traded Carter along with Jim Carey, Jason Allison and their 3rd round choice (Lee Goren) in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft to the Boston Bruins in exchange for the Bill Ranford, Adam Oates and Rick Tocchet. After he spent parts of 4 seasons with the Bruins, they traded him along with Boston's 1st (Aleš Hemský) and 2nd (Doug Lynch) round choices in 2001 NHL Entry Draft to the Edmonton Oilers for Bill Guerin and one of their first round picks (Shaone Morrisonn). During his second season with the Oilers, Carter was able to record career-highs in assists (32) and points (60).
The Oilers traded Carter along with Aleš Píša to the New York Rangers in exchange for Radek Dvořák and Cory Cross on March 11, 2003.
After the 2002–03 NHL season ended, Carter was chosen to play Team Canada in the 2003 World Championships. After 14 minutes into the first overtime of the gold medal game against Sweden, Carter scored on Swedish goaltender Mikael Tellqvist with a wraparound goal. The goal was challenged for several minutes before the replays confirmed that Tellqvist had stopped the puck behind the goal line. The win gave Canada their first World Championship win in five years.
Carter played half a season with the Rangers. On January 23, 2004, the Rangers traded Carter back to the Capitals in exchange for Jaromír Jágr. His second stint with the Capitals only lasted for 19 games before he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings for Jared Aulin on March 8, 2004. He only played 15 games for the Kings.
After he became an unrestricted free agent, Carter signed a one-year deal with the Vancouver Canucks on August 16, 2005. During his time with the Canucks, Carter played on the second offensive line with identical twins Henrik and Daniel Sedin, where the trio were known informally as the "Brothers Line". He also set a career high in goals with 33, leading the team, and he earned the Canucks' Most Exciting Player Award. Carter and the Canucks had a contract dispute and he did not resign with them.
On September 13, 2006, Carter signed a one-year contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets. He played 1 season with the Blue Jackets. Columbus traded Carter to the Carolina Hurricanes for Carolina's fifth-round pick (Tomáš Kubalík) in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft on February 23, 2007.
Carter rejoined the Edmonton Oilers on a try-out basis during their training camp in September 2007. He played one exhibition game with them before he was released on October 2, 2007. Carter decided to travel to Switzerland and signed with HC Lugano of the National League A (NLA). Carter retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2008.
Carter founded Big Up Entertainment, a record label that specializes in hip hop music in March 2005.

= = = Bob Geigel = = =
Robert "Bob" Geigel (October 1, 1924 – October 30, 2014) was an American professional wrestling promoter and also a professional wrestler. 
Geigel ran the NWA Central States promotion between 1963 and 1986, until it was bought out by Jim Crockett Promotions. He was also president of the National Wrestling Alliance for most of the years 1978 to 1987.
Geigel died on October 30, 2014 of Alzheimer's disease in Kansas City, Missouri, aged 90.

= = = Thomas Menino = = =
Thomas Michael Menino (December 27, 1942 – October 30, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 53rd Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts (1993–2014). He was the city's longest-serving mayor. Before becoming mayor, the Boston native was a member and President of Boston City Council.
Menino died in Boston, Massachusetts from cancer of unknown primary origin, aged 71.

= = = The Boy Next Door = = =
The Boy Next Door is an American psychological thriller movie. It was released in January 2015. It was directed by Rob Cohen. The movie was written by Barbara Curry. The movie stars are Jennifer Lopez, Ryan Guzman, John Corbett and Kristin Chenoweth.
Plot.
After separating from her husband, a woman has a one-night stand with her new 19-year-old neighbor.

= = = Coyote Ugly = = =
Coyote Ugly is an American romantic comedy/drama movie. It is based on the real Coyote Ugly saloon. The movie is set in New York City. The movie stars Piper Perabo and Adam Garcia. It was directed by David McNally. The movie was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Chad Oman. It was written by Gina Wendkos.
Plot.
Violet Sanford (Piper Perabo) leaves her hometown of South Amboy, New Jersey. She leaves to New York City to pursue her dreams of becoming a songwriter. Violet is not successful in finding someone to hire her at any recording studios. She mistakenly believes that Kevin O'Donnell (Adam Garcia) is a bar owner. She gives him a tape of Violet's demo recordings. She later finds out after his boss reveals his true identity. When Violet returns home, she finds out that her house was robbed. With only a few dollars on her, she goes to an all-night diner. There she sees three girls Cammie (Izabella Miko), Rachel (Bridget Moynahan), and Zoe (Tyra Banks). The girls are showing off hundreds of dollars in tips they earned. She then finds out that they work at a bar called Coyote Ugly.
Violet convinces the bar owner Lil (Maria Bello) to give her an audition. Violet's first audition does not go well. However, after breaking up a fight between two customers, Lil agrees to give her a second chance. At her second audition, she throws a bucket filled with water to the fire warden. This cost Lil $250. In order to keep her job, Violet had to make up $250 in one night. Kevin turns up at the bar. He then is auctioned off to one of the women in the bar. Violet and Kevin begins a relationship.
Kevin tries to help Violet overcome her stage fright. He does this so she can sell her music. Violet is fired from the bar after Kevin gets into a fight at the bar. Violet returns to New Jersey for her best friend's wedding. When she returns, her father is sent to the emergency room after he was involved in a car accident. Violet performs at an open mic night at the Bowery Ballroom with the "Coyotes". Her father, her best friend, and Kevin arrive there for support. The performance goes well. She finally lands a deal with a record label. The movie ends with LeAnn Rimes singing Violet's song.

= = = Girl on the Edge = = =
Girl on the Edge is an American drama movie. It is based on the novel of the same name that is based on real life events. The movie is a direct-to-video production. It stars Taylor Spreitler. The movie was directed by Jay Silverman.
Awards: 48th Annual Worldfest-Houston International Film Festival 2015, Best Editing: Lauren Connelly
Independent Filmmakers Showcase 2015, Best Cinematography: Andrew Russo DP
Independent Filmmakers Showcase 2015, Best Actress: Taylor Spreitler
Plot.
Hannah Green is a troubled teenage girl. She drinks, does drugs and lies about her age on a dating website. She meets up with a stranger from the internet who assaults her. Her family decides to take her to a camp based on a Cheyenne principle called Maheo or higher being where girls of her age try to recover from their emotional trauma. Hannah is upset with this decision and does not want to go. At the camp Hannah forms healthy friendships with other girls of her age. She is also guided by kind, caring counselors who introduce Hannah to a horse named Betsy, a difficult horse. Hannah forms a bond with Betsy that allows her to heal. With the help of her new friends, the caring adults in her life and Betsy, we watch as Hannah and all of her friends move toward healing. We also get the perspective of her father and stepmother as they try to heal from Hannah's trauma.
The movie is an excellent example of friendship, unconditional love from parents and love from community. It is an inspirational movie for teens and adults alike. It is geared for older teens as some of the topics are not suitable for younger audiences.
Cast of Characters.
Taylor Spreitler - Hanna Green
Peter Coyote - Hank Taylor
Gil Bellows - Jake Green
Amy Price-Francis - Anne Green
Shane Graham - Tommy Miller
Elizabeth Pena - Esther
Amy Davidson - Ariel

= = = Northampton railway station = = =
Northampton railway station is a major station serving the town of Northampton in Northamptonshire, England. It is located on the Northampton loop, part of the West Coast Main Line. The station is served by London Midland services and run frequent between London Euston and Birmingham New Street and is also served by infrequent semi-fast Virgin Trains services to London Euston.

= = = Taylor Spreitler = = =
Taylor Spreitler (born October 23, 1993) is an American actress and former model. She played the role of Mia McCormic on the NBC soap opera "Days of our Lives". She appeared as Lennox Scanlon in the ABC Family sitcom "Melissa & Joey".

= = = Will Jennings = = =
Wilbur H. "Will" Jennings (born June 27, 1944 in Kilgore, Texas, United States) is an American songwriter. He is known for writing the lyrics for "My Heart Will Go On". The recording was used as the theme for movie "Titanic" (1997). He has been included into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame. He also won several awards including three Grammy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Academy Awards.
Awards.
Jennings has received awards for writing lyrics to the following songs:

= = = Colors of the Wind = = =
"Colors of the Wind" is a song written by Stephen Schwartz. It was composed by Alan Menken. The song was for Walt Disney Pictures' 33rd animated movie "Pocahontas" (1995). The recording is the movie's theme song. It was originally recorded by American singer and actress Judy Kuhn. American singer Vanessa Williams' cover of the song was released as the lead single from the movie's soundtrack. The song is a pop ballad that is about respecting nature and living in harmony with the Earth's creatures. The song is recorded in the Native Americans point of view.
"Colors of the Wind" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 68th Academy Awards in 1995, becoming composer Alan Menken's fourth win in the category. It also won the Golden Globe in the same category as well as the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Movie. 

= = = Property Brothers = = =
Property Brothers is a Canadian reality television show. It is co-produced by Nelvana and Cineflix. The show airs on CBC Television (Canada) and HGTV (US). It airs as My Dream Home in Austraila on LifeStyle Home and in New Zealand on ChoiceTV. The show is called Irmãos a Obra in Brazil on Discovery Home & Health and as La casa de mis sueños in Spain on Divinity and on Decasa. The show stars identical twin brothers Jonathan and Drew Scott (born 28 April 1978). They help home buyers buy and fix homes that needs more fixing than ready-to-move-in homes.

= = = Bride of Violence = = =
Bride of Violence (original title: Vendetta: Secrets of a Mafia Bride) is a 1991 drama television movie. It was directed by Stuart Margolin. It is rated R.
A sequel called "Bride of Violence 2" was made in 1993.
Story.
A woman falls in love with the man who accidentally killed her father.Then the woman felt shy and pained.She decided that she will leave him.
But the boy come to her again and again and said that he didn't kill her father.But the woman didn't love him.
She started a job and living alone.
After a few years she came to know that his lover didn't kill her father.Then the woman felt shy and commit suicide.

= = = Ravaillacz = = =
Ravaillacz is a superquartet from Sweden. They participated at Melodifestivalen 2013 with the charting song "En riktig jävla schlager". The song ended up 10th. The group consists of Tommy Körberg, Claes Malmberg, Johan Rabaeus and Mats Ronander.
The group also appeared at Allsång på Skansen on 6 August 2013.

= = = Lee Kings = = =
The Lee Kings was a pop group from Sweden. The band was established in 1964 as Lenne & The Lee Kings. The band scored several hits at the "Tio i topp" chart.
The group originally consisted of Lenne Broberg, Bengt Dahlén, Bjarne Möller, Olle Nordström and Lasse Sandgren. In 1966, Olle Nordström left the band and was repalced with Mike Watson. In 1967, eveen Lasse Sandgren left the band and was repalced with Tony Walter, and for a while even Bengt Dahlén and Bjarne Möller, who was replaced with Johnny Lundin.

= = = Paris Smith = = =
Paris Smith (born February 1, 2000) is an American singer and actress. She is best known for her role in the Nickelodeon show Every Witch Way as "Maddie Van Pelt".
In 2013, she won a Young Artist Award in the category "Young Actress 11 and 12 in a Short Film" for her performance in "Scouted".

= = = Grumpy Cat = = =
Grumpy Cat (April 4, 2012 – May 14, 2019) was a famous cat on the internet. Her real name is Tardar Sauce. She became popular because she always looked unhappy or "grumpy".
Her owner said that her grumpy-looking face was due to feline dwarfism and the placement of her teeth in her mouth.
Grumpy Cat died at home on May 14, 2019 of a urinary tract infection.
History before popularity.
Grumpy Cat, lived with her owner, Tabatha Bundesen, in Morristown, Arizona.
She was born on April 4, 2012, with "a flat face, bubble eyes, and a short tail". Her mom was a calico short haired cat and her father had grey and white stripes. Tardar Sauce was small for her breed and had hind legs that "were a bit different". Even though she had a grumpy expression all the time, she was calm and "actually really nice". Her brother, Pokey, who was born in the same litter, had the grumpy personality.
Her owners said Tardar Sauce was a normal cat "99% of the time". She was only allowed to have photos taken once a week. She could not be handled by people she did not know very often.
Popularity.
Grumpy Cat first became famous when Tabatha's brother posted some photos of her on Reddit, the social-news site. Then, other users made photoshopped parodies of the unhappy cat with grumpy sayings, such as: "‘I had fun once. It was awful’" and "‘Just put me down’".
Grumpy Cat has her own website. She has a Facebook page. She has a manager, Ben Lashes. He also represents Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat. There are stuffed toy cats of her, t-shirts, calendars and mugs available for sale in stores and online. Many are featured on her website.
She appeared at the South by Southwest (SXSW) festival in Austin, Texas in 2013. She was shown in limited two-hour appearances every day.
Grumpy Cat was on the front page of "The Wall Street Journal" on May 30, 2013, and on the cover of "New York" magazine on October 7, 2013.
The cable news channel MSNBC named Grumpy Cat 2012's most influential cat.
In August 2015, it was announced that Grumpy Cat would get her own wax sculpture at Madame Tussauds in San Franscisco. An agent from Madame Tussauds in London said: "We're all very excited..." "She will launch there and then tour five other Madame Tussauds attractions in the US."
Friskies sponsorship.
Grumpy Cat was shown in some episodes of the Friskies brand of cat food YouTube game show, "Will Kitty Play With It?" In September 2013, it was announced that Grumpy Cat would become the Official Spokescat of Friskies and sponsor their advertising. TMZ reported that Friskies paid for her to fly first class. They gave her a private hotel room with a king-sized bed, a personal assistant, a chauffeur, and all the Friskies food and bottled water she wanted.
On March 22, 2013, Grumpy Cat traveled to New York City to promote the Friskies game show. She appeared on "Good Morning America" and "Anderson Live" with Anderson Cooper. She also visited "Time" magazine for a photoshoot. Grumpy Cat was "interviewed" for a story in an issue of "Forbes" magazine. It was released on March 25.
Christmas TV movie 2014.
In June 2014, news came out that the Lifetime television network would make a movie about Grumpy Cat. The name of the movie is "Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever", and it was first shown on the TV channel on November 29, 2014. Movie director Tim Hill wrote the script and the movie was made during the summer of 2014. Actress Aubrey Plaza did the voice acting for the Grumpy Cat character.

= = = South Hams = = =
South Hams is a district on the south coast of Devon, England, with its headquarters in the town of Totnes. The largest town in the district is Ivybridge. Part of Dartmoor National Park is in the district.
During World War II, part of South Hams was used by the Allies as training for the Normandy invasion.

= = = James B. McPherson = = =
James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a Union Army major general during the American Civil War. He was killed at the Battle of Atlanta during the Atlanta Campaign.
Early life.
McPherson was born in 1828 near Clyde, Ohio. He was the eldest son of William and Cynthia (Russell) McPherson who were farmers. To help his family, in 1841 at age 12, McPherson entered an apprenticeship at a general store. He became a clerk for Robert Smith. McPherson was raised and tutored along with Smith's children. His father died in 1847 and Smith paid for McPherson's education at Norwalk Academy. In 1849 Smith arranged an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. McPherson spent much of his time tutoring his John Bell Hood. McPherson graduated in 1853, first in his class.
Military career.
He secured a posting as a second lieutenant with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He worked on improvements to New York Harbor. He was assigned to the building of Fort Delaware. McPherson then directed worked on fortifications on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. In 1858 he was a first lieutenant. In 1861 when the Civil war broke out, he raised a company of volunteers to fight for the Union. Now a captain went to Boston to supervise the construction of harbor defenses. His former commander helped him by making McPherson his Aide-de-camp and promoted him to Lieutenant colonel.
In early 1861 McPherson was assigned to the staff of general Ulysses S. Grant as an engineering officer. In 1862 he impressed his superiors and was assigned to supervise military railroads in Mississippi. In this position he was a brigadier general of volunteers. After the Battle of Corinth McPherson was promoted to the rank of major general (8 October 1862). He became commander of Seventeenth Corps in the Army of the Tennessee. At the Battle of Raymond a small force of Confederates attacked his 10,000 man column. They were almost completely destroyed before they realized their mistake. He commanded his corps at the Siege of Vicksburg. 
In January 1864 he succeeded general Sherman as commander of the Army of the Tennessee. As part of Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, on several occasions his army threatened the enemy's supply lines. McPherson's army was also used in flanking maneuvers. Sherman's combined armies kept moving towards Atlanta while the confederate armies, under Joseph E. Johnston, fell back. Finally Johnston retreated into Atlanta on July 9–10. Jefferson Davis the Confederate president, dismissed Johnston for not stopping the Union army. Davis gave command to general John B. Hood, McPherson's friend and former roommate. Hood had little chance of succeeding. Sherman's larger army, including McPherson's Army of the Tennessee, was five miles from the city when Hood took command.
His death.
On learning of Johnson's replacement by Hood, and knowing Hood as well as he did, McPherson readied his army for an attack by Hood's confederates. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee was holding Sherman's left flank. On 22 July 1864, Hood directed his attack against McPherson's army. The battle went on for several hours. During a break in the fighting McPherson saw a gap developing in the Union lines. He rode out with a staff officer to close the gap. He came upon confederate skirmishers who ordered him to surrender. He turned and spurred his horse to escape, but was shot and killed. His body was returned to the Union lines for burial. Both Sherman and Hood mourned his death. McPherson was the second highest ranking Union officer killed in the civil war. He was buried in his hometown of Clyde, Ohio. Five years after his death President Rutherford B. Hayes presided over a ceremony where a bronze statue was placed over his grave.

= = = Army of the Tennessee = = =
The Army of the Tennessee was a Union field army during the American Civil War. It fought in the Western Theater. It was named after the Tennessee River. It is not the same as the Army of Tennessee, which was a Confederate army named after the state of Tennessee.
History.
The name of "Army of the Tennessee" was first used in March 1862. It was used for the army commanded by Ulysses S. Grant. The army was commanded by Grant from 1862 until late summer 1863. At that time Grant was promoted to command of all of the Union armies in the Western Theater. Then the Army of the Tennessee was commanded by William T. Sherman. On August 1, 1863 when Sherman was given command of all armies in the west, James B. McPherson took command of the Army of the Tennessee. On July 22, 1864 McPherson was shot and killed by Confederate skirmishers as his army prepared to capture Atlanta. He was temporarily replaced by John A. Logan. General Oliver O. Howard then took command of the Army of the Tennessee.
Battles.
The Army of the Tennessee fought in several of the largest battles of the Civil War, including the Battle of Shiloh, the Siege of Vicksburg, and the Battle of Bentonville. It played a large part in the Atlanta Campaign and fought in the Battle of Atlanta. The Army of the Tennessee marched in Washington, D.C. in the final grand review. On July 28, 1865 at Louisville, the last units were mustered out.

= = = Tony Kaye = = =
Tony Kaye (born 11 January 1945) is an English musician career whose career began in 1968. He is best known as the keyboard player of Yes.

= = = Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin = = =
Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, or Levantine art, is a group of over 750 prehistoric sites. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998. 
The sites are in the eastern part of Spain. They show rock art from the Upper Paleolithic or (more likely) Mesolithic periods of the Stone Age. 
The art is small painted figures of humans and animals. The earliest phases are of animals only. They are the most advanced and widespread examples from this period, certainly in Europe. It is notable for the number of places included, the largest concentration of such art in Europe. Its name refers to the Mediterranean Basin. However, while some sites are near the sea, many of them are inland in Aragon and Castile-La Mancha. "Levantine Art" here means "from Eastern Spain", not the Levant region).

= = = Nick Cave = = =
Nicholas Edward "Nick" Cave (born 22 September 1957) is an Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer and movie actor.
Cave was born in Warracknabeal, Victoria and grew up in Wangaratta, Victoria.
He is best known as lead singer of the rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. The Bad Seeds began in 1983 and are known for their interesting and different musical styles. Cave had previously been the lead singer of the gothic band, The Birthday Party. This group was well known for its challenging songs and violent sound. Their music was influenced by free jazz, blues, and punk. In 2006, Cave started a garage rock band Grinderman, and recorded their first album, Grinderman (album) in 2007. Cave's music is very emotional with many different musical influences. His songs are about religion, death, love and violence. In the early 2010s, the "NME" called him "the grand lord of gothic lushness".
Cave was added to the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2007. The ARIA Awards chairman Ed St John said, "Nick Cave has enjoyed—and continues to enjoy—one of the most extraordinary careers in the annals of popular music. He is an Australian artist like Sidney Nolan is an Australian artist—beyond comparison, beyond genre, beyond dispute."
Discography.
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
Grinderman

= = = Deaths in November 2014 = = =
The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2014. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".

= = = David Manker Abshire = = =
David Manker Abshire (April 11, 1926 – October 31, 2014) was an American politician. He served as a Special Counselor to President Ronald Reagan and was the U.S. Ambassador to NATO from 1983-87. Abshire was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
In July 2002, he was elected President of the Richard Lounsbery Foundation of New York. He was a member of the exclusive Alfalfa Club.
Abshire was a Republican and the author of seven books, the most recent being "A Call to Greatness: Challenging Our Next President", which was published in 2008. Abshire was married and had five children.
He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and sat on the advisory board of America Abroad Media.
Abshire died on October 31, 2014 in Alexandria, Virginia from pulmonary fibrosis, aged 88.

= = = Hitoshi Motoshima = = =
 was a Japanese politician. He served four terms as mayor of Nagasaki from 1979 to 1995. He has publicly made controversial statements about the responsibility of Japan and its then-reigning Emperor for World War II. He survived an assassination attempt in 1990.
On October 31, 2014, Motoshima died at the age of 92 in Nagasaki, Japan from natural causes.

= = = Bridges to Babylon = = =
Bridges to Babylon is the 23rd American studio album by English alternative rock/blues rock band The Rolling Stones. The album was released on September 30, 1997. It was second studio album of label Vrigin Records.

= = = Dijon mustard = = =
Dijon mustard is a kind of culinary mustard that was first prepared around the town of Dijon, in eastern France. Dijon mustard was first prepared in the 18th century. 
Properly, it is made from black mustard seeds, but commercially brown mustard is often used. In the original recipe, citric acid was used for its preparation. Commercially, this is often replaced by vinegar. Salt is also added. The oil in the mustard seeds is not removed. 
Dijon mustard is not especially hot compared with English mustard. However, it is hotter than Bordeaux mustard, which is pretty mild. 
Dijon mustard is used for many recipes in French cuisine. As an example, the original mayonnaise recipe uses Dijon mustard.

= = = Jumper = = =
Jumper was a pop group in Kristinehamn, Sweden. The group active between 1996 and 2001. The group scored single chart successes in Sweden with songs like "När hela världen står utanför", "Tapetklister", "Välkommen hit" and "Miljonär".
The band won a 1996 Rockbjörnen award in the category "Swedish group of the year".

= = = Christer Sjögren = = =
Christer Sjögren (born 6 April 1950 in Hagfors, Sweden) is a Swedish dansband and rock singer. He is well known for earlier being the lead vocalist of Swedish dansband Vikingarna.

= = = Witold Kiełtyka = = =
Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka (January 24, 1984 – November 2, 2007) was a Polish musician. He was best known as the drummer and percussionist for the Polish technical death metal band Decapitated. He was also the younger brother of bandmate Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka. Besides Decapitated, Kiełtyka also worked for the death metal bands, Dies Irae and Panzer X.
Bus accident and death.
On October 29, 2007, while the band was traveling to a show in Gomel, Belarus, they and the other band that was on the tour bus, Crionics, were involved in an accident. The tour bus that was carrying the two bands, hit a truck that was carrying wood. The accident left both Kiełtyka and Adrian Kowanek with serious head injuries.
Both Kiełtyka and Adrian Kowanek were rushed to a hospital in Novozybkov, Russia. On November 1, 2007, Kiełtyka's family released a statement that said that his condition had improved. He underwent trepanation and was supposed to be transported to a hospital in Kraków, Poland, for further treatment. However, on November 2, 2007, Kiełtyka died from his injuries at the age of 23.

= = = The Imitation Game = = =
The Imitation Game is an American biographical thriller drama movie. The movie was first shown at a movie festival on August 29, 2014. It was released on November 28, 2014. It is about Alan Turing, a computer scientist who was prosecuted for his homosexuality. Benedict Cumberbatch plays Turing. Keira Knightley plays Joan Clarke. It also stars Charles Dance. The reviews of the movie were positive. Rotten Tomatoes gave it an audience rating of 94%.

= = = The Pelican Brief (movie) = = =
The Pelican Brief is a legal thriller movie from 1993. The movie is about a law student making a document and showing it to a law professor. Julia Roberts plays Darby Shaw. Denzel Washington plays Gary Grantham.
The movie received mostly mixed reviews from critics. It was released on December 17, 1993.

= = = The Secret Garden (movie) = = =
The Secret Garden is a 1993 fantasy drama movie. This movie is about the unloved child of an English couple during the 19th century. Kate Maberly plays the child. Maggie Smith plays Mrs. Medlock.
This movie was released on August 13, 1993 in the United States.

= = = Clyde, Ohio = = =
Clyde is a city in Sandusky County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,294 at the 2020 census. The National Arbor Day Foundation has designated Clyde as a Tree City USA. Clyde was named after Clyde, New York, the hometown of an early resident.
The town is known for having served as the setting for Sherwood Anderson's 1919 collection of short stories "Winesburg, Ohio ".

= = = National Tiger Conservation Authority = = =
The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is an organisation that supports the conservation of tigers in India. It was started in December 2005 by the Prime Minister of India.

= = = Croatian Spring = = =
Maspok (after "Masovni pokret" (Croatian), i.e. Mass movement) or the Croatian spring was a nationalist and secessionist rebel movement in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, Yugoslavia during 1971. The movement's demands were initially around the exclusion of the use of the Serbian language and the exclusive use of the Croatian language in Croatia (even though Serbian and Croatian are considered dialects of the same language), declaration of Croatia as a national state of Croats and Croatia as a successor to the medieval Croatian kingdom. Maspok's ultimate goal was an independent Croatian state. The Maspok movement was supported by a lot of Croatian Communists and the Ustaše emigration in the West.
Movement political demands.
There were three basic points the Maspok used to attack the federal government of Yugoslavia: distribution of Croatia's tourism revenue in other parts of Yugoslavia, the amount of money Croatia contributed to the underdeveloped Yugoslav republics, and the question of the official Croatian language in Croatia. Maspok demanded recognition of the Croatian language as the official language in Croatia, and the end of the Serbian language in Croatia. Maspok insisted on cultural differences between Croats and other ethnic groups in Yugoslavia. . "Matica hrvatska" (a Croatian cultural organization) and "Hrvatski tjednik" (Croatian Weekly newspaper) published a draft constitution for the new Croatian state. "Matica hrvatska" published in November 1971 a full list of the Maspok's demands:
"Matica hrvatska" cancelled work on the Serbo-Croatian dictionary and rejected the Novi Sad Agreement (about the common Serbo-Croatian language). The Novi Sad Agreement based Serbo-Croatian language orthography was replaced by the Croatian language orthography written by S. Babic, B. Finka, and M. Mogus and printed by the "Matica hrvatska" in the same 1971 year. Zagreb University provided broad public support to the Maspok political demands. The Zagreb University students staged mass demonstrations in Croatia in order to express their support to Maspok.
Maspok development and demise.
According to some historians, Maspok was an Ustaše insurgency in Yugoslavia mentored, guarded and supported by Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Miko Tripalo and Pero Pirker, the political leadership of the Croatian Communist League. The Croatian Communist League general secretary, Miloš Žanko, publicly denounced the destructive nationalism of "Matica hrvatska", Dabčević-Kučar, Tripalo, and Pirker. Žanko, on the Tenth plenum of the Croatian Communists (January 1970) accused Dabčević-Kučar, Tripalo, and Piker claiming that these three worked along with "Matica hrvatska" against Yugoslav socialism and on the destabilization of Yugoslavia. With Josip Broz's approval and the Bakarić's help, Žanko was expelled from the Croatian Communist League on the same plenum. More strong opposition to Maspok came from the members of the Zagreb Praxis group (Rudi Supek, Milan Kangrga, most notably).
Some minor actions against Serbs in Croatia were demonstrated by defacing or destroying Cyrillic signs and by outbreaks of violence at soccer matches. The Croatian leadership persuaded Broz that they had the situation under control. When Broz visited Croatia in July 1971 the Croatian anthem was played after the Yugoslav one.
Josip Broz suppressed Maspok and, at the same time, made a great concession to Croatian nationalism. Broz allowed use of the Croatian language in Croatia and confederalized the Yugoslav Constitution in 1974, giving veto rights to the Yugoslav republics when attempting to change the Constitution. The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution was a source of a great dissatisfaction and concern of the Serbs in Yugoslavia. The Croatian Communist League leadership, Dabčević-Kučar, Tripalo, and Pirker were forced to resign from their state and Communist League positions and some of the Maspok leaders were arrested and imprisoned. Among the arrested Maspok leaders were Franjo Tuđman and Bruno Bušić.
Broz's persecution of Serbian academia and liberals in other Yugoslav republics.
During the year of 1972. Broz removed from the politics and state affairs Serbian Communists Marko Nikezić and Latinka Perović, Slovene Stane Kavčič, and Macedonian Krste Crvenkovski. 
In order to please Croatian nationalists, Broz persecuted Serbian academics who pointed at the subordinated position of the Serbian people in Yugoslavia. The two leading Serbian intellectuals, Dobrica Ćosić (prominent Serbian writer) and Mihailo Đurić (Belgrade University Law School professor) questioned the justification of the Albanian autonomy in the historic Serbian province of Kosovo. They asked why the Serbs in Croatia did not have any autonomous status, and why Vojvodina had autonomous status despite the fact that most of the inhabitants were Serbs. These two intellectuals were publicly denounced by the Broz's regime and persecuted. Professor Đurić warned that at that time Serbia's status in Yugoslavia was highly discriminatory and that Serbia was mercilessly and unjustly accused for advocating centralism and unitarianism. Đurić warned further that it was forbidden to raise questions about responsibility of those who committed the genocide of Serbian people in the Independent State of Croatia during WWII. He said that the borders of the Socialist Republic of Serbia were not the national nor historic borders of the Serbs in Yugoslavia. The Prof. Đurić trial and verdict were the part of the Broz's regime political equilibrium in the time of the Maspok activity culmination in Croatia and the time of the Maspok's leadership trial and imprisonment.
Croatian Spring and dissolution of Yugoslavia.
Croatian Spring played a significant role in the drafting Yugoslav Constitution of 1974. The Constitution paralyzed the federal power of Yugoslavia by shifting the state administrative power to the Yugoslav republics. The Constitution, being insufficiently unclear and already the result of compromises with various nationalist groups in the republics and provinces, was a blueprint for secession.

= = = John Forzani = = =
John Forzani (April 5, 1947 – October 31, 2014) was a Canadian businessman, former Canadian Football League (CFL) player, and CFL team owner. He was the Chairman and co-founder of the Forzani Group. He was born in Calgary, Alberta. In 1971, he joined the Calgary Stampeders as an offensive lineman and was part of the winning team of the 59th Grey Cup. He played football until 1976.
Forzani died of a heart attack in Palm Springs, California, aged 67.

= = = Lieutenant colonel = = =
Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world. It typically ranks above a major and below a colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence. A lieutenant colonel is typically in charge of a battalion in the army.

= = = Fattoush = = =
Fattoush (Arabic: ����) is a Palestinian salad. It includes toasted or fried pieces of pita bread, combined with chopped raw vegetables. A sauce with a slightly sour taste is put on the salad.

= = = Garlic knot = = =
Garlic knots are a type of bread with garlic. They are usually found in pizza places around the New York City and in other areas. They were first made in 1973 by people who wanted to use pastry left over from cooking pizza.

= = = Lieutenant general = = =
Lieutenant general or lieutenant-general (abbrev Lt Gen, LTG etc.), is a military rank (NATO code OF-8). It is used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second in command on the battlefield. The lieutenant general was normally subordinate to a captain general.
In modern armies, lieutenant general normally ranks directly below a general and above a major general. It is equivalent to the navy rank of vice admiral. In air forces with a separate rank structure, it is equivalent to air marshal. In the US Army a lieutenant general usually commands an army corps. 
In a number of countries, the rank of lieutenant general is the highest army rank in use. In Latvia and Lithuania, the chief of defence is a lieutenant general. In the Irish Defence Forces and Israeli forces, the Chief of Staff holds this rank.

= = = Warracknabeal = = =
Warracknabeal is a small town in the north west of Victoria. It is on the banks of the Yarriambiack Creek, 330 km north-west of Melbourne, It is the business and services centre of the northern Wimmera and southern Mallee districts, and hosts local government offices of the Shire of Yarriambiack. In 2011 there were about 2,745 people living in the local area. 
History.
The first people to live in the Warracknabeal area were the Wotjobaluk, a group of Aboriginal people. The town's name is believed to be an aboriginal word meaning "place of big gums shading the water hole". The earliest European settlers in the area included Andrew and Robert Scott, who started a large sheep farm named Warracknabeal.
The Post Office opened on 1 September 1861 and was known as "Werracknebeal" until 1885.
There are several historic buildings, including an 1872 prison cell built from red and yellow gum, a Tudor-style post office, several 19th century hotels, and a four storey water tower from 1886. There is also farm machinery museum which shows the history of farming in the Mallee and Wimmera districts.
Nearby places.
The Warracknabeal area includes:
Healthcare.
The town has four doctors and one pharmacy. The hospital is run by Rural Northwest Health.
Schools.
The town has four schools: 
Sport.
The town has an Australian rules football team (Warrack Eagles) which plays in the Wimmera Football League.
Warrack Eagles Netball Club plays in the Wimmera Netball Association.
The town also has a Yarriambiack Tennis Association. The town's teams consist of Bangerang, Cannum and Ailsa.
The horse racing club, the Wimmera Racing Club, has around six race meetings a year at Warracknabeal including the Warracknabeal Cup meeting in February.
It also has the Sheep Hills Race Club, which schedules two race meetings a year, including the Sheep Hills Cup meeting in February.
Golfers play at the Warracknabeal Golf Club.
Warracknabeal also has a Cricket team (St Marys Cricket Club) which plays in the Wimmera Mallee Cricket Association. 
Warracknabeal has three hockey teams, a senior men's team known as Hoops a women's team, and a mixed junior team called Revengers.
Government.
Warracknabeal is home of the Shire of Yarriambiack. It is also the administrative centre. The council offices are located in Lyle Street.
The former town hall and theatre complex (built 1939-40), added to the Victorian Heritage Register in 2009, is now used for civic purposes.
Easter Y-Fest.
YFest includes an Easter Saturday Street Parade, a three day Vintage Machinery Rally at Wheatlands Museum, four day Golf Tournament, three day Art Show, Easter Saturday Race Meeting and Waterski Spectacular. 
The Easter Y-Fest began in 1988 and is organised by the Y-Fest Promotions Committee Inc. This Committee, made up of representatives from each of the individual event committees and Council.

= = = Gustau Biosca = = =
Gustavo Biosca Pagés (29 February 1928 – 1 November 2014) was a Spanish football player and manager. Biosca played as a defender for España Industrial, Barcelona and Condal. He was born in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
He made his international debut for Spain in 1951, earning a total of 11 caps, including 2 in FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. As a coach he managed Pontevedra, Sant Andreu, Real Valladolid, Sabadell, the Spanish under-21 national team and Terrassa.
Biosca died on 1 November 2014, at the age of 86 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

= = = Germain Gagnon = = =
Joseph Adrien Germain Gagnon (December 9, 1942 – October 26, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 259 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Kansas City Scouts, and New York Islanders. Gagnon was born in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada.
Gagnon died after a long illness in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada, aged 71.

= = = Rachel Makinson = = =
Kathleen Rachel Makinson (née White) (15 February 1917- October 2014) was an Australian research scientist. She held a number of prominent positions within CSIRO. She began work in the Division of Textile Physics in 1953, and was a senior principal research scientist from 1971-1977.
She was the first woman to become a chief research scientist at CSIRO (1977-1982). From 1979-1982 she was the assistant chief of the division, also the first woman to hold such a position.
In 1981, she was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering; in 1982 she was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).
Makinson died in Sydney, Australia from natural causes, aged 97.

= = = Jean-Pierre Roy = = =
Jean-Pierre Roy (June 26, 1920 – November 1, 2014) was a Canadian baseball player in Major League Baseball. He pitched in three games during the 1946 season for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.
Roy died on November 1, 2014 at his home in Tampa, Florida, United States. He was 94.

= = = Ontario Highway 10 = = =
Ontario Highway 10, also called King's Highway 10, is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It is 136.6 kilometers (84.9 miles) long. The highway starts at the northern end of Highway 410 near Caledon. It then goes northwestward through the town of Orangeville, where it connects with the western end of Highway 9. It also passes through Shelburne, where it shares a road with Highway 89 briefly. The northern end of Highway 10 is in Owen Sound, where it ends with Highway 6, Highway 21, and Highway 26.

= = = Ontario Highway 26 = = =
Ontario Highway 26, also called King's Highway 26, is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It goes along the southern shoreline of Georgian Bay. It starts in Owen Sound with the intersection of Highway 6, Highway 10, and Highway 21. It then goes eastward and ends in Barrie at the intersection with Highway 400.
Highway 26 is 113.7 kilometers (70.6 miles) long. It is part of a major transportation link, along with Highway 400, between the Greater Toronto Area and Georgian Bay.

= = = Jiang Zemin = = =
Jiang Zemin (; 17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician. He was General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004 and President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003.

= = = Aaron Brooks (basketball) = = =
Aaron Jamal Brooks (born January 14, 1985 in Seattle, Washington) is an American professional basketball player. He currently plays for the Indiana Pacers of the NBA. He was selected 26th overall in the 2007 NBA Draft. He won the NBA Most Improved Player Award for the 2009–10 season. He also played for the Houston Rockets, Denver Nuggets, Phoenix Suns, and Sacramento Kings.

= = = Ontario Highway 400 = = =
Ontario Highway 400, also called King's Highway 400, is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It runs mostly north and south and is 226 kilometers (140 miles) long. It goes between Toronto and Carling.

= = = Wayne Static = = =
Wayne Static (Wayne Richard Wells; November 4, 1965 – November 1, 2014) was an American musician, and the former lead vocalist, guitarist, keyboardist, and music sequencer for the metal band Static-X. 
He released his first solo studio album, Pighammer, on October 4, 2011. He married porn star Tera Wray in 2008. Static died on November 1, 2014 from a drug overdose in Landers, California. He was 48 years old.

= = = Ghostface (Scream) = = =
Ghostface is a fictional serial killer and the main villain of the "Scream movie franchise". He is wearing a white mask with a shocked/surprised expression. He also wears a black robe. He was created by Wes Craven.
He has a rough voice. He is voiced by Roger L. Jackson. Different people play Ghostface throughout the movie because they pretend to be the original killer. He kills people in the Hollywood-area. He uses a large hunting knife as a weapon.
His appearance is inspired by the painting The Scream.

= = = Klaus Iohannis = = =
Klaus Werner Iohannis () (born 13 June 1959, Sibiu, Romania) is a Romanian politician, since December 2014 he is the President of Romania. Since 2000 he has served as mayor of Sibiu. He was re-elected in 2004, 2008 and 2012. In February of 2013 he joined the PNL. He was immediately made vice-president that party. On 28 June 2014 he was made president of PNL (after Crin Antonescu quit).
Iohannis is a Transylvanian Saxon by ethnicity. This is one of the oldest German minority group in Romania. Saxons settled in Transylvania (then part of the Kingdom of Hungary) in the 12th century. He is a physics teacher by profession.

= = = Abdus Salim Khan = = =
Abdus Salim Khan, also known as Khan Sahib (28 December 1907 – 12/13 July 1957) was an early Pakistani diplomat. He served as Pakistan's ambassador in Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka) and Japan. He also served as Consul-General in the United States, posted at New York and later as Pakistan's Deputy High Commissioner (a type of special ambassador) to the United Kingdom. Khan died sudddenly in July 1957, while on duty in London, United Kingdom.
He was the son of Khan-sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, and husband of Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan.

= = = Jimmy Ruffin = = =
Jimmy Lee Ruffin (May 7, 1936 – November 17, 2014) was an American soul musician. He was the older brother of David Ruffin from The Temptations. Ruffin has had many records between the 1960s and 1980s. His most successful single is "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted".
Life and career.
He was born on May 7, 1936 in Collinsville, Mississippi. His brother was born 2 years later. He first started singing with the gospel group, mostly on sessions but he also recorded singles for Miracle label. Ruffin was then drafted for national service. After he left the Army in 1964, Ruffin returned to Motown and was offered the opportunity to join the Temptations to replace Elbridge Bryant. They instead hired Ruffin's brother David after hearing him. Jimmy decided to continue his solo career and recorded for the Soul label, but he didn't have much success.
In 1966, after hearing a song about unrequited love written for The Spinners, he persuaded the writers that he should record it himself. Ruffin's recording of "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" became a major success. It was able to peak at #7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #6 on the R&B Chart. It remains as his most well known song. 
On October 17, 2014, it was reported that Ruffin was gravely ill and was taken into an intensive care unit in a Las Vegas hospital. Ruffin died on November 17, 2014 in Las Vegas, aged 78.

= = = Patherdanda = = =
Patherdanda is a small village of Rupandehi District, Nepal. It lies on Tilottama Municipality. It is at the mid point of the business hub Butwai and Sunauli. It is also known as STONEHILL.

= = = Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau = = =
Charles Juste François Victurnien, de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1793–1864) was a French military man and senator under Napoleon III. He was a member of the House of Beauvau. He was known as the Prince of Beauvau. Because of his father's rank of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, he succeeded to those titles on his fathers death in 1849. He married twice. He had four children including the next Prince of Beauvau. Politically he was a member of the Bonaparte party which sought to restore the Bonaparte family to the French throne. Though legally the "Prince of Craon", he was known by his other title "Prince of Beauvau".
Charles was born on 7 March 1793 at Sunninghill in Berkshire. His parents, Marc Étienne de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau and Nathalie de Rochechouart, were in exile in England from the French revolution. 
The family returned to France. In 1810, Charles entered the French Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He became an officer of carabiniers two years later, during the campaign against Russia. He was nominated senator. He was elected Councillor-General of the Meurthe in 1854.
Marriages and children.
On 9 June 1815, Charles married Lucie Virginie de Choiseul (1794-1834). They had the following children: 
On 2 April 1839, Charles married Eugénie "Ludmille" Alexandrine Joséphine Komar (1820-1881). They had the following children:

= = = Battle of Atlanta = = =
The Battle of Atlanta (22 July 1864) was a major battle of the American Civil War. The battle was part of the Atlanta Campaign directed by Union Army general William Tecumseh Sherman. The city of Atlanta was a major supply center, railroad hub and symbol of the Confederate States of America. Its loss proved to be a major blow to the Confederacy and led to the end of the Civil war.
Background.
Military.
The war had been going on for three years when Ulysses S. Grant was given overall command of the Union Army. While a much smaller army, the Confederates had been moving their forces to battle whichever Union army was active at the time. By doing this, they had won most of the battles. Grant decided to coordinate his armies and defeat the confederates. His field armies would all engage the confederate field armies at the same time. This would pin down the smaller southern armies so the Union army could defeat them. Grant would personally lead the Army of the Potomac against Confederate general Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. He would try to capture the capital of the confederacy, Richmond. Sherman would move his combined armies against the Confederate Army of Tennessee led by General Joseph E. Johnston. One of Sherman's goals was to capture the South's second largest city, Atlanta. If successful, it would shorten the war.
Political.
By 1864 President Abraham Lincoln was in political trouble. When elected in 1860 Lincoln had won a majority of the Electoral College votes. But he only won 39.8% of the popular vote. He was probably the least popular president when he took office in 1861. Seven southern states had broken away and formed the Confederate States of America. On April 12, 1861, the Civil War began. The war had gone badly for the Union. Even though they had a much larger army, they had lost a number of battles. By 1864 Lincoln needed some victories if he wanted to be reelected that November. If successful, the Atlanta Campaign could guarantee Lincoln would remain president.
Atlanta campaign.
The Atlanta Campaign began on 6 May 1864. Sherman had over 100,000 men he divided into three field armies. Johnston's army was only about half the size of the Union army facing him. Sherman used his larger army in a series of battles to push Johnston back. He used two of his armies facing Johnston's Army of Tennessee. The third army was used in flanking maneuvers. Finally, Johnston retreated into Atlanta on July 9–10. Johnston's strategy had been to "trade space for men and time". He would not commit his army to a major battle but delayed and harassed Sherman every chance he got. It took Sherman 72 days to march his armies only 100 miles. Johnston's plan was to slow down and wear out the Union army and make them tired of fighting. But Jefferson Davis, the Confederate president, dismissed Johnston for not stopping the Union army. He gave command to John B. Hood, Johnston's second in command.
The battle.
When Hood took over command of the Army of Tennessee, Sherman was only five miles from Atlanta. Hood was the most aggressive general the confederacy had. He intended to defend Atlanta. On July 20 Hood's army attacked Union general George Henry Thomas's Army of the Cumberland. John Schofield's Army of the Ohio and James B. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee were both moving around the Confederate right and could not help Thomas. But Thomas's army stood fast. The Confederates withdrew after losing 2,500 killed or wounded. Hood next attacked on 22 July. He threw his entire force against McPherson's Army of the Tennessee on Sherman's left flank. The battle started about noon and lasted until midnight.
During the fighting general Dodge (the author) could see a gap in the Union lines. He sent messengers to warn the commanders to move to close the gap or the Confederates would break through. Apparently General McPherson saw the same gap. He rode out with a staff officer to close the gap. He came upon confederate skirmishers who ordered him to surrender. He turned and spurred his horse to escape, but was shot and killed. At one point the Union line broke. But cannon fire from Schofield's Army of the Ohio and a counterattack drove the Confederates back. Hood lost about 8,000 (killed, wounded and missing) to 3,722 Union losses. After the battle Hood fell back to defend Atlanta. He had little to show for his attacks except a high casualty rate the Confederates could not afford.
Sherman set up his cannon and began a bombardment of Atlanta that would last a month. Then Sherman withdrew his armies leaving only a small force. As intended, Hood's army followed them to Jonesboro, Georgia. Sherman's army destroyed the railway tracks back to Atlanta. The Battle of Jonesborough lasted two days and ended on 1 September. After taking more heavy casualties, what was left of Hood's army burned their supplies and ammunition and left Atlanta. Sherman then took Atlanta. This was a major loss for the confederacy. It almost guaranteed Lincoln's reelection. The Battle of Atlanta marked the halfway point in the Atlanta campaign.

= = = Hyperthermia = = =
Hyperthermia is a high body temperature. It happens when a person is not able to control their body temperature. This can happen for many reasons, like very hot weather, fever, and some medicines or illegal drugs.
Doctors define hyperthermia as a body temperature that is over 101 degrees Fahrenheit (equal to 38.3 degrees Celsius). This is higher than the average human body temperature, which is normally around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). When a person gets hyperthermia, they can have "heat-related injuries", where the high body temperature hurts the body.
There are three forms of heat-related injuries caused by hyperthermia: heat cramps (the least serious), heat exhaustion, and heat stroke (the most serious).
Causes of hyperthermia.
All types of hyperthermia can be caused by the same things. Some common causes are:
Other things that make a person more likely to get hyperthermia, especially if they are exercising or working, include:
Heat cramps.
Heat cramps are the least serious form of hyperthermia. (A "cramp" is a sharp pain caused by a muscle getting tighter and shorter.)
Symptoms.
The major symptoms of heat cramps are:
Treatment.
People with heat cramps usually do not need medical treatment. The best treatments for heat cramps are:
Heat exhaustion.
Heat exhaustion is more serious than heat cramps. If affects the whole body instead of just certain muscles, like heat cramps.
Symptoms.
Symptoms of heat exhaustion may include:
Treatment.
People with heat exhaustion may need medical treatment.
First aid for people with heat exhaustion includes:
If a person with heat exhaustion gets medical treatment, EMTs or doctors may:
Heat stroke.
Heat stroke is a medical emergency. If it is not treated quickly enough, it causes brain damage and death. It is one of the most common causes of death in sports that can be prevented.
Heat stroke happens when a person gets so hot that their body cannot do anything to bring their temperature down. The body has tried every strategy it has to cool itself down. But the body is so hot that none of those strategies work any more. This causes the body temperature to rise very quickly. The body gets so hot inside that its tissues, especially the brain, get damaged. Usually, people with heat stroke have a body temperature of 104 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. The brain cannot survive for long at these temperatures. Heat stroke can very quickly cause damage to the brain, heart, kidneys, and muscles.
Symptoms.
Early symptoms.
Often, the first signs of heat stroke are:
Late symptoms.
As heat stroke gets worse, symptoms that can kill the person start to appear. For example:
Treatment.
People with heat stroke always need emergency medical treatment as soon as possible. If a person might have heat stroke, 9-1-1 or another emergency telephone number should be called right away. The emergency medical dispatcher can explain what to do to help the person until an ambulance gets there.
Once the person with heat stroke gets to an ambulance or a hospital, treatments for heat stroke may include:
Prognosis.
The prognosis for people with heat stroke depends on how high their body temperature got, how quickly their body temperature increased, and how quickly they got treatment.
Up to 80% of people who do not get treatment for heat stroke right away die. But cooling people with heat stroke down right away, and getting them treatment very quickly, can change this so that only 10% die. But some people who survive have brain damage or other health problems caused by their heat stroke.

= = = Samsung Galaxy = = =
Samsung Galaxy is a series of mobile devices made by Samsung. Most of them are smartphones and tablet computers that run Android, an operating system made by Google. New models come out every year.
The first Samsung Galaxy phone came out in June 2009. There are many different models of phones. Each of them is different, such as in the size of their screens or what features it has, but the best of them is the Galaxy S series. The most recent Galaxy S phones are the Samsung Galaxy S23, S23+ and S23 Ultra, which were all released in February 2023. Of the other Galaxy phones, the now-discontinued Galaxy Note series has a bigger screen and a stylus pen. The most recent of these, the Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra, were both released in August 2020.
The first Samsung Galaxy Tab came out in September 2010. The most recent are the Galaxy Tab S9, which all announced in August 2023. Like the phones, there are different models of Galaxy tablets, which can have screen sizes from 8 inches all the way up to 16 inches. Some models have keyboards that plug into the device to make it easier to type, while others have a stylus, like the Galaxy Note phones. Also, although most of the Galaxy tablets use Android, some of the newer ones, such as the Galaxy TabPro S, use Windows 10 instead.
Samsung also made smartwatches under the Galaxy brand. The first of these was the Galaxy Gear, which came out in September 2013. The company has since made some new models, including the Galaxy Gear Live in June 2014, but later ones are branded as Samsung Galaxy Watch and Samsung Galaxy Active. The most recent is the Galaxy Watch 6.
Besides their own products, Samsung also made the Nexus S and Galaxy Nexus phones, and the Nexus 10 tablet. These are all part of Google's own Nexus series of phones. Unlike Samsung's own phones, they have no extra mobile apps added or changes made to the user interface.

= = = Sucker Punch (movie) = = =
Sucker Punch is a 2011 fantasy and action movie. It is about a young woman put in a mental institution. She plans to escape the hospital. Emily Browning plays Babydoll. Jena Malone plays Rocket. Abbie Cornish plays Sweet Pea.
This movie was released on March 25, 2011. It had a PG-13 rating. 

= = = Supply depot = = =
A Supply depot is a type of military installation used to store military supplies. They are usually near the front lines so they can provide supplies to their military units. Supply depots store and distribute the equipment and supplies a military needs to operate. These are often kept in buildings called warehouses. Modern supply depots do not typically store ammunition. Because of the dangers of storing live ammunition and explosives they are kept separate in an ammunition dump. Supply depots are usually run by a logistics officer. He or she is responsible for getting supplies to units who need them when they need them. Supply depots are often the targets of enemy raids. By destroying an enemy's supplies, it hurts their ability to fight.

= = = Cyclone Hudhud = = =
Cyclone Hudhud was a very severe cyclonic storm. The storm originated in the northern Indian Ocean. The cyclone killed over 100 people across India. Its winds were near 130 mph. It struck in October 2014.
The cyclone caused $11 billion (USD) in damage.

= = = Kerrin Petty = = =
Kerrin Petty-Nilsson, born 6 January 1970 in Townsend, Vermont, USA, is a US-Swedish cross-country skier. She represented the USA during the 1994 Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer and in Nagano in 1998. She won the 1998 women's main compeition of Vasaloppet. She also won the unofficial women's compeitions in 1994 and 1996.
In 1996, she won the Swedish women's 30 kilometers national championship.
Petty-Nilsson now works as an environment and health-protection inspector of Forshaga Municipality. 

= = = Laila Kveli = = =
Laila Kveli, born 22 October 1987 in Trondheim in Norway, is a Norwegian cross-country skier. She ended up second in the women's main compeition of Vasaloppet in 2012. She also won the same competition in 2013 and 2014.
Merits.
2012.
2nd place, Vasaloppet
2013.
1st place, Vasaloppet
2nd place, Marcialonga
= = = Anastassia Zoubkova = = =
Anastassia Zoubkova is a Russian water polo player. She was part of the Russian women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships and 2004 Summer Olympics.

= = = Monica Vaillant = = =
Monica Vaillant (born 16 December 1967 in Rome) is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships, 1998 World Aquatics Championships, and 2001 World Aquatics Championships.
She was a member of Racing Roma when they won the Women's LEN Trophy in 2006-2007, and 2007-2008.
She was assistant coach of the Women's Water Polo National Team at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

= = = Gabriella Sciolti = = =
Gabriella Sciolti is an Italian water polo player. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played for the 2001 World Aquatics Championships. and 2001 Women's European Water Polo Championship.

= = = Paola Sabbatini = = =
Paola Sabbatini is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships and 2001 World Aquatics Championships.
She was a member of the Italian team at the 2015 FINA World Masters Championship.

= = = Anne Klein Women's Prize = = =
Anne Klein Women's Prize is an award in order to celebrate the memory of Anne Klein. The Heinrich Böll Foundation started the award in 2012, and gives annual prize to women committed to gender democracy.

= = = Clicker Heroes = = =
Clicker Heroes is a free-to-play video game. Playsaurus made it. It is an idle game.
"Clicker Heroes" is a spinoff of the Playsaurus game "Cloudstone".
"Clicker Heroes" was released in 2014 for web browsers. It was also released for phones in 2015. In 2017, it was released for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 gaming consoles. 
Gameplay.
Players play "Clicker Heroes" by clicking on creatures (known as “monsters”) to kill them. Monsters give gold when the player kills them. Players can use gold to buy heroes. These automatically kill monsters. "Clicker Heroes" works without the need for the player to do anything.
Release.
"Clicker Heroes" was released on the gaming website Kongregate in August 2014. It was also released on Armor Games in September 2014. 
"Clicker Heroes" was released onto the Steam platform in May 2015 for Microsoft Windows and OS X. On August 20, 2015, it was also released for iOS and Android.
Reception.
Critics quite liked "Clicker Heroes". Nathan Grayson of "Kotaku" called it “[a] perfect office space distraction”. Christian Donlan, a writer for "Eurogamer", said that the game was his “office secret” and that it was very addictive. Sammy Barker of "Push Square" gave "Clicker Heroes" a score of 5/10.
Because "Clicker Heroes" was well-liked on Steam, there are now many other idle games on that platform.
Second game.
Playsaurus made a second "Clicker Heroes" game called "Clicker Heroes 2". Unlike the first "Clicker Heroes", "Clicker Heroes 2" is not free-to-play.
Legal issues.
"Clicker Heroes" was removed for a short time from the Apple App Store in May 2019. This was because a Chinese company made a clone of "Clicker Heroes." They then asked Apple to take the original version of the game off the app store.

= = = Decode Entertainment = = =
Decode Entertainment was a Canadian production company company. It was founded by Steven DeNure, Neil Court and John Delmage in 1997, and produced kids shows (animated and live action).
In 2006, Decode Entertainment merged with Halifax Film Company; the result of that merger was the company DHX Media.
Decode then became a subsidiary company of DHX, gaining distribution rights to Halifax Film shows in the process. In 2010, all DHX companies including Decode were all rebranded under the DHX name, with distribution transferred to DHX proper.
In 2011, DHX Media ceased producing content at the ex-Decode offices. DHX acquired Epitome Pictures in 2014, which assumed the name of DHX Studios in 2016, but this company had no relation outside the name.

= = = Kristina Hänel = = =
Kristina Gisela Hänel (born August 5, 1956 ) is a German doctor in general medicine and emergency medicine. In 2018, she won the Clara Zetkin women's award. In 2019, she won the Anne Klein Women's Prize.
She was practicing in Gießen and gained national fame, when she was charged with advertising for the termination of pregnancy ( Section 219a of the Criminal Code ) and fined. She appealed to the higher court, and in July 2019 (Az .: 1 Ss 15/19) , the conviction was referred back to the Gießen district court, which has to renegotiate the case with a view to the amendment to Section 219a of the Criminal Code passed in March 2019.

= = = Stephen Berry = = =
Stephen William Berry is an American historian, and Greg Gregory Professor of the Civil War Era at the University of Georgia. He was a fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies.
Life.
He studied at University of North Carolina. He taught at University of North Carolina at Pembroke. He is co-director of the Center for Virtual History.

= = = Samlakki tree frog = = =
The Samlakki tree frog ("Litoria capitula") is a frog from Indonesia. It has been found on one large island.

= = = Aad van den Heuvel = = =
Aad van den Heuvel (28 June 1935 – 10 June 2020) was a Dutch journalist, presenter and writer. He was born in Rotterdam. In 1997 he was the main presenter for the KRO television program "De Nieuwsgier". As a radio presenter Van den Heuvel presented "Blik op morgen" and "Op de valreep".
After 1973, Van den Heuvel started a few television programs like "J.C.J. van Speykshow", "Cursief" and "Alles is Anders-show", followed by "De Ver van mijn Bed-show" and "KRO Middageditie".
Heuvel died on 10 June 2020 in Rotterdam, aged 84. 
References.
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= = = Patrick Poivey = = =
Patrick Poivey (18 February 1948 – 16 June 2020) was a French actor. He was known for being a voice actor, having dubbed Bruce Willis's movies from 1988 until his death. He was born in Paris. His best known non-dubbing roles were in "Loulou" (1980) and in "" (2014).
Poivey died on 16 June 2020 from a stroke in Paris, aged 72.

= = = John G. Richardson = = =
John G. Richardson (June 29, 1957 – June 16, 2020) was an American politician. He was a Democrat. He was Maine's Commissioner of Economic and Community Development and the Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives from 2004 to 2006. He was a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 1998 to 2006. 
Richardson unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maine in 2010. He was born in Washington, D.C..
Richardson died on June 16, 2020 from a heart attack in Brunswick, Maine at the age of 62.

= = = Brunswick, Maine = = =
Brunswick is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The population was 21,756 at the 2020 United States Census.

= = = Cristina Consoli = = =
Cristina Consoli is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships, 1998 World Aquatics Championships, and 2001 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Daria Starace = = =
Daria Starace is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1995 Women's European Water Polo Championship and 2006 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup.
She played for Waterpolo Messina.

= = = Eleonora Gay = = =
Eleonora Gay is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships, 2006 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Silvia Avegno = = =
Silvia Avegno (born 15 June 1997 in Genoa) is an Italian water polo player. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
She played for Rapallo Pallanuoto.

= = = Sharan Wheelock = = =
Sharan Wheelock is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1998 World Aquatics Championships, 1991 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 1995 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, and 1997 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup.

= = = Andrew Ryan (BioShock) = = =
Andrew Ryan is a fictional character and an important villain from the video game "BioShock." He is the creator of Rapture, the city where "BioShock" takes place. He is based on the real-life author Ayn Rand. Like Ayn Rand, Andrew Ryan is an atheist and an objectivist. Objectivism is the belief that everything people do should only be done if it helps their own self-interest. Andrew Ryan hates people whom he calls "parasites", or people who take away the money or the goods that other people worked hard to make.
Biography.
Andrew Ryan was born as Andrei Rayanovskiy in the Russian Empire. He was a boy when the Russian Revolution happened. After the revolution, the Bolsheviks took away his family business and killed his family. This made him hate communism because he believed that it was a government and economic system made by "parasites". 
A few years after the revolution, he fled to America. He really liked capitalism because it was an economic system where people could keep the money and goods they worked for. However, during the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a lot of government programs to help poor people. Andrew Ryan hated this because he did not like that people would be forced to give away money and goods to poor people who did not work for it.
During the New Deal, Andrew Ryan felt that there was no good place on Earth where people could keep all the money and goods they worked hard for. Since he could not find such a place, he decided to make such a place himself. In 1946, he began building the underwater city of Rapture. In 1951, the city was completed. Andrew Ryan looked for smart and talented people who did not like the governments or religions on the surface and allowed them to live in Rapture. People came to Rapture because Andrew Ryan made it to be a place where people could do or become anything they wanted if they worked hard for it. 
At first, Rapture developed very quickly because there were many smart scientists who could do any research they wanted. However, after a few years the wealth gap between rich and poor became very wide. This allowed Frank Fontaine to help the poor so that he could begin to control Rapture. Afraid that Fontaine was become too powerful, Ryan took away many rights the people of Rapture had before and became a dictator. By doing this, Andrew Ryan betrayed the same values he built Rapture on. Later, there was a civil war between the rich people (who supported Ryan) and the poor (who supported Fontaine). After the war, Rapture became too dangerous to live in. As a result, most people who could do so left Rapture and returned to the surface world.
Before the civil war, Andrew Ryan had sex with a prostitute named Jasmine Jolene and she became pregnant with a son. Since she needed money, she sold the embryo of her son to Fontaine. Fontaine hired scientists Yi Suchong and Brigid Tenenbaum to experiment on the child, Jack, so that he could learn and grow into a fully-capable adult in less than four years. They also programmed him to obey certain commands without him knowing it. Specifically, he would obey any command he hears if he also hears the phrase "would you kindly". Suchong and Tenenbaum also gave him false memories so that he would never learn of his true purpose, to kill Andrew Ryan.
In 1960, while Jack was sitting on a plane flying over the Atlantic Ocean, he reads a letter that he thought was written by his parents. Actually, they were instructions for him to steal the plane and crash it just outside Rapture. He obeyed the instructions because the phrase "would you kindly" was written on it. Not knowing what happened, Jack though the plane crashed. After the plane crashed, Jack would swim to a nearby lighthouse. This lighthouse happened to be the entrance for Rapture.
After Jack arrives in Rapture, Fontaine, pretending to be an Irishman named Atlas, tells Jack he can help him if Jack helps Atlas rescue his wife and son (which he does not really have). After Ryan blows up the submarine that Atlas said his wife and son were on, he tells Jack to get revenge on Ryan by killing him.
At first Ryan thought that Jack was a CIA or KGB agent sent to destroy Rapture. However, right when Jack was outside Ryan's office, Ryan realizes that Jack is his son and he chooses not to hurt or attack Jack. When Jack waits outside Ryan's office, Ryan tells Jack that he was being controlled by Atlas his whole life so Jack could kill Ryan. Ryan gives Jack his golf club and commands Jack to kill him. Jack could not refuse to kill Ryan because Ryan said the phrase, "would you kindly." Ryan did this to show that he was a man and Jack was a slave, because "a man chooses, a slave obeys".

= = = Half a Loaf of Kung Fu = = =
Half a Loaf of Kung Fu () is a 1978 Hong Kong Taiwanese action comedy movie directed by Chen Chi-hwa and starring Jackie Chan, Dean Shek, Wu Ma, James Tien, Doris Lung, Ma Ju-lung.

= = = Debbie Handley = = =
Debbie Handley Cummins is an Australian water polo player. She was elected to the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.
She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Home from the Hill (movie) = = =
Home from the Hill is a 1960 American drama movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and based on the 1958 novel of the same name by William Humphrey. It stars Robert Mitchum, Eleanor Parker, George Peppard, George Hamilton, Everett Sloane, Luana Patten and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Stephanie Neesham = = =
Stephanie Neesham is an Australian water polo player. She played for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1998 World Aquatics Championships.
She played for Melville Water Polo Club and Fremantle Marlins.

= = = Katie Finucane = = =
Katie Finucane is an Australian water polo player and coach. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 2007 Holiday Cup and 2007 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.
She graduated from Curtin University. She played for the Fremantle Marlins. She coached for the Fremantle Marlins.

= = = Jemma Dessauvagie = = =
Jemma Dessauvagie is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 2009 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Britt Herbots = = =
Britt Herbots (born 24 September 1999) is a Belgian volleyball player. She was a member of the Belgium women's national volleyball team.
Life.
She played at the 2015 Girls' Youth European Volleyball Championship, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, 2016 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2017 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, and 2019 Women's European Volleyball Championship.
At the club level, she played for Busto Arsizio.

= = = National Library of Azerbaijan = = =
The Mirza Fatali Akhundov National Library of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: "Mirzə Fətəli Axundov adına Azərbaycan Milli Kitabxanası") is the national library of Azerbaijan, located in Baku and founded in 1922. It is named after Mirza Fatali Akhundov, an Azerbaijani dramatist and philosopher. 
The library was founded by the government of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic in 1922. The library moved to its current location on May 23, 1923. The building was designed by Azerbaijani architect Mikayil Huseynov. Its facades has statues of various writers and poets: Nizami Ganjavi, Mahsati, Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Shota Rustaveli, Alexander Pushkin and several others. It was first known as the "General Library and State Book Storage of Azerbaijan". On July 11, 1939, the library got its present name.
The library includes 25 sections and 26 sectors. The library has approximately 4,513,000 publishing materials from books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings and manuscripts, including copies of all the newspapers published during the Soviet period.
The library, the only one of its kind in the country, has microfilm and photos of newspapers published in Azerbaijan before the Bolshevik Revolution.
The National Library of Azerbaijan is also the official and central repository of the country. It receives four copies of every new book and two copies of every magazine and newspaper published in Azerbaijan. 

= = = Mary Lake = = =
Mary Lake (born 16 September 1998) is an American volleyball player. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team.
Life.
She played at the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
She played for Brigham Young University's women's volleyball team.

= = = Haleigh Washington = = =
Haleigh Washington (born 22 September 1995) is an American volleyball player. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team.
Life.
She played at the 2018 Pan American Cup, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup.
She played for Pennsylvania State University's women's volleyball team.

= = = Dana Rettke = = =
Dana Rettke (born 21 January 1999) is an American volleyball player. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team.
Life.
She played at the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
She played for the University of Wisconsin's women's volleyball team.

= = = Vatanyar Yagyua = = =
Vatanyar Saidovich Yagya (18 September 1938 – 17 June 2020) was a Russian politician. He was born in Leningrad. He was a member of United Russia.
Career.
Yagyua was a member of the Leningrad city council from 1990 to 1993. He later became a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg from 1994 until his retirement in 2011.
He also worked at the Saint Petersburg State University as Head of the International Relations Department.
Yagyua died on 17 June 2002 in Saint Petersburg at the age of 81.

= = = Tariq Aziz (TV personality) = = =
Tariq Aziz (, 28 April 1936 – 17 June 2020) was a Pakistani actor, television show host and politician. He was known for his work on the PTV's Quiz Show Neelam Ghar, later renamed the "Tariq Aziz Show". He also was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan between 1997 and 1999. He was born in Jalandhar, then British India.
Aziz died on 17 June 2020 in Lahore after being hospitalized for a day, aged 84.

= = = Willie Thorne = = =
William Joseph Thorne (4 March 1954 – 17 June 2020) was an English professional snooker player. He won the 1985 Classic, his only ranking title. He lost 16–14 to Steve Davis in the final of the 1985 UK Championship. His nickname was "Mr Maximum." After retiring as a player, Thorne became a snooker commentator, working for the BBC. He was born in Leicester, England.
In March 2020, Thorne was diagnosed with leukaemia. On 16 June 2020, he was placed in an induced coma after suffering from respiratory failure. He died the next day at a hospital in Torrevieja, Spain, from sepsis caused by the cancer. He was 66.

= = = 2020 China–India skirmishes = = =
The 2020 China–India skirmishes are part of an ongoing military standoffs between China and India. Since 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops have reportedly engaged in aggressive actions, face-offs, and other kinds of intense military action at locations along the Sino-Indian border.
Hand-to-hand combat on 16 June 2020 resulted in the death of 20 Indian soldiers (including an officer), Indian media sources have so far claimed that at least 43 Chinese soldiers were either dead or injured (including the death of an officer) while US intelligence sources reportedly believe that 35 Chinese soldiers are dead, including a senior officer.
Incidents have taken place near the Pangong Lake in Ladakh and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim. In addition, face-offs are ongoing at locations in eastern Ladakh, along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) which was the result of the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
According to some reports, China captured 60 km2. of Indian-patrolled territory between May and June 2020. However, China has denied capturing any territory and both countries agreed to disengage by June 2020.
Between this clash, the Indian government hasn't admitted publicly to Indian citizens that Chinese PLA troops have trangressed their territory. On 6 August 2020 one such document was published in Ministry of Defense website of India claiming that the current clash is expected to be prolonged. This document was taken down by the official website.
According to S Jaishankar, the External Affairs Minister of India, the ongoing military standoff is a result of Beijing not following the existing agreements.

= = = Kaesong = = =
Kaesong ( , , ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea. It was the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea.
During the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, the city was known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, "Kaijō". Between 1945 and 1950, Kaesong was part of South Korea and under its control. 
The 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement left the city under North Korean control. Due to the city's close distance to the border with South Korea, Kaesong has hosted exchanges between the two countries as well as the jointly run Kaesong Industrial Region.
As of 2009, the city had a population of 192,578.
In 2019, a large portion of Kesong was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site called the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. The palaces, tombs, observatory, and other buildings in this site show the history of the Koryo Dynasty.

= = = Inter-Korean Liaison Office = = =
The Inter-Korean Liaison Office () was a joint office of North Korea and South Korea located in North Korea's Kaesong Industrial Region.
The building was a "de facto" embassy and gave a direct communication line for the two nations. 
It was headed by North Korean Representative Jon Jong-su, vice chairman of the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland and South Korean Representative Chun Hae-sung, vice minister of the Ministry of Unification.
The four-story office building was destroyed by North Korea on 16 June 2020. It had been empty since January due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

= = = Richard A. Falk = = =
Richard Anderson Falk (born November 13, 1930) is an American human rights activist, academic and writer. He was a professor of international law at Princeton University. He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes.
From 2008 to 2014, he was a United Nations special rapporteur on "the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967".
Falk was born in New York City. He is Jewish. He is married to Hilal Elver.

= = = "Litoria" castanea = = =
"Litoria" "castanea", also known as the yellow-spotted tree frog, New England swamp frog, tablelands bell frog or yellow-spotted bell frog is a frog from eastern Australia. People thought these frogs were extinct, but then scientists found some in 2009.
There used to be two groups of yellow-spotted bell frogs, one in the north on the New England Tableland and one in the south near Canberra. Some scientists said these should count as two different species of frogs. The northern frogs lived between 1000 and 1500 meters above sea level and the southern frogs lived between 700 and 800 meters above sea level. Both groups of frogs lived in permanent bodies of water, like swamps, lagoons, and the parts of rivers where the water flows slowly.
People thought these frogs all died from a fungus disease in the 1970s, but in 2009 some were found alive in the Southern Tablelands. At first, the scientists did not tell anyone where they found the frog. They were worried that frog fans would come to take photographs of them, try to catch them, or scare them away. The scientists took some of the frogs and tadpoles to the Taronga Zoo. The scientists left the other yellow-spotted tree frogs where they were. The person who owned the land where the frogs were living agreed to help protect them.
Sometime after that, the wild frogs all died. In 2018, scientists took some of the frogs they had raised at the Taronga Zoo and set them free in another part of the Southern Tablelands. The scientists asked any person who thought they'd heard the frogs to make a recording of their calls with their phones.
The largest yellow-spotted tree frogs are 8 cm long. They have yellow or white spots on their legs and bellies. Their feet are completely webbed. Their backs are green with bronze and black spots. Their voices sound like a car engine failing to start.
These frogs look for food at night and like to sit in the sun during the day. They lay their eggs on underwater plants. During the winter, these frogs hide under stones, logs, or plants.
The government of Australia has made programs to protect these frogs. They are in danger from feral cats that like to eat them and from a fungus that causes a disease called chytridiomycosis. Scientists think that invasive species of fish and more ultraviolet radiation may also be killing these frogs. Too much ultraviolet light can stop their eggs from hatching.
As of 2016, this frog is "incertae sedis". That means the scientists aren't sure what genus the species should be in. That is why they put quotation marks around the genus, in ""Litoria" castanea".

= = = Korean Unification Flag = = =
The Korean Unification Flag is a flag designed to represent all of Korea when North and South Korea participate as one team in sporting events.
Design.
The background is white. In the center there is a blue figure of the Korean Peninsula, including Jeju Island to the southwest, and Ulleungdo and the Liancourt Rocks to the east, added in 2003.
In the 2018 Winter Olympics, Ulleungdo and the Liancourt Rocks were not included in the flag.

= = = Stopper (plug) = = =
A stopper is a small object used to seal a container. They are generally used for bottles or test tubes. They are usually made of plastic, rubber, glass or cork. They are also known as bung, a plug or if made of cork, as a cork.

= = = Kelly T. Clements = = =
Kelly Tallman Clements is an American diplomat. She serves as the Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees at the . UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon named her to this job in June 2015.
Prior to joining UNHCR, Clements was a member of the and , with a long career at the U.S. Department of State. She served as Deputy Assistant Secretary at the Department of State's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) from 2010-2015. From 1993 to 1996, she served at the United States Permanent Mission to the United Nations. She was Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs from 1997 to 1998. She served as a Senior Emergency Officer for Europe, the Newly Independent States, and the Americas, and later as Balkans Assistance Coordinator. Clements was deployed to Albania in 1999, and then led PRM’s Office of Policy and Resource Planning, where she oversaw the Bureau’s strategic planning, policy development and financial resources to protect and assist refugees, conflict victims and vulnerable migrants worldwide. In 2014, Clements was Acting Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. 
Clements holds a B.A. in International Studies and an M.A. in Urban Affairs from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. She is married to Andrew Clements and has two children. She is a citizen of the United States and lives in Geneva, Switzerland. 

= = = Lakhta Center = = =
The Lakhta Center () is an 87-story skyscraper built in the Northwestern neighborhood of Lakhta, Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is tall and is the tallest building in Europe, the tallest building in Russia, and the 14th-tallest building in the world. 
On 24 December 2018, Lakhta Center was certified according to the criteria of ecological efficiency at LEED Platinum.
In August 2021, Gazprom, formerly headquartered in Moscow, completed its re-registration process in Saint Petersburg. The new address of the company is at the Lakhta Center Multifunctional Complex.
The centre is designed for large-scale mixed-use development, consisting of public facilities and offices. First designed by British architectural firm RMJM, the project was then continued by Gorproject (2011–2017) under the main contractor, Turkish company Rönesans Holding.
Other buildings.
In addition to the tower, the complex has other buildings. The multi-functional building (MFZ) has two buildings, North and South, which are united by a common foundation, stylobate and roof. The building resembles a boomerang. It has many storeys with a height difference from 7 to 17 floors, with the peak height being a little more than 80 meters. The structure is about 300 meters long. The complex also has a third building, which consists of two separate wings connected by a courtyard. The MFZ contains a planetarium, which has a holding capacity of 140 people.
Reception.
Lakhta Center received the Emporis Skyscraper Awards' "Skyscraper of the Year"-award in 2020. On May 20, 2021, the skyscraper won the facade engineering category award at the CTBUH Awards.The building also received 2 other Awards of Excellence that year: the structural engineering and geotechnical engineering awards. In October 2021, IFC Lakhta Center won the Grand Prix of Russia's largest engineering and architectural award 100 + Awards.

= = = Federation Tower = = =
The Federation Tower () is a skyscraper made up of two skyscrapers built on the 13th lot of the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow, Russia. The two skyscrapers are named Tower East or Vostok (Russian: ������; literally means "East") and Tower West or Zapad (Russian: �����; literally means "West").
The supertall skyscraper Tower East (Vostok) is currently the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe and Russia after Lakhta Center, and the 55th-tallest building in the world. Zapad is a shorter skyscraper than Vostok and is the 11th-tallest building in Russia. 

= = = Harmarville, Pennsylvania = = =
Harmarville is an unincorporated community located in Harmar Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.
Harmarville was settled by farmers and by immigrant coal miners who worked in the Harmar Mine (now closed).

= = = Harmar Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania = = =
Harmar Township is a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,133 at the 2020 census.

= = = Martina Sinigalia = = =
Martina Sinigalia (born 21 January 1995) is an Italian fencer. She won a gold medal in foil at the 2019 Summer Universiade.

= = = Martina Savioli = = =
Martina Savioli (born 6 September 1990 in Piove di Sacco) is an Italian water polo player. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships and 2015 Women's LEN Super Cup.

= = = Ranoidea chloris = = =
Ranoidea chloris, commonly known as the red-eyed tree frog or orange-eyed tree frog, is a frog from eastern Australia. It lives in forests, wetlands and sometimes cities.
Adult frogs look for food at night and spend most of their time in trees.
They lay their eggs in permanent or temporary bodies of water, so the tadpoles must grow into frogs quickly or they will die when their homes dry up. The tadpoles start out yellow but become green as they grow. Red-eyed tree frog tadpoles can jump out of the water to catch flying insects.

= = = Louis Lombardi = = =
Louis Lombardi Jr. (born January 17, 1968) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Edgar Stiles in the Fox series "24" and Skip Lipari in the HBO series "The Sopranos". His other television work includes "Fantasy Island", "Mob City", "Entourage", "Heroes" and "".
Lombardi's movie credits include "Beer League", "The Usual Suspects", "Natural Born Killers", "Suicide Kings", "Beverly Hills Cop III", "The Animal", "Spider-Man 2", "3000 Miles to Graceland", "The Crew", "The Hot Chick", "The Spirit", "Battleship" and "Jersey Boys". He also wrote, directed and starred in the movie "Dough Boys" (2008).
Lombardi was born in The Bronx, New York City.

= = = Joseph R. Gannascoli = = =
Joseph R. Gannascoli (born February 15, 1959) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Vito Spatafore in the HBO series "The Sopranos" from 2000 to 2006. His movie credits include "Money for Nothing" (1993), "Mickey Blue Eyes" (1999), "Men in Black 3" (2012) and "An Act of War" (2015).
Gannascoli was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He married Diana Benincasa in 2005.

= = = Sally Banes = = =
Sally Rachel Banes (October 9, 1950 – June 14, 2020) was an American dance historian, writer, and critic. She was born in Silver Spring, Maryland 
Career.
Banes first worked for the "Chicago Reader" starting in 1973. She was a dance critic for the "Village Voice", "SoHo Weekly News" and "Dance Magazine." 
She worked as an editor for the "Dance Research Journal" from 1982 to 1988.
Banes died on June 14, 2020 from ovarian cancer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of 69.

= = = Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania = = =
Gulph Mills is an unincorporated community in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
General George Washington's army encamped in the area for a week before leaving for winter quarters at Valley Forge. Washington used the area as an ammunition depot during the autumn of 1777. 

= = = Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania = = =
Upper Merion Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 33,613 at the 2020 U.S. Census. It is from Philadelphia.

= = = Marta Colaiocco = = =
Marta Colaiocco (born 24 February 1984) is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 2011 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.
She coached for Firenze Waterpolo.

= = = Laura Cox = = =
Laura Cox is an American water polo player. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team. She played at the 1979 FINA World Cup and 1981 World Games.
She played for University of California, Santa Barbara's women's water polo team.

= = = Anne Belden = = =
Anne Elizabeth Belden (born April 18, 1987 in Newport Beach, California) is an American water polo player. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team. She played at the 2010 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup.
She played for University of California, Los Angeles's women's water polo team.

= = = M20 motorway = = =
The M20 is a motorway in Kent, England. It connects Folkestone and Dover to the M25 and London. The motorway is important because Dover and Folkestone are where you can use a ferry, or a train through the Channel Tunnel, to get to France.

= = = Juliet Moss = = =
Juliet Moss is an American water polo player. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team. She played at the 2010 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup.
She played for San Jose State University's women's water polo team.

= = = Erika Lava = = =
Erika Lava is an Italian water polo player and coach. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 2003 European Waterpolo Championship, 2003 FINA World Championships, and 2004 FINA Women’s Water Polo Superfinal.

= = = Maggi Kelly = = =
Maggi Kelly is an American water polo player. She was a member of the United Kingdom women's national water polo team at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships. She was inducted in the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame.
She graduated from University of California, Berkeley, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Colorado University.

= = = M18 motorway (Great Britain) = = =
The M18 is a motorway in Yorkshire, England. It goes from the M1 near Rotherham, past Doncaster, to the M62 near Goole. It connects the M1 with the area around the Humber, such as Hull. It is about long.
Junctions.
Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. The location sequence is a continuation of the M1 location sequence.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Southbound"|Southbound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Northbound"|Northbound exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Coordinates

= = = Helltaker = = =
Helltaker is a freeware indie puzzle-adventure game with dating sim elements that was designed by Polish developer vanripper (real name Łukasz Piskorz), released on May 11, 2020 for Windows, macOS, Linux and SteamOS. It is described as "[a] short game about sharply dressed demon girls."
Plot.
One day, The Helltaker has a dream about making a harem of demon girls. When he wakes up, even though he knows Hell is a dangerous place, he decides to go to Hell, wanting to make a harem of demon girls in the real world.
Gameplay.
The player plays a series of puzzle stages, in which the player pushes stones and skeleton soldiers around a two-dimensional top-down grid, like in "Sokoban", while having a limited amount of turns, avoiding spike traps and collecting key items. After reaching the goal, the player reaches the demon girl of that stage, who will ask the player a question. The correct answer is based on her personality. If the player guesses the answer correctly, the demon girl becomes part of the player's demon harem. If the player guesses the answer incorrectly, a bad ending, such as death, will happen, taking the player back to the start of the stage.
The final boss level, which features the demon "Judgement, the High Prosecutor", includes phased bullet hell-like mechanics with chains across the screen.
Development.
Łukasz Piskorz, who is known on Twitter as "vanripper", developed the whole game by himself over about one year, and was the game's artistic director. According to him, Helltaker is like the "Leisure Suit Larry" video game series because the main characters of both games have similar features.
The game can be played for free, and an art book and the recipe for the pancakes that appear in the game are sold separately.
Although the video game is only officially available in English, Piskorz has supported the translations made by the community, explaining how to make them and making one in Polish himself.
Reception.
As of 7 June 2020, the game has 21,143 reviews on Steam, with an overall rating of "Overwhelmingly Positive".

= = = M8 motorway = = =
M8 motorway may mean:

= = = M9 motorway = = =
M9 motorway may mean:

= = = Arfak Mountain tree frog = = =
The Arfak Mountain tree frog ("Litoria chloronota") is a small frog from Indonesia. It lives in forests and wetlands.

= = = Irma Brander = = =
Irma Brander is a Dutch water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships, 1987 European Water Polo Championship, and 1989 European Water Polo Championship.

= = = Lynn Wittstock = = =
Lynn Wittstock is an American water polo player. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships. She was inducted in the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame.
She played for University of California, Berkeley's women's water polo team.

= = = Cook Partisan Voting Index = = =
The Cook Partisan Voting Index is the unit used to calculate how much a particular state or congressional district leans towards each political party.
By state.
All 50 states in the United States lean either towards the Democrats or Republicans. The most Democratic-leaning state, according to the CPVI, is Vermont, which is D+16 on the CPVI scale (meaning that, in a normal election, the Democratic candidate should start with an advantage of approximately 31 points over the Republican candidate there). On the other hand, the most Republican-leaning state, Wyoming, has a CPVI score of R+25, meaning that the Democrat will have a 51% edge against their Republican opponent in a neutral election.

= = = Sandy Vessey-Schneider = = =
Sandy Vessey-Schneider is an American water polo player. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships. She was inducted in the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame. 
She played for California State University, Long Beach's women's volleyball team.

= = = Mopatop's Shop = = =
Mopatop's Shop was a British animated television series that aired from 1999 to 2003 and becoming as a segment on CITV's Telly Tots for the last four seasons.

= = = Outland (movie) = = =
Outland is a 1981 British science fiction action movie directed by Peter Hyams and starring Sean Connery, Peter Boyle, Frances Sternhagen, James Sikking, Kika Markham, Steven Berkoff, John Ratzenberger, Sharon Duce, Angus MacInnes. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1982.

= = = Dinopaws = = =
Dinopaws is a British animated television series. It was broadcast from 7 February 2014 until 2016. The program was for children ages six to ten. The program had 52 episodes.
Episodes.
On 14 July 2017, 11 eleven or ten-minute episodes consists had use CGI animation.

= = = Johnny Dangerously = = =
Johnny Dangerously is a 1984 American crime comedy movie directed by Amy Heckerling and starring Michael Keaton, Joe Piscopo, Marilu Henner, Maureen Stapleton, Peter Boyle, Griffin Dunne, Dom DeLuise, and Danny DeVito. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Heart Like a Wheel (movie) = = =
Heart Like a Wheel is a 1983 American biographical romantic drama movie directed by Jonathan Kaplan and stars Bonnie Bedelia, Beau Bridges, Hoyt Axton, Leo Rossi, Anthony Edwards, Bill McKinney. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1984.

= = = Gorky Park = = =
Gorky Park is a 1983 American mystery thriller movie directed by Michael Apted and based on the 1981 novel of the same name by Martin Cruz Smith. It stars William Hurt, Lee Marvin, Joanna Pacula, Brian Dennehy, Ian McDiarmid, Michael Elphick, Richard Griffiths, Ian Brennan, Alexei Sayle and was distributed by Orion Pictures.

= = = For Sama = = =
For Sama ( "‘min ajl sama‘") is a 2019 Syrian American British documentary movie directed by and narrated by Waad Al-Kateab and Edward Watts. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2020.

= = = The Cave (2019 movie) = = =
The Cave () is a 2019 Syrian Danish documentary movie directed by Feras Fayyad. It was distributed by National Geographic and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2020.

= = = Veronica (1972 movie) = = =
Veronica is a 1972 Romanian musical movie directed by Elisabeta Bostan and starring Lulu Mihaescu, Margareta Pîslaru, Dem Radulescu. It was followed up by "Veronica se întoarce" in 1973.

= = = Loulou = = =
Loulou is a 1980 French erotic drama movie directed by Maurice Pialat and starring Gérard Depardieu, Isabelle Huppert, Patrick Poivey, Xavier Saint-Macary, Guy Marchand, Humbert Balsan. It was distributed by New Yorker Films.

= = = Amber Drury = = =
Amber Drury-Pinto is an American water polo player, coach, and referee. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships and 1994 World Aquatics Championships. She was inducted in the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame.
She played for the combined women's water polo team of Pomona College and Pitzer College. She coached at Long Beach City College, University of Michigan, University of California, Berkeley, and the Junior national team.
She refereed at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2015 Summer Universiade, 2017 Summer Universiade, 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, and 2019 Pan American Games. She was named NCAA water polo national coordinator of officials.

= = = A Blueprint for Murder = = =
A Blueprint for Murder is a 1953 American crime thriller movie directed by Andrew L. Stone and starring Joseph Cotten, Jean Peters, Gary Merrill, Catherine McLeod, Barney Phillips, Jack Kruschen. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = The Snow Queen (1957 movie) = = =
The Snow Queen (, Snezhnaya koroleva) is a 1957 Russian American animated fantasy movie directed by Lev Atamanov and based on the 1844 story by Hans Christian Andersen. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Lynn Comer Kachmarik = = =
Lynn Wittstock is an American water polo player and coach. She was a member of the United States women's national water polo team at the 1980 World Aquatic Championships, 1984 World Aquatic Championships, and 1988 World Aquatic Championships. She was inducted in the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame.
She played for Slippery Rock University's women's water polo team. She coached at Saint Mary's College and Bucknell University. 

= = = Blue Mountains tree frog = = =
The Blue Mountains tree frog ("Litoria citropa") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in New South Wales and Victoria.
These frogs can be 7 cm long. They are dark brown and light brown with a dark stripe over the eye going down the body. Parts of the legs and middle are bright orange. They have bright green patches of skin on their bodies.
They live in rocky streams in thick forests. They like streams with large numbers of plants in them.
They lay eggs 600-950 at a time in pools with slow-moving water. The eggs sink to the bottoms of the pools and stick to the rocks.

= = = Kylie English = = =
Kylie Podmore English is an Australian water polo player. She was a member of the Australian women's national water polo team with 100 caps. She played at the 1995 Women's World Cup and 1998 World Aquatics Championships. 
She played for Bunbury Water Polo Club.

= = = Timothy Yu = = =
Timothy Yu is an American poet. He is associate professor of English and Asian American Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. 
He graduated from Harvard University and Stanford University. His essays appeared in "The New Republic". He organized a petition about the University of Wisconsin system president search.

= = = Diego (tortoise) = = =
Diego is a giant tortoise from Hood Island (= Española Island). He was used to restock a Galapagos island with more giant tortoises.
It is likely he was hatched on Hood in the Galápagos before 1920. He was captured as a young adult and sent to the United States to be shown at zoos. By the late 1940s he was at San Diego Zoo in California. A captive breeding effort was set up in 1976 for the Hood Island tortoises.
At the time only 15 were known to be alive. Diego was sent to Santa Cruz Island to join the project. Diego had more than 900 offspring who were released on Española. These helped increase the number in the wild to more than 2,000. The breeding project ended in January 2020. Diego was then released into the wild in June 2020.

= = = John Bredenkamp = = =
John Arnold Bredenkamp (11 August 1940 – 18 June 2020) was a Zimbabwean businessman and rugby union player. He founded the Casalee Group. He died on 18 June 2020 from kidney failure at the age of 79.

= = = Albert Vitali = = =
Albert Vitali (26 June 1955 – 12 June 2020) was a Swiss FDP politician. He was born in Oberkirch, Switzerland. From 2011 until his death, National Council. Before from 1995 to 2011, he was a member of the Lucerne parliament.
Vitali died on 12 June 2020 from cancer, aged 64.

= = = György Kárpáti = = =
György Kárpáti (June 23, 1935 – June 17, 2020) was a Hungarian water polo player. He won gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics, 1956 Summer Olympics, 1960 Summer Olympics, and 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in Budapest. He was part of the men's national water polo team.
Kárpáti died on June 17, 2020 in Budapest at the age of 84.

= = = Marlene Ahrens = = =
Marlene Ahrens Ostertag (July 27, 1933 – June 17, 2020) was a Chilean athlete. She won the silver medal in Javelin throw at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne with a distance of 50.38 metres. She was the mother of the journalist Karin Ebensperger. She was born in Concepción, Chile.
Ahrens died on June 17, 2020 in Santiago de Chile from heart failure, aged 87.

= = = Petr Král = = =
Petr Král (September 4, 1941 – June 17, 2020) was a Czech writer. He was born in Prague. From 1990 to 1991 he was a cultural counsellor at the Czech embassy in Paris. He translated from and into French (mainly modern poetry). He edited many anthologies. 
Král died on June 17, 2020 at the age of 78.

= = = Fabrice Philipot = = =
Fabrice Philipot (24 September 1965 – 17 June 2020) was a French road bicycle racer. He won as a young rider classification in the 1989 Tour de France. He came in second at the 1989 Liège-Bastogne-Liège. 
In the 1990 Tour de France he was the highest placed rider on his team finishing in 14th overall. He also rode in support of Miguel Indurain during the 1991 Tour de France.
Philipot died on 17 June 2020 in Semur-en-Auxois, France at the age of 54. 

= = = Tibor Benedek = = =
Tibor Benedek (12 July 1972 – 18 June 2020) was a Hungarian water polo player. He played on the gold medal squads at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. Benedek also competed at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics, where the Hungarian team placed 6th and 4th. He was a member of team Domino-Honvéd.
Benedek was the head coach of Hungary men's national water polo team between 2013 and 2016.
Benedek was born in Budapest. He died on 18 June 2020 from pancreatic cancer in Budapest, aged 47.

= = = Sachy (writer) = = =
K. R. Sachidanandan (1972 – 18 June 2020), professionally credited as Sachy, was an Indian screenwriter, director, movie producer, author, poet, and theatre artist. He was known for his work in the Malayalam movie industry. 
He co-wrote movies with Sethu as a writer. They wrote the screenplay for "Chocolate" (2007), "Robinhood" (2009), "Makeup Man" (2011) and "Seniors" (2012). 
In his solo career as a screenwriter, he wrote "Run Baby Run" and his directorial debut with "Anarkali" (2015).
Sachy died of cardiac arrest in Thrissur, Kerala on 18 June 2020 at the age of 48.

= = = Roméo Dallaire = = =
Lieutenant-General The Honourable Roméo Antonius Dallaire, (born June 25, 1946) is a Canadian humanitarian, author, and statesman. He was a senator from Quebec between 2005 to 2014.
A general, Dallaire was Force Commander of UNAMIR between 1993 and 1994.

= = = We'll Meet Again = = =
"We'll Meet Again", also called "We'll Be Together Again", is a 1939 British song. It was made famous during World War II by singer Vera Lynn. The song was written by the English songwriters Ross Parker and Hughie Charles. The song was published under the label Michael Ross Limited.
The song's first recording had Lynn with Arthur Young on Novachord. A second recording in 1953 had Lynn with many instruments and a choir of British Armed Forces members in the background.
The song gave its name to a 1943 movie of the same name. Lynn starred in the movie as the lead role.

= = = Novachord = = =
The Novachord is what many people say is the first polyphonic synthesizer. It is completely electronic. It was designed by John M. Hanert, Laurens Hammond and C. N. Williams. It was then made by the Hammond company. Only 1,069 Novachords were made between 1939 and 1942.

= = = Loris Darvill = = =
Lorraine Darvill is an Australian water polo player. She was a member of the Australian national water polo team with 89 caps. She played at the 1995 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup. 

= = = M23 motorway = = =
The M23 is a motorway in Surrey and West Sussex, in England. It goes from the M25 near London to Crawley. The A23 goes on to connect it to Brighton. It also goes past Gatwick Airport. The motorway is about long. Most of the road has 4 lanes in each direction, some has three lanes.
Junctions.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Northbound"|Northbound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Southbound"|Southbound exits (A carriageway)

= = = Tímea Benkô = = =
Tímea Benkô is a Hungarian water polo player. She was a member of the Hungarian women's national water polo team. She played at the 2002 Water Polo World Cup, 2005 World Aquatics Championships, and 2007 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = M26 motorway = = =
The M26 is a short motorway in Kent, England. It links the M25 with the M20 for clockwise traffic near Sevenoaks. It is about long.
Junctions.
! miles
! km
! Westbound exits (B carriageway)
! Junction
! Eastbound exits (A carriageway)
! Coordinates

= = = M27 motorway = = =
The M27 is a motorway in Hampshire, England. The main reason it was built was to link the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth. It is not yet finished, and more of it to the east has not been built yet.
Junctions.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Westbound"|Westbound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Eastbound"|Eastbound exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Coordinates

= = = Mariëtte Koehorst = = =
Mariëtte Koehorst is a Dutch water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 1999 FINA World Cup. 
She played for the De Hof club.

= = = M32 motorway = = =
The M32 is a short motorway in Bristol and Gloucestershire, England. It links Bristol to the M4. It is one of the shortest motorways in the UK, at long.
Junctions.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Northbound"|Northbound exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Southbound"|Southbound exits (B carriageway)

= = = M45 motorway = = =
The M45 is a motorway in the West Midlands, England. It links the M1 with the A45 south of Rugby. The A45 then goes on into Coventry, Solihull, and Birmingham. The motorway is about long. It is not very busy, mostly because many people use the M6 instead.
Junctions.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Westbound"|Northbound exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Eastbound"|Southbound exits (B carriageway)

= = = Idle game = = =
Idle games (also known as clicker games) are a type of video game. They are played by doing simple things such as clicking on the screen to get in-game money. One popular idle game is "Clicker Heroes".
In some idle games, even the clicking is no longer needed after some time, as the game plays itself.

= = = M48 motorway = = =
The M48 is a motorway in the United Kingdom. It links Gloucestershire, England with Monmouthshire, Wales over the Severn Bridge. The motorway is long.
Junctions.
! mile
! Eastbound exits (B carriageway)
! Junction
! Westbound exits (A carriageway)

= = = Genetic fallacy = = =
A genetic fallacy is a kind of fallacy where something or someone is judged by its past or its origin rather than what it is in the present. An example of genetic fallacy is the argument, "people who own Volkswagens are evil because Volkswagen is a car company that was created by the Nazi Party." Just because the Nazi Party did create Volkswagen does not mean the Volkswagen Group today (or even people that buy Volkswagen cars) support or promote the ideas or values of Nazism.

= = = Slippery slope = = =
The slippery slope argument is an argument that a small step "will" or "must" lead to a certain chain of events. The hypothetical chain of events leads to a significant (usually negative) result. So unintended consequences follow the first step in the chain of events. 
An example of this is the domino effect theory. During the Vietnam War, many people in the United States believed that if Vietnam were to unite and become communist, then the rest of Southeast Asia would eventually become communist too, unless the United States got involved in actively stopping communism.
A slippery slope argument can also be a slippery slope fallacy. Fallacies are statements that sound reasonable but are actually logically flawed or sometimes even dishonest. Whether or not a slippery slope argument is a fallacy depends on whether it becomes true "necessarily" or just in practice. In many cases it just acts as a warning, and readers have to use common sense as to its truth value. So, strictly speaking, these are fallacies only in the sense that they pretend certain consequences will follow, when in reality the consequences merely may follow.
A more specific example is the argument that:
If any of the steps is unsound, then the whole argument is unsound. Step number 3 "may or may not" be true, but since the argument says step number 3 "will" happen, the whole argument is not sound.

= = = Fallacy of composition = = =
A fallacy of composition is a fallacy where on believes that if something is true for part of something else, then it must be true for the whole. For example, if sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are dangerous for humans, then table salt (NaCl) must also be dangerous for humans.

= = = Fallacy of division = = =
The fallacy of division is a fallacy where someone believes that is something is true for the whole, then it must be true for the parts of the whole as well. For example, if a basketball team is very good, then all the players on the team must be good. The opposite of this is the fallacy of composition.

= = = M49 motorway = = =
The M49 is a short motorway near Bristol, England. It links the M5 south of Bristol with the M4 at the Second Severn Crossing bridge. It is mainly used by traffic on the M5 travelling north who want to use the bridge into Wales. You can only get to the motorway from other motorways. There is one junction that has been built, but there are no links to nearby roads and therefore the junction is not open to the public.
Junctions.
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="North-west bound"|North-west bound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="South-east bound"|South-east bound exits (A carriageway)

= = = Karen E. Bender = = =
Karen E. Bender is an American novelist. She won a 1997 Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award. She was a finalist for the 2015 National Book Award.
Life.
She graduated from University of California, Los Angeles, and University of Iowa.
She has taught at Hollins University, University of Iowa, Tunghai University, Warren Wilson College, Chatham University, and the University of North Carolina, Wilmington.
Her work has appeared in "Granta", "Narrative Magazine", "Ploughshares", "Harvard Review", and "Guernica".

= = = M53 motorway = = =
The M53, or Mid-Wirral Motorway, is a motorway in North West England. It connects the A55 near Chester with the Kingsway Tunnel by Liverpool. The motorway is about long.

= = = M50 motorway = = =
M50 motorway may mean:

= = = M54 motorway = = =
The M54 is a motorway in the West Midlands of England. It links Telford with the West Midlands conurbation. It carries on as the A5 after Telford where it links to Shrewsbury and North Wales. The motorway is about long.
Junctions.
!scope="col"|mile
!scope="col"|km
!scope="col"| Eastbound exits (A Carriageway)
!scope="col"| Junction
!scope="col"| Westbound exits (B Carriageway)
!scope="col"| Coordinates

= = = M55 motorway = = =
The M55, or Preston Northern Bypass, is a motorway in Lancashire, England. It links Preston and the M6 with Blackpool. Many people go on holiday to Blackpool, which is why the motorway was built. The motorway is about long.

= = = M56 motorway = = =
The M56, or North Cheshire Motorway, is a motorway in North West England. It links Chester with Manchester. It also links to the A55, which links drivers to North Wales. The motorway also passes Manchester Airport. The motorway also crosses the M6, linking it to Chester and Manchester. The motorway is about long.
Junctions.
Lymm A56

= = = Turk 182 = = =
Turk 182 is a 1985 American action comedy drama movie directed by Bob Clark and starring Robert Ulrich, Timothy Hutton, Kim Cattrall, Robert Culp, Darren McGavin, Steven Keats, Paul Sorvino, Peter Boyle. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = M57 motorway = = =
The M57, also called the Liverpool Outer Ring Road, is a motorway in Liverpool, England. It is a ring road around the north side of Liverpool. It goes from the M62, just east of Liverpool, to the M58, just northwest of Liverpool. The motorway is about long.

= = = Nurmuhammad Tohti = = =
Nurmuhemmet Tohti (also Nurmemet Tohti, Nurmamat Tohti) (December 1949 – 31 May 2019) was a Uyghur writer.
He studied in Xinjiang University, from 1973 to 1977. He taught at Khoten Normal College.
He died in a Chinese 're-education' camp.

= = = M58 motorway = = =
The M58 is a motorway in North West England. It links Liverpool to the M6 near Wigan. The motorway is about long.

= = = M61 motorway = = =
The M61 is a motorway in North West England. It links Manchester with the M6 and M65 near Preston and Blackburn. It also passes Bolton.

= = = M65 motorway = = =
The M65 is a motorway in Lancashire, England. It starts from the M6 near Preston, crosses the M61 before passing Blackburn and Burnley. The motorway ends in Colne, where it links onto the A56 towards Harrogate. The motorway is long.

= = = M66 motorway = = =
The M66 is a motorway in North West England. It links Manchester and the M60 and M62 motorways to Bury. The motorway carries on as the A56, which joins onto the M65. The M66 is about long. 

= = = July Rain = = =
July Rain () is a 1967 Russian drama movie directed by Marlen Khutsiev and starring Yevgenia Uralova, Aleskandr Belyavsky, Yuri Vizbor, Alexander Mitta, Alla Pokrovskaya.

= = = Washington, Pennsylvania = = =
Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 13,176 at the 2020 census.

= = = M67 motorway = = =
The M67 is a motorway in Greater Manchester, England. It starts from the M60 and passes through the towns of Denton and Hyde. It then carries on as the A628 towards Sheffield and Barnsley. It was first planned that the motorway would go al the way to Sheffield through the Pennines, but this has not happened yet. The M67 is long.

= = = Yule Island tree frog = = =
The Yule Island tree frog ("Litoria congenita") is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
These frogs are 35-40 mm in size from nose to rear end. They are brown and green in color, with stripes. They have white bellies. Male frogs have black throats.

= = = Washington County, Pennsylvania = = =
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 209,349. Its county seat is Washington.

= = = M69 motorway = = =
The M69 is a controlled-access highway in the Midlands of England. It goes between the M6, near Coventry, and the M1, near Leicester. The motorway is about long and first opened in 1977.

= = = M73 motorway = = =
The M73 is a motorway in Scotland. It links the M74 with the M80. It is about long. It goes past eastern Glasgow.

= = = William C. Dement = = =
William Charles Dement (July 29, 1928 – June 17, 2020) was an American sleep researcher. He was the founder of the Sleep Research Center at Stanford University. He was a leading psychiatrist on sleep, sleep deprivation and the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and narcolepsy. 
Dement was born in Wenatchee, Washington. He died on June 17, 2020 in Stanford, California from heart disease at the age of 90.

= = = Terry Dicks = = =
Terence Patrick Dicks (17 March 1937 – 17 June 2020) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was MP for the constituency of Hayes and Harlington from 1983 to his retirement in 1997. He first ran in Bristol South in 1979, but lost to Labour's Michael Cocks. 
Dicks called for the BBC soap opera EastEnders to be cancelled following a storyline involving a gay kiss between two men.
Dicks was born with cerebral palsy and called himself in the House of Commons as a "spastic." From 1999 until he retired in June 2009 Dicks was a member of Surrey County Council representing the town of Addlestone. 
Dicks died on 17 June 2020 at the age of 83.

= = = A74(M) and M74 motorways = = =
The A74(M) and M74 are two connected motorways in Scotland. They act as one motorway, usually just called the "M74". The motorway starts at the border with England. Here, the M6 motorway turns into the A74(M) motorway. The motorway connects the M6 with Glasgow and the M8. About halfway between the border with England and Glasgow, the A74(M) becomes the M74. Together, the motorways are long.

= = = Arturo Chaires = = =
Arturo Chaires Riso (14 March 1937 – 18 June 2020) was a Mexican football defender. He played for Mexico in the 1962 and 1966 FIFA World Cups. He also played for C.D. Guadalajara from 1960 to 1971. He was born in Guadalajara.
Chaires died on 18 June 2020 at the age of 83.

= = = Kossi Koudagba = = =
Kossi Koudagba (2 October 1995 – 18 June 2020) was a Togolese professional footballer. He played as a striker for ASC Kara of the Togolese Championnat National and the Togo national team from 2018 until his death. He was born in Davié, Togo.
Koudagba died on 18 June 2020 at the age of 24.

= = = M80 motorway = = =
The M80 is a motorway in Scotland. It goes between Glasgow and Stirling. It also links the M73, M8, and M9 motorways together. The motorway is about long. It first opened in 1974.

= = = Chamber of Deputies of Chile = = =
The Chamber of Deputies () is the lower house of Chile's bicameral Congress. 
Deputies must: be aged at least 21; not be disqualified from voting; have finished secondary school; and have lived in the corresponding electoral district for at least two years prior to the election.
Since 2017, Chile's congress has been elected through open list proportional representation.

= = = National Congress of Chile = = =
The National Congress of Chile () is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile.
The National Congress of Chile was founded on July 4, 1811. It is a bicameral legislature made up of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house), of 155 Deputies (120 before 2017) and by the Senate (upper house), formed by 50 Senators (38 before 2017).

= = = Juan Floreal Recabarren = = =
Juan Floreal Recabarren Rojas (21 April 1927 – 16 June 2020) was a Chilean politician, historian and educator. He was born in Antofagasta, Chile. From 1969 to 1973, he was a Deputy. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Party. From 1964 to 1967 and again from 1990 to 1992, Recabarren was Mayor of Antofagasta.
Recabarren died of cardiac arrest in Antofagasta on 16 June 2020, aged 93.

= = = President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile = = =
The President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile () is the highest authority of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. The office was established in 1811 by the First National Congress of Chile.
It is third on the presidential line of succession after the Minister of the Interior and Public Security and the President of the Senate of Chile.

= = = Luis Pareto González = = =
Luis Pareto González (29 August 1928 – 7 January 2022) was a Chilean politician. He was born in Santiago de Chile. He was a member of the Christian Democrat Party of Chile. He was the President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile from 23 May 1973 until the coup d'état on 11 September of that year and between March 2001 and March 2002. 
Pareto González died on 7 January 2022 from problems caused by a stroke in Santiago de Chile, aged 93.

= = = Jorge Molina Valdivieso = = =
Jorge Molina Valdivieso (born 16 February 1932) is a Chilean politician. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1993 to 1994. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, representing District 12 of the Valparaíso Region from 1990 to 1994.

= = = Diego Paulsen = = =
Diego Alfredo Paulsen Kehr (born 1 August 1987) is a politician. In April 2020, he became the President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile In 2014, he became a member of the Chamber of Deputies, representing District 22 of Araucanía.

= = = President of the Senate of Chile = = =
The President of the Senate of Chile is the highest authority of the Senate of Chile. The position comes after the Ministers of State in the line of succession of the President of Chile.
The President of the Senate receives no special treatment in the sessions of Senate. However, in the official communications the President holds the title of "Excelencia" ("Excellency"). He or she is elected, from the body of current Senators.

= = = Adriana Muñoz D'Albora = = =
Adriana Blanca Cristina Muñoz D'Albora (born 25 September 1948) is a Chilean politician and sociologist. She is a member of the Party for Democracy. Muñoz D'Albora was born in Santiago de Chile. In March 2020, she was elected President of the Senate of Chile.
Briefly between 2002 and 2003, she was President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. From 1990 to 1994 and 1998 to 2014, she was a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. In 2014, she was elected Senator.

= = = Andrés Zaldívar = = =
José Andrés Rafael Zaldívar Larraín, (born March 18, 1936) popularly known as "El Chico Zaldívar" ("Short Zaldívar"), is a Chilean Christian Democrat politician. He was born in Santiago de Chile. He unsuccessfully ran for President of Chile in the 1999–2000 election. Between 2017 and 2018, he was President of the Senate.

= = = Isabel Allende (politician) = = =
Isabel Allende Bussi (, , ; born 18 January 1945) is a Chilean Socialist Party politician. She is the daughter of former president of Chile Salvador Allende.
From 1994 to 2010 she was a deputy and in March 2010 she became a Senator for the Atacama Region. 
On 28 February 2014, Allende was selected as President of the Senate of Chile, as of 11 March 2014, making her the first woman president of the body in Chilean history.

= = = Isabel Allende = = =
Isabel Allende (; born August 2, 1942) is a Chilean-American writer. Allende is known for novels such as "The House of the Spirits" ("La casa de los espíritus", 1982) and "City of the Beasts" ("La ciudad de las bestias", 2002).
Allende has been called "the world's most widely read Spanish-language author." 
In 2004, Allende was added into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and in 2010, she received Chile's National Literature Prize. 
President Barack Obama awarded her the 2014 Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Her father was a first cousin of Salvador Allende, President of Chile from 1970 to 1973.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Mongolia when its first case was confirmed in a French male who traveled from Moscow to Dornogovi on 10 March 2020.
On 10 March, Deputy Prime Minister Ölziisaikhany Enkhtüvshin announced that a French national arriving in Ulaanbaatar via a flight from Moscow was the first confirmed COVID-19 case in the country.
That same day, Onom Foundation protested that Mongolia only has 160 ventilators (1 per 20,000 compared to America's 1 per 2,000).

= = = President of Mongolia = = =
The president of Mongolia (, "Mongol Ulsyn Yerönkhiilögch") is the Executive Head of state of Mongolia.
The current incumbent is Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh.

= = = Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat = = =
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat (; born January 23, 1942) is a Mongolian politician. He was the first President of Mongolia from 1990 to 1997.

= = = Natsagiin Bagabandi = = =
Natsagiin Bagabandi (; born April 22, 1950) is a Mongolian politician. He is the Director of Oyu Tolgoi LLC. He was the 2nd President of Mongolia from 1997 to 2005. He is a member of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.

= = = Nambaryn Enkhbayar = = =
Nambaryn Enkhbayar (; born June 1, 1958) is a Mongolian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Mongolia from 2000 to 2004. He was the 3rd President of Mongolia from 2005 to 2009. He is the first person to have held all of the top three positions in the Mongolian government. 
He was the chairman of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1997 to 2005.

= = = Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj = = =
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (, "Cahiagín Elbegdorj" ; also referred to as Mongolyin Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj and Tsakhia Elbegdorj; born 30 March 1963) is a Mongolian politician and activist. He was President of Mongolia from 2009 to 2017. He previously was Prime Minister in 1998 and again from 2004 to 2006.

= = = Khaltmaagiin Battulga = = =
Khaltmaagiin Battulga (, "Khaltmaagiin Battulga", , born 3 March 1963) is a Mongolian politician and Sambo wrestler. He was the President of Mongolia from 10 July 2017 to 25 June 2021. He was Member of the State Great Khural from 2004 to 2016 and Minister of Roads, Transportation, Construction and Urban Development from 2008 to 2012.

= = = Prime Minister of Mongolia = = =
The Prime Minister of Mongolia (, "Mongol Ulsyn Yerönkhii Said") is the head of government, and heads the Mongolian cabinet.
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Mongolia, and can be removed by the State Great Hural with a vote of no confidence.
The incumbent prime minister is Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene, since 27 January 2021.

= = = Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh = = =
Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh (, born 14 June 1968) is a Mongolian politician. In October 2017 he became the Prime Minister of Mongolia, he was Prime Minister until January 2021. He became the President of Mongolia in June 2021. He was elected to the Parliament of Mongolia three times – in 2000, 2004 and 2012.

= = = Dumaagiin Sodnom = = =
Dumaagiin Sodnom (; born 14 July 1933) is a Mongolian politician. He was Mongolia's 13th Prime Minister from 1984 to 1990.

= = = Sharavyn Gungaadorj = = =
Sharavyn Gungaadorj (; born 2 May 1935) is a Mongolian politician. He was the 14th Prime Minister of Mongolia (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) from March 21 to September 11, 1990.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Guinea-Bissau in March 2020.
On 25 March, Guinea-Bissau confirmed its first two COVID-19 cases, a Congolese U.N. employee and an Indian citizen.
On 29 April, the Prime Minister Nuno Gomes Nabiam, Interior Minister , Secretary of State for Public Order Mario Fambé, and Secretary of State for Regional Integration Monica Buaro da Costa had tested positive for the coronavirus.

= = = Nuno Gomes Nabiam = = =
Nuno Gomes Nabiam (born 17 November 1966) is a Bissau-Guinean politician. In February 2020, he was elected as the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 28 February 2020 to 8 August 2023. 
On 29 April 2020, he and three ministers tested positive for COVID-19.

= = = Umaro Sissoco Embaló = = =
Umaro Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló (born 23 September 1972) is a politician. He is the President of Guinea-Bissau since February 2020. He is a political scientist and military officer. He was prime minister between 18 November 2016 and 16 January 2018.
In February 2022, a failed coup d'état that killed six people tried to remove Embaló from power.

= = = Teyonah Parris = = =
Teyonah Parris (born September 22, 1987) is an American actress. She began her career playing a recurring role as Dawn Chambers in the AMC drama series, "Mad Men" (2012–15). She played the first major African American character on "Mad Men".
In 2015, Parris starred in the satirical drama movie "Chi-Raq" directed by Spike Lee.

= = = Hopkins, South Carolina = = =
Hopkins is a census-designated place (CDP) in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. It is located southeast of downtown Columbia and is part of the Columbia Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the Hopkins CDP was 2,514.

= = = Sergei Khrushchev = = =
Sergei Nikitich Khrushchev (, July 2, 1935 – June 18, 2020) was a Russian-American engineer. He was the son of former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. 
Khrushchev worked in many high-level engineering positions. From 1968 to 1991, he worked at the Control Computer Institute in Moscow. 
From the years 1958 to 1968, Khrushchev worked as an engineer, then later as a deputy section head in charge of guidance systems for missile and space design. 
He was an advisor to the Cold War Museum. He was a Senior Fellow at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University.
In July 1999, he became a naturalized American citizen.
Khrushchev shot himself on June 18, 2020 at his Cranston, Rhode Island home at the age of 84.

= = = No true Scotsman = = =
A no true Scotsman fallacy, or appeal to purity, is a fallacy which occurs when a universal (“all”, “every”, "any" etc.) claim is refuted or is given counter-evidence to and the claim is altered by going from universal to specific, and failing to give any objective criteria for the specificity rather than conceding the point or meaningfully revising the claim; it is a form of moving the goalposts. The name comes from an example made up by Anthony Flew.
"No true Scotsman puts brown sugar on his porridge. The fact that Angus MacGregor puts brown sugar on his porridge just proves that he's no "true" Scotsman!"
Logical Form:
Example:
The word "Scotsman" can really be replaced with any group a person is talking about.
Examples are: 
For the argument to not be a fallacy, the thing being talked about must have a trait that excludes themselves from the category.
One argument that is not a no true Scotsman fallacy is "Janice is not really a vegetarian because I saw her eating a chicken sandwich yesterday." Vegetarians, by definition, are people who do not eat meat. Since Janice ate a chicken sandwich, a meal that has meat in it, Janice is therefore not a vegetarian.
Another argument that is not a fallacy is "Jim is not an atheist because he believes that there could be a god or gods". Since the definition of an atheist is someone who fully believes that there is no god or gods, Jim therefore cannot be an atheist because he does not fully believe that god or gods do not exist. However, Jim could be an agnostic, someone who is does not know for sure whether or not god or gods exist.
Another argument that is a fallacy is "Darcy is not really a Democrat because she is against abortion.". Even though most Democrats are for some levels of abortion, not all people who vote for Democrats are for abortion. Darcy might agree with the Democratic Party on other issues, like having a higher minimum wage or spending less money on the military, but disagreeing on one issue does not automatically make her not a Democrat. In fact, most people who vote for certain political parties will not agree with their party on every issue, but they will agree on the issues that are most important to themselves. 
On the other side, saying "to be Christian is to be Republican" is also a fallacy. Although in America, a higher number of Christians vote for Republicans, there are also many Christians who vote for Democrats. There are also many non-Christians such as atheists, Muslims, Hindus, Jews, etc., who vote for Republicans.

= = = National Highways = = =
National Highways, formerly Highways England, and, prior to that, the Highways Agency, is a company owned by the British government. It is in charge of looking after the motorways and large A-roads in England. They also have traffic officers who deal with incidents, such as car accidents, on the motorways. It replaced the Highways Agency in 2015.

= = = Miss California USA = = =
Miss California USA is a pageant in California. The winner is nominated to that year �s Miss USA pageant.
Famous Miss California USA winners.
Famous Miss California USA winners include Katie Blair, Miss California USA 2011, who also previously won Miss Teen USA.

= = = Xie Yimin = = =
Xie Yimin (���) (born 16 November 1989) is a Taiwanese female professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in, Japan. She has obtained more than 25 female titles in her career. She is also qualified for the Honorary female board master (������), honorary female grand master (������), and the honorary female Honinbo (�������).
Achievements.
The following tables are the summary of her achievements in career.

= = = Juneteenth = = =
Juneteenth (full name Juneteenth National Independence Day, also known as Freedom Day, Jubilee Day, and Liberation Day) is a holiday in the United States on June 19. It is a memory of June 19, 1865, when the slaves in Texas got their freedom and commemorates the end of slavery in the United States. The name "Juneteenth" is a short form of "June nineteenth". It became a recognized federal holiday in June 2021 when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law.
The first celebration of Juneteenth was in 1866. Over the years, it was sometimes more popular, and sometimes less popular. Texas was the first state to make it an official holiday in 1979. After George Floyd was killed in 2020, many people wanted to show their support for black rights.

= = = Rina Fujisawa = = =
Rina Fujisawa (����) is a Japanese female professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in. She is the granddaughter of Hideyuki Fujisawa.
Achievements.
She has obtained more than 10 titles in her career. The following table is the summary of her achievements.

= = = Bobinogs = = =
Bobinogs (original Welsh title: Bobinogi) is a British children's television programme that was shown on CBeebies. It was first shown in Kent at The Romney Marsh Visitor Centre, then the rest of the United Kingdom in February 2008. At first, the main characters (Ogi, Bobin and Nib) lived in the Romney Marsh Visitor Centre in a shape of a blue bobble hat and were Born in April 1940 and then with a child named Owen (played by David Bursey), and were inanimate without him. Owen was later removed from the series so the characters were always shown living.
The three main characters play in a band. They try to solve a problem in most episodes. In the episode, they find a clue to solve it by looking through their "Bobinoculars", which show video footage from the real world. A song about the problem is played at the end of the episode.

= = = Rui Naiwei = = =
Rui Naiwei (���) is a Chinese professional Go player active in South Korea. She is one of the strongest female Go players, and is the only woman to have won one of the major open Go titles. She also represented China in the 2010 Asian Games.

= = = With God, all things are possible = = =
With God, all things are possible is the motto of the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the only state motto taken from the Bible.

= = = Ely Culbertson = = =
Ely Culbertson (July 22, 1891 – December 27, 1955) was an American contract bridge player, entrepreneur and personality. He was the dominant figure in the game in the 1930s. He played and publicized the new game. He was a great showman, and was widely regarded as "the man who made contract bridge". He became rich, was highly extravagant, and lost and gained fortunes several times over.
Culbertson was a brilliant publicist; he played several famous challenge matches and won them all. Two were played in the U.S., against teams led by Sidney Lenz in 1931–32 (the so-called "Bridge Battle of the Century") and by P. Hal Sims in 1935, the latter between the married couples Culbertson and Sims. 
Four team matches were played in London. These matches had big publicity in newspapers, on radio and on cinema newsreels. The hands became the subject of intense discussion on bidding methods.
Culbertson was finally beaten in Budapest, June 1937, in the final match of the first world championship teams tournament, by the 6-man Austria team led by Dr. Paul Stern. It was his last appearance in a tournament or match.
Culbertson founded and edited "The Bridge World" magazine, which is still published today, and wrote many newspaper articles and books on bridge. He owned the first firm of playing card manufacturers to develop plastic cards, Kem Cards, and developed and owned a chain of bridge schools with teachers qualified in the Culbertson bidding system. He continued to play high-stakes rubber bridge for many years, but gave up tournament and match competition in 1938 to write and work for world peace.
Anglo-American matches after World War II, of which there were a number, did not involve Culbertson.

= = = Barabuna tree frog = = =
The Barabuna tree frog ("Litoria contrastens") is a small frog from Papua New Guinea.

= = = Cooloola sedge frog = = =
The Cooloola sedge frog or Cooloola tree frog ("Litoria cooloolensis") is a small frog from eastern Australia. It lives in Queensland and on Fraser Island and North Stradbroke Island.
They are 3.0 cm long from nose to rear end They are green and brown with brown spots. Some of them have stripes to their eyes. The pupils of their eyes are sideways and open up and down. There is a little webbing on the front legs and more webbing on the hind legs.
These frogs live in lakes and streams near the ocean. They prefer bodies of water with lots of reeds.
They lay eggs on underwater plants. The tadpoles are gold with brown spots. They can grow to 5.5 cm long.
These frogs are endangered because human beings build things in the places where they live, because humans visit the lakes where they like to lay their legs, and because humans use up the water from the lakes and streams where they live.

= = = Elena Schiavo = = =
Elena Schiavo is an Italian footballer. She played for the Italy women's national football team in the 1971 Women's World Cup.

= = = Corinne Kimball = = =
Corinne Kimball (25 December 1873 in Boston - 1937) was an American actress and singer. She was also a child actress. Her mother Jennie Kimball was an actor and theater manager. She appeared in "Monte Cristo, Jr.," "Queen of the Stage," and "Carmen."

= = = The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder = = =
The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder is a 1974 American drama movie directed by Arthur Hiller and starring Timothy Bottoms, Barbara Hershey, George Marshall, Lawrence Pressman. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = The Committee on Credentials = = =
The Committee on Credentials is a 1916 American silent western movie directed by George Marshall and starring Harry Carey, George Berrell, Neal Hart, Joe Rickson, Olive Carey. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Emily Michot = = =
Emily Michot is an American journalist. She won a Sidney Award, Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting, Esserman-Knight Journalism Prize, and the 2019 Anthony Shadid Award.
She is a videographer for the "Miami Herald". She has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.

= = = Gemma Hadley = = =
Gemma Hadley is an Australian water polo player and coach. She played for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 2006 Commonwealth Games and 2007 World Aquatics Championships.
She coached for School Sport WA Girls Water Polo.

= = = Ekaterina Zubacheva = = =
Ekaterina Zubacheva (born 2 April 1982) is a Russian water polo player. She played for the Russian women's national water polo team in the 2007 World Aquatics Championships and 2015 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Yellow-spotted tree frog = = =
Yellow-spotted tree frog is a common name for several frogs and may refer to:

= = = Natalya Ryzhova-Alenicheva = = =
Ekaterina Zubacheva is a Russian water polo player. She played for the Russian women's national water polo team in the 2006 Women's European Water Polo Championships, 2007 World Aquatics Championships‎, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Carmen Eggens = = =
Carmen Eggens is a Canadian water polo player. She played for the Canadian women's national water polo team in the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2015 Pan American Games.
She played for University of Hawaii's women's water polo team.

= = = Chen Yuan = = =
Chen Yuan (born 7 September 1989) is a Chinese water polo player. She played for the China women's national water polo team in the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = M77 motorway = = =
The M77 is a motorway in Scotland. It goes from the M8 in Glasgow to Fenwick. It then carries on as the A77 into Dumfries and Galloway. The motorway is about long.

= = = M90 motorway = = =
The M90 is a motorway in Scotland. It runs from the M9 near Edinburgh to Perth. It then carries on as the A90, towards Dundee and Aberdeen, and the A9, towards Inverness. The motorway is about long. It is the main road that links Edinburgh and Glasgow with the north of Scotland.

= = = M180 motorway = = =
The M180 is a motorway in England. It connects the M18 with Scunthorpe (through the M181) and Grimsby (through the A180). The motorway first opened in 1977. It is about long.

= = = Copland's rock frog = = =
Copland's rock frog, saxicoline tree frog, sandstone frog, rocky river frog or rock frog ("Litoria coplandi") is a frog from northern Australia. It lives in Western Australia and the Northern Territory.
This frog lives near rocky cliffs and steep slopes with large amounts of loose rock. During the day, it hides in caves or cracks in the rocks. At night, it looks for food near small streams. 
These frogs are 4 cm from nose to rear end. They are light brown with darker brown marks. Their front feet are not webbed. Their hind feet are webbed. These frogs are strong climbers and light enough to skip across the surface of the water like a skipping stone.
They lay eggs one at a time or a few at a time in small pools or streams where the water moves slowly. The eggs sink to the bottom. The tadpoles hatch after 52 days. 

= = = M181 motorway = = =
The M181 is a short motorway in Lincolnshire, England. It links the M180 with Scunthorpe. The road goes in a nearly straight line from the M180 into Scunthorpe. It is about long. It opened in December 1978.

= = = M271 motorway = = =
The M271 is a short motorway in Hampshire, England. It links the M27 with Southampton. The motorway carries on for a short while north from the M27 and ends on the A3057.

= = = M275 motorway = = =
The M275 is a short motorway in Hampshire, England. It links the M27 with Portsmouth, through the A3. The M275 is not owned by Highways England like most motorways in England. It is owned by Portsmouth's city council. The motorway is about long.

= = = Mikhail Ignatyev (politician) = = =
Mikhail Vasilyevich Ignatyev (, "Mihal Vaślin yv�l J�k�natjev"; ) (8 January 1962 – 18 June 2020) was a Chuvash politician. In 2010, he became the Head of the Chuvash Republic. On 29 January 2020, Russian President Vladimir Putin fired Ignatyev and replaced him with Oleg Nikolayev as acting head. 
Ignatyev died on 18 June 2020 after being hospitalized with COVID-19 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, aged 58.

= = = Nicolas Joel = = =
Nicolas Joel, or Joël, (6 February 1953 – 18 June 2020) was a French opera director and administrator of opera houses. He was general manager of the Théâtre du Capitole de Toulouse from 1990 to 2009 and of the Paris Opera from 2009 to 2014. He directed operas internationally. He was born in Paris.
Joel was honored as a chevalier (knight) of the Legion of Honour in 2004 and became an officer in 2014.
Joel died on 18 June 2020 from problems caused by a stroke in Paris, aged 67.

= = = Carlos Ruiz Zafón = = =
Carlos Ruiz Zafón (; 25 September 1964 – 19 June 2020) was a Spanish novelist. He was best known for his 2001 novel "La sombra del viento" ("The Shadow of the Wind"). His next novel was published in English in July 2012 as "The Prisoner of Heaven".
On 19 June 2020, Zafón died of colorectal cancer, in Santa Monica, California at the age of 55.

= = = Vidyaben Shah = = =
Vidyaben Shah (7 November 1922 – 19 June 2020) was an Indian social worker and activist. She was known for her works about children, women and the elderly rights in India. She was appointed the first non-officio President of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. She also led peace marches from area to area at the outbreak of arson and riots in Delhi following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. She was born in Jetpur, Kathiawar.
Shah died on 19 June 2020 in Gujarat at the age of 97.

= = = Astrid Gjertsen = = =
Astrid Gjertsen (14 September 1928 – 17 June 2020) was a Danish-born Norwegian politician. She was born in Horsens, Denmark.
She was a member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1969 to 1989. Gjertsen was a member of the Conservative Party. From 1981 to 1986, she was the Minister of Consumer Affairs and Administration under the Kåre Willoch cabinet, but resigned and was later convicted for tax fraud. 
Gjertsen died on 17 June 2020 in Bærum, Norway at the age of 91.

= = = Yulia Gaufler = = =
Yulia Gaufler is a Russian water polo player. She played for the Russian women's national water polo team in the 2006 Women's European Water Polo Championship‎, 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2006 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 2007 World Aquatics Championships‎, 2009 World Aquatics Championships, and 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = M602 motorway = = =
The M602 is a short motorway in Greater Manchester, England. It links the M60 and M62 motorways from the west to Salford and Manchester. It also passes Eccles. The motorway is about long. It is used by traffic from the M62 to the west as a straight route into Manchester. The motorway was going to be part of a new motorway, the M52, but this was never built.

= = = Jayde Appel = = =
Jayde Appel is an Australian water polo player. She played for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 2013 World Aquatics Championships.
She played for University of Southern California.

= = = M606 motorway = = =
The M606, also called the Bradford South Radial Motorway, is a short motorway in West Yorkshire, England. It links Bradford with the M62. It is about long.

= = = M621 motorway = = =
The M621 is a motorway in West Yorkshire, England. It starts from the M62 and travells east past Leeds before ending at the M1, east of Leeds. It connects Leeds to the M62 and M1 motorways, and also is a shortcut between the M1 and M62.

= = = Darlington's Madang tree frog = = =
Darlington's Madang tree frog ("Litoria darlingtoni") is a tree frog from New Guinea.
These frogs can grow to 60 mm long from nose to rear end. They have been found between 1400 and 1680 meters above sea level.

= = = M876 motorway = = =
The M876 is a motorway near Stirling and Falkirk, Scotland. It links the M80 and M9 motorways just north of Falkirk. It then carries on and ends near the Kincardine and Clackmannanshire bridges, where the motorway carries on as the A876 and A985. The motorway is long.

= = = M898 motorway = = =
The M898 is a motorway in the United Kingdom. It is about long. It runs from the M8 in Renfrewshire, Scotland to Erskine, where it becomes the A898. The A898 leads to the Erskine Bridge, which crosses the River Clyde into West Dunbartonshire.

= = = Kris Pearn = = =
Kris Pearn is an American movie director, voice actor, storyboard artist, writer and animator. He is best known for directing "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2" with Cody Cameron and "The Willoughbys" with Rob Lodermeier.

= = = Lea Yanitsas = = =
Lea Barta Yanitsas (born 15 March 1989) is an Australian water polo player. She played for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Ibolya Kitti Miskolczi = = =
Ibolya Kitti Miskolczi (born 8 September 1994) is a Hungarian water polo player. She played for the Hungarian women's national water polo team in the 2010 U17 European Championships, 2011 U17 European Championships, 2013 Women’s World Water Polo League, and 2013 World Aquatics Championships, and 2018 European Aquatics Championships.
On the club level, she played for Szentes.

= = = Gabrielle Stone = = =
Gabrielle Stone (born 1994) is an American water polo player. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade, 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.

= = = Jordan Raney = = =
Jordan Raney (born 1996) is an American water polo player. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade, 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, and 2017 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Jamie Neushul = = =
Jamie Neushul (born 5 March 1993) is an American water polo player. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade, 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 2019 Pan American Games, and 2019 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.

= = = Amanda Longan = = =
Amanda Longan (born January 16, 1997) is an American water polo player. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade, 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 2019 Pan American Games, and 2019 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.

= = = Mary Cronk Farrell = = =
Mary Cronk Farrell is an American journalist and writer. She was a finalist for the YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction.
She graduated from Gonzaga University.

= = = Bleating tree frog = = =
The bleating tree frog ("Litoria dentata") is a frog from Australia. It lives in New South Wales and Queensland.
This frog lives in lagoons and swamps not far from the ocean and sometimes in forests. It has a very loud call similar to that of a cicada. 
This frog grows to about 4.5 cm in length from nose to rear end. It has a flatter body than most frogs. During the day, it hides under stones or pieces of treebark but sometimes in human-made objects. Human beings sometimes pick it up without knowing and move it from place to place while it is hiding in pipes or flowerpots.
This frog lays eggs in temporary bodies of water. The eggs float on top of the water. The tadpoles grow into frogs quickly so they do not die when their homes dry up. 

= = = Alfred Binet = = =
Alfred Binet (; 8 July 1857 – 18 October 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test. This is called the Binet–Simon test.
In 1905, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to find which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction. They could be given remedial work. With his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death.
In 1984, the journal "Science" 84 picked the Binet-Simon scale as one of twenty of the century's most significant developments or discoveries.

= = = Joanne Missingham = = =
Joanne Missingham (; born 26 May 1994) is an Australian-born Taiwanese professional Go player.
Life.
She gained media attention in 2011 when she held up a fan with "protest gender discrimination" in professional tournaments. She protested because she learned that female Go players were not paid fairly.
Performance.
The following tables are the summary of her career.

= = = Ayumi Suzuki = = =
Ayumi Suzuki (���) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in. Her husband is also known as a professional Go player.

= = = Armed Response (1986 movie) = = =
Armed Response is a 1986 American action thriller movie directed by Fred Olen Ray and starring David Carradine, Mako Iwamatsu, Lee Van Cleef, Lois Hamilton, Brent Huff, Ross Hagen. It was distributed by CineTel Films.

= = = Lorenne Teixeira = = =
Lorenne Maria Geraldo Teixeira (born 8 January 1996) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played for the Brazilian women's national volleyball team.
Career.
She participated at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup.
She played for Serviço Social da Indústria-SP and Rexona-Ades.

= = = Lana Conceição = = =
Lana Conceição (born 8 January 1996) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played for the Brazilian women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship.
She played for Esporte Clube Pinheiros and Minas Tênis Clube.

= = = Fantasy Mission Force = = =
Fantasy Mission Force is a 1983 Hong Kong Taiwanese action comedy movie directed by Kevin Chu and starring Jackie Chan, Brigitte Lin, Jimmy Wang Yu, Sun Yueh, David Tao, Adam Cheng, Frankie Kao, Lee Kwan.

= = = Maira Claro = = =
Maira Claro (born 7 March 1995) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played for the Brazilian women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2013 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, 2016 Women's U22 South American Volleyball Championship, 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.

= = = Tainara Santos = = =
Tainara Lemes Santos (born 9 March 2000) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played for the Brazilian women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2017 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship, 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.

= = = Brothers in Law (movie) = = =
Brothers in Law is a 1957 British comedy movie directed by Roy Boulting and based on the 1955 novel of the same name by Henry Cecil Leon. It stars Richard Attenborough, Ian Carmichael, Jill Adams, Terry-Thomas, Jill Adams, Raymond Huntley, Eric Barker, Nicholas Parsons, Olive Sloane, Basil Dignam and was distributed by British Lion Films.

= = = Nathaniel Parker Willis = = =
Nathaniel Parker Willis (January 20, 1806 – January 20, 1867) was an American writer, poet and magazine editor. For a time, he was paid more money than any other writer in the United States. He worked together with famous authors like Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His brother Richard Storrs Willis was a composer of music, and his sister Sara was also a writer. As a writer, Sara used the name Fanny Fern. For many years, Harriet Jacobs was working as a nanny for his children. While she was doing that work, she also wrote a famous book called "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl".
Willis studied at Yale College. During that time he started to publish poems. After that, he worked as a journalist for a newspaper, the "New York Mirror". In 1846, he started his own magazine, the "Home Journal". The "Home Journal" later became "Town and Country" and still exists today. He used his money to build a big house near the Hudson River in the state of New York. When he died, most American people had already forgotten him.

= = = The Deerslayer (1957 movie) = = =
The Deerslayer is a 1957 American western adventure movie directed by Kurt Neumann and is the fourth adaption of the 1841 novel of the same name by James Fenimore Cooper. It stars Lex Barker, Rita Moreno, Forrest Tucker, Cathy O'Donnell, Jay C. Flippen, Carlos Rivas and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Boy on a Dolphin = = =
Boy on a Dolphin is a 1957 American romantic adventure drama movie directed by Jean Negulesco and based on the 1955 novel of the same name by David Divine. It stars Alan Ladd, Clifton Webb, Sophia Loren, Gertrude Flynn, Alexis Minotis, Jorge Mistral and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1958.
Plot.
On the Greek island of Hydra, sponge diver Phaedra discovers an ancient statue, a treasure lost for 2000 years. As she attempts to sell it, she's courted by two men: the honorable archaeologist Dr. James Calder, who intends to give the statue to Greek authorities, and the crafty artifact dealer Victor Parmalee. While initially collaborating with Parmalee, Phaedra develops feelings for Calder. Tensions rise when her boyfriend Rhif pushes for a deal with Parmalee. Ultimately, virtue prevails as the statue is celebrated by Hydra's residents, and Phaedra finds love with Calder, while Parmalee departs for Monte Carlo.

= = = Buzzing tree frog = = =
The buzzing tree frog or electric frog ("Litoria electrica") is a small frog from northern Australia.
These frogs live near swamps and the edges of forests with eucalyptus trees.

= = = Litoria eurynastes = = =
Litoria eurynastes is a frog from Papua New Guinea. It is like "Litoria bicolor" but it is larger.
Adult male frogs are 25.7 to 31.5 mm long from nose to rear end. Adult female frogs are 27.3 to 33.0 mm. Some adult frogs have teeth in their upper jaws. These are called vomerine teeth. They have some webbing on their front feet and more webbing on their hind feet. There are five groups of "Litoria eurynastes" living in the wild and they are not all the same color. They can be bright green, yellow-green, or brownish-green. Some of them have gold or light green stripes down their bodies. There is a disc on each finger.
The Greek name "eurynastes" means "wide-dwelling", meaning living in many places.

= = = Blinking = = =
Blinking is something that the body does. It is a fast closing and then reopening of the eyelids. It is semi-autonomic, meaning the person doesn't have to think about blinking to do it. People blink to keep the eyes wet by spreading water from the tear ducts around the eyes. Blinking can also be used to spread feeling, in body language. 

= = = Blink (disambiguation) = = =
A blink is a quick closing and opening of the eyelid.
Blink may also refer to:

= = = List of M1 roads = = =
This is a list of roads designated "M1". Road entries are sorted in alphabetical order by country.

= = = M1 motorway (Northern Ireland) = = =
The M1 is a motorway in Northern Ireland. It goes between Belfast and Dungannon. It then goes in the direction of Omagh and Enniskillen as the A4. The first part of the motorway is also part of the route between Belfast and Dublin (via the N1 in Northern Ireland and the M1 in the Republic of Ireland). The M1 is about long. This means it is the longest in Northern Ireland. 

= = = Barbara Bush (born 1981) = = =
Barbara Pierce Bush (born November 25, 1981) is one of the daughters of U.S. President George W. Bush. She was born at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. She is the older of two fraternal twin girls born to George W. Bush. Her sister is Jenna Bush. Barbara was named after her grandmother, the former first lady, Barbara Bush.
Barbara graduated from Yale University in 2004. After that, she spent some time working on the re-election campaign of her father.

= = = Market failure = = =
In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient. Common causes of market failure are information assymmetries, externalities, natural monopolies and public goods. Market failure is one of the reason why a state regulates a market to improve the allocation.

= = = Alys Williams = = =
Alys Williams (born May 28, 1994) is an American water polo player. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2014 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.

= = = Ashley Grossman = = =
Ashley Grossman (born 27 May 1993) is an American water polo player. She played for the United States women's national water polo team. She participated at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2015 FINA Women's Water Polo World League, and 2015 Pan American Games.
She played from Stanford University's women's water polo team.

= = = Languages of Malta = = =
Malta has two official languages: Maltese and English. Maltese is the national language of Malta. Until 1934, Italian was also an official language in Malta. Most people living in Malta can talk in languages that are not native to the country, mostly English and Italian. 
The Eurobarometer poll done in 2012 says 98% of people living in Malta can talk in Maltese, 88% can talk in English, 66% can talk in Italian, and more than 17% can talk in French. In 1995, 98% of people living in Malta could talk in Maltese, 76% could talk in English, 36% could talk in Italian, and 10% could talk in French. Fluency in Italian has increased after Italian was no longer an official language of Malta because Italian television broadcasts reach Malta. 
According to the 2011 census, there were 377,952 people aged 10 and over. Out of them, 357,692 people (94.7%) said they could talk in Maltese at least at an average level, 248,570 (82.1%) said they could talk in English "Well", "Average", "A little" and "Not at all". French, Russian, Spanish and German are the other main languages taught in secondary and tertiary education.

= = = Leonie van der Molen = = =
Leonie van der Molen (born 25 May 1987 in Hoorn, Netherlands) is a Dutch water polo player. She plays for the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2016 Summer Olympics women's qualification.
She was educated at Joke Smit College in Amsterdam. She played for University of Hawaii's women's water polo team.

= = = Isabella van Toorn = = =
Isabella van Toorn (born 9 July 1995) is a Dutch water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2016 Summer Olympics women's qualification.

= = = Adams, Wisconsin = = =
Adams is a city in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,761 at the 2020 census. The city is located within the Town of Adams.

= = = Externality = = =
In economics, some decisions affect third parties. These parties can be affected by the decision positively or negatively, but this influence is involuntary. This is known as an externality, or an external effect. The problem with externalities is that no one pays for the cost of these effects. Usually, they are not part of the decision process. Externalities are often a form of market failure. In many cases, actors like states need to become active. 
An example of an externality is pollution. One way to solve this is to introduce taxes on the goods that cause the pollution, for example carbon dioxide, which is the one of the causes of global warming. With concepts such as emissions trading, these externalities can again become part of the market system (and are no longer external).

= = = Geoffrey Berman = = =
Geoffrey Steven Berman (born September 12, 1959) is an American attorney. He was the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 2018 until he was fired by President Donald Trump in 2020. He was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1990 to 1994.
In January 2018, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced Berman's appointment as interim U.S. Attorney. On April 25, 2018, the judges of the Southern District of New York appointed Berman U.S. Attorney. which may or may not include the appointment of a Presidential nominee being approved by the Senate.
On June 19, 2020, Attorney General William Barr announced that he is firing Berman. Hours later, Berman said that he had not resigned, and would not resign until "a presidentially appointed nominee is confirmed by the Senate." At the time that Trump and Barr wanted him fired, Berman was reportedly investigating Trump associate Rudy Giuliani.

= = = Preet Bharara = = =
Preetinder Singh Bharara (; born October 13, 1968) is an Indian-born American lawyer and writer. He was the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 2009 to 2017. He was an Assistant U.S. Attorney for five years. In March 2017, he was controversially fired by President Donald Trump.
According to "The New York Times", Bharara was one of the "nation's most aggressive and outspoken prosecutors of public corruption and Wall Street crime" during his tenure.

= = = Bill Groman = = =
William Frederick Groman (July 17, 1936 – June 17, 2020) was an American professional football player. He was a wide receiver in the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at Heidelberg College.
He played professionally for the Houston Oilers from 1960 through 1962 and was on the first two AFL championship teams. He played for the Denver Broncos in 1963, and for the Buffalo Bills in 1964 and 1965. 
Groman was born in Tiffin, Ohio. He studied at Heidelberg University. Groman died on June 17, 2020 in Houston, Texas at the age of 83.

= = = Lieke Klaassen = = =
Lieke Klaassen (born 23 April 1991) is a Dutch water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2017 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.

= = = Noël Vandernotte = = =
Noël Vandernotte (25 December 1923 – 19 June 2020) was a French rower. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was the son of Fernand Vandernotte and the nephew of Marcel Vandernotte. In 1936 he won the bronze medal of the French boat at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was the youngest male medalist at the 1936 Games and the youngest French Olympic medalist of all time. He was born in Anglet, France.
Vandernotte died on 19 June 2020 in Beaucaire, France at the age of 96.

= = = Amarens Genee = = =
Amarens Genee (born 22 February 1991) is a Dutch water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2016 Summer Olympics women's qualification.
She is a native of Gorinchem, Netherlands. She was educated at Gymnasium Camphusianum Gorinchem. She played for University of Hawaii's women's water polo team.

= = = Mario Corso = = =
Mario Corso (; 25 August 1941 – 19 June 2020) was an Italian football player and coach. He was a left winger. He was seen as one of the greatest Italian players.
Corso was mostly remembered for his club career at Inter. He also represented the Italy national football team on 23 times. He was born in Verona, Italy.
Corso died on 19 June 2020 at a hospital in Milan at the age of 78.

= = = Svein Arne Hansen = = =
Svein Arne Hansen (6 May 1946 – 20 June 2020) was a Norwegian sports official. He was President of the European Athletic Association from 2015 until his death in 2020. He was born in Bygdøy, Norway. He was the meet director of Bislett Games. He became President of the Norwegian Athletics Association in 2003.
He was also a deputy member of the Norwegian Confederation of Sports' electoral committee.
Hansen died from stroke-related problems in Oslo on 20 June 2020, aged 74.

= = = Dumitru Munteanu = = =
Dumitru Munteanu (3 July 1932 – 20 June 2020) was a Romanian footballer. He was born in Bucharest. He spent his entire career playing alongside his twin brother Anton Munteanu. He played for the national team in 1962. He played with Petrolul Ploiești from 1956 to 1966.
Dumitru died on 20 June 2020 in Bucharest, aged 87.

= = = FC Petrolul Ploiești = = =
Fotbal Club Petrolul Ploiești (), commonly known as Petrolul Ploiești, or simply as Petrolul, is a Romanian professional football club based in Ploiești, Prahova County. They play in the Liga II.
Petrolul's traditional rival is Rapid București. Petrolul has a mild rivalry with Astra Giurgiu.

= = = Maria Ressa = = =
Maria Angelita Ressa (born October 2, 1963) is a Filipino journalist and author. She is best known for co-founding Rappler as its chief executive officer. She worked as a lead investigative reporter in Southeast Asia for CNN. Ressa was included in "Time"s Person of the Year 2018. 
On June 15, 2020, a court in Manila found her guilty of cyberlibel. As she is a critic of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte. Her arrest was seen as politically motivated.
Ressa was honored with the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize alongside Russian journalist Dmitry Muratov.

= = = Marloes Nijhuis = = =
Marloes Nijhuis (born 14 March 1991) is a Dutch water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team. She played at the 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2016 Summer Olympics women's qualification.

= = = Júlia Bergmann = = =
Julia Isabelle Bergmann (born 21 February 2001) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played for the Brazilian women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
References.
Team Roster - Georgia Tech

= = = Ana Paula Borgo Bedani = = =
Ana Paula Borgo Bedani Da Cruz (20 October 1993 - 11 May 2023) was a Brazilian volleyball player. She played for the Brazilian women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship.
She played for Osasco Voleibol Clube.
Death.
Borgo died on 11 May 2023, at the age of 29, from stomach cancer that was discovered in September 2022.

= = = Supattra Kaewkhong = = =
Supattra Kaewkhong (born 11 March 1996) is a Thai weightlifter in the 53 kg class.
She participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade, 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games, and 2017 World Weightlifting Championships.

= = = Ladda Duanchai = = =
Ladda Duanchai (born 3 October 1980) is a Thai volleyball player. She played for the Thai women's national volleyball team. She participated at the FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship, 2001 Universiade, 2002 FIVB World Grand Prix.

= = = Yilian Olivera Yut = = =
Yilian Olivera Yut (born 27 July 1983) is a Cuban female volleyball player. She played for the Cuba women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2002 Pan American Cup and 2002 FIVB World Grand Prix.

= = = Brown tree frog = = =
The brown tree frog, whistling tree frog, Ewing's tree frog, or southern brown tree frog ("Litoria ewingii") is a frog from Australia. It lives in southeastern Australia and Tasmania, but it also lives in New Zealand. 
The adult male frog is 22 to 40 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 32 to 46 mm. It is light brown in colour with a lighter belly and some patterns. Its feet are usually not webbed. The ends of their toes have suckers for climbing.
This frog can live in marshes, grasslands or on mountains. It lays eggs 500-600 at a time on underwater plants in ponds, streams, dams, and ditches. It takes months for them to grow into frogs. Unlike most frogs, the brown tree frog can lay eggs at any time during the year. 
In New Zealand, brown frog tadpoles often given to schoolchildren so they can watch the tadpoles become frogs. This frog is now an invasive specie in New Zealand because people set the young frogs free outside after the project is done. Once they are released, brown tree frogs can kill New Zealand frogs by eating all their food or by giving them diseases from other places.

= = = Mikaela Foecke = = =
Dana Rettke (born 22 February 1997) is an American volleyball player. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team
She played at the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
She played for the University of Nebraska's women's volleyball team.

= = = KSI = = =
KSI is most known for playing College Football at the University of Oregon 
KSI was ranked as the second most influential online creator in the United Kingdom by The Times. He had a boxing match with Lee Corso
His first studio album, "Dissimulation", released in 2020, debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart. His second studio album, "All Over The Place", debuted at number 1.
His name “KSI” stands for Knowledge, Strength, Integrity.
KSI is of Nigerian descent.

= = = Jordan Thompson = = =
Jordan Mackenzie Thompson (born May 5, 1997) is an American volleyball player. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team. She played at the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
She played for the University of Cincinnati's women's volleyball team.

= = = 2020 Reading stabbings = = =
Shortly after 19:00 BST on the 20 June 2020, a mass stabbing happened in Forbury Gardens, a park in Reading, Berkshire, England. Three people were killed. Thames Valley Police said a number of people had to go to hospital and that a man had been arrested. The next morning, it was called a terrorist attack.
A 25-year-old Libyan refugee, Khairi Saadallah, was arrested nearby shortly afterwards. Saadallah is a former member of the Libyan jihadist group Ansar al-Sharia. He was charged with three counts of murder and three counts of attempted murder; he pled guilty. In January 2021, Saadallah was sentenced to life imprisonment.

= = = Jordyn Poulter = = =
Jordyn Poulter (born 31 July 1997) is an American volleyball player. She was a member of the United States women's national volleyball team.
She played at the 2013 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship, 2018 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
She played for the University of Illinois's women's volleyball team.

= = = Erica Moyers = = =
Erica Denae Moyers is an American wheelchair basketball player and sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a bronze medal.
She is from Athens, Alabama. She played wheelchair basketball for the University of Alabama.

= = = Deborah Vosler = = =
Deborah Vosler is an American sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a bronze medal.
She is from Eyota, Minnesota.

= = = Neil Robertson = = =
Neil Robertson (born 11 February 1982) is an Australian snooker player. He was made champion and put into the top professional ranks in the 2006 - 2007 season.
Neil Robertson is the most successful player from outside the United Kingdom in the sport's history. He plays left-handed.

= = = Mass stabbing = = =
A mass stabbing is a crime where many people are killed or injured by someone with a knife, or other sharp object. It is hard to stop a mass stabbing from happening as most people have knives for preparing food at home.

= = = Monique Bons = = =
Monique Bons is a Dutch sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = Anneke den Haan = = =
Anneke den Haan-Baltink is a Dutch sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = White Sun of the Desert = = =
White Sun of the Desert () is a 1970 Russian adventure-comedy movie directed by Vladimir Motyl and starring Galina Dashevskaya, Anatoly Kuznetsov, Pavel Luspekaev, Spartak Mishulin, Kakhi Kavsadze, Nikolai Godovikov. It was distributed by Mosfilm.

= = = Maria Poiesz = = =
Maria Poiesz is a Dutch sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = Asami Ueno = = =
 (born 26 October 2001) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in since 2016. She has a younger sister who is also a professional Go player. Her mentor is Kazunari Fujisawa (The son of Hideyuki Fujisawa).

= = = New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) = = =
The New Progressive Party is a Puerto Rican left-wing political party. Founded in 2019, the party quickly rose to become one of Puerto Rico’s most popular political movements. The party, often referred to as the “Green Donkey” party, focuses on several key issues including women’s health, affordable housing, and healthcare for all.

= = = David Perlman = = =
David Perlman (December 30, 1918June 19, 2020) was an American science journalist. He was the science editor for the "San Francisco Chronicle". He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. 
He was President of the National Association of Science Writers. He also was a fellow at the California Academy of Sciences. 
Perlman died from cancer on June 19, 2020 in San Francisco, California, at the age of 101.

= = = Jim Kiick = = =
James Forrest Kiick (; August 9, 1946 – June 20, 2020) was an American professional football player. He was born in Lincoln Park, New Jersey. Kiick was a two-time Super Bowl champion.
Kiick was a running back. He played for the Miami Dolphins in the American Football League (AFL) from 1968 to 1969 and in the National Football League (NFL) from 1970 through 1977. From 1976 to 1977, he played for the Denver Broncos. In 1977, he played for the Washington Redskins and retired after one season. 
Kiick died on June 20, 2020 in Wilton Manors, Florida from Alzheimer's disease, aged 73.

= = = Lincoln Park, New Jersey = = =
Lincoln Park is a borough in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 10,915.

= = = Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey = = =
Parsippany-Troy Hills Township, commonly called simply Parsippany (), is a township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 56,162.

= = = Rockaway Township, New Jersey = = =
Rockaway Township is a township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 25,341.

= = = Chariots of Fire = = =
Chariots of Fire is a 1981 British historical drama movie. It is based on the true story of two athletes in the 1924 Olympics: Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams.
The movie was directed by Hugh Hudson. Ben Cross and Ian Charleson starred as Abrahams and Liddell. Nigel Havers, Ian Holm, Lindsay Anderson, John Gielgud, Cheryl Campbell, and Alice Krige star in supporting roles.
It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won four, including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay.
The movie's title was inspired by the line, "Bring me my Chariot of fire!", from the William Blake poem adapted into the British hymn "Jerusalem". The original phrase "chariot(s) of fire" is from 2 Kings and in the Bible.
l.

= = = Ben Cross = = =
Harry Bernard Cross (16 December 1947 – 18 August 2020), known professionally as Ben Cross, was an English actor. He was best known for his role as the British Olympic athlete Harold Abrahams in the 1981 movie "Chariots of Fire" and as Sarek in the 2009 reboot movie "Star Trek".
Cross was born in London. He was educated at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Art. Cross died of cancer on 18 August 2020 in Vienna, Austria, aged 72.

= = = Ian Charleson = = =
Ian Charleson (11 August 1949 – 6 January 1990) was a Scottish actor and singer. He was best known for his starring role as Olympic athlete and missionary Eric Liddell, in the Oscar-winning 1981 movie "Chariots of Fire". He was also well known for his role of Rev. Charlie Andrews in the 1982 Oscar-winning movie "Gandhi". He was born in Edinburgh. 
Charleson died on 6 January 1990 in London from AIDS, aged 40.

= = = Alice Krige = = =
Alice Maud Krige (; born 28 June 1954) is a South African actress and producer. She is best known for her role in "Chariots of Fire" (1981) as the Gilbert and Sullivan singer Sybil Gordon. She played the dual role of Eva Galli/Alma Mobley in "Ghost Story", and the Borg Queen in the "Star Trek" franchise.

= = = Divergent series = = =
In mathematics, a divergent series is an infinite series that is not convergent, meaning that the infinite sequence of the partial sums of the series does not have a finite limit.
If a series converges, the individual terms of the series must approach zero. Thus any series in which the individual terms do not approach zero diverges. However, convergence is a stronger condition: not all series whose terms approach zero converge. A counterexample is the harmonic series
formula_1
The divergence of the harmonic series was proven by the medieval mathematician Nicole Oresme.

= = = Eric Liddell = = =
Eric Henry Liddell (; 16 January 1902 – 21 February 1945) was a British Olympic gold medalist runner, Scottish rugby union international player, and Christian missionary. He was born in China to Scottish missionary parents. 
At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, Liddell refused to run because they were held on a Sunday. Instead he competed in the 400 metres held on a weekday, a race that he won. He returned to China in 1925 to be a missionary teacher. 
Liddell's Olympic training and racing, and the religious convictions that influenced him, are shown in the Oscar-winning 1981 movie "Chariots of Fire", in which he is played by Ian Charleson.
Liddell died from brain cancer on 21 February 1945 at the Japanese run Weixian Internment Camp in Weifang at the age of 43.

= = = Weifang = = =
Weifang () is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Its population was 9,086,241 at the 2010 census.

= = = Harold Abrahams = = =
Harold Maurice Abrahams, CBE (15 December 1899 – 14 January 1978) was an English track and field athlete. He was Olympic champion in 1924 in the 100 metres sprint. His victory at the 1924 Olympics is shown in the 1981 movie "Chariots of Fire" where he is played by Ben Cross. Abrahams was born in Bedford, Bedfordshire.
Abrahams died on 14 January 1978 in London at the age of 78.

= = = Ederson Moraes = = =
Ederson Santana de Moraes (born 17 August 1993), commonly known as Ederson, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for the Brazil national football team and Premier league club Manchester City as a goalkeeper.
Ederson was born in Osasco, São Paulo and started his footballing career at the local club São Paulo at the age of seven. After a season, he was signed by S.L. Benfica Juniors and remained there for 2 seasons. He eventually moved on to the Portuguese team Ribeirão in 2011 and Rio Ave in 2012. After delivering several good performances with Rio Ave, he attracted the interest of the Portuguese superpower Benfica who then signed him in 2015 with a release clause (the fee that any team would be required to pay before the player's contract expires) of €45 million. His time at Benfica proved to be successful as he won 4 titles in 2 seasons with them.
Meanwhile Pep Guardiola, upon his selection as a manager at Manchester City, made many transfers including the buy of Barcelona goalkeeper Claudio Bravo. Due to dissatisfaction with the performances of Bravo and promising career of Ederson at Benfica, Guardiola decided to replace Bravo after just one season by buying Ederson for a €40 million fee. The transfer made Ederson the second-most expensive goalkeeper of all time (currently 4th), behind only Gianluigi Buffon.
Honours.
Rio Ave
Benfica
Manchester City
Brazil
Individual

= = = The Last Days of Chez Nous = = =
The Last Days of Chez Nous is a 1992 Australian drama movie directed by Gillian Armstrong and starring Lisa Harrow, Bruno Ganz, Kerry Fox, Miranda Otto, Lex Marinos. It was distributed by Fine Line Features.

= = = Kadosh = = =
Kadosh () ("lit." Sacred) is a 1999 Israeli French drama movie directed by Amos Gitai and starring Yaël Abecassis, Yoram Hattab, Meital Barda, Uri Klauzner, Yussuf Abu-Warda. It was distributed by Ocean Film.

= = = Els Verwer = = =
Els Verwer is a Dutch sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = Bear Island (movie) = = =
Bear Island is a 1979 British Canadian adventure movie directed by Don Sharp and based on the 1971 novel of the same name by Alastair MacLean. It stars Donald Sutherland, Vanessa Redgrave, Richard Widmark, Christopher Lee, Lloyd Bridges, Bruce Greenwood, Candace O'Connor and was distributed by United Artists. It was a box office flop.

= = = Tunnel Vision (movie) = = =
TunnelVision (also known as Tunnel Vision) is a 1976 American comedy movie directed by first time director Neal Israel and starring John Candy, Chevy Chase, Roger Bowen, Betty Thomas, Al Franken, Ron Silver, Laraine Newman, Phil Proctor. It was distributed by World Wide Pictures.

= = = Bad News Bears (1976 movie) = = =
Bad News Bears is a 1976 American sports comedy movie directed by Michael Ritchie and starring Walter Matthau, Tatum O'Neal, Chris Barnes, Vic Morrow, Jackie Earle Haley, Joyce Van Patten. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was followed by two sequels and a 2005 movie remake of the same name.

= = = I Will, I Will... for Now = = =
I Will, I Will... for Now is a 1976 American romantic comedy movie directed by Norman Panama and starring Elliott Gould, Diane Keaton, Paul Sorvino, Candy Clark, Victoria Principal, Robert Alda. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Interrupted Melody = = =
Interrupted Melody is a 1955 American biographical musical drama movie directed by Curtis Bernhardt and is based on the 1949 authbiography. It stars Glenn Ford, Roger Moore, Eleanor Parker, Cecil Kellaway, Peter Leeds, Evelyn Ellis and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1956.

= = = Blue Desert (movie) = = =
Blue Desert is a 1991 American psychological thriller movie directed by Bradley Battersby and starring Courteney Cox, D. B. Sweeney, Craig Sheffer. It was distributed by First World Pictures.

= = = Sachiko Hara = = =
Sachiko Hara (���) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in. She is well known about her promotion activities for this game.
Family.
Her husband is Norimoto Yoda, a 9 dan professional Go player who has obtained many titles including the grand master (��) title. She is managing a Go school (Yodajuku, ���) with him for kids under 15.

= = = Copper Sky = = =
Copper Sky is a 1957 American western movie directed by Charles Marquis Warren and starring Jeff Morrow, Coleen Gray, Strother Martin, Paul Brinegar, John Pickard. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = No End of Surprises = = =
No End of Surprises is a 1975 Hong Kong drama movie directed by Mu Chu and starring Jackie Chan, Li-Li Chen, Ke-Wei Cheng, Siu Ping Cheng. It was distributed by Golden Harvest Company.

= = = Kendra Lancaster = = =
Kendra Lancaster is an American sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a bronze medal, 2008 Summer Paralympics winning a silver medal, and 2012 Summer Paralympics winning a silver medal.
She was born in Indianapolis. She studied at Westfield High School in Westfield, Indiana and at Purdue University.

= = = Aletta Adema Salagter = = =
Aletta Adema Salagter is a Dutch sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = Yu Hong Sheng = = =
Yu Hong Sheng is a Chinese female sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2008 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, and 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal.

= = = Yan Ling Yang = = =
Yan Ling Yang is a Chinese female sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, and 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal.

= = = Jun Xue = = =
Jun Xue is a Chinese female sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal.

= = = Xufei Zhang = = =
Xufei Zhang (born 28 August 1984) is a Chinese female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2008 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal, and 2020 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = 2019 Formula One World Championship = = =
The 2019 Formula One World Championship is the 70th season of the Formula One World Championship. The motor racing championship is the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.
The 2019 season started with the Australian Grand Prix on March 17 2019, and ended with Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on December 1 2019.
References.
Notes

= = = Xiongying Zheng = = =
Xiongying Zheng is a Chinese sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2008 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, and 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal.

= = = Bin Gong = = =
Bin Gong (born 2 February 1981) is a Chinese female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal. 2017 Para-Volley World Super 6, and 2018 Asian Para Games.

= = = Eastern dwarf tree frog = = =
The eastern dwarf tree frog ("Litoria fallax") is a frog from Australia. It lives in Queensland and New South Wales.
This frog is 2.5 cm long from nose to rear end. It is either bright green or bronze with green marks. There is a bronze stripe from its nose down its body. It has a white belly and orange skin on its legs. Its front legs have some webbing and its hind legs have more webbing. There are small discs on its toes for climbing. They have orange skin on their legs.
The frogs live in large groups on plants near bodies of water, such as swamps and ponds.
This frog lays eggs near the surface of swamps, ponds, and dam water. The tadpoles can be 5 cm long and take between two and five months to become frogs. Unlike most frogs, the eastern dwarf tree frog can lay eggs at any time during the year.

= = = 2018 Formula One World Championship = = =
The 2018 Formula One World Championship is the 69th season of the Formula One World Championship. The motor racing championship is the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.
The 2018 season started with the Australian Grand Prix on March 25 2018, and ended with Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on November 25 2018.

= = = Yanhua Tan = = =
Tan Yanhua is a Chinese sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2008 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, and 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal.

= = = Hongqin Lu = = =
Hongqin Lyu is a Chinese sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2008 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, and 2012 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal. and 2016 Summer Paralympics, and 2020 Summer Paralympics, winning the silver medal.

= = = Marijke Roest = = =
Marijke Roest is a Dutch sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = Estelle Rubens = = =
Estelle Barenbaum Rubens (c. 1930 in Philadelphia - January 18, 2018) was an American museum docent and philanthropist.
Life.
She married Raymond Rubens; they collected art; she donated artworks by Alexander Calder, Red Grooms, Al Hirschfeld, Earl Horter, Alice Neel, and Larry Rivers, to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
She was a docent for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
In her will, she made a $8 million gift. A travel scholarship was named for her.

= = = Principle of stationary action = = =
Pierre Maupertuis stated in 1746 that many processes in nature are either optimal, or they take extreme values. This is known as the principle of stationary action and is a part of mechanics. It states that physical fields and particles will sometimes take extreme values (which are maximal or minimal). For this reason, it is often called principle of least action. Maupertuis gives a way to determine equations of motion when looking at the action of a mechanical system.
History.
One of the first to formulate this was Pierre de Fermat. In the 1600s, he wrote: "light travels between two given points along the path of shortest time".
Maupertuis wrote: "The laws of movement and of rest deduced from this principle being precisely the same as those observed in nature, we can admire the application of it to all phenomena. The movement of animals, the vegetative growth of plants ... are only its consequences; and the spectacle of the universe becomes so much the grander, so much more beautiful, the worthier of its Author, when one knows that a small number of laws, most wisely established, suffice for all movements."

= = = Fida'i = = =
Fedâi (, ; "Warrior") is the national anthem of the State of Palestine, adopted in 1996 by the .
In 1965, the lyrics (words) were written by Sagħid Możajn and the music was composed by Għali ‘Esmâgħil. It was ratified in 2005.

= = = Amhrán na bhFiann = = =
"Amhrán na bhFiann" (, meaning "The Soldier's Song") is the national anthem of Ireland, adopted in 1926. There is both an Irish version and an English version of the song; the English lyrics were written by Peadar Ó Cearnaigh in 1907, and the Irish lyrics were written by Liam Ó Rinn in 1923. It was composed by Peadar Ó Cearnaigh and Patrick Heeney in 1907.
Lyrics.
Only the chorus is officially part of the national anthem.

= = = Litoria flavescens = = =
Litoria flavescens is a frog from eastern Papua New Guinea. It lives on Normanby Island.
This frog lives in forests and grasslands that are not near the ocean.

= = = Freycinet's frog = = =
Freycinet's frog or Wallum rocketfrog or rocket frog ("Litoria freycineti") is a frog from eastern Australia. It lives on the east coast of Australia and on Fraser Island.
This frog can grow to 4.5 cm from nose to rear end. Its skin is brown with irregular patterns on it. The tadpoles can live even in hot water.
This frog can live in many different kinds of places, but it likes temporary swamps not far from the ocean. These swamps are called "wallum" in Australia. It looks for food during the day.
This frog is in danger because human beings build things in the places it likes to live.

= = = Cherré-Au = = =
Cherré-Au is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Cherré (the seat) and Cherreau.

= = = Ballon-Saint-Mars = = =
Ballon-Saint-Mars is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Ballon (the seat) and Saint-Mars-sous-Ballon.

= = = Byers island = = =
Benjamin Morrell writes that he landed on an island he called Byers Island, on 12th July 1825. According to Morrell, this island was at a position of 28 degrees 32 minutes North, and 177 degrees 4 seconds East. He writes about this, in his book "A narrative of four voyages".
This island is a phantom island, and does not exist. Just before, he visited Pearl and Hermes Reef, and gives exact positions for the reef. It can therefore be excluded, that he landed on Kure, and gave a wrong position for it.
Byers is the name of the owner of the ship, and one of Morrell's employers.This is another hint that Morrell may be the source of the hoax. According to Burton R. Pollin, Morrells ghostwriter was the magazine editor and playwright Samuel Woodworth.
So even though Morrell may not be the source of this and other false items in his work, he certainly knew about them. He knew about the "rectified" content of his book.
Morrell sacrificed his scientific reputation in order to be able to increase the sales of his book.
The official maritime manual of 1899 already lists Byer island and Morrell Island as doubtful.
Despite this, globes of 1960s still show the islands, along four other phantom islands, northwest of Kure.

= = = Loc-Brévalaire = = =
Loc-Brévalaire () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.

= = = Loc-Eguiner = = =
Loc-Eguiner () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.

= = = Jackson County, Georgia = = =
Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 75,907 people lived there. The county seat is Jefferson.

= = = Baxley, Georgia = = =
Baxley is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Appling County.

= = = Sparta, Georgia = = =
Sparta is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Hancock County.

= = = Pearson, Georgia = = =
Pearson is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Atkinson County.

= = = Waynesboro, Georgia = = =
Waynesboro is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Burke County.

= = = Trenton, Georgia = = =
Trenton is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Dade County.

= = = Avenging Force = = =
Avenging Force is a 1986 American action movie directed by Sam Firstenberg and written by James Booth (who also starred). It stars Michael Dudikoff, Steve James, John P. Ryan, Marc Alaimo and was distributed by Cannon Films. It is considered to be a cult film.

= = = Alma, Georgia = = =
Alma is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Bacon County.

= = = Scott Adsit = = =
Robert Scott Adsit (born November 26, 1965) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his role as Pete Hornberger, the well-meaning but jaded executive producer, on the NBC sitcom "30 Rock". He was born in Northbrook, Illinois.

= = = Newton, Georgia = = =
Newton is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Baker County.

= = = Homer, Georgia = = =
Homer is a town in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Banks County.

= = = Hartwell, Georgia = = =
Hartwell is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Hart County.

= = = Braga = = =
Braga is the third-largest city in Portugal. In 2011, it has about 182,000 inhabitants.
Braga is known by the Portuguese as the religious centre of their country, this is because Braga has the oldest cathedral in Portugal and many churches.
Gallery.
<br>

= = = Roswell, Georgia = = =
Roswell is a U.S. city in Fulton County, Georgia. It is named for Roswell King, a businessman who forced many slaves to run his plantation and cotton mill.

= = = St. Johns, Arizona = = =
St. Johns is a city in Arizona in the United States.

= = = Safford, Arizona = = =
Safford is a city in Arizona in the United States.

= = = Clifton, Arizona = = =
Clifton is a town in Arizona in the United States. It is currently the county seat of Greenlee County.
Climate.
According to the Köppen climate system, Clifton has a hot semi-arid climate. 
Here is the average weather for Clifton starting 1971 and ending 2001. 
Education.
The schools in the city are run by the Morenci Unified School District. The schools were formerly run by the Clifton Unified School District until 2010.

= = = Parker, Arizona = = =
Parker is a town in Arizona in the United States.

= = = Apache Junction, Arizona = = =
Apache Junction is a city in Arizona in the United States.

= = = Cartersville, Georgia = = =
Cartersville is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Bartow County.

= = = Fitzgerald, Georgia = = =
Fitzgerald is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Ben Hill County. It is in both Ben Hill and Irwin counties.

= = = Nashville, Georgia = = =
Nashville is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Berrien County.

= = = A Man Called Sledge = = =
A Man Called Sledge is a 1970 Italian western movie directed by Vic Morrow (who also stars) and starring James Garner, Dennis Weaver, Claude Akins, Wayde Preston, John Marley, Laura Antonelli, Ken Clark, Tony Young. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.

= = = Who'll Stop the Rain = = =
Who'll Stop the Rain is a 1978 American crime thriller drama movie directed by Karel Reisz and based on the 1974 novel "Dog Soldiers" by Robert Stone. It stars Nick Nolte, Tuesday Weld, Michael Moriarty, Anthony Zerbe and was distributed by United Artists.

= = = Litoria gasconi = = =
Litoria gasconi is a frog from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The adult male frog is 39.3 to 41.6 mm in length from nose to rear end. It has large eyes with pupils that open side to side. It is green in color with yellow spots and parts of its legs and middle are bright orange.

= = = Harker Heights, Texas = = =
Harker Heights is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.

= = = Thank God It's Friday = = =
Thank God It's Friday is a 1978 American musical comedy movie directed by Robert Klane and starring Donna Summer, Jeff Goldblum, Debra Winger, DeWayne Jessie, Ray Vitte, Terri Dunn. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and won an Academy Award in 1979.

= = = Corvette Summer = = =
Corvette Summer is a 1978 American adventure comedy movie directed by Matthew Robbins and starring Mark Hamill, Annie Potts, Eugene Roche, William Bryant, Richard McKenzie, Kim Milford, Stanley Kamel, Brion James, Dick Miller. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Bound for Glory (1976 movie) = = =
Bound for Glory is a 1976 American biographical drama movie directed by Hal Ashby and based on the 1943 autobiography by Woody Guthrie. It stars David Carradine, Ronny Cox, Melinda Dillon, Gail Strickland, Randy Quaid, Ji-Tu Cumbuka and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 6 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1977.

= = = The Edge of Democracy = = =
The Edge of Democracy () is a 2019 Brazilian documentary movie directed by Petra Costa and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2020. It was distributed by Netflix.

= = = Lupang Hinirang = = =
"Lupang Hinirang" (Baybayin: ����� �������, ; "Chosen Land"), originally known in Spanish as "Marcha Nacional Filipina", is the national anthem of the Philippines. Its music was composed by Julián Felipe in 1898, and the lyrics (words) were adapted from the Spanish poem "Filipinas", which was written by Filipino soldier José Palma y Velásquez a year later. This song was first adopted as the anthem of the First Philippine Republic in 1898, but without words. By the 1940s, the original Spanish lyrics were translated into Filipino (a variety of Tagalog). The Filipino lyrics became official in 1958 and was revised in 1963, then it became embedded in law in 1998.
Lyrics.
Official lyrics in Filipino.
The Filipino version was translated by Felipe Padilla de León in 1958, and was revised in 1963.
Original Spanish version.
Penned by José Palma in 1899.
Official Commonwealth English version.
This version was translated in 1938 by Camilo Osías "et al."
Translations into local languages.
For the sake of space, only the first two verses in each language are shown.

= = = Get Out Your Handkerchiefs = = =
Get Out Your Handkerchiefs () is a 1978 French Belgian romantic comedy movie directed by Bertrand Blier and starring Gérard Depardieu, Patrick Dewaere, Carole Laure, Michel Serrault, Eléonore Hirt, Sylvie Joly. It was distributed by New Line Cinema and won an Academy Award in 1979.

= = = Second Life (movie) = = =
Second Life is a 2009 Portuguese drama movie directed by Miguel Gaudêncio and starring Pedro Lima, Piotr Adamczyk, Lúcia Moniz, Paulo Pires, Sandra Cóias.

= = = Charles Booker (American politician) = = =
Charles Booker (born October 20, 1984) is an American politician. He was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives for the 43rd district from 2019 to 2021. He was Kentucky's youngest Black state lawmaker. 
Booker was a candidate in the Democratic Party's primary for the 2020 U.S. Senate race in Kentucky. He lost the Democratic nomination to Amy McGrath in June 2020. He was the Democratic nominee for the 2022 Senate election, however he lost the election to incumbent Senator Rand Paul.

= = = Lindsay Townsend = = =
Lindsay James Townsend (3 March 1934 – 2 June 2020) was a New Zealand international rugby player. He was a member of the All Blacks in 1955, playing in the halfback position. He was born in Mataura, New Zealand. From 1953 to 1963, he played for the Otago Rugby Football Union.
Townsend died on 2 June 2020 in Whangārei, New Zealand at the age of 86.

= = = Antonio Rodríguez de las Heras = = =
Antonio Rodríguez de las Heras Pérez (19 September 1947 – 4 June 2020) was a Spanish historian. He was a professor at the Charles III University of Madrid. He was Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, Communication and Documentation and Director of the Institute of Culture and Technology of the Carlos III University. He was also a member of the Advisory Council of TeamLabs from 2013 until his death. He was born in Vigo, Spain.
Rodríguez de las Heras died on 4 June 2020 in Madrid from COVID-19, aged 72.

= = = Izumi Kobayashi = = =
Izumi Kobayashi (����) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in since 1995. She is known for holding many female titles in the 2000s.
Notable family members.
Izumi Kobayashi has several professional players in her family.
Japanese books.
She has wrote introductory Go books which were published by the NHK publishing.

= = = György Bálint = = =
György Bálint (28 July 1919 – 21 June 2020) was a Hungarian politician and horticulturist. He was born in Gyöngyös, Hungary. He was a member of the Alliance of Free Democrats from 1994 until 2009. He was a member of the National Assembly from 28 June 1994 through 17 June 1998.
Bálint died at his home on 21 June 2020 from heart failure and COVID-19 in Budapest, aged 100.

= = = Pascal Clément = = =
Pascal Clément (12 May 1945 – 21 June 2020) was a French politician. He was a member of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP). He was a member of the National Assembly of France from 1978 to 1993, from 1995 to 2005 and from 2007 to 2012. He was Minister of Parliamentary Relations from 1993 to 1995, and Minister of Justice from 2005 to 2007. He was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
Clément died on 21 June 2020 in Paris from a lung infection, aged 75.

= = = Pre-eclampsia = = =
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy caused by the onset of high blood pressure. There is a large amount of protein in the urine. When it happens, the condition begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
In severe cases of the disease there may be red blood cell breakdown, a low blood platelet count, damaged liver function, kidney dysfunction, swelling, shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs, or visual disturbances. 
If left untreated, it may result in seizures.

= = = Bobana Veličković = = =
Bobana Veličković (; 25 January 1990 – 21 June 2020) was a Serbian sport shooter. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's 10 metre air pistol. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's 10 metre air pistol and the Women's 25 metre pistol.
On 21 June 2020, Veličković died due to problems caused by childbirth including pre-eclampsia in Belgrade, aged 30.

= = = Talib Jauhari = = =
Talib Jauhari (27 August 1929 – 22 June 2020) () was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, poet, historian and philosopher. His works focused on the Shia Sect of Islam. Jauhari was born in Patna, Bihar. Jauhari was known for his interpretations of the Quran His best known book was "Hadees e Karabala".
Jauhari died on 22 June 2020 at a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from heart disease-related problems and COVID-19, aged 91.

= = = Kaori Chinen = = =
Kaori Chinen (�����) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in. She is known for holding female titles from the 1990s to the 2000s.

= = = Gafsa Governorate = = =
Gafsa Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the central part of the country, bordering Algeria. It covers an area of 7807 km2. As of the 2014 census, 337,331 people lived there. The capital of the city is Gafsa.

= = = Mile Nedelkoski = = =
Mile Nedelkoski () (November 25, 1935 – June 21, 2020) was a Macedonian poet, novelist, storyteller, and playwright. 
Nedelkoski was born in Prilep, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was an editor at Kultura press. He became a member of the Macedonian Writers' Society (, ���) in 1963.
Nedelkoski died on June 21, 2020 in Skopje, North Macedonia at the age of 84.

= = = Bobby Storey = = =
Robert Storey (11 April 1956 – 21 June 2020) was an Irish Sinn Fein politician. He was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was sentenced to a total of 25 years in jail but was released early under the terms of the Belfast Agreement. He also played a key role in the Maze Prison escape in 1983, the biggest prison escape in the history of the United Kingdom.
Storey died on 21 June 2020 at a hospital in England from problems caused by lung surgery, aged 64.

= = = Maze Prison escape = = =
The Maze Prison escape (known to Irish republicans as the Great Escape) took place on 25 September 1983 in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. HM Prison Maze (also known as Long Kesh) was a maximum security prison thought to be one of the most escape-proof prisons in Europe.
It held prisoners convicted of taking part in paramilitary campaigns during the Troubles. In the biggest prison escape in the history of the United Kingdom, 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) prisoners escaped from H-Block 7 (H7) of the prison. A prison officer died of a heart attack during the escape and twenty others were injured, including two who were shot with guns that had been smuggled into the prison.
The escape gained publicity for the IRA. The official inquiry into the escape placed most of the blame onto prison staff.

= = = Irish republicanism = = =
Irish republicanism () is the political movement for the unity and independence of Ireland. Irish republicans view British rule in any part of Ireland as illegitimate (against the law). 

= = = Rosa Luxemburg (movie) = = =
Rosa Luxemburg () is a 1986 West German Czech biographical drama movie directed by Margarethe von Trotta and starring Barbara Sukowa, Daniel Olbrychski, Otto Sander, Adelheid Arndt, Jürgen Holtz, Doris Schade, Hannes Jaenicke.

= = = Daniel Olbrychski = = =
Daniel Marcel Olbrychski (; born 27 February 1945) is a Polish actor. He is best known for leading roles in several Andrzej Wajda movies. He played a defector and spymaster Vassily Orlov, alongside Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie in the movie "Salt". He also starred as Leo Jogiches in the 1986 movie "Rosa Luxemburg".

= = = Leo Jogiches = = =
Leon "Leo" Jogiches (German: "Leo Jogiches"; Russian: ��� "���" �������; 17 July 1867 – 10 March 1919), also commonly known by the party name Jan Tyszka, was a Marxist revolutionary.
Jogiches was a founder of the political party known as The Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland in 1893 and a key figure in the underground Spartacus League in Germany.

= = = Jürgen Holtz = = =
Jürgen Holtz (10 August 1932 – 21 June 2020) was a German actor. He appeared in more than seventy movies, beginning in 1957. Holtz was born in Berlin. He was known for his roles as Karl in "Rosa Luxemburg" (1986), Egon in "Made in Israel" (2001) and as Herr in "Good Bye, Lenin!" (2003). 
Holtz died on 21 June 2020 in Berlin from cancer-related problems, aged 87.

= = = Ahmed Radhi = = =
Ahmed Radhi Amaiesh Al-Salehi (, 21 April 1964 – 21 June 2020) was an Iraqi footballer. He played as a forward. He was seen as one of Iraq's best players of all-time. Radhi scored the only Iraqi goal in the FIFA World Cup. He was voted the 1988 Asian Footballer of the Year. He was born in Baghdad.
Radhi was hospitalized in the Baghdad neighborhood of Adhamiyah on 13 June 2020 with COVID-19. He died from the infection on 21 June, aged 56.

= = = Dennis Young (rugby player) = = =
Dennis Young (1 April 1930 – 21 June 2020) was a New Zealand rugby union player. Young represented Canterbury at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1956 to 1964. He played 61 matches for the All Blacks including 22 internationals. He was born in Christchurch.
Young died in Christchurch on 21 June 2020 from cancer, aged 90.

= = = Pedro Lima (actor) = = =
Pedro Manuel Barata de Macedo Lima (20 April 1971 – 20 June 2020) was a Portuguese-Angolan actor and swimmer. He was best known for appearing in telenovelas in Portugal. He was also an Olympic swimmer and participated in the 1988 and 1992 Olympic games. He starred as "Ilha dos Amores" and "Second Life". Lima was born in Luanda, Portuguese Angola.
Lima died on 20 June 2020 Cascais, Portugal at the age of 49. His death is believed to be a suicide.

= = = Chiaki Mukai = = =
Chiaki Mukai (����) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in. She is known for challenging against Xie Yimin for many times. Her mentor is Sachiko Honda.
Family.
She has two older sisters, Kozue and Kaori. Both of them are professional players. The sisters also received training by Sachiko Honda.

= = = Zeev Sternhell = = =
Zeev Sternhell (, 10 April 1935 – 21 June 2020) was a Polish-born Israeli historian, political scientist, commentator on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and writer. He was an expert on fascism. Sternhell was in charge of the Department of Political Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He wrote for "Haaretz" newspaper. Sternhell was born in Przemyśl, Poland.
Sternhell died from surgery-related problems at a hospital in Jerusalem on 21 June 2020, aged 85.

= = = Haaretz = = =
Haaretz () (lit. "The Land [of Israel]", originally "Ḥadashot Ha'aretz" – , – "News of the Land [of Israel]" in English "The Palestine News") is an Israeli newspaper. It was founded in 1918. It is the longest running newspaper currently in print in Israel, and is now published in both Hebrew and English. 
The English edition is published and sold together with the "International New York Times". Both Hebrew and English editions can be read on the Internet. 
In North America, it is published as a weekly newspaper, combining articles from the Friday edition with a roundup from the rest of the week.

= = = Peter Navarro = = =
Peter Kent Navarro (born July 15, 1949) is an American economist and author. He works in the Trump administration as the Assistant to the President, Director of Trade and Manufacturing Policy, and the national Defense Production Act policy coordinator. 
He was a Deputy Assistant to the President and Director of the White House National Trade Council, a newly created job in the executive branch of the U.S. government.
He is also a professor emeritus of economics and public policy at the Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, and the author of "Death by China".
After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Donald Trump refused to concede, Navarro advanced conspiracy theories of election fraud and in February 2022 was subpoenaed twice by Congress. One subpoena required him to produce documents to the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack; the other subpoena required him to give testimony to the committee. Navarro refused to comply, effectively ignoring both subpoenas, and was referred to the Justice Department. On June 2, 2022, a grand jury indicted him on two counts of contempt of Congress. On September 7, 2023, he was convicted on both counts, and on January 25, 2024, he was sentenced to four months in jail and fined $9,500.

= = = Addison Rae = = =
Addison Rae Easterling (born October 6, 2000), commonly known as Addison Rae, is an American social media personality, dancer, and singer. She has more than 70 million followers on TikTok.
Early life.
Addison Rae Easterling was born on October 6, 2000, in Lafayette, Louisiana, to Monty Lopez and Sheri Easterling. She also has two brothers, who are named Enzo and Lucus. She grew up in Lafayette, Louisiana. Before she moved to Los Angeles to have a career performing for TikTok, she went to Calvary Baptist Academy in Shreveport, Louisiana.
Career.
She joined TikTok in July 2019. She has been part of the TikTok collaborative group The Hype House since December 2019, when it was founded.
In January 2020, Easterling and her parents signed with talent agency WME.

= = = Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein = = =
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein is a 1948 American horror comedy movie directed by Charles Barton and starring Bud Abbott, Lou Costello, Lon Chaney Jr., Bela Lugosi, Glenn Strange. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Jeff Davis County, Georgia = = =
Jeff Davis County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 14,779 people lived there. The county seat is Hazlehurst. The county was created on August 18, 1905.

= = = Stephens County, Georgia = = =
Stephens County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 26,784 people lived there. The county seat is Toccoa.

= = = Toccoa, Georgia = = =
Toccoa is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Stephens County.

= = = Morgan, Georgia = = =
Morgan is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Calhoun County.

= = = Jendouba Governorate = = =
Jendouba Governorate ( "" ) is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northwestern part of the country, bordering Algeria and the Mediterranean Sea. It covers an area of 3,102 km2. As of the 2014 census, 401,477 people lived there. The capital is Jendouba.

= = = The Groundstar Conspiracy = = =
The Groundstar Conspiracy is a 1972 Canadian American science fiction action thriller movie directed by Lamont Johnson and based on the 1968 novel "The Alien" by L. P. Davies. It stars George Peppard, Michael Sarrazin, Christine Belford, Cliff Potts and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Kairouan Governorate = = =
Kairouan Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the central-eastern part of the country. It covers an area of 6,712 km2. As of the 2014 census, 570,559 people lived there. The capital is Kairouan.

= = = Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison = = =
Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison is a 1957 American World War II drama movie directed by John Huston and based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Charles Shaw. It stars Robert Mitchum, Deborah Kerr and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1958.

= = = Blood and Steel = = =
Blood and Steel, also known as Condemened Patrol, is a 1959 American World War II drama movie directed by Bernard L. Kowalski and starring John Lupton, James Edwards, Brett Halsey, Ziva Rodann, James Hong. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = No Stars in the Jungle = = =
No Stars in the Jungle () is a 1967 Peruvian Argentine adventure movie directed by Armando Robles Godoy and starring Ignacio Quirós, Susana Pardahl, Luisa Otero, Jorge Montoro, Jorge Aragón.

= = = Premier League Golden Boot = = =
The Premier League Golden Boot is a yearly football award that is given to footballers who score the most goals in a Premier league season. The winners are also given £1000 for each goal they have scored in the season.
The first person to win the Premier League Golden Boot was Teddy Sheringham during the 1992-93 season. Arsenal F.C.'s Thierry Henry has won the award 4 times and currently holds the record for the most Golden Boots wins in the history of Premier League. Only two players have won the award for 3 consecutive (back-to-back) years, namely Thierry Henry and Alan Shearer. Most recently (2020-21), the award was won by Harry Kane; who won it for the third time.
The first international players to win the Premier League Golden Boot were Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke during the 1998-99 season.
Sponsorships.
The award was sponsored by Carling for the time between 1994 and 2001. In 2001, Barclaycard took over the sponsorship rights and continued to own them until 2005 after which, Barclays bought the sponsorship rights of both the award and Premier league. Currently, the award is being sponsored by Cadbury.

= = = Kebili Governorate = = =
Kebili Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the southwestern part of the country, bordering Algeria. It covers an area of 22,454 km2. As of the 2014 census, 156,961 people lived there. The capital is Kebili.

= = = Lappet-nosed tree frog = = =
The lappet-nosed tree frog ("Litoria havina") is a frog from New Guinea and Indonesia.
This frog has been found 760 m above sea level in a valley called Ok Kam.

= = = Kef Governorate = = =
Kef Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northwestern part of the country. It covers an area of 4,965 km2. As of the 2014 census, 243,156 people lived there. The capital is El Kef.

= = = Mahdia Governorate = = =
Mahdia Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the central-eastern part of the country. It covers an area of 2,966 km2. As of the 2014 census, 410,812 people lived there. The capital is Mahdia.

= = = Yukari Yoshihara = = =
Yukari Yoshihara (�����) is a Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in since 1996. Her mentor is Masao Kato.
Game software.
She also authored some Go-related game software.

= = = Manouba Governorate = = =
Manouba Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northern part of the country. It covers an area of 1,137 km2. As of the 2014 census, 379,518 people lived there. The capital is Manouba.

= = = Medenine Governorate = = =
Medenine Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the southeastern part of the country. It covers an area of 9,167 km2. As of the 2014 census, 479,520 people lived there. The capital is Medenine.

= = = Monastir Governorate = = =
Monastir Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It covers an area of 1,019 km2. As of the 2014 census, 548,828 people lived there. The capital is Monastir.

= = = Nabeul Governorate = = =
Nabeul Governorate ( "") is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It covers an area of 2,788 km2. As of the 2014 census, 787,920 people lived there. The capital is Nabeul.

= = = Alamance County, North Carolina = = =
Alamance County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 171,415 people lived there. Its county seat is Graham.

= = = Lohbarbek = = =
Lohbarbek is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

= = = Surry County, North Carolina = = =
Surry County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 71,359 people lived there. Its county seat is Dobson.

= = = Vienne, Isère = = =
Vienne is a commune. It is found in the Isère department in the southeastern part of France.

= = = Great Britain road numbering scheme = = =
In Great Britain, roads are given a letter with 1-4 numbers after it. This is how they are named. The letter is the category of the road. There are two main types of categories: motorways (with the letter "M") and non-motorways. There are two types of non-motorways: A roads (with the letter "A") and B roads (with the letter "B"). A roads are more important than B roads. There are also a very small number of C roads.
This system only applies to the island of Great Britain. Northern Ireland and other islands have their own systems.
A roads.
Single-digit A roads.
In England and Wales, the six A roads with one number are most important roads coming out of London. Starting with the A1 which goes north, numbers go clockwise around London:
In Scotland, important roads from Edinburgh have A roads with one number:

= = = Woodbine, Georgia = = =
Woodbine is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Camden County.

= = = The Middle of the World (1974 movie) = = =
The Middle of the World () is a 1974 Swiss French romance movie directed by Alain Tanner. It stars Olimpia Carlisi and Juliet Berto.

= = = Illustrious Corpses = = =
Illustrious Corpses () is a 1976 Italian French thriller movie directed by Francesco Rosi and based on the 1971 novel "Equal Danger" by Leonardo Sciascia. It stars Lino Ventura, Tino Carraro, Marcel Bozzuffi and was distributed by United Artists.

= = = Metter, Georgia = = =
Metter is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Candler County.

= = = Litoria hilli = = =
Litoria hilli is a frog from New Guinea.
Male adult frogs are about 43.6 to 49.4 mm long from nose to rear end and females are 53.8 to 54.7 cm long. Each frog has a spike on its nose and teeth on its upper jaw. Their front feet and hind feet are completely webbed and their toes have discs for climbing. Their skins are yellow-brown, red-brown or dark green. They can have yellow or purple marks.
As of 2014, people had only seen "Litoria hilli" on one island in New Guinea, Sudest Island, and only on the west side of Mt. Rio. This is 130–410 meters above sea level.
Adults lay eggs on leaves above small bodies of water.

= = = A1 autoroute = = =
The A1 is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It is the busiest autoroute in Europe. Over 180,000 vehicles use it every day, including over 63,000 lorries. It connects Paris and Lille. It also passes next to Paris' Charles de Gaulle airport. The autoroute is long. It is the main road linking Paris to Belgium and the Netherlands. The A26 autoroute joins the A1 autoroute near Arras. This also makes the A1 a link to Calais and England.

= = = John Ventimiglia = = =
John Ventimiglia (born July 17, 1963) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Artie Bucco in the HBO television series "The Sopranos" (1999–2007) and Dino Arbogast in the CBS series "Blue Bloods".
Ventimiglia was born in the Ridgewood neighborhood of Queens, New York City. He comes from a Sicilian-American family. He grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey.

= = = Abia State = = =
Abia State (Igbo: Ȯha Abia) is one of the 36 states of Nigeria situated in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. The capital is Umuahia. 
Local Government Areas.
Abia State consists of 17 local governments namely : Aba North, Aba South, Isiala Ngwa North, Isiala Ngwa South, Ukwa West, Ukwa East, Obingwa, Ikwuano, Bende, Arochukwu, Ohafia, Isuikwuato, Umuahia North, Umuahia South, Ugwunagbo, Osisioma and Nnochi

= = = Adamawa State = = =
Adamawa is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Yola.

= = = Akwa Ibom State = = =
Akwa Ibom is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Uyo. with an population estimated nearly 5.5 million as of 2016.

= = = Anambra State = = =
Anambra State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Awka. Charles Chukwuma Soludo became the governor after Willie Obiano.
Activities.
The State has many infrastructure and organizations including Anambra State Children's Parliament.

= = = Bauchi State = = =
Bauchi is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Bauchi.

= = = Bayelsa State = = =
Bayelsa is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Yenagoa.

= = = Benue State = = =
Benue is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Makurdi.

= = = Borno State = = =
Borno is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The state capital is Maiduguri.

= = = Cross River State = = =
Cross River is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Calabar.

= = = Delta State = = =
Delta is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Asaba. Warri is a commercial capital city of Delta State. Its biggest market is called Igbudu Market.
The current executive governor is Sheriff Oborevwori.

= = = Ebonyi State = = =
Ebonyi is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Abakaliki. There are 13 Local Governments in Ebonyi State, namely: Abakaliki, Izzi, Ezza North, Afikpo South, Ohaukwu, Ebonyi, Oniocha, Ishielu, Ezza South, Ikwo, Afikpo North, Ohaozara, Ivo

= = = Star Fox = = =
Star Fox is a video game series created by Nintendo. It is a railshooter. The franchise focuses on a combat team of animals. They are lead by Fox McCloud. There are 9 games in total so far. The first game is called Star Fox. It was released on 21 February 1993. The most recent game is called Star Fox 2. It was released on 29 September 2017. The series was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. A few sequels had elementsof action adventure game in them. Critics have mostly reviewed the game positively. On average, the games have received a rating of 78.7% to one decimal place

= = = Edo State = = =
Edo is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Benin City.

= = = Ekiti State = = =
Ekiti is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Ado Ekiti.

= = = Enugu State = = =
Enugu is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Enugu. The State has 17 Local Government Areas as follows: 

= = = Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria) = = =
The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) is a federal territory in central Nigeria. The capital is Abuja, which is also the national capital.

= = = Gombe State = = =
Gombe is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Gombe.

= = = Imo State = = =
Imo is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Owerri. Imo State comprises of 27 Local Governments

= = = Kano State = = =
Kano is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Kano.
Kano was created on May 27, 1967 from part of the Northern Region, and Kano State share borders with Katsina State to the northwest, Jigawa State to the northeast, Kaduna State to the southwest and Bauchi State to the southeast.

= = = Katsina State = = =
Katsina is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Katsina.

= = = Kebbi State = = =
Kebbi is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Birnin Kebbi.

= = = Kogi State = = =
Kogi is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Lokoja.

= = = Nasarawa State = = =
Nasarawa is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Lafia. It was created on 1 October 1996.

= = = Niger State = = =
Niger is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Minna.

= = = Ondo State = = =
Ondo is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Akure.

= = = Osun State = = =
Osun is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Osogbo.

= = = Categoría Primera A = = =
The Categoría Primera A is a Colombian professional league for football clubs. It is the highest division in the Colombian football league system. The league was founded in 1948.
Format.
The league has 20 teams. The teams play through the Apertura and Finalización tournaments each year. Both tournaments are conducted according to an identical three-stage format.
The first stage is in round-robin format, with each team playing the other teams once for a total of 19 matches. The top eight teams then advance to a knockout round consisting of two groups, each team playing six times in a round-robin format. The two leaders of each group go to the final, which is played in a home and away leg system. The winner of the final is the champion. At the end of the Finalizacion tournament, a supercup is played between the winner of the Apertura tournament and the Finalizacion tournament. The winner of the supercup would be the grand champion.

= = = Plateau State = = =
Plateau is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Jos.

= = = Sokoto State = = =
Sokoto is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Sokoto.

= = = Taraba State = = =
Taraba is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Jalingo. It is named after the Taraba River.

= = = Yobe State = = =
Yobe is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Damaturu. It was created on 27 August 1991.
Local government areas.
The state consists of 17 local government areas including:

= = = Zamfara State = = =
Zamfara is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. It is in the northwest of the country. Its capital is Gusau.
Zamfara is badly affected by the Nigerian bandit conflict. That includes a mass kidnapping in Jangebe in February 2021, a massacre in Zurmi in June 2021 and a series of massacres in January 2022. 

= = = Jigawa State = = =
Jigawa is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. The capital is Dutse.

= = = FIFA 100 = = =
The FIFA 100 is a list of 125 footballers chosen by Brazilian football legend Pelé. He made his choices based on who he thought were the best living footballers in the world. It was presented on 4 March 2004 at a ceremony in London. 
The number 100 represents the 100th anniversary of FIFA and not the number of players selected. The list has 123 male players and 2 female players. At the time the list was selected, 50 players were active and 75 were retired.
List.
This is the list of the "FIFA 100" greatest living footballers as chosen by Pelé.

= = = Palitana Jain Temples = = =
The Palitana temples or Shri Shatrunjaya Tirtha is a sacred by Svetambara Jains. The city of the same name, known previously as Padliptapur, has been dubbed "City of Temples". Shatrunjaya means a "place of victory against inner enemies" or "which conquers inner enemies". Jains believe that a visit to this group of temples is essential as a once-in-a-lifetime chance to achieve Nirvana or salvation.
As the temple-city was built to be an abode for the divine, no one is allowed to stay overnight, including the priests. It is the "National Jain temple of India" respectively.
Also, on the summit, there is a shrine of a Muslim saint by name Angar Pir who is reported to have protected the temples during Muslim invasions in early 14th century. 

= = = A2 autoroute = = =
The A2 is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It starts from the A1 near Combles and ends at the border with Belgium. Here, it continues as the A7. The A1, A2, and the A7 in Belgium are the main route between Paris and Liege. The A2 is about long. The whole road is part of the European route E19.

= = = Saint-Paterne - Le Chevain = = =
Saint-Paterne - Le Chevain is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Saint-Paterne (the seat) and Le Chevain.

= = = Bazouges Cré sur Loir = = =
Bazouges Cré sur Loir is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Bazouges-sur-le-Loir (the seat) and Cré-sur-Loir.

= = = Galois theory = = =
Galois theory (pronounced "gal-wah") is a subject in mathematics that is centered around the connection between two mathematical structures, fields and groups. Fields are sets of numbers (sometimes abstractly called elements) that have a way of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Groups are like fields, but with only one operation often called addition (subtraction is considered addition with negative numbers). Fields are often hard to study because there are so many possible combinations of numbers, that the internal structure is hard to decipher. Groups are usually much less complex and easier to understand. Galois theory gives a concrete connection between hard to study fields and easy to study groups.
Disclaimer.
The nature of Galois' work is extremely advanced. It is usually considered out of reach for general audiences, or anyone without a strong technical background in Abstract algebra. This article will go into some detail, mostly defining types of equations and groups, and give a brief overview of the main ideas behind Galois theory. This article may not truly belong on "Simple English Wikipedia", though it may be referenced by those who have trouble understanding the main "Wikipedia" page, and just need a brief discussion on the subject. Beyond the first paragraph of this page, some mathematical experience may be required. All things considered, any high schooler should be able to follow the main ideas laid forth in this article.
Historical Motivation.
Euclid and Geometry.
In the year 300 BCE, the Greek mathematician Euclid (pronounded yook-lid) wrote a book on geometry titled "Elements." The text contained thirteen books, all on how to solve problems in geometry. Euclid was able to find ways to bisect any angle; that is, he was able to find an angle that was half of any other angle. Euclid was able to do much more, too. He could construct with a straightedge and compass shapes like circles, triangles, squares, pentagons, and others. However, he was unable to find a way to make every possible polygon. For example, Euclid was unable to make a regular 9-gon, a shape with 9 equal sides, using only ruler and compass. Mathematicians, like Euclid, tried to solve other problems as well. If they could cut any angle in two halves, then was there a way to cut "any" angle into three equal angles? Similarly, was there a way to square the circle (find a square with area equal to �, or a square with side length equal to formula_1 ), or double the cube(find a cube with twice the volume of another, by constructing a side of the cube with length formula_2 )? These questions remained unanswered for over 2000 years.
The Sisters of the Quadratic Formula.
A polynomial equation is an equation where you are only allowed to add and subtract multiples of powers of a variable, like formula_3. An "n"th power is a variable multiplied by itself "n" times. Or example polynomial has 5th, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st powers of "x". The degree of a polynomial is the largest power found in the equation. In school, students learn about a type of polynomial equation called a quadratic equation. This is an equation where the highest power, or multiple, is two. An example of a quadratic equation isformula_4, or formula_5. Notice that the only thing we care about is that there is a squared term. This makes the equation quadratic. If formula_6 are numbers and formula_7, then formula_8 is a valid quadratic equation. You may remember from school that if you know formula_6 then you can solve this equation using the quadratic formula,formula_10which gives the solutions to our equation only by plugging in formula_6. Mathematicians hoped to find a simple equation for the solutions (or, roots) for "any" polynomial equation, hopefully using only addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and two other simple calculations: powers and roots. Mathematicians were able, after years of work, to find equations for polynomials with degree 3, and eventually degree 4. However, no one was ever able to find a formula for the solutions to a polynomial with degree 5 or higher. Why not? What was preventing them from being able to plug in the (in this case, since there are 5 powers) formula_12 in formula_13 and get the answers? No one could find out why.
Fields and Groups.
The solution to these problems arrived out of the study of fields and groups. It turns out that each equation has a special field and group associated with it.
Fields.
The field associated with each equation has complicated structure. However, you can tell a lot about the structure by how much you can rearrange elements by shuffling without changing the structure.
Groups and Sn.
All of the ways of shuffling a field can be turned into a group. There are special types of groups, called the "Symmetric Group on n elements" labeled Sn, which are all the ways of shuffling "n" things. Symmetric groups are well behaved and easy to work with when you only shuffle 1, 2, 3, or 4 things. If you use 5 or more, the structure of the symmetric group becomes too chaotic.
Galois's Solution.
Up until the early 1800s, mathematicians were able to find some answers for specific cases of these unsolved problems. Unfortunately, no one had given a reason (or, proof) for any equation. It was French mathematician Évariste Galois (25 October 1811 – 31 May 1832) who was the first to find a solution, explaining why certain equations like 2nd, 3rd, and 4th degree polynomials did have nice solution formulas, but other equations, like 5th degree and above, cannot have a formula. The answer boiled down to reducing the problem of the equations's field to the equation's group; Galois proved that the two had a connection.
Galois' Realization.
Galois noticed that the structure of the groups associated with polynomials were really just the symmetric groups in disguise. If the degree of a polynomial was "n", then the group of the polynomial was the symmetric group on "n" elements. Galois saw that the group of the equation shuffled the roots of the polynomial, and the structure of the shuffles could be analyzed instead.
Solving Euclid's Problems.
Euclid had wanted to find a way of cutting any angle in thirds. Galois showed that if a ruler and compass could be used to make a third of an angle, it would have an associated equation of degree 3. He showed that only powers of two could be made, by analyzing the equation's group and field. Galois showed that trisecting an arbitrary angle was impossible. Galois' theory could also be used to show that it was impossible to square a circle and double a cube.
What Polynomials had Formulas?
Galois used his theory to also show that for polynomials of degree 5 and higher, their associated groups were Sn. He also showed that if an equation had a formula to solve it, then the group of the equation would have a nice structure and was not chaotic. Since the structure of the symmetric group "is" chaotic for formula_14, he showed that no general formula could exist for those polynomials.

= = = A3 autoroute = = =
The A3 is a short autoroute in France. It links the Boulevard Périphérique ring road around Paris with the A1 autoroute. It is long. It also goes through the communes of Montreuil-sous-Bois, Rosny-sous-Bois, and Bondy to the east of Paris. Part of the autoroute is shared with the A86. The autoroute is also part of the European route E15. As it connects to the A1, it also links Central Paris with Charles de Gaulle airport.

= = = A4 autoroute = = =
The A4, also called the "Autoroute de l'Est" (Autoroute of the East) in French, is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It is the third-longest autoroute in France. It is long. The A10 is the longest (), the A89 is the second-longest (). The A4 connects Paris with Strasbourg. It is part of the E25 and E50 European routes. The A4 goes past Disneyland Paris, linking it with the city of Paris. The autoroute also goes through the cities of Reims and Metz. The end of the autoroute in Strasbourg joins onto the A35 autoroute towards Mulhouse and Switzerland. 

= = = Ringgold, Georgia = = =
Ringgold is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Catoosa County.

= = = Folkston, Georgia = = =
Folkston is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Charlton County.

= = = Cusseta, Georgia = = =
Cusseta is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Chattahoochee County.

= = = Elko, Nevada = = =
Elko is a city in the state of Nevada in the United States. It is the county seat of Elko County.

= = = Bumpy rocket frog = = =
The bumpy rocket frog or Peter's frog ("Litoria inermis") is a frog from Australia. It lives all across the northern and eastern parts of Australia, in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia.
An adult frog is 3.5 cm long from nose to rear end. It is light and dark brown with some yellow marks on its legs and a white spot near its jaws. Its front feet have no webbing and its back feet have some webbing. Its skin is bumpy.
The scientists who first wrote about this frog in the 1800s thought it was a burrowing frog, meaning a frog that likes to dig into the ground and spend time underground, but it is not. Its scientific name, "inermis", means "does not have a weapon". Most burrowing frogs have sharp bones in their feet, but the bumpy rocket frog does not. Burrowing frogs use these bones to dig.
This frog lives in flood plains, forests, grasslands, swamps and streams, but it can live in rocky places if there are streams through them.
Females lay their eggs 100-300 at a time in temporary bodies of water with no plants in them. The tadpoles can grow to 4 cm.

= = = Charles Webb (author) = = =
Charles Richard Webb (June 9, 1939 – June 16, 2020) was an American novelist. He was the author of several novels. His most famous work is the 1963 novel "The Graduate", which was made into a movie of the same name (1967). Webb was born in San Francisco, California. His other best known novels include "The Marriage of a Young Stockbroker" and "Home School".
Webb died at a hospital in East Sussex, England on June 16, 2020 at the age of 81.

= = = Claus Biederstaedt = = =
Claus Biederstaedt (28 June 1928 – 18 June 2020) was a German actor, director and producer. He was born in Stargard, Weimar Germany (now Poland).
Biederstaedt began his career working with Joseph Offenbach. He voice dubbed Yves Montand, Peter Falk, Marlon Brando, Vittorio Gassman, and James Garner. His best known roles were in "The Great Temptation", "Don't Worry About Your Mother-in-Law" and in "Before Sundown".
Biederstaedt died on 18 June 2020, aged 91.

= = = Yves Montand = = =
Ivo Livi (), better known as Yves Montand (; 13 October 1921 – 9 November 1991), was an Italian-French actor and singer. He was best known for his roles in "Jean de Florette" (1986) and "Manon des Sources" (1986).
Montand died of a heart attack on 9 November 1991 in Senlis, France at the age of 70.
In 2004, Catherine Allegret, Signoret's daughter, said in her autobiography "Un Monde a L'envers" (A World Upside Down), that she had been sexually abused by Montand at the age of five.

= = = Ken Snow = = =
Kenneth "Ken" Snow (June 23, 1969 – June 21, 2020) was an American soccer forward. He was a two-time winner of the Hermann Trophy. He had an eight-year professional career playing indoor soccer in the United States. He played for the men's national team in 1988. From 1991 to 1995, he played for the Chicago Power. Snow was born in Arlington Heights, Illinois.
Snow died on June 21, 2020 from COVID-19 in Bloomington, Indiana at the age of 50.

= = = The Lost Boys = = =
The Lost Boys is a 1987 American teen horror comedy movie directed by Joel Schumacher. It was produced by Harvey Bernhard with a screenplay written by Jeffrey Boam. 
The cast includes Corey Haim, Jason Patric, Kiefer Sutherland, Jami Gertz, Corey Feldman, Dianne Wiest, Edward Herrmann, Alex Winter, Jamison Newlander, and Barnard Hughes. 
The title is a reference to the Lost Boys in J. M. Barrie's stories about Peter Pan and Neverland, who, like the vampires, never grow up. 

= = = Jason Patric = = =
Jason Patric (born June 17, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in movies such as "The Lost Boys", "Rush", "Sleepers", ', "Your Friends & Neighbors", "Narc", "The Losers", "The Alamo", and '.

= = = Sony Pictures Releasing = = =
The successor to the Triumph Releasing Corporation, Sony Pictures Releasing is a film distribution company. It was founded in the 1990's. It distributes movies from Columbia, Screen Gems, and others. It distributed Think Like a Man, Soul Surfer, Goosebumps, the 2012 iteration of Sparkle, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, The Angry Birds Movie 2, Easy A, The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland, The Star, Planet 51, and Concussion.

= = = Dick Buerkle = = =
Richard "Dick" Thomas Buerkle (; September 3, 1947 – June 22, 2020) was an American Olympic athlete. He was a world record holder for the men's indoor mile. He was born in Rochester, New York. Buerkle qualified for the 1976 and 1980 Olympics.
Buerkle died on June 22, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia from problems caused by multiple system atrophy at the age of 72.

= = = Carlos Luis Morales = = =
Carlos Luis Morales Benítez (12 June 1965 – 22 June 2020) was an Ecuadorian journalist, politician and footballer. He was born in Guayaquil. From 1987 to 1999, he played for the national team. From 1983 to 1993 and 1996, he played for the Barcelona. From 1993 to 1995, Morales played for Independiente.
From 2019 until his death, he was the Provincial Prefect of Guayas. From 2014 to 2018, he was the Municipal Councillor for Guayaquil. He was a member of the Social Christian Party.
In June 2020, he was investigated for corruption over illegal selling of medical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador.
Morales died on 22 June 2020 from cardiopulmonary arrest in Samborondón, Ecuador at the age of 55.

= = = Samborondón = = =
Samborondón is one of the cantons of Guayas province in Ecuador.
Samborondón was founded on May 24, 1776 and got its independence on October 10, 1820. 
Since October 31, 1955 the suburb has been a canton. The canton has 105 localities and two urban parishes ("La Puntilla") and Samborondón Town (Cabecera cantonal) and one rural parish ("Tarifa").

= = = Barcelona S.C. = = =
Barcelona Sporting Club () is an Ecuadorian sports club based in Guayaquil. They are best known best for its professional football team. Internationally known as Barcelona de Ecuador or Barcelona de Guayaquil, in Ecuadorian land it is simply referred as Barcelona or El Idolo (BSC). 
They currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A, the highest level of football in the country, and hold the distinction of being the only club in Ecuadorian history to not have played in the Serie B. 

= = = Just Go with It = = =
Just Go with It is a 2011 American romantic comedy movie directed by Dennis Dugan, written by Allan Loeb and Timothy Dowling. It stars Adam Sandler, Jennifer Aniston, Nicole Kidman, Nick Swardson and Brooklyn Decker. It is based on the 1969 movie "Cactus Flower".
The movie was released on , 2011, by Columbia Pictures in North America. The movie made over $214 million, making it a box office success. However, it received negative reviews from critics.
It won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Actor and Worst Director.

= = = Nick Swardson = = =
Nicholas Roger Swardson (born October 9, 1976) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter and producer, best known for his role as Terry Bernadino in the series "Reno 911!", for the work with Adam Sandler's Happy Madison Productions, and the sketch comedy series "Nick Swardson's Pretend Time".

= = = Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania = = =
Upper Darby Township (often shortened to simply Upper Darby) is a home rule township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is bordering the city of Philadelphia. As of the 2020 census, the township had a total population of 85,681.

= = = Delaware Valley = = =
The Delaware Valley is the valley through which the Delaware River flows. This is commonly used to refer to Greater Philadelphia or Philadelphia metropolitan area ("the [Lower] Delaware Valley Metropolitan Area"). It is made up of counties located in Southeastern Pennsylvania, South Jersey, Delaware, and the Eastern Shore of Maryland. 
As of the 2010 Census, the MSA has a population of over 6 million, while the CSA has a population of over 7.1 million.

= = = Conshohocken, Pennsylvania = = =
Conshohocken ( ; Lenape: "Kanshihakink") is a borough on the Schuylkill River in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in suburban Philadelphia. 

= = = Appeal to novelty = = =
Appeal to novelty is a fallacy where a person would claim that Subject B is better than Subject A because Subject B is newer, or that "newer is better". This fallacy is understandable because people find new discoveries everyday. Since new discoveries are made everyday, people are quick to think that the new thing will be better than the old thing because of the possibility that the new thing was made to fix the mistakes of the old thing.
An example of appeal to novelty is that "the newer versions of the iPhone will always be better then the older versions because smartphone technology becomes more advanced every year."
An example that people use to prove this argument wrong is New Coke, because even though it was made later than the older Coca-Cola, most people who have tasted New Coke say it tasted worse than Coca-Cola.
The opposite of appeal to novelty is appeal to tradition.

= = = Traditional Chinese medicine = = =
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a branch of traditional medicine from China. It is at least 3,500 years old. Treatments include herbal medicine, acupuncture, cupping, massage, and exercise. Since the methods of TCM are different from Western medicine, it is hard to find evidence that shows how safe or good TCM really is. 
Many of the most important ideas in TCM are based on the teachings of Daoism. Based on the teachings of TCM, it is important to balance the five elements in a person's body: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Each element also has something called "yin" and "yang", or opposite values that must exist alongside each other rather than to overcome the other. The way to balance the "yin" and "yang" is to strengthen "qi", or an invisible force that brings balance to the "yin" and "yang". Knowing the five elements and the "yin" and "yang" is important because each organ of the body is related to one of the five elements. It is important to strengthen a person's "qi" because balancing the "yin" and "yang" of a person's organs is important for people to be healthy. The different treatments in TCM are made to bring balance to the elements in a person's body.
These ideas are similar to, but not the same as, the four temperaments, which was an widely-believed theory in European medicine before scientific medicine was created. In the 19th century, many European doctors working as missionaries in China started translating TCM. For example, Dr. helped spread it to Germany. 

= = = Traditional medicine = = =
Traditional medicine is a branch of medicine where treatment is based on knowledge passed on within certain cultures before the era of modern medicine.

= = = Jani Batista = = =
Jani Batista (born 13 August 1986) is a Brazilian Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She is part of the Brazil women's national sitting volleyball team.
She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a bronze medal.

= = = Zhao Meiling = = =
Zhao Meiling (born 16 March 1987) is a Chinese sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal. and 2020 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal.

= = = Su Limei = = =
Su Limei is a Chinese sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a silver medal, and 2017 World ParaVolley World Super 6.

= = = Don McNeill = = =
Don McNeill (1934 – June 27, 2015) was a Canadian journalist. He was a foreign correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and CBS News.
Life and career.
He was born in 1934. He was from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. He studied at Memorial University of Newfoundland, the Technical University of Nova Scotia, and Oxford University. At Oxford, he played basketball for an unofficial team he started.
While in the United Kingdom, he worked for the "Daily Mail". After returning home to Canada, McNeill began working for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He was the CBC's correspondent in Washington, D.C. and worked for "Newsmagazine". He reported on the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the Iranian Revolution for the CBC. McNeil later moved to the United States, where he worked for CBS News until 1987. He was the CBS News correspondent at Moscow. He later worked for Christian Science Monitor Television.
He got a Rhodes Scholarship in 1958. He got a Nieman Fellowship in 1981. In 1984, he won the George Polk Award for Network Television Reporting for his "unusual glimpses of Soviet life". He was nominated for the 1988 News & Documentary Emmy Award for "Outstanding Interview/Interviewers - For Programs" as a producer and correspondent of "The Christian Science Monitor Reports". He won the 1990 News and Documentary Emmy Award for "Outstanding Informational, Cultural or Historical Programming (segments)" as a correspondent of a "World Monitor" segment on the Soviet Union.
He was a journalism teacher at Boston University.
His wife Sandra Allik produced her husband's Emmy-winning report. She once said that his husband's award was "a bigger deal than an Emmy".
He died on June 27, 2015 in Boston, aged 80.

= = = Wang Yanan = = =
Wang Yanan (born 8 September 1991) is a Chinese female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She is part of the China women's national sitting volleyball team. She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the gold medal, and 2016 Summer Paralympics winning the silver medal.

= = = Glenna Matthews = = =
Glenna Matthews is an American historian.
She graduated from Stanford University. She was an associate professor at Oklahoma State University. She taught at Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, Los Angeles.

= = = Bethany Zummo = = =
Bethany Zummo is an American volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, and 2019 Parapan American Games.
She studied at Dublin High School. She played for University of Central Oklahoma. In 2020, she sewed masks and donated them.

= = = Heli Susi = = =
Heli Susi (14 November 1929 – 8 June 2020) was an Estonian teacher and translator. She was born in Tallinn. In 2018, she was elected a member of PEN International. She worked as a translator and taught German at the Tallinn Conservatory.
Susi died on 8 June 2020 in Tallinn, aged 90. 

= = = Edmond O'Brien = = =
Edmond O'Brien (September 10, 1915 – May 9, 1985) was an American actor. He received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for his supporting role in "The Barefoot Contessa" (1954). He also won a second Golden Globe and another Academy Award nomination for "Seven Days in May" (1964). He was born in New York City.
O'Brien died on May 9, 1985 from Alzheimer's disease-related problems in Inglewood, California at the age of 69.

= = = Steve Bing = = =
Stephen Leo Bing (March 31, 1965 – June 22, 2020) was an American businessman, movie producer, screenwriter and political donor to progressive causes. He was the founder of Shangri-La Entertainment. He also produced many Hollywood movies such as "The Polar Express", "Kangaroo Jack", "Shine A Light" and "Rules Don't Apply".
Bing committed suicide on June 22, 2020 by jumping off his apartment building in Los Angeles, aged 55.

= = = Thai National Anthem = = =
The national anthem of Thailand (, ) is a national song representing Thailand, created in 1932. Composed in the same year by Phra Chenduriyang, it originally had no lyrics (words). Later that year, words by Khun Wichitmatra were adopted; two years later, the lyrics were changed by Chan Khamvilai. Then in 1939, when the country's name was changed from "Siam" to "Thailand", the lyrics written by Luang Saranupraphan were made official after winning a competition, and this has since remained the national anthem today.
Thailand also has a royal anthem called "Sansœ�n Phra Bāramī" (����������������).

= = = Rules Don't Apply = = =
Rules Don't Apply is a 2016 American romantic comedy-drama movie written, produced and directed by Warren Beatty. The cast includes Beatty, Annette Bening, Matthew Broderick, Lily Collins and Alden Ehrenreich. 
The movie is set in 1958 Hollywood. It is about the romantic relationship between a young actress and her driver, which is forbidden by their employer, Howard Hughes.
The movie had its world premiere on November 10, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 23, 2016, by 20th Century Fox. 
It received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb.

= = = Alden Ehrenreich = = =
Alden Caleb Ehrenreich (; born November 22, 1989) is an American actor.
In 2013, he appeared in Woody Allen's "Blue Jasmine" and Park Chan-wook's "Stoker." In 2016, Ehrenreich starred as Hobie Doyle in the Coen brothers comedy "Hail, Caesar!" and for his leading role in Warren Beatty's romantic comedy-drama "Rules Don't Apply". 
He played Han Solo in 2018's "".

= = = Hail, Caesar! = = =
Hail, Caesar! is a 2016 black comedy movie written, produced, edited, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. The movie stars Josh Brolin, George Clooney, Alden Ehrenreich, Ralph Fiennes, Jonah Hill, Scarlett Johansson, Frances McDormand, Tilda Swinton, and Channing Tatum.
It is a fictional story that follows the real-life fixer Eddie Mannix (Brolin) working in the Hollywood movie industry in the 1950s trying to discover what happened to a cast member who vanished during the filming of a biblical epic.
The movie premiered in Los Angeles on February 1, 2016, and was released in the United States on February 5, 2016.
It made $63 million worldwide and received positive reviews. The movie was chosen by National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2016 and it received nominations at the 89th Academy Awards and 70th British Academy Film Awards, both for production design.

= = = Bolinas, California = = =
Bolinas is an unincorporated coastal community in Marin County, California. The census designated place is located on the California coast. It is about (straight line distance) northwest of San Francisco.

= = = Kshirodakashayi Vishnu = = =
In Gauḍīya Vaishnavism, the Sātvata-tantra describes three different forms, or aspects, of Vishnu as Mahavishnu, Garbhodakśayī-Viṣṇu and Kṣīrodakaśāyī Vishnu. Kṣīrodakaśāyī-Viṣṇu resides in the heart of every living creature as a four hand expansion similar to that of Mahāviṣṇu. He is also referred to as Paramātmā or super soul. His abode is in all beings.

= = = Linton, North Dakota = = =
Linton is a city in and the county seat of Emmons County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,071 at the 2020 census.

= = = Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic = = =
The Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was the anthem of Tajikistan when it was part of the Soviet Union. The lyrics were written by Abolqasem Lahuti. The music was composed by Suleiman Yudakov in 1946, the year it was adopted.
The melody is retained in the current national anthem of Tajikistan, done in the same manner as Belarus and Uzbekistan.

= = = Thomas Welder = = =
Sister Thomas Welder, OSB, (born Diane Marie Welder; April 27, 1940 – June 22, 2020) was an American educator and Benedictine nun. She was President of the University of Mary from 1978 to 2009. She was born in Linton, North Dakota. Her tenure of 31 years set a record for female college and university presidents in the United States.
Welder died on June 22, 2020 from kidney cancer in Bismarck, North Dakota at the age of 80.

= = = Krishna Janmashtami = = =
Krishna Janmashtami, also known simply as Janmashtami or Gokulashtami, is an annual Hindu festival that celebrates the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu. It is observed according to the Hindu calendar. It is on the eighth day of the Krishna Pakshain Shraavana or Bhadrapad (depending on whether the calendar chooses the new moon or full moon day as the last day of the month), which overlaps with August/September. 
Significance of Janmashtami.
Janmashtami holds deep spiritual and philosophical significance. It teaches devotees important life lessons such as the pursuit of righteousness, the significance of selfless service, and the ultimate victory of good over evil. 
Lord Krishna's teachings in the Bhagavad Gita emphasize the importance of performing one's duty without attachment to the results, which resonates with people from all walks of life.
It is an important festival particularly to the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. Dances of the life of Krishna according to the "Bhagavata Purana" (such as Rasa Lila or Krishna Lila), devotional singing at midnight when Krishna was born, fasting ("upavasa"), a night vigil (ratri "jagaran"), and a festival (mahotsava) on the following day are a part of the Janmashtami celebrations. It is celebrated throughout India.
Krishna Janmashtami is followed by the festival Nandotsav, which celebrates the occasion when Nanda Maharaj, father of Krishna, distributed gifts to the villagers of Vrindavan in honor of the birth.

= = = Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic = = =
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (, "Çumhuriji Şūraviji Sotsialistiji Toçikiston"; , "Tadžikskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika"), also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan and Tajik SSR, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union which lasted from 1929 to 1991.
Nowadays known as Tajikistan, which became a sovereign state after the fall of the Soviet Union, it is located in the southern mountaineous region of Central Asia.
The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national place for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union. It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR), which had been created on 14 October 1924 as a part of the mainly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia. On 24 August 1990, the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders and was renamed the "Republic of Tajikistan" on 31 August 1991, then finally declaring independence from the Soviet Union just a bit more than a week after.
Just like modern-day Tajikistan, it was bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kirghizia to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan was to its south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.

= = = Pepe (movie) = = =
Pepe is a 1960 Mexican American musical comedy movie directed by George Sidney and based on the play "Broadway Zauber" by Leslie Bush-Fekete. It stars Cantinflas, Dan Dailey, Shirley Jones, Suzanne Lloyd, Carlos Montalbán, Vicki Trickett, Carlos Rivas, Hank Henry, Jack Lemmon and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 7 Academy Awards in 1961.

= = = Surudi Milli = = =
"Surudi Milli" (, , meaning "National Anthem") is the name of the national anthem of Tajikistan. It became the country's national anthem in 1994.
History.
Tajikistan is a Persian-speaking country in southern Central Asia that used to be part of the former Soviet Union. Like all Republics of the Soviet Union, each regional republic had their own anthem. Some of those former Soviet republics kept their anthem's tune in their modern-day post-Soviet national anthems, as independent countries. Tajikistan is one of them. The tune of Tajikistan's national anthem is based on that of the Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, which was composed by a Bukharan Jewish composer named Sulaymon Yudakov, and the words to that song was written by an Iranian-Soviet poet named Abulqosim Lohuti.
After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tajikistan became a newly independent country. Unlike other then newly independent former Soviet republics, which all either replaced their old anthem with a new one or at least changed the words to reflect their independence, Tajikistan did not. Even when the USSR was no more, Tajikistan was still using the Soviet-era anthem. It wasn't until three years later, in 1994, the sovereign government wanted to change the words, in order to reflect the country's independence. A Tajik poet named Gulnazar Keldi wrote the new words to their national anthem. It was then when the words of the Soviet-era anthem was dropped, and were replaced with his new words. However, the Tajikistani national anthem still uses the same tune composed by Yudakov, that was used for the Soviet-era anthem. It remains the national anthem to this day.

= = = The Subterraneans = = =
The Subterraneans is a 1960 American drama movie directed by Ranald MacDoougall and based on the 1958 novel of the same name by Jack Kerouac. It stars George Peppard, Leslie Caron, Janice Rule, Jim Hutton, Roddy McDowall, Anne Seymour and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was confirmed to have reached Guinea in March 2020.
On 13 March 2020, Guinea's first confirmed COVID-19 case was reported.
Confirmed cases doubled from eight to 16 on 29 March.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). 
The first case in the Republic of Croatia was reported in Zagreb on 25 February, when a patient who had come from Italy was tested positive. The same day, the second case related to the first one was confirmed. 
In March 2020, a cluster of cases were reported in numerous Croatian cities. On 12 March, the first recovery was reported, and on 18 March the first death from the virus was confirmed.
On 15 June, two new cases, both of them from Zagreb, and six recoveries were reported. No deaths were recorded.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). 
The virus was confirmed to have reached Suriname on 13 March 2020. The case was a person who traveled from the Netherlands the last week. 
On 3 April 2020, one person died. On 3 May 2020, all nine cases had recovered. On 18 May, an eleventh case was identified.

= = = Penfield, New York = = =
Penfield is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 39,438 at the 2020 census.

= = = Home Town Story = = =
Home Town Story is a 1951 American drama movie directed by Arthur Pierson and starring Jeffrey Lynn, Donald Crisp, Marjorie Reynolds, Alan Hale Jr., Marilyn Monroe. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Carlos Lessa = = =
Carlos Francisco Theodoro Machado Ribeiro de Lessa, better known simply as Carlos Lessa (July 30, 1936 – June 5, 2020) was a Brazilian economist and professor. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. From 2002 to 2003, he was Rector of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Between 2003 to 2004, Lessa was President of the Brazilian Development Bank.
Lessa died on June 5, 2020 in Rio de Janeiro from COVID-19, aged 83.

= = = Hubert Gagnon = = =
Hubert Gagnon (September 29, 1947 – June 7, 2020) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Quebec. He was known for being the voice-over of Homer Simpson and Grampa Simpson in the Canadian French-version of "The Simpsons". He also acted in television and theatre. His best known television roles were in "Les Oraliens" and "Nic et Pic".
Gagnon died on June 7, 2020, at his home in Longueuil, Quebec from cancer, aged 73. 

= = = Alan Metter = = =
Alan Dennis Metter (December 19, 1942 – June 7, 2020) was an American movie director. He was known for directing "Back to School" starring Rodney Dangerfield, and "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" with Sarah Jessica Parker. He also produced and directed the 1983 television special "The Winds of Whoopie". He was born in Sharon, Massachusetts.
Metter died on June 7, 2020 from a heart attack in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, aged 77.

= = = Sharon, Massachusetts = = =
Sharon is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 18,575 at the 2020 census.

= = = Nicholas Cummings = = =
Nicholas Andrew Cummings (July 25, 1924 – June 8, 2020) was an American psychologist and author. He was born in Salinas, California.
Cummings was Chief of Mental Health with the Kaiser Permanente Health Maintenance Organization (1959–1979) and founding president of the California School of Professional Psychology (1970). In 1979, Cummings was elected president of the American Psychological Association. 
In 1994, he co-founded with his wife the Nicholas & Dorothy Cummings Foundation.
Cummings died on June 8, 2020 in Reno, Nevada at the age of 95.

= = = Manresa = = =
Manresa () is the capital of the Comarca of Bages, located in the geographic centre of Catalonia, and crossed by the river Cardener.

= = = Knut Bohwim = = =
Knut Bohwim (12 March 1931 – 16 June 2020) was a Norwegian movie director. He co-founded the company "Teamfilm A/S" in 1962. His debut as a movie director was "Operasjon Sjøsprøyt" from 1964. He directed the war drama "Det største spillet" in 1967. He directed twelve movies of the "Olsenbanden" series. 
Bohwim was awarded the Amanda Honorary Award in 1997, shared with Aud Schønemann. 
Bohwim died in Oslo on 16 June 2020, aged 89.

= = = Fisk University = = =
Fisk University is a private historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. The university was founded in 1866. Its campus is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

= = = Ada Rapoport-Albert = = =
Ada Rapoport-Albert (; 26 October 1945 – 18 June 2020) was an Israeli-British scholar of Jewish mysticism and Hasidic women. Rapoport-Albert also served as the president of the Jewish Historical Society of England.
Personal life.
Ada Rapoport-Albert was born in Tel Aviv in 1945 to Zalman and Alma Rapoport. Her mother was a pianist from Bulgaria, who trained in Vienna. Her father was from Berdichev. In the 1960s, Ropoport-Albert came to London to study for her dissertation on the Hasidic master, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov. Ropoport-Albert became an associate professor in Jewish History at University College London (UCL). In 2002, she became head of the department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies at UCL. She also held visiting positions at other institutions. Ropoport-Albert retired in 2012 but continued her research until her death in 2020. Rapoport-Albert died in London on 18 June 2020, aged 74.

= = = Antonio Veciana = = =
Antonio Veciana Blanch (October 18, 1928 – June 18, 2020) was a Cuban exile. He was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill Fidel Castro. He was the founder and a leader of the anti-Castro group Alpha 66. 
Veciana was briefly employed as treasurer by Maurice Ferré's 2004 campaign for mayor of Miami-Dade. He resigned after a few days, as he did not meet the state requirement of being a registered voter.
Veciana died in Miami on June 18, 2020 at the age of 91.

= = = Cho Hae-il = = =
Cho Hae-il (birth name Cho Hae-ryong, 18 April 1941 – 19 June 2020) was a South Korean writer. He was born in Harbin, Manchukuo. Cho made his literary debut with "The Man Who Dies Every Day", which won first prize in the "JoongAng Ilbo" spring literary contest in 1970. In 1976 Cho published "The Winter Woman". From 1974 to 1986, Cho wrote both short stories and newspaper serials.
Cho died on 19 June 2020 in Seoul, aged 79.

= = = David Hugh Mellor = = =
David Hugh Mellor (; 10 July 1938 – 21 June 2020) was a British philosopher. He was a Professor of Philosophy and Pro-Vice-Chancellor, later Professor Emeritus, of Cambridge University. He was born in London. 
He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1992 to 1993. He was a member of the Humanist Philosophers' Group of the British Humanist Association and Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He was a Fellow of the British Academy between 1983 and 2008.
Mellor died on 21 June 2020, aged 81.

= = = Lillestrøm SK = = =
Lillestrøm Sportsklubb is a Norwegian professional football club from the city of Lillestrøm. The club was founded in 1917, after the merger of two local football clubs. The principal training ground is Lillestrøm stadion.
It has been Norwegian League champions five times, most recently in 1989, and also in 1986, 1977, 1976, and 1959. Additionally, they have won the Norwegian Cup in 1985, 1981, 1978, 1977, 2007 and 2017.

= = = Pappukutty Bhagavathar = = =
Pappukutty Bhagavathar (; 29 March 1913 – 22 June 2020) was an Indian singer and actor. His works were in Malayalam cinema. He was born in Kochi, India. His best known roles were in "Sthreehridayam", "Sree Guruvayoorappan" and in "Kattukurangu".
Bhagavathar died of heart failure in New Delhi on 22 June 2020, aged 107.

= = = Carles Bosch = = =
Carles Bosch Arisó (1945 – ) is a Spanish journalist and movie director. He was born in Barcelona. He co-directed and co-wrote the Academy Award-nominated movie "Balseros" (2002). In the 1970s, he worked as a journalist for "Interviú". He was a war correspondent for Televisió de Catalunya during the Gulf War.

= = = Harry Penk = = =
Henry Penk (19 July 1934 – 22 June 2020) was an English footballer. He played as a winger. He was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester.
He began his career in non-league football with Wigan Athletic, making 55 appearances in the Lancashire Combination before joining Portsmouth in September 1955. He joined Plymouth Argyle in 1957. He was allowed to join Southampton in 1960, and spent four years there. He later moved to Salisbury and Cowes. 
Penk died on 20 June 2020 in Hampshire, aged 85.

= = = Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020 = = =
An annular solar eclipse occurred on June 21, 2020. Annularity (the time that the sun looked like a ring) lasted thirty-eight seconds.
Background.
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). 
This solar eclipse occurred one lunar year after the July 2, 2019 eclipse.
Visibility.
The central path of this annular eclipse passed through parts of Central and Eastern Africa, including Congo Republic, DR Congo, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti; the southern Arabian Peninsula, including Yemen, Oman, and southern Saudi Arabia; parts of South Asia and the Himalayas, including southern Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, and Tibet; parts of East Asia, including South China and Taiwan, and part of Micronesia, including Guam. 

= = = Schiller Park, Illinois = = =
Schiller Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 11,709 at the 2020 census.

= = = La Grange Park, Illinois = = =
La Grange Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, the village, which is a suburb of Chicago, had a population of 13,475.

= = = Chicago Ridge, Illinois = = =
Chicago Ridge is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 14,433 at the 2020 census.

= = = Worth Township, Cook County, Illinois = = =
Worth Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois. As of the 2020 census, its population was 152,934. It was founded in 1849.

= = = Golf, Illinois = = =
Golf is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It was created in 1928. As of the 2020 census, the village had a population of 514. The community is mainly residential. It has a Metra train stop.

= = = Deconstructing Harry = = =
Deconstruction Harry is a 1997 American comedy movie directed by Woody Allen (who also stars) and starring Judy Davis, Richard Benjamin, Billy Crystal, Kirstie Alley, Elisabeth Shue, Jennifer Garner, Stanley Tucci, Tobey Maguire, Robin Williams, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Demi Moore, Amy Irving. It was distributed by Fine Line Features and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1998.

= = = Hollow Man = = =
Hollow Man is a 2000 American German science fiction thriller movie directed by Paul Verhoeven and inspired by the 1897 novel "The Invisible Man" by H. G. Wells. It stars Kevin Bacon, Elisabeth Shue, Josh Brolin, Kim Dickens, William Devane, Joey Slotnick and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2001 and was followed up by "Hollow Man 2" in 2005.

= = = Black Orpheus = = =
Black Orpheus (Portuguese: "Orfeu Negro" ) is a 1959 French Brazilian Italian romantic fantasy drama movie directed by Marcel Camus (who also stars) and based on the play by Vinicius de Moraes. It stars Breno Mello, Marpessa Dawn, Fausto Guerzoni, Adhemar de Silva and won an Academy Award in 1960.

= = = The April Fools = = =
The April Fools is a 1969 American romantic comedy movie directed by Stuart Rosenberg and starring Jack Lemmon, Catherine Deneuve, Jack Weston, Charles Boyer, Sally Kellerman, Myrna Loy, Peter Lawford, Melinda Dillon, Harvey Korman. It was distributed by National General Pictures.

= = = Alexis Shifflett = = =
Alexis Shifflett is an American sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2014 ParaVolley World Championships, 2018 ParaVolley World Championships, and 2019 Parapan American Games.
She was born in Owatonna, Minnesota. She studied at Waseca Junior and Senior High School in Waseca, Minnesota.

= = = IOS 14 = = =
iOS 14 is the fourteenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 13. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 22, 2020. It was released to the public on September 16, 2020.

= = = Nicky Nieves = = =
Nicky Nieves is an American sitting volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal, 2014 ParaVolley World Championships, 2018 ParaVolley World Championships, and 2019 Parapan American Games.
She was born in the Bronx in New York City. She studied speech pathology in Queens College, City University of New York.

= = = Western Highland treefrog = = =
The Western Highland treefrog ("Litoria iris") is a small frog from New Guinea.
Male adult frogs are 36 mm long from nose to rear end and females are 43 mm long. Their backs can be any of a few colors but usually green with a thick black pattern. They have orange coloring on their legs and some purple and blue on their middles and bellies.
They lay eggs on plants hanging over bodies of water. Tadpoles take two weeks to hatch and then fall off the leaf into the water.

= = = Tang Xue Mei = = =
Tang Xue Mei (born 4 February 1994) is a Chinese female sitting volleyball player. She is part of the China women's national sitting volleyball team. She competed at the 2010 Asian Para Games, 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the gold medal, 2018 Asian Para Games, and 2018 World ParaVolley World Championships.
She was injured in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

= = = Gaston Neal = = =
Gaston Neal (1934 - October 21, 1999) was an American poet and activist. He was from Pittsburgh. He won a Mayor’s Award for Excellence in Literary Arts. He co-founded the New School for Afro-American Thought.

= = = Zhang Lijun = = =
Zhang Lijun (born 31 August 1985) is a Chinese female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She is part of the China women's national sitting volleyball team. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics winning the gold medal, 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the gold medal, 2016 Summer Paralympics winning the silver medal, 2014 World Para Volleyball Championships, and 2018 World Para Volleyball Championships.

= = = Larysa Klochkova = = =
Larysa Klochkova (born 15 April 1970) is a Ukrainian female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She is part of the Ukrainian women's national sitting volleyball team. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the bronze medal, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

= = = Ilona Yudina = = =
Ilona Yudina (28 June 1984 - 21 May 2018) is a Ukrainian female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She was part of the Ukrainian women's national sitting volleyball team. She competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the bronze medal, 2016 Summer Paralympics, 2010 World Championships, and 2014 World Championships.

= = = Larysa Ponomarenko = = =
Larysa Ponomarenko (born 28 April 1977) is a Ukrainian female Paralympic sitting volleyball player. She is part of the Ukrainian women's national sitting volleyball team. She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the bronze medal.

= = = Marina Rollman = = =
Marina Rollman (born 9 August 1988 in Geneva) is a Swiss comedian.
Life.
She was raised in Geneva. She continued her studies in Switzerland then continued in Paris. In 2009, she performed at a comedy contest in Paris, but flopped. She worked in advertising, saleswoman in a food truck, and babysitter for Natalie Portman.
In 2013, she tried again as a comedian, supported by Thomas Wiesel. She started at open mic in Switzerland, then in radio and television. She performed at the Montreux Laughter Festival, at the Jamel Comedy Club, and with Gad Elmaleh.
She appears in the RTS La Première program "Les Beaux Parleurs". She also appears in the France Inter program "La Bande originale" hosted by Nagui.
On stage, she has appeared at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre in Paris.

= = = Meridith Kohut = = =
Meridith Kohut (born 1983) is an American photojournalist. She won a 2018 Courage in Journalism Award and 2016 George Polk Award. She was a finalist for the 2018 Pulitzer Prize in Feature Photography.
She graduated from the University of Texas School of Journalism. She reported from Venezuela for the "New York Times." 

= = = Elena Perinelli = = =
Elena Perinelli (born 27 June 1995 in Varese) is an Italian volleyball player. She was a member of the Italy women's national volleyball team. She played at the 2012 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship, 2013 FIVB U20 Volleyball Women's Championship, 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2019 Summer Universiade, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
On the club level, she played for MC Carnaghi Villa Cortese, LJ Volley, and Chieri '76 Volleyball.

= = = Hotel Transylvania 2 = = =
Hotel Transylvania 2 is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy movie. It was produced by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation. This is the sequel to Hotel Transylvania.
Voices.
The movie is starring Adam Sandler as the voice of Dracula and Selena Gomez as Mavis, Dracula's daughter, and features Asher Blinkoff as Dennis.
Plot.
Now that Dracula (Adam Sandler) has opened the Hotel Transylvania's doors to humans, things are changing for the better; however, Drac is secretly worried that his half-human grandson, Dennis, isn't showing his vampire side. So, while Mavis and Johnny are away, Drac enlists his friends to help him put the boy through a "monster-in-training" boot camp. But things really get batty when Drac's cantankerous, old-school dad (Mel Brooks) pays an unexpected visit.

= = = Michy Batshuayi = = =
Michy Batshuayi-Atunga (born 2 October 1993) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Turkish Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe and the Belgium national team.
He was part of the Belgium squad that got third place at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Honours.
Marseille
Chelsea
Valencia
Beşiktaş
Fenerbahçe
Belgium
Individual

= = = Jervis Bay tree frog = = =
The Jervis Bay tree frog ("Litoria jervisiensis") is a frog from Australia. It lives near the ocean in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. It does not live in Jervis Bay.
The adult male frog is 29 to 37 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 33 to 44 mm. These frogs have yellow colouring where their front legs meet their bodies.
They live in eucalyptus forests, other forests, and on plants near streams. They also live on sandy dunes and lagoons near the ocean.
Unlike other frogs that live in New South Wales, Jervis Bay tree frogs like to lay eggs in the cold parts of the year. They lay eggs in on underwater sticks. They take 12 weeks to transform into frogs.

= = = Dalton Highway = = =
The James W. Dalton Highway, usually called the Dalton Highway and signed as the Alaska Route 11, is a road in Alaska. It used to be called North Slope Haul Road, and some people still call it this. The road is long. It starts from the Elliott Highway just north of Fairbanks and travels north, ending near to the Arctic Ocean coast at Deadhorse. It follows the path next to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Many people think the highway is one of the most dangerous in the world. It was on one of the episodes of the BBC's programe "World's Most Dangerous Roads".
There are only three very small towns along the route: Coldfoot (population: 10), Wiseman (population: 22), and Deadhorse (population: 25). Prospect Creek and Galbraith Lake only have campers there, and nobody lives there. The road is made mostly of gravel. About of the road is paved. People who travel on the road are told to bring first aid kits and other items for survival, in case they have an emergency.

= = = Bloons = = =
Bloons is a video game series. It is made by Ninja Kiwi.
Making.
The first "Bloons" game was made by Stephen and Chris Harris, who are two brothers from New Zealand. Before working on "Bloons", the brothers had released "Cash Sprint", which was a racing game. After "Cash Sprint" proved to be successful, the brothers made their own website for flash games. However, the site wasn’t successful. The brothers decided to focus on making their own games, and made a website called Ninja Kiwi, which had five games when it opened. The site was a success, and this led to the brothers’ work on "Bloons".
The basic concept for "Bloons" came from Stephen's wife. When Stephen asked her what would be fun in a new game, she talked about carnival games with darts and balloons. The first version of "Bloons" was developed quickly, and the game was released in April 2007. It proved popular, and soon reached nearly 100,000 players per day. By 2011, "Bloons" had been played over 3 billion times.

= = = Be Alright (Ariana Grande song) = = =
Be Alright is an R&B house song by Ariana Grande. The song was part of the "Dangerous Woman" album. The song is about being hopeful and looking forward to better days.
The song was first performed on Saturday Night Live on March 12.
Ariana Grande was accused of copying the 2015 song "Firefly" by Mura Masa and Nao. Some fans and critics pointed out that the songs sounded similar.

= = = A5 autoroute = = =
The A5 is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It was built in 1990 to lower the amount of cars on the A6. It goes from Paris to the Langres area. It is a toll road. The autoroute is about long. It is part of the E54, E511, and E17 European routes.

= = = A6 autoroute = = =
The A6, also called the "Autoroute du Soleil" (Autoroute of the Sun) along with the A7 in French, is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It links Paris with Lyon. It is used as part of the main road between Paris and Southern France. It joins onto the A7 towards Marseille. The autoroute is the third longest in France, after the A10 and the A4. It is about long.

= = = Autoroute of the Sun = = =
Autoroute of the Sun () means two autoroutes in France:

= = = Melissa Segura = = =
Melissa Segura is an American journalist. She is an investigative reporter at "BuzzFeed News". She won a 2018 George Polk Award.
She studied at Santa Clara University and University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. She worked for "The Santa Fe New Mexican" and "The Record". She was a staff writer for "Sports Illustrated"." She was a fellow at "BuzzFeed News."

= = = A7 autoroute = = =
The A7, also called "l'autoroute du Soleil" (Autoroute of the Sun) along with the A6 in French, is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It links Lyon with Marseille. In Lyon, the autoroute joins onto the A6 towards Paris. The A7 is long. It is part of the E15, E80, and E714 European routes.

= = = Antonia Farzan = = =
Antonia Noori Farzan is an American journalist. She is a reporter for the "Washington Post". She won a 2017 George Polk Award"."
She studied at Hamilton College and Columbia University. She worked at "Business Insider" and "Phoenix New Times". Her work appeared in "The Independent".

= = = Samara Freemark = = =
Samara Freemark is an American journalist. She produces the podcast "In the Dark". She won a Peabody Award and George Polk Award.
She studied at Swarthmore College and the University of Michigan. She has worked for "Radio Diaries", and WUOM.

= = = Alphonse Poirée = = =
Alphonse Poirée (31 December 1883, Gron - 14 November 1922, Villepinte) was a French aviator, in the First World War, and post-war test pilot. He was awarded the Order of St. George, and Knight of the Legion of Honor .
During World War I, he was attached to the Russian Army. After the war, he was killed testing the Caudron C 74, when a propeller severed the tail.

= = = Sabine Werner = = =
Sabine Werner (born 5 September 1960 in Tübingen) is a German biochemist and professor of cell biology at ETH Zurich. She is an editor of "European Journal of Cell Biology." She was awarded the Otto Hahn Medal. In 2008 she received the Cloëtta Prize.
She studied at University of Tübingen, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Her work focuses on the role of growth factors in wound healing and cancer.

= = = Michael Falzon (actor) = = =
Michael Falzon (16 May 1972 – 23 June 2020) was an Australian musical theatre and rock tenor actor, and producer. He ran his own production company, Good Egg Creative. He was born in Sydney. He was known for his roles in "Rock of Ages" and "Hedwig and The Angry Inch".
Falzon died on 23 June 2020 from cancer in Sydney, aged 48.

= = = Claudia Cagninelli = = =
Claudia Cagninelli (born 19 July 1990 in Trescore Balneario) is an Italian volleyball player. She played at the 2007 FIVB Girls' Youth World Championship, and 2008 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship, winning a gold medal.
At the club level, she played for Volley Bergamo and ICOS Crema.

= = = Liannes Castañeda Simon = = =
Liannes Castañeda Simon (born 18 October 1986) is a Cuban volleyball player.
She played at the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2012 FIVB World Grand Prix. She also played for VK Prostějov and Cignal HD Spikers.

= = = A8 autoroute = = =
The A8 is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It goes across the southern coast of France between Marseille and the border with Italy. It is about long. The whole autoroute is part of the European route E80. The autoroute also goes past Cannes and Nice. It passes near to the principality of Monaco.

= = = Laís Vasques = = =
Laís Zurli Bittencourt Vasques (born 12 February 1996 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2012 Girls' Youth South American Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, 2019 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.
She played for Minas T.C.

= = = Affinity chromatography = = =
Affinity chromatography is one way scientists separate molecules from each other. Using affinity chromatography, they can take just one kind of molecule out of a mixture of many molecules. Affinity chromatography works on molecules that exist inside the bodies of living things and not on other molecules. Affinity chromatography is one kind of liquid chromatography.
Affinity chromatography works because most molecules from inside living things stick to some molecules but not others, the way magnets stick to opposite magnets but not to wood or plastic. An antibody will stick to its antigen but not to a different antibody's antigen. A protein will stick to its own receptor or inhibitor but not to a different protein's receptor or inhibitor. A DNA-splicing protein will stick to its own DNA sequence but not to a different DNA sequence. In affinity chromatography, the thing that the target molecule sticks to is called the "ligand".
To prepare for affinity chromatography, scientists decide which molecule they want and find its ligand. The ligand could be an antibody if the target molecule has an antigen; DNA if the target molecule is a polymerase, DNA-binding protein, or DNA-binding enzyme; aromatic molecules if the target is a different kind of enzyme; or a peptide if the target is another biomolecule. Then they prepare a "stationary phase" and treat it with the ligand. The stationary phase can be membranes, special beads, or supports with different-sized pores in them.
Then the scientists pour the mixture, or "mobile phase" over the stationary phase. Sometimes, the scientists add a "binding buffer" to help the target molecule stick to its ligand. Then the scientists rinse away the rest of the mixture. The target molecule is stuck to its ligand, which is stuck to the stationary phase, so it is not rinsed away. Then the scientists add an "elution buffer" to make the ligand let go of the target molecule so they can collect it. Scientists sometimes use machines or special tools to hold the stationary phase in exactly the right position and to pour the mixture, rinse, and other treatments in exactly the right way.
In some affinity chromatography, the binding buffer and elution buffer work by changing the pH of the solution. That means they make it more acidic or less acidic. Because most molecules from living things change shape depending on how much acid is nearby, the binding buffer and elution buffer can make the ligand and target molecule change shape to hold on tighter or let go of each other.
Affinity chromatography does not always work perfectly. Sometimes the scientists must purify the target molecule to make sure they did not accidentally collect other molecules too.
Because scientists need to prepare a stationary phase with exactly the right ligand, they can only use affinity chromatography to collect molecules that they already understand well. Usually, they cannot use affinity chromatography to collect new or strange molecules.

= = = Impulse (1984 movie) = = =
Impulse is a 1984 American science fiction thriller movie directed by Graham Baker and starring Tim Matheson, Meg Tilly, Hume Cronyn, Bill Paxton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Hard Asphalt = = =
Hard Asphalt () is a 1986 Norwegian drama movie directed by Sølve Skagen and starring Frank Kong, Kristin Kajander, Marianne Nielsen, Morten Faldaas, Liv Heløe, Tone Schwarzott, Tom Tellefsen.

= = = Cloudstone = = =
Cloudstone is a role-playing video game that was released by Playsaurus in 2011. It was the first game to be released by Playsaurus, with Clicker Heroes being the next game. In fact, many of the monsters in "Cloudstone" were later used in "Clicker Heroes". 
"Cloudstone" was taken off Kongregate on November 20, 2017.
Gameplay.
In "Cloudstone", the player plays the game as an unnamed character. "Cloudstone" is played by clicking on a spot in the level to move there. There are many levels in "Cloudstone". Some levels contain chests full of potions and weapons, while some contain monsters to fight. Monsters can be attacked by clicking on them when the player is close to them. Monsters give a currency called gold, which can be used to buy weapons and armor. Unlike in "Clicker Heroes", monsters can fight back and damage the player. The game is lost if the player dies.
Reception.
"Cloudstone" did not receive much attention from critics. However, on Kongregate, users commented on "Cloudstone" and gave it mixed reviews.

= = = Lays Freitas = = =
Lays Fernanda Oliveira de Freitas (born 13 October 1995) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Women's U22 South American Volleyball Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship.

= = = Ksenia Kravchenko = = =
Ksenia Kravchenko (born 5 February 1991) is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2015 Montreux Volley Masters.
She played for VC Voronezh and Severyanka Cherepovets.

= = = The Elephant Keeper = = =
The Elephant Keeper (; ) is a 1987 Thai drama movie directed by Chatrichalerm Yukol and starring Sorapong Chatree, Ad Carabao.

= = = Olesya Nikolaeva = = =
Olesya Nikolaeva is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 European Games, 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Summer Universiade, and 2015–16 CEV Women's Champions League.
She played for Dinamo Kazan.

= = = Lewis John Carlino = = =
Lewis John Carlino (January 1, 1932 – June 17, 2020) was an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York City.
His best known works were "The Fox", "The Brotherhood", "The Mechanic", "The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea", "I Never Promised You a Rose Garden", "Resurrection", and "The Great Santini". 
Carlino died on June 17, 2020 in Whidbey Island, Washington from blood cancer, aged 88.

= = = Kamal Lohani = = =
Kamal Lohani (26 June 1934 – 20 June 2020) was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He was the director general of Shilpakala Academy from April 2009 until April 2011.
Lohani got his first job as a journalist in the Daily Millat in 1955. He joined as a secretary at Chhayanaut in 1962. He formed a left cultural organization – "Kranti" in 1967.
Lohani died on 20 June 2020 from COVID-19 in Dhaka, aged 85.

= = = Nouri Dhiab = = =
 Nouri Dhiab (1 July 1943 – 22 June 2020) was an Iraqi football forward. He played for the national team between 1965 and 1971. He played fifteen matches and scored six goals.
Dhiab died on 22 June 2020 at the age of 76.

= = = Angela Madsen = = =
Angela Madsen (May 10, 1960 – June 22, 2020) was an American Paralympian sportswoman. She participated in both rowing and track and field. She won a bronze medal in the shot put at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. Madsen, along with team-mate Helen Taylor, is the first woman to have rowed across the Indian Ocean. Madsen was born in Long Beach, California.
Madsen drowned while rowing near Honolulu, Hawaii on June 22, 2020 at the age of 60.

= = = Nikos Alefantos = = =
Nikos Alefantos (, 3 January 1939 – 23 June 2020) was a Greek professional footballer and football coach. He was born in Athens. Alefantos managed several clubs in the Greek Super League, including Olympiacos F.C. during 2004. He also had played for Larissa F.C. in 1975 and 1990. From 1952 to 1969, he played as a footballer. From 1969 to 2004, he had a career as a football manager.
Alefantos died on 23 June 2020 in Athens from a heart attack, aged 81.

= = = Nikolai Fadeyechev = = =
Nikolai Borisovich Fadeyechev (, 27 January 1933 – 23 June 2020) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and educator. He was honored with the People's Artist of the USSR in 1976. Fadeyechev was born in Moscow. He retired from ballet dancing in 1977 and later became a ballet educator.
He was known for his works with the Bolshoi Theatre. He danced alongside some of the company's great ballerinas, including Galina Ulanova in "Giselle" and "Les Sylphides", and was a regular partner with Maya Plisetskaya, Raisa Struchkova, Nina Timofeeva, , Natalia Bessmertnova, Ekaterina Maximova and Ludmila Semenyaka.
Fadeyechev died of heart failure on 23 June 2020 in Moscow, aged 87.

= = = Li Zhensheng (photojournalist) = = =
Li Zhensheng (; 22 September 1940 – 23 June 2020) was a Chinese photojournalist. He captured some of the most telling images from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, better known as the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Li was born in Dalian. He was known for working with "Heilongjiang Daily".
A private museum, dedicated to Li's life and work, was opened in 2017 in Sichuan Province as a part of the Jianchuan Museum Cluster.
Li died on 23 June 2020 from a cerebral hemorrhage in Long Island, New York, aged 79.

= = = Li Zhensheng (geneticist) = = =
Li Zhensheng (; born February 25, 1931) is a Chinese geneticist. His works focused on the genetics of wheat. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Highest Science and Technology Award in 2006. Li was born in Zibo, Shandong. 

= = = Li Zhensheng = = =
Li Zhensheng may refer to:

= = = Towns County, Georgia = = =
Towns County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,493. Its county seat is Hiawassee. The county was created on March 6, 1856.

= = = Hiawassee, Georgia = = =
Hiawassee is the county seat of Towns County, Georgia, United States. The community's population was 981 at the 2020 census.

= = = César Bosco Vivas Robelo = = =
César Bosco Vivas Robelo (14 November 1941 – 23 June 2020) was a Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Masaya, Nicaragua. He was ordained a priest in 1970 by Pope Paul VI. In 1991, he became Bishop of the Diocese of León. He retired in 2019. 
Vivas Robelo died on 23 June 2020 at a hospital in Managua, Nicaragua from respiratory failure, aged 78.

= = = Jamaal Bowman = = =
Jamaal Bowman (born April 1, 1976) is an American educator and political activist. He is the Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 16th congressional district since 2021.
He was the Democratic nominee in the 2020 elections for the U.S. House, defeating incumbent Eliot Engel.
He is a former principal and founder of the Cornerstone Academy for Social Action, a public middle school in The Bronx.
His congressional campaign against Engel was compared to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary challenge against Joe Crowley. Bowman's campaign was supported by Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and the editorial board of "The New York Times". He defeated Engel in the primary.

= = = Carter Center = = =
The Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. 
Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after he lost in the 1980 U.S. Presidential elections to Ronald Reagan. 
The center is located in a shared building next to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on of parkland, just two miles (3 km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated by the United States National Archives and Records Administration, while the Center is governed by a Board of Trustees.
The Carter Center's goal is to advance human rights and to stop human suffering, including helping improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries. T
he center has many projects including election monitoring, supporting locally led state-building and democratic institution-building in many countries and talking with heads of states on behalf of victims of human rights abuses. 
It also leads disease eradication efforts, spearheading the campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, as well as controlling and treating onchocerciasis, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and malaria through awareness campaigns.

= = = Georgia State Senate = = =
The Georgia State Senate is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature of Georgia, USA).
According to the state constitution of 1983, this body is to be made of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 56 members. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years.
Senators must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Georgia for two years and their senatorial district for one year (preceding the election). The highest position in the Senate is the President of the Senate.

= = = 1970 Georgia gubernatorial election = = =
The 1970 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1970. It was known for electing little-known former state Senator Jimmy Carter Governor of Georgia after a hard battle in the Democratic primary.
This election is famous because Carter, who was often seen as one of the "New South Governors", later ran for president in 1976 on his gubernatorial record and won.
As of , this is the last time Fulton County voted for the Republican candidate.
Democratic Primary results.
Runoff.
A runoff was held on September 23:

= = = Hal Suit = = =
Harold Columbus "Hal" Suit (April 1, 1922—November 20, 1994) was an American local television news personality and politician. He won the 1970 Republican nomination for Governor of Georgia but lost the November general election to future U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

= = = Lester Maddox = = =
Lester Garfield Maddox Sr. (September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. He was a Democrat and supporter for racial segregation. He was Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.

= = = George Busbee = = =
George Dekle Busbee Sr. (August 7, 1927 – July 16, 2004), was an American politician. He was the 77th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1975 to 1983. He was a senior partner at King & Spalding thereafter.

= = = Hugh Carter = = =
Hugh Alton Carter Sr. (August 13, 1920 – June 24, 1999) was an American Democratic politician and businessman from Georgia. He was born in Plains, Georgia. Carter was a member of the Georgia State Senate from 1967 to 1981.
His cousin is former President Jimmy Carter.

= = = Jack Carter (politician) = = =
John William Carter (born July 3, 1947) is an American businessman and politician. He unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in Nevada in 2006. 
Carter was born at Naval Hospital Portsmouth in Portsmouth, Virginia, He is eldest child of former President Jimmy Carter and First Lady Rosalynn Carter.

= = = Amy Carter = = =
Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the daughter of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter. 
Carter later became known for her political activism. She participated in a number of sit-ins and protests during the 1980s and early 1990s that were aimed at changing U.S. foreign policy towards South African apartheid and Central America.
Carter illustrated "The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer", her father's book for children, published in 1995.

= = = James Earl Carter Sr. = = =
James Earl Carter (September 12, 1894 – July 22, 1953) was an American politician, businessman, and farmer. He was from Plains, Georgia. He was the father of Jimmy Carter.
Carter was a conservative in his political views.
Carter, Sr. was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1953, as a Democrat, and served briefly representing Sumter County until his death later that year. Carter had previously served on the Sumter County Board of Education.

= = = Arlington, Georgia = = =
Arlington is a city in Calhoun and Early counties, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 1,209.

= = = Blakely, Georgia = = =
The city of Blakely is the county seat of Early County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,371.

= = = Lieutenant (navy) = = =
Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt, LT, LT(N), Lt(N), Lieut and LEUT, depending on nation) is a commissioned officer rank in many nations' navies. It is the most senior of junior officer ranks. 
The now immediately senior rank of lieutenant commander was formerly a senior naval lieutenant rank. 

= = = American Campaign Medal = = =
The American Campaign Medal is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was first created on November 6, 1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 
The medal was seen to recognize those military members who had performed military service in the American Theater of Operations during World War II.

= = = World War II Victory Medal = = =
The World War II Victory Medal is a service medal of the United States military which was created by an Act of Congress on 6 July 1945 (Public Law 135, 79th Congress).

= = = China Service Medal = = =
The China Service Medal was a service medal awarded to U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel. The medal was created by Navy Department General Order No. 176 on 1 July 1942. The medal recognized service in and around China before and after World War II.

= = = National Defense Service Medal = = =
The National Defense Service Medal (NDSM) is a service award of the United States Armed Forces created by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. It is awarded to every member of the US Armed Forces.

= = = Dark horse = = =
A dark horse is a political term used to describe a little known political figure or thing that later becomes well known in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals. It also describes a contestant that ideally should be unlikely to win but yet still might.
Examples include Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic primaries, businessman Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.

= = = 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries = = =
The 1976 Democratic presidential primaries were how voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1976 U.S. presidential election. 
Former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1976 Democratic National Convention held from July 12 to July 15, 1976, in New York City. 

= = = 1976 Democratic National Convention = = =
The 1976 Democratic National Convention met at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from July 12 to July 15, 1976. The convention nominated former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. 
John Glenn and Barbara Jordan gave the keynote addresses. Jordan's keynote address made her the first African-American woman to deliver the keynote address at a Democratic National Convention.
The convention was the first in New York City since the 103-ballot 1924 convention.

= = = Draft evasion = = =
Draft evasion is any attempt to escape a government-forced legal requirement to serve in the military forces of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to work with the military draft laws (formally known as conscription laws) of one's nation.
Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. Such evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense. On the other hand, there is evasion out of religious or ethical beleif called conscientious objector.

= = = Camp David Accords = = =
The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland. 
The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks ("A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel") led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. 
Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework ("A Framework for Peace in the Middle East"), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.

= = = Torrijos–Carter Treaties = = =
The Torrijos–Carter Treaties () are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977. The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had since 1903. 
The treaties are named after the two signatories, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the Commander of Panama's National Guard, General Omar Torrijos.

= = = Strategic Arms Limitation Talks = = =
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control. 
The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.
Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November 1969. 
SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States Senate chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet war in Afghanistan.
The agreement expired on December 31, 1985 and was not renewed.

= = = 1979 oil crisis = = =
The 1979 (or second) oil crisis or oil shock occurred in the world due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. 
Despite the fact that global oil supply decreased by only ~4%, widespread panic resulted, driving the price far higher. 
The price of crude oil more than doubled to $39.50 per barrel over the next 12 months, and long lines once again appeared at gas stations, as they had in the 1973 oil crisis.

= = = 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries = = =
The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were how voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election.
During the primary race, the country of Iran was going through trouble and unrest. This unrest caused it to make and sell less oil. In January 1979, the leader (or Shah) of Iran left the country. After that Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , who was against the Shah’s leadership, took over and made the country follow an extreme version of Islam.
Another problem during the time of this election was increased prices, especially for oil and gas. Many people blamed President Carter. Only 28% of people who were polled said they approved of Carter.
Background.
Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14, 1980, in New York City.
Carter faced a major primary challenger in Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, who won 12 contests and received more than seven million votes nationwide. Therefore, Kennedy didn't withdraw from the primary until the second day of the convention. This is the most recent primary where the sitting president still had an opponent at the convention.

= = = 1980 Democratic National Convention = = =
The 1980 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party nominated President Jimmy Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale for reelection. The convention was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City from August 11 to August 14, 1980.
The 1980 convention was known as it was the last time in the 20th century, for either major party, that a candidate tried to get delegates released from their voting commitments. This was done by Senator Ted Kennedy, Carter's primary challenger for the nomination in the Democratic primaries.
President Carter gave his speech accepting the party's nomination on August 14.

= = = Eradication of infectious diseases = = =
Eradication is the lowering of an infectious disease's numbers in all those suffering from it in the world's population to zero. (It is sometimes confused with elimination of infectious diseases. Elimination of infectious diseases is a very similar idea. Elimination of infectious diseases is the lowering of an infectious disease's numbers in all those suffering from it in a "local" population to zero.) The only human disease to be eradicated is smallpox. The only animal disease eradicated is rinderpest.
Vaccination followed by eradication can make eradication easier. Vaccination was vitally important to the eradication of smallpox. Vaccination was vitally important to the eradication of rinderpest. Vaccination is vitally important to current polio eradication efforts. Vaccination is vitally important to current measles eradication efforts.
The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) thinks the animal diseases which could be soonest eradicated are African swine fever, Bovine tuberculosis, Foot and mouth disease and "Peste des petits ruminants" (PPR, ovine rinderpest).<ref name="Form global strategies for the control and/or eradication of animal diseases"></ref> A disease which is easier to eradicate is more eradicable. A disease which is easier to eradicate has a higher eradicability.
Only 2 infectious diseases have been eradicated: smallpox has been eradicated in humans and rinderpest has been eradicated in ruminants. smallpox is the only human disease that ha been eradicated. Former President of the United States of America Carter wants to make Guinea Worm the 2nd eradicated human disease. The Carter Center's International Task Force for Disease Eradication (ITFDE) works to achieve this goal.
The current pandemic has slowed many eradication efforts.
Eradication requires many resources. For this reason it is hard to decide whether to eradicate a disease or not. When deciding people consider: Does the disease have a secondary host? (A secondary host will still have the disease if the disease is eradicated in humans.) Can we clearly identify who has the disease? Does an accurate diagnostic exist? Is there enough money? Is there enough political support?
It is possible that eradication of human disease is only possible if humans are the only host.
The Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) is an international public health program. PATTEC works to eradicate "Glossina" and eradicate trypanosomiasis.
COVID-19.
Elimination of COVID-19 is only possible if travel is severely reduced. Some experts think this disease may have slightly higher eradicability than polio. The same experts think this disease has much lower eradicability than smallpox. They think this because they did mathematics with scientific data. This is not merely their opinion. The World Health Organization is not certain that vaccines alone will be sufficient.
Some experts believe COVID-19 eradication is impossible.
Some experts believe COVID-19 eradication is possible. The evolution of the Omicron variant has made eradication much more difficult. COVID-19's high evolutionary speed makes eradication difficult.
Lymphatic filariasis.
The World Health Assembly created the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) in 1997. In 1997 the World Health Assembly passed resolution WHA 50.29. WHA 50.29 told the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis to eradicate LF by 2020. The World Health Assembly thinks lymphatic filariasis has high eradicability. The World Health Assembly thinks lymphatic filariasis is one of the most eradicable diseases. The Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication (ITFDE) encourages Haiti and the Dominican Republic to cooperate to do this.
Malaria.
Eradication of malaria is made more difficult by: mosquito resistance to insecticides; political instability in countries with malaria; lack of funding for malaria eradication programmes. Malaria has been eliminated from most of Europe, North America, Australia, North Africa and the Caribbean, and parts of South America, Asia and Southern Africa. Each elimination is a step in the process of eradication. One of the things causing malaria in humans is "P. knowlesi". This parasite makes eradication more complicated. "knowlesi" makes eradication more complicated because "knowlesi"s transmission is different. "knowlesi"s transmission is mostly zoonotic. ("Zoonotic" means that in order to eradicate "Plasmodium knowlesi" we would need to kill all the animals that have it.)
Malaria elimination is easier or harder based upon some things. Those things include: humidity; temperature. One reason for that is the effects of humidity and temperature upon mosquitoes. One reason for that is the effects of humidity and temperature upon "Wolbachia".
Gene drives are a method of malaria eradication. Gene drives are a method of malaria elimination. Gantz "et al.", 2015 created a gene drive for "Anopheles stephensi". Hammond "et al.", 2016.
Malaria has been eliminated in some places. Because the problem is smaller some people are less worried. For this reason funding for malaria eradication has stopped growing. We must understand how to use money appropriately so we can eradicate malaria.
Eradication of avian malaria is also important. This is made difficult by the long term contagiousness of some wild birds. These wild birds include passerines.
The United States of America eliminated malaria in 1951. The National Malaria Eradication Program was the idea of Dr. L. L. Williams. In 2003 there were 8 cases of malaria in Florida. These cases were endemically transmitted. (In this case "endemic transmission" means these infections happened entirely within the same area. Experts determined they didn't come from somewhere else. Endemic transmission is a serious failure of disease elimination.) In 2023 endemic transmission occurred in Florida and Texas. These infections were caused by "Plasmodium vivax". On August 18, 2023 there was an announcement. It was announced that malaria has returned to Maryland. This infection was caused by "Plasmodium falciparum". This announcement shows recognition that Maryland's malaria elimination failed in 2023. It required more than 40 years for this failure to occur. Genetically modified mosquitoes have been released to reeradicate malaria in small areas. Experts believe GM mosquitoes will be used to eradicate malaria from the United States of America.
Malaria was eliminated from Sardinia. This elimination is thanks to the eradication of 3 of 4 mosquito species. These 4 species were Sardinia's native mosquito species. These eradications were done with large amounts of DDT. These eradications were done by a programme. This programme was initiated in 1944. This programme was initiated and funded by the Italian government and the Rockefeller Foundation.
Malaria was eliminated from Europe in 1975.
Malaria eradication is difficult for several reasons. One of those reasons is the difficulty of detecting early infections. The development of technologies to detect hemozoin is making malaria eradication easier. That is due to the fact that hemozoin is among the few things that could be detectable early in the infection process.
Polio.
In 1988 the World Health Assembly pledged to eradicate polio. In 1988 the World Health Assembly pledged to do this by the year 2000. In 1988 the World Health Assembly created the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Pakistan's programme has a staff of 339,521. To prevent polio from coming back after eradication we must stop using the oral vaccine and begin only using the inactivated vaccine.
The current pandemic has set back progress in polio eradication.
"Dracunculus medinensis".
Eradication of "Dracunculus medinensis" from humans is in progress. No vaccine or medicine is available to help eradicate it. For this reason eradication is done entirely by preventive methods. These preventive methods include: Individuals who suspect they are infected voluntarily report themselves to eradication workers or eradication volunteers; filter vectors of "D. medinensis" out of drinking water; obtain drinking water from water sources which have been improved in ways which keep out "D. medinensis"; prevent individuals infected with "D. medinensis" from wading or swimming in drinking-water sources; eradication workers actively surveil for new cases; eradication workers do case containment when they find an infected individual; eradication vector control; provide water sources which have been improved in ways which keep out "D. medinensis". Methods to improve drinking water sources include: protect hand-dug wells from "D. medinensis"; sink deep-bore wells which are too deep for "D. medinensis"; improve existing surface drinking-water sources to exclude "D. medinensis"; make surface water safe by using sand filters to remove "D. medinensis". Improve existing surface drinking-water sources means: construct barriers to prevent humans with "D. medinensis" from entering the water.
In 2022 the world had made the best progress ever in eradicating this disease.
"Rubella virus".
"Rubella virus" eradication is easier than "Measles morbillivirus" eradication and "Mumps orthorubulavirus" eradication.
"Salmonella enterica" serovar Typhi.
"Salmonella enterica" serovar Typhi is also known as "Salmonella" Typhi eradication). Policy makers and decision makers must be aware that elimination efforts have failed many times. Policy makers and decision makers must be aware that eradication efforts have failed many times. Experts expect eradication to take decades.
Smallpox.
In 1966 the World Health Organization created the Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme.
World Health Organization (WHO) chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus says the eradication of smallpox "stands as the greatest public health triumph in history."
After smallpox eradication there has been cessation of routine smallpox vaccination. This cessation may contibute to the resurgence of Mpox.
"Treponema pallidum" subsp. "pertenue".
The World Health Organization's "Treponema pallidum" subsp. "pertenue" eradication campaign has dismissed the idea that eradication increases "Treponema pallidum" infections.
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis".
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Tuberculosis team funds research to eradicate "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". The Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine may help to eradicate this pathogen.
Methods.
Methods include mass drug administration.
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis recommends using a combination of 2 methods. These 2 methods are mass drug administration and integrated vector management.
There are many methods of pathogen eradication. Methods include: harming and/or helping secondary hosts. In this case "helping" means giving secondary hosts more disease resistance. (In this case "secondary hosts" are living things other than humans. Those living things can also have the disease we are eradicating.) These secondary hosts include "Aedes" spp., "Anopheles" spp. and white-footed mice. "Aedes" spp. can carry dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. "Anopheles" spp. can carry malaria. White-footed mice can carry the Lyme disease bacterium.
Vector eradication.
Methods of disease eradication include vector eradication.<ref name="Chapter 6Could we/should we eradicate mosquitoes?">2021. Nancy Leys Stepan. . . Chapter 6 Could we/should we eradicate mosquitoes?</ref> Vectors to be eradicated very frequently include mosquitoes. In 1944 Sardinia had 4 native mosquito species. In 1944 the Italian government and the Rockefeller Foundation initiated and funded a programme. This programme attempted to eradicate Sardinia's mosquitoes. This programme succeeded in eradicating 3 of these species. This programme eradicated by using large amounts of DDT. The results of this programme teach us about what vector eradication does to the environment. Some experts believe this teaches us that vector eradication is not necessarily disastrous. They believe this because eradicating Sardinia's mosquitoes has not produced any ecological consequences.
One example is "Anopheles gambiae": Some experts want to eradicate "Anopheles gambiae". We should eradicate "Anopheles gambiae" because eradicating "Anopheles gambiae" will help eradicate malaria. There are environmental risks associated with eradicating "Anopheles gambiae". Some experts believe we should ignore those risks and do it anyhow. They believe this due to the benefits of eradicating malaria. They believe "Anopheles gambiae" has too little moral value to care about. One very good method of eradication of "Anopheles gambiae" is CRISPR gene drive. It is important to prevent invasion by "Anopheles gambiae". Brazil eradicated "Anopheles gambiae" after the invasion of north eastern Brazil. The invasion was in the 1930s. The eradication was achieved in 1941.
Methods of disease eradication include vector control.
Methods include integrated vector management. ("Integrated vector management" means eradicating diseases by using several other methods. These several other methods are vector eradication methods. "Vectors" are the things carrying the diseases we are eradicating.) Methods include gene drives. Walker "et al.", 2018 did a scientific study. Walker "et al.", 2018 find that mate-finding Allee effects help gene drives to eradicate mosquitoes.
Research.
Eradication efforts need more basic research on how vectors and diseases deal with each other. The Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication (ITFDE) has opinions about research. ITFDE gives those opinions in annual reports.
Omar Akbari does research about this. Akbari does this in cooperation with others. Akbari has a laboratory. Akbari has a research group. Akbari supervises some other researchers. Some of these other researchers are Akbari's students. Akbari is a scientist. Akbari researches insect gene drives. Some insect gene drives are "Drosophila" gene drives. Some insect gene drives are mosquito gene drives. Working on "Drosophila" gene drives helps everyone to understand all insect gene drives.
"Plasmodium" oocysts are an important research target for malaria eradication. (These are the eggs.)
Economics.
Whether governments think other governments will pay their fare share is important in eradication efforts. Governments will be less likely to begin eradication if they think other governments will get the benefits of eradication without having to pay for it.

= = = Anti-German sentiment = = =
Anti-German sentiment (Germanophobia or Teutophobia) is an opposition to, or fear of, Germany, Germans, its culture and the German language. The opposite is called Germanophilia. 
The sentiment began with the mid-19th century unification of Germany, which made the new nation a rival to the Great powers of Europe in economics, military, cultural, and geopolitical grounds. It was believed correctly in other countries that Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke were driving Germany towards domination of the European landmass. Bismark unified Germany in 1871 and was their first Chancellor, serving until 1890. 
Von Moltke the elder was chief of staff of the Prussian Army for 30 years. He commanded in the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. He is described as a "Prussian military organization and tactical genius". He was fascinated with railways and pioneered their military usage. He is often referred to as "Moltke the Elder" to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke, who commanded the German Army ("Deutsches Heer") at the outbreak of World War I.

= = = Habitat for Humanity = = =
Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI), generally known as Habitat for Humanity or Habitat, is an international, non-governmental, and nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1976 by Linda and Millard Fuller. The organization focuses on building homes for refugees, natural disaster locations, and the homeless. 
Habitat for Humanity is a Christian organization. The international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta. 
As of 2020, Habitat for Humanity operates in all 50 U.S. states and more than 70 countries.

= = = Archery, Georgia = = =
Archery is an unincorporated community in Webster County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The community lies about from Plains.
Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, grew up in Archery on a farm which is now known as the "Jimmy Carter Boyhood Farm" and is part of the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site.

= = = Webster County, Georgia = = =
Webster County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 Census reflected a population of 2,348, making it the third-least populous county in Georgia. The county seat is Preston.

= = = Preston, Georgia = = =
Preston is an unincorporated community in Webster County, Georgia, United States, located seventeen miles west of Americus. The population was 453 at the 2000 census. The community is the county seat of Webster County.
Preston was an incorporated town from 1857 to 1977, and a city from 1977 to 2009.

= = = Georgia Southwestern State University = = =
Georgia Southwestern State University (GSW) is a public university in Americus, Georgia. It is part of the University System of Georgia and offers bachelor's degree programs along with selected master's and specialist degree programs.

= = = National FFA Organization = = =
National FFA Organization is an American 501(c)(3) youth organization, specifically a career and technical student organization, based on middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education. It was founded in 1925. 
In 1988 the name was changed to the National FFA Organization, now commonly referred to as FFA. Today FFA is among the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 669,989 members in 8,630 chapters throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

= = = 1966 Georgia gubernatorial election = = =
The 1966 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966. 
After an election that exposed divisions within the Georgia Democratic Party (giving the Georgia Republican Party a shot at the Governor's Mansion for the first time in the twentieth century), segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox was elected Governor of Georgia.
The voting also made future President Jimmy Carter well known.
Democratic primary election results.
The primary was held on September 13, 1966. 
Pursuant to Georgia law, as no candidate received a majority of votes in the primary, a runoff was held on September 27.

= = = Ellis Arnall = = =
Ellis Gibbs Arnall (March 20, 1907December 13, 1992) was an American politician. He was the 69th Governor of Georgia from 1943 to 1947. 

= = = Newnan, Georgia = = =
Newnan is a city in Metro Atlanta and the county seat of Coweta County, Georgia. The population was 42,549 at the 2020 census.

= = = Georgia's 3rd congressional district = = =
Georgia's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Drew Ferguson. 
The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. 

= = = Georgia House of Representatives = = =
The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature) of the U.S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members.
The Georgia House of Representatives was created in 1777 during the American Revolution.

= = = Sunk cost fallacy = = =
A sunk cost fallacy is a fallacy where someone convinces themselves that they should continue doing something because they put in a lot of time and/or effort into it, even if they actually get very little reward out of it. For example, a person might watch the first six episodes of "Battlestar Galactica", but decides they do not like the show. However, because there was a sunk cost, six hours of time, that person tells themselves that because they already spent so much time on it, they might as well finish the show.
An example in the real-world would be pro-war Americans during the Vietnam War. Americans who supported United States' part in the Vietnam War believed that the US already spent so much money, so much time, and so many lives of veterans and civilians that if the United States were to let the communists win the war, then all the loss would have been for nothing.

= = = The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming = = =
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming is a 1966 American comedy movie directed by Norman Jewison and based on the 1961 novel "The Off-Islanders" by Nathaniel Benchley. It stars Alan Arkin, Carl Reiner, Eva Marie Saint, Brian Keith, Jonathan Winters, Paul Ford, Theodore Bikel, Michael J. Pollard and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1967.

= = = Oasis (1955 movie) = = =
Oasis is a 1955 French German adventure movie directed by Yves Allégret and based on the novel "The Commander" by John Knittel. It stars Michèle Morgan, Cornell Brothers, Pierre Brasseur and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Distributed revision control = = =
A revision control software is a tool programmers use to keep track of who wrote what and when it was written in a programs source code. It can also be used to restore old versions if someone makes a mistake.

= = = How to Marry a Millionaire = = =
How to Marry a Millionaire is a 1953 American romantic comedy movie directed by Jean Negulesco and based on the plays by Zoë Akins and Katherine Albert. It stars Marilyn Monroe, Betty Grable, Lauren Bacall, David Wayne, Rory Calhoun and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1954 and was later adopted into a television series in 1957.

= = = Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni = = =
Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni (born 23 April 1972) is a Burundi politician. He became the Prime Minister of Burundi on 23 June 2020.

= = = Borlotti bean = = =
The borlotti bean ("Phaseolus vulgaris"), also known as the cranberry bean, Roman bean, romano bean, saluggia bean, gadhra bean or rosecoco bean, is a variety of common bean first bred in Colombia. The Colombians call it the "cargamanto".
The borlotti bean looks like the pinto bean, but is bigger, and white with dark red specks.

= = = Huang Liuyan = = =
Huang Liuyan (born 13 June 1994) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She played at the 2012 Asian Jr.Women's Volleyball Championship, 2014 Asian Games, 2015 Asian Women's U23 Volleyball Championship, and 2019 CISM Military World Games.
On a club level, she played for Army and Bayi Shenzhen.

= = = Maxette Grisoni-Pirbakas = = =
Maxette Grisoni-Pirbakas (born 14 April 1973) is a French politician and syndicalist. She is on the list in the 2019 European Parliament election in France of the National Rally (RN).
Biography.
Trade union leader of the Fédération nationale des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles in Guadeloupe, she is known for her fights on the ground at the head of the farmers of Guadeloupe.
She is in 12th position on the list of the National Rally for the 2019 European elections. She was elected.

= = = List of men's national association football teams = = =
This is a list of the men's national association football teams in the world. There are more nations with football teams than for any other sport. Teams represent 191 of the 193 UN member states, as well as several dependent territories, sub-national entities, and states who are not members of the United Nations. This list divides teams into two main groups:
This list excludes other teams that generally play Non-FIFA football. Excluded teams include those who represent ethnic groups, sub-national entities, separatist movements, and micro-nations.
Members of FIFA affiliated confederations.
This section lists the current 211 men's national football teams affiliated to FIFA, through their national football associations, and the 12 men's national football teams who have membership in one of FIFA's affiliated continental confederations, but are not members of FIFA. These are displayed in the main list in "italics".
FIFA members are eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup and matches between them are recognized as official international matches. Based on their match results over the previous four-year period, the FIFA World Rankings, published monthly by FIFA, compare how good the national teams are on a point-based system.
Some national teams who are members of a confederation but not FIFA members compete in confederation-level and subregional tournaments. However, These teams are not allowed to participate in the World Cup.
The six confederations are:
FIFA runs the World Cup as a tournament for national teams to find the world champion. Each confederation also runs its own championship to find the best team from among its members:
Although it is not a confederation, the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA) coordinates football activities between Arabic-speaking countries. All 22 national governing bodies that form UAFA are also members of both FIFA and either the AFC or CAF. National teams from UAFA member countries are noted in the list below.
The Confederation of Independent Football Associations (ConIFA) is an organization for teams representing unrecognised states, subnational regions, and stateless minorities, as well as teams from recognised states that have not managed to gain entry into FIFA. While none of its current members are also members of FIFA, a few hold associate membership in one of the confederations affiliated with it. These teams are also noted in the list below.
AFC (Asia).
The AFC is subdivided into five sub-federations:
CAF (Africa).
CAF is divided into five regional federations:
CONCACAF (North America, Central America, and the Caribbean).
The CONCACAF federation is divided into three regional federations that have responsibility for part of the region's geographical area:
National teams not affiliated to FIFA confederations.
The national football teams included in this section are not members of FIFA, or of any of its affiliated continental confederations. These teams are not eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup or any continental confederation championships. FIFA's statutes do not allow member teams to compete against these sides without FIFA's prior permission. Several national associations for teams included in this section are members of ConIFA; these are indicated in the lists below.
This section lists:
Unaffiliated United Nations states.
There are seven United Nations member and observer states which are not members of FIFA or any of its affiliated continental confederations. Five of them, however, have fielded national association-organised teams in unofficial friendly matches, regional tournaments (such as the Pacific Games or Micronesian Games), or in global tournaments that are not regulated by FIFA. These teams are listed below.
Two other UN member states (the Marshall Islands and Nauru) have never fielded a national association-organised football team, though there are reports that amateur football teams claiming to represent the Nauru national soccer team have participated in local friendly matches on at least two occasions.
Others.
Membership criteria of FIFA and affiliated confederations.
Historically, the majority of FIFA and confederation members have been sovereign states with wide diplomatic recognition. Exceptions to this rule include the British Home Nations (due to their small role in the development of football), the Republic of China (which does not enjoy wide recognition but is still accepted as a representative of the Taiwan area), and certain dependent territories, autonomous areas, and protectorates, which have been allowed to hold membership in FIFA and/or one of its affiliated confederations based on their political autonomy, separate status, and/or distance from their parent state. At present, FIFA members include 23 subnational and dependent territories, as well as two states with limited international recognition.
The FIFA-affiliated football teams that belong to non-UN members are:
Ten other overseas, dependent, and autonomous territories with close ties to a sovereign state do not have membership in FIFA, but are members of one of its affiliated confederations.
Former national football teams.
These national teams no longer exist due to the dissolution of the nation or territory that they represented. Only national teams that were once members of FIFA are listed below.
New names.
In addition to the above, other nations have been renamed:

= = = Cheng Long = = =
Cheng Long (born 10 January 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2015 FIVB U23 Asian women's volleyball championship, 2017 U23 FIVB women's volleyball, and 2015 Montreux Volley Masters.
On a club level, she played for Shandong Sports Lottery.

= = = Wang Weiyi = = =
Wang Weiyi (born 20 June 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2019 Asian Volleyball Championship.
On a club level, she played for Shanghai women's volleyball team.

= = = Stephen Smith (Australian politician) = = =
Stephen Francis Smith (born 12 December 1955) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Labor Party. He was a member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Perth from 1993 to 2013. He was also a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments, serving as Minister for Foreign Affairs (2007–2010), Minister for Trade (2010) and Minister for Defence (2010–2013).
Smith was born in Narrogin, Western Australia.

= = = Xu Jiujing = = =
Xu Jiujing (born 13 July 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Asian Women's U23 Volleyball Championship, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, and 2016 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup. 
At the club level, she played for Shanghai women's volleyball team.

= = = Federico Castelluccio = = =
Federico Castelluccio (born April 29, 1964) is an Italian-born American actor and artist. He is best known for his role as Furio Giunta in the HBO series "The Sopranos" from 2000 to 2002.
Castelluccio was born in Naples, and moved to the United States at the age of three. He grew up in Paterson, New Jersey. He is married to German actress Yvonne Maria Schäfer. He speaks both Italian and English.

= = = Malinae = = =
Malinae is a subtribe of plants in the family Rosaceae, tribe Maleae. Members of this subtribe produce fruits known as pomes. Commonly grown members of this tribe include Malus (apples) and Mespilus (medlars).

= = = Broad-palmed frog = = =
The broad-palmed frog ("Litoria latopalmata") is a frog from eastern Australia. It lives in Queensland and New South Wales.
This frog likes to live in forests and woodlands and on flood plains near rivers. It also lives in billabongs and other permanent and semi-permanent bodies of water.
It lays eggs in groups underwater. The tadpoles take 50-90 days to become frogs.

= = = George Henry Hoyt = = =
George Henry Hoyt (November 25, 1837 – February 2, 1877) was an abolitionist and attorney for John Brown. During the American Civil War, he served as a Union cavalry officer and captain of the Kansas Red Leg scouts. He became a brevet brigadier general by war's end. Following the war, Hoyt served as the sixth Attorney General of Kansas.
Early life and John Brown's Trial.
George Henry Hoyt was born in Athol, Massachusetts, on November 25, 1837. He was the only surviving son of Athol physician and abolitionist George Hoyt and his wife Avelina Witt Hoyt. In 1851, the Hoyts moved to Boston, where George studied law. Lysander Spooner, abolitionist anarchist and good friend of Dr. Hoyt, strongly influenced young George's views of abolition, as did radical orator Wendell Phillips.
Later life.
Hoyt died in Athol on February 2, 1877, aged 39.

= = = William T. Anderson = = =
William T. Anderson (1840 – October 26, 1864), also known as "Bloody Bill" Anderson, was one of the deadliest and most famous pro-Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. Anderson led a group of volunteer rangers who attacked Union loyalists and federal soldiers in the states of Missouri and Kansas.
Early life.
William T. Anderson was born in 1840 in Hopkins County, Kentucky, to William C. and Martha Anderson. His siblings were Jim, Ellis, Mary Ellen, Josephine and Janie. His schoolmates remembered him as a well-behaved, quiet child. During his childhood, Anderson's family moved to Huntsville, Missouri, where his father got a job on a farm, and the family became well-respected. In 1857, they moved to the Kansas Territory, going southwest on the Santa Fe Trail and settling east of Council Grove.
The Anderson family supported slavery, though they did not own slaves. They moved to Kansas most likely for economic rather than political reasons.

= = = Steven Cohen = = =
Steve A. Cohen (born June 11, 1956 in Great Neck, New York) is an American billionaire investor, hedge fund manager, philanthropist, and art collector. He is the founder of Point72 Asset Management and the now-closed S.A.C. Capital Advisors. Both funds are based in Stamford, Connecticut. In 2020, he became the owner of New York Mets.

= = = Frank James = = =
Alexander Franklin "Frank" James (January 10, 1843 – February 18, 1915) was a Confederate soldier and guerrilla; in the post-Civil War period, he was an outlaw. The older brother of outlaw Jesse James, Frank was also part of the James–Younger Gang.

= = = Androphilia and gynephilia = = =
Androphilia and gynephilia are terms in behavioral science (the study of human and animal behavior) that describe sexual orientation. It is an alternative to the gender binary in homosexual and heterosexual. Androphilia is attraction to a man or masculinity (any quality or behavior linked to a man). Gynephilia is attraction to a woman or femininity. Ambiphilia (bisexuality) is the combination of androphilia and gynephilia.
The terms describe the focus of attraction with no need to credit a sex assignment or gender identity to the person. It will skirt any difficulty to understand people between the West and the East. The terms will also describe intersex and transgender people.
History.
Androphilia.
Magnus Hirschfeld was an early 1900s German sexologist (expert in sex and sexuality). Hirschfeld put a homosexual man in one of four groups. A man with attraction to a boy (pedophile). A man with attraction to an adolescent boy (ephebophile). A man with attraction to another young man (androphile). A man with attraction to an old man (gerontophile).
"Androphilia, A Manifesto: Rejecting the Gay Identity, Reclaiming Masculinity" is a book by Jack Donovan. Donovan uses "androphilia" to focus on masculinity in male homosexual desire. He also uses the term to reject the femininity and androgyny (combination of masculinity and femininity) in some parts of homosexual life.
"Androsexuality" is the same as "androphilia".
Alternative use in biology and medicine
"Androphilic" the same as "anthropophilic" in biology". Anthropophilic" is a parasite who will desire a human more than an animal. "Androphilic" will also describe certain proteins and androgen receptors.
Gynephilia.
In Ancient Greek, there is a different form of the term. In "Idyll" 8, line 60, Theocritus uses "gynaikophilias" to describe the very strong desire Zeus has for any woman.
Sigmund Freud says "gynecophilic" to describe his case study (detailed study of one person) Dora. Freud also uses the term in writing.
"Gynesexuality" is the same as "gynephilia". Psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow says the short preoedipal (attraction to the mother and jealousy of the father) time of focus on the mother should be named "gynesexuality" or "matrisexuality."
Attraction.
"Androphilia" and "gynephilia" separate group attraction based on how old a person is. John Money names this chronophilia. Attraction to an adult is teleiophilia or adultophilia. Here, "androphilia" and "gynephilia" mean "attraction to an adult male" and "attraction to an adult female."
Androphilia and gynephilia scales.
Kurt Freund and Betty Steiner create the 9-item Gynephilia Scale and the 13-item Androphilia Scale in 1982. This measures attraction in a mature female or a mature male. In 1985, Ray Blanchard names a new one the Modified Androphilia-Gynephilia Index (MAGI).
Gender identity and behavior.
Magnus Hirschfeld sorts between gynephilic, bisexual, androphilic, asexual, and automonosexual (sexual attraction to themselves only) transgender woman.
Since the middle of the 1900s, some psychologists like to use "homosexual transsexual" (to mean the same as straight transgender woman) and "heterosexual transsexual" (to mean the same as transgender lesbian). Biologist Bruce Bagemihl is against this. It is because Bageminl thought it makes it simple to say a transsexual is a homosexual male looking to run from stigma. The term "homosexual transsexual" is "heterosexist" because it describes people by sex assignment and not gender identity. Sexologist John Bancroft says he regrets using this language. It was normal at the time Bancroft used it to talk about transgender women. Since 2008, he attempts to use terms that do not hurt the feelings of anyone. Sexologist Charles Allen Moser is also against any terms like that.
Sexologist Militon Diamond supports the terms androphilic, gynecophilic, and ambiphilic to describe any partner a person desires (andro = male, gyneco = female, ambi = both, philic = to love).
Gender in the East.
Some scientists support use of the terms to skirt bias in concepts of human sexuality in the West. Johanna Schmidt says that in a society where a third gender is supported, a term like "homosexual transsexual" does not line up.

= = = William E. Miller = = =
William Miller was an American politician from the state of New York who served in the US House for 7 terms from 1951 to 1965. Miller was a conservative Republican. In 1964, he ran for president but lost the primaries to fellow conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Miller was Goldwater �s running mate. He also served as the 44th Chair of the Republican National Committee.

= = = Wisconsin's 8th congressional district = = =
Wisconsin's 8th congressional district is a district in Northeast Wisconsin, represented by Republican Mike Gallagher of Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Politics.
The district is quite politically conservative. In the 2018 Election, when it voted to elect a Representative, Republican Mike Gallagher trounced Democrat Beau Liegeois, winning nearly two-thirds of the vote. It last elected a Democrat for the US House in 2008.

= = = Wisconsin Senate = = =
The Wisconsin State Senate is the upper house of the Wisconsin Legislature. It has 33 seats. Currently, Republicans have the majority with 19 seats. Democrats have 14 seats. Their pay is $50,950 a year.
The President of the Senate is Republican Roger Roth. The Majority Leader is Republican Scott L. Fitzgerald. The Minority Leader is Democrat Janet Bewley.
It is in the Wisconsin State Capitol in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin.

= = = Val-de-Vie = = =
Val-de-Vie is a commune. It is found in the region Normandy in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery (the seat), La Brévière, La Chapelle-Haute-Grue and Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery.

= = = Saint-Benoît, Aude = = =
Saint-Benoît is a commune of 105 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Couat-d'Aude = = =
Saint-Couat-d'Aude is a commune of 404 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Couat-du-Razès = = =
Saint-Couat-du-Razès is a commune of 51 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Denis, Aude = = =
Saint-Denis is a commune of 512 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Sainte-Camelle = = =
Sainte-Camelle is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers = = =
Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Sainte-Eulalie, Aude = = =
Sainte-Eulalie is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = BMW M3 = = =
The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3 Series. It has been produced for every generation since the E30 M3 was introduced in 1986.

= = = Sainte-Valière = = =
Sainte-Valière is a commune of 563 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Ferriol = = =
Saint-Ferriol is a commune of 116 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = NA-95 (Mianwali-I) = = =
NA 95 (Mianwali I) is a National Assembly constinuency in Pakistan.
Areas involved: Isa Khel, Daud Khel, Kalabagh and some areas of Mianwali Tehsil.
Members of This Constinuency from 2018.

= = = Arcenant = = =
Arcenant is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department.

= = = Orain = = =
Orain is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department.

= = = Saint-Frichoux = = =
Saint-Frichoux is a commune of 255 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = The Happy Years = = =
The Happy Years is a 1950 American romantic comedy movie directed by William A. Wellman and is based on the novel "The Varmint" by Owen Johnson. It stars Dean Stockwell, Darryl Hickman, Scotty Beckett, Leon Ames, Leo G. Carroll, Robert Wagner. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot.
John Humperdink Stover, a troublemaker expelled from several schools, gets one last chance at a new academy to mature and receive a proper education. He befriends Tough McCarty and Tennessee Shad but continues to fight and play pranks on Connie Brown. Facing expulsion again, Stover has a change of heart and decides to reform, making his father proud.
Reception.
According to MGM records, the movie earned $680,000 in the US and Canada and $175,000 elsewhere, making a loss of $1,096,000 for the studio.

= = = Androsexuality = = =
Androsexuality is a sexual orientation describing one's sexual attraction to men, males or masculinity, regardless of gender identity. It is the reverse of gynesexuality.

= = = Gynesexuality = = =
Gynesexuality or gynosexuality is a sexual orientation describing one's sexual attraction towards women, female individuals or to femininity, regardless of gender identity. It is the opposite of androsexuality.

= = = Pofatu Database = = =
The Pofatu Database is a resource for archaeologists and contains contextual and geochemical information on rock material and stone artefacts. This is used by archaeologists to determine the source of the material. In the spring of 2020, the data contained over 7700 samples from sites in the Pacific Ocean region. The samples are from both archaeological sites and geological sites. The geological samples are used for comparison, to identify the source of the archaeological samples. In addition, information on provenience, context, analytical methods and bibliography are maintained. "The database also provides instrumental details, analytical procedures and reference standards used for calibration purposes or quality control." The open-access database is supported by and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft and was built in collaboration with research organizations from Australia, New Zealand, Germany, and the United States.
The database uses an open-source storage system (GitHub) and file formats that are common and non-proprietary. 
This makes it easy to access and use the data and to retest it. Access to Pofatu is at The data can be seen in the Pofatu web application.

= = = Pink Elephants on Parade = = =
"Pink Elephants on Parade" is a song from the 1941 movie "Dumbo". It happens when Dumbo becomes drunk from drinking water mixed with champagne.

= = = Moya Brennan = = =
Moya Brennan (born Máire Ní Bhraonáin on 4 August 1952 in Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland) is an Irish singer. She is famous for being a member of the folk group Clannad.

= = = Fingers (1978 movie) = = =
Fingers is a 1978 American crime drama movie directed by James Toback and starring Harvey Keitel, Danny Aiello, Tanya Roberts, Jim Brown, Michael V. Gazzo, Tisa Farrow, Sam Coppola. It was distributed by Brut Productions and remake in 2005 as French movie "The Beat That My Heart Skipped".

= = = Chasseur (sauce) = = =
Sauce chasseur, sometimes called "hunter's sauce", is a simple or compound brown sauce used in French cuisine. It is usually made using demi-glace or an espagnole sauce as a base, and often includes mushrooms and shallots. It may also include tomatoes and a finishing of fines herbes. Today, a simplified version of the sauce is produced industrially. This is what most people will associate with 'sauce chasseur'.
History.
Chasseur is named after the French word for "hunter", hinting at the traditional pairings of mushrooms with venison, rabbit, wild fowl, and other game meats. Traditionally, while returning from the hunt, the hunters picked the mushrooms they would use to prepare the game meat.
"Chasseur" is thought to have been invented by Philippe de Mornay, who is also said to have invented Mornay sauce, Béchamel, sauce Lyonnaise and sauce Porto.

= = = Hickory = = =
Hickories are deciduous trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible.

= = = Report to the Commissioner = = =
Report to the Commissioner is a 1975 American crime drama movie directed by Milton Katselas and based on the novel of the same name by James Mills. It stars Yaphet Kotto, Michael Moriarty, Richard Gere, Susan Blakely, Hector Elizondo, William Devane and was distributed by United Artists.

= = = Annie Get Your Gun (movie) = = =
Annie Get Your Gun is a 1950 American musical movie directed by George Sidney is based on the 1946 musical of the same name. It stars Betty Hutton, Howard Keel, Louis Calhern, Keenan Wynn, J. Carroll Naish and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1951.

= = = Born Yesterday = = =
Born Yesterday is a 1950 American comedy movie directed by George Cukor and based on the 1946 play of the same name by Garson Kanin. It stars Judy Holliday, Broderick Crawford, William Holden, Howard St. John and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1951 and was remade in 1993.

= = = Broken Arrow (1950 movie) = = =
Broken Arrow is a 1950 American western movie directed by Delmer Daves and based on the 1947 novel "Blood Brother" by Elliott Arnold. It stars James Stewart, Jeff Chandler, Debra Paget, Basil Ruysdael, Will Geer and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards in 1951.

= = = Francis the Talking Mule = = =
Francis the Talking Mule is a 1950 American fantasy comedy movie directed by Arthur Lubin and is the first movie in the series of novels by David Stern. It stars Donald O'Connor, Patricia Medina, Chill Wills, Tony Curtis, Frank Faylen, Robert Warwick and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Mohawk (movie) = = =
Mohawk is a 1956 American historical drama movie directed by Kurt Neumann and starring Scott Brady, Rita Gam, Neville Brand, Lori Nelson, Allison Hayes, John Hoyt, John Hudson. It was distributed by the 20th Century Fox.

= = = American Enterprise Institute = = =
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, also known as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a think tank in Washington, D.C. that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare. AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported mostly by grants and donations from foundations, corporations, and people.
It was created in 1938. AEI's stated goal is "to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism—limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate". AEI mostly believes in conservatism and neoconservatism, although it is officially non-partisan (does not officially support any political party).
AEI is governed by a Board of Trustees that has 28 members. It is made up of executives and former executives from various corporations. Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI.

= = = Center for Strategic and International Studies = = =
The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a think tank in Washington, D.C., in the United States. CSIS was created as the "Center for Strategic and International Studies" of Georgetown University in 1962. The center does policy studies and strategic analyses of political, economic and security issues throughout the world. They specifically focus on issues about international relations, trade, technology, finance, energy and geostrategy.
In the University of Pennsylvania's 2019 "Global Go To Think Tanks Report", CSIS is ranked the number one think tank in the United States across all subjects, the "Top Defense and National Security Think Tank" in the world, and the 4th best think tank in the world overall. CSIS has been named the number one think tank for Defense and National Security every years since 2013, and has been named the 'Center of Excellence'.

= = = Se2grXII = = =
Se2grXII originally marked LXXIEJ 12 is a manuscript of the Septuagint dated to the 1st century and written on a parchment in the form of a scroll. This manuscript was found in the Judean Desert, probably in a Nahal Hever cave. This fragment is marked with number 943 on the list of manuscripts of the Septuagint according to the classification of Alfred Rahlfs.
Characteristic.
This manuscript was discovered in August 1952 in the Judean Desert by Bedouins, who claimed to be from Wadi Seiyâl, but nobody knows the exact place of origin. It was bought by the Palestine Archaeological Museum (now the Rockefeller Museum). This manuscript received the designation Se2grXII (the second manuscript from the Seiyâl collection, written in Greek, containing a scroll of twelve minor prophets).
Nine other fragments of the scroll of minor prophets were found in 1961 in "Horror Cave" (cave No. 8 in the Nahal Hever Valley) by a team of Israeli archaeologists led by Jigael Jadin. Therefore, cave No. 8 located south of Qumran is now considered to be almost a reliable place of origin for the scroll. All the fragments set has now been given the name Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever.
This manuscript contains a tetragram in Jonah 3:3.
This manuscript was published by B. Lifschitz from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in the "Israel Exploration Journal" in 1962. The original designation of the manuscript indicates that the Israel Exploration Journal volume XII was published (LXXIEJ 12).
It is stored in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem (Gr. Se2grXII).

= = = Mercury-Redstone 3 = = =
Mercury-Redstone 3, or Freedom 7, was the first United States human spaceflight, on May 5, 1961. It was piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard. It was the first flight with people of Project Mercury. The project had the objective of putting an astronaut into orbit around the Earth and returning him safely. Shepard's mission was a 15-minute suborbital flight with the primary goal of demonstrating his ability to withstand the high g-forces of launch and re-entry.

= = = Panteón Francés = = =
The Panteón Francés de la Piedad ("French Cemetery of the Mercy") is a cemetery in Mexico City in which several notable people are interred.
It is located in the southern section of the city, adjacent to the medical center, the Centro Medico Metro station, and the Colonia Buenos Aires neighborhood. Note that there is another "Panteón Francés" in the northwest section of the city, near Panteones metro station; not the same cemetery.

= = = Arcadia Publishing = = =
Arcadia Publishing is an American publisher. They publish neighborhood, local, and regional history of the United States in pictorial form. Arcadia Publishing also owns the History Press, which publishes text-driven books on American history and folklore.
History.
It was created in Dover, New Hampshire, in 1993 by United Kingdom-based Tempus Publishing. It became independent after being bought by its CEO in 2004. The company office is in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.
It has a catalog of more than 12,000 titles, and italong with its subsidiary, The History Presspublishes 900 new titles every year.
In May 2017, Arcadia bought Palmetto Publishing Group, a Charleston-based self-publishing service that had been in business since 2015.
In 2018, Arcadia was bought by Lezen, a new company owned by Lili and Michael Lynton.
The History Press.
The History Press is a subsidiary publishing house that is owned by Arcadia. Its books are mostly about "narratives of local heroes, tragic losses, collections of homegrown recipes, historic mysteries, and everything in between."
The History Press was originally a US subsidiary of the UK-based publisher of the same name. In 2014, the US-based part of The History Press was sold to Arcadia Publishing.
Legendary Locals.
"Legendary Locals" is an imprint of "The History Press".

= = = Babruvahana = = =
Babruvahana (also known as Babhruvahana or Babhnu Vahana) is a character in Veda Vyasa's epic, the Mahabharata. He is one of the sons of Arjuna, a Pandava. Chitrangada, the princess of Manipur was his mother. She bore him during the period of his (Arjuna's) exile at Manipura (refer Arjuna Vanavasa Parva of Mahabharata). Arjuna leaves Chitrangada because Arjuna's wife Uloopi from the Naga Clan betrays him. Uloopi was envious of Arjuna's marriage to Chitrangada. Babruvahana was adopted as the son of his maternal grandfather and reigned at Manipur as his successor. He dwelt there in a palace of great splendour, surrounded with wealth and signs of power. Later he came to know Arjuna was his father, and when he came to see his father, Arjuna did not recognise him and said he was a wanderer. He had a wife,Kimveka,from whom he had a son named Aarusha and a daughter named Aarushi.

= = = Riad Ismat = = =
Mohammad Riad Hussain Ismat () (11 July 1947 – 13 May 2020) was a Syrian writer, critic and theatre director. He was Minister of Culture from 3 October 2010 to 23 June 2012 during the Bashar al-Assad presidency. He later moved to Chicago where he taught at Columbia College. He was born in Damascus.
Ismat died on 13 May 2020 in Chicago from COVID-19, aged 72.

= = = Astrid Kirchherr = = =
Astrid Kirchherr (20 May 1938 – 12 May 2020) was a German photographer and artist. She was known for her works with the Beatles and her photographs of the band's original members – John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best – during their early days in Hamburg. 
Her early work was shown in Hamburg, Bremen, London, Liverpool, Chicago, New York City, Washington, D.C., Tokyo, Vienna and at the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame. She published three limited-edition books of photographs.
Kirchherr was born in Hamburg. She died there on 12 May 2020 from cancer, aged 81.

= = = World Snooker Championship = = =
The World Snooker Championship is the leading snooker event both in terms of prestige and prize money. The first event was held in 1927 and was won by Joe Davis. Davis won the first 15 championships before retiring from the event, after his 1946 win. In the 1950s snooker went into a period of decline and the championship was not held after 1952, although an unofficial championship was held until 1957. In 1964 the championship was revived on a "challenge basis" and in 1969 the championship became a knock-out event again. 
Since 1977 it has been played at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. The tournament is currently played over 17 days and ends on the first Monday in May. Since 1969 (the modern era), Ronnie O'Sullivan and Stephen Hendry have won the event most (seven times). Luca Brecel is the current winner.
Winners.
Top performers of the modern era.
The 'modern' era is considered to start in 1969, when the championship returned to a knock-out tournament from a challenge format. In the modern game, the best record is that of Stephen Hendry, who won seven times in the 1990s. Steve Davis won six times in the 1980s, as did Ray Reardon in the 1970s.

= = = Dick Taylor = = =
Richard Clifford Taylor (born 28 January 1943) is an English rock guitarist and pianist. He best known as the guitarist and founding member of The Pretty things. Taylor was an early bassist for the Rolling Stones, but left the band to study at Sidcup Art College. He was born in Dartford, Kent.

= = = List of world snooker champions = = =
The World Snooker Championship snooker tournament founded in 1927 and since 1977 played at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. The event is played over 17 days in late April and early May, and is chronologically the third of the three Triple Crown events of the season since 1977–78, when the UK Championship was first held. The event was not held from 1941 to 1945 because of World War II or between 1958 and 1963 due to declining interest.
The governing body that organises this event is the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Prior to this in 1968, the world championship was organised by the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC), except for a few years when the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) staged their own event, the World Professional Match-play Championship.
The best player at the World Snooker Championship was Joe Davis, who won 15 consecutive titles between 1927 and 1946. The record in the modern era, usually dated from 1969 of a knock-out tournament format, rather than a challenge format, is held by Stephen Hendry, who won the title 7 times between 1990 and 1999.

= = = Judd Trump = = =
Judd Trump (born 20 August 1989) is an English snooker player from Bristol who is the current World Champion and the world number one. One of 11 players to win all Triple Crown events at least once, he has won 17 ranking titles.
After winning the English Under-13 and Under-15 events and reaching the World Under-21 semi-finals, Judd Trump turned professional in 2005, aged 16. He won his first ranking title at the 2011 China Open, beating Selby 10 - 8 in the final. The following month, he reached the final of the 2011 World Championship, but lost 15 - 18 to John Higgins. He wis first Triple Crown event later that year when he won the 2011 UK Championship, defeating Mark Allen 10 - 8 in the final. 
During the 2018 - 2019 snooker season, he won his first Masters title, defeating Ronnie O'Sullivan 10 - 4 in the final, and completed his Triple Crown by winning his first World Snooker Championship, defeating Higgins 18 - 9. He also became the first snooker player to win over £1 million in prize money in a single season.

= = = Teresa Aquino-Oreta = = =
Maria Teresa Aquino-Oreta (born Maria Teresa Aquino Aquino) (June 28, 1944 – May 14, 2020), better known as Tessie Aquino-Oreta, was a Filipino Liberal politician. She was born in Concepcion, Tarlac. She was a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1987 to 1998 and Senator from 1988 to 2004.
Aquino-Oreta died on May 14, 2020 in Manila at the age of 75.

= = = Henryk Jaskuła = = =
Henryk Jaskuła (22 October 1923 – 14 May 2020) was a Polish yachtsman, sailing captain, and electrical engineer. He was the first Pole to perform a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the globe. Jaskuła became the third man to circumnavigate the globe non-stop and single-handed on 20 May 1980. He was born in Radziszów, Poland.
Jaskuła died on 14 May 2020 in Przemyśl, Poland at the age of 96.

= = = Khalid Mahmud (judge) = = =
Allama Khalid Mahmud (17 October 1925 – 14 May 2020) was a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar. He was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He created the Islamic Academy in Manchester. He was best known for his works related to Finality of the Prophethood. He was born in Lahore.
Mahmood died of problems caused by a fractured hip at a hospital in Manchester on 14 May 2020, aged 94.

= = = Bob Watson = = =
Robert José Watson (April 10, 1946May 14, 2020) was an American professional baseball player and sports executive. He was born in Los Angeles, California.
Watson was a first baseman and left fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves from 1966 to 1984. Watson was a two-time All-Star during his playing career.
After retiring as a player, Watson coached for the Oakland Athletics and was general manager for the Astros from 1993 through 1995 and the Yankees from 1995 through 1998. The Yankees won the 1996 World Series.
He was MLB's vice president in charge of discipline and vice president of rules and on-field operations until 2010.
Watson was diagnosed with stage 4 kidney disease in 2016. He died on May 14, 2020 from the disease in Houston at the age of 74.

= = = Claes Borgström = = =
Claes Gustaf Borgström (21 July 1944 – 15 May 2020) was a Swedish lawyer and politician. He was Equality Ombudsman ("JämO") from 2000 until 2007. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party and later joined the Left Party. He was born in Stockholm.
Borgström died in Stockholm on 15 May 2020 from COVID-19, aged 75.

= = = Guido Cerniglia = = =
Guido Cerniglia (3 February 1939 – 14 May 2020) was an Italian actor and theatre director. He was born in Palermo, Italy. He was known for his roles in "The Scientific Cardplayer" (1972), "Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno" (1974) and in "Il giustiziere di mezzogiorno" (1975). 
Cerniglia died in Rome on 14 May 2020, aged 81.

= = = Sergio Denis = = =
Héctor Omar Hoffmann Fenzel, better known as Sergio Denis (16 March 1949 – 15 May 2020) was an Argentine pop singer-songwriter, pianist and actor. He was born in Coronel Suárez, Argentina. His best known songs were "Yo nunca supe más de ti", "Cada vez que sale el sol", "Cómo estás, querida", "Te quiero tanto" and "Un poco loco".
He also recorded Spanish versions of songs by Paul McCartney, John Denver, The Mamas & the Papas and Leonard Cohen.
In March 2019, Denis fell while performing at a concert in Tucumán. He suffered from cerebral edema and was in a coma. Denis died of a stroke while in a coma on 15 May 2020 in Buenos Aires, aged 71.

= = = Ernie Gonzalez = = =
Ernie Gonzalez (February 19, 1961 – May 15, 2020) was an American professional golfer. He played on the PGA Tour in the 1980s. He won the only title of his career in 1986. He became only the third left-handed golfer to win a Tour event. He was born in San Diego, California.
Gonzalez died on May 15, 2020 in Chicago of Alzheimer's disease-related problems, aged 59.

= = = Bible d'Olivétan = = =
The Bible d'Olivétan ("Olivetan Bible") is a French translation of the Bible, which was published in Neuchâtel in 1535.
Description.
The "Bible d'Olivétan" was made by Pierre Robert Olivétan (c.1506—1538) who is believed to be a cousin of John Calvin. Olivétan published his first Bible translation in 1535 in Neuchâtel, a Swiss town.

= = = Mitch Greenlick = = =
Merwyn R. "Mitch" Greenlick (March 12, 1935 – May 15, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. He represented District 33 of the Oregon House of Representatives from 2003 until his death. Greenlick was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was known proposing health care-related laws.
Greenlick died on May 15, 2020 in Portland, Oregon at the age of 85.

= = = Phil May (singer) = = =
Phil May (born Philip Arthur Dennis Kattner, 9 November 1944 – 15 May 2020) was an English singer-songwriter and musician. He became known in the 1960s as the lead singer of Pretty Things. He was one of the band's main lyricists. He was the primary lyricist for the album "S.F. Sorrow".
May died on 15 May 2020, in a hospital in King's Lynn from hip surgery-related problems, aged 75.

= = = Triple Crown (snooker) = = =
The Triple Crown in snooker is winning three tournaments, the World Championship, the UK Championship, and the Masters. These three events together make up the "Triple Crown Series". Each individual tournament is called a Triple Crown event. Players who win all three tournaments are said to have "won the Triple Crown", either over their career, or in one season alone. The Triple Crown dates back to the 1969 World Snooker Championship, when the event changed reverted to a knockout format from the prior "challenge" basis.
, 11 players have won all three events. Stephen Hendry and Ronnie O'Sullivan won each event five times or more. O'Sullivan has the most titles, having won 19 individual tournaments. Three players have won all three in the space of a season. Mark Williams, Steve Davis each won all three and Hendry having done so on two occasions.
Tournament winners.
By season.
A list of all winners of the three Triple Crown events is shown below by season:

= = = Julio Anguita = = =
Julio Anguita González (21 November 194116 May 2020) was a Spanish Communist politician. He was born in Fuengirola, Spain. 
Anguita was Secretary General of the Communist Party from 1988 to 1998. He was also Mayor of Córdoba from 1979 to 1986. From 1989 to 2000, he was a Congressional Deputy and Coordinator of United Left.
Anguita died on 16 May 2020 in Córdoba of a heart attack, aged 78.

= = = Claudie Haigneré = = =
Claudie André-Deshays Haigneré (born 13 May 1957) is a French doctor, politician, and former astronaut. She was a member of the Centre National d'Études Spatiales (1985–1999) and the European Space Agency (1999–2002). She was born in Le Creusot, France. She is also the CEO of France Telecom.

= = = Pilar Pellicer = = =
Pilar Pellicer (born Pilar Pellicer López de Llergo; February 2, 1938 – May 16, 2020) was a Mexican actress. Pellicer won the Ariel Award for Best Actress for her role as the main character in "La Choca" (1974). Her other best known roles were as Admiradora in "The Life of Agustín Lara" (1959) and as Lydia "Day of the Evil Gun" (1968). Pellicer was born in Villahermosa, Tabasco.
Pellicer died of COVID-19 on May 16, 2020 in Mexico City, aged 82.

= = = Henrik Pontén = = =
Henrik Pontén (17 October 1965 – 15 May 2020) was a Swedish jurist. He was born in Kalmar, Sweden. He worked for the organization Svenska antipiratbyrån (Swedish Anti-Piracy Bureau), and was often seen representing the organization in the media.
He became well known in Swedish media during the Bahnhof raid and the raid against The Pirate Bay. Pontén studied law at Stockholm University.
In May 2009, a fake application with the Swedish Tax Agency was submitted to change his name to "Pirate Pontén".
In January 2020, Pontén was injured in a bike accident where it left him in a coma. He died on 16 May 2020 in Lidingö, Sweden at the age of 54.

= = = K. Varadarajan = = =
K. Varadarajan (October 4, 1946 – May 16, 2020) was an Indian politician and activist. He was a Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from Tamil Nadu of India. He also was Leader of All India Kisan Sabha. 
Varadarajan died on May 16, 2020 at his home in Karur, Tamilnadu of respiratory failure, aged 73.

= = = Jumada al-Ula = = =
Jumada al-Awwal (Arabic: ��������� ���������‎, 'Jumādā al-ʾAwwal'), also known as Jumada al-Ula (Arabic: ��������� ����������‎, 'Jumādā al-ʾŪlā') or Jumada I, is the fifth month of the 12 lunar months in the Islamic calendar. The month spans 29 or 30 days.

= = = Lynn Shelton = = =
Lynn Shelton (August 27, 1959 – May 16, 2020) was an American movie and television director, screenwriter, editor, producer and actress. Her best known movies were "Humpday" and "Your Sister's Sister". She also directed some episodes of "GLOW", "Mad Men", "The Mindy Project" and "Shameless". 
Shelton was born in Oberlin, Ohio. She was raised in Seattle, Washington. Shelton came out as bisexual in 2012.
Shelton died of acute myeloid leukemia in Los Angeles on May 16, 2020, aged 54. She was in a relationship with comedian Marc Maron at the time of her death.

= = = Oberlin, Ohio = = =
Oberlin is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States, southwest of Cleveland. Oberlin is the home of Oberlin College.
The population was 8,555 at the 2020 census.

= = = Saint-Gaudéric = = =
Saint-Gaudéric is a commune of 115 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-de-Barrou = = =
Saint-Jean-de-Barrou is a commune of 254 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-de-Paracol = = =
Saint-Jean-de-Paracol is a commune of 124 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Julien-de-Briola = = =
Saint-Julien-de-Briola is a commune of 89 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse = = =
Saint-Laurent-de-la-Cabrerisse is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Salsigne = = =
Salsigne is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Gibigiana (Castiglioni) = = =
Gibigiana is a type of table lamp. It was designed by the architect Achille Castiglioni, in 1980 and produced by Floss S.p.A..

= = = Saint-Marcel-sur-Aude = = =
Saint-Marcel-sur-Aude is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Just-et-le-Bézu = = =
Saint-Just-et-le-Bézu is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-des-Puits = = =
Saint-Martin-des-Puits is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Hanaford, Illinois = = =
Hanaford is a village in Illinois in the United States.

= = = 2017 World Snooker Championship = = =
The 2017 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. It took place from 15 April to 1 May 2017 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the 19th and final ranking event of the 2016–17 season, after the China Open. It was the 41st year that the World Snooker Championship had been held at the Crucible.
The winner of the title was defending champion Mark Selby. He defeated John Higgins 18–15 in the final despite having fallen 4–10 behind in the second session of the match. Selby defeated Ding Junhui 17–15 in the semi-finals, whilst Higgins defeated Barry Hawkins 17–8. This was Selby's third World Championship win. He had also won the title in the 2014 and 2016 tournaments.
The total prize fund for the event was £1,750,000. The winner got the top prize of £375,000. There were 74 century breaks in the main stage of the championship, with a further 84 in qualifying. Englishman Ronnie O'Sullivan made a break of 146 in the quarter-finals, the highest of the tournament. Gary Wilson scored a maximum break of 147 in qualifying during his first round win over Josh Boileau. The tournament was broadcast in Europe by the BBC and Eurosport, and internationally by World Snooker on Facebook.
Prize fund.
The total prize money for the event was raised to £1,750,000 from the previous year's prize fund of £1,500,100. The winner of the event won £375,000. The prize money for the 2017 World Snooker Championship is shown below.
Main draw.
The numbers in parentheses beside some of the players are their seeding ranks. Match winners are shown in bold.
Century breaks.
There were 74 century breaks made by 23 players in the main stage of the 2017 World Snooker Championship. The highest break of the tournament, a 146, was compiled by Ronnie O'Sullivan in his quarter-final loss to Ding Junhui.

= = = Harvey = = =
Harvey [ hahr-vee ] is an English family name or boys name derived from the Old Breton name "Huiarnviu". Harvey, a moniker with a long-standing presence, boasts a fascinating legacy. The name's roots can be traced back to Old English, denoting "battle worthy" or "strong in battle," derived from the words "here" for army and "wig" for battle. Initially, the name was utilized as a surname, awarded to individuals recognized for their valor and might in combat. This name was ranked #420 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

= = = Nine-ball = = =
Nine-ball (sometimes written 9-ball) is a cue sport and a type of pool. The game comes from 1920s in the United States. It is played on a rectangular billiard table with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side. Using a cue stick, players must strike the white ball to pocket 9 colored billiard balls in order. An individual game is won by the player pocketing the 9-ball. Matches are usually played as a race to a set number of games, with the player who reaches the set number winning the match.
Popular culture.
The sport has featured in popular culture, most notably in the 1956 novel "The Hustler" and its 1961 film adaptation, and the 1984 novel sequel "The Color of Money" and 1986 film "The Color of Money".

= = = 2014 World Snooker Championship = = =
The 2014 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. It took place from 19 April to 5 May 2014 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the 38th year that the World Snooker Championship had been held at the Crucible. It was the last ranking event of the 2013-14 snooker season. The event was sponsored by Dafabet for the first time.
Ronnie O'Sullivan was the defending champion, having won the 2013 event by beating Barry Hawkins in the final. Mark Selby won the event to win his first world title by defeating O'Sullivan 18–14 in the final. This was Selby's fourth-ranking title, also completing the Triple Crown of World Championship, UK Championship, and Masters titles. Neil Robertson secured the highest break, a 140. Robertson scored his 100th-century break of the season in his quarter-final win over Judd Trump. The event featured a prize fund of £1,214,000 with the winner receiving £300,000.
Prize fund.
The total prize money for the 2014 World Snooker Championship was raised to £1,214,000 from the previous year's £1,111,000. The winner received £300,000, an increase of £50,000 over the previous year. The breakdown of prize money for the 2014 event is shown below:
Main draw.
The draw for the first round took place on 17 April 2014, one day after the qualifying. It was broadcast live on World Snooker's YouTube channel at 12 pm BST. The numbers in brackets beside some of the players are their seeding, whilst players in bold denote match winners. Below is the full results from the event.
Century breaks.
Televised stage centuries.
There were 58 century breaks in the TV stages of the World Championship. For every century break made during the main tournament, Dafabet, donated £100 to the Bluebell Wood Children's Hospice. Neil Robertson made the highest break of the event, a 140.
There were 69 century breaks in the qualifying stage of the World Championship: The highest was a 139 by both Martin O'Donnell and Andrew Higginson.

= = = Butterflies Are Free = = =
Butterflies Are Free is a 1972 American comedy drama movie directed by Milton Katselas and based on the play of the same name by Leonard Gershe. It stars Goldie Hawn, Edward Albert, Eileen Heckart, Michael Glaser and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1973.

= = = World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association = = =
The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) is the governing body of professional snooker and English billiards. It owns and sets the official rules of the two sports and engages in promotional activities on behalf of the sports. It was founded in 1968 and based in Bristol, the United Kingdom, 
The WPBSA is the governing body for cue sports, specifically that of snooker, pool, and billiards.
The WPBSA has a number of associated organisations, including World Snooker, World Billiards, World Women's Snooker and World Disability Billiards and Snooker.
The WPBSA head office is based in Bristol, England. Jason Ferguson is WPBSA chairman. The organisation also determines the rules and regulations of snooker and English billiards, including disciplinary matters.

= = = Band of the Hand = = =
Band of the Hand is a 1986 American action crime thriller movie directed by Paul Michael Glaser and starring Stephen Lang, Michael Carmine, Lauren Holly, Danny Quinn, Laurence Fishburne, Leon Robinson. It was distributed by TriStar Pictures.

= = = New Year's Evil = = =
New Year's Evil is a 1980 American horror thriller movie directed by Emmett Alston and starring Roz Kelly, Kip Niven, Grant Cramer, Louisa Moritz, Taaffe O'Connell, Teri Copley. It was distributed by Cannon Group.

= = = Oklahoma Historical Society = = =
The Oklahoma Historical Society (OHS) is an agency run by the government of Oklahoma. It was created to promote and preserve the History of Oklahoma and its people. The agency collects, and interprets knowledge and artifacts of Oklahoma. Its mission is to collect, preserve, and share the history and culture of the state of Oklahoma and its people.
History.
The OHS was formed by the Oklahoma Territorial Press Association in May 1893 which is 14 years before Oklahoma became a state. During this time, its initial function was to collect and distribute newspapers published in Oklahoma Territory. The society was declared an agency of the Oklahoma government in 1895. This is how it became an official state government agency when Oklahoma formed as a state in 1907.
Their Board of Directors is made up of 25 members, 12 of whom are appointed by the governor and rest 13 are elected by OHS members for a three-year terms.

= = = Arthur Summons = = =
Arthur James Summons (13 December 1935 – 16 May 2020) was an Australian representative rugby union and rugby league player. He captained the Australian national rugby league team in five undefeated test matches from 1962 until 1964 and later also coached the side. He was born in Paddington, New South Wales.
Summons died on 16 May 2020 in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales at the age of 84.

= = = Deputy Prime Minister of Spain = = =
The First Deputy Prime Minister of Spain, officially First Vice President of the Government of Spain, () is the second politician in charge after the Prime Minister of Spain. They take the responsiblities of Prime Minister when the office vacant due to resignation or death.
Living Deputy Prime Ministers.
As of , there are ten living former Spanish Deputy Prime Ministers:
The most recent Deputy Prime Minister to die was Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (served 2010–2011) on 10 May 2019, aged 67.

= = = The Tall Stranger = = =
The Tall Stranger is a 1957 American western movie directed by Thomas Carr and is based on the novel of the same name by Louis L'Amour. It stars Joel McCrea, Virgina Mayo, Barry Kelley, Michael Ansara, Leo Gordon, Whit Bissell, George J. Lewis and was distributed by Allied Artists.

= = = Sorority Girl = = =
Sorority Girl (also known as Sorority House or The Bad One) is a 1957 American crime drama movie directed by Roger Corman and starring Susan Cabot, Barboura Morris. It was distributed by American International Pictures and was remade in 1994 as "Confessions of a Sorority Girl".

= = = Down and Out in Beverly Hills = = =
Down and Out in Beverly Hills is a 1986 American comedy movie directed by Paul Mazursky and is based on the play and 1932 movie "Bondu Saved from Drowning". It stars Bette Midler, Nick Nolte, Richard Dreyfuss, Little Richard and was distributed by Touchstone Pictures.

= = = Mars Orbiter Mission 2 = = =
The Mars Orbiter Mission 2, also known as Mangalyaan 2, is India's second interplanetary craft planned to orbit Mars by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). It is planned for launch for 2024. India was the first Asian nation to reach Mars' orbit and on its first attempt when Mangalyaan 1 was launched in 2013 by ISRO. It was originally going to include a lander, but in February 2021, ISRO decided it would only be an orbiter.

= = = Basic reproduction number = = =
A very important number for describing whether a disease can become an epidemic or not is R0, pronounced "R naught" or "R zero". It refers to how many people a person who has this disease is expected to infect on average if there are no people immune to the disease. It is an abbreviation for basic reproduction number.
If R0 > 1, a disease can become an epidemic. If R0 < 1, it cannot. Most commonly known diseases have R0 > 1. However, vaccines can be used to make enough people immune in a population to stop epidemics from happening. We can also use other measures to make the effective reproduction rate (Re, usually written Rt with "t" for time) lower than the basic reproduction rate (R0).
An example of a vaccine that works really well is the smallpox vaccine, which stopped smallpox virus from spreading so well that it no longer exists except in laboratories. Examples of making the effective reproduction rate lower than the basic reproduction rate are using condoms to stop sexually transmitted diseases from spreading or not getting close to others (physical distancing, often called "social distancing") to stop respiratory diseases from spreading.

= = = Euteleostomi = = =
Euteleostomi is the largest group of vertebrates. Except for hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous fishes all vetebrates are part of this group. All Euteleostomi have a skeleton made of bone, and a skull. In the case of several fish related to the sturgeon, most of the skeleton has again been transformed to cartilage. 

= = = Matthew Wolfenden (actor) = = =
Matthew Wolfenden (born 5 May 1980) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying the role of David Metcalfe in the ITV soap opera "Emmerdale" (2006–2024).
Wolfenden was born in Norwood Green, West Yorkshire. He was educated at Brighouse High School.
Career.
Wolfenden was a member of the British gymnastics squad until, aged 16, he fell whilst practising on the rings and broke his back. This prevented his continuing gymnastics and he turned to acting.

= = = County Dublin = = =
County Dublin is a historical county of Ireland, containing Dublin, the capital of the Republic of Ireland. It is now divided into the counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, and South Dublin, and the city of Dublin.

= = = 1986 World Snooker Championship = = =
The 1986 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament that took place between 19 April and 5 May 1986. It was held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the sixth and final ranking event of the 1985–86 snooker season. It was the 1986 edition of the World Snooker Championship first held in 1927. The total prize fund was £350,000 with £70,000 given to the winner. The tournament was sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy.
The defending champion was Northern Ireland's Dennis Taylor, who had defeated Steve Davis 18–17 in the 1985 final to win his first title. Taylor lost in the first round of the event 4–10 to Mike Hallett. The world number 16 Joe Johnson beat Davis 18–12 in the final to win his only ranking event.
Prize fund.
The tournament featured a prize fund of £350,000 with a bonus of £80,000 if a player made a maximum break. The winner of the event won a total of £70,000. The breakdown of prize money for the event is shown below:
Main draw.
The numbers in brackets next to some of the players are their seeding. Players in bold denote match winners. Shown below are the results for the event:
Century breaks.
There were 20 century breaks in the championship, the highest until 1991. The highest break was a 134 made by Steve Davis.
Qualifying stages.
There were 12 century breaks made in qualifying. The highest was a 141 made by Stephen Hendry.

= = = The Abductors = = =
The Abductors is a 1957 American crime drama movie directed by Andrew V. McLaglen and stars Victor McLaglen, George Macready, Gavin Muir, Fay Spain. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Baby Face (movie) = = =
Baby Face is a 1933 American drama movie directed by Alfred E. Green and stars Barbara Stanwyck, George Brent, Donald Cook, John Wayne, Henry Kolker, Arthur Hohl. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

= = = 1984 World Snooker Championship = = =
The 1984 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament. It took place between 21 April and 7 May 1984 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. The event was run by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), and was the eighth World Snooker Championship to be held at the Crucible since 1977. The event had 94 entries. The total prize fund for the event was £200,000, the highest total pool for any snooker tournament to that date; the winner received £44,000.
The defending champion was English player Steve Davis, who had won the title twice. He met Jimmy White in the final, which was played as a best-of-35-frames match. Davis won 18–16. Rex Williams made the event's highest break, scoring a 138. Eight century breaks were made during the competition, the fewest since 1978. The tournament was sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy, and broadcast by BBC and ITV.
Prize fund.
The total prize fund for the event was the largest for any snooker tournament to that date. The prize fund was £200,000 with the winner receiving £44,000. The breakdown of prize money for the event is shown below:
Main draw.
Shown below are the results for each round. Numbering in brackets shows player's seed.
Century breaks.
There were eight centuries in the championship, the fewest since 1978. The highest break of the TV stages was 138 made by Rex Williams. The highest break in qualifying was a 112 made by Jim Donnelly.

= = = 2002 World Snooker Championship = = =
The 2002 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. It took place from 20 April to 6 May 2002 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. It was the final ranking event of the 2001–02 snooker season. This was the 26th year that the World Snooker Championship had been held at the Crucible.
Peter Ebdon won his first world title by beating Stephen Hendry 18–17 in the final.This was Hendry's ninth and last appearance in a World Championship final. There was a total of 65 century breaks made during the tournament. The highest was made by Stevens, who made a 145 in his quarter-final match. Hendry made a total of 16 centuries during the event, a record for any individual tournament. The championships were sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy. A total prize fund of £1,615,770 was awarded at the event, with the winner receiving £260,000.
Prize fund.
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:
Main draw.
Shown below are the results for each round. The numbers in brackets beside some of the players are their seeding ranks. Players in bold denote match winners:
Century breaks.
There were 68 century breaks at the event. The highest break was 145, made by Matthew Stevens during his quarter-final match against Higgins. Hendry made 16 century breaks during the tournament, the record for most centuries at a ranking event.

= = = Idolatry = = =
Idolatry is the worship of statues or images as gods. It is also used as a metaphor for other extreme devotion to a person of thing.
Literal Meaning of Idolatry.
Idolatry is the worship of an idol or image, being a picture, a statue, or a person in place of God. In Judaism, Christianity and Islam, idolatry means worshiping something that is not God. These religions teach that there is only one God. Idolatry is said to be the "worship of false gods". It is forbidden by religious rules such as the Ten Commandments. There it says, "You shall not make a carved image (as a God)" and "You shall not have any other god ahead of Me (the only God). The monotheistic religions all have such rules.
The strict understanding of these rules would not allow religious statues of any kind. People who hold these views think that such statues should be destroyed. Others would say that worshipers must understand that the statue is only a symbol for God. They say that the image or statue is not the god. This has long been accompanied with violence between religious groups that forbid idol worship and those who have accepted icons, images and idols for worship. In many Indian religions, such as theistic and non-theistic forms of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, idols ("murti") are to be considered as symbolism for the absolute but not The Absolute. In the traditional religions of ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Africa, Asia, the Americas and elsewhere, the reverence of an image or statue has been a common practice. These statues or images have carried different meanings and significance.
The definition of idolatry has been a contested topic within Abrahamic religions, with many Muslims and Protestant Christians condemning the Catholic veneration of the Virgin Mary as a form of idolatry. This veneration of Mary and other Saints often involves statues. In the Orthodox churches, flat painted images are common, instead of carved statues. These are called Icons.
In history, many religions have accused others of idolatry. These accusations are that statues and images are devoid of symbolism. They say that many people believe the idol, statue or image is a god. Different groups often think that icons or statues in their religion have meaningful symbolism, but another person's religious images do not.
Idolatry as a Metaphor.
Religious leaders have used the idea of Idolatry (literal worship of statues or images) as a metaphor. They call anything that comes ahead of God an Idol. Saint Paul writes that "covetousness" (wanting material things) is idolatry. Jesus preached that "you cannot serve God and Mammon". Mammon was the Syrian God of riches. Muslim writers warn of making idols of material things or even political ideologies. Eastern religions have also warned about making material things one's god.
"Idolizing" persons, such as rock stars can also be seen as a form of idolatry. The popular TV show "American Idol" seems to use the term in a positive way. But this has been questioned even by non religious persons. Billy Graham has warned against various things that become idols in a person's life.

= = = Carroll County, Ohio = = =
Carroll County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 26,721 people lived there. The county seat is Carrollton.

= = = Clermont County, Ohio = = =
Clermont County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 208,601 people lived there. The county seat is Batavia.

= = = Appling County, Georgia = = =
Appling County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 18,444 people lived there. The county seat is Baxley.

= = = Atkinson County, Georgia = = =
Atkinson County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 8,286 people lived there. The county seat is Pearson.

= = = Bacon County, Georgia = = =
Bacon County is a county in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 11,140 people lived there. The county seat is Alma.

= = = Jūrmala = = =
Jūrmala is a city in Latvia with town rights since 1959.

= = = Fulton County, Ohio = = =
Fulton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio west of Toledo. In 2020, 42,713 people lived there. The county seat is Wauseon.

= = = Lee County, Georgia = = =
Lee County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 33,163 people lived there. The county seat is Leesburg.

= = = Jones County, Georgia = = =
Jones County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 28,347 people lived there. The county seat is Gray.

= = = Mitchell County, Georgia = = =
Mitchell County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 21,755 people lived there. The county seat is Camilla.

= = = Alex Lely = = =
Alex Lely (born 30 June 1973) is a Dutch pool player. Lely won the 1999 World Pool Masters after defeating Efren Reyes 7–5 in the final. He reached the final in 2000 but lost to Ralf Souquet 7–3. He is a two-time European Champion having won the nine-ball and eight-ball at the 2005 European Pool Championships. 
Lely has competed for the European team at the Mosconi Cup on four occasions in 1999, 2005, 2008 and 2009. Lely would be a part of the winning team at the 2008 Mosconi Cup. In 2020, he took over as the team captain of the European team over Marcus Chamat. He won three events on the Euro Tour, first winning the 1999 German Open, before winning two more events in 2005 and 2006.

= = = Eve Miller = = =
Eve Miller (born Marilyn Miller; August 8, 1923 – August 17, 1973) was an American actress who appeared in 41 movies between 1945 and 1961. She was born in Los Angeles, California, and died in Van Nuys, California. She committed suicide at age 50.

= = = Thirty-fifth government of Israel = = =
The thirty-fifth government of Israel was installed on May 17, 2020 and ended on June 13, 2021.
The Prime Minister was Likud politician Benjamin Netanyahu. In a year and a half Blue and White leader Benny Gantz would become prime minister.
It consisted of the following parties with seats in brackets:
Together it had 74 seats in the 23rd Knesset.
The Netanyahu-Gantz Government presented itself as a unity government, established due to health and socio-economic problems caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

= = = County Longford = = =
County Longford () is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Leinster. The main town is also called Longford.

= = = Eurovision Song Contest 2021 = = =
The Eurovision Song Contest 2021 was the 65th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest that took place in the Netherlands's second largest city Rotterdam, after Duncan Laurence won for his country in Tel Aviv, Israel. 
The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was replaced with a live TV show called . It was later announced that Rotterdam will host the 2021 edition. The contest took place from 18 to 22 May 2021 with two semi-finals and one final. The Netherlands hosted the contest for the fifth time.
The EBU confirmed that 39 countries will participate in 2021. Like the previous year, Hungary and Montenegro did not take part. Armenia also did not take part, while Belarus was disqualified after their intended entry violated the contest's rules. Due to the ongoing pandemic, the EBU presented several scenarios (A, B, C and D) in which the competition could take place.
Venue.
The contest happened in Rotterdam Ahoy in Rotterdam and was organized by the Dutch broadcasters NPO, NOS and AVROTROS.
Hosts.
There were four presenters hosting the contest in Rotterdam: Chantal Janzen, Jan Smit, Edsilia Rombley and Nikkie de Jager. 
Slogan.
The slogan of the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 was "Open Up". It was already planned for the 2020 contest and later confirmed that it would be used again.
Rule changes.
For the 2021 edition, it was announced by the EBU that pre-recorded backing vocals will be allowed for the live shows. In previous years these had to be performed live.
Entries.
Because the contest was cancelled last year, many countries decided to send their representative from last year again. However, the EBU announced that completely new songs have to be submitted for 2021.
Participating countries.
Semi-final 1.
The first semi-final took place on 18 May 2021 at 21:00 (CEST). Sixteen countries participated in the first semi-final. Those countries plus , and the voted in this semi-final. was originally allocated to participate in the first half of the semi-final, but was disqualified from the contest after submitting an entry in violation of the rules.
The highlighted countries qualified for the final.
Semi-final 2.
The second semi-final took place on 20 May 2021 at 21:00 (CEST). Seventeen countries participated in the second semi-final. Those countries plus , and the voted in this semi-final. was originally allocated to participate in the second half of the semi-final, but withdrew from the contest due to social and political crises in the aftermath of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
The highlighted countries qualified for the final.
Final.
The final took place on 22 May 2021 at 21:00 (CEST). Twenty-six countries participated in the final, with all thirty-nine participating countries eligible to vote.
No return to the contest.
These countries confirmed that they will not take part in 2021:

= = = Saint-Hilaire, Aude = = =
Saint-Hilaire is a commune of 773 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-Lalande = = =
Saint-Martin-Lalande is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-le-Vieil = = =
Saint-Martin-le-Vieil is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-Lys = = =
Saint-Martin-Lys is a commune of 25 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Michel-de-Lanès = = =
Saint-Michel-de-Lanès is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude = = =
Saint-Nazaire-d'Aude is a commune of 2,032 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Monroe County, Ohio = = =
Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 13,385 people lived there. The county seat is Woodsfield.

= = = Clinton County, Ohio = = =
Clinton County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 42,018 people lived there. The county seat is Wilmington.

= = = Baldwin County, Georgia = = =
Baldwin County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 43,799 people lived there. The county seat is Milledgeville.

= = = Columbiana County, Ohio = = =
Columbiana County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 101,877 people lived there. The county seat is Lisbon.

= = = Harrison County, Ohio = = =
Harrison County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 14,483 people lived there. The county seat is Cadiz.

= = = Holmes County, Ohio = = =
Holmes County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 44,223 people lived there. The county seat is Millersburg.

= = = Jefferson County, Ohio = = =
Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 65,249 people lived there. The county seat is Steubenville.

= = = Meigs County, Ohio = = =
Meigs County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 22,210 people lived there. The county seat is Pomeroy.

= = = Pike County, Ohio = = =
Pike County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 27,088 people lived there. The county seat is Waverly.

= = = Scioto County, Ohio = = =
Scioto County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 74,008 people lived there. The county seat is Portsmouth.

= = = Morrow County, Ohio = = =
Morrow County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 34,950 people lived there. The county seat is Mount Gilead.

= = = Ha*Ash = = =
Ha*Ash is an American Latin pop duo from Lake Charles, Louisiana. The band was formed in 2002 by sisters Ashley Grace and Hanna Nicole. The duo's name is a combination of their names.
Career.
They recorded their self-titled first album "Ha*Ash" with the Mexican producer Áureo Baqueiro in 2003. In April, they released their first single, "Odio Amarte". The second single was "Estés Donde Estés" which was released in July 2003. In February 2004, a third single was released: the ballad "Te Quedaste". This was followed by their second album "Mundos Opuestos" again with Áureo Baqueiro. "Amor a Medias" was the first single and reached number four on the Mexican Chart in April 2006. The song was chosen to promote Sony's products. "Me Entrego a Ti" was the second single which was written by Colombian artist Soraya and had the same success.
Early 2008, they recorded their third album, "Habitación Doble", in Nashville, Tennessee. This album have a collaboration of the singer Brandi Carlile with the song "Already Home", their first English song recorded by them (like officially). "A Tiempo" is the fourth studio album. It was released under the label Sony Music Latin on May 16, 2011. A Tiempo was recorded over a period of almost a year between Los Angeles, California and Milan, Italy. Ha*Ash worked with producer Áureo Baqueiro and invited Michele Canova.
After completing the tour for "A Tiempo" in 2013, it was revealed that Ha*Ash had begun production of the album "", which was released in 2014. Ha*Ash is the youngest group to record a Primera Fila concept album. The album includes material from her past four studio albums as well as 8 newly recorded songs. The CD/DVD has images from their hometown in Louisiana and a live concert filmed in Estudios Churubusco, Mexico City.
"30 de Febrero" was released on December 1, 2017 by Sony Music Latin. The album features artists with Prince Royce and Abraham Mateo on the title track. "100 Años" with Prince Royce was the first single and reached number one on the Mexican Chart in December 2017. On October 20, 2017, Ha*Ash released the video for the album's lead single. On October 3, 2018, Ha*Ash became the first Latin music band to be featured in the "Spotify Singles" concept.
On December 6, 2019, the duo released a live album, entitled "En vivo", based on a recording from the concert at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico on November 11, 2018.
Discography.
Studio albums
Live albums
Tour.
Headlining
Opening acts

= = = Kinder Joy = = =
A Kinder Joy is an egg-shaped candy. It was first released in 2001 in Italy. It has 2 cocoa balls, milk cream, and chocolate on the bottom on one side. On the other side, it has a spoon on the top of the outside of it and a toy.
On November 13, 2017, it was announced that it will be released in the United States in the next week after that.

= = = 30 de Febrero = = =
30 de Febrero () is the fifth studio album by American Latin pop duo Ha*Ash, released on December 1, 2017 Sony Music Latin. It is the band's first studio album in six years, after of their previous album, "A Tiempo" (2011). The album features artists Prince Royce and Abraham Mateo. Ha*Ash assumed an integral role in the album's production and collaborated with several producers including George Noriega, Matt Rad, Joe London and Edgar Barrera.
The album was preceded by the release of four singles. The first, "100 Años" featuring Prince Royce was released October 13, 2017. In November 2017, The second single, "No Pasa Nada", was released on March 8, 2018. The other singles released were, "Eso No Va a Suceder" and "¿Qué Me Faltó?". Ha*Ash released six lyric; "Ojalá", "30 de Febrero" and "Eso No Va a Suceder". The 4th, 5th and 6th lyric videos came out on December 1, which were "Paleta", "No Pasa Nada", and "Llueve Sobre Mojado", which were all released on the same day as the album.
To promote the album, the band embarked on Gira 100 años contigo, which began at the Quinta Vergara Amphitheater in Viña del Mar, Chile on February 24, 2018. Footage from the concert at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico were recorded and i will released on a CD/DVD, entitled "En Vivo", in 2019.
Track listing.
Notes
Personnel.
This list of credits is based on Genius.com & All Music.
Musicians
Production

= = = Play TV (Radica) = = =
Play TV is a series of home video game consoles with a built-in controller by Radica.

= = = En Vivo (Ha*Ash album) = = =
En Vivo () is the first live concert DVD and second live album by American Latin pop duo Ha*Ash. It was be released through Sony Music Latin and OCESA Seitrack on December 6, 2019 as a digital download. It was filmed at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City, on November 11, 2018 during her world tour Gira 100 años contigo. It features guest appearances from American singer Prince Royce on "100 Años", musician Miguel Bosé on "Si Tu No Vuelves" and Spanish singer Melendi on "Destino o Casualidad".
The album preorders beginning on November 28, 2019 in Apple Music and Spotify. In November 29, 2019, there was a sweepstakes to win tickets to an exclusive screening of the film. It was released worldwide as a digital download on December 6, 2019. In the Mexico, the standard edition of the album was released exclusively at Mixup Music Store on December 6, 2019. In Spain the album it was made released in January 3, 2020.
Personnel.
Musicians

= = = Ayoob Tarish = = =
Ayoob Tarish Absi (, born 1942; first name also spelled Ayoub; last name also spelled Absey) is a Yemeni singer and musician from the area of Al-Aboos in the Ta'izz Governorate. Tarish composed "United Republic", the national anthem of Yemen, which was adopted following the Yemenite reunification.

= = = Ammar Al Azaki = = =
Ammar Alazaki () is a Yemeni pop singer known for being a finalist in the fourth season of "Arab Idol", broadcast by the MBC network. His nomination received widespread coverage in Yemen amidst the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present). Alzaki initially gained recognition for winning the 2006 Munshid Al Sharjah competition which specialized in Nasheed type of singing, hosted by the Sharjah Media Corporation and under the patronage of the Ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah.
Life.
Alazaki was born in the village of Alzaki in Ar Rujum District of Al Mahwit Governorate in Yemen. He discovered his talent for singing during nasheed performances at his school which encouraged him to join the Sana'a Arab Cultural Capital contest as part of the Arab Capital of Culture initiative and won first place in the nasheed category. His family was initially against his singing and did not believe he had a good voice until his music teacher visited the family and convinced them to allow him to compete in the Sanaa competition.
At the age of 18, Alazaki travelled at his own expense and alone to Sharjah to compete at the annual Munshid Sharjah competition, and his father noted that they had less than 24 hours before the deadline to register. Alazaki would go on to beat international competition and win the first-place position and a monetary reward of 100,000 Emirati dirham.
Before enrolling in the Arab Idol competition, Alazaki was contracted by the Global Village (Dubai) for three months and only enrolled by the advice of his friend, who persisted in requesting his participation at the Dubai tryouts despite his hesitation due to fierce competition.
"Arab Idol".
Alazaki competed in the fourth season of Arab Idol and came in third place at the competition. Throughout the competition, he gained widespread attention in Yemen despite the ongoing civil war and shortage of electricity.
After "Arab Idol".
Alzaki signed with Song Music Middle East in February 2018 and has released his first album "White Talk" and various singles since the end of the Arab Idol competition including collaborations with other Arab singers and poets. His first song with Sony Music was released in 2018. In 2019, Alazaki released "Ana AlYamani" song in dedication to the Yemeni Football Team in the upcoming 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC). In addition, he acted in a locally produced Yemeni drama released on the YouTube channel of Yemen Shabab called Gorbah Al Bun (in Arabic ���� ����) which received millions of views on each episode and local popularity.

= = = Fuad al-Kibsi = = =
Fuad al-Kibsi () is a Yemeni singer. He is among the most popular singers and musicians in Yemen. Most of his music are of ancient scholarly and oral traditions of Yemen. He is son of the famous Yemeni poet, Abdallah Hashim al-Kibsi.
Early life.
al-Kibsi was born in 1961 in Sanaa. He learned music from his father and he was influenced by famous Yemeni singers like al-Sunaidar, al-Anisi and al-Harithi. He studied commerce in Sana'a university and he also studied Quranic studies and Arabic syntax and morphology.

= = = Salbah = = =
Salbah () is a village in Jabal Nimr. It is in the Hajjah Governorate. In the 2004 census its population was 945 people.

= = = Afyush = = =
Afyush () is a village in Islah in Mudhaykhirah District in Al Udayn District. It is in the ibb Governorate. In the 2004 census its population was 8870 people.

= = = Al Muqaraea = = =
Al Muqaraea () is a village in Al Udayn District. It is in the ibb Governorate. In the 2004 census its population was 52 people.

= = = Al Jarab = = =
Al Jarab () is a village in Al Mansuriyah District. It is in the Al Hudaydah Governorate. According to 2004 census, there were 1031 people living there. 

= = = Michael Sendivogius = = =
Michael Sendivogius (; ; 2 February 1566 – 1636) was a Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor. He is famous as being the first to purify certain compounds and create certain acids. He was also the first to work out that a certain gas was given off when heating potassium nitrate. This gas was oxygen, and he was the first to identify it. He also worked out that this gas was in air, and called it the "food of life".

= = = Sacheen Littlefeather = = =
Sacheen Cruz Littlefeather (born Marie Louise Cruz; November 14, 1946 – October 2, 2022) was an American actress, model and Native American civil rights activist. On March 27, 1973, she stood in for Marlon Brando at the 45th Academy Awards to turn down the Best Actor award for his performance in "The Godfather". Brando did not go to the ceremony in protest of Hollywood's portrayal of Native Americans and to bring attention to the standoff at Wounded Knee. Her speech was met with both jeers and applause.
In June 2022, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) sent Littlefeather a statement of apology. It was read in full at "An Evening with Sacheen Littlefeather" on September 17.
Littlefeather was born in Salinas, California. Her mother was of French, German and Dutch ancestry. Her father was a Native American (both White Mountain Apache and Yaqui).
In 2018, a spokesperson announced that Littlefeather had stage 4 breast cancer. She died on October 2, 2022, in Novato, California from the disease. She was 75.
Shortly after Littlefeather's death, Littlefeather's two sisters said that their family is not Native American and that Littlefeather lied about her Native American ancestry. They said that their father was Hispanic of Spanish–Mexican descent. 

= = = Romain Kremer = = =
Romain Kremer (April 1 1982 in Villefranche-de-Rouergue in Aveyron) is a French fashion designer.
Background.
Born in Villefranche-de-Rouergue in Aveyron.
In 2005 he won the creativity prize at the XXth International Fashion and Photography Festival in Hyères
Between 2011 and 2013 Romain Kremer is the designer responsible for the men's ready-to-wear collection for the Thierry Mugler brand, in collaboration with the artistic director Nicola Formichetti.

= = = Thotsakan Kid Game = = =
The Thotsakan Kid Game (Thai: ��������������) is a Thai game show produced by Workpoint Entertainment. It was started in 2004 and ended in 2008.
Children play on their own rather than against each other. They have to match the correct face with a given name. The player will receive a scholarship worth up to one million baht. The game will go on until a wrong answer is given.
A later format change, perhaps due to the controversy (see below), saw teams of three different ages, and then single players, playing for charity in a similar format to the Southern Teachers version, before the kids' edition was discontinued altogether in June 2008, which, combined with the renaming of Yok Siam (above), meant an end to the Tod Sa Gun name after just over 5 years.
History.
Children play on their own rather than against each other. They have to match the correct face with a given name. The player will receive a scholarship worth up to one million baht. The game will go on until a wrong answer is given.
A later format change, perhaps due to the controversy (see below), saw teams of three different ages, and then single players, playing for charity in a similar format to the Southern Teachers version, before the kids' edition was discontinued altogether in June 2008, which, combined with the renaming of Yok Siam (above), meant an end to the Tod Sa Gun name after just over 5 years.

= = = Louis Réard = = =
Louis Réard (1897 – September 16 1984) was a French automobile engineer and clothing designer. He introduced the modern two-piece bikini in July 1946. Son of the owner of "Folies Bergères" in Paris, he decided to radically change his sector of activity by inventing a swimsuit allowing girls to sunbathe without having to roll it up.
Réard afterwards opened a bikini shop in Paris and sold swimsuits for 40 years.

= = = Cash McCall = = =
Cash McCall is a 1960 American romantic drama movie directed by Joseph Pevney and based on the novel of the same name by Cameron Hawley. It stars Natalie Wood, James Garner, Nina Foch, Dean Jagger, E. G. Marshall, Otto Kruger, Henry Jones and was distributed by Warner Bros..

= = = Yukio Okamoto = = =
Yukio Okamoto (, "Okamoto Yukio"; November 23, 1945 – April 24, 2020) was a Japanese diplomat and analyst. He was a known political analyst for Japan–United States relations. He was a diplomatic advisor and analyst for several Japanese prime ministers, including Ryutaro Hashimoto from 1996 to 1998 and Junichiro Koizumi from 2003 until 2004. He was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Okamoto died from pneumonia caused by COVID-19 at a Tokyo hospital on April 24, 2020, at the age of 75.

= = = Haider Ackermann = = =
Haider Ackermann (born 29 March 1971 in Bogotá, Colombia) is a French deseigner of ready-to-wear fashion. He lives in Paris.
Background.
In 1998, Ackermann began a five-month internship at John Galliano, building his portfolio over the next few years with designers such as Bernhard Willhelm, Patrick Van Ommeslaeghe and Mayerline. Karl Lagerfeld had gone on record saying that he believed Ackermann a worthy successor to his mantle at Chanel, a fitting compliment for one of fashion’s most talented designers.
Ackermann launched his own collection in September 2002.
In September 2016, he was entrusted by the Berluti house with the succession of Alessandro Sartori at the head of the artistic direction, to which he remained until April 2018, replaced by Kris Van Assche.

= = = Shobushi Kanji = = =
 was a Japanese sumo wrestler. He was born in Kōfu, Yamanashi. He was the first sumo wrestler to die from the coronavirus. He is also thought to be the first person in their 20s to die from the virus in Japan. 
Shobushi was the first wrestler confirmed to have been infected with the virus. 
Shobushi died on May 13, 2020 from the virus in Tokyo, aged 28.

= = = Mackenzie Davis = = =
Mackenzie Davis (born April 1, 1987) is a Canadian actress. From 2014 to 2017, she starred as computer programmer Cameron Howe in the television series "Halt and Catch Fire". 
She also co-starred in the "San Junipero" episode of the television series "Black Mirror". In 2019, she starred as the super-soldier Grace in "".

= = = Mallappally Marthoma Church = = =
Mallappally Marthoma Church is a Malankara Mar Thoma church located at Keezhvaipur , Mallappally, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. Mar Thoma Church is part of Malankara Church. Mallappally Mar Thoma Church belongs to the Kottayam Kochi Diocese of Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church. 
This is one of the oldest churches in Kerala.
Church history.
Vengalasserry Pally.
1834 July 13
Mallappally Mar Thoma Church.
1965 March 25

= = = Darby's Rangers (1958 movie) = = =
Darby's Rangers (released in the UK as The Young Invaders) is a 1958 American World War II drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and is based on the 1945 novel by Major James J. Altieri. It stars James Garner, Jack Warden, Edd Byrnes, Stuart Whitman, Murray Hamilton, Etchika Choureau and was distributed by Warner Bros..

= = = Seychelle Gabriel = = =
Seychelle Suzanne Gabriel (born March 25, 1991) is an American actress. She played Lourdes Delgado in "Falling Skies" (2011–2014) and voiced Asami Sato in "The Legend of Korra" (2012–2014). She also appeared in "The Spirit" (2008), "The Last Airbender" (2010), "Honey 2" (2011), "Sleight" (2016), and "Blood Fest" (2018).

= = = One Little Indian (movie) = = =
One Little Indian is a 1973 American family western comedy movie directed by Bernard McEveety and starring James Garner, Vera Miles, Pat Hingle, Morgan Woodward, Jodie Foster, Robert Pine, Bruce Glover, Andrew Prine. It was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.

= = = Brian Alexander (basketball) = = =
Brian LaWan Alexander (August 26, 1975 – May 15, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He played for Salon Vilpas in 1998. His career began 2003. He played college basketball at the University of Detroit Mercy. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.
Alexander died on May 15, 2020 in Denver, Colorado of a heart attack, aged 44.He is survived by his Children

= = = Denny DeMarchi = = =
Denny DeMarchi (28 November 1962 – 15 May 2020) was a Canadian multi-instrumental musician and singer-songwriter. He was born in Toronto.
He was a tour musician for the well-known Irish band The Cranberries during their reunion tour (2009–11). DeMarchi was also known for his role as the keyboardist who played the signature keyboard notes for the popular 1990 No. 1 Billboard hit song "More Than Words Can Say" by the band Alias.
DeMarchi died on 15 May 2020 of cancer at the age of 57.

= = = United Left (Spain) = = =
United Left ( , IU) is a political coalition that was created in 1986, bringing together several left-wing political organizations.
IU was founded as an electoral coalition of seven parties, but the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) is the only remaining member of the IU at the national level. It is currently part of Unidas Podemos.

= = = Tough Guys = = =
Tough Guys is a 1986 American action comedy movie directed by Jeff Kanew and starring Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Eli Wallach, Dana Carvey, Charles Durning, Darlanne Fluegel. It was distributed by Touchstone Pictures.

= = = José Cutileiro = = =
José Cutileiro (20 November 1934 – 17 May 2020) was a Portuguese diplomat and writer. Cutileiro was born in Évora, Portugal.
He was a representative to the Council of Europe. He was the Secretary General of the Western European Union (WEU) from 1994 to 1999. He was an envoy to the UN Commissioner for Human Rights in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia. He was on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. 
Cutileiro died on 17 May 2020 at a hospital in Brussels, Belgium at the age of 85.

= = = Du Wei (diplomat) = = =
Du Wei (; 2 October 1962 – 17 May 2020) was a Chinese diplomat. He was Ambassador to Ukraine from 2016 until 2019 and Ambassador to Israel from February 2020 until May 2020. Du was born in China's Shandong province.
Du was found dead in his Herziliya, Israel apartment on 17 May 2020, aged 57. His death is not being treated as suspicious but is being investigated. 
His death came in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, and only a few days after Du published an op-ed in the "Jerusalem Post" protesting American Vice President Mike Pence's visit to Israel attempting to persuade the Israeli government to limit its relationship with China. 

= = = Monique Mercure = = =
Marie Lise Monique Émond (14 November 1930 – 17 May 2020), better known as Monique Mercure, was a Canadian actress. In 1977, Mercure won a Cannes Film Festival Award and a Canadian Film Award for her role in the movie "J.A. Martin Photographer". She also starred as Fadela in the 1991 movie "Naked Lunch".
Mercure died in hospice care in Montreal on 17 May 2020 from throat cancer, aged 89.

= = = The Life of Agustín Lara = = =
The Life of Agustín Lara () is a 1959 Mexican musical movie directed by Alejandro Galindo and starring Pilar Pellicer, Germán Robles, Lorena Velázquez, Ofelia Montesco, Tito Junco, Antonio Prieto, Sara Montes, Fanny Schiller. It was distributed by Promex.

= = = Valérie Plante = = =
Valérie Plante (born June 14, 1974) is a Canadian politician. She is the 45th and current Mayor of Montreal since 2017. She was first elected to Montreal City Council in 2013. Plante became leader of the Projet Montréal party in December 2016.
Plante was born in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. She studied at Université de Montréal.

= = = Gérald Tremblay = = =
Gérald Tremblay (born September 20, 1942) is a Canadian politician and businessman. He was Mayor of Montreal from 2002 until his resignation in 2012. He also was president of the Montreal Metropolitan Community. 
Tremblay resigned as Mayor on November 5, 2012 after people accused him of corruption.

= = = Kennedy Stewart (Canadian politician) = = =
Edward Charles Kennedy Stewart (born November 8, 1966) is a Canadian politician and academic. He was the 40th mayor of Vancouver from 2018 to 2022. He was the member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Burnaby—Douglas (2011–2015) and Burnaby South (2015–2018). He was in the House of Commons as a member of the New Democratic Party (NDP) caucus.

= = = Philip Owen = = =
 Philip Walter Owen (born March 11, 1933 – September 30, 2021) is a Canadian politician. He was the 36th mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia from 1993 to 2002. He was one of Vancouver's longest serving mayors. His father was Walter S. Owen, who was Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia from 1973 to 1978. He completed his education at Prince of Wales Secondary School and later New York University. In his late 20s, Owen started a textile business that later expanded to both Toronto and New York City. He became a director of the Vancouver Art Gallery, president of the Downtown Vancouver Association, chair of St. George’s School and was involved with many other local organizations.
Owen died of complications related to Parkinson's disease on September 30, 2021. He was 88 years old.

= = = Gabbie Hanna = = =
Gabrielle Jeannette Hanna (born February 7, 1991) is an American Internet personality, singer-songwriter, writer and actress. She was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania.
Hanna started her career on Vine, under the name The Gabbie Show, then started a YouTube channel with the same name a year later; both were nominated for awards. She won a Streamy Award for storyteller in 2018. She made her debut single "Out Loud" (2017).

= = = Roger Vivier = = =
Roger Henri Vivier (November 13 1907 – 2 October 1998) was a French fashion designer who specialized in shoes.
Early life.
Born on November 13, 1903 in Paris, France and died on October 2, 1998 in Toulouse, France. His best-known creation was the stiletto heel.
Orphan at the age of nine, Vivier studied sculpture at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and his compositions show a concern for form and texture characteristic of a sculptor. His best-known creation is the stiletto heel, which he shares in the creation authorship with Charles Jourdan.
Works.
In 1937, he opened his first store on rue Royale in Paris and worked for Elsa Schiaparelli. After several years in New York, he designed shoes for the Christian Dior collections, then collaborated with Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Balmain, Nina Ricci, Guy Laroche.
In 1970, hippie fashion inspired her waders that Brigitte Bardot and young women in miniskirts adopted. In 1985, he opened a boutique on Madison Avenue, in New York, and another in Japan in 1991.
In 1997, he even became artistic director of Myrys. Over the years, he has created custom models for such famous personalities as Josephine Baker, Jeanne Moreau, Catherine Deneuve, and the Beatles.

= = = Vine (service) = = =
Vine () was an American short-form video hosting service where users shared six-second-long, looping video clip's. It was founded in June 2012. Twitter bought it in October 2012, before its launch on January 24, 2013. 
Videos were published through Vine's social network, and could be shared on other platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. The Vine app could be used to browse videos, along with groups of videos by theme, and "trending" videos. Vine competed with other social-media services such as Instagram and Mobli.
By December 2015, Vine had 200 million active users. On October 27, 2016, Twitter announced it would disable uploads, but viewing and download would continue to work. 
On January 20, 2017, Twitter launched an Internet archive of all Vine videos, allowing people to watch previously uploaded videos. The archive was discontinued in 2019.

= = = Lucky Peterson = = =
Lucky Peterson (born Judge Kenneth Peterson; December 13, 1964 – May 17, 2020) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He played contemporary blues, fusing soul, R&B, gospel and rock and roll. He played guitar and keyboards. Peterson was born in Buffalo, New York. His best known albums were "You Can Always Turn Around", "Live at the 55 Arts Club Berlin" and "Deep Down".
Peterson died on May 17, 2020 at a hospital in Dallas, Texas at the age of 55.

= = = Chloe Bennet = = =
Chloe Wang (; born April 18, 1992), known professionally as Chloe Bennet, is an American actress and singer. She is known for her role as Daisy Johnson on the television series "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." (2013–2020). She was born in Chicago.

= = = Yuri Zisser = = =
Yuri Zisser (, June 28, 1960 – May 17, 2020) was a Ukrainian-born Belarusian web businessman and blogger. He was the founder and owner of TUT.BY. the most visited Belarusian web portal. Zisser was born in Lviv, Ukraine. In 1987 he moved to Minsk, Belarus. In 1992, created the company "Nadezhnye programmy" (). He was born in Lviv, Ukraine.
Zisser died of stomach cancer on May 17, 2020 in Minsk at the age of 59.

= = = An Adventuress = = =
An Adventuress is a 1920 American drama movie directed by Fred J. Balshofer and starring Rudolph Valentino, Julian Eltinge, Virginia Rappe, Leo White. It was distributed by Republic Distributing Corporation.

= = = Maciej Giertych = = =
Maciej Marian Giertych (, born March 24, 1936) is a Polish dendrologist and social conservative politician. He is a member of the League of Polish Families (LPR). He was a member of the Sejm between 2001 and 2004 and a Polish member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009. 
He was a candidate for President of Poland in the 2005 elections, but withdrew from the race because of low vote results (circa 3%). 

= = = Leszek Moczulski = = =
Robert Leszek Moczulski (born 7 June 1930) is a Polish historian and politician. He was a member of many government organizations as a critic of communism. From 1993 to 1997, he was a member of Sejm. He is a member of the Confederation of Independent Poland. Moczulski was born in Warsaw.

= = = Amistad (movie) = = =
Amistad is a 1997 American historical drama movie directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the true story of the events in 1839 aboard the slave ship "La Amistad". It stars Morgan Freeman, Anthony Hopkins, Djimon Hounsou, and Matthew McConaughey. David Franzoni's screenplay was based on the book "" (1987). 
"Amistad" received mainly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie receives an approval rating of 77% based on reviews from 64 critics.
"Amistad" was nominated for Academy Awards in four categories: Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Hopkins), Best Original Dramatic Score (John Williams), Best Cinematography (Janusz Kamiński), and Best Costume Design (Ruth E. Carter).

= = = Geno Silva = = =
Geno Silva (January 20, 1948 – May 9, 2020) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as The Skull, Alejandro Sosa's silent hitman in "Scarface" (1983). He also starred as Ruiz in the Academy Award-nominated movie "Amistad" (1997). Silva was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His career lasted from 1974 to 2007.
Silva died on May 9, 2020 in Los Angeles from frontotemporal dementia-related problems, aged 72.

= = = Radica Games = = =
Radica Games Limited is an American company that makes electronic games. It was founded in 1983. It started by making electronic souvenir games for casinos. In the late 1990s, it became known for its "Bass Fishin" line of games. On October 3, 2006, Mattel, Inc. () announced they now own Radica. Radica still makes electronic handheld games based on casino or card games, but now also makes toys, board games, and video game accessories.
Products.
Product lines under Radica, past and present, include:

= = = Lesley Manville = = =
Lesley Ann Manville (born 12 March 1956) is an English actress. She was born in Brighton, Sussex, England. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "Phantom Thread" (2017). Manville also starred as Penny "All or Nothing" (2002). She also starred as Flittle in "Maleficent (2014).
Manville was married to Gary Oldman from 1987 until they divorced in 1990. They have a son, Alfie. 

= = = Gugu Mbatha-Raw = = =
Gugulethu "Gugu" Sophia Mbatha-Raw (; born 21 April 1983) is an English actress. She was born in Oxford, Oxfordshire.
She starred as Tish Jones in the science-fiction series "Doctor Who" (2007). Her leading performance as the main character in Jessica Swale's 2015 play "Nell Gwynn". She also appeared in "Beauty and the Beast" (2017), "A Wrinkle in Time" (2018), and "Misbehaviour" (2020).
She also starred as Hannah Shoenfeld on Apple TV+ drama series "The Morning Show" (2019). 

= = = Afraid of the Dark = = =
Afraid of the Dark is a 1991 French British drama movie directed by Mark Peploe and starring James Fox, Clare Holman, Fanny Ardant, Paul McGann, Robert Stephens, Susan Wooldridge, David Thewlis, Catriona MacColl, Hilary Mason, Niven Boyd, Gwyneth Strong, Laurence Harrington, Frederick Treves. 

= = = Next New Zealand general election = = =
The next New Zealand general election will be held after the current 54th New Zealand Parliament is dissolved or expires. The current Parliament was elected on Saturday, 14 October 2023. The last possible date for the election to be held is Saturday, 19 December 2026.

= = = She Devil = = =
She Devil is a 1957 American science fiction horror movie directed by Kurt Neumann and based on the short story The Adaptive Ultimate by Stanley G. Weinbaum. It stars Jack Kelly, Mari Blanchard, Albert Dekker, John Archer, Fay Baker. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Marama Davidson = = =
Marama Mere-Ana Davidson (née Paratene; born 29 December 1973) is a New Zealand politician. She became a member of the New Zealand parliament in 2015 as a representative of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. She is also the female co-leader of the Green Party.

= = = Counsellor at Law = = =
Counsellor at Law is a 1933 American drama movie directed by William Wyler and is based on the play of the same name by Elmer Rice. It stars John Barrymore, Melvyn Douglas, Bebe Daniels, Doris Kenyon, Thelma Todd, Onslow Stevens, Vincent Sherman and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Jim Oberweis = = =
James D. Oberweis (born June 10, 1946) is an American businessman, investment manager and politician. He is the owner of Oberweis Dairy in North Aurora near Chicago. He was a member of the Illinois Senate, representing the 25th district from 2013 until 2021.
Oberweis ran for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in 2002 and 2004 and the Republican nomination for Governor of Illinois in 2006.
He was the Republican nominee for Illinois's 14th congressional district in a March 2008 special election and the November 2008 general election, losing on both occasions to Democrat Bill Foster.
He was first elected to the Illinois Senate in 2012. He ran for the U.S. Senate again in 2014, losing to Democratic incumbent Dick Durbin.
Oberweis announced he would run again for Illinois's 14th congressional district, challenging Lauren Underwood. On March 17, 2020, he won the Republican nomination. He lost the election by a narrow margin in November 2020.

= = = Jeanne Ives = = =
Jeanne M. Ives (née Remmes, born October 4, 1964) is an American Republican politician. She was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 42nd district from 2013 to 2019. 
She ran in the Republican primary in the 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election, almost beating incumbent Governor Bruce Rauner.
She is a candidate in the 2020 election for United States House of Representatives in Illinois's 6th congressional district, running against Democrat Sean Casten. On March 17, she won the Republican primary.

= = = Norfolk, Nebraska = = =
Norfolk ( or ) is a city in Madison County, Nebraska, United States. It is 113 miles northwest of Omaha and 83 miles west of Sioux City. The population was 24,955 at the 2020 census, making it the eighth-largest city in Nebraska. 

= = = Madison, Nebraska = = =
Madison is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 2,283 at the 2020 census.

= = = Liz Sheridan = = =
Elizabeth Ann Sheridan (April 10, 1929 – April 15, 2022) was an American actress and dancer. She was born in Rye, New York. She was best known for her role as Jerry's mother in "Seinfeld". She also played Edna Gordon in the 2009 romantic comedy "Play the Game". She also played Raquel on "ALF".
Sheridan died on April 15, 2022 from natural causes, five days after her 93rd birthday.

= = = ALF (TV series) = = =
ALF is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from September 22, 1986, to March 24, 1990.
The title character is Gordon Shumway, a sarcastic, friendly alien nicknamed ALF, who crash-lands in the garage of the suburban middle-class Tanner family.
The series stars Max Wright as father Willie Tanner, Anne Schedeen as mother Kate Tanner, and Andrea Elson and Benji Gregory as their children, Lynn and Brian Tanner. ALF was performed by puppeteer Paul Fusco, who co-created the show with Tom Patchett.
"ALF" originally ran for four seasons and made 99 episodes. The series ended with an unresolved cliffhanger, but the later TV movie, "Project ALF", gave a series finale for the franchise.
In August 2018, Warner Bros. Television announced development of an "ALF" reboot. These plans were cancelled in November 2018.

= = = Rye Brook, New York = = =
Rye Brook is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States, within the town of Rye. The population was 10,047 at the 2020 census.

= = = Rye (town), New York = = =
Rye is a town in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 49,613 at the 2020 census. It is a separate town from the city of Rye. 

= = = Mamaroneck (village), New York = = =
Mamaroneck is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 20,151 at the 2020 census. It is located partially within the town of Mamaroneck and partially within the town of Rye. 
The portion in Rye is unofficially called "Rye Neck". 

= = = Cornish, New Hampshire = = =
Cornish is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 1,616 at the 2020 census.

= = = Brentwood, New Hampshire = = =
Brentwood is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 4,490. Brentwood has been the county seat of Rockingham County since 1997.

= = = Newport, New Hampshire = = =
Newport is a town in and the county seat of Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. It is west-northwest of Concord. The population was 6,299 at the 2020 census.

= = = Bennington, Vermont = = =
Bennington is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, in the United States. It is one of two shire towns (county seats) of the county, the other being Manchester.
The population is 15,333, as of the 2020 US Census.
Bennington is the most populous town in southern Vermont.

= = = Manchester, Vermont = = =
Manchester is a town in, and one of two shire towns (county seats) of, Bennington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 4,484 at the 2020 census.

= = = St. Johnsbury, Vermont = = =
St. Johnsbury (known locally as "St. J") is the shire town (county seat) of Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. The population was 7,364 at the 2020 census.
St. Johnsbury is located about northwest of the Connecticut River and south of the Canada-U.S. border.

= = = Guildhall, Vermont = = =
Guildhall is a town in and the shire town (county seat) of Essex County, Vermont, United States. The population was 262 at the 2020 census.
According to a large sign in the town center, it is the only town in the world with that name.
Guildhall is part of the Berlin, NH–VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.

= = = Hyde Park, Vermont = = =
Hyde Park, Vermont, may refer to:

= = = Hyde Park (town), Vermont = = =
Hyde Park is a town in and the shire town (county seat) of Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3,020 at the 2020 census.
There is also a village of the same name within the town.

= = = Hyde Park (village), Vermont = = =
Hyde Park is a village in the Town of Hyde Park, Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. The population was 410 at the 2020 census.

= = = Wyoming Outlaw = = =
Wyoming Outlaw is a 1939 American western movie directed by George Sherman and starring John Wayne, Ray Corrigan, Raymond Hatton, Don 'Red' Barry, Jack Ingram, LeRoy Mason, Elmo Lincoln, Yakima Canutt. It was distributed by Republic Pictures.

= = = North Hyde Park, Vermont = = =
North Hyde Park is an unincorporated village in the town of Hyde Park, Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. It is also a census-designated place, with 403 people in 2020.
The community is located along Vermont Route 100 and the Gihon River north of Morrisville. North Hyde Park has a post office with ZIP code 05665, which opened on May 29, 1839.

= = = Morrisville, Vermont = = =
Morrisville is a village in Morristown, Lamoille County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the village population was 2,086.

= = = Morristown, Vermont = = =
Morristown is a town in Lamoille County, in the U.S. state of Vermont. The population was 5,434 at the 2020 census. Morristown is the largest town by population in Lamoille County.

= = = The Man from Utah = = =
The Man from Utah is a 1934 American western movie directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring John Wayne, Polly Anne Young, Yakima Canutt, George Cleveland. It was distributed by Monogram Pictures.

= = = Chelsea, Vermont = = =
Chelsea is a town in and the shire town (county seat)
of Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,233 at the 2020 census.

= = = Woodstock, Vermont = = =
Woodstock is the shire town (county seat) of Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 3,005.

= = = Woodstock (village), Vermont = = =
Woodstock is an incorporated village located within the town of Woodstock in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the village population was 900.

= = = The Lucky Texan = = =
The Lucky Texan is a 1934 American western movie directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring John Wayne, Barbara Sheldon, Lloyd Whitlock, George "Gabby" Hayes, Yakima Canutt, Earl Dwine. It was distributed by Monogram Pictures.

= = = A Farewell to Arms (1932 movie) = = =
A Farewell to Arms is a 1932 movie directed by Frank Borzage and is based on the novel of the same name by Ernest Hemmingway. It stars Gary Cooper, Helen Hayes, Adolphe Menjou, Jack La Rue and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for 4 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1934 and was remade in 1957 as "A Farewell to Arms".

= = = Growth capital = = =
Growth capital is a type of private equity investment.
It is usually provided to already mature businesses for them to be able to develop more, such as to expand or to enter new markets.

= = = Ninotchka = = =
Ninotchka is a 1939 American romantic comedy movie directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring Greta Garbo, Melvyn Douglas, Ina Claire, Felix Bressart, Bela Lugosi, Gregory Gaye. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1940. It was remade as "Silk Stockings" in 1957.

= = = The Zimmer Twins = = =
The Zimmer Twins is a Canadian animated series and website. The project was made by producer Jason Krogh and artist Aaron Leighton and is made by Lost the Plot Productions Inc. Some animations made by users of the website are made into shorts that are shown on Teletoon. Les Jumeaux Zimmer is the version of the television series and website in French.
"The Zimmer Twins" is known for its unique format, which allows users to join in online to get their work to be shown on television. Children are invited to make and share 1-minute animated episodes using a story editor and library of animation. The audience creates endings to short "story-starters" that are professionally produced. Children tell their stories by choosing actions, characters, props and backgrounds. They can also add their own dialog and on-screen text. New clips are sometimes added.
The first Zimmer Twins website came out on March 14, 2005. The television series was first shown on Teletoon in May 2005. 60 episodes (30 in English and 30 in French) were made and shown in the 2005/2006 Canadian television season. By the end of the first season, over 50,000 users had made over 100,000 episodes. A major change to the website happened on July 1, 2006. 120 episodes were shown in the 2006/2007 Canadian television season, and 32 episodes were shown in the 2007/2008 Canadian television season. The website's amount of users passed 200,000 on November 5, 2011.
In 2008, the online audience voted to select the three most popular movies made by users. The winners' movies were in a half-hour awards show special that was shown on September 26, 2008 in English and September 20, 2008 in French. An Australian Zimmer Twins was made from 2006–2009, featuring James Arnold as Edgar, Alisa Koverick as Eva, and Luke as 13, and an American Zimmer Twins was made from 2007-2010, featuring James Arnold Taylor as Edgar, Lacey Chabert as Eva, and Seth Green as 13.

= = = In Old Arizona = = =
In Old Arizona is a 1928 American western movie directed by Irving Cummings and starring Warner Baxter, Edmund Lowe, Dorothy Burgess. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for 5 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1930.

= = = Out of Season = = =
Out of Season is a 1975 British drama movie directed by Alan Bridges and starring Vanessa Redgrave, Cliff Robertson, Susan George, Frank Jarvis. It was distributed by Lorimar Productions.

= = = Félicien Kabuga = = =
Félicien Kabuga (born 19 July 1935) is a Rwandan businessman. He is accused of participating in the Rwandan genocide. He was born in Muniga, Ruanda-Urundi.
On 29 August 1998, the prosecutor of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Carla Del Ponte, indicted Kabuga. In the amended indictment, Kabuga was charged with conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity. He shortly went into hiding as a fugitive.
Kabuga, aged 84, was captured in Asnières-sur-Seine, near Paris, France, on 16 May 2020 after 26 years as a fugitive.

= = = Munir Mangal = = =
Munir Mohamad Mangal (1950 – May 2, 2020) was an Afghan general. His professional military career lasted more than 40 years. Mangal was in high-level military and government positions. He was the Commander of the Afghan National Police, before his retirement in 2016.
Mangal was born in Samkanay District, Paktia Province, Afghanistan, in 1950.
Mangal died from COVID-19 at his home in Kabul on May 2, 2020, at the age of 70. 

= = = Marko Elsner = = =
Marko Elsner (11 April 1960 – 18 May 2020) was a Slovenian footballer who played as a defender. He was born in Ljubljana, FPR Yugoslavia. He played 14 games for the Yugoslav national team between 1984 and 1988. He also played for the Slovenian national team from 1992 to 1993. 
Elsner died on 18 May 2020 in Ljubljana from a long-illness on 18 May 2020, aged 60.

= = = Mahabodhi Temple = = =
The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: "Great Awakening Temple") or the Mahabodhi Mahavihar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an ancient, but much rebuilt and restored, Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. The site contains a descendant of the Bodhi Tree under which Buddha gained enlightenment, and has been a major pilgrimage destination for Hindus and Buddhists for well over two thousand years, and some elements probably date to the period of Ashoka (died c. 232 BCE). It is the "National Buddhist temple of India" respectively.

= = = Rawhead Rex = = =
Rawhead Rex is a 1986 British Irish horror movie directed by George Pavlou and starring David Dukes, Kelly Piper, Niall Toibin, Niall O'Brien, Hugh O'Connor, Donal McCann. It was distributed by Empire Pictures.

= = = Health (movie) = = =
HealtH (also known as Health and H.E.A.L.T.H.) is a 1980 American comedy movie directed by Robert Altman and stars Carol Burnett, Glenda Jackson, James Garner, Lauren Bacall, Paul Dooley, Alfre Woodard, Dick Cavett, Dinah Shore. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was never released on home video.

= = = Antonomasia = = =
Antonomasia is a kind of metonymy when you use a short phrase instead of something's name. For example, saying "The Big Apple" instead of New York City.

= = = Jens Reich = = =
Jens Georg Reich (born 26 March 1939) is a German scientist, activist and politician. He was born in Göttingen, Province of Hanover. He is a member of the German Ethics Council. He has become famous as a civil rights campaigner in the last years of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). 
In 1994, he ran for President of Germany. He lost in the 1st round after winning 62 votes.

= = = Recycling symbol = = =
The recycling symbol is an internationally declared symbol of recycling. It can be found on products.
Gary Anderson created the symbol in 1970.

= = = Knox County, Ohio = = =
Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 62,721 people lived there. The county seat is Mount Vernon.

= = = Madison County, Ohio = = =
Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 43,824 people lived there. The county seat is London.

= = = Morgan County, Ohio = = =
Morgan County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 13,802 people lived there. The county seat is McConnelsville.

= = = Noble County, Ohio = = =
Noble County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 14,115 people lived there. The county seat is Caldwell.

= = = Marion County, Ohio = = =
Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 65,359 people lived there. The county seat is Marion.
History.
The county was founded on May 1, 1824 and is named for General Francis "The Swamp Fox" Marion, a South Carolinian officer in the Revolutionary War.
Geography.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (0.1%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Ohio by total area.
Demographics.
2020 census.
The 2020 United States Census says that there were 65,359 people, 24,932 households, and 16,035 families living in the county.
2010 census.
The 2010 United States Census says that there were 66,501 people, 24,691 households, and 16,837 families living in the county.

= = = Figure-eight = = =
A figure eight is anything that is in the shape of the number 8 or the infinity symbol ∞.
Movement in the shape of a figure eight is done in ice skating, auto racing, sailing, horse riding, and dancing. Some roller coasters are shaped like a figure eight.
A figure-eight knot is a type of knot in knot theory. Another type of figure-eight knot, and the similar figure-eight loop and figure-eight bend, can be tied on a rope.

= = = Paulding County, Ohio = = =
Paulding County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 18,806 people lived there. The county seat is Paulding.

= = = George Mikell = = =
George Mikell (born Jurgis Mikelaitis; 4 April 1929 – 12 May 2020) was a Lithuanian-Australian actor and writer. He was best known for his roles as Schutzstaffel (SS) officers in "The Guns of Navarone" (1961) and "The Great Escape" (1963). Mikell has appeared in over 30 British and American movies from 1957 until his retirement in the early 2000s. Mikell was born in Bildeniai, Tauragė district, Lithuania.
Mikell died on 12 May 2020 in London, aged 91.

= = = Perry County, Ohio = = =
Perry County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 35,408 people lived there. The county seat is New Lexington.

= = = Rosa Speer = = =
Rosa Nell Powell (née Speer; September 22, 1922 – May 16, 2017) was an American southern gospel singer who sang with the well-known Speer Family. She was born in Double Springs, Alabama, the second child (and oldest daughter) of George Thomas "GT" Speer and Lena (née Brock) Speer (known to most people in Southern gospel music as "Dad" and "Mom" Speer), who led and helped founded the family group.
Speer began singing with the group at age 3, and eventually became the singing group's pianist. Along with her parents, she performed with her brothers, Jackson Brock and Ben Lacy, and sister, Mary Tom. She continued to perform with the group/family until 1948, when she left to get married. Eventually Speer-Powell would return decades later to perform sporadically with the group (till its end in 1997), and sometimes with the Gaither Homecoming Series as well. Speer was inducted into the Southern Gospel Music Association in 2005.
Personal life.
Speer married Edwin Powell in 1948. He died in May, 1979.
Death.
Speer-Powell died on May 16, 2017. She was 94 years old. A pioneer of the Gaither homecoming, she left behind 3 kids and grandkids.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Lithuania in February 2020. 
On 18 March 2020, the first domestic case was confirmed, the first infected being an immediate family member of a known case. The first cases of community spread were found in the country on 19 March and the first related death happened on 20 March 2020.
The Lithuanian government initially declared quarantine from 16 March to 30 March, but it was extended many times and was set to end on 31 May.

= = = Putnam County, Ohio = = =
Putnam County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 34,451 people lived there. The county seat is Ottawa.

= = = Chatham County, Georgia = = =
Chatham County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia, and is on the state's Atlantic coast. The county seat and largest city is Savannah. The county was created on February 5, 1777, and is named after William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.
At the 2020 census, 295,291 people lived in Chatham County. This makes it the sixth-most populous county in Georgia, and the most-populous Georgia county outside the Atlanta metropolitan area. It is part of the Savannah metropolitan area.

= = = Giorgio Kutufà = = =
Giorgio Kutufà (April 10, 1948 – May 13, 2020) was an Italian Democratic Party politician. He was the President of the Province of Livorno from June 13, 2004, to October 14, 2014. He also was in the Regional Council of Tuscany from 1985 to 1995. He was born in Livorno.
Kutufà died on May 13, 2020 in Livorno, aged 72.

= = = Fred Gray (attorney) = = =
Fred David Gray (born December 14, 1930) is an American civil rights attorney, preacher and activist. He was in charge of many major civil rights cases in Alabama, including some that reached the United States Supreme Court for rulings. He was the President of the National Bar Association in 1985, and in 2001 was elected as the first African-American President of the Alabama State Bar.
From 1971 to 2015, he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives. He was born in Montgomery, Alabama.

= = = James Weldon Johnson = = =
James Weldon Johnson (June 17, 1871June 26, 1938) was an American writer and civil rights activist. He was married to civil rights activist Grace Nail Johnson. Johnson was a leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He started working there in 1917. In 1920, he was the first African American to be the executive secretary of the organization. This made him the person in charge. Johnson held that position from 1920 to 1930. As a writer, he was known during the Harlem Renaissance for his poems and his novel. He also has a collection of both poems and spirituals of black culture. He wrote the lyrics for "Lift Every Voice and Sing". This was later known as the Negro National Anthem. The music for the song was written by his younger brother, composer J. Rosamond Johnson.
Johnson was the U.S. consul in Venezuela and Nicaragua for most of the period from 1906 to 1913. In 1934. he was the first African-American professor to be hired at New York University. Later in life, he was a professor at Fisk University, a historically black university.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia = = =
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Armenia on 1 March 2020 when its first case was confirmed. The disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (), caused by a new virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (), has spread to all of the regions (marz) of Armenia.
Armenia suspended visa-free travel for Chinese citizens since 1 February, shortly after it pushed a 90-day visa-free regime on 19 January. Citizens of Iran could no longer receive a visa on arrival either. 
Passengers who had been to most of Europe, as well as Japan and South Korea, within the past 14 days, were no longer allowed to enter Armenia. The border of Armenia with the Republic of Artsakh was also closed in order to prevent the virus from spreading.
Before the virus was confirmed to have arrived in Armenia, 118 tests were performed in February with negative results.

= = = Banks County, Georgia = = =
Banks County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 18,035 people lived there. The county seat is Homer.

= = = Willy Schmidt = = =
Willy Schmidt (29 October 1926 – 15 May 2020) was a Dutch footballer. He was born in Alkmaar, North Holland. He played for FC Eindhoven from 1951 to 1956, AFC Ajax from 1956 to 1959 and for Fortuna Sittard from 1959 to 1960.
Schmidt died on 15 May 2020 in Almere, Flevoland at the age of 93.

= = = Hoffmann-La Roche = = =
F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG is a Swiss multinational healthcare company. It operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. Its holding company, Roche Holding AG, has bearer shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. The company headquarters are located in Basel.
The company controls the American biotechnology company Genentech. Roche's revenues during fiscal year 2018 were 56.85 billion Swiss francs, or about US$57 billion. Roche is the second-largest pharmaceutical company worldwide.

= = = Fritz Gerber = = =
Fritz Gerber (22 March 1929 – 10 May 2020) was a Swiss business executive and philanthropist. He was the Chief Executive Officer of Hoffmann-La Roche from 1978 to 1998. From 1977 to 1991, he was also the CEO of Zurich Insurance Group. He was born in Huttwil, Switzerland.
Gerber had a stroke on 9 May 2020 and died the next day, aged 91.

= = = Surfside, Florida = = =
Surfside is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. As of 2020, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 5,689.

= = = No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young) = = =
"No-One But You (Only the Good Die Young)" is the only song recorded by the remaining three members of the British rock band Queen in 1997 following the death of the lead singer Freddie Mercury in 1991. 
Guitarist Brian May—the writer of the song—and drummer Roger Taylor share lead vocals. The song was released on the album "Queen Rocks" and it was also released as a double a-side single with "Tie Your Mother Down".
The song came after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in August 1997, but is largely a eulogy to Freddie Mercury. It was dedicated to Mercury and all those who die too soon. It was originally written for a potential Brian May solo project. He sent the demo of the song to Roger Taylor and forgot about it.
Included in Queen’s "Greatest Hits III", the song featured only the remaining three members of the band. This was also the last recording to feature bass guitarist John Deacon, who retired from public life. This was the last original Queen release until the 2014 release "Queen Forever".

= = = Who Wants to Live Forever = = =
"Who Wants to Live Forever" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It is the sixth track on the album "A Kind of Magic", which was released in June 1986, and was written by lead guitarist Brian May for the soundtrack to the movie "Highlander". 
The song peaked at No. 24 in the UK charts. In 1991 it was included in the band’s "Greatest Hits II".
In 2014, "Rolling Stone" readers voted it their fifth favourite song by Queen.

= = = Flash (Queen song) = = =
"Flash" is a song by the British rock band Queen. Written by guitarist Brian May, "Flash" is the theme song of the 1980 movie "Flash Gordon".
There are two versions of the song. 
Flash is sung as a duet between Freddie Mercury and Brian May, with Roger Taylor adding the high harmonies. May plays all of the instruments except for the rhythm section.
On the U.S. charts, "Flash's Theme aka Flash" reached #42 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It peaked at #39 on the "Cash Box" Top 100. It fared much better in Europe, where it was a Top 10 hit in most nations, including #1 in Austria.

= = = Flash Gordon (movie) = = =
Flash Gordon is a 1980 space opera movie based on the King Features comic strip of the same name created by Alex Raymond. It is directed by Mike Hodges and produced by Dino De Laurentiis. It stars Sam J. Jones, Melody Anderson, Topol, Max von Sydow, Timothy Dalton, Brian Blessed, Tony Scannell and Ornella Muti with Peter Wyngarde. 
Although a box office success in the United Kingdom, it performed poorly in other markets. The movie is known for its soundtrack composed, performed and produced by the rock band Queen.

= = = Ornella Muti = = =
Ornella Muti (born Francesca Romana Rivelli; 9 March 1955) is an Italian actress. She is known for her role as Princess Aura in the 1980 cult classic "Flash Gordon".

= = = Mike Hodges = = =
Michael Tommy "Mike" Hodges (29 July 1932 — 17 December 2022) was an English screenwriter, movie director, playwright and novelist. His best known movies were "Get Carter" (1971), "Pulp" (1972), "The Terminal Man" (1974) and "Black Rainbow" (1989); as director, his movies include "Flash Gordon" (1980), "Croupier" (1998) and "I'll Sleep When I'm Dead" (2003).
Hodges was born in Bristol.

= = = Get Carter = = =
Get Carter is a 1971 British crime movie directed by Mike Hodges and starring Michael Caine, Ian Hendry, Britt Ekland, John Osborne and Bryan Mosley. It was filmed in and around Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and County Durham.
The movie is about a London gangster, Jack Carter (Caine), who travels back to his home town to discover more about his brother Frank's supposedly accidental death. Suspecting foul play, and with vengeance on his mind, he investigates.
On its release "Get Carter" received no awards. It was made popular by Quentin Tarantino and Guy Ritchie. In 1999, "Get Carter" was ranked 16th on the BFI Top 100 British films of the 20th century. 
"Get Carter" was remade in 2000 by Warner Bros. under the same title, with Sylvester Stallone starring as Jack Carter, with Caine in a supporting role. 

= = = Ebenezer Scrooge = = =
Ebenezer Scrooge () is the main fictional character of Charles Dickens' 1843 novel, "A Christmas Carol". 
At the beginning of the novel, Scrooge is a cold-hearted mean businessman who hates Christmas. He is soon visited by three spirits (the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas Present, and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come) who want to save him from going to hell. 
Scrooge's last name has become byword for selfish or not being generous, while his catchphrase, "Bah! Humbug!" is often used to show hatred towards Christmas traditions.
He was inspired by a Dutch gravedigger.

= = = Dr. Evil = = =
Dr. Evil (Douglas "Dougie" Powers) is a fictional character played by Mike Myers in the "Austin Powers" movie series. He is the main villain of the movies, and Austin Powers' nemesis. 
He is a parody of James Bond villains, mainly Ernst Stavro Blofeld (as played by Donald Pleasence). Dr. Evil wants to terrorize and take over the world. His sidekick Mini-Me, is a dwarf clone of himself.
Myers revived the character for three occassions: a brief appearance on the December 20, 2014 episode of "Saturday Night Live," "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" in a sketch where Dr. Evil has been fired from President Trump's cabinet, and a General Motors 2022 Super Bowl ad, "EVil Is Back For Good".

= = = Shelby County, Ohio = = =
Shelby County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 48,230 people lived there. The county seat is Sidney.

= = = Vinton County, Ohio = = =
Vinton County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 12,800 people lived there which makes it the smallest county by population in Ohio. The county seat is McArthur.

= = = Wayne County, Ohio = = =
Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 116,894 people lived there. The county seat is Wooster.

= = = Dav Pilkey = = =
David Murray "Dav" Pilkey Jr. (born March 4, 1966) is an American cartoonist, author and illustrator. He is famous for being the creator of the "Captain Underpants" series.

= = = Wyandot County, Ohio = = =
Wyandot County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 21,900 people lived there. The county seat is Upper Sandusky.

= = = Paulding, Ohio = = =
Paulding is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Paulding County.

= = = Bartow County, Georgia = = =
Bartow County is a county in northwestern Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 108,901 people lived there. The county seat is Cartersville.

= = = Burke County, Georgia = = =
Burke County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 24,596 people lived there. The county seat is Waynesboro.

= = = Effingham County, Georgia = = =
Effingham County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 64,769 people lived there. The county seat is Springfield.

= = = Laurens County, Georgia = = =
Laurens County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 49,570 people lived there. The county seat is Dublin.

= = = Jasper County, Georgia = = =
Jasper County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 14,588 people lived there. The county seat is Monticello.

= = = Ben Hill County, Georgia = = =
Ben Hill County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 17,194 people lived there. The county seat is Fitzgerald.

= = = Berrien County, Georgia = = =
Berrien County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 18,160 people lived there. The county seat is Nashville.

= = = Clayton County, Georgia = = =
Clayton County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 297,595 people lived there. The county seat is Jonesboro.

= = = Echols County, Georgia = = =
Echols County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 3,697 people lived there. The county seat is Statenville.

= = = Quitman County, Georgia = = =
Quitman County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 2,235 people lived there. The county seat is Georgetown.

= = = Al Jieulia = = =
Al Jieulia () is a village in Al Munirah District. It is in the Al Hudaydah Governorate. In 2004 census the population was 2363 people.

= = = Al Arsh = = =
Al Arsh () is a village in Az Zaydiyah District. It is in the Al Hudaydah Governorate. In 2004 census the population was 1819 people.

= = = Al Araj = = =
Al Araj () is a village in Bajil District. It is in the Al Hudaydah Governorate. In 2004 census the population was 2882 people.

= = = Al Jalab (Sanaa) = = =
Al Jalab () is a village in Al Haymah Ad Dakhiliyah District. It is in the Sanaa Governorate. In 2004 census the population was 1033 people. 

= = = The Ox-Bow Incident = = =
The Ox-Bow Incident is a 1943 American western movie. It was directed by William A. Wellman. The movie is based on the 1940 book of the same name by Walter Van Tilburg Clark. Actors include Henry Fonda, Dana Andrews, Mary Beth Hughes, Anthony Quinn, Jane Darwell, William Eythe, Harry Davenport, Frank Conroy, Willard Robertson, and Francis Ford. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1944.

= = = Saint-Paulet = = =
Saint-Paulet is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Pierre-des-Champs = = =
Saint-Pierre-des-Champs is a commune of 181 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Polycarpe = = =
Saint-Polycarpe is a commune of 147 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Sallèles-Cabardès = = =
Sallèles-Cabardès is a commune of 119 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Pickens County, Georgia = = =
Pickens County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 33,216 people lived there. The county seat is Jasper.

= = = Center, Nebraska = = =
Center is a village in Nebraska in the United States. It is the county seat of Knox County.

= = = Nidovirales = = =
Nidovirales is an order of viruses. It is carried by animals and humans. The order includes the families "Coronaviridae", "Arteriviridae," "Roniviridae," and "Mesoniviridae".
Nidoviruses are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Their name comes from the Latin word "nidus", meaning nest, as all viruses in this order produce a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs during infection.

= = = Al Kabs (Sanaa) = = =
Al Kabs () is a village in Al Husn District. It is located in the sanaa Governorate, According to the 2004 census it had a population of 1300 people.

= = = Al Munsifa (Jihanah) = = =
Al Munsifa () is a village in Jihanah District. It is located in the sanaa Governorate, According to the 2004 census it had a population of 547 people.

= = = Al Hanak = = =
Al Hanak () is a village in Abs District. It is located in the Hajjah Governorate, According to the 2004 census it had a population of 110 people.

= = = Lawna = = =
Lawna () is a village in Hidaybu (Socotra-East) District. It is located in the Socotra Governorate, According to the 2004 census it had a population of 13 people.

= = = Al Dahama (Dawan) = = =
Al Dahama () is a village in Daw'an District. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate, According to the 2004 census, 250 people live there. 

= = = Aqtan = = =
Aqtan () is a village in Habil ar Raydah. It is located in the Lahij Governorate, According to the 2004 census, it had a population of 269 people.

= = = Mahsan = = =
Mahsan () is a village in Hidaybu (Socotra-East) District. It is located in the Socotra Governorate, According to the 2004 census it had a population of 21 people.

= = = Bill Olner = = =
William John Olner (9 May 1942 – 18 May 2020) was a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Nuneaton from 1992 until 2010. He had been Leader of Nuneaton Borough Council. He was born in Atherstone, Warwickshire.
Olner died of COVID-19 at a hospital in Nuneaton, Warwickshire on 18 May 2020, at age 78.

= = = Robinson projection = = =
The Robinson Projection is a compromise between accuracy and the readability of the map on a flat surface. It shows the poles as lines, which accurately shows the high altitude lands and water to land ratio.

= = = Ken Retzer = = =
Kenneth Leo Retzer (April 30, 1934 – May 17, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He was a catcher in Major League Baseball for the Washington Senators from 1961 to 1964. Retzer batted left-handed, threw right-handed and was listed as tall and . He was born in Wood River, Illinois.
Retzer died at his home in Sun City, Arizona on May 17, 2020 at the age of 86.

= = = Sun City, Arizona = = =
Sun City is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, that is within the Phoenix metropolitan area. The population was 39,931 according to the 2020 census.

= = = Los Angeles Police Department = = =
The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), officially the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the police department of Los Angeles, California. With 9,974 officers and 3,036 civilian members, it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department and the Chicago Police Department.

= = = Tadashi Tokieda = = =
Tokieda was born in Tokyo and grew up to be a painter. He then studied at Lycée Sainte-Marie Grand Lebrun in France as a philologist. He was able to teach himself basic mathematics from Russian problems. He is a 1989 graduate from Sophia University in Tokyo and has a 1991 bachelor's degree from Oxford in mathematics where he also studied. But he got his PhD at Princeton. He has been a part of the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences since it started in 2003. In 2004 he became the Director of Studies in Mathematics and in 2015–2016 he was a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Stanford. Some amazing facts about him are that he is fluent in Japanese, French, and English he also knows ancient Greek, Latin, classical Chinese, Finnish, Spanish, and Russian. Recently in March 2020, Tokieda was interviewed on The Joy of X, Steven Strogatz's podcast for Quanta Magazine.
He is known for studying Mathematical physics
Tokieda was awarded the Paul R. Halmos–Lester R. Ford Award in 2014.

= = = Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus = = =
A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (or (+)ssRNA virus) is a virus which has positive sense single stranded RNA as its genetic material. They can be positive or negative. This depends on the polarity of the RNA. The positive-sense viral RNA genome can serve as messenger RNA and can be translated into protein in the host cell.
Many of the known viruses are positive-sense RNA viruses, including the hepacivirus C, West Nile virus, dengue virus, SARS and MERS coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV-2 as well as less serious pathogens such as the rhinoviruses that cause the common cold.

= = = Berkeley Square (movie) = = =
Berkeley Square is a 1933 American romantic fantasy movie. It was directed by Frank Lloyd. The movie is based on the play of the same name by John L. Balderston and also the incomplete book "The Sense of the Past" by Henry James. It stars Leslie Howard, Heather Angel, Valerie Taylor, Irene Browne, Beryl Mercer, and Alan Mowbray. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The movie did not make very much money in ticekt sales. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1934. In 1951 it was remade as "I'll Never Forget You".

= = = In Name Only = = =
In Name Only is a 1939 American romance movie. It was directed by John Cromwell. The movie is based on the 1935 book "Memory of Love" by Bessie Breuer. Actors include Cary Grant, Carole Lombard, Kay Francis, Charles Coburn, Helen Vinson, Nella Walker, and Charles Coleman. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.

= = = Coronaviridae = = =
Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The viral genome is 26–32 kilobases in length. The particles have large (~20 nm), club- or petal-shaped spikes on the surface (the "peplomers" ). The particles in electron micrographs look like the solar corona.
Taxonomy.
The family "Coronaviridae" is has 2 sub-families, 5 genera, 26 sub-genera, and 46 species. More species are possible, but not yet confirmed.

= = = Upstairs and Downstairs = = =
Upstairs and Downstairs is a 1959 British comedy drama movie. It was directed by Ralph Thomas. The movie is based on the book by Ronald Scott Thorn. Actors included Michael Craig, Anne Heywood, James Robertson Justice, Sid James, Claudia Cardinale, Daniel Massey, Reginald Beckwith, Susan Hampshire, and Oliver Reed. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Michelle Rossignol = = =
Michelle Rossignol, OC, CQ (4 February 1940 – 18 May 2020) was a Canadian movie actress. She appeared in 15 movies, beginning in 1956. She was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1991 and a Knight of the National Order of Quebec in 2001. Her best known roles were in "Once Upon a Time in the East", "Beyond Forty" and "You".
Rossignol died on 18 May 2020, aged 80.

= = = Laudo Natel = = =
Laudo Natel (14 September 1920 – 18 May 2020) was a Brazilian politician. He was born in São Manuel, São Paulo. He was a member of the National Renewal Alliance. He was Vice Governor of São Paulo from 1963 to 1966 (with political campaign planned by Osvaldo Moles) and Governor from 1966 to 1967 and again from 1971 to 1975.
Natel died on 18 May 2020 at his home in São Paulo at the age of 99.

= = = Anchors Aweigh (movie) = = =
Anchors Aweigh is a 1945 American musical comedy movie. It was directed by George Sidney. Actors include Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, Gene Kelly, and Dean Stockwell. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won one Academy Awards in 1946.

= = = The Willoughbys = = =
The Willoughbys is a 2020 computer-animated comedy movie directed by Kris Pearn and co-directed by Rob Lodermeier. It is based on the book of the same name by Lois Lowry. The movie's screenplay was written by Pearn and Mark Stanleigh. It stars Will Forte, Maya Rudolph, Alessia Cara, Terry Crews, Martin Short, Jane Krakowski, Seán Cullen, and Ricky Gervais, who also narrates the movie.
It was released on Netflix on April 22, 2020. On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie has an approval rating of 90%.
Plot.
Neglected by their parents, four old-fashioned siblings named Tim, Jane, and Barnaby A and Barnaby B Wiloghby venture out into the modern world with their new nanny.

= = = Jerry Adler = = =
Jerry Adler (born February 4, 1929) is an American actor, director and producer. He is probably best known for his roles as Herman "Hesh" Rabkin in "The Sopranos" (1999–2007) and as Howard Lyman in "The Good Wife" (2011–2016). He has also directed a number of plays.
Adler was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He grew up in a Jewish household.

= = = Johnny Eager = = =
Johnny Eager is a 1941 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Mervyn LeRoy. Actors include Robert Taylor, Lana Turner, Van Heflin in his Oscar winning role, Edward Arnold, Glenda Farrell, Diana Lewis, Barry Nelson, and Cy Kendall. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Julien Fournié = = =
Julien Fournié (born April 19 1975 in Paris) is a French fashion designer and CEO of his own haute couture company. The company was founded in the summer of 2009.
Background.
Julien Fournié was born in Paris. He was recruited in 2003 as director of ready-to-wear style at Torrente. He was appointed artistic director of all of his lines in September 2003.
In January 2011, for his first participation in the official haute couture calendar as a guest member, he created the event by exclusively parading only black or mestizo models on the podium of his collection entitled Premier Couleurs.
Julien Fournié obtains the Haute Couture label in January 2017; he thus becomes a “permanent member” of the Union Chamber.

= = = Anna Karenina (1935 movie) = = =
Anna Karenina is a 1935 American romantic period drama movie. It was directed by Clarence Brown. The movie is based on the 1877 book of the same name by Leo Tolstoy. Actors include Greta Garbo, Fredric March, Freddie Bartholomew, Maureen O'Sullivan, Basil Rathbone, Reginald Owen, and Reginald Denny. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Felix Silla = = =
Felix Anthony Silla (January 11, 1937 – April 16, 2021), was an Italian-born American retired actor and stuntman. He was known for his role as the costumed character of Cousin Itt" on television's "The Addams Family". He also starred as Ewok in the movie "Return of the Jedi", and had a small roll in the indie movie "Characterz". 
Silla was born in Roccacasale, Italy. Felix Silla died on April 16, 2021, from pancreatic cancer at the age of 84, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

= = = Catherine de Károlyi = = =
Catherine de Károlyi (born Catherine or Katalin Pólya) (September 1 1919 in Budapest – October 30 2006 in Paris) is a French fashion designer. She is of Hungarian origin.
Background.
De Károlyi became a Hungarian refugee in Paris in 1948, learned the fashion trade on the job, became a model, created her own label, was noticed by Dior and Balmain, became friends with Malraux and was hired by Hermes, the house where she created the mythical belt from this observation: "The letter H is symmetrical"? it could make a loop. "Her aristocratic elegance inspired the Hermès collections until the 1980s.
Married in second marriage to filmmaker Raymond Assayas, known as Jacques Rémy, Catherine de Karolyi was the mother of three sons including filmmaker Olivier Assayas and journalist and writer Michka Assayas.

= = = Yankee Senor = = =
The Yankee Señor is a 1926 American western movie. It was directed by Emmett J. Flynn. Actors include Tom Mix, Olive Borden, Tom Kennedy, Francis McDonald, Margaret Livingston, and Kathryn Carver. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = The Addams Family (1964 TV series) = = =
The Addams Family is an American horror/black comedy sitcom based on the characters from Charles Addams' "New Yorker" cartoons.
The show starred Carolyn Jones as Morticia Addams, John Astin as Gomez Addams, Jackie Coogan as Uncle Fester Addams, Ted Cassidy as Lurch, Marie Blake as Grandmamma Addams, Lisa Loring as Wednesday Addams and Ken Weatherwax as Pugsley Addams.
The 30-minute television series was created by David Levy and Donald Saltzman and shot in black-and-white, airing for two seasons on ABC from September 18, 1964, to April 8, 1966, for a total of 64 episodes.
The show is also known for its opening theme, which was composed and sung by Vic Mizzy.

= = = Vic Mizzy = = =
Victor Mizzy (January 9, 1916 – October 17, 2009) was an American composer. His best-known works are the themes to the 1960s television sitcoms "Green Acres" and "The Addams Family". Mizzy also wrote top-20 songs from the 1930s to 1940s. He was born in New York City.
Mizzy died at his home in Bel Air, California, on October 17, 2009, aged 93. 

= = = Lisa Loring = = =
Lisa Loring (born Lisa Ann DeCinces; February 16, 1958 — January 28, 2023) was an American actress. She is best known for playing Wednesday Addams on the 1964–1966 sitcom "The Addams Family".

= = = Blossom Rock = = =
Edith Marie Blossom MacDonald (August 21, 1895 – January 14, 1978), also known as Blossom Rock, was an American actress. Her younger sister was actress and singer Jeanette MacDonald. Rock is probably best known for her role as "Grandmama" on the 1960s horror sitcom "The Addams Family".
Rock was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She died of a stroke on January 14, 1978 in Los Angeles, aged 82.

= = = Jeanette MacDonald = = =
Jeanette Anna MacDonald (June 18, 1903 – January 14, 1965) was an American singer and actress. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
She was known for her roles with Maurice Chevalier in "The Love Parade", "Love Me Tonight", "The Merry Widow" and "One Hour With You". She also starred with Nelson Eddy in "Naughty Marietta", "Rose-Marie", and "Maytime".
MacDonald was married to actor Gene Raymond from 1937 until her death. However despite being married to Raymond, she was in a domestic partnership with actor Nelson Eddy at the same time.
MacDonald died on January 14, 1965 in Houston, Texas of heart failure, aged 61.

= = = Nelson Eddy = = =
Nelson Ackerman Eddy (June 29, 1901 – March 6, 1967) was an American singer, baritone and actor. He appeared in 19 musical movies during the 1930s and 1940s. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island. 
From 1939 to 1967, he was married to Ann Denitz Franklin. However, he was in a domestic partnership with Jeanette MacDonald at the same time.
He starred with MacDonald in "Naughty Marietta", "Rose-Marie", and "Maytime".
Eddy died on March 6, 1967 in Palm Beach, Florida after having a cerebral hemorrhage while performing at a club, aged 65.

= = = Triadic ballet = = =
The Triadic ballet is an experimental ballet, designed and composed by Oskar Schlemmer amongst others. Schlemmer started with the first ideas in 1912. Albert Burger and Elsa Hötzel were two dancers who helped develop the ballet. Paul Hindemith composed the music. Part of it was performed in 1916, the first full performance was in 1922. The ballet was developed in Stuttgart. Its premiere was also in Stuttgart. It was peformed at an exhibition of the Bauhaus art school in Weimar, in 1923.
In 1970, a 30 minute movie was made.
When he had the first ideas about the ballet, Schlemmer was inspired by "Pierrot lunaire, a work by Arnold Schönberg, composed in 1912."

= = = Julie de Libran = = =
Julie de Libran (born February 23 1972 in Aix-en-Provence, France) is a French fashion designer.
Background.
Julie has worked for leading fashion houses such as Gianfranco Ferré, Gianni Versace, Prada and Louis Vuitton.
From 1991 to 1994 she worked in Milan with Gianfranco Ferré on his own brand while he was also designing Christian Dior. She worked close to Gianfranco Ferré on his women's collections and she designed his line Oaks by Jeans Collection.
In 1994, she moved to Paris, and worked with Jean-Charles de Castelbajac designing his women’s collection.

= = = The Cowboy and The Countess = = =
The Cowboy and The Countess is a 1926 American western movie. It was directed by Roy William Neill. Actors include Buck Jones, Helena D'Algy, Diana Miller, Harvey Clark, and Monte Collins. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Gene Raymond = = =
Gene Raymond (born Raymond Guion; August 13, 1908 – May 3, 1998) was an American actor, screenwriter, songwriter, director, producer and composer. He was born in New York City.
His most notable movies include "Red Dust" (1932) with Jean Harlow and Clark Gable, "Zoo in Budapest" (1933) with Loretta Young, "Ex-Lady" (1933) with Bette Davis, "Flying Down to Rio" (1933) with Dolores del Río, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, "I Am Suzanne" (1934) with Lilian Harvey, "Sadie McKee" (1934) with Joan Crawford, Alfred Hitchcock's "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (1941) with Carole Lombard and Robert Montgomery, and "The Locket" (1946) with Laraine Day, Brian Aherne, and Robert Mitchum. 
Raymond was married to actress Jeanette MacDonald from 1937 until her death in 1965. It was alleged that Raymond was gay and he had abused MacDonald physically during their marriage.
Raymond died on May 3, 1998 from pneumonia in Los Angeles at the age of 89.

= = = Brian Aherne = = =
William Brian de Lacy Aherne (2 May 190210 February 1986) was an English actor.
His first Broadway appearance in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" in 1931 teamed him with Katherine Cornell.
He starred with Madeleine Carroll, Bette Davis, Marlene Dietrich, Rita Hayworth and Carole Lombard in many movies. He was an Oscar-nominated for his role as Emperor Maxmilian in "Juarez" (1939). 
On TV he appeared in "Wagon Train" and "Rawhide".

= = = Yes or No? = = =
Yes or No? is a 1920 American drama movie. It was directed by Roy William Neill. The movie is based on the play of the same name by Arthur Goodrich. It stars Norma Talmadge, Natalie Talmadge, Frederick Burton, Lowell Sherman, and Gladden James. It was distributed by First National Pictures.

= = = Lilian Harvey = = =
Lilian Harvey (born Helene Lilian Muriel Pape, 19 January 1906 – 27 July 1968) was an English-German actress and singer. She was best known for her role as Christel Weinzinger in Erik Charell's 1931 movie "Der Kongreß tanzt". Harvey was born in London.
Harvey died of liver failure on 27 July 1968 in Juan-les-Pins, France at the age of 62.

= = = The Price Mark = = =
The Price Mark is a 1917 American drama movie. It was directed by Roy William Neill. Actors include Dorothy Dalton, William Conklin, Thurston Hall, Adele Farrington, Edwin Wallock, and Dorcas Matthews. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

= = = Charles "Buddy" Rogers = = =
Charles Edward "Buddy" Rogers (August 13, 1904 – April 21, 1999) was an American actor and jazz musician. He was popular during the 1920s and 1930s. He was known as "America's Boy Friend". Rogers was born in Olathe, Kansas. He was in the United States Navy during World War II. Rogers' best known role was as Jack Powell in the first Academy Award-winning movie "Wings" (1927).
From 1937 until her death in 1979, Rogers was married to actress Mary Pickford. Rogers was rumored to be bisexual and had an affair with Gene Raymond who was married to Jeanette MacDonald.
Rogers died on April 21, 1999 in Rancho Mirage, California at the age of 94.

= = = The Mother Instinct = = =
The Mother Instinct is a 1917 American drama movie. It was directed by Lambert Hillyer and Roy William Neill. Actors include Enid Bennett, Rowland V. Lee, Margery Wilson, William Fairbanks, and Gertrude Claire. It was distributed by Triangle Film Corporation.

= = = Allen Lee = = =
Allen Lee Peng-fei, CBE, JP (; 24 April 194015 May 2020) was a Hong Kong businessman, politician and political commentator. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1978 to 1997 and was the Senior Member of the legislature from 1988 to 1991.
He was also the unofficial member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong from 1986 to 1992. He was the founding chairman of the Liberal Party. He retired after he lost the 1998 election.
After his retirement, he became a political commentator and hosted "Legco Review", a RTHK weekly TV programme on the news about Legislative Council, among several other posts.
Lee died on 15 May 2020 in Hong Kong at the age of 80.

= = = Agnes of God (movie) = = =
Agnes of God is a 1985 American Canadian mystery drama movie. It was directed by Norman Jewison. The movie is based on the play of the same name by John Pielmeier. Actors include Jane Fonda, Anne Bancroft, Meg Tilly, Anne Pitoniak, and Winston Rekert. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards in 1986.

= = = Antwerp, New York = = =
Antwerp is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 1,683 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Antwerp in Belgium, the home of one of the early investors in the town.
The town of Antwerp contains a village also called Antwerp. The town is at the eastern corner of the county and is northeast of Watertown.

= = = Watertown (town), New York = = =
Watertown is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 5,913 at the 2020 census.

= = = Prince Edward County, Virginia = = =
Prince Edward County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,849. Its county seat is Farmville.

= = = Stewart County, Georgia = = =
Stewart County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,314. The county seat is Lumpkin. The county was created on December 23, 1830.

= = = Lumpkin, Georgia = = =
The city of Lumpkin is the county seat of Stewart County, Georgia, United States. The population was 891 at the 2020 census.

= = = The Cincinnati Kid = = =
The Cincinnati Kid is a 1965 American drama movie. It was directed by Norman Jewison. The movie is based on the 1963 book of the same name by Richard Jeesup. Actors include Steve McQueen, Edward G. Robinson, Ann-Margret, Karl Malden, Rip Torn, Joan Blondell, Cab Calloway, and Jack Weston. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Jaime King = = =
Jaime King (born April 23, 1979) is an American actress and model.
Her first major role was in "Pearl Harbor" (2001) and her first starring movie role was in "Bulletproof Monk" (2003). She has since appeared in other movies including "Sin City" (2005) and "My Bloody Valentine 3D" (2009).
From 2011 to 2015, starred in the television series "Hart of Dixie". In 2016, she had the lead role in "The Mistletoe Promise", a Hallmark movie. She also voiced the role of Aurra Sing on "".

= = = Jefferson, Ohio = = =
Jefferson is a village in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,226 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Ashtabula County.

= = = Kill Her Gently = = =
Kill Her Gently is a 1957 British thriller movie. It was directed by Charles Saunders. Actors include Griffith Jones, Maureen Connell, Marc Lawrence, George Mikell, Roger Avon, and Shay Gorman. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.

= = = Wilson Braga = = =
Wilson Leite Braga (July 18, 1931 – May 17, 2020), better known as simply Wilson Braga, was a Brazilian politician, lawyer and businessman. He was born in Conceição, Paraíba. Braga was a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB).
Braga was a member of the Paraíba MLA from 1955 to 1967 and again from 2011 to 2015. He was also a Deputy from 1967 to 1982, again from 1995 to 2003 and one last time from 2007 to 2011. He was also Governor of Paraíba from 1983 to 1987.
Braga was married to politician Lúcia Braga. She died of COVID-19 on May 8, 2020. Braga himself died from the same infection on May 17 in João Pessoa, Paraíba at the age of 88.

= = = Big Wednesday = = =
Big Wednesday is a 1978 American surfing drama movie. It was directed by John Milius. Actors include Jan-Michael Vincent, William Katt, Gary Busey, Lee Purcell, Patti D'Arbanville, Joe Spinell, Robert Englund, and Gerry Lopez. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

= = = Ernest Vinberg = = =
Ernest Borisovich Vinberg (; 26 July 1937 – 12 May 2020) was a Russian mathematician. He worked on discrete subgroups of Lie groups and representation theory. He created Vinberg's algorithm and the Koecher–Vinberg theorem.
He was a recipient of the Humboldt Prize. He was on the executive committee of the Moscow Mathematical Society. In 2010, he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Vinberg died on 12 May 2020, aged 82.

= = = Attila Ladinszky = = =
Attila Ladinszky nicknamed "Le Gitan" (The Gypsy) (13 September 1949 – 14 May 2020) was a Hungarian football striker. He was born in Budapest.
From 1968 to 1970, he made 59 appearances for FC Tatabánya. From 1973 to 1975, he appeared 52 times for R.S.C. Anderlecht. From 1975 to 1978, he made 59 appearances for Real Betis. He retired in 1983. Afterwards, he became a businessman owning many restaurants in Budapest.
Ladinszky died in Budapest, Hungary on 14 May 2020 from heart disease, aged 70.

= = = Hossein Kazempour Ardebili = = =
Hossein Kazempour Ardebili (, also spelled Hoseyn Kazempur-Ardabili (14 October 1952 – 16 May 2020) was an Iranian diplomat and politician. 
He was Iran's representative to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) from 1995 to 2008 and again from 2013 to his death in 2020. He was the Iranian ambassador to Japan from 1990 to 1994. He also was Minister of Commerce from 1980 to 1981. He was born in Tehran.
Kazempour Ardebili died of a cerebral hemorrhage at a hospital in Tehran on 16 May 2020.

= = = Ratnakar Matkari = = =
Ratnakar Ramkrushna Matkari (17 November 1938 – 17 May 2020) was a Marathi writer, director, and artist. He was born in Mumbai, India.
Matkari worked as a columnist for newspapers and magazines in the 1970s. He wrote the column "Soneri Savalya" (������ �������) in "Apale Mahanagar" (���� ������) for four years. Matkari's 98 works thus far include 33 plays, 8 collections of his one-act plays, 18 books of his short stories, 3 novels, a book of poems for children, and 14 plays and three collections of plays for children.
In 2013, he directed a movie, "Investment", that was based on his play of the same name.
Matkari died of COVID-19 on 17 May 2020 in Mumbai, aged 81.

= = = Antonio Colomban = = =
Antonio Colomban (5 February 1932 – 18 May 2020) was an Italian football player and coach. He was born in Fasana d'Istria, Italy. He was a midfielder.
Colomban played youth football with Milan and professionally with Messina, Cagliari and Taranto. 
Colomban began his coaching career in 1957. He worked with Messina, Taranto, Torres, Olbia, Gallipoli, Vittoria, Igea Virtus, Gela, and Nissa. He retired in 1993.
Colomban died of a heart attack on 18 May 2020 in Messina, Italy at the age of 88.

= = = Alycia Debnam-Carey = = =
Alycia Jasmin Debnam-Carey (born 20 July 1993) is an Australian actress. She is known for her roles as Commander Lexa on The CW science fiction television series "The 100" (2014–2016) and Alicia Clark on the AMC horror drama television series "Fear the Walking Dead" (2015–present). She was born on 20 July 1993 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Alycia has played percussion for nearly a decade, as well as piano for a shorter while.

= = = Diana Silvers = = =
Diana Margaret Silvers (born November 3, 1997) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role as Hope in the 2019 comedy "Booksmart," and as Maggie in the horror movie "Ma".
In September 2019, it was announced that Silvers was cast as Erin Naird in the Netflix comedy series, "Space Force". 

= = = United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions = = =
The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) is a United States Senate committee that deal with issues about health care, education, labor and pensions. It is known as the HELP committee.

= = = United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works = = =
The United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works is responsible for dealing with issues related to the natural environment.

= = = United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources = = =
The United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources has deals with problems related to energy and nuclear waste policy, territorial policy, native Hawaiian matters, and public lands.
It was originally named Committee on Interior and Insulars Affair. In 1977, it became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and Indian Affairs were removed from its jurisdiction into its own committee.

= = = United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety = = =
The U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety is one of four subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.
The subcommittee was formerly known as the Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety, but was renamed during committee organization of the 110th Congress, after responsibility over global warming issues.

= = = United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Green Jobs and the New Economy = = =
The U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Green Jobs and the New Economy was a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.

= = = United States Senate Environment Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure = = =
The U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure is one of four subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. They deal with issues about public buildings, highways and transportation.

= = = United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Energy = = =
The United States Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy is one of four subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.
Some of the things they deal with include nuclear, coal and synthetic fuels research and development; nuclear and non-nuclear energy projects and oil/gas pipelines.

= = = United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on National Parks = = =
Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks is one of four subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. They deal with issues about the country's national parks. 

= = = United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Water and Power = = =
The United States Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and Power is one of four subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.
This subcommittee's includes oversight and legislative responsibilities for: United States Bureau of Reclamation irrigation and reclamation projects, including related flood control purposes and energy development impacts on water resources; groundwater resources and management.

= = = United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families = = =
The United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families is one of the three subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions.

= = = United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security = = =
The Senate Subcommittee on Primary Health & Retirement Security is one of the three subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Health

= = = Esha Deol = = =
Esha Deol (born 2 November 1981) is an Indian movie actress and model. She is the daughter of actor-politicians Dharmendra and Hema Malini. Deol made her debut in "Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe" (2002). She was born in Mumbai.

= = = Hema Malini = = =
Hema Malini (born 16 October 1948) is an Indian actress, writer, director, producer, dancer and politician. She is known for starring in many Bollywood movies with her husband Dharmendra and with Jeetendra, Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand. She played the "Dream Girl" in the movie of the same name. She has played both comedy and dramatic roles, as well as being a dancer. She was one of the highest paid Indian actresses from 1976 to 1980. During her career, she received eleven nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress
From 2003 to 2009, Malini was elected to the Rajya Sabha as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2014, Malini was elected to the Lok Sabha.She is also honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian honour awarded by the Government of India.

= = = Meena Kumari = = =
Mahjabeen Bano (),
(1 August 1933 – 31 March 1972), better known as Meena Kumari(), was an Indian actress, singer and poet. She starred in classic movies of Hindi Cinema. She is known as the "Cinderella of Indian movies". She was active between 1939 and 1972.
 She was born in Bombay.
She starred in 92 movies with her best being "Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam", "Pakeezah", "Mere Apne", "Aarti", "Baiju Bawra", "Parineeta", "Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai", "Foot Path", "Dil Ek Mandir" and "Kaajal". Her career lasted from 1939 to 1972.
Mumari died on 31 March 1972 at a hospital in Mumbai while in a coma from cirrhosis-related problems, aged 38.

= = = Palencia = = =
Palencia () is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated city of the province of Palencia.
As of 2017, the city has a population of 78,892.

= = = Province of Palencia = = =
Palencia is a province of northern Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of León, Cantabria, Burgos, and Valladolid.
Of the population of 176,125 (2002), 45% live in the capital, Palencia which is located on the Canal de Castilla. There are 191 municipalities in the province.

= = = Province of Burgos = = =
The Province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. 
It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. 
Its capital is the city of Burgos.
The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents having words written in the Spanish language.

= = = Province of Valladolid = = =
Valladolid () is a province of northwest Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It has a population of 526,223 people in a total of 225 cities.
The capital is the city of Valladolid. It is bordered by the provinces of Zamora, León, Palencia, Burgos, Segovia, Ávila, and Salamanca.

= = = Province of Salamanca = = =
Salamanca () is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León (Castilla y León). It is bordered by the provinces of Zamora, Valladolid, Ávila, and Cáceres; it is bordered on the west by Portugal. In 2018, it had a population of 331,473 people. 
It is divided into 362 municipalities, 11 comarcas, 32 mancomunidades and five judicial districts. Of the 362 municipalities, more than half are villages with fewer than 300 people.

= = = Province of Badajoz = = =
The province of Badajoz () is a province of western Spain located in the autonomous community of Extremadura. It was formed in 1833. 
With an area of , it is the largest province in Spain.

= = = Biscay = = =
Biscay (; ; ) is a province of Spain, lying on the south shore of the bay with the same name. The name also refers to a historical territory of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Bilbao.

= = = Province of Ciudad Real = = =
The province of Ciudad Real () is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain.

= = = Province of Cáceres = = =
The province of Cáceres ( , ) is a province of western Spain, and makes up the northern half of the autonomous community of Extremadura. Its capital is the city of Cáceres. 

= = = Province of Cádiz = = =
Cádiz is a province of southern Spain, in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the southernmost part of mainland Spain, as well as the southernmost part of continental Europe. The province is majority Muslim.
Its capital is the city of Cádiz, which has a population of more than 128,000. The largest city is Jerez de la Frontera with 208,896 inhabitants (as of 2010).

= = = Province of Cuenca = = =
Cuenca is one of the five provinces of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha. It is located in the eastern part of this autonomous community and cover over 17.141 square km. It has a population of 203,841 people. Its capital city is Cuenca and the province is made of 238 municipalities.

= = = Gipuzkoa = = =
Gipuzkoa (, , ; ; ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is San Sebastián. 

= = = Province of Girona = = =
Girona (, ) is a province of Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. 
It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida, on the southwest by the province of Barcelona, on the north by France, and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea.
The population of the province in 2016 was 739,607. Its capital and largest city is Girona.

= = = Province of Guadalajara = = =
Guadalajara (; from Arabic "wādi al-ħajāra", "streambed/valley of stones") is a province of central/north-central Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. As of 2013 it had a population of 257,723 people. The population of the province has grown in the last 10 years.

= = = Province of Huelva = = =
Huelva () is a province of southern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by Portugal, the provinces of Badajoz, Seville, and Cádiz, and the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Huelva.
The economy is based on agriculture and mining.

= = = A Hatful of Rain = = =
A Hatful of Rain is a 1957 American drama movie. It was directed by Fred Zinnemann. The movie is based on the play of the same name by Michael V. Gazzo. Actors include Eva Marie Saint, Don Murray, Anthony Franciosa, Lloyd Nolan, Henry Silva, and William Hickey. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1958.

= = = Province of Huesca = = =
Huesca (, ), officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The capital is Huesca.

= = = Province of Jaén (Spain) = = =
Jaén () is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ciudad Real, Albacete, Granada and Córdoba. Its capital is Jaén city.
Its population is 657,387 (2003).

= = = Province of Las Palmas = = =
The Province of Las Palmas (, ; ) is a province of Spain. It is made up of the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands.
In 1927, the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces: Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. 
In 1982, both provinces became part of the newly founded autonomous community of the Canary Islands.

= = = Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife = = =
Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, also Province of Santa Cruz (), is a province of Spain, made up of the western part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. It has the islands of Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro, and La Palma. It occupies an area of .

= = = Province of Lleida = = =
The Province of Lleida (; ; ) is one of the four provinces of Catalonia. It is often popularly known as Ponent (i.e. the West). 
It lies in north-eastern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and is bordered by the Provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Zaragoza and Huesca and the countries of France and Andorra. 

= = = Province of Málaga = = =
The province of Málaga ( ) is located on the southern mediterranean coast of Spain, in Andalusia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz, Seville, Córdoba, and Granada.

= = = Province of Ourense = = =
Ourense (in Spanish, "Orense") is a Spanish province, in the southeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Pontevedra to the west, Lugo to the north, León and Zamora.
"Ourense" (in Galician) is the official name adopted by Parliament in Spain.

= = = Province of Pontevedra = = =
Pontevedra is a province of Spain along the country's Atlantic coast in southwestern Europe. The province forms the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, and Ourense, the country of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. 

= = = Province of Segovia = = =
Segovia () is a province of central/northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the province of Burgos in the north, Soria in the northeast, Guadalajara in the east, Madrid in the south, Ávila in the west and southwest, and Valladolid in the northwest.

= = = Province of Soria = = =
Soria is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Most of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area.
It is bordered by the provinces of La Rioja, Zaragoza, Guadalajara, Segovia, and Burgos. 
Soria is the least populous of all of Spain's provinces, with a density of around 9 inhabitants/km2—one of the lowest in the European Union. 

= = = Province of Zaragoza = = =
Zaragoza (), also called Saragossa in English, is a province of northern Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Aragon. 
Its capital is Zaragoza, which is also the capital of the autonomous community. Other towns in Zaragoza include Calatayud, Borja, La Almunia de Doña Godina, Ejea de los Caballeros and Tarazona.

= = = Province of Tarragona = = =
Tarragona () is a province of the southern part of Catalonia. It is bordered by the provinces of Castelló, Teruel, Saragossa, Lleida and Barcelona and by the Mediterranean Sea.

= = = Province of Teruel = = =
Teruel (Catalan "Terol" ) is a province of Aragon, in the northeast of Spain. The capital is Teruel.
It is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Castellón, Valencia (including its exclave Rincón de Ademuz), Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Zaragoza. 
The area of the province is 14,809 km2. Its population is 134,572 (2018), of whom about a quarter live in the capital, and its population density is 9.36/km2. 
The main language throughout the province is Spanish (with official status), although Catalan is spoken in a northeastern area bordering Catalonia.

= = = Province of Valencia = = =
Valencia () or València () is a province of Spain, in the central part of the autonomous Valencian Community. Of the province's over 2.5 million people (2018), one-third live in the capital, Valencia, which is also the capital of the autonomous community and the 3rd biggest city in Spain.

= = = Province of Zamora = = =
Zamora () is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, León, Valladolid, and Salamanca, and by Portugal.

= = = Albacete = = =
Albacete is a municipality in the Spanish autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, and capital of the province of Albacete.

= = = Almería = = =
Almería (, , ) is a city in Andalusia, Spain, located in the southeast of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, and is the capital of the province of the same name. 

= = = Cáceres, Spain = = =
Cáceres ( , ) is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Extremadura. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Cáceres.

= = = Castellón de la Plana = = =
Castellón de la Plana (), Castelló de la Plana (official) (), or simply Castellón, is the capital city of the province of Castellón, in the Valencian Community (Spain). It is located in the east of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Azahar by the Mediterranean Sea. The mountain range known as Desert de les Palmes rises inland north of the town.

= = = Guadalajara, Spain = = =
Guadalajara (, ) is a city and municipality in Spain, located in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. It is the capital of the Province of Guadalajara.

= = = Huesca = = =
Huesca (; ) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca.

= = = Jaén, Spain = = =
Jaén () is a city in south-central Spain, located in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the capital of the Province of Jaén. 

= = = Ourense = = =
Ourense ( , ; ) is a city and capital of the province located in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It is on the Portuguese Way path of the Road of St James (Camino de Santiago). It's also known as "A cidade das Burgas" (galician) due to its hot springs.

= = = Segovia = = =
Segovia (, , ) is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Segovia.

= = = Soria = = =
Soria () is a municipality and a Spanish city, located on the Douro river in the east of the autonomous community of Castile and León and capital of the province of Soria. Its population is 38,881 (INE, 2017).

= = = Tarragona = = =
Tarragona ( , , , ; Phoenician: "Tarqon"; ) is a port city located in northeast Spain on the Costa Daurada by the Mediterranean Sea. It was founded before the 5th century BC, it is the capital of the Province of Tarragona, and part of Tarragonès and Catalonia. The city has a population of 201,199 (2014).

= = = Tarragonès = = =
Tarragonès is a comarca (county) in Catalonia, Spain. It is one of the three comarques formed in the 1936 comarcal division of Camp de Tarragona. It lies on the Mediterranean coast, between the comarques of Baix Penedès to the northeast and Baix Camp to the south. 
Over 60% of the population live in the capital, Tarragona.

= = = Teruel = = =
Teruel () is a city in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel Province. It has a population of 35,675 in 2014 making it the least populated provincial capital in the country.

= = = Zamora, Spain = = =
Zamora () is a city in Castile and León, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora. It lies on a rocky hill in the northwest, near the frontier with Portugal and crossed by the Duero river.

= = = Bierné-les-Villages = = =
Bierné-les-Villages is a commune of 1,249 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Bierné (the seat), Argenton-Notre-Dame, Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers and Saint-Michel-de-Feins.

= = = Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne = = =
Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 16,776 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Château-Gontier (the seat), Azé and Saint-Fort.

= = = Pré-en-Pail-Saint-Samson = = =
Pré-en-Pail-Saint-Samson is a commune of 2,331 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Pré-en-Pail (the seat) and Saint-Samson.

= = = Gennes-Longuefuye = = =
Gennes-Longuefuye is a commune of 1,327 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Gennes-sur-Glaize (the seat) and Longuefuye.

= = = Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré = = =
Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré was a short-lived commune. It was found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Montsûrs (the seat) and Saint-Céneré. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Deux-Évailles, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.

= = = Bibb County, Georgia = = =
Bibb County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 157,346 people lived there. The county seat is Macon.

= = = Sainte-Suzanne-et-Chammes = = =
Sainte-Suzanne-et-Chammes is a commune of 1,280 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Sainte-Suzanne (the seat) and Chammes.

= = = Aleksandra Kornhauser Frazer = = =
Aleksandra Kornhauser Frazer (26 September 1926 - 17 May 2020) was a Slovenian chemist and environmentalist. She was a Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering and Director at the International Centre for Chemical Studies, of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. In 1988, she was elected as a member of Academia Europaea. 
She was professionally active until the age of 90, when she ended her term as the dean of Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School. She received the Zois Prize for life-time achievements in 1997, the highest prize in the scientific field in Slovenia. She was also an honorary citizen of Ljubljana. 
She died in Ljubljana on 17 May 2020 at the age of 93.

= = = Bleckley County, Georgia = = =
Bleckley County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 12,583 people lived there. The county seat is Cochran.

= = = Brantley County, Georgia = = =
Brantley County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 18,021 people lived there. The county seat is Nahunta.

= = = Brooks County, Georgia = = =
Brooks County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 16,301 people lived there. The county seat is Quitman.

= = = Cochran, Georgia = = =
Cochran is a city in Bleckley County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 5,026. The city is the county seat of Bleckley County.

= = = Nahunta, Georgia = = =
Nahunta is a city in Brantley County, Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Brantley County. It is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,013 at the 2020 census.

= = = Bryan County, Georgia = = =
Bryan County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 44,738 people lived there. The county seat is Pembroke.

= = = Quitman, Georgia = = =
Quitman is a city in and the county seat of Brooks County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,850 at the 2010 census. The Quitman Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

= = = Pembroke, Georgia = = =
Pembroke is a small city in Bryan County, Georgia, United States. The 2020 census found the population to be 2,513. The city is the county seat of Bryan County. Pembroke is about 35 miles west of Savannah, Georgia, and 20 miles south of Statesboro, Georgia.

= = = Bulloch County, Georgia = = =
Bulloch County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 81,099. The county seat is Statesboro.

= = = The Man Who Laughs (1928 movie) = = =
The Man Who Laughs is a 1928 American silent romantic drama movie directed Paul Leni. The movie is based of Victor Hugo's 1869 novel of the same name and stars Mary Philbin as the blind Dea and Conrad Veidt as Gwynplaine. The movie is known for the grim carnival freak-like grin. 
Critic Roger Ebert said, ""The Man Who Laughs" is a melodrama, at times even a swashbuckler, but so steeped in Expressionist gloom that it plays like a horror film."

= = = Butts County, Georgia = = =
Butts County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 25,434 people lived there. The county seat is Jackson. The county was created on December 24, 1825.

= = = Mary Philbin = = =
Mary Loretta Philbin (July 16, 1902 – May 7, 1993) was an American actress. She was best known for playing Christine Daaé in the 1925 movie "The Phantom of the Opera " and as Dea in "The Man Who Laughs".

= = = Lucille Roybal-Allard = = =
Lucille Elsa Roybal-Allard (born June 12, 1941) is an American politician. She is the U.S. Representative for since 1993. She is a member of the Democratic Party. 

= = = Larry Csonka = = =
Larry Richard Csonka (; born December 25, 1946) is an American professional American football fullback. He was honored to both the College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame. 
With the Miami Dolphins he was a member of their perfect season in 1972 and won Super Bowl championships in 1972 and 1973.
He played for the Dolphins from 1968 to 1974 and again in 1979. He also played for the New York Giants from 1976 to 1978.
Csonka was born in Stow, Ohio. He was raised in Akron, Ohio. He studied at Syracuse University.

= = = Stow, Ohio = = =
Stow is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States. The population was 34,483 at the 2020 census. It is located near Akron, Ohio.

= = = Munroe Falls, Ohio = = =
Munroe Falls is a city in the east-central portion of Summit County, Ohio, United States, between Stow and Tallmadge. It is a suburb of Akron and is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 5,044 at the 2020 census.

= = = Silver Lake, Ohio = = =
Silver Lake is a village in Summit County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Akron and is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area. 
The population was 2,516 at the 2020 census. Silver Lake is between, and surrounded by, the cities of Stow and Cuyahoga Falls.

= = = Alex Winter = = =
Alexander Ross Winter (born July 17, 1965) is a British-American actor, movie director, and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as "Bill S. Preston, Esq." in the 1989 movie "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure", its 1991 sequel "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey", and a planned sequel "Bill & Ted Face the Music". 

= = = Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure = = =
Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American science fiction comedy movie directed by Stephen Herek and written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon. It stars Keanu Reeves, Alex Winter, and George Carlin.
"Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" received generally positive reviews, and was a success at the box office.
A sequel, "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" was released in July 1991. A third film, "Bill & Ted Face the Music" is in development and is scheduled to be released in August 2020.

= = = Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey = = =
Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey is a 1991 American science fiction comedy movie. It is the second movie in the "Bill & Ted" franchise, and a sequel to "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" (1989). Keanu Reeves, Alex Winter, Hal Lando and George Carlin return to their roles from the first movie. It also stars William Sadler as Death. It received mixed reviews. 
A sequel, "Bill & Ted Face the Music" is scheduled to be released in August 2020.
Cast.
Progressive rock/metal band Primus appear as themselves during Battle of the Bands, performing "Tommy the Cat". Musician Jim Martin, at the time the lead guitarist of Faith No More, also appears as himself, introduced by Rufus as "Sir James Martin, head of the Faith No More Spiritual and Theological Center." Candace and Lauren Mead portray "Little Bill" Logan and "Little Ted" Preston; with the characters revealed in "Bill & Ted Face the Music" to be girls, whose full names are shown to be Billie Logan and Thea Preston.
Sadler had been drawn to the role of Death as at the time, he had been cast as a serious villain in numerous films, but had wanted to return to doing comedy as he had done earlier in the Broadway production of "Biloxi Blues". Having enjoyed "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure", he thought the idea of Death as a villain in a comedic film would be a good role for him, auditioning via tape using an accent from Czechoslovakian actor Jan Tříska with whom he had co-performed in an earlier stage production. When he was called in to audition in person, they had asked him to come in aged makeup; Sadler contacted Scott Eddo, the makeup supervisor for "Die Hard 2" to make him look authentically old, which Sadler believed helped get him the role, along with the humor he injected into the audition. Sadler said that in the film, nearly everything Death does was written into the script, outside of the same accent that he used from his audition forward.
The name "Station" was the result of a leftover editing typo, according to the movie's writers Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon. They had cut a scene from the script, labeled "INT. POLICE STATION" but had left the "STATION" part dangling, and as they were drunk at the time, found that saying "Station" in a "[tiny] Martian voice" was hilarious, and the name stuck.

= = = St. Thomas’ Hospital = = =
St Thomas' Hospital is a hospital in central London on the river Thames. In 1860 it was used to train nurses as a part of the Nightingale training academy made by Florence Nightingale.
It is now part of the Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, together with Guy's Hospital and King's College Hospital. 

= = = Bill & Ted Face the Music = = =
Bill & Ted Face the Music is a 2020 American science fiction comedy movie. It was directed by Dean Parisot. It was written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon. It is the third movie in the "Bill & Ted" franchise. It is a sequel to "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" (1989) and "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" (1991). It stars Keanu Reeves, Alex Winter, William Sadler, Samara Weaving, Kid Cudi, Jayma Mays, Holland Taylor and Kristen Schaal. It was released on August 28, 2020.

= = = Jurassic World Dominion = = =
Jurassic World: Dominion is an American science fiction adventure movie directed by Colin Trevorrow, who wrote the screenplay with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by Trevorrow and his writing partner, Derek Connolly. 
A sequel to the 2015 and 2018 movies: "Jurassic World" and "", it is the sixth movie in the "Jurassic Park" franchise and the final movie in the "Jurassic World" trilogy. 
It stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, Jake Johnson, Omar Sy, Daniella Pineda, Justice Smith, Isabella Sermon, BD Wong, Mamoudou Athie, DeWanda Wise, Dichen Lachman, and Scott Haze with Campbell Scott.
On March 13, 2020, production was stopped as a safety precaution due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The movie was released on June 10, 2022 by Universal Pictures.

= = = Godzilla vs. Kong = = =
 Godzilla vs. Kong is an 2021 American action-adventure science fiction monster movie directed by Adam Wingard. It is a sequel to ' (2019) and ' (2017) produced by Toho Company Ltd. and Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the fourth film in Legendary's MonsterVerse. It features both King Kong and Godzilla against a new, cybernetic enemy called Mechagodzilla.
The movie is also the 37th and final movie in the "Godzilla" franchise, the 12th and final movie in the "King Kong" franchise, and the fourth "Godzilla" movie to be completely produced by a Hollywood studio.
The movie stars Alexander Skarsgård, Millie Bobby Brown, Rebecca Hall, Brian Tyree Henry, Shun Oguri, Eiza González, Jessica Henwick, Julian Dennison, Kyle Chandler, and Demián Bichir. and the uncredited mo-cap performances and vocalizations of Godzilla played by T.J. Storm, Dee Bradley Baker and Erik Aadahl, Kong and Warbat played by Terry Notary, Eric Petey and Robin Atkin Downes vocalizations the character. the other creatures such as Skullcrawler, Warbat and Hellhawks were done for vocalizations provided by Frank Welker, JD Hall as mo-cap and vocalizations of Mechagodzilla, 
"Godzilla vs. Kong" is scheduled to be released on March 31, 2021, in 2D, 3D, and IMAX later on HBO Max.

= = = Jessica Henwick = = =
Jessica Yu Li Henwick (��; born 30 August 1992) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Nymeria Sand in HBO series "Game of Thrones" (2015–2017), X-wing pilot Jessika Pava in "" (2015) and the character Colleen Wing in "Iron Fist" (2017–2018), "The Defenders" (2017) and the second season of "Luke Cage" (2018). 

= = = Coming 2 America = = =
Coming 2 America is an American comedy movie. It is a sequel to "Coming to America" (1988). The movie is directed by Craig Brewer, from a screenplay by David Sheffield, Barry W. Blaustein, and Kenya Barris. It is based on characters created by Eddie Murphy.
The movie stars Eddie Murphy, Arsenio Hall, Jermaine Fowler, Leslie Jones, Shari Headley, John Amos, Lawal Olatubosun, Wesley Snipes, and James Earl Jones. 
The movie is was released in December 2020 in the United States.

= = = Denis Pronovost = = =
Denis Pronovost (born 3 May 1953) is a Canadian politician. He was a member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1993. He represented the electoral area of Saint-Maurice as a part of the Progressive Conservative Party. Pronovost was born in Grand-Mère, Quebec. He was a journalist there.
Pronovost was elected only one time. This was in the 1988 federal election. When he was elected, he was a part of the Progressive Conservative Party. He was arrested in 1993 by the Quebec Provincial Police. He was found guilty of sexually assaulting young men. After he was charged of the crime, he stopped being a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. He kept his seat in Parliament until the 1993 federal election.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia = = =
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic spread to Slovenia on 4 March 2020, when the first case was confirmed. 
It was transmitted by a tourist traveling from Morocco via Italy, which is the center of the SARS-CoV-2 in Europe. 
On May 15, 2020, Slovenia became the first European nation to declare the end of the COVID-19 epidemic within its territory. However, cases started to rise again in June.

= = = COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania = = =
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Tanzania in March 2020.
On 16 March, the first case in Tanzania was confirmed in Arusha. It was a 46-year-old Tanzanian who had come to Arusha from Belgium.
On 22 March, it was announced that cases had risen to 12.
On 31 March, the first COVID death was recorded, in Dar es Salaam.
Tanzania announced on 8 May that it would stop publishing data on Covid-19 cases and deaths. Since then no new updates have been presented. The death toll was 21 in May, the total number of confirmed cases was 509, and 183 patients had recovered.
The embassy of the United States warned that the risk of contracting Covid-19 in Dar es Salaam was extremely high.

= = = Lantana, Florida = = =
Lantana is a town in Florida in the United States.

= = = Loiron-Ruillé = = =
Loiron-Ruillé is a commune of 2,667 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Loiron (the seat) and Ruillé-le-Gravelais.

= = = La Roche-Neuville = = =
La Roche-Neuville is a commune of 1,167 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Loigné-sur-Mayenne (the seat) and Saint-Sulpice.

= = = Val-du-Maine = = =
Val-du-Maine is a commune of 929 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Ballée (the seat) and Épineux-le-Seguin.

= = = Prée-d'Anjou = = =
Prée-d'Anjou is a commune of 1,421 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2018 and consists of the former communes of Laigné (the seat) and Ampoigné.

= = = Blandouet-Saint Jean = = =
Blandouet-Saint Jean is a commune of 605 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Saint-Jean-sur-Erve (the seat) and Blandouet.

= = = Val de Lambronne = = =
Val de Lambronne is a commune of 185 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Caudeval (the seat) and Gueytes-et-Labastide.

= = = Saint-Papoul = = =
Saint-Papoul is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Sernin, Aude = = =
Saint-Sernin is a commune of 38 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Saissac = = =
Saissac is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Sallèles-d'Aude = = =
Sallèles-d'Aude is a commune of 2,922 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Salles-d'Aude = = =
Salles-d'Aude is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department. This is in the south of France.

= = = Salles-sur-l'Hers = = =
Salles-sur-l'Hers is a commune of 701 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Salvezines = = =
Salvezines is a commune of 77 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Étrembières = = =
Étrembières is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Haute-Savoie department in the southeastern part of France.

= = = Salza = = =
Salza is a commune. It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Seignalens = = =
Seignalens is a commune of 32 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = La Serpent = = =
La Serpent is a commune of 92 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Serres, Aude = = =
Serres is a commune of 65 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Aiguefonde = = =
Aiguefonde is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

= = = Serviès-en-Val = = =
Serviès-en-Val is a commune of 213 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Candler County, Georgia = = =
Candler County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 10,981 people lived there. The county seat is Metter.

= = = Sarlhusen = = =
Sarlhusen is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

= = = Catoosa County, Georgia = = =
Catoosa County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 67,872 people lived there. The county seat is Ringgold.

= = = Charlton County, Georgia = = =
Charlton County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 12,518 people lived there. The county seat is Folkston.

= = = Georgetown, Ohio = = =
Georgetown is a village in Brown County, Ohio, United States. It located about 36 miles southeast of Cincinnati. The population was 4,453 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Brown County. Georgetown was the childhood home of Ulysses S. Grant.

= = = Carrollton, Ohio = = =
Carrollton is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Carroll County.

= = = Wilmington, Ohio = = =
Wilmington is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Clinton County.

= = = Lisbon, Ohio = = =
Lisbon is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Columbiana County.

= = = Millersburg, Ohio = = =
Millersburg is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Holmes County.

= = = Glenmont, Ohio = = =
Glenmont is a village in Ohio in the United States.

= = = Britannia Hospital = = =
Britannia Hospital is a 1982 British science fiction black comedy movie. It was directed by Lindsay Anderson. Actors include Malcolm McDowell, Mark Hamill, Alan Bates, Dave Atkins, Joan Plowright, Robin Askwith, Ronald Culver, Robert Pugh, Kevin Lloyd, Brian Glover, Frank Grimes, Arthur Lowe, and Leonard Rossiter. It is the final part of the trilogy by Lindsay Anderson. It was distributed by EMI Films.

= = = April Love (movie) = = =
April Love is a 1957 American musical movie. It was directed by Henry Levin. The movie is based on the book "Phantom Filly" by George Andrew Chamberlain. Actors include Pat Boone, Shirley Jones, Arthur O'Connell, Dolores Michaels, Matt Crowley, and Jeanette Nolan. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1958.

= = = I Confess = = =
I Confess is a 1953 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The movie is based on the 1902 French play "Nos deux consciences" ("Our Two Consciences") by Paul Anthelme. Actors include Montgomery Clift, Anne Baxter, Karl Malden, Brian Aherne, O. E. Hasse, and Dolly Haas. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

= = = Trey Mancini = = =
Joseph Anthony "Trey" Mancini III (born March 18, 1992) is an American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2016. His nickname Boomer. He was born in Winter Haven, Florida.
On April 28, 2020 Mancini revealed he had stage 3 colon cancer.

= = = Alan Hamel = = =
Alan Hamel (born June 30, 1936) is a Canadian producer, writer, actor and television host. He was born in Toronto. 
Hamel co-hosted the Canadian children's television series "Razzle Dazzle" (1961–64). In the late 1960s he hosted two game shows which aired on all the ABC owned and operated TV stations as well as others: "Wedding Party" (1968) and "Anniversary Game" (1969).
In the late 1970s, he hosted "The Alan Hamel Show", a popular daytime talk show on CTV. 
In 1977, Hamel married actress Suzanne Somers. 

= = = Jefferson, Greene County, Pennsylvania = = =
Jefferson is a borough in Greene County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 253 at the 2020 census. The borough was named after Thomas Jefferson.

= = = Ten North Frederick (movie) = = =
Ten North Frederick is a 1958 American drama movie. It was directed by Philip Dunne. The movie is based on the 1955 book of the same name by John O'Hara. Actors include Gary Cooper, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Tom Tully, Stuart Whitman, Suzy Parker, Ray Stricklyn, and Philip Ober. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Wild in the Country = = =
Wild in the Country is a 1961 American musical drama movie. It was directed by Philip Dunne. The movie is based on the 1958 book "The Lost Country" by J. R. Salamanca. Actors include Elvis Presley, Hope Lange, Tuesday Weld, Millie Perkins, Gary Lockwood, Christina Crawford, and Rafer Johnson. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Cross Creek (movie) = = =
Cross Creek is a 1983 American biographical drama movie. It was directed by Martin Ritt. The movie is based on the 1942 memoir of the same name by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. Actors include Mary Steenburgen, Rip Torn, Peter Coyote, Dana Hill, Alfre Woodard, Malcolm McDowell, Jay O. Saunders, and Toni Hudson. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It did not make very much money in ticket sales. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1984.

= = = Chachoda district = = =
Chachoda district is one of the 55 districts of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Chachoura Vidhan Sabha constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile Madhya Bharat state.
Incumbent MLA from Chachoura is Lakshman Singh from the party Indian National Congress.
Members of Legislative Assembly.
As a constituency of Madhya Bharat state:
As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh state:

= = = Black Bart = = =
Black Bart is a 1948 American western movie. It was directed by George Sherman. Actors include Yvonne De Carlo, Dan Duryea, Jeffrey Lynn, Frank Lovejoy, Percy Kilbride, Russ Conway, and Lloyd Gough. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

= = = Chicken Every Sunday = = =
Chicken Every Sunday is a 1949 American comedy movie. It was directed by George Seaton. The movie is based on the play of the same name by Julius J. Epstein and Philip G. Epstein. Actors include Dan Dailey, Celeste Holm, Colleen Townsend, Natalie Wood, Connie Gilchrist, Roy Roberts, Percy Helton, and Anthony Sydes. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Caught (1949 movie) = = =
Caught is a 1949 American drama movie. It was directed by Max Ophüls. The movie is based on the book "Wild Calendar" by Libbie Block. Actors include Barbara Bel Geddes, James Mason, Robert Ryan, Frank Ferguson, and Curt Bois. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Paco Rabanne = = =
Francisco Rabaneda Cuervo (18 February 1934 – 3 February 2023), better known as Paco Rabanne, was a Spanish fashion designer.
Early life.
At the age of five, he and his mother, a head seamstress at Balenciaga, escaped the Spanish Civil War by fleeing to France. There, he assumed the name Paco Rabanne. By the early 1960s, after training as an architect, he applied his skills towards avant-garde accessory design, proposing unique creations for several haute couture houses.
Career.
He became notorious in the 1960s for creating bizarre yet influential garments made of unusual, nonwoven materials such as plastic and aluminum.
He left the fashion scene in 1999 to devote himself to other activities. His success was not only limited to clothing and costume design, in 1969 he had a smash hit with the metallic 'It' bag, a simple square envelope with a shoulder strap.
In 1999, he announced that at the age of seventeen he had visions of Parisians in flames throwing themselves into the Seine and that after studying other concordant prophecies, he came to the conclusion that the Mir space station was going to crash in France at the time of the solar eclipse of August 11, 1999.

= = = White Heat = = =
White Heat is a 1949 American crime thriller movie. It was directed by Raoul Walsh. The movie is based on the story of the same name by Virginia Kellogg. It stars James Cagey, Virginia Mayo, Edmond O'Brien, Steve Cochran, Margaret Wycherly, and Wally Cassell. It was distributed by Warner Bros. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1950.

= = = Love (1927 movie) = = =
Love is a 1927 American romantic drama movie. It was directed by Edmund Goulding. The movie is based on the script of "Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy. Actors include Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, George Fawcett, Emily Fitzroy, and Jacques Tourneur. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Young Cassidy = = =
Young Cassidy is a 1965 British Irish biographical drama movie. It was directed by Jack Cardiff and John Ford. The movie is based on the life of playwright Seán O'Casey. Actors include Rod Taylor, Maggie Smith, Julie Christie, Michael Redgrave, Edith Evans, and Siân Phillips. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

= = = Mariano Fortuny = = =
Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo (11 May 1871 – 3 May 1949) was a Spanish fashion designer who opened his couture house in 1906 and continued until 1946.
Biography.
In 1897, he met Henriette Negrin in Paris, whom he married a few years later and whose role as a full-fledged collaborator was highlighted in an exhibition at the Musée du Palais Fortuny in Venice.
Mariano Fortuny y Madrazo died in his Venetian palace in 1949 and was buried in the Verano Cemetery in Rome.
Works.
In 1907, Fortuny created her most spectacular dress: the "Delphos Dress" in pleated silk, made famous by the theatrical legends of the time, Isadora Duncan and Sarah Bernhardt. Designed in a revolutionary form, inspired by the clothes of ancient Greece, the long dress was both simple and wide, artistic and functional; the hems were adorned with colored Venetian glass beads, with a decorative but also functional function.
In 2012, the Queen Sofia Spanish Institute in New York City mounted an exhibition of his work. 
His clients include Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe and her daughter Élaine Greffulhe, Eleonora Duse, Ellen Terry and Oona O'Neill.
In Paris, he owned from 1912 a shop 2 bis rue de Marignan, transferred in 1922 67 rue Pierre-Charron. In London, he opened a boutique in 1912 at 29 Maddox Street (en) and Bond Street.

= = = The Jackals = = =
The Jackals is a 1967 South African western movie. It was directed by Robert D. Webb. The movie is a remake of the 1948 movie "Yellow Sky". It stars Vincent Price, Bob Courtney, Patrick Mynhardt, Diana Ivarson, and Robert Gunner. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

= = = Isabella II of Spain = = =
Isabella II (; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), also known as the Queen of Sad Mischance and the Traditional Queen, was queen regnant of Spain from 1833 till 1868 till she was exiled and fled to France where she died. She would be suceeded by her son.
Biography.
Names.
Though her name is often anglicised to "Isabella" this is incorrect. Isabel is recognised as the Spanish for "Elizabeth". And Isabella is a corruption of the name Isabel.

= = = Wilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld = = =
Wilhelm, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (; born 14 August 1933) is the Landgrave "(His Highness)" and current head of one of the two remaining branches of the House of Hesse. He was born in Herleshausen, Hesse-Nassau, Germany. His father was Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld.

= = = Adolfo Nicolás = = =
Adolfo Nicolás Pachón (29 April 1936 – 20 May 2020) was a Spanish priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the thirtieth Superior General of the Society of Jesus from 2008 to 2016. He was born in Villamuriel de Cerrato, Spain.
Nicolás Pachón died on 20 May 2020 at a hospital in Tokyo from a long-illness, aged 84.

= = = Salah Stétié = = =
Salah Stétié () (28 September 1929 – 19 May 2020) was a Lebanese writer, diplomat, translator and poet. He wrote in the French language. He also worked in many diplomatic positions for Lebanon in countries such as Morocco and France. Stetie chose to write in French because he believed that the Arabic language was outdated. He was born in Beirut. 
Stétié died in Paris on 19 May 2020 at the age of 90.

= = = Home (2015 movie) = = =
Home is a 2015 computer animated movie from 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation and was releasd on March 27, 2015 in the United States. It was released a week early in Austraila, Azerbaijan, Colombia, Spain, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Russia and Ukraine on March 19, 2015 and Estonia, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latvia and Norway on March 20, 2015.
After a hive-minded alien race called the Boov conquer the Earth, they relocate the planet's human population—all except for a little girl named Tip (Rihanna), who's managed to hide from the aliens. When Tip meets a fugitive Boov called Oh (Jim Parsons), there's mutual distrust. However, Oh is not like his comrades; he craves friendship and fun. As their distrust fades, the pair set out together to find Tip's mother, but, unbeknown to them, the Gorg—enemies of the Boov—are en route.

= = = Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician) = = =
Robert Clinton Smith (born March 30, 1941) is an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for New Hampshire's 1st congressional district from 1985 to 1990 and the state of New Hampshire in the United States Senate from 1990 to 2003.
Smith unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for President in 2000 election. He later ran as an Independent.
Smith ran for re-election in 2002 but lost the Republican primary to Congressman John E. Sununu, who won the general election. 
After his defeat he moved to Florida and briefly ran for the Senate from there both in 2004 and 2010. However, he dropped out early due to poor polling numbers. 
He later returned to New Hampshire, where he announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2014 Senate election, but lost in the Republican primary by former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Scott Brown.
In 2016, he worked for the presidential campaign of Ted Cruz.

= = = Salisbury, North Carolina = = =
Salisbury is a city in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. It has been the county seat of Rowan County since 1753. The population was 35,540 in the 2020 Census.

= = = Rowan County, North Carolina = = =
Rowan County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its county seat, Salisbury, is the oldest continuously populated town in western North Carolina. Rowan County is located northeast of Charlotte.

= = = Miss Universe 2009 = = =
Miss Universe 2009 was a beauty pageant, the 56th Miss Universe. In it, outgoing Miss Universe Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela crowned eighteen-year-old Stefanía Fernández as Miss Universe 2009.
It was followed by the Miss Universe 2010 pageant, and preceded by the Miss Universe 2008 pageant.
Details.
Date & Venue.
Miss Universe 2009, occurred on August 23, 2008, in Nassau, Bahamas.
Top 4 Contenders.
There were at first 84 contenders, but Jewel Silver withdrew due to dehydration. Thus there were 83 contestants at the final. Ultimately, Stefania Fernandez of Venezuela won, and Ada de la Cruz of the Dominican Republic was the runner-up. Third was Marigona Dragusha of Kosovo. And Rachael Finch, of Australia, finished fourth.
Notes.
Stefanía �s young age.
Stefanía was just eighteen upon the time of her crowning. Since 2009, there has been no Miss Universe younger than her at the time of their crowning.
Crowning by a Compatriot.
Stefanía was from Venezuela, like Dayana Mendoza, making this the first Miss Universe pageant where the Miss Universe was crowned by a compatriot. For this, Stefanía earned a Guiness Record.

= = = McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania = = =
McKees Rocks, also known as "The Rocks", is a borough in Allegheny County, in western Pennsylvania, along the south bank of the Ohio River. The borough population was 5,920 at the 2020 census.

= = = Watkins, Minnesota = = =
Watkins is a city in Meeker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 991 at the 2020 census.

= = = Litchfield, Minnesota = = =
Litchfield is a city in and the county seat of Meeker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 6,624 at the 2020 census.

= = = Midkiff, West Virginia = = =
Midkiff is an unincorporated community in western Lincoln County, West Virginia, United States. Its elevation is 597 feet (182 m). Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 25540.

= = = Lincoln County, West Virginia = = =
Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,463. Its county seat is Hamlin. The county was created in 1867 and named for Abraham Lincoln.

= = = Hamlin, West Virginia = = =
Hamlin, originally named "Hamline," is a town in Lincoln County, West Virginia, United States, along the Mud River. The population was recorded as 1,039 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Lincoln County. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 359,862.

= = = Teays Valley, West Virginia = = =
Teays Valley ( ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States. The place is divided into the two districts of Teays Valley and Scott Depot. The population was 14,350 at the 2020 census.

= = = Putnam County, West Virginia = = =
Putnam County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 57,440. Its county seat is Winfield.

= = = Winfield, West Virginia = = =
Winfield is a town in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 2,393 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Putnam County.

= = = Doland, South Dakota = = =
Doland is a city in eastern Spink County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 199 at the 2020 census.

= = = Gunnar Berge = = =
Gunnar Berge (born 29 August 1940) is a Norwegian politician. He has been a member of the Labour Party.
Berge was born in Etne, Hordaland. 
Berge represented Rogaland in the Norwegian Parliament from 1969 to 1993. He was Minister of Finance from 1986 to 1989, Minister of Local Government and Regional Development from 1992 to 1997.
He was also member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1997 to 2002, as leader from 2000 to 2002.

= = = Berit Reiss-Andersen = = =
Berit Reiss-Andersen (born 11 July 1954) is a Norwegian lawyer, author and politician. She is a member of the Norwegian Labour Party. She is chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee since 2017. She is also a board member of the Nobel Foundation.
Before, she was state secretary for the Minister of Justice and Police from 1996 to 1997 and as President of the Norwegian Bar Association from 2008 to 2012. 

= = = Erin O'Toole = = =
Erin Michael O'Toole (born January 22, 1973) is a Canadian former politician. He was the leader of the Conservative Party and the Leader of the Official Opposition from August 24, 2020 until February 2, 2022. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada representing the electoral area of Durham from 2012 until 2023. 
O'Toole was Minister of Veterans Affairs in 2015. In 2017, O'Toole ran in the 2017 Conservative leadership race to replace Stephen Harper, where he finished third.
From 2017 until 2020, O'Toole was the Official Opposition Critic for Foreign Affairs. 
In January 2020, O'Toole announced his candidacy for the 2020 Conservative leadership election. On August 24, he won the election. He beat Peter MacKay and became the leader of the party.
During the 2021 Canadian federal election, the Conservative Party won 119 seats (the same as in 2019), however still did not win the majority seats needed to form a government. On February 2, 2022, O'Toole was removed as leader in a vote by Conservative MPs. By secret ballot, O'Toole was removed as leader by a margin of 73 votes to 45.

= = = Donn Trenner = = =
Donald "Donn" Trenner (March 10, 1927 – May 16, 2020) was an American jazz pianist and arranger. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut. In the 1960s, Trenner worked as a studio musician, and led "The Steve Allen Show" house band.
From 1966 to 1978, he was married to actress B. J. Ward. From 1990 until her death in 2005, he was married to Marycarmen Jones. They had one daughter.
Trenner died on May 16, 2020 at the age of 93.

= = = Tom Tiffany = = =
Thomas P. Tiffany (born December 30, 1957) is an American businessman and politician. He was the U.S. Representative for Wisconsin's 7th congressional district since 2020. He is a member of the Republican Party.

= = = Andre Drummond = = =
Andre Jamal Drummond (born August 10, 1993) is an American professional basketball player. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) since 2019. He was selected by the Detroit Pistons in the first round of the 2012 NBA draft and played for them until 2019.

= = = Stu Griffing = = =
Stuart Lane "Stu" Griffing (born November 9, 1926) is an American rower. He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1948 he was a crew member of the American boat which won the bronze medal in the coxless fours event.

= = = Sigean = = =
Sigean is a commune of 5,477 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Farmington, Connecticut = = =
Farmington is a town in Hartford County in the Farmington Valley area of central Connecticut in the United States. The population was 26,712 at the 2020 census.

= = = Sonnac-sur-l'Hers = = =
Sonnac-sur-l'Hers is a commune of 135 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.

= = = Glastonbury, Connecticut = = =
Early life and background.
She was born in Turin in December 1685 the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II. Her mother was Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of Henrietta of England. Her birth nearly cost her sixteen-year-old mother her life. Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a close relationship with her grandmother.
Marriage.
She was engaged to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Dauphin of France whom she died not marry till 6 December 1697 despite living at Versailles for a year. She became known in France as Marie Adélaïde de Savoie. She was styled the Duchess of Burgundy till her husband became Dauphin in 1711 at the death of Louis, Grand Dauphin. The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon. In early April 1711, her father-in-law "Le Grand Dauphin" caught smallpox and died in April. Upon the death of "Le Grand Dauphin", Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France. The court went to Fontainebleau where Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which became in measles. She died of measles soon after. Her husband who mourned her greatly died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife. They were bother buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis. Her granddaughter "Marie Adélaïde" was named after her. 

= = = Henrietta of England = = =
Henrietta of England (16 June 1644 (26 June n.s.) – 30 June 1670) was born a Princess of England and Scotland as the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England and his consort Henrietta Maria of France. Fleeing England with her governess aged three, she moved to the court of her first cousin Louis XIV of France. She was known as "Minette". She married Philippe of France, "Monsieur", brother of King Louis XIV, and became known as "Madame" at court. Very popular with the court, Henriette was known for her flirtatious nature which was the cause of various arguments between husband and wife. Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan were part of her household prior to being Louis XIV's mistresses. Henriette was instrumental to the completion of the "Secret Treaty of Dover" prior to her unexpected death in June 1670. The reason for her death has never been conclusively determined; while some argue that it was by poison administered by her husband's lover the Chevalier de Lorraine, historians have also argued that she was felled by a perforated peptic ulcer.
The Jacobite claims to the throne following the death of Henry Benedict Stuart descend from her through her daughter Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia.

= = = John Adams (ice hockey, born 1946) = = =
John Matthew Adams (born July 27, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

= = = Communist Party of the Russian Federation = = =
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Russian: ���������������� ������ ���������� ���������) is a Communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Russia. It is the second largest political party in Russia. The party is often viewed as the successor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
The CPSU was banned in 1991 by then-Russian President Boris Yeltsin after a failed coup attempt. The youth organisation of the party is the Leninist Young Communist League. The party is led by a Central Committee.
The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993. It is founded as the successor of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR).
As of 2015, the party has 160,000 members. The party's goal is to establish a new, modernized form of socialism in Russia. The party wants to nationalize natural resources, agriculture and large industries.
Ideology.
The party believes in Marxism-Leninism and patriotism. The party is known to have extreme patriotism towards Russia. The party is also known to greatly like Joseph Stalin.

= = = Set Fire to the Rain = = =
"Set Fire to the Rain" is the second hit song from Adele's second album "21". It was her third number-one single in the United States. It hit #1 on "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming her third song to do so. It reached number 12 on the year-end chart of 2012 in the US. It has also been certified quadruple-Platinum for shipments of over four million copies in the US.
Music video.
No proper music video was shot for "Set Fire to the Rain" (as well as other singles from "21", "Rumor Has It" and "Turning Tables") as Adele had recently undergone vocal surgery. Instead, a live performance video was uploaded to her Vevo account and has received more than 380 million views as of October 2017.
Credits and personnel.
Credits are taken from "21" liner notes.

= = = Lippelo = = =
Lippelo is a small town in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is a part of the municipality of Sint-Amands. Lippelo had 1173 people as of 01/01/2006.
History.
Lippelo was an independent municipality until 1976. Then, it became, along with Oppuurs, part of the municipality of Sint-Amands.
Geography.
Lippelo has an area of 4,14 km2.

= = = Seattle Thunderbirds = = =
The Seattle Thunderbirds are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1977. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Kent, Washington, south of Seattle, at the ShoWare Center. They were known as the Vancouver Nats from 1971 to 73, the Kamloops Chiefs from 1973 to 77, and the Seattle Breakers from 1977 to 85. 

= = = Twelve Variations on "Ah vous dirai-je, Maman" = = =
Twelve Variations on "Ah vous dirai-je, Maman", K. 265/300e, is a piece of music for piano. It was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1781 or 1782. The variations were first published in Vienna in 1785. The piece consists of twelve variations on the French folk song "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman". The French melody first appeared in 1761. It has been used for many children's songs, such as "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star", "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep" and the "Alphabet Song". Only Variations XI and XII have tempo indications, "Adagio" and "Allegro" respectively.
It was once thought that this piece was composed in 1778 when Mozart was briefly living in Paris. It was assumed that he could only have picked up a French folk song while living in France. Based on this assumption, the piece was re-numbered from K. 265 to K. 300e in the chronological catalogue of Mozart's compositions. Later analysis of Mozart's manuscript indicated 1781/1782 as the probable composition date.

= = = Russian Communist Workers' Party – Revolutionary Party of Communists = = =
The Communist Workers Party of Russia - Revolutionary Party of Communists (RCWP-RPC) (Russian: ���������� ���������������� ������� ������ – ������������� ������ �����������)is a Communist political party in Russia. The party was created in October 2001, wanting to bring Communism and the Soviet Union back.
The RCWP-PRC is run by Viktor Tyulkin.
In the 1999 State Duma Election, the party got 1,481,890 votes overall. As of 2006, the party claims 55,000 members. The party also has no representatives in the State Duma or the Regional Parliaments.

= = = Izhevsk = = =
Izhevsk (Russian: �������) is the capital city of Udmurt Republic in Russia. The population is 628,116 people. From 1984 to 1987, the city's name was Ustinov (in honour of the Minister of Defense of the USSR and the Marshal of the Soviet Union, Dmitry Ustinov).
Economy.
Izhevsk is a major economic center for the Udmurt Republic. Military industry is the most popular type of economy in Izhevsk. Many military companies operate in the city. The companies produce military guns that are popular in Russia and other countries. The companies also are known to produce automobiles. In 2006, the Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez took a tour in the city, and he wanted to purchase many of the popular weapons available.
Cityscape.
Izhevsk Pond.
The Izhevsk Pond is one of the most famous recreational places. It is about 22 km2, and it was artificially made (some parts were even made by hand). The pond was created in the 1760s for the industry.

= = = List of Japan international footballers = = =
This is a list of Japan international footballers – Japanese association football players who have played for the Japan national football team as recorded by the Japan Football Association.
Players.
"Update; December 31, 2020"

= = = François Pierre La Varenne = = =
François Pierre de la Varenne (Burgundy, 1615 – Dijon 1678) was the author of "Le Cuisinier françois" (1651), the founding text of modern French cuisine. 
La Varenne, in the 17th century, broke with the Italian traditions that had revolutionized mediaeval French cookery in the 16th century. La Varenne wrote for professional chefs, and codified French cuisine for the age of Louis XIV. 
The seventeenth century saw French cooking come into the modern era. The heavily spiced flavours of the Middle Ages were abandoned in favour of the natural flavours of French foods. Exotic spices (saffron, cinnamon, cumin, ginger, nutmeg, cardamom, nigella, seeds of paradise) were, with the exception of pepper, replaced by local herbs (parsley, thyme, bayleaf, chervil, sage, tarragon). New vegetables like cauliflower, asparagus, peas, cucumber and artichoke were introduced. Special care was given to the cooking of meat in order to conserve maximum flavour. Vegetables had to be fresh and tender. Fish, with the improvement of transportation, had to be impeccably fresh. Preparation had to respect the taste and visual look of the ingredients instead of masking them as had been done before.
La Varenne introduced the first bisque and Béchamel sauce. He replaced crumbled bread with roux as the base for sauces, and lard with butter. Here one finds the first use of the terms bouquet garni, "fonds de cuisine" (stocks) and reductions, and the use of egg-whites for clarification. It also has the earliest recipe in print for mille-feuille. The cooking of vegetables is discussed, a novelty. In a fragrant sauce for asparagus there is evidence of an early form of hollandaise sauce:
La Varenne had earlier (1650) written a book on "confitures"—jams, jellies and preserves. That included recipes for syrups, compotes and a great variety of fruit drinks, as well as a section on salads.
La Varenne wrote a third book, "Le Pâtissier françois" (Paris 1653), which was the first comprehensive French work on pastry-making. In 1662 was the first of the combined editions that presented all three works together. All the early editions of La Varenne's works—"Le Cuisinier françois" ran through some thirty editions in seventy-five years—are extremely rare; like children's books, they too were worn to pieces, in the kitchen, and simply used up.
Pirated editions of "Le Cuisinier françois" were printed in Amsterdam (1653) and The Hague (1654-56). Soon there were imitators: "Le cuisinier françois méthodique" was published anonymously in Paris, 1660. The English translation, "The French Cook" (London 1653) was the first French cookbook translated into English. It introduced professional terms like "à la mode", "au bleu" (very rare), and "au naturel" which are now standard culinary expressions. Its success can be gauged from the fact that over 250,000 copies were printed in about 250 editions and it remained in print until 1815. 
La Varenne had ten years' experience as "chef de cuisine" to the Marquis d'Uxelles, to whom he dedicated his publications and whom he immortalized in "duxelles", finely-minced mushrooms seasoned with herbs and shallots, which is still a favourite flavouring for fish and vegetables. 
"Le Cuisinier françois" was reprinted in 1983, published by Editions Montalba with a comprehensive introductory essay.

= = = École des technologies numériques appliquées = = =
The École des technologies numériques appliquées (ETNA) is a French private graduate school in information technology and computer science. It was made in 2005 and is in Ivry-sur-Seine.
The school has two courses, software development and computer network/security, and delivers a degree recognized by French State. It teaches with a dual education system.

= = = Handel's Largo = = =
"Handel's Largo" is the popular title for an aria composed by George Frideric Handel. He wrote it in 1738 for the opera "Serse" (). The opera was a failure. It closed after only five performances. One hundred years later though the aria was resurrected. It became a big hit. It was performed at solemn occasions such as funerals and weddings. It was arranged for all sorts of instruments and voices. It is known by many people as "Ombra mai fu" because those words are the first words of the aria. The title is Italian and means "Never was a shade". The aria is sung by the main character, Xerxes I of Persia. He is admiring the shade of a tree. The original tempo is larghetto (a little slow and solemn). The aria is short. It is only 52 bars long. It lasts about four minutes. In the opera, a string section accompanies the singer. These strings are first and second violins, viola, and basses. The key signature is F major. The time signature is 4/4 time. 

= = = Water Music (Handel) = = =
The Water Music is a group of pieces for Baroque orchestra. The pieces were composed by George Frideric Handel. The "Water Music" is made up of three suites. These suites include minuets, hornpipes, bourrées, and other dances. In total, there are three suites (F major, D major, G major), made up of 22 individual pieces. 
Legend says the three suites were first played on a trip taken by King George I of Great Britain up the Thames to Chelsea or Lambeth on 17 July 1717. The King had known Handel for a long time. For some reason though, he was angry with Handel. The "Water Music" was Handel's way of appeasing the King. Fifty musicians floated alongside the King's barge playing the suites. The King was so pleased he ordered "Water Music" played three times.
Another legend has it that he played it for a party King George was having. It says he hired Handel to write a piece of music for him and his royal friends to listen to while sailing in the water; thus the name Water Music.
All the instruments in the Baroque orchestra were included in the composition, except the harpsichord and timpani. It would have been difficult to bring these instruments aboard a barge. The instruments in a complete performance are a flute, two recorders, two oboes, one bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, strings, and continuo.

= = = Yoshio Fujiwara = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
After graduating from Mikage Higher Normal School, Fujiwara played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka and Shumpei Inoue were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Fujiwara was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. But Japan lost this match (1-2). This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match".
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Naoemon Shimizu = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Shimizu was born in Hiroshima Prefecture. He played for his local club Rijo Shukyu-Dan. He won 1924 and 1925 Emperor's Cup with international players Shizuo Miyama and Sachi Kagawa.
In May 1923, Shimizu was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he played and scored a goal against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1923.
After retirement, Shimizu kept a kimono shop in Hiroshima. However, on August 6, 1945, he (aged 44) died with his wife (aged 38) (Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).
Statistics.
!Total||2||1

= = = Ryuzo Shimizu = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Shimizu was born on September 30, 1902. After graduating from Tokyo Aoyama Normal School, he played for Tokyo Shukyu-Dan which was founded by his alma mater school graduates.
In May 1923, Shimizu was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines and scored a goal in the 5th minute. However, Japan was lost at the end. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match" and this goal is Japan team first goal in International A Match. Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1923.
Statistics.
!Total||2||1

= = = Fukusaburo Harada = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Harada played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater Meisei Commercial High School graduates with many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka, Yoshio Fujiwara and Shumpei Inoue.
In May 1923, Harada was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1923. He was also selected Japan for 1925 Far Eastern Championship Games, but he did not compete, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Yanosuke Watanabe.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Usaburo Hidaka = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hidaka played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater Meisei Commercial High School graduates and many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka, Yoshio Fujiwara and Shumpei Inoue were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Hidaka was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1923.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Shizuo Miyama = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Miyama was born in Hiroshima Prefecture. After graduating from Keio University, he played for his local club Rijo Shukyu-Dan. He won the 1924 and 1925 Emperor's Cup with international players Naoemon Shimizu and Sachi Kagawa.
In May 1923, Miyama was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1923.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Toshio Hirabayashi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
After graduating from Kobe Higher Commercial School, Hirabayashi played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka, Yoshio Fujiwara and Shumpei Inoue were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Hirabayashi was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1923.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Setsu Sawagata = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sawagata played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Kikuzo Kisaka, Yoshio Fujiwara and Shumpei Inoue were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Sawagata was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1923.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Kikuzo Kisaka = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
After graduating from Kobe Higher Commercial School, Kisaka played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Yoshio Fujiwara and Shumpei Inoue were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Kisaka was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". Next day, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (1-2, v Philippines and 1-5, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1923.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Shumpei Inoue = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
After graduating from Mikage Higher Normal School, Inoue played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka and Yoshio Fujiwara were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Inoue was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 24, he debuted against Republic of China. But Japan lost the matches (1-5).
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Shiro Azumi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
After graduating from Meisei Commercial High School, Azumi played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater high school graduates and many Japan national team players Kiyoo Kanda, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka, Yoshio Fujiwara, Shumpei Inoue, Yoshimatsu Oyama, Toshio Miyaji, Uichiro Hatta, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Azumi was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". He also played at 1925 Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. He played 3 games for Japan until 1925. But Japan lost in both matches.
Statistics.
!Total||||0

= = = Kiyoo Kanda = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kanda played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater Meisei Commercial High School graduates and many Japan national team players Shiro Azumi, Fukusaburo Harada, Usaburo Hidaka, Toshio Hirabayashi, Setsu Sawagata, Kikuzo Kisaka, Yoshio Fujiwara, Shumpei Inoue, Yoshimatsu Oyama, Toshio Miyaji, Uichiro Hatta, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1923, Kanda was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Osaka. At this competition, on May 23, he debuted against Philippines. This match is Japan team first match in "International A Match". He also played at 1925 Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. He played 4 games for Japan until 1925. But Japan lost in both matches.
Kanda died on May 9, 1970.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Yanosuke Watanabe = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1925, when Watanabe was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Yoshimatsu Oyama = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, Oyama played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Toshio Miyaji, Uichiro Hatta, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1925, Oyama was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Toshio Miyaji = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Miyaji played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Yoshimatsu Oyama, Uichiro Hatta, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1925, Miyaji was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Uichiro Hatta = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hatta was born in Osaka on September 10, 1903. He played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater high school graduates and many Japan national team players Yoshimatsu Oyama, Toshio Miyaji, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1925, Hatta was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
After retirement, Hatta entered Tokyo Imperial University and studied law. He graduated from university in 1930 and he became a judge. He worked at Tokyo District Court and so on.
April 20, 1989, Hatta died of heart failure in Fujisawa at the age of 85.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Hifuyo Uchida = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1925, when Uchida was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Alcina = = =
Alcina is an opera seria with music by George Frideric Handel. The libretto was written by Riccardo Broschi. The opera is based on an episode in Ludovico Ariosto's "Orlando furioso", an epic poem set in the time of Charlemagne's wars against Islam. Handel composed several little ballets in the opera for the famous dancer Marie Sallé.
"Alcina" was first performed on 16 April 1735 at Covent Garden in London. It was revived in Germany in 1738. It was not performed again until 1928.
Joan Sutherland sang the role for her debut in Venice in 1960. She sang it again the same year in Dallas. She sang it at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1962. Renée Fleming sang the role in Chicago in 1999.
Story.
Alcina is a sorceress. She changes people into stones, trees, and animals. Bradamente lands on Alcina's island looking for her fiancé Ruggiero. He has been enchanted by Alcina. He is in love with her.
Bradamente has a magic ring that allows her to break spells. She intends to use it to free Alcina's victims. She lets Ruggiero wear it. He sees at once that Alcina is a cruel enchantress and that her island is a desert.
Alcina is truly in love with Ruggiero. Her magic powers slip away. Bradamente and Ruggiero destroy an urn that is the source of Alcina's power. Alcina's world disappears. Her victims become humans again.

= = = Jiro Miyake = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1925, when Miyake was a Kansai University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
After graduating from Kansai University, Miyake joined Asahi Shimbun in 1926.
On November 30, 1984, Miyake died of pneumonia at the age of 83.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Sachi Kagawa = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kagawa was born in Hiroshima Prefecture. He played for his local club Rijo Shukyu-Dan. He won 1924 and 1925 Emperor's Cup with international players Naoemon Shimizu and Shizuo Miyama.
In May 1925, Kagawa was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Masao Takada = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Takada played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates.
In May 1925, when Takada was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Masuzo Madono = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1925, when Madono was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Sakae Takahashi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Takahashi played for Osaka SC which many Japan national team players Yoshimatsu Oyama, Toshio Miyaji, Uichiro Hatta and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
In May 1925, Takahashi was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 20, he debuted against Republic of China. But Japan lost in this match (0-2).
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Kiyonosuke Marutani = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Marutani played for Osaka SC which was founded by his alma mater Meisei Commercial High School graduates and many Japan national team players Yoshimatsu Oyama, Toshio Miyaji, Uichiro Hatta and Sakae Takahashi were playing in those days.
In May 1925, Marutani was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 20, he debuted against Republic of China. But Japan lost in this match (0-2).
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Kinjiro Shimizu = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1925, when Shimizu was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 20, he debuted against Republic of China. But Japan lost in this match (0-2).
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Shojiro Sugimura = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. He is sometimes known as Shojiro Nomura (�� ���).
Biography.
Sugimura was born in Osaka on April 4, 1905. He played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates. At the club, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Haruo Arima, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Nagayasu Honda, Ko Takamoro and Michiyo Taki.
In August 1927, when Sugimura was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China.
After retirement, Sugimura joined Japan Football Association and served as a director. He also worked Ministry of Education, Science and Culture and taught as professor at Sophia University.
On January 15, 1975, Sugimura died of myocardial infarction in Bunkyo, Tokyo at the age of 69.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Junji Nishikawa = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nishikawa was born on June 29, 1907. In August 1927, when he was a Hosei University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Daigoro Kondo = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kondo was born in Tokyo Metropolis on June 1, 1907. He played for Tokyo Imperial University LB which was consisted of his alma mater Tokyo Imperial University players and graduates.
In August 1927, when Kondo was a Mito High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University, Kondo retired and became a doctor. He served as a professor of Tokyo Women's Medical University and so on.
On February 9, 1991, Kondo died of intracranial hemorrhage in Yokosuka at the age of 83.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Ko Takamoro = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Takamoro was born in Saitama on November 9, 1907. He played for Saitama Shukyu-Dan and Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates. At Waseda WMW, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Haruo Arima, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Shojiro Sugimura, Nagayasu Honda and Michiyo Taki. He won the 1928 Emperor's Cup.
In August 1927, when Takamoro was a Waseda University Senior High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
After retirement, Takamoro worked at Asahi Shimbun from 1936 to 1962.
Takamoro died on March 26, 1995 at the age of 87.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Haruo Arima = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Arima played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates. At the club, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Shojiro Sugimura, Nagayasu Honda, Ko Takamoro and Michiyo Taki.
In August 1927, Arima was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Tamotsu Asakura = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In August 1927, when Asakura was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Shigeru Takahashi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In August 1927, when Takahashi was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He played 2 games for Japan in 1927.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Michiyo Taki = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In August 1927, when Taki was a Waseda University High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 29, he debuted against Philippines and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team's first victory in "International A Match".
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Tameo Ide = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ide was born in Shizuoka on November 27, 1908. He played Tokyo OB Club. He won 1933 Emperor's Cup with Shiro Teshima and Teiichi Matsumaru at the club.
In May 1930, when Ide was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted against Philippines.
Ide died on August 17, 1998 at the age of 89.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Nagayasu Honda = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Honda played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates. At the club, he played with many Japan national team players Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Haruo Arima, Misao Tamai, Tamotsu Asakura, Shigeru Takahashi, Shojiro Sugimura, Ko Takamoro, Michiyo Taki and Tameo Ide. He won 1928 Emperor's Cup at the club.
In August 1927, when Honda was a Waseda University Senior High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines, and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He also played at 1930 Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. He played 4 games for Japan until 1930.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Yasuo Haruyama = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Haruyama was born in Tokyo Metropolis on April 4, 1906. He played for Tokyo Imperial University LB which was consisted of his alma mater Tokyo Imperial University players and graduates.
In August 1927, when Haruyama was a Mito High School student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Shanghai. At this competition, on August 27, he debuted against Republic of China. On August 29, he also played against Philippines, and Japan won this match. This is Japan national team first victory in "International A Match". He also played at 1930 Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. He played 4 games for Japan until 1930.
After retirement, Haruyama joined Nikkan Sports in 1946.
On June 17, 1987, Haruyama died of a bleeding of gastrointestinal tract in Toshima, Tokyo at the age of 81.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Shiro Teshima = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Teshima was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on February 26, 1907. He played for Tokyo OB Club and won the 1933 Emperor's Cup with Shigemaru Takenokoshi and Teiichi Matsumaru.
In May 1930, when Teshima was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted and scored a goal against Philippines. On May 29, he also played and scored a goal against Republic of China. He played 2 games and scored 2 goals for Japan in 1930.
After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University, Teshima retired playing career and joined Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In 1940, he joined Tanabe Pharmaceutical and helps develop the club.
Teshima died on November 6, 1982 at the age of 75. In 2008, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Statistics.
!Total||2||2

= = = Teruo Abe = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Abe played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He played with many Japan national team players Yukio Goto, Hideo Sakai and so on.
In May 1934, Abe was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. On May 15, he also played against Philippines. He played 2 games for Japan in 1934.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Shiro Misaki = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1934, when Misaki was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games for Japan in 1934.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Hideo Sakai = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sakai was born in Osaka Prefecture on June 10, 1909. He played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He won 1929 and 1930 Emperor's Cup with Yukio Goto and so on at the club.
In May 1934, Sakai was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games for Japan in 1934.
On June 3, 1996, Sakai died of a pneumonia in Nishinomiya at the age of 86.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Klein-Brabant = = =
Klein-Brabant is a Flemish region in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
The region got a lot of attention during and after the broadcasting of the Eén series "Stille Waters". Also the yearly "Dodentocht" and the "Schelde Internationale Muziekstroom-route" contribute to the image of the region.
The region includes the municipalities of Sint-Amands, Bornem and Puurs. There is also a police zone which is named "Politiezone Klein-Brabant".

= = = Takashi Kawanishi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1934, when Kawanishi was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games for Japan in 1934.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Shunichi Kumai = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1934, when Kumai was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. He played 2 games for Japan in 1934.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Takeshi Natori = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
In May 1934, when Natori was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 20, he debuted and scored a goal against Republic of China.
Statistics.
!Total||1||1

= = = Lee Yoo-hyung = = =
Lee Yoo-Hyung (January 21, 1911 - January 29, 2003) was a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Japan national team in 1940.
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Takashi Kasahara = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kasahara was born on March 26, 1918. He played for Keio University. He won the 1937 Emperor's Cup. He also played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates. He won the 1939 and 1940 Emperor's Cup at the club with Yukio Tsuda, Hirokazu Ninomiya and Saburo Shinosaki. 1940 Emperor's Cup was the last Emperor's Cup before the war because Emperor's Cup was suspended for World War II from 1941 to 1945.
On June 16, 1940, when Kasahara was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match. This match was the first match since 1936 Summer Olympics and the only match in the 1940s in Japan's "International A Match" due to World War II.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Saburo Shinosaki = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Shinosaki played for Keio University. He won the 1937 Emperor's Cup. He also played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates. He won the 1939 and 1940 Emperor's Cup at the club with Yukio Tsuda, Hirokazu Ninomiya and Takashi Kasahara. 1940 Emperor's Cup was the last Emperor's Cup before the war because Emperor's Cup was suspended for World War II from 1941 to 1945.
On June 16, 1940, when Shinosaki was a Keio University student, he debuted for Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match. This match was the first match since 1936 Summer Olympics and the only match in the 1940s in Japan's "International A Match" due to World War II.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Kazu Naoki = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Naoki was born on March 23, 1918. On June 16, 1940, when he was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Philippines and Japan won the match. This match was the first match since 1936 Summer Olympics and the only match in the 1940s in Japan's "International A Match" due to World War II. Naoki died in an accident immediately after World War II.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Yozo Aoki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Aoki was born on April 10, 1929. He played for Chiyoda Life.
On January 5, 1955, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = South India = = =
South India is often used to refer to the states and territories in the southern part of the Republic of India. In general, one of the following is meant:
Its a diverse region with many cultures and people

= = = Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties = = =
The , also known as the Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties or as Nabunken, is a semi-governmental entity which focuses on the preservation of Japan's cultural heritage of objects, artworks and writings.
"Nabunken" is an Independent Administrative Institution (IAI).
History.
"Nabunken" was established in 1972. It's work is divided into departments with different interests, including
In 2001, the Nara Institute and the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo merged.
In 2007, the Research Institutes were merged with the Tokyo National Museum, the Kyoto National Museum, the Nara National Museum and the Kyushu National Museum.

= = = Still Got It = = =
"Still Got It" is a song by Tyga featuring Drake, from Tyga's album "". The song debuted at number 89 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on the week ending October 29, 2011.

= = = Barkerville, British Columbia = = =
Barkerville is a ghost town in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The peak population of Barkerville was 5,000. Barkerville is classified as a historic town. The Chinese were also a major part in the history of Barkerville as they built most of the businesses, cabins and both provided social services and resolved disputes within the Chinese community without having to use BC courts.
The town was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1924.

= = = Chōshō = = =
 was a after "Tenshō" and before "Hōen." This period started in August 1132 and ended in November 1135. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the "Chōshō" Era.
This era was known as a time of famine.

= = = Chōkan = = =
 was a after "Ōhō" and before "Eiman." This period started in March 1163 and ended in June 1165. The reigning emperors were and .

= = = Sup'Internet = = =
Sup'Internet is a French private graduate school. It teaches things to do with the Internet. It was founded in 2011. It is in Paris.
The school has three courses, graphic design, internet management and web technologies and delivers a Bachelor's degree. It is one of the two schools in France (the other one is the "École européenne des métiers de l'Internet") entirely meant for teaching things about the Internet.

= = = Eiman = = =
 was a after "Chōkan" and before "Nin'an." This period started in June 1165 and ended in August 1166. The reigning emperor was .

= = = Le Kremlin-Bicêtre = = =
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre is a town and commune in the southern suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. About 26,018 people lived there in 2006.
Education.
The computer science schools EPITA, École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and Web@cademie are located at Le Kremlin-Bicêtre. The schools E-Artsup, Coding Academy and IONIS School of Technology and Management are also located in the commune.

= = = Nin'an = = =
, also known as Ninnan, was a after "Eiman" and before "Kaō." This period started in August 1166 ended in April 1169. The reigning emperors were and .

= = = Villejuif = = =
Villejuif is a town and commune in the southest suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. About 53,240 people lived there in 2008.
Education.
The biotechnology engineering school Sup'Biotech is located at Villejuif. A campus of the computer science schools EPITA and École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies is also located in the commune.

= = = Kaō (era) = = =
 was a after "Nin'an" and before "Jōan." This period started in April 1169 ended in April 1171. The reigning emperor was .

= = = Exception handling = = =
In computing, an exception is a special situation where the program cannot do things the way it usually would and is forced to do something else instead. One layer of the system uses an exception to give another layer information about special states the system is currently in. The different layers of software or hardware have contracts, that tell what can be expected; this is generally known as Programming by Contract. In the context of exception handling, a program is said to be exception-safe, if exceptions that occur will not produce side-effects (such as memory leaks), will not change stored data so that it becomes unreadable, or generate output that is invalid. There are different levels of exception safety:
Usually, a programmer will try to "catch" the exception early so that problems don't get worse over time.
Example.
Suppose a program tries to add something to an "array", or group of "objects" that doesn't exist. This is called a "null reference". Look at the following code from the Java programming language:
class SomeProgram {
 int[] SomeArray = null; // This array of numbers doesn't exist
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 System.out.println("The 1st number in the array is " + SomeArray[0] + "."); // This will throw an exception because it refers to an imaginary array
This code throws what programmers call a "null-pointer exception". This is fixed by adding "codice_1" in front of the code that might throw the exception, like is done with the code shown below:
class AnotherProgram {
 int[] SomeArray = null; // This array of numbers doesn't exist
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 try {
 System.out.println("The 1st number in the array is " + SomeArray[0] + "."); // This will throw an exception because it 
 // refers to an imaginary array
 catch (NullPointerException e) { // This is how you catch a null-pointer exception
 System.err.println("Sorry. I could not find the first number in the array."); // This creates an error message
 e.printStackTrace(); // This tells you where to look for bugs in your program

= = = Giulio Cesare = = =
Giulio Cesare in Egitto () is an opera in three acts with music by George Frideric Handel. The Italian libretto was written by Nicola Francesco Haym. It was based on an earlier libretto written by Giacomo Francesco Bussani. The opera was written for the Royal Academy of Music. 
The opera was first performed in London on 20 February 1724. It was a success. It was performed again in 1725, 1730, and 1732. It was also performed in France and Germany. 
"Giulio Cesare" was not performed in the 19th century. Many people had forgotten all about it. It was not until 1922 that the opera was performed again. Since then, it has been performed around the world. It is Handel's best opera. It is known simply as Giulio Cesare.

= = = Microsoft InfoPath = = =
Microsoft InfoPath is a piece of software that Microsoft sells. InfoPath is used to create computer-ized versions of documents people have to fill out. 
InfoPath has two main parts: an 'editor' interface, used to make and design forms, and a 'form-filling' interface, used to fill out forms that have been made in InfoPath. For example, if someone had to fill out a timesheet on a regular basis, they could use InfoPath's editor to replicate the timesheet form. Every time they had to fill out the timesheet, they could open the form they made in InfoPath, fill it out using InfoPath's form-fill interface, and then save it as a file for archival and print it out if they ever needed to.
Forms that have been made in InfoPath can be put on SharePoint websites. Forms can also be amended with XPath, Basic, or C# computer code to do mathematics or read from and write to databases.

= = = Jōan (era) = = =
 was a after "Kaō" and before "Angen." This period started in April 1171 and ended in July 1175. The reigning emperor was .

= = = Angen = = =
 was a after "Jōan" and before "Jishō." This period started in July 1175 and ended in August 1177. The reigning emperor was .

= = = Lana Clarkson = = =
Lana Jean Clarkson (5 April 1963 – 3 February 2003) was an American actress and model. She starred in many movies dealing with fantasy, drama and adventure.
Early life.
She was born in Long Beach, California and grew up in Napa County, California. 
Murder.
On February 3, 2003, Clarkson was shot in the mouth at Alhambra, California mansion of music producer Phil Spector. In the early morning, she met Spector while working at the House of Blues. Both left the House of Blues later in Spector's limousine and drove to his mansion. Spector and Clarkson went inside while his driver waited outside in the car. About an hour later, the driver heard a gunshot before Spector exited his house through the back door with a gun. He was quoted as saying, according to affidavits, "I think I just shot her." 
In 2009, Spector was convicted of murdering Clarkson.

= = = Tan (color) = = =
Tan is a color that is a pale tone of brown or green tone of orange.
The first written use of "tan" as a color name in English was in the year 1590.
The name comes from "tannum", (oak bark) used in the tanning of leather.

= = = Hoax = = =
The word hoax refers to something that is not true and was created on purpose. For example, a person makes up false accusations about being victimized by other people, or an article may make things up that cause people to believe as though they are true when they are not.
Hoaxes come in all types of forms: for example, April Fools' Day tricks that are shown in a time related to April 1, then shown to be a hoax later.

= = = Daigaku-ryō = = =
 was the Imperial university of Japan from the 7th century until the end of the 19th century.
For five centuries, the "Daigaku-ryō" was near the Suzaku Mon at southern boundary of the Imperial enclosure.
History.
In 701, the "Daigaku-ryō" became part of the .
Prince Yamabe was head of the "Daigaku-ryō" in 766 ("Tenpyō-jingo 2").
On May 27, 1177 ("Angen 3, 28th day, 4th month"), a fire destroyed the building of the "Daigaku-ryō".
Organization.
The was responsible for the examination of students and for festivals which honor Confucius.
Other members of the staff of "Daigaku-ryō' included: 

= = = Parrotfish = = =
Parrotfishes are a group of marine fishes that live in shallow tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. Previously considered to form the large family of wrasses, these fish are now thought to belong to their own family. 
Their numbers are largest in the Indo-Pacific region where they are found in and around coral reefs and seagrass beds. They play an important and significant role in bioerosion. There are about 95 species of parrotfish living today. Parrotfish are very colorful. Their name comes from the parrot-like beak formed by their teeth. The buccal cavity (cheek) of the parrotfish secretes the 'sleeping sack' that the fish sleeps in overnight. It is a semi-translucent sack which completely surrounds the parrot fish. In the morning the sack is discarded. During the day you will see them on the seabed floor.
The mucus.
Some parrotfish species, including the queen parrotfish ("Scarus vetula"), secrete a mucus cocoon, particularly at night.

= = = Jishō = = =
 was a after "Angen" and before "Yōwa." This period started in August 1177 and ended in July 1181. The reigning emperors were and .

= = = Ariodante = = =
Ariodante is an opera seria in three acts with music by George Frideric Handel. The libretto was based on parts of Ludovico Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso". Handel put some ballet music in the opera for the famous dancer Marie Sallé. 
The opera was first performed in the Covent Garden Theatre, London, on 8 January 1735. It opened Handel's first season at Covent Garden. It was a great success. It was performed 11 times during its premiere season. 
It eventually was forgotten. The score was published in the early 1960s. In the 1970s, the work was revived. It is thought to be one of Handel's best operas.
Story.
Ginevra is engaged to Ariodante. Polinesso is in love with her. He uses Dalinda to trick Ariodante. She tells Ariodante that Ginevra is Polinesso's lover. The King disowns Ginevra. Ariodante is reported to have killed himself. Polinesso then sends his agents to kill Dalinda because she was the only witness to his plot. Ariodante is alive. He drives off the assassins. Polinesso eants to win the King’s favour. He offers to defend Ginevra's honour in a tournament. He is wounded by Lurcanio. Ariodante has learned about Polinesso’s plot from Dalinda. He now appears. He offers himself as Ginevra’s champion. Polinesso confesses his guilt and dies. Ginevra is pardoned by the King.

= = = The Phantom of the Opera (1925 movie) = = =
The Phantom of the Opera (1925) is a silent horror movie. It is based on a novel of the same name by Gaston Leroux. The movie was directed by Rupert Julian. It stars Lon Chaney as the Phantom and Mary Philbin as his love, Christine. The movie is famous for Chaney's horrific, self-applied make-up.
Plot.
The story is about a disfigured man named Erik who haunts the Paris Opera. He wants the managers to make the woman he loves, named Christine, a star. In order to do this, he terrorizes everyone by doing things such as dropping a chandelier and wearing a scary disguise in the middle of a large party. When he learns that Christine is in love with a man named Raoul, he kidnaps her. Raoul eventually rescues her, and a group of angry people chase the Phantom until he falls into the Seine river.
Critical reception and legacy.
The movie was a great success. The critics liked it. Executives at Universal Pictures were pleased. They put a string of horror movies into production. These movies included Bela Lugosi's "Dracula" and Boris Karloff's "Frankenstein". "Phantom" was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
Two major versions of the film survive today. The original film (today) comes from bad quality "show at home" film prints which are entirely black and white. The more common version is a 1929 silent version using different takes and camera angles. The 1929 silent version exists because of a lost 1929 sound version in which new scenes were shot in sound.

= = = Hanwha Eagles = = =
Hanwha Eagles () is one of ten Korean professional baseball teams. The Hanwha Eagles use Han bat stadium () and Cheong Ju stadium () as their home stadia. The Hanwha Eagles won the Korean Series Champions title in 1999.

= = = Gidget = = =
Gidget is a 1959 American romantic comedy teen movie about living in California. It is about a teenage girl who goes surfing. She has a romance with a young surfer.
The movie stars Sandra Dee, Cliff Robertson, and pop singer James Darren. The movie was based on a novel by Frederick Kohner titled "Gidget, the Little Girl with Big Ideas". The movie was directed by Paul Wendkos.
Legacy.
"Gidget" was the first beach party" movie. It was followed by two sequel movies, various television series, several made-for-TV movies, and the parody "Psycho Beach Party".
"Gidget" is credited by numerous sources, including a documentary movie by Stacy Peralta, as being the single main influence to bring surfing and the surfing subculture into the American mainstream.
The movie received a 1960 Golden Laurel Award nomination for Top Female Comedy Performance for actress Sandra Dee.

= = = E-Artsup = = =
E-Artsup is a French private graduate school. It teaches things to do with digital creativity and multimedia. It was founded in 2001.
The school has four courses, communication, concept, motion design, interaction design and game design, and delivers a degree recognized by French State.

= = = Sekiji Sasano = = =
 was a Japanese football player.
Biography.
Sasano played for Waseda University. He won 1938 Emperor's Cup with Shogo Kamo, Sei Fuwa, Kunitaka Sueoka, Hidetoki Takahashi and so on. He also played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates.
In 1936, Sasano was selected the Japan national team for 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but he did not play in the match. At this competition, Japan completed a come-from-behind victory first game against Sweden. The first victory in Olympics for the Japan and the historic victory over one of the powerhouses became later known as "Miracle of Berlin" () in Japan. In 2016, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

= = = Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action = = =
 (ISEFAC) is a French private business school. It was founded in 2000.
The school has two courses, communication and business/marketing., and delivers a degree recognized by French State.

= = = Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring = = =
"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" is a popular piece of choral music. It was composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the 10th movement of the cantata "Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben". It was written during Bach's first year in Leipzig, Germany. Bach did not compose the melody. That was written by Johann Schop. Bach only harmonized and orchestrated Schop's melody. A transcription of "Jesu" was made by the English pianist Myra Hess (1890–1965), It was published in 1926 for piano solo. In 1934 the Hess version was adapted for piano duet. British organist Peter Hurford made a transcription of "Jesu" for organ. Today, Bach's piece is often performed at weddings and funerals. Bach wrote the piece for voices with trumpet, oboes, strings, and continuo. "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" is one of Bach's most enduring pieces of music.

= = = Puzzle Pirates = = =
Yohoho! Puzzle Pirates is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game. It is developed by Three Rings Design. In this game, the player plays a role of a pirate. The player sails the ocean, plays different puzzles and earn PoE (Pieces of Eights).
Anyone over 13 years of age can play "Puzzle Pirates". Pirates can join a crew, which in turn joins a flag. The flags forms alliances and blockade islands. 
The game encourages players to use pirate-themed words like "Ahoy", "Yarr!", "Shiver me Timbers", etc. As of December 2008, there are 4 million pirates registered to the game. On August 31, 2011, the game was made free-to-play on Steam.

= = = Sonny Bono = = =
Sonny Bono (February 16, 1935 – January 5, 1998) was a recording artist, a producer, singer-songwriter, actor and politician. He was married to Cher between 1964 and 1975, during which time they formed the duo Sonny & Cher. Together, they had numerous hit records and singles. They had several children, including Chastity Bono (who would later be renamed Chaz Bono). Sonny was killed in a skiing accident.
Film.
Bono appeared in the films such as "Airplane II: The Sequel" (1982) and "Troll" (1986).

= = = Ghatkopar = = =
Ghatkopar is a suburb in Mumbai. It comes under the 'N-Ward' of Mumbai municipality.
Post offices.
There are four postal codes connected to Ghatkopar.
The post office of Ghatkopar East is in Rajawadi. The post procedure v I for Ghatkopar West is near the Railway Station.mr

= = = Prime Minister of India = = =
The Prime minister of India () is the chief executive officer of the Government of India. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the union government and chairs the Council of Ministers. It is the third highest office of political authority in the Republic of India. The current prime minister is Narendra Modi, who has held the premiership since 2014.
The prime minister is appointed by the president of India; however the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected every five years, lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be a member of the Lok Sabha or of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister unilaterally controls the selection and dismissal of members of the Council of Minister; and allocation of posts to members within the government. The council, which is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per , assists the president regarding the operations under the latter's powers; however, by the virtue of of the Constitution, such 'aid and advice' tendered by the council is binding. The prime minister ranks third in the Indian order of precedence.
The longest-serving prime minister was Jawaharlal Nehru, also the first prime minister, whose rule lasted 16 years and 286 days. His premiership was followed by Lal Bahadur Shastri's short tenure and Indira Gandhi's 11- and 4-year-long tenures, both politicians belonging to the Indian National Congress. After Indira Gandhi's assassination, her son Rajiv took charge until 1989, when a decade with six unstable governments began. This was followed by the full terms of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Manmohan Singh, and Narendra Modi. Modi is the 14th and current prime minister of India, serving since 26 May 2014.
Origins and history.
India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding head of the government and chief of the executive of the government. In such systems, the head of state, or, the head of state's official representative (i.e., the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a purely ceremonial position and acts—on most matters—only on the advice of the prime minister.
The prime minister—if they are not already—must become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure. A prime minister is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the parliament.
History.
1947–1984.
Since 1947, there have been 14 different prime ministers. The first few decades after 1947 saw the Indian National Congress' (INC) almost complete domination over the political map of India. India's first prime minister—Jawaharlal Nehru—took oath on 15 August 1947. Nehru went on to serve as prime minister for 17 consecutive years, winning four general elections in the process. His tenure ended in May 1964, on his death. After the death of Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri—a former home minister and a leader of the Congress party—ascended to the position of prime minister. Shastri's tenure saw the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Shashtri subsequently died of a reported heart attack in Tashkent, after signing the Tashkent Declaration.
After Shastri, Indira Gandhi—Nehru's daughter—was elected as the country's first woman prime minister. Indira's first term in office lasted 11 years, in which she took steps such as nationalisation of banks; end of allowances and political posts, which were received by members of the royal families of the erstwhile princely states of British India. In addition, events such as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; the establishment of a sovereign Bangladesh; accession of Sikkim to India, through a referendum in 1975; and India's first nuclear test in Pokhran occurred during Indira's first term. In 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed—on Indira's advice—imposed a state of emergency, therefore, bestowing the government with the power to rule by decree, the period is known for human right violations.
After widespread protests, the emergency was lifted in 1977, and a general election was to be held.
All of the political parties of the opposition—after the conclusion of the emergency—fought together against the Congress, under the umbrella of the Janata Party, in the general election of 1977, and were successful in defeating the Congress. Subsequently, Morarji Desai—a former deputy prime minister—became the first non-Congress prime minister of India. The government of prime minister Desai was composed of groups with opposite ideologies, in which unity and co-ordination were difficult to maintain. Ultimately, after two and a half years as PM; on 28 July 1979, Morarji tendered his resignation to the president; and his government fell. Thereafter, Charan Singh—a deputy prime minister in Desai's cabinet—with outside, conditional support from Congress, proved a majority in Lok Sabha and took oath as prime minister. However, Congress pulled its support shortly after, and Singh had to resign; he had a tenure of 5 months, the shortest in the history of the office. In 1980 Indian general election, after a three-year absence, the Congress returned to power with an absolute majority. Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister a second time. During her second tenure, Operation Blue Star—an Indian Army operation inside the Golden Temple, the most sacred site in Sikhism—was conducted, resulting in reportedly thousands of deaths. Subsequently, on 31 October 1984, Gandhi was shot dead by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh—two of her bodyguards—in the garden of her residence at 1, Safdarjung Road, New Delhi.
1984–1999.
After Indira, Rajiv—her eldest son and 40 years old at the time—was sworn in on the evening of 31 October 1984, becoming the youngest person ever to hold the office of prime minister. Rajiv immediately called for a general election. In the subsequent general election, the Congress secured an absolute majority, winning 401 of 552 seats in the Lok Sabha, the maximum number received by any party in the history of India. Vishwanath Pratap Singh—first finance minister and then later defence minister in Gandhi's cabinet—uncovered irregularities, in what became known as the Bofors scandal, during his stint at the Ministry of Defence; Singh was subsequently expelled from Congress and formed the Janata Dal and—with the help of several anti-Congress parties—also formed the National Front, a coalition of many political parties.
In the general election of 1989, the National Front—with outside support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Left Front—came to power. V. P. Singh was elected prime minister. During a tenure of less than a year, Singh and his government accepted the Mandal Commission's recommendations. Singh's tenure came to an end after he ordered the arrest of BJP member Lal Krishna Advani, as a result, BJP withdrew its outside support to the government, V. P. Singh lost the subsequent vote-of-no-confidence 146–320 and had to resign. After V. P. Singh's resignation, Chandra Shekhar along with 64 members of parliament (MPs) floated the Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya), and proved a majority in the Lok Sabha with support from Congress. But Shekhar's premiership did not last long, Congress proceeded to withdraw its support; Shekhar's government fell as a result, and new elections were announced.
In the general election of 1991, Congress—under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao—formed a minority government; Rao became the first PM of South Indian origin. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, India was on the brink of bankruptcy, so, Rao took steps to liberalise the economy, and appointed Manmohan Singh—an economist and a former governor of the Reserve Bank of India—as finance minister. Rao and Singh then took various steps to liberalise the economy, these resulted in an unprecedented economic growth in India. His premiership, however, was also a witness to the demolition of the Babri Masjid, which resulted in the death of about 2,000 people. Rao, however, did complete five continuous years in office, becoming the first prime minister outside of the Nehru—Gandhi family to do so.
After the end of Rao's tenure in May 1996, the nation saw four prime ministers in a span of three years, "", two tenures of Atal Bihari Vajpayee; one tenure of H. D. Deve Gowda from 1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997; and one tenure of I. K. Gujral from 21 April 1997 to 19 March 1998. The government of Prime Minister Vajpayee—elected in 1998—took some concrete steps. In May 1998—after a month in power—the government announced the conduct of five underground nuclear explosions in Pokhran. In response to these tests, many western countries, including the United States, imposed economic sanctions on India, but, due to the support received from Russia, France, the Gulf countries and some other nations, the sanctions—were largely—not considered successful. A few months later in response to the Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests. Given the deteriorating situation between the two countries, the governments tried to improve bilateral relations. In February 1999, the India and Pakistan signed the Lahore Declaration, in which the two countries announced their intention to annul mutual enmity, increase trade and use their nuclear capabilities for peaceful purposes. In May 1999, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam withdrew from the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) coalition; Vajpayee's government, hence, became a caretaker one after losing a motion-of-no-confidence 269–270, this coincided with the Kargil War with Pakistan. In the subsequent October 1999 general election, the BJP-led NDA and its affiliated parties secured a comfortable majority in the Lok Sabha, winning 299 of 543 seats in the lower house.
Role and power of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is responsible in aiding the President in his/her work relating to the government. The Prime Minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament.
Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the Prime Minister himself. The Prime Minister is usually always in-charge/head of:
The Prime Minister also represents the country in various international meetings, conferences and organizations.
Selection process.
Eligibility.
A Prime Minister must be:
Oath.
Oath of office:
Oath of secrecy:
Living former prime ministers.
As of 8 June 2022, there are two living former prime ministers of India:

= = = Over the Rainbow = = =
"Over the Rainbow" is a song from the movie "The Wizard of Oz". It was composed by Harold Arlen and the lyrics were written by E.Y. Harburg. Judy Garland sang the song in the movie. Over time it would become her signature song. The song won an Academy Award. The song is also known as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow".
About five minutes into the movie, Judy Garland (as Dorothy Gale) sings "Over the Rainbow". She is trying to get her aunt and uncle to listen to her story about an incident involving her dog, Toto. Dorothy's Aunt Em tells her to "find yourself a place where you won't get into any trouble". Dorothy walks off with Toto. She says to the dog, "Someplace where there isn't any trouble. Do you suppose there is such a place, Toto? There must be. It's not a place you can get to by a boat, or a train. It's far, far away. Behind the moon, beyond the rain." She begins to sing the song.
MGM executives thought the song "slowed down the picture". They said it did not sound like a song a little girl would sing in a barnyard. They wanted to cut it from the movie. Other people wanted the song to be kept in the movie. The executives changed their minds and the song was kept.
"Over the Rainbow" was going to be sung again by Garland in the scene where she is locked in the witch's room and watches the hourglass. She weeps through the song, and ends with "I'm frightened, Auntie Em! I'm frightened!". The song was cut from the scene. The "I'm frightened" cry was kept in the movie.
The song is number one on the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. The American Film Institute has ranked "Over the Rainbow" as the greatest movie song of all time on the list of "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs". American troops in Europe in World War II adopted the song as a symbol of the United States. Garland performed the song for American troops as part of a 1943 command performance.
Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (1959–1997) recorded a version of "Over the Rainbow" in 1988. It was released in 1993.

= = = Runaway (movie) = = =
Runaway is a science fiction and action movie released near Christmas 1984, starring Kirstie Alley and Tom Selleck. Alley plays former lover for a villain named Luther. Selleck plays a police officer whose son is eventually kidnapped by the villain. The movie tells of complex technology gone wrong when permitted to dominate the lives of everybody. Also acting in the movie is Gene Simmons from KISS. The movie was planned as a major science fiction draw, although it was overshadowed by a low budget movie called "The Terminator", which was directed by then-not well known James Cameron.

= = = Orphans of the Storm = = =
Orphans of the Storm is a 1921 silent movie. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It stars sisters Dorothy and Lillian Gish. The movie is about two sisters (one blind) who are separated during the turmoil of the French Revolution. They are reunited after much tribulation.
Griffith used historical events to comment on contemporary events. In this case, he used the French Revolution to comment upon the rise of Bolshevism. The movie is about class conflict. It speaks for inter-class understanding and against destructive hatred. This was the last Griffith movie to star the Gish sisters. It is often thought to be Griffith's last big moneymaker. The movie is a remake of the lost "The Two Orphans" (1915) starring Theda Bara.

= = = The Terminator = = =
The Terminator is an American action-science fiction movie. It is set in Los Angeles, California and stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Biehn, and Linda Hamilton. This movie was directed by James Cameron and was released on October 26, 1984 in the United States by Orion Pictures. Its budget was $6.4 million and it grossed $78.3 million at the box office.
It was followed by sequels ', ', "Terminator Salvation", "Terminator Genisys" and "".
Plot.
In 1984 Los Angeles, a cyborg assassin known as a Terminator arrives from 2029 and steals guns and clothes. Shortly afterwards, Kyle Reese, a human soldier, also arrives. He steals clothes from a homeless man and evades the police. The Terminator begins systematically killing women named Sarah Connor, whose addresses he finds in the telephone directory. He tracks the third Sarah Connor to a nightclub, but Kyle rescues her. The two steal a car and escape with the Terminator pursuing them in a police car.
As they hide in a parking lot, Kyle explains to Sarah that an artificial intelligence defense network, known as Skynet, will become self-aware in the near future and initiate a nuclear holocaust. Sarah's future son John will rally the survivors and lead a resistance movement against Skynet and its army of machines. With the Resistance on the verge of victory, Skynet sent a Terminator back in time to kill Sarah before John is born, to prevent the formation of the Resistance. The Terminator is an efficient killing machine with a powerful metal endoskeleton and an external layer of living tissue that makes him appear human.
Kyle and Sarah are apprehended by the police after another encounter with the Terminator. Criminal psychologist Dr. Silberman concludes that Kyle is paranoid and delusional. The Terminator repairs his body and attacks the police station, killing many police officers in his attempt to locate Sarah. Kyle and Sarah escape and take refuge in a motel, where they assemble pipe bombs and plan their next move. Kyle admits that he has been in love with Sarah since John gave him a photograph of her, and they have sex.
The Terminator discovers their location, and they attempt to escape in a pickup truck. In the ensuing chase, Kyle is wounded by gunfire while throwing pipe bombs at the Terminator. Enraged‚ Sarah knocks the Terminator off his motorcycle but loses control of the truck, which flips over. The Terminator hijacks a tank truck and attempts to run down Sarah, but Kyle slides a pipe bomb onto the tanker, causing an explosion that burns the flesh from the Terminator's exoskeleton. It pursues them to a factory, where Kyle activates machinery to confuse the Terminator. He jams his final pipe bomb into the Terminator's abdomen, blowing the Terminator apart, injuring Sarah, and killing Kyle. The damaged Terminator reactivates and grabs Sarah. She breaks free and lures it into a hydraulic press, crushing it.
Months later, a pregnant Sarah is traveling through Mexico, recording audio tapes to pass on to her unborn son, John. She debates whether to tell him that Kyle is his father. At a gas station, a boy takes a Polaroid photograph of her which she purchases—the same photograph that John will eventually give to Kyle.

= = = Little House in the Big Woods = = =
Little House in the Big Woods is a children's novel. It was written by Laura Ingalls Wilder. It was published in 1932. It is the first book in Wilder's Little House series. The book and the series are based on Wilder's memories of growing up near Pepin, Wisconsin in the 19th century. 

= = = Kuroshio, Kōchi = = =
 is a Japanese town in Kōchi Prefecture on the Pacific coastline of the island of Shikoku.
History.
In 2006, the towns of Ōgata and Saga joined together to become the new town, Kuroshio.

= = = Moutiers-au-Perche = = =
Moutiers-au-Perche is a commune in the Orne département, lower Normandy. This is a village in the province of Perche. There are 525 people. The surface is . The altitude is . 
It was a monastery created by Saint Laurent in the sixth century.
There is a Château de Guilbault built at the time of the Directoire. There is a park with an old bridge also.
There is a Roman style church of Notre-Dame-Du-Mont-Harou with a mural painting and a wooden statue.

= = = Gacé = = =
Gacé is a commune. It is in the region of Normandy in the Orne department in the northwest of France. There are 2,192 people living there in 2012. It was at first, a Gallic city named "*Vassiākon". The Castle of Gacé was built in the 11th century. The English captured the castle in 1417.
The city had important economic activity in the beginning of 19th century. It's a industrial and agricultural town.
There is the Museum of Lady of the Camellias.

= = = Fontenai-Les-Louvets = = =
Fontenai-les-Louvets is a former commune of Orne in lower Normandy, France. There are 205 people living there. it covers . On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune L'Orée-d'Écouves.

= = = Mortrée = = =
Mortrée is a village in Normandy, in the Orne department. It covers . It is at above sea level. There are 1042 people living there in 2012.
The famous Normand family named "d'O" lived here. It became famous in the first crusade. The Marquis d'O (died in 1594) was finance minister and he was the favourite of Henry III of France.
On 1 January 2019, the former commune Saint-Hilaire-la-Gérard was merged into Mortrée.
Historic Sites.
There is a church "Saints-Pierre-et-Paul" () and another one called "Méhéran". 
The Chateau d'Ô is also there.The chateau d'Ô is made up of two parts joined by a gallery. The entrance building that shows a Gothic flamboyant style, was built at the beginning of the 16th century.It is very unique because of the distinguished mix of stones and bricks on these small towers.There are sculptures on the entrance front. The gallery was built at the same time from Italian inspiration. The west building, was finished in the 17th century.
References.
Gérard Bourdin, Jean-Marie Foubert, Jean-Pascal Foucher. (2012) L'Orne, des territoires, une histoire. Alençon : Conseil général de l'Orne.

= = = Carrouges = = =
Carrouges is a commune in the French "departement" of the Orne. There are 787 peoples living there in 2012.
The town is well-known because of its castle built in the 16th century, with red bricks. Many expositions and other activities are organized. There is a 19th-century church. Hunting and fishing are the favourite activities of the inhabitants.

= = = Kavadikaranoor = = =
Kavadikaranoor (; also spelt as Kavadikaranur) is a village in Salem district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the largest village in Thangayur panchayat. The village is spread over an area of 12.35 km2. The economy of the village revolves around agriculture, truck and heavy truck transports.
Kavadikaranoor has an average elevation of . It is at the east basin of the hill called "Sooriya malai" (Mountain of Sun). This mountain doesn't have any plants due to its rocky and unusual properties. The research done geologists shows it consists of rare radioactive minerals. A number of stone quarrying companies have been here for more than 30 years. A lake is located in the north-eastern part of the village and irrigation spreads to nearby areas.
Vishnu is the god worshipped most in the village. The main temple is Sri Paali Perumal. Main festival seasons are October and April. On the 4th Saturday of each month more than 20,000 thousand people worship here from various parts of the district.
The people are mostly Gounders. Other minority peoples are also present in small numbers. All the people are peacefully co-existing and living in harmony. It has a population of 1812 as of the 2001 India census. Males constitute 70% of the population and females 63% and an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%.

= = = Sport in Japan = = =
Sports in Japan are a part of Japanese culture. Japan has many traditional sports such as sumo, judo, karate, and kendo. Also, there are sports which were imported from the West such as baseball, soccer, golf and skiing. Sports are popular with both participants and onlookers.
History.
Some traditional sports like "yabusame" have ancient histories.
In the Meiji period, sports which were imported from the West became popular.
Another popular spectator sport is professional wrestling, locally known as "puroresu" (����). While the sport was known in Japan before World War II, it did not become widely popular until the rise of Rikidōzan, considered the "father" of puroresu, in the 1950s. While similar to professional wrestling in the rest of the world in that winners are decided before the match, puroresu has become a unique style. Most match storylines play up the wrestlers' "fighting spirit". Also, because many Japanese wrestlers have martial arts backgrounds, most strikes during matches make full contact. Puroresu also enjoys close ties to mixed martial arts, with some companies often holding wrestling matches and MMA fights in the same event; because of this, both wrestlers and fans treat puroresu as a combat sport.
At first, Western sports were valued as a form of mental discipline, but they have become recreational activities.
Notable athletes, sports clubs, sports schools and training clinics played an important part in spreading sports in Japan.
In Japan, sports groups are an important part of school life. The time spent in these groups allows students to adjust to Japan's vertical society. For example, in sports, players learn to use "keigo" (formal, polite speech), respect and traditions.
Olympic games.
The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War. These games were later cancelled because of World War II.
Japan did host the Olympic games four times.
Other websites.
The Japanese translation of this book is available at: https://la84.org/wp-content/uploads/LA84WaterPolo_J-1.pdf

= = = Spencer Fox = = =
Spencer Fox (born May 10, 1993) is an American musician, singer and actor. He is best known as the voice of Dash Parr in "The Incredibles" and was the original voice of Mudbud in "Air Buddies". He is also the guitarist and vocalist of the power pop band Charly Bliss.

= = = Tucker Albrizzi = = =
Tucker Albrizzi (born February 25, 2000) is an American actor, voice artist and comedian. He is best known for his current role as Tyler on "Big Time Rush" and Jake on "Good Luck Charlie". He is also the new voice of Budderball in the "Air Buddies" series.

= = = Yōwa = = =
 was a after "Jishō" and before "Juei." This period started in July 1181 and ended in May 1182. The reigning emperor was .

= = = Siamese cat = = =
The 'Siamese' is a breed of cat from Thailand. It is a well-known cat, especially for its blue eyes and brown face, ears, tail and paws, although not all of them look like this. In Thailand, it is a native breed, and they are called "Wichian Mat" (), which means "moon diamond". There are two different types of Siamese Cat, the Traditional or Thai Siamese, and the Modern Siamese.
Appearance.
The fur on all Siamese cats has the same sort of pattern, known as point coloration. This is when an animal has a pale body and a dark face, ears, feet and tail.
Traditional Siamese.
The Traditional Siamese has a few features that are the same as the Modern Siamese, like the colour pattern and the short fur, but it is different because of its head and body shape. It has long legs, and is thin and is graceful. It has a wedge shaped head and muzzle, and round cheeks. The ears are large and high. The eyes are between medium and large, and have the shape of an almond.
Modern Siamese.
The body of a Modern Siamese is flexible and well-muscled. Its head is in the shape of a triangle, with a thin snout-like muzzle. Their eyes are also almond shaped, and their ears are tall and sit more on the side of the head than the Traditional Siamese. It's neck and tail are long and thin.
Behaviour.
Siamese cats, both Traditional and Modern, are usually very friendly and loving cats, and will enjoy spending time with you, although this depends on the cat. They are known to bond to one person. They are also very smart, more so than some other cats. Some Siamese cats enjoy 'talking', which has been said to sound like a human baby, and always enjoy attention. Siamese cats love to play and run around as if they were kittens all their life.
Unlike most cats, they are less active at night, and prefer to sleep through it. This might be because their eyes lack something called tapetum lucidum, which allows cats to see better in the dark. Unlike many other blue-eyed cats, Siamese cats can still hear well. Cats that are white with blue eyes are often deaf.

= = = Kanpyō (era) = = =
, also romanized as Kampyō was a after "Ninna" and before "Shōtai." This period started in April 889 and ended in April 898. The reigning emperors were and .

= = = Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner = = =
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (13 December 1780 in Hof – 24 March 1849 in Jena) was a German chemist. He is best known for the development of the so-called Döbereiner's lamp. This is one of the first lighters.
Döbereiner was a professor for chemistry, pharmacy and technology at the university of Jena. He was a friend of the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
He also studied oxidations of chemical elements. In 1832, he could oxidate formula_1 (sulfur dioxide) to formula_2 (sulfur trioxide).

= = = Khabab = = =
Khabab (, Syriac: ������, ) is a town in southern Syria. It is about 57 kilometres (about 36 miles) south of Damascus and about the same distance away from the city of Daraa.

= = = The Birth of a Nation = = =
The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 silent drama movie. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It was based on the book "The Clansman" by Thomas Dixon, Jr. It stars Lillian Gish. 
The movie is about two families during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. The Northern Stoneman family is pro-Union. The Southern Cameron family is pro-Confederacy. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized. It is a white supremacist and antisemitic film.
The movie was a great success. It was very controversial though. It showed African-American men (played by white actors in blackface) as stupid and sexually aggressive towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force. There were protests. The movie was banned in several cities. The outcry of racism was great. Screenings were often followed by riots and attacks.
The movie is also credited in part with the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan the same year. "The Birth of a Nation" was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK. In 1915, it was the first movie to be shown at the White House, by Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

= = = Micula (surname) = = =
Micula (, "Mîḵulāh") is a surname of Ashkenazi Jewish origin. It is most popular in Eastern Europe.
The name dates back to the 11th century, many Jews moved to East Europe to avoid persecution. In some countries the name is written as "Mikula", because of the Slavic influence.
People with the surname "Micula" can be found in Poland, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Israel, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Ukraine and Moldova.

= = = Wayne Knight = = =
Wayne Eliot Knight (born August 7, 1955) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Newman in the television series "Seinfeld". Knight is from New York City. Knight is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
Personal life.
Knight was married twice. He was first married to make-up artist Paula Sutor, they married on May 26, 1996. They remained married until they divorced in mid 2003. Knight married his second wife Clare de Chenu on October 15, 2006; together the couple have a son.

= = = Lose Control (Let Me Down) = = =
"Lose Control (Let Me Down)" is a song by Keri Hilson and Nelly. The song contains two parts: the first three minutes and thirty-three seconds being "Lose Control", featuring a rap from Nelly, and the last one minute and thirty-two seconds being "Let Me Down", a solo song by Hilson. "Lose Control" was produced by StarGate. The producer for "Let Me Down" is unknown. The song was only available as a radio single.

= = = The Sheik (movie) = = =
The Sheik is a 1921 silent movie. It was directed by George Melford. It stars Rudolph Valentino. The movie was based on the book "The Sheik" by Edith Maude Hull. The movie is about a British lady who is captured by an Arab chieftain (a sheik). She is held in his camp, and grows to love him. "The Sheik" made Valentino a superstar. Reviews were mixed. Some critics liked the movie. Some did not. Women loved it. Most men did not like it. They either walked out or stayed away.
Story.
Lady Diana Mayo is headstrong and independent. Against her brother's advice, she plans a trip into the desert with only native guides. That night Diana sneaks into an 'Arabs Only' casino wearing a dancer's costume. The Sheik is there. He discovers she is white. He is amused, but sends her away. He learns that she is taking a trip into the desert the next day. He sneaks into her room and tampers with the bullets in her revolver. Later, the Sheik and his men find Diana riding alone. She tries to flee while shooting at the Sheik. He easily captures her. He takes her to his camp. He orders her about. He tells her she will learn to love him. He wants to raping her, but decides against it.
The Sheik receives a visit from his friend, Raoul St. Hubert. Raoul befriends Diana. He chides the Sheik for treating her roughly. Diana gradually warms to the Sheik. She is allowed to go into the desert with his servant. She escapes. She sees a caravan. It belongs to the bandit Omair. The Sheik and his men reach her just in time. The Sheik is in love with Diana. He allows her to ride out again with his servant. She writes "I love you" in the sand. Omair captures her.
The Sheik gathers his men to attack Omair's camp. Omair tries to rape Diana. The Sheik and his men rush in. The Sheik kills Omair, but he is injured. Diana discovers that the Sheik is not an Arab. His father was British and his mother Spanish. They died in the desert. Their child was raised by the old Sheik. When the old man died, the Sheik returned to rule the tribe. The Sheik recovers from his injury. Diana confesses her love.
Reception.
Reviews were mixed. Many critics felt the toned-down rape scene ruined the original message. It was a great success with audiences however. Attendance records were broken. One newspaper estimated that 125,000 people had seen the movie in its first weeks. Producer Lasky declared the last week of November 1921 'The Sheik Week'. He had the movie open in 250 theatres across the United States on 20 November. The movie ran for six months in Sydney, Australia. It ran for 42 weeks in one theatre in France. It was the first Valentino movie to show in his native Italy. Within the first year, "The Sheik" made more than $1 million. The film cost $200,000 to make.
Female moviegoers loved Valentino. Male moviegoers loathed him. Men refused to see the movie. If they did, they laughed at the love scenes. Men walked out during the movie. They felt threatened by Valentino's style of lovemaking. Many called him effeminate for the long robes he wore in the movie. Dick Dorgan harshly criticized Valetino in the magazine "Photoplay". He thought Valentino was too pretty for a male. He even wrote a song about Valentino called "A Song of Hate!"

= = = List of lakes of Australia = = =
There are not many natural freshwater lakes in Australia. This is because there was not a lot of glacial or tectonic activity in Australia.
Types.
their are six main types of lake in Australia:
A list of the notable lakes in Australia includes:

= = = A Daughter of the Congo = = =
A Daughter of the Congo is a 1930 silent movie. It is a race movie. It was completely produced by blacks and intended for a black audience. It was written, directed, and produced by Oscar Micheaux. The movie is based on Henry Francis Downing's novel "The American Cavalryman" (1917). "A Daughter of the Congo" is presumed to be a lost film.
The movie stars Katherine Noisette as Lupelta, a mixed race Congolese girl. She is abducted by Arab slave traders. She is rescued by an African American military battalion. She is taken to a mission school. She becomes acquainted with Western-style civilization. She never completely loses touch with the tribal customs and influences that shaped her early years.
"A Daughter of the Congo" was Micheaux's last silent movie. Silent movies were considered to have little money-making value in 1930. Micheaux released the movie as a “talking, singing, dancing picture”. It only contained a single short sound sequence that included a performance of the song “That Gets It”.
Theophilus Lewis of the "Amsterdam News" wrote a harsh review: "The scene is laid in a not so mythical republic in Africa. Half of the characters wear European clothes and are supposed to be civilized, while the other half wear their birthday suits and some feathers and are supposed to be savages. All the noble characters are high yellows; all the ignoble ones are black. It is based on a false assumption that has no connection with the realities of life."

= = = Oscar Micheaux = = =
Oscar Devereaux Micheaux (2 January 1884 – 25 March 1951) was an American writer, movie director and independent producer of more than 44 movies. He is regarded as the first major African-American moviemaker, and the most successful African-American moviemaker of the first half of the twentieth century. Micheaux was the most prominent producer of race movies. He produced both silent movies and "talkies".
Biography.
Early years.
Micheaux was born to former slaves on January 2, 1884, in Metropolis, Illinois. He passed most of his early years in Great Bend, Kansas. He moved to Chicago when he was 17. He worked as a Pullman porter (railroad baggage handler). In 1906, he bought land in South Dakota. He homesteaded among white neighbors for eight years.
He began to write stories. In 1913, he self-published his first novel, "The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer". In 1915, he had money troubles and lost his land. He moved to Sioux City, Iowa where he ran his own publishing company. In 1917, he rewrote "The Conquest" and published it as "The Homesteader". He sold the book door-to-door in small towns.
Moviemaking.
An African American movie company wanted to make a movie of "The Homesteader". The company however did not want Micheaux to direct it. They would not agree to a budget that met his expectations. The deal was dropped.
Micheaux then turned his publishing company into the Micheaux Film and Book Company. He sold stock in the company to raise money for his own movie of "The Homesteader", and shooting began. It was the first feature-length movie made by an African American. It was released in Chicago in 1919, and was a great success.
Micheaux's second movie was "Within Our Gates". This was his response to D. W. Griffith's "Birth of a Nation". Griffith's movie was about the Ku Klux Klan. It was one of the most popular movies of the day. The movie challenged Griffith's message by showing that whites were more likely to harm blacks than the other way around.
Micheaux would make more than 40 movies over the next 30 years. In 1931, his movie "The Exile" became the first full-length sound feature by an African American. His last movie "The Betrayal" (1948) was the first movie produced by an African American­ to open in white theaters.
Death.
Micheaux died on 25 March 1951 in Charlotte, North Carolina. He is buried in the Great Bend Cemetery in Great Bend, Kansas. His gravestone reads, "A Man Ahead of His Time."
In 1986, the Directors Guild of America posthumously granted Micheaux the Golden Jubilee Special Directorial Award. In 1987, he received a star on Hollywood Boulevard's Walk of Fame.

= = = The Blood of Jesus = = =
The Blood of Jesus (1941) is a race movie. It was written, directed, and starring Spencer Williams. It was also released as The Glory Road. The movie was produced in Texas. Its budget was US$5,000. Scenes from a 1911 Italian movie called "L'Inferno" were used to show souls entering Heaven. The movie was screened in black theatres and black churches. It received good reviews. In 1991 "The Blood of Jesus" became the first race movie to be chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
Story.
A church group is holding a riverside baptismal service. One of those being immersed is the recently married Martha. At home, Martha's husband Ras accidentally shoots her when his hunting rifle discharges. The church people gather at Martha’s bedside to pray. An angel arrives to take Martha’s spirit from her body. She is brought to the Crossroads between Heaven and Hell. She is tempted by the devil's agent slick Judas Green.
Judas takes Martha to a nightclub. He arranges to have her get a job there. The angel returns and advises Martha to flee. She tries to flee. A nightclub patron mistakenly believes Martha is a pickpocket who robbed him. A chase ensues. Martha races back to the Crossroads. Satan is waiting for her. The angel protects Martha from the mob. They are driven away. The sign at the Crossroad is transformed into the vision of Jesus Christ being crucified, and Christ’s blood drips down on Martha’s face. She awakens to discover she is home. Her health is restored. Martha is reunited with her husband. He has embraced religion. The angel who took Martha on her journey returns to bless their marriage.

= = = Spokane Chiefs = = =
The Spokane Chiefs are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1985. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Spokane, Washington at the Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena. The were known as the Kelowna Wings from 1982 to 1985 until they relocated to Spokane and became the Chiefs. The Chiefs were also the first team in WHL history to host an outdoor hockey game when they defeated the Kootenay Ice 11-2 on January 15, 2011.

= = = Karuizawa, Nagano = = =
 is a Japanese town in the Kitasaku District of Nagano Prefecture.
History.
Karuizawa is on the southern slope of Mount Asama. 
In the Edo period, it was a waystation on the Kisokaido road.
In the early Meiji period, the area was developed as a health resort. 
It is a popular tourist spot for people from Tokyo who travel to Karuizawa to get away from the summer heat.

= = = Tri-City Americans = = =
The Tri-City Americans are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1988. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Kennewick, Washington at the Toyota Center. The team was originally known as the "Calgary Buffalos" and later changed their name to the "Calgary Centennials". The Centennials were active from 67 to 77 and were later relocated to Billings, Montana and became the "Billings Bighorns". They played in Billings from 1977 to 1998 before being relocated to Nanaimo, British Columbia and were named the "Nanaimo Islanders". The Islanders played from 1982 to 1983 before they were moved to New Westminster, British Columbia and became the "New Westminster Bruins". They moved to the Tri-Cities in 1988.

= = = Doge's Palace, Venice = = =
The Doge's Palace () is a gothic palace in Venice, northern Italy. The palace was the home of the Doge of Venice, the ruler of the Republic of Venice In 1923 the palace became a museum, one of 11 museums run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia. In 2010 it was visited by 1,358,186 people.
History.
In 810, Doge Angelo Partecipazio moved the government from the island of Malamocco to the Rialto. The first palace was destroyed by a fire in the 10th century, which is in the 900s. A second palace was started by Doge Sebastiano Ziani (1172–1178). There are still parts of this building which can be seen on the ground floor, including stone wall bases and some brick paving. As Venice grew, the palace needed to be rebuilt to meet new demands. For example, changes in the political structure meant there were many more members of the Great Council. 
This third palace, in Gothic style, was started about 1340. The first section was on the side facing the lagoon. In 1424 Doge Francesco Foscari built the wing overlooking the Piazzetta. This new building was for the law-courts, with a ground floor arcade on the outside. The first floor had open loggias running along the facade. When the Porta della Carta was built in 1442, it made an internal courtyard. 
In 1483, a fire destroyed the Doge's residence which was in the part of the palace overlooking the canal. Architect Antonio Rizzo used the new Renaissance style for the building's architecture. A new building was built alongside the canal, stretching from the ponte della Canonica to the Ponte della Paglia. The official rooms of the government had art works specially made by Vittore Carpaccio, Giorgione, Alvise Vivarini and Giovanni Bellini. A fire in 1547 destroyed some rooms on the second floor. A big fire in 1577 destroyed the Scrutinio Room and the Great Council Chamber. Art work by Gentile da Fabriano, Pisanello, Alvise Vivarini, Vittore Carpaccio, Giovanni Bellini, Pordenone, and Titian were also lost in the fire. The palace was rebuilt in the original gothic style. Some classical features were added, such as the Bridge of Sighs joining the prison to the palace.
The palace was the home of the government of the Republic of Venice until the Napoleonic occupation of the city in 1797. Venice was ruled by the French, then Austria, and in 1866 it became part of Italy. During this time, the palace was used for various government offices, the Biblioteca Marciana and other important cultural institutions within the city.
By the end of the 19th century, the building was showing clear signs of decay. The Italian government spent a lot of money to repair the building. All public offices were moved elsewhere, except the State Office for the protection of historical Monuments, which is still housed at the palace's loggia floor. In 1923, the municipality of Venice set up the palace as a museum. In 1996, the Doge’s Palace has been part of the Venetian museums network, which is run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia since 2008.
The building.
Outside.
The oldest part of the palace is the facade overlooking the lagoon. The corners of the building have 14th century sculptures by Filippo Calendario, Raverti and Antonio Bregno. The ground floor arcade and the loggia has 14th and 15th century capitals. Some of these are copies made during the 19th century.
The Porta della Carta, was the grand entrance to the building. The gateway was built and decorated by Giovanni and Bartolomeo Bon from 1438–1442. The name Porta della Carta could be because this was the area where public scribes set up their desks, or from the "cartabum", where all the important government documents were kept. On either side of the gateway are two gothic towers, with sculptures of the "Cardinal Virtues". On the top is a bust of Saint Mark, and over him is a statue of "Justice" with her symbols of sword and scales. In the space above the cornice, there is a sculpture of the Doge Francesco Foscari kneeling before the St. Mark's Lion. This was made in the 19th century by Luigi Ferrrari, to replace the original destroyed in 1797.
The public entrance to the Doge's Palace is now through the Porta del Frumento, in the waterfront side of the building.
The courtyard.
The north side of the courtyard is made by the palace and St. Mark’s Basilica, which used to be the Doge’s chapel. At the center of the courtyard are two well-heads built in the mid-16th century.
In 1485 a grand staircase was built within the courtyard. Linked to the Porta della Carta, it created a monumental approach from the Piazza into the heart of the building. Since 1567, the Giants’ Staircase has been guarded by Sansovino’s two huge statues of "Mars" and "Neptune". These show Venice’s power by land and by sea, and therefore the reason for its name. Members of the Senate gathered before government meetings in the Senator’s Courtyard, to the right of the Giants’ Staircase.

= = = Craig Venter = = =
John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American biotechnologist and entrepreneur. He was one of the first to sequence the human genome, and led the team which made the first cell with a synthetic genome (2010).
Venter founded Celera Genomics, The Institute for Genomic Research and the J. Craig Venter Institute. He now works at his Institute to create synthetic (artificial) biological organisms, and to record genetic diversity in the world's oceans. He was listed on "Time" magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine "New Statesman" listed Craig Venter at 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".
Venter himself recognized his own ADHD behavior in his adolescence, and later found ADHD-linked genes in his own DNA. In media interviews, Venter has several times said he is an atheist.

= = = Leslie Orgel = = =
Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS (12 January 1927 – 27 October 2007) was a British chemist.
Born in London, Orgel received his B.A. and Ph.D in chemistry at Magdalen College, Oxford University.
He was one of the first people to see, in April 1953, Crick and Watson's model of DNA: at the time he worked at Oxford University's Chemistry Department.
In 1964 Orgel was appointed Senior Fellow and Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he directed the Chemical Evolution Laboratory. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and he was one of five principal investigators in the NASA-sponsored NSCORT program in exobiology. Orgel also participated in NASA's Viking Mars Lander Program as a member of the Molecular Analysis Team that designed the gas chromatography mass spectrometer instrument that robots took to the planet Mars.
Orgel’s lab came across an economical way to make cytarabine, a compound that is one of today’s most commonly used anti-cancer agents.
During the 1970s, Orgel suggested reconsidering the panspermia hypothesis, according to which the earliest forms of life on earth did not originate here, but arrived from outer space with meteorites.
Together with Stanley Miller, Orgel also suggested that peptide nucleic acids – rather than ribonucleic acids – constituted the first pre-biotic systems capable of self-replication on early Earth.
His name is popularly known because of Orgel's rules, credited to him, particularly Orgel's Second Rule: "Evolution is cleverer than you are".
In his book "The Origins of Life", Orgel coined the concept of specified complexity, to describe the criterion by which living organisms are distinguished from non-living matter. He published over three hundred articles in his research areas.
Orgel died of cancer on 27 October 2007 at the San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care in San Diego, California.

= = = LGBT rights in Azerbaijan = = =
The Azerbaijani law forbidding gay sex was abolished in 2000. A special edition of "Azerbaijan", the official newspaper of the Parliament, published on 28 May, reported that the Parliament had approved a new Criminal Code, and that the President had signed a decree bringing it into force in September. The text of the new Criminal Code was also published. The old Article 113 (inherited from the Soviet era which punished anal sex between men with three years imprisonment) has been replaced with a new Article 150, which bans only forcible sexual acts.
Modern times.
When Azerbaijan became part of USSR, homosexuality was a crime in Azerbaijan, although it was not in Russia. After the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, homosexual acts were legalized in 2000. 
Although homosexual acts between consenting male adults were officially decriminalized, there were still reports about police abuses against gays, mainly male prostitutes. The victims wanted to remain anonymous. They were afraid of the police. (2001 Report of the International Helsinki Federation).
State-controlled media outlets use homosexuality as a tool to harass and discredit critics of the government and opposition journalists.

= = = LGBT rights in the Maldives = = =
Homosexuality is illegal in the Maldives. In addition, the Maldives was one of the 67 signatory nations opposing the UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity, which failed to pass.
Constitutional framework.
In 2009 the Maldives enacted a new Constitution that included a chapter on rights and freedoms, demonstrating the desire to embrace a new culture of human rights. However, this did not include any resolutions regarding LGBT human rights issues.
Recognition of same-sex relationships.
The Maldives does not recognize same-sex marriages, civil unions, or domestic partnerships.
Discrimination protections.
There is no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

= = = Chrissie Maher = = =
Chrissie Maher, OBE (born 1938) is a British advocate for the use of plain English. She is a co-founder of the Plain English Campaign. This organisation promotes the clear use of English, especially by businesses and official bodies. Her campaign began in 1971 when she founded the United Kingdom's first community newspaper, the "Tuebrook Bugle". That gave her the chance to write articles saying that organisations should start using plain English. In 1974, Maher went on to start "The Liverpool News". It was the UK's first newspaper for adults with reading difficulties. She was also a member of the UK's National Consumer Council. Later, she founded the Plain English Campaign at a demonstration in London in 1979.
As an example of the language issues Maher found objectionable: in 1994, she pointed out that Britain's National Health Service published a definition of the term "bed" that used 229 words.
For her efforts, Maher was awarded the OBE in 1993. In 1995, she was awarded an honorary MA degree by Manchester University. In 1997 she received an honorary doctorate from the Open University. In 2000, Maher was named "Information Pioneer of the Century" by the UK's National Information Forum. In 2010, Maher received an Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University for her services to communication. 
Also in 2010 Maher was selected Public Affairs Achiever of the Year and Outstanding Achiever of the Year for the ‘Women in Public Life’ awards.
Tom McArthur, editor of the "Oxford Companion to the English Language" said, "In all the history of the language, there has never been such a powerful grassroots movement to influence it as the Plain English Campaign."

= = = Faust (1926 movie) = = =
Faust is a 1926 German silent movie. It was directed by F. W. Murnau. It stars Gösta Ekman as Faust, Emil Jannings as Mephisto, and Camilla Horn as Gretchen. The story is about an old man who sells his soul to the devil. In return he becomes young again. The movie uses both traditional tales of Faust and Goethe's play. The movie was difficult and expensive to make. "Faust" was Murnau's last German movie. He moved to the United States to direct "Sunrise". The "Bald Mountain" scene in the movie inspired the "Night on Bald Mountain" segment in Walt Disney's "Fantasia".

= = = Synapomorphy = = =
A synapomorphy is a common character. It is a term in cladistics, meaning a trait which is present in two or more species by common descent. It is a type of homologous character or homology.
More precisely, it is shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose own ancestor in turn does not possess the trait. Thus, it is not just an ancestral trait, but a recently evolved distinguishing trait. It helps to distinguish between two trees of descent which would otherwise be equally likely.

= = = Jonathan Soriano = = =
Jonathan Soriano Casas (born 24 September 1985 in El Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort, Barcelona, Catalonia) is a former Spanish footballer. He played as forward.
Career.
He started his career aged 15 in Espanyol Barcelona's second team. With 19 he signed a professional contract and was loaned to the then Segunda División club UD Almería. He returned to Espanyol for the 2006/07 season. Soriano was loaned out again for the second half of the season to Polideportivo Ejido. He spent the 2007/2008 season again at Espanyol and was used regularly for the first time. The first half of the following season he played for Espanyol.In the second half of the season he was on loan for Albacete Balompié.
In 2009 Soriano went to FC Barcelona B. With the reserve team of FC Barcelona, ​​he rose to the Segunda División in his first season. He was his team's top scorer with 18 goals. In the 2010/11 season he was top scorer in the league with 32 goals in 36 games. 
On 19 January 2012, Soriano signed a contract until June 2015 with FC Red Bull Salzburg. He scored his first goal for RB Salzburg in a 2-1 home win over SC Wiener Neustadt. In the 2012/13 season under new coach Roger Schmidt he scored 26 goals in 33 Bundesliga games and gave 7 assists. In the 2013/14 season he recorded 31 goals and 17 assists in 28 games. He was top scorer in the Bundesliga. After 2012, he also won the double again with FC Red Bull Salzburg. After the end of the Europa League season, he was the top scorer in this competition with his eight goals. 2014/15 he was again top scorer of the Bundesliga. In the following championship season 2015/16, he won the cup and the championship with the team for the third time in a row. Soriano was again top scorer in both competitions.
On 27 February 2017 he went to Beijing Guoan in China. In two years in China, he made 31 appearances in the Chinese Super League, scoring 25 goals. After the end of his contract he moved to al-Hilal in Saudi Arabia in January 2019. In August 2019 he returned to Spain and joined second division club FC Girona. On 24 September 2021 he ended his active career.
International.
Soriano went through all Spanish youth national teams up to the U-21. In December 2012 he was called up to the Catalan football team for the friendly against Nigeria on 2 January 2013. 

= = = Conquest of the Pole = = =
Conquest of the Pole () is a 1912 silent movie. It was directed and produced by Georges Méliès. It was based on the book "The Adventures of Captain Hatteras" by Jules Verne. The movie is about a race to the north pole by different groups of balloonists. A complicated scene in the movie has a frost giant who tries to eat the crew.

= = = View of Delft = = =
View of Delft is an oil painting. It was painted by Johannes Vermeer between about 1660 and 1661. The painting shows Vermeer's hometown. It is one of his most popular pictures. It is one of three paintings of Delft by Vermeer. The others are "The Little Street" and the lost painting "House Standing in Delft". In 2011, the painting was featured on gold and silver commemorative coins issued by the Royal Dutch Mint.

= = = Philip Larkin = = =
Philip Arthur Larkin CH, CBE, FRSL (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985) was a English poet and novelist.
Larkin was born and raised in Coventry, Warwickshire, where he attended primary and secondary school. He graduated from St John's College, Oxford with a double first in English language and literature.
Larkin spent the latter years of his life in Hull, where he was a librarian at the University of Hull. Larkin died in Hull, Humberside, of oesophageal cancer.

= = = Drake = = =
Drake may mean:

= = = Skyler Gisondo = = =
Skyler Gisondo (born July 22, 1996) is an American actor. Gisondo is probably best known for his roles as Bryan Pearson on "The Bill Engvall Show", Tommy Doyle in Rob Zombie's "Halloween", and B-Dawg in the "Air Buddies" series. He has also been in TV shows such as "ER", "Everybody Loves Raymond", "Cold Case", "Criminal Minds", "My Name Is Earl", "House" and "".

= = = Lee Remick = = =
Lee Ann Remick (December 14, 1935 – July 2, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She played the female lead in "Anatomy of a Murder", "Days of Wine and Roses" and "The Omen".
Remick won a Golden Globe award in 1973. In 1975 she won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA award.
Remick died of kidney cancer in Los Angeles, California.

= = = Miranda Lambert = = =
Miranda Leigh Lambert (born November 10, 1983) is an American country music artist who gained fame as a finalist on the 2003 season of "Nashville Star", where she finished in third place and later signed to Epic Records. She was married to country singer Blake Shelton whom divorced in 2015. She married NYPD officer Brendan McLoughlin on January 26, 2019.
She has four solo albums released as of 2011 and one with country supergroup Pistol Annies. Some of her most known songs are "Gunpowder and Lead", "Kerosene", "The House That Built Me", "White Liar", "Heart Like Mine", and "Baggage Claim".

= = = Blake Shelton = = =
Blake Tollison Shelton (born June 18, 1976) is an American country singer and television personality. Shelton is signed to Warner Nashville. Some of his most known songs are "Ol' Red", "Some Beach", "Hillbilly Bone", "Kiss My Country Ass", "Honey Bee", "God Gave Me You", and "Drink on It". He has been a judge on "The Voice" since April 2011.
Early life.
He was born in Ada, Oklahoma. 
Personal life.
Shelton was married to country singer Miranda Lambert from 2011 until 2015. He is currently in a relationship with singer Gwen Stefani. The two collaborated on the song "You Make It Feel like Christmas", featured on Stefani's 2017 Christmas album of the same 

= = = Battle of Balaclava = = =
The Battle of Balaclava was a battle of the Crimean War. It was on 25 October 1854 by the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire, and the United Kingdom against the Russian Empire. The battle ended with a Russian victory. Two of the most important events of the Crimean 
War took place during the Battle of Balaclava.
The Thin Red Line.
The 93rd Highland Regiment, which was dressed almost only in red, formed a line that was two men thick and stood its ground despite a charge by the Russian cavalry.
The Charge of the Light Brigade.
The charge was made by the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General the Earl of Cardigan. Many people died in the charge since 278 of the over 670 soldiers were killed. The event inspired the poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, of the same name.

= = = HP = = =
The shortcut HP can mean

= = = Plano, Texas = = =
Plano is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the ninth largest city in the state. Over 280,000 people live there. It has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa" in the Koeppen climate classification).
Plano has the headquarters of many large businesses, including:

= = = Fargo (1996 movie) = = =
Fargo is a 1996 American black comedy-drama crime thriller movie. The Coen brothers made this movie, which is set in 1987. Frances McDormand, Steve Buscemi and William H. Macy star in the movie as a detective, a criminal, and a car salesman, respectively. It is a dark comedy about the police investigation of some murders and bad business activities.
In 2006 it was put into the United States National Film Registry because the group thought it was culturally, historically, or aesthetically important enough to be recognized in their collection. It inspired a TV series "of the same name"
Part of the movie is set in Fargo, North Dakota. The majority is set in Minneapolis and Brainerd, Minnesota. It shows the culture and accent of many of the people who live there.

= = = Viktor Kozin = = =
Viktor Mikhailovich Kozin () (born February 22, 1953) is a Russian naval engineer, ship designer and inventor of a new method of icebreaking, called the resonance method of ice destruction. He received his Assistant Professorship in Technical Sciences (Ph.D.) for his work "Mechanics of deformable solids" in Vladivostok in 1994. He became a full Professor in 1996 and was awarded the title Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation in 2000. Since 2008 he is a member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS).
Kozin was awarded a diploma from the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1999) and won grants from the Russian Ministry of Education (2006). He received multiple prizes for his academic and scientific achievements in the theory of watercraft statics and dynamics, design of vessels, hydraulics and hydromechanics, ship and submarine construction. He is the author of two textbooks in naval engineering and 12 works on the methods of education in the area of naval design.

= = = The Gold Rush = = =
The Gold Rush is a 1925 silent movie. It was written, directed, and produced by Charlie Chaplin. He stars in the movie, too. The movie is set in the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush. Chaplin plays the Little Tramp. It was a character he created. The Little Tramp appeared in many Chaplin movies. In this movie, the Little Tramp has many adventures with other prospectors. He falls in love with a saloon girl. Critics liked the movie. One critic wrote, "Here is a comedy with streaks of poetry, pathos, tenderness, linked with brusqueness and boisterousness. It is the outstanding gem of all Chaplin's pictures, as it has more thought and originality than even such masterpieces of mirth as "The Kid" and "Shoulder Arms"." In 1992 "The Gold Rush" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Chaplin hoped that people would remember him for this movie.

= = = The Thief of Bagdad = = =
The Thief of Bagdad is a 1924 silent movie. It was directed by Raoul Walsh. It stars Douglas Fairbanks. The plot was adapted from "One Thousand and One Nights". The movie is about a thief who falls in love with the daughter of the Caliph of Baghdad. Fairbanks was very athletic. This movie provided many moments for gymnastics. The movie was Fairbanks's favorite among all his movies.
"Thief" gave Fairbanks a new direction. He was a comedy star, but after this movie he became a "swashbuckler". The movie had many special effects such as flying carpets and monsters and magical Djinn. The Arabian-style set was huge. The movie was remade twice: once in 1940 with Sabu and then in 1961 with Steve Reeves. The Fairbanks version was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1996.

= = = Sinbad the Sailor = = =
Sinbad the Sailor is a fictional character in the "One Thousand and One Nights" ("The Arabian Nights"). He is a sailor. His stories take place in the days of Haroun al-Rashid. It is possible that Sinbad is of Persian origin. He has many adventures. He meets monsters such as The Old Man of the Sea and the Roc. There are seven stories about Sinbad's journeys. They are sometimes a part of the Scheherazade stories. The Sinbad stories have been made into movies and animated cartoons. 

= = = Mount Vernon = = =
Mount Vernon was the plantation home of George Washington, the first President of the United States. It is located near Alexandria, Virginia. The house was designed by Washington and built of wood in 1757. It is in the neoclassical Georgian architectural style. Mount Vernon is on the banks of the Potomac River. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. It is open every day of the year. Mount Vernon is on the tentative list of World Heritage Sites in the United States.
The property was long called Little Hunting Creek Plantation but Lawrence Washington, George's older half-brother, renamed it for Edward Vernon, his commander in the Royal Navy. Laurence died in 1753 and George eventually inherited the estate.

= = = Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton = = =
Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton is the second album by American rapper, Eazy-E. The album was released on November 24, 1995. The producers of the album were DJ Yella, Naughty by Nature, Rhythm D, K Loc, Mike E. Clark. It was Eazy-E's last full length album before he died. It was released posthumously about eight months after his death. The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song "Ole School Shit" was a diss track to Tha Dogg Pound, Dr. Dre, Tweedy Bird Loc and Snoop Doggy Dogg. The song "Wut Would You Do" was also a diss track to Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Suge Knight and Dr. Dre.

= = = Rajesh Khanna = = =
Rajesh Khanna (29 December 1942 18 July 2012) was an Indian actor in movies. He became very famous in Bollywood after Shakti Samantha's movie "Aradhana". Rajesh played both the father and son in that movie. Some of his well-known movies are "Anand", "Kati Patang", "Safar", "Sacha Jhuta", "Raja Rani", "Bawarchi" and "Amar Prem".

= = = Megalomania = = =
Megalomania is a mental illness. People with megalomania have delusional fantasies that they are more relevant (important) or powerful than they truly are. They have inflated self esteem and overestimate their powers and beliefs. People with megalomania tend to exhibit a disposition that is less inclined towards humbleness.. 
The word "megalomania" is no longer used in the mental health field, and is not mentioned in either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD). Instead, this condition is now called narcissistic personality disorder. The condition affects both men and women. 
The word "megalomania" comes from two Greek words: "������" (megalo-), meaning large or great, and "�����" (mania), meaning madness or frenzy.

= = = The Great Train Robbery = = =
The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 western silent movie. It was written, directed, produced, and photographed by Edwin S. Porter. It is 12 minutes long. It is thought to be an important step in making movies. It expanded upon Porter's previous movie "Life of an American Fireman". The movie used many new moviemaking techniques. These techniques included cross cutting, camera movement, and on-location shooting. Some prints of the movie were also hand colored in certain scenes. It was shot in Milltown, New Jersey. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

= = = Les Patineurs = = =
The Skaters Waltz (1882) is a waltz by Émile Waldteufel. It is known as Les Patineurs Valse in French, and Die Schlittschuhläufer-Walzer in German. It was inspired by the Cercle des Patineurs (skating rink) at the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. Glissando notes and bells suggest a winter's day. The waltz was published by Hopwood & Crew. It was dedicated to Ernest Coquelin, the younger brother of two celebrated actor brothers of the Comédie Française. It has been used as background music for several movies.
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 \new Staff { \key fis \minor \time 3/4 \clef bass
 a, <e' a> <e a> cis <e a> <e a> b <d e gis> <d e gis> e, <d' e gis> <d e gis> b <d e gis> <d e gis> e, <d' e gis> <d e gis> cis <e a> <e a> cis <e a> <e a> fis, fis, b, b, e, <d' e gis> <d e gis> e, <d' e gis> <d e gis> a <cis e> <cis e> <cis e> r r
 »
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<score vorbis="1">
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 \new Staff { \key b \minor \time 3/4
 \tempo \markup {
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 fis'2.( cis4 d fis) b,2.~ b g'( dis4 e g) cis,2.~ cis a' eis4( fis a d,2.) cis4 d fis e,2. dis4\p( e a) d,2.~ d4 r r
 \new Dynamics {
 s\mf
 \new Staff { \key b \minor \time 3/4 \clef bass
 d, <fis a d> <fis a d> fis g fis( g b e,) <g b e> <g b e> g a <cis e> <cis e> gis( a cis fis,) fis b, <fis' b d> <fis b d> d <fis b d> <fis b d> e <g b d> <g b d> a, <g' a cis> <g a cis> d <fis a> <fis a> <fis a> r r
 »
</score>

= = = Blue Danube Waltz = = =
On the Beautiful Blue Danube, Op. 314 is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1867 for the Vienna Men's Singing Society. It was written for four-part choir with orchestra or piano. The words were written by Josef Weyl. It was first performed on 15 February 1867 by the Vienna Men's Singing Society and the orchestra of the Forty-Second Infantry Regiment directed by Rudolph Weinwurm. It was performed without voices on March 4 and again on March 10 in the same format at a benefit for Strauss's brothers. It was a sensation when performed at the Paris Exposition the same year. This performance marked the beginning of Strauss's international reputation. The waltz was published in 1867 by Carl Anton Spina.
The piece begins with a slow introduction in the dominant key of A major. This introduction is followed by five small waltzes of two sections each. Melodies with large leaps are contrasted with linear melodies composed within a narrow range. The coda touches on the various melodies and concludes with a lively finish. The waltz was first played in the United States in its instrumental version on 1 July 1867 in New York. It was first played in Great Britain on 21 September 1867 in London at the promenade concerts in Covent Garden. The instrumental version is usually performed today. On New Year's Eve in Vienna, the waltz is broadcast on television and radio stations at midnight. It is an encore piece at the Vienna New Year's Day Concert.

= = = Segmentation = = =
Segmentation in biology means the division of some animal and plant bodies into a series of repeat sections or parts. It is common in some of the most successful groups of animals, such as arthropods, vertebrates and annelid worms. 
Segmentation of the body allows different regions of the body to develop for different uses.
Genes regulating development.
We now know a good deal about how the development of segmented animals is controlled. In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly "Drosophila", E.B. Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism. 
Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show "co-linearity": the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed along the anterior-posterior axis of the body. Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms. 
Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence. This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication. 
In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".

= = = Waltz of the Flowers = = =
The "Waltz of the Flowers" (1892) is a piece of orchestral music from the second act of "The Nutcracker", a ballet composed by Tchaikovsky. Tchaikovsky told his fellow musicians he was working on a "fantastic" ballet called "The Nutcracker": "It's awfully fun to write a march for tin soldiers, a waltz of the flowers, etc." The waltz is also the last number in his "Nutcracker Suite". The "Waltz of the Flowers" is very popular. It has been arranged for various instruments and for various combinations of instruments. Percy Grainger arranged the waltz for piano solo as "Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz". Walt Disney Studios animated the waltz for the movie "Fantasia".
"Waltz of the Flowers" wins Academy Award for Animated Short Film characters: Thumbelina, Janessa, Chrysella from "Barbie Presents Thumbelina".

= = = Okazaki, Aichi = = =
 is a Japanese city in Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.
It has been recognized as a core city since 2003.
History.
In the Edo period, "Fujikawa-shuku" was one of the fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations ("shuku-eki") along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

= = = Apollo 7 = = =
Apollo 7 was a mission in the NASA's Apollo program. It was the first crewed mission in the Apollo program and the first crewed US space flight after Apollo 1 disaster. The mission was a C type mission. Apollo 7 was launched on October 11, 1968 and stayed in space for 10 days, 20 hours, 9 minutes and three seconds. It orbited the Earth. Apollo 7 was the first crewed launch of the Saturn IB launch vehicle and the first three-person US space mission. The crew were Commander Walter M. Schirra, with Command Module Pilot Donn Eisele and Lunar Module Pilot R. Walter Cunningham. The mission was designed to test the re-made Block II Apollo Command/Service Module. The crew orbited in Earth orbit so that they could check life-support, propulsion and control systems. The mission was a success. It gave NASA the confidence to launch Apollo 8 later. 

= = = Arata Isozaki = = =
 is a Japanese architect.
Early life.
Isozaki was born in Ōita.
He studied with Kenzo Tange, Kisho Kurokawa, and Fumihiko Maki at the University of Tokyo. He graduated in 1954.
Career.
Isozaki worked for Kenzo Tange & Urtec from 1954 to 1963. He started his own design office in 1963.
In 2005, Arata Isozaki started another office in Italy called Arata Isozaki & Andrea Maffei Associates.
Isozaki was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in March 2019.

= = = Rumour Has It (Adele song) = = =
"Rumour Has It" is the fourth hit single from the Adele album "21". It was released on 5 November 2011. The song was given lots of positive reviews from music critics in. The song was written by Adele along with Ryan Tedder of OneRepublic, who also produced the song. It reached number 16 on the charts in the US and Canada. In the US, it was certified double-Platinum for shipments of over two million copies.

= = = What Makes You Beautiful = = =
"What Makes You Beautiful" was the first single released by the British-Irish boyband One Direction. It is from their album "Up All Night" (2011). It was released by Syco Records on 11 September 2011. Written by Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk and Savan Kotecha and produced by Yacoub and Falk, "What Makes You Beautiful" is a teen pop song.
"What Makes You Beautiful" sold 153,965 copies in its first week. In the United States, the single became the highest Billboard Hot 100 debut for a U.K. act since 1998.

= = = C-sharp = = =
C-sharp (also written as C or C#) could mean:

= = = Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art = = =
 is an art museum in Japan. It is on a hill in Tobata ward of Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture.
The museum has 6,000 artworks.
The museum shows the work of Japanese artists, like Hokusai's woodblock print "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" by Hokusai.
The collection of Western art includes a portrait of Edouard Manet and his wife painted by Edgar Degas in 1869.
The current building was designed by Arata Isozaki. It was built in 1974.
History.
The municipal art collection was established in the 19th century.

= = = Xerophile = = =
Xerophiles are extremophile organisms that can grow and reproduce in conditions with almost no water.
Many moulds and yeasts are xerophilic. Mould growth on bread is an example of food spoilt by a xerophilic fungus.
Examples:

= = = John Gielgud = = =
Sir Arthur John Gielgud, (; 14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000) was an English actor and director. Gielgud was born in South Kensington, London and attended Westminster School. He acted in theatre, on radio, television and in movies.
Gielgud won many awards, including an Academy Award, two Emmy Awards, three Tony Awards, a Grammy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. In 1992 he received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. The Globe Theatre in London was renamed the Gielgud Theatre in 1994 in his honour.
Gielgud was gay. He was in a long-term relationship until his partner died in 1998. Gielgud died in Wootton Underwood, Buckinghamshire.

= = = Kaley Cuoco = = =
Kaley Christine Cuoco (born November 30, 1985) is an American actress. She was born in Camarillo, California. She played major roles in "8 Simple Rules" and "Charmed". She plays the main female character Penny in "The Big Bang Theory".
Cuoco married tennis player Ryan Sweeting on December 31, 2013. The couple said in September 2015 that they are going to divorce.

= = = Molly Ringwald = = =
Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968) is an American actress. She was born in Roseville, California. She is best known for her starring roles in John Hughes movies "Sixteen Candles" (1984), "The Breakfast Club" (1985), and "Pretty in Pink" (1986).

= = = Ensemble = = =
An ensemble is a group of people who work or perform together. By extension, it can mean a coordinated outfit of clothing, or anything where a group contributes to a coordinated whole.
The term is most used in music. A musical ensemble is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music. In classical music, trios or quartets often group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles or wind ensembles. The term is also used in jazz, where the instruments typically include wind instruments.
An ensemble usually consists of three or four people with similar skill levels. The word originated in late middle English (as an adverb) meaning "at the same time". It is from French, based on the Latin "insimul". The noun dates from the mid 18th century.

= = = Dirty Dancing = = =
Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama movie directed by Emile Ardolino. It is set in 1963 in the Catskill Mountains, New York. It stars Jennifer Grey as a 17 year old on vacation and Patrick Swayze as the resort's dance instructor. The movie did very well at the box office and it became a cult classic.
A remake was released in 2017.

= = = New Japan Pro Wrestling roster = = =
The New Japan Pro Wrestling roster is a list of professional wrestlers who are featured by New Japan Pro Wrestling.

= = = Cursive (band) = = =
Cursive is an American indie rock band, from Omaha, Nebraska, formed in 1995. They are currently signed by Saddle Creek Records. The discography of Cursive, consists of six studio albums, one compilation album, nine slipts/EPs, six promo-singles, and eleven music videos.

= = = Ternary form = = =
Ternary form is a musical form. It is also called song form or minuet and trio. These forms all have three distinct sections. The three sections are written in shorthand as ABA. The music in the A sections is the same, or very nearly the same. The music in the B section is different from the A sections. The B section usually provides some sort of musical contrast to the A sections. It may be composed in a different but related key, for example. The B section is often called the "trio", especially in minuets, scherzi, marches, polonaises, etc. The B section came to be called the "trio" because a Baroque composer consistently scored this section in his minuets for three instruments.

= = = La Dispute = = =
La Dispute is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2004 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. They have released two albums and seven EPs. The band consists of Jordan Dreyer (vocals), Brad Vander Lugt (drums), Chad Sterenberg and Kevin Whittemore (guitars) and Adam Vass (bass). La Dispute released two full-leght albums, three singles, one musical video, five EPs and two slipts.
Style.
The genre of the band is post-hardcore and experimental rock, with blues and spoken word. They also play music which sound like screamo, progressive rock, post-rock, melodic hardcore, metalcore, emo, hardcore punk. and "screamo-revival". The band influences are Thursday, Refused, At the Drive-In and Glassjaw. Brad Vander Lugt cites blues and jazz influences too.

= = = Staffa = = =
Staffa is an island in the Inner Hebrides off the north-west of Scotland. It is famous for Fingal's Cave and other examples of basalt columns. No-one lives there.
The islands became part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles, the "Suðreyjar" kingdom of the Norse. The Norsemen ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. The islands were then held by the Clans MacLeod and MacDonald, but Staffa was not regularly inhabited.
Geology.
This small island is entirely of volcanic origin. It consists of a basement of tuff, underneath colonnades of a black fine-grained Tertiary basalt, overlying which is a third layer of basalt lava. Slow cooling of the second layer of basalt resulted in an extraordinary pattern of hexagonal columns which form the faces and walls of the principal caves. The lava contracted as it cooled and solidified into columns, a process known as columnar jointing.
The columns have three to eight sides, six being most common. The columns are also divided horizontally by cross joints. Similar formations are found at the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, on the island of Ulva and Ardmeanach on the Isle of Mull. The 'Staffa Group' is the name given to the series of olivine basalts found in and around Mull. The volcanic eruptions took place 55–58 million years ago.

= = = Good Charlotte (album) = = =
Good Charlotte is the debut studio album by American pop punk band Good Charlotte. "Good Charlotte" was released on September 26, 2000. It was the first and last album to feature Aaron Escolopio on the drums. All of the songs except for "Let Me Go" and "Seasons" were written by Benji and Joel Madden. "Let Me Go" and "Seasons" were written by Benji Madden, Joel Madden and Josh Ian.

= = = The Fall of the House of Usher = = =
The Fall of the House of Usher is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in September 1839 in "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine". It was slightly revised in 1840 and published in a collection of Poe's stories called "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque". The poem "The Haunted Palace" is part of the story. Vincent Price and Myrna Fahey starred in a 1960 Roger Corman movie based on the story.
Story.
This story is by an unnamed narrator who is a friend of Roderick Usher-who believes he is sick and dying. His house is crumbling. Usher has a sister, Madeleine. She falls into a catatonic state. She appears dead.
Roderick knows she is not dead. He places her in the family tomb. On a stormy night, she rises from the tomb. She falls upon her brother. She is dead. Her brother dies from terror. The house crumbles and falls. The narrator flees and sees the spot where the house was has been covered by water.

= = = Snow White = = =
"Snow White" is a fairy tale about a young princess who meets a group of dwarfs after running away from her evil stepmother who is jealous of her beauty. 
Story.
A Queen gives birth to a daughter. She names her Snow White. The queen dies. Snow White's father, the King marries an evil woman. This new Evil Queen has a Magic Mirror that tells her she is the fairest (most beautiful) in the land. One day the mirror says Snow White is the fairest. The queen is jealous. She decides to kill Snow White. The queen's huntsman takes the child into the woods to kill her. The huntsman is too kind to kill her so he lets her escape.
Snow White comes to a cottage in the forest. It belongs to seven dwarfs. They allow her to live with them. She does the housework. The evil queen learns Snow White is still alive. She decides to kill Snow White herself. She disguises herself as an old woman. She tries to kill Snow White first with a bodice lace and then with a poisoned comb. She fails. Snow White lives. At last the queen gives Snow White a poisoned apple. The child falls down as if dead. 
The dwarfs place her in a glass coffin on a mountain top. One day a prince rides by. He falls in love with her. The dwarfs give him permission to take the coffin to his castle. The prince's friends lift the coffin. The bit of poisoned apple in Snow White's throat is loosened. She wakes up. The prince is happy. He marries Snow White. At the wedding, the evil queen is forced to dance in red-hot iron shoes until she dies. Snow White and the Prince then live happily ever after.
History.
Early printed versions are found in Giambattista Basile's "Pentamerone" (1634) and in J. K. Musäus's "German Folktales" (1782). 
The Brothers Grimm wrote about a version called "Little Snow White" () in 1812 in their "Children's and Household Tales". The Grimms' story is the best-known version of "Snow White" today. 
Adaptations.
"Snow White" has been adapted many times to plays, movies, and television programs. Walt Disney adapted the Grimms version to an animated movie in 1937 called "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". 

= = = Mud bogging = = =
Mud bogging (sometimes called mud racing, mud running, mud drags, or mudding) is a type of off-road motorsport. It is popular in Canada and the United States. The goal of mud bogging is to drive a vehicle through a pit of mud. Winners are decided by the distance they get through the pit. However, if several vehicles are able to travel the entire length, the time taken to go through the pit will decide the winner. Usually, vehicles competing in mud bogs are four-wheel drives. The motor sport is managed by groups like the "American Mud Racing Association". and the "National Mud Racing Organization (NMRO)". 

= = = Moonshine = = =
Moonshine (also called white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, "Tennessee white whiskey", and many other names) is an alcoholic drink that is made illegally. But is usually hidden well from the law.
In movies.
In 1958 Robert Mitchum made a film "Thunder Road" about a moonshine "runner" who makes one last-and fatal run.
The part of the "runner" being killed was loosely based on the death of a actual runner named Rufus Gunther of Cocke County Tennessee in January 1953
The movie part of the burning car going over the cliff was reused in the 1963 Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Bouncing Boomerang"

= = = Rochelle Humes = = =
Rochelle Eulah Eileen Humes (née Wiseman; born 21 March 1989) is a British pop singer and actress. She was born in Barking, London to a British mother and Sierra Leonean father. She was a member of S Club 8. Since 2007, she is a member of girl group The Saturdays.
She is married to Marvin Humes of JLS. The couple have a daughter.

= = = Rumer Willis = = =
Rumer Glenn Willis (born August 16, 1988 ) is an American actress. She has been featured in several movies. She was born in Paducah, Kentucky. She is the eldest daughter of actors Demi Moore and Bruce Willis, and the eldest sister of Scout Willis and Tallulah Willis.

= = = Timothy Spall = = =
Timothy Spall OBE (born 27 February 1957) is a British character actor. He was born in Battersea, London and lives in Forest Hill, London. He played one the main characters in drama series "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet". He played major characters in "Secrets & Lies", "Shooting the Past" as well as the title role in "Pierrepoint". 
He presents "" in which he and his wife travel around the coast of the United Kingdom in a Dutch barge.
His son Rafe Spall is an actor.

= = = Pop Tarts = = =
Pop-Tarts is a brand of rectangular, pre-baked toaster pastries made by the Kellogg Company. Pop-Tarts have a sugary filling sealed inside two layers of rectangular, thin pastry crust. Some varieties are frosted. Although sold pre-cooked, they are designed to be warmed inside a toaster or microwave oven. They are usually sold in pairs inside foil packages, and do not require refrigeration.

= = = Gran Premio Latinoamericano = = =
The Gran Premio Latinoamericano also named "Gran Premio Asociación Latinoamericana de Jockey Clubes e Hipódromos" is a horse-race for thoroughbreds of the South American hypodromes. This is the main competition of the "OSAF" - South American Organization for the Promotion of the Thoruoughbred. At present, OSAF is made up of the most important South American Jockey Clubs, Horseracing Institutions, Breeders’ Associations, and Stud Books. Panama in 2009 and Mexico in 2011 was admitted to the Asociación Latinoamericana de Jockey Clubes e Hipódromos and their hypodromes can feature these races in the next years.
This race is for 3 years old or more thoroughbreds. The distance is 2000 metres, but in 2012 is 2100 metres. In the year of 2012 the race will be on 10 March at Hipódromo de Palermo, Buenos Aires.

= = = Carlos Knight = = =
Carlos Knight (born October 22, 1993) is an American actor. He starred in the "Fred Figglehorn" franchise as Diesel. Knight is from Columbia, South Carolina.

= = = Antonio del Pollaiuolo = = =
Antonio del Pollaiuolo (17 January 1429 – 4 February 1498), also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Pollaiolo was an Italian 15th century painter. He painted "The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian" (1475, oil on poplar). The painting is at The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, London.

= = = Kevin McDonald = = =
Kevin Hamilton McDonald (born May 16, 1961) is a Canadian actor, voice artist, and comedian. He's the voice of Agent Pleakley in the "Lilo & Stitch" series, Waffle in "Catscratch" and the Almighty Tallest Purple in "Invader Zim".
McDonald founded "The Kids in the Hall" with his best friend and actor Dave Foley.

= = = Angels in the Outfield (1994 movie) = = =
Angels in the Outfield is a 1994 American fantasy sports comedy movie. It stars Danny Glover. The movie is about baseball and is set in Los Angeles.

= = = Jamal Woolard = = =
Jamal Woolard (born July 8, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, rapper, and comedian. He is best known for portraying The Notorious B.I.G. in "Notorious".

= = = Thursday (band) = = =
Thursday was an American emo band, formed in New Brunswick, New Jersey, at 1997. The group has released six full-length albums, one compilation album, four EPs and one slipt. The band separates in November 22, 2011.

= = = Monticello = = =
Monticello was the home of President Thomas Jefferson. It is near Charlottesville, Virginia. It is now a National Historic Landmark. 
It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 
History.
Jefferson designed the house based on the principles of Andrea Palladio. Construction began in 1768. Jefferson moved in two years later. He remodelled the house after picking up ideas in Europe. The house is located on a peak in the Southwest Mountains. Its name is Italian for "Little Mountain". Slave quarters were located 300 feet south of the house on Mulberry Row. These quarters were occupied by slaves working in the house. The slaves working in the fields lived in another place. A cabin on Mulberry Row was once the home of Sally Hemings. She was a slave who had a long relationship with Jefferson after his wife died. She gave birth to six of his children. An image of the house has appeared on the United States nickel and on the two-dollar bill. Monticello became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It has been owned and operated by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation since 1923.

= = = Fermionic condensate = = =
A fermionic condensate, or fermi condensate, is a state of matter (superfluid phase) which is very similar to the Bose–Einstein condensate. Superfluids are also Bose-Einstein condensates.
The only difference is that Bose-Einstein condensates are made up of bosons, and are social with each other (in groups, or clumps). Fermi condensates are anti-social (they don't attract each other at all). This has to be done artificially.
This state of matter was made in December 2003 by Deborah Jin and her group. Jin worked for the National Institute of Standards and Technology at the University of Colorado. Her team created this state of matter by cooling a cloud of potassium-40 atoms to less than a millionth°C over absolute zero (-273.15 °C, this is the hypothetical lowest limit of physical temperatures). This is the same temperature required to cool matter to a Bose–Einstein condensate. The process of cooling a gas into a condensate is called condensation.
Difference between fermions and bosons.
Bosons and fermions are subatomic particles (bits of matter smaller than an atom). The difference between a boson and a fermion is the number of the atom's electrons, neutrons and/or protons. An atom is composed of bosons if it has an even number of electrons. An atom is composed of fermions if it has an odd number of electrons, neutrons and protons. An example of a boson would be a gluon. An example of a fermion would be potassium-40, which is what Deborah Jin used as the gas cloud. Bosons can form clumps and are attracted to each other, whereas fermions do not form clumps. Fermions are usually found in straight strings because they repel each other. This is because fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that they cannot gather together in the same quantum state.
Similarity to Bose–Einstein condensate.
Like the Bose–Einstein condensates, fermi condensates will coalesce (grow together into one entity) with the particles that make them up. Bose–Einstein condensates and fermi condensates are also both man-made states of matter. The particles that make these states of matter have to be artificially super-cooled, to have the properties that they do. However, fermi condensates have reached even lower temperatures than Bose–Einstein condensates. Also, both states of matter have no viscosity, which means that they can flow without stopping.
Helium-3 and fermions.
Creating a fermi condensate is very difficult. Fermions obey the exclusion principle, and they are not attracted to each other. They repel each other. Jin and her research team found a way to merge them together. They adjusted and applied a magnetic field on the anti-social fermions, so they began losing their properties. The fermions still kept some of their character, but behaved a bit like bosons. Using this, they were able to make separate pairs of fermions merge with each other over and over again. Mrs. Jin suspects that this pairing process is the same in Helium-3, also a superfluid. Based on this information, they can hypothesize (make an educated guess) that fermionic condensates will flow without any viscosity as well.
Superconductivity and fermionic condensates.
Another related phenomenon is superconductivity. In superconductivity, paired electrons can flow with 0 viscosity. There is quite some interest in superconductivity, as it may be a cheaper and cleaner source of electricity. It could also be used to power levitating trains and hover-cars.
But this can only happen if scientists can create or discover materials that are superconductors at room temperature. In fact, a Nobel Prize will be awarded to one who succeeds in making a room temperature superconductor. Right now, the problem is that scientists have to work with superconductors at around -135 °C. This involves the use of liquid nitrogen and other methods to make extremely cold temperatures. This is of course a tedious job, which is why scientists prefer to use superconductors at room temperature. Mrs. Jin's team thinks that replacing the paired electrons with the paired fermions would result in a room-temperature superconductor.

= = = Lincoln Home National Historic Site = = =
Lincoln Home National Historic Site preserves the home of Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois. The Lincolns bought the house in 1844. They lived there until 1861 when Lincoln became the 16th President of the United Sates. The site includes a four-block historic district and a visitor's center. Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln donated the family home to the State of Illinois in 1887. He wanted the house to be well-maintained forever. He also wanted the house to be open to the public at no charge. The home and the historic district became a National Historic Site on August 18, 1971. The house has two floors and 12 rooms. It was the only house Lincoln ever owned. 

= = = Evangeline = = =
Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie is a long poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1847. The poem is about a girl named Evangeline. She searches for her lost love Gabriel. Longfellow got the idea for the poem from his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. He modelled the poem on the Greek and Roman classics. "Evangeline" is one of Longfellow's most popular works.
Story.
Evangeline is a girl of Acadie, a place in Canada. She is engaged to Gabriel. They are separated when the British deport the Acadians from Acadie in the Great Upheaval. She searches for him across America. This takes many years. Sometimes she is close to him without knowing he is near. Finally she settles in Philadelphia. She grows old. She works as a Sister of Mercy among the poor. She tends the dying during an epidemic. She finds Gabriel among the sick. He dies in her arms.

= = = The Village Blacksmith = = =
"The Village Blacksmith" is a poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1841 in Longfellow's book, "Ballads and Other Poems". 
The real blacksmith of the poem was Dexter Pratt. He was Longfellow's neighbor. The first lines of the poem are well-known: "Under a spreading chestnut tree / The village smithy stands." 
In 1879, children in Cambridge, Massachusetts gave Longfellow a chair. It was made from the chestnut tree of the poem. 

= = = The Wreck of the Hesperus = = =
"The Wreck of the Hesperus" is a poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1842 in Longfellow's book, "Ballads and Other Poems". His inspiration for the poem was a bad storm in 1839. The storm destroyed 20 ships and killed 40 people. A dead woman was found in the sea tied to a mast.
Story.
A proud sea captain takes his little daughter aboard his ship to keep him company. A seaman warns him a storm is approaching. He does not pay attention to this seaman. The storm hits. The captain ties his daughter to the mast. He does not want her to be swept overboard. She calls out to her dying father. She hears the waves beating on the shore. She prays to Christ to calm the seas. The ship crashes onto a reef and sinks. The next morning a fisherman finds the daughter's dead body in the sea. It is still tied to the mast. 

= = = The Young and the Hopeless = = =
The Young and the Hopeless is the second studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. "The Young and the Hopeless" was released on October 1, 2002 and was re-released in 2004. It was the first album by Good Charlotte to feature an intro song. The album featured the singles "Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous", "The Anthem", "Girls & Boys", "The Young & the Hopeless" and "Hold On".

= = = The Chronicles of Life and Death = = =
The Chronicles of Life and Death is the third studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. "The Chronicles of Life and Death" was released on October 5, 2004. It was released with both a "Life" and a "Death" version. The life version contained a bonus track called "Falling Away" which also featured the hidden track "Wounded". It was the first and last album to feature Chris Wilson on the drums.

= = = Massage = = =
Massages refer to rubbing a particular place on the body. They are often performed when a certain part of the human body is injured, strained or in cramps. Massages are often performed on human feet, backs and arms, but can be done on many parts of the body.

= = = Good Morning Revival = = =
Good Morning Revival is the fourth studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. "Good Morning Revival" was released on March 27, 2007. It was the first Good Charlotte album to feature Dean Butterworth on the drums after Chris Wilson left the band in 2005. Benji Madden came up with the name of the album. It was the last album to be released on the Daylight Records due to Good Charlotte signing with Capitol Records. The Japanese edition featured two bonus tracks; "Keep Your Hands Off My Girl (Broken Spindles Remix)" and "Face the Strange".

= = = Cardiology (album) = = =
Cardiology is the fifth studio album by American pop punk band, Good Charlotte. "Cardiology" was released on October 27, 2010. Benji Madden came up with the name of the album saying that the lyrical content of the album is "all is connected to the heart". The album has sold over 52,000 copies as of September 2011.

= = = Yulara, Northern Territory = = =
Yulara is a town in the southern region of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is very isolated, being just outside the border of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. In the 2006 census, Yulara had a population of 1,606. Most of the people who live at Yulara work in the tourist industry, emergency services or the national park. The name comes from local Aboriginal words for "howling dingos". Yulara is by road from Uluru (Ayers Rock) and 55 km from Kata Tjuta (the Olgas).
Facilities in Yulara include a supermarket, post office, library, post office, bank, child care centre, health clinic and a hairdresser.

= = = Kata Tjuta = = =
Kata Tjuta, sometimes written Tjuṯa (Kata Joota), and also known as Mount Olga or The Olgas), is a group of large rock formations in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located about southwest of Alice Springs. Kata Tjuta and Uluru, to the east, make up the two focus points of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. The rock is conglomerate, a sedimentary rock made up of clusters of different types of rock (including granite and basalt), covered in sandstone. There are 36 domes covering an area of . The highest point, Mount Olga, is above sea level. It is about above the ground around it. It is about higher than Uluru.

= = = Lymphogranuloma venereum = = =
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a chronic (long-term) infection of the lymphatic system caused by three different types of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The bacteria spread through sexual contact. The infection is not caused by the same bacteria that cause genital chlamydia.
LGV is more common in Central and South America than in North America. Every year, a few hundred cases of LGV are diagnosed in the United States. However, the actual number of infections is unknown.
LGV is more common in men than women. The main risk factor is being HIV-positive.
Symptoms of LGV can begin a few days to a month after coming in contact with the bacteria. Symptoms include:

= = = Geoffrey Howe = = =
Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, QC, PC (20 December 1926 – 9 October 2015) was a British Conservative politician. 
Howe was born in Port Talbot, Wales. He read Law at Trinity Hall, Cambridge and had a career as a lawyer before becoming a Member of Parliament. In 1953, he married Elspeth Howe.
He was MP for Bebington from 1964-1966, for Reigate from 1970-1974 and for East Surrey from 1974-1992. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1979-1983 and was Foreign Secretary from 1983-1989. He was made a life peer in 1992. He was close friends with Denis Healey. Healey died a few days before Howe.
Howe died of a heart attack in Warwickshire, England at the age of 88.

= = = Common pipistrelle = = =
The common pipistrelle ("Pipistrellus pipistrellus") is a small bat with a very large range across most of Europe, North Africa, southwestern Asia, and possibly into Korea. It is one of the most common bat species in the British Isles.
It is 3.5–4.5 cm long with a wingspan of 19–25 cm, with brown fur. It is common in woodland and farmland but is also found in towns, where it roosts in lofts and buildings.
In 1999 the common pipistrelle was split into two species on the basis of different-frequency echolocation calls. The common pipistrelle uses a call of 45 kHz, while the soprano pipistrelle echo-locates at 55 kHz. Since then other differences, in appearance, habitat and food, have also been found.
Echolocation.
The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 45–76 kHz, have most energy at 47 kHz and have an average duration of 5.6 ms.

= = = Dragonfruit = = =
Pitaya fruit, pitahaya fruit, commonly known as the dragon fruit, is a fruit from Central America, South America, and Asia. It has a light sweet taste, an intense shape and colour, and has a texture of between that of a kiwi and an apple. In addition to being tasty and refreshing, it contains a lot of water and other important minerals with varied nutritional ingredients.
Occurrence.
It is also known as “pitaya” if it comes from the very closely related Stenographers genus. The actual dragon fruit is the fruit of the cactus genus "Hylocereus". Occuring in Mexico, South America, as well as Central America. It is possible it was introduced to Southeast Asian nations through Vietnam, alongside trade with the French during the 1800s. Cambodia, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, where it still holds as an important part of their diet.
Yellow Pitaya.
The dragon fruit in the photo above. The yellow skin has white flesh. It has the highest sugar content among dragon fruits. In Chinese, it is called giraffe family and is commonly found in Hong Kong. The ripe ones are really sweet like sugar. 
References.
https://www.producebluebook.com/know-your-commodity/dragon-fruit/

= = = Britney (album) = = =
Britney is the third studio album released by Britney Spears. It was released in 2001. It has the singles "I'm A Slave 4 U" (the highest charting single off the album), "Overprotected", "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", "I'm Not A Girl, Not Yet A Woman", and "Boys".

= = = The Singles Collection = = =
The Singles Collection is the second compilation album by Britney Spears. 
It was released in late 2009. It features the biggest hits of her career to that point plus one new song, "3", which was her first to debut at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

= = = Toxic (song) = = =
"Toxic" is a song by American singer Britney Spears, taken as the second single from her fourth studio album "In the Zone". The song was written with Janet Jackson in mind before being offered to Australian singer Kylie Minogue, who turned down recording it. It reached number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and went to #1 in the UK, Canada, Australia, Norway, and on "Billboard"’s Hot Dance/Club Play and Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs airplay charts.
In 2006, the song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

= = = From the Bottom of My Broken Heart = = =
"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" is a song released off of Britney Spears' first studio album "...Baby One More Time". It was released as a single in December 1999 in the United States, Latin America, and Oceania. It reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the year 2000.

= = = A Few Good Men = = =
A Few Good Men is a 1992 American military drama movie about the corruption of the US Navy in the American Naval Base of Guantanamo in Cuba and Washington, D.C.. It starred Jack Nicholson, Tom Cruise and Demi Moore. It was directed by Rob Reiner.

= = = Angry Kid = = =
Angry Kid is a British adult live-action/stop-motion animated comedy web series about a redheaded teenager named Angry Kid, created by Darren Walsh.
Synopsis.
The show centers around teenage schoolboy Angry Kid (voiced by Darren Walsh) and his crazy adventures of being chased by dogs, making prank phone calls, and annoying his friends and family.

= = = Tales of a Wayside Inn = = =
Tales of a Wayside Inn is a book of poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1863. The book is set in a real place. That place was a tavern in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Longfellow lived 20 miles away in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The inn was a favorite place for the people of Cambridge to go. The people in the book were real people, too. They were friends of Longfellow. In the book, they tell stories to each other while visitng the Wayside Inn. The best known poem is "Paul Revere's Ride". It begins: "Listen my children and you shall hear / Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere."
Longfellow wrote the book to help him cope with his wife's death. She died at home. She was standing in front of a fireplace. Her skirt caught fire. Longfellow visited the real tavern in 1862. It was called the Red Horse Tavern at that time. It was closed because the owner had died the year before. Longfellow said it was "a rambling, tumble-down building". Two more books about the Wayside Inn were published. One book was published in 1870, and other in 1872.

= = = Wayside Inn = = =
The Wayside Inn is an inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts, United States. It is the setting for Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Tales of a Wayside Inn". The inn was founded in 1716 by David Howe. It was called Howe's Tavern. It is thought to be the oldest inn in the United States. Howe's granddaughter, Lydia Howe, was born in the inn. The inn is still open. It has a restaurant and guest rooms.

= = = Paul Revere's Ride (poem) = = =
"Paul Revere's Ride" is a poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1860 in the magazine "The Atlantic Monthly". It was published again in Longfellow's book "Tales of a Wayside Inn". The poem is about Paul Revere's midnight ride through the Massachusetts countryside. He wanted to warn the patriots that the British were on their way to fight them. Longfellow was inspired to write the poem after visiting the Old North Church in Boston. 

= = = Bundaberg = = =
Bundaberg is a city in Queensland, Australia. It is famous for Bundaberg Rum, which is made there. Bundaberg was affected by the 2010–2011 Queensland floods.

= = = Old North Church = = =
Old North Church (officially, Christ Church in the City of Boston) is a church in Boston, Massachusetts at 193 Salem Street. It was built in 1723. Its design was inspired by the works of Christopher Wren. The church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. It is the oldest standing church building in Boston. Inside the church is a bust of George Washington that the Marquis de Lafayette thought the best likeness of Washington he had ever seen.
The church is known to most Americans because it was here that a lantern signal was sent by sexton Robert Newman from the church steeple on the evening of April 18, 1775 to warn American patriots that British soldiers were approaching Lexington and Concord by sea and not by land. "Paul Revere's Ride", a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, remembers this event. 
The church steeple was damaged by storms in 1804 and 1954. It was rebuilt. It is now 175 feet (53 m) tall. The original weathervane is on top. There are 1100 bodies buried in the basement. Many of these are patriots who were killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Old North Church is a National Historic Landmark. Queen Elizabeth II visited the church in 1976 and was given a silver chalice (a cup) modelled on one made by Paul Revere.

= = = Pitjantjatjara language = = =
Pitjantjatjara ( or ) is one of the Western Desert languages of Australia. It is often considered a dialect. It is spoken by the Pitjantjatjara people of central Australia. It is mutually intelligible with other languages of the Western Desert and is very closely related to the Yankunytjatjara language.
The name of the people comes from their word for coming/going: "".

= = = Aṉangu = = =
Anangu, Aṉaŋu or Arnangu (), is a word used to refer to Aboriginal people in Australia. It is found in some dialects of the Western Desert Language (WDL) of western and central Australia.
Before European people arrived in central Australia, the word probably meant 'human being', or 'person'. But now it is used to mean 'Aboriginal person' only. Because other Aboriginal languages have their own words for '(Aboriginal) person' the word "anangu" is mostly used in English to refer to the WDL-speaking people. Used in this way, it is not used to refer to any traditional grouping (or tribe), but to the WDL people as a whole. The correct term for "black person" in Pitjantjatjara is "", literally "dark/black person".
Equivalents in other languages and dialects.
Other Western Desert Language dialects have different words with a similar meaning and many uses. In the far west of the WDL (i.e. amongst Manyjilyjarra, Kartujarra, Putijarra and Warnman) the word "martu" is used, and in the central Western Desert (i.e. amongst the western Pintupi) the word "purntu", although this seems to be rarely used now.
There are a number of other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography:

= = = House of the Seven Gables = = =
The House of the Seven Gables (also known as the Turner House or Turner-Ingersoll Mansion) is a historic house in Salem, Massachusetts. It was built for Captain John Turner. It remained in the Turner family for three generations. The earliest section of the house was built in 1668. It faced south towards Salem Harbor. It was a two-room, 2 1⁄2-story house. It had cross-gables and a huge central chimney. This portion now forms the middle of the house. The house was remodelled over the years. It was eventually acquired by the Ingersoll family. Nathaniel Hawthorne often visited his cousin Susannah at the house. He wrote a novel called "The House of the Seven Gables". The book uses the house as background. The house was restored between 1908 and 1910. A "cent-shop" and a secret staircase were added. This was done to please visitors who expected the house to resemble the one in Hawthorne's book. The House of the Seven Gables is the oldest "surviving" mansion house in continental North America. It has 17 rooms and over 8,000 square feet. The house is now a non-profit museum.

= = = Colossus computer = = =
Colossus was the world's first programmable electronic digital computer. British code breakers used Colossus for cryptanalysis during World War II.
These messages were sent between the German High Command, and army field commanders. Reading these messages helped the Allies to win the war.
Codebreaker Max Newman worked at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. His problem was how to get a machine that would help turn German coded radio teleprinter messages into ordinary language. A group of Post Office telephone engineers led by Tommy Flowers worked out how to do this. Their design, which was called "Colossus" used many vacuum tubes (valves). The first machine, Mark 1, worked in December 1943 and solved its first problem in February 1944. Colossus Mark 2 was even better. It first worked on 1 June 1944, just before the Normandy Landings on D-Day. Ten Colossus computers were in use at the end of the war.
British codebreakers called the teleprinter messages "Fish". The messages had been coded by an unknown German machine. They called the machine and its coded messages "Tunny". Colossus imitated the machine and read the coded message from a punched tape. It tried various possibilities of how two of the wheels had been set up. When Colossus found likely settings for two wheels, the codebreaker designed further programs for Colossus until likely settings of other wheels were found. Colossus did not perform all of the decoding process. It just found likely settings of the machine. The output from Colossus was then worked on by people who had a very good knowledge of the German language.
After the war the British codebreakers found out that the code machine was the Lorenz SZ42. All the secret Colossus computers were taken to pieces, so that no one would find out about them. The designs were destroyed. For thirty years no one knew who made them. Between the early 1990s and 2007, a working copy of a Colossus computer was built. This can be seen at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park in England.
Purpose and origins.
Regular radio transmissions of "Tunny" messages started in June 1941. The British codebreakers saw that it used a five-unit code like a teleprinter system. Their research also showed that the coding was being done by a rotor cipher machine with 12 wheels (rotors). For each new message sent, the wheels had first to be turned to new positions. The start position for the message was chosen by the operator who was sending the message. He told the operator who was receiving the message what the start positions were with 12 letters that were not coded. The total number of possible start positions of the 12 wheels was very large indeed.
The coding machine added together the "plaintext" (the un-coded version of the message) and a stream of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation) called the "keystream" (a stream of seemingly random characters) that it generated to make the "ciphertext" (the coded version of the message). The ciphertext, which made no sense, was transmitted by radio. At the receiving end an identical machine removed the keystream to produce the plaintext of the message.
If the German operators always worked correctly, no two messages would have the same start position of the wheels. However, mistakes were made. They helped the British codebreakers. On 30 August 1941 two versions of the same message, which was nearly 4,000 characters long, were sent with the same wheel start positions. This mistake was very useful to the research codebreakers. A codebreaker called John Tiltman was able to get the keystream from these messages.
The codebreakers tried to work out the details of the machine from this information, but at first they failed. They were then joined by a young codebreaker called Bill Tutte who was given the job. After a lot of work he succeeded, and produced a logical description of the unseen machine. This work has been described as "the greatest intellectual achievement of world war II". Tutte worked out that the machine made each keystream character by combining the effects of two sets of five wheels. He used Greek letters to name the wheels. He called one set of five the � ("chi") wheels, and the other set of five the � ("psi") wheels. He worked out that the � wheels moved on one position for each new character coded. The � wheels, however, did not move regularly. They only moved on some of the time. Whether or not the � wheels moved on was controlled by two wheels that he called two the � ("mu") or "motor wheels".
Max Newman was a mathematician and codebreaker at Bletchley Park. He was given the job of working out how a machine could break "Tunny" messages. The machine would do a calculation for many possible start positions of the � wheels. The start position that gave the largest count from this calculation was likely to be the right one. The first machine was called "Heath Robinson". This did not work very well. It had two punched paper tapes that had to work exactly together. One tape contained the ciphertext in a continuous loop. The second looped tape contained patterns made by the wheels of the coding machine. The tapes would often stretch or break when going at 2000 characters each second. Sometimes the tapes would not line up; then the counts were wrong.
Building Colossus.
Tommy Flowers worked at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill in north-west London. He was asked to look at the Heath Robinson machine. He thought it was a weak machine. He designed an electronic machine to do the same job. It would make the patterns of the coding machine by electronics so that only one paper tape was needed. In February 1943 he showed Max Newman this design. The design needed 1,500 thermionic valves (vacuum tubes). Few people thought that so many valves could work without a lot failing. More Heath Robinson machines were ordered. Flowers, however, kept with the idea of an electronic machine. He got support from Gordon Radley, his boss at the Post Office Research Station. Tommy Flowers and his team started work on Colossus in February 1943.
The tape with the message on it had to be read rapidly. Tommy Flowers tested the tape reader up to 9,700 letters/second () before the tape broke. He selected 5,000 characters per second as a good speed for regular work. This meant that the paper tape moved at or . The electronic circuits were driven by a signal made from reading the sprocket holes of the punched tape.
The first Colossus worked at Dollis Hill in December 1943. Then they took Colossus apart and moved it to Bletchley Park. It got there on 18 January 1944. Harry Fensom and Don Horwood put it back together. Colossus read its first message on the 5th of February. After the first Colossus (Mark 1) there were nine Mark 2 machines. These each had 2,400 valves. They were easier to use. They could be programmed to work at five times the speed of the Mark 1. A Mark 2 Colossus first worked on 1 June 1944.
At first Colossus was only used to find the starting wheel places used for a message (called "wheel setting"). Codebreakers worked out how to use the Mark 2 to help find the patterns of the cams on the wheels ("wheel breaking"). At the end of the war there were ten Colossus computers working at Bletchley Park. This meant that very many messages were decoded.
Design and use.
Colossus used parts that were new back then. It used vacuum tubes, thyratrons and photomultipliers. It read from paper with light. It then did a special thing for every letter; the special thing could be changed. It counted how often this special thing was "true". Machines with many vacuum tubes were known to break a lot. They break most when turning on, so the Colossus machines were only turned off when a part broke.
Colossus was the first of the electronic digital machines that could have a program. It could not change as much as later machines: 
It was not a Turing-complete computer, even though Alan Turing was at Bletchley Park. This idea had not yet been thought of, and most of the other early modern computing machines were not Turing-complete (like: the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the Harvard Mark I electro-mechanical relay machine, the Bell Labs relay machines by George Stibitz and others, or the first plans of Konrad Zuse). It took a long time for computers be used for many uses, instead of just a calculator only for working out one hard problem.
Influence and fate.
What the Colossus computers were used for was very secret. The Colossus itself was highly secret even for many years after the War. This is why Colossus could not be included in the history of computing hardware for a long time. Nobody knew how important that Flowers and the other people who helped make it were.
Not many people knew about this secret computer, so it had little direct effect on the new design of later computers; EDVAC was the early design which had the most effect on later computer design.
Once Colossus was made, some people now knew that high-speed electronic (no moving parts like electrical relays) digital computing devices could be made and they did not break too much. Just this knowledge was enough to have a big effect on the designs of early computers in Britain and probably in the US. People that knew about Colossus were important in the early computer field in Britain. In 1972, Herman Goldstine wrote that:
In writing that, Goldstine did not know of Colossus. He did not know what it left to projects of people who knew about it. People such as Alan Turing (with the Pilot ACE and ACE), and Max Newman and I. J. Good (with the Manchester Mark 1 and other early Manchester computers). Brian Randell later wrote that:
Colossus plans and machinery were secret from the when they were made. They stayed so after the War, when Winston Churchill ordered the destruction of most of the Colossus machines into "parts no bigger than a man's hand"; Tommy Flowers himself burned the designs in a fireplace at Dollis Hill. Some parts, changed to look innocent, were taken to Newman's Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester University. The Colossus Mark 1 was taken apart and the parts were sent back to the Post Office. Two Colossus computers, along with two copied Tunny machines, were kept. They were moved to GCHQ's new head office at Eastcote in April 1946. They moved again with GCHQ to Cheltenham between 1952 and 1954. One of the computers, known as "Colossus Blue", was taken apart in 1959; the other in 1960. In their later years, the computers were used for training. Before that, there had been attempts to change them (sometimes well) for other purposes. Jack Good was the first to use it after the war, getting NSA to use Colossus to do something for which they were planning to build a special purpose machine. Colossus was also used to perform letter counts on one-time pad tape to test for non-randomness.
At this time the Colossus was still secret, long after any of its technical details were of any importance. This was due to the UK's intelligence agencies use of Enigma-like machines which they got other governments to buy. The agencies then broke the codes using different ways. Had the knowledge of the codebreaking machines been widely known, no one would have accepted these machines; rather, they would have developed their own methods for encryption, methods that the UK services might not have been able to break. The need for such secrets slowly went away as communications moved to digital transmission and all-digital encryption systems became common in the 1960s.
Colonel Winterbotham's book "The Ultra Secret" came out in 1975. This broke the secrecy around the Colossus. After that, details about the computer began to become public in the late 1970s.
A 500-page technical report on the Tunny cipher and its code breaking – entitled "General Report on Tunny" – was given by GCHQ to the national Public Record Office in October 2000; the complete technical report is online.
Making it again.
A team led by Tony Sale built a working copy of a Colossus Mark 2. The plans and machines had been destroyed, but a surprising amount of other material was not destroyed. It was mostly in engineers' notebooks, much of it in the U.S. The optical tape reader might have been the biggest problem, but Dr. Arnold Lynch, its designer, was able to redesign it from his own first writings. The rebuilt Colossus is on show at The National Museum of Computing, in H Block Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. This is where the Colossus No. 9 was used in the war.
In November 2007, to mark both the end of the work and the start of fundraising (asking for money) they ran a competition. The money would help The National Museum of Computing with a Cipher Competition where the rebuilt Colossus competed with radio amateurs all around the world. The first to hear and decode three messages enciphered would win. They would be enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 and transmitted from the radio station in the "Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum" computer museum in Germany. The competition was easily won by radio amateur Joachim Schüth. Schüth had gotten ready for the event. He made his own signal processing and code-breaking program using Ada. The Colossus team lost because they wanted to use World War II radios. They were a day late because of bad radio conditions. The winner's 1.4 GHz laptop, running his own program, took less than a minute to find the settings for all 12 wheels. The German codebreaker said: "My laptop worked on ciphertext at a speed of 1.2 million letters per second—240x faster than Colossus. If you compare the two computers, you could say Colossus had a speed of 5.8 MHz. That is very fast for a computer built in 1944."

= = = Communic = = =
Communic is a Norwegian progressive metal band from Kristiansand, Norway. Communic has three members in the band; the current band members are Oddleif Stensland, Erik Mortensen and Tor Atle Andersen. The band formed in March 2003 as a side project for the band, Scariot. They are currently signed to Nuclear Blast Records and have released 4 albums and a demo.
Discography.
Albums.
Communic has released 5 albums:

= = = Sublime (philosophy) = = =
In philosophy, the term sublime refers to something that is "great". This greatness can be physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual or artistic. Very often, the term refers to something that is so great that it cannot be calculated, measured or imitated. Special skills are often needed to fully perceive or understand the sublime. 
As a category in aesthetics, the main property is that its beauty is bigger than something that is merely beautiful. Sometimes, the sublime may be sacred and causes awe.
It is only western philosophy that makes a distinction between the beautiful and the sublime; there is no such distinction in eastern philosophy.The first known work in philosophy treating the sublime is called "On the Sublime", and was written by an otherwise unknown writer who lived in the first or third century. This writer is often called Longinus. Longinus was a teacher of rhetoric, and used the sublime to describe great language in this context. According to Longinus, the sublime inspires awe and veneration, with greater persuasive powers. Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux translated this work into French, in the 16th century; in the 18th century the text was translated into English as well.
Philosophers who wrote about the sublime include Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Theodor W. Adorno, and Jean-François Lyotard. Writers include Friedrich Schiller and Victor Hugo.

= = = Shōnan = = =
 is the name of a local Japanese region along the coast of Sagami Bay which is about 50 kilometres southwest of Tokyo. 
Shōnan is centered on Enoshima, which is a small island near the coast.

= = = Renata Scotto = = =
Renata Scotto (February 24, 1934 – August 16, 2023) was an Italian operatic soprano who enjoyed a long and distinguished international career.
Life and Career.
Born in Savona, Italy, she studied at the Milan Conservatory of Music, under Ghirardini and Merlini, and later in Rome with Mercedes Llopart. She made her stage debut in her hometown on Christmas Eve 1952, as Violetta in "La traviata". After winning first place in a singing competition, she was invited to sing Violetta at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan on July 2, 1953, which led to her debut at La Scala, the following December, as Walter in Catalani's "La Wally", opposite Renata Tebaldi and Mario Del Monaco. She quickly appeared in several other cities throughout Italy.
She sang in Cairo in 1956 and at The Stoll Theatre in London in 1957. That same year, she replaced Maria Callas in "La sonnambula" at the Edimburg Festival to considerable acclaim. This was the start of long and distinguished international career, with appearances in Chicago, San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, Moscow, Tokyo, etc. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, on October 13, 1965, as Cio-Cio-San in "Madama Butterfly" and sang there regularly until 1987.
Scotto was mostly known for the Italian repertoire of which she sang a wide range of roles from bel canto to verismo. Although essentially a lyric soprano, as the years went on she tackled more dramatic roles in operas such as "Norma", "Macbeth", "La Gioconda", "Tosca", etc. 
After retiring from the stage, she turned to teaching, coaching and stage directing. She married violinist Lorenzo Anselmi in 1960 and had two children.
Scotto died in her home town of Savona, Italy on August 16, 2023, at the age of 89.

= = = Madama Butterfly = = =
Madama Butterfly is an Italian opera in three acts with music by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica. It was based on a play by David Belasco. The opera was first performed in Milan, Italy, on February 17, 1904. Its revised version was performed in Brescia, on May 28, 1904. Although a fiasco at its premiere, it soon established itself in its revised version as one of the most beloved of operas. 

= = = La Gioconda = = =
La Gioconda is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Amilcare Ponchielli and libretto by Arrigo Boito, after Victor Hugo's play "Angelo, Tyran de Padoue". It was first performed in Milan, on April 8, 1876. By far Ponchielli's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed. 

= = = Europa (mythology) = = =
Europa is a figure from Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Phoenician king Agenor and of Telephassa. Zeus falls in love with her. Because of his wife Hera, he has to take the shape of a bull. Hermes makes the herd of cattle with the bull Zeus graze near the beach near Sidon, where Europa is playing. That way, Zeus is able to abduct Europa on his back. He swims to Matala on Crete where he shows himself. The children of Europa and Zeus are Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon. Because of a prophecy of Aphrodite, the new continent Europe is named after Europa.
The oldest telling of the story can be found in the Illiad by Homer. There, she is the daughter of Phoinix. Other ancient tellings include "Europa" by Moschos, and the Metamorphoses by Ovid.
Agenor sent his sons to search for Europa, but they could not find her. Cadmus asks the Oracle at Delphi and is told to give up the search, and found Thebes in Boetia instead.
According to other sources, Europa remained on Crete, were she married Asterion, and became queen. Asterion did not have any children, so he adopted her sons.
The oldest known paintings which clearly show Europa date from the 7th century BC. 

= = = Marot jar = = =
A marot jar is a special kind of syphon or siphon device invented some time during the 1700s. The device is filled up water and lets it out in a special way so that the speed and amount of water that comes out is always the same, even if the jar is completely full or almost empty.
In the diagram (see right), an air-tight jar contains some water (blue) and some air (yellow). The green pipe is started as a siphon so that water starts flowing out of the pipe. Because the pipe lets out water, the pressure on the inside of the jar is less than the pressure outside, so it causes air to be sucked in through the orange pipe. Because the pressure is going to tend to being the same inside and outside of the jar, the water is going to flow out of the pipe at the same speed and amount.

= = = The Lorax = = =
The Lorax is a children's book. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1971. The Lorax is a small orange creature. He speaks for the trees against the greedy Once-ler. The book is a fable about industrialized society and the danger it poses to nature. It has been made into a 1972 television show and a 2012 movie. Some people criticized the book. They thought it was gloomy. They thought it was not a good book for children. Some people thought it was unfair to the logging industry.
Story.
A young boy living in a polluted world visits a strange creature called the "Once-Ler". The boy asks about the poor state of the world. The Once-ler explains that the world was once beautiful. He made an invention that required him to chop down Trufulla trees. He says that everyone needed his invention. He made a profit from cutting down Trufulla trees. A small orange creature called the Lorax urged him to stop cutting down so many trees. He said that this was harming the environment. The Once-Ler ignored him. Eventually the supply of trees ran out. The land was left polluted. The animals left the forest. The Once-Ler finishes his story. He gives the boy "the last [Truffula seed] of all." He tells him to plant the seed and it will grow into a forest. 

= = = Andrew Castle = = =
Andrew Nicholas Castle (born 15 November 1963) is a retired British tennis player. He became a television presenter. He was born in Epsom, Surrey. He retired from tennis in 1992.
He was a contestant on the 2008 series of "Strictly Come Dancing" and on the 2010 series of "71 Degrees North".

= = = The Cat in the Hat = = =
The Cat in the Hat is a children's book written by Dr. Seuss and was first published in 1957. Seuss wrote the book after being challenged to write a story beginning readers would love. He was given a list of 438 words beginning readers were expected to know. He was told these were the only words he could use. He used 223 words on the list. The Cat would appear in other Dr. Seuss books. More than 11 million copies of the book have been printed. It has been translated into more than 12 different languages including Latin and Yiddish. The story has been made into a television special and a 2003 movie. The Cat appears in a Broadway musical called "Seussical". He also is the host of the educational children's shows The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss and The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That. In 1958, a sequel to the book was released, which was called "The Cat in the Hat Comes Back!". In 1998, a spin-off book series of both of the books was made, which was called "The Cat in the Hat's Learning Library". The series has a total of 54 books. In 2003, a film based on The Cat in the Hat book was made.
Story.
Two children, Sally and Conrad, are left at home alone on a rainy day. They are visited by a cat wearing a red and white striped hat and a red bowtie. He performs all sorts of tricks. He balances a cup, a cake, an umbrella, and other things while standing on a ball. The Cat gets a box from outside. Inside are two creatures named Thing One and Thing Two. The Things begin to fly kites in the house. The children catch the Things with a net. The house is a mess. The Cat cleans it up. He leaves just before the mother comes home.

= = = Les contes d'Hoffmann = = =
Les contes d'Hoffmann ("The Tales of Hoffmann") is a French opera. It has a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. The music was written by Jacques Offenbach. The libretto was written by Jules Berbier and Michel Carré. It is based on E.T.A Hoffmann's "Dr Sandmann, Geschichte von Verloreren Spiegelbilde". The opera was first performed in Paris, on 10 February 1881. 
The opera was the last and perhaps greatest work of Offenbach. It was not quite finished when he died. The final score was completed by Ernest Guiraud. Guiraud also wrote the recitatives, though at first it was meant to have spoken-dialogue. The work was an immediate success and has remained so since its creation. 

= = = The Song of Hiawatha = = =
The Song of Hiawatha is an epic poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was first published in 1855. The poem was loosely based on the legends of Native American peoples. In 1857, Longfellow estimated that the work had sold 50,000 copies. 
"The Song" is about Hiawatha and his beloved Minnehaha. It is set along the south shore of Lake Superior. The poem was very popular, but critics did not like it. 
Composers and painters were inspired to create works based on the poem. A 2005 television movie was based on the poem.
Story.
Hiawatha's birth is foretold by a "mighty" peace-bringing leader named Gitche Manito. A woman named Nokomis falls from the moon. Nokomis gives birth to Wenonah. She grows to be a beautiful young woman. Nokomis warns her not to be seduced by the West Wind. She does not listen to her mother, and Hiawatha is born. 
Hiawatha has childhood adventures, falls in love with Minnehaha, slays the evil magician Pearl-Feather, invents written language, discovers corn, and other episodes. The poem closes with the approach of a canoe to Hiawatha's village. It contains "the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face." Hiawatha welcomes him with joy. 
The "Black-Robe chief" brings word of Jesus Christ. Hiawatha and the chiefs accept the Christian message. Hiawatha says good-bye to Nokomis, the warriors, and the young men. He says, "But my guests I leave behind me / Listen to their words of wisdom, / Listen to the truth they tell you." He endorses the Christian missionaries. He launches his canoe for the last time westward toward the sunset. Then he departs forever.

= = = Ed Sullivan = = =
Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television host. He was best known as the presenter of the television variety show "The Ed Sullivan Show". The program was shown on television from 1948 to 1971 (twenty-three years). It was one of the longest-running variety shows in United States history.
In 1996, Ed Sullivan was #50 on "TV Guide"'s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time".
Early life.
Sullivan was born in New York City, New York. His mother was Elizabeth F. Sullivan (née Smith) and his father was Peter Arthur Sullivan. He was of Irish descent. Sullivan used to be a boxer. He began his media work as a sportswriter for "The New York Evening Graphic".
Personal life.
Sullivan was engaged to swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. He married Sylvia Weinstein on April 28, 1930. She died on March 16, 1973. They had a daughter, Betty Sullivan. Betty married the "Ed Sullivan Show"'s producer, Bob Precht.
Sullivan reportedly called Sylvia after every program to hear what she thought about it.
Sullivan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Boulevard.
Death.
In September 1974, Sullivan had x-rays done. They showed that Sullivan had esophageal cancer. Only his family was told about it. Because the doctors did not give Sullivan a lot of time, the family chose not to tell him about it. Sullivan thought that his illness was because of ulcers. He died five weeks later, on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital. 3,000 people went to his funeral. It was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.

= = = Psychological nativism = = =
In psychology, nativism is a theory that says that most basic skills are hard-wired in the brain at birth. This theory is the opposite of the theory called the blank slate, or "tabula rasa". Blank slate theories said that humans have almost no skills or abilities at birth: they learn these skills over the course of their life. People who believe in nativism (within certain limits) include Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. These psychologists believe that humans are born with a set of abilities that help them learn other skills, such as speech.
Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.
Charles Darwin, in "The expression of emotions in man and animals" (1872), showed that the way most emotions were shown was common between human cultures. He said this was inherited and had been the result of evolution. Behaviorism says that man's behaviour is affected by its results (operant conditioning). Behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts, or an inherited tendency to behave. People who believe in evolutionary psychology think this is wrong. They think human behaviour has deep roots in our evolutionary past.

= = = Syphon = = =
The word syphon (, also spelled siphon) can refer to any device that conducts the flow of liquids through tubes. Used in the right way, the word refers to a tube in an upside-down U shape. The tube makes liquid flow up hill. It flows higher than the source of the liquid, to come out at a level lower than the surface of the source. The movement is done without pumps. It is powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity.
The syphon must touch the liquid in the (upper) reservoir (the source, where the liquid comes from) in order for it to work. This allows atmospheric pressure to push the liquid up the tube. The top of the tube is where the lowest pressure is, so the liquid will move towards that area in the same way as a barometer. The top of a syphon is the same as the height of a barometer, because they work in the same way. The lower pressure is caused by the liquid falling on the downhill side. A syphon can raise water to a height of 25 feet above the source elevation. New discoveries in Syphon Pump Metering allows for dispensing liquid above the source. United States Patent #5,358,000 was the first to teach this method.
A siphon can be used for irrigation purposes. 
When both ends of a syphon are at atmospheric pressure (equal pressure), liquid flows from high to low. However, if the lower end is pressurised, liquid can flow from low to high. Most syphons have water as a fluid. Other fluids, such as mercury, or organic liquids or even gasses like carbon dioxide can also be syphoned.

= = = DSM IV = = =
The DSM-IV is the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It is a manual written by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). They are numbered using Roman numerals: DSM-I, DSM-II, DSM-III, DSM-IV, but the latest edition adopted Arabic numerals allowing the later ones to be numbered, 5.1, 5.2 and so on. After the DSM-IV was published, some changes (or revisions) were made to the descriptions in the manual. Because of this, the most recent version of the DSM-IV is officially called the DSM-IV-TR (the TR stands for "Text Revision").
The DSM lists every condition that is officially called a mental illness by the APA. The DSM organizes these conditions into different categories. Each condition is given a code, made up of numbers or a combination of numbers and letters. Along with the condition's name and code, the DSM also gives other information, like:
The conditions that are listed in the DSM change over time. In each new version of the DSM, the APA adds conditions that it has accepted as mental illnesses since the last version was published. It may also take out conditions that are no longer thought of as mental illnesses. (For example, homosexuality was listed as a mental illness in the earlier DSMs, but was then taken out.) The APA may also change the way it describes certain conditions.
Multi-axial system.
When a person gets a DSM diagnosis, there are five different "axes", or categories of information that need to be included.
Axis I: This is where most mental health conditions are listed. Both the name of the condition and its assigned code need to be listed. For example, types of ADHD, depression, anxiety disorders would be listed here. A person can have just one Axis I diagnosis, or more than one.
Axis II: If the person has mental retardation (intellectual disability), autism or a personality disorder, it is listed here.
Axis III: If the person has medical conditions, they are listed here.
Axis IV: This axis records whether the person has certain kinds of "psychosocial stressors." There are few set categories of psychosocial stressors: Primary support problems (for example, family conflict); social environment problems (for example, the person has poor social skills and few friends); economic problems (like poverty or job loss); housing problems (like poor housing or homelessness); educational problems (like school failure); problems with access to healthcare services; and "other" stressors.
Axis V: For this axis, a mental health professional will pick a number that sums up how much the person is affected by mental health problems, and how well they are functioning in their life. The professional uses a scale called the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), which explains what different numbers mean. A person's score is called his "GAF score."
There are a few benefits to the DSM's multi-axial system. The five axes sum up all of the information that is most important to mental health professionals when they are treating a person. They give a snapshot of the most important things that affect a person's mental health. A full DSM diagnosis is also like a common language to mental health professionals. Even if there are different professionals, who come from different specialties or even speak different languages, they will all understand the DSM diagnosis.
Organization.
The conditions in the DSM are organized into categories. These categories are:
(1) "Disorders Usually Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence". For example: types of ADHD; mental retardation; autism spectrum disorders; and Oppositional Defiant Disorder .
(2) "Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders." These disorders cause problems with thinking and memory.
(3) "Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition Not Otherwise Classified." These are disorders which are caused by a medical problem.
(4) "Substance-Related Disorders." These are conditions which have to do with use, abuse, or addiction to illegal drugs, alcohol, or other substances (like caffeine and nicotine). This category also includes conditions caused by withdrawal from these substances.
(5) "Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders." These include all of the different types of schizophrenia, and other disorders that cause psychosis (being out of touch with reality).
(6) "Mood Disorders". These include the different kinds of bipolar disorder and depression.
(7) "Anxiety Disorders." For example: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
(8) "Somatiform Disorders." People with these disorders have a lot of physical symptoms, like pain or stomach problems. However, these symptoms are not thought to be caused by an actual medical disorder. They are thought to be caused by mental health problems instead. One example is hypochondriasis, where a person is always worried that they have serious medical problems when they do not. Another condition in this category is Body Dysmorphic Disorder, where a person hates his body, or a part of his body.
(9) "Factitious Disorders." People with these disorders exaggerate or make up medical problems. They may do this because it gets them things they want (for example, attention and sympathy).
(10) "Dissociative Disorders." These disorders cause a person to have problems with memory, awareness, and perceiving (seeing and understanding) things correctly. The person may also feel disconnected from his identity (his view of himself and who he is). The best-known condition in this category is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (which used to be called "Multiple Personality Disorder).
(11) "Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders." Sexual disorders include paraphilias, where a person is sexually attracted to objects or to kinds of sexual activity that are not normal. For example, pedophilia (being sexually attracted to children) is a type of paraphilia. Another type of sexual disorder is sexual dysfunction (problems with performing sexually). This category also includes Gender Identity Disorder, where a person feels like one gender, but has the body of another gender.
(12) "Eating Disorders." The two major types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
(13) "Sleep Disorders." For example: insomnia.
(14) "Impulse Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified." These are disorders where people have trouble controlling their urges to do things. For example: trichotillomania (where a person pulls hair out of his body) and Intermittent Explosive Disorder (where a person has sudden explosions of anger).
(15) "Adjustment Disorders." With these disorders, a person is having trouble adjusting to, or getting used to, something stressful in his life.
(16) "Personality Disorders". These diagnoses can only be given to adults. For example: Antisocial Personality Disorder; Borderline Personality Disorder.

= = = The House of the Seven Gables = = =
The House of the Seven Gables is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1851. The book is about an old New England family. Themes include guilt, revenge, and atonement. The supernatural and witchcraft are a part of the story. An old house in Salem, Massachusetts was used as background for the story. The house belonged to Hawthorne's cousin Susanna Ingersoll. He visited the house often. He was also inspired by his ancestors. They played a part in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The book was well received. "The House of the Seven Gables" has been adapted to movies and television shows.
Other websites.
Online editions
Study Guides
Essays
Other

= = = Mandy Capristo = = =
Mandy Grace Capristo (born March 21, 1990 in Mannheim) is a German pop singer-songwriter, model, presenter, and dancer. She was known as a singer of the band Monrose.
Biography.
Mandy Capristo grew up in Bürstadt, Hesse. Her father is of Italian origin. Her mother Carmen is German. She has an older brother. She got her love of dancing and singing from her mother. In her late childhood, her parents split up.
Capristo had 6 years of ballet, gymnastics, dance lessons and piano lessons. At school, she appeared for the first time on a bigger stage with the musical "Dracula". when she was 11, her teacher suggested that she apply for the Kiddy Contest in Austria. 2001 she won the contest with the song "Ich wünsche mir einen Bankomat". After that she appeared in TV shows like "Tabaluga" and "1, 2 or 3". The album got to number one in the Austrian charts.
2006: Popstars and the band Monrose.
Capristo applied for the show "Popstars" when she was sixteen. Finally, in 2006 she was elected in the final by a telephone vote in addition to Bahar Kizil and Senna Guemmour of the band Monrose. They had seven top ten hits in the charts. Their previous albums were also successful.
2007-2010: Work as model.
2007, readers of the German edition of "FHM" men's magazine chose Capristo as number 10 of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In August 2007 she was on the cover of the magazine. This success earned her the first jobs as a model. In 2009 she topped the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In addition she posed again in the June 2010 issue of German men's magazine "FHM".
2011: Solo projects.
When the Band Monrose split up in 2011, Capristo continued her solo projects. She was the face of the cosmetics brand BeYu. She worked on her own album. Capristo presented at the BeYu fair two songs with titles "Overrated" and "Be You". She also worked with Peter Maffay. They recorded the song "Die Zeit hält nur in Träumen" and presented the new one at "Wetten, dass...?" (a German TV-show).
In March 2012 Mandy announced that her new single "The Way I Like it" would appear on 13 April. The album carries her second name, Grace. Other titles are "Overrated", "Hurricane" and "It do not matter" The songwriter of "The Way I Like it" is called David Jost, who also produced Tokio Hotel and Keri Hilson.

= = = Baia de Criș = = =
Baia de Criș () is a commune in Hunedoara County, Romania. It is a collection of nine villages: Baia de Criș, Baldovin ("Báldovin"), Căraci ("Karács"), Cărăstău ("Karasztó"), Lunca ("Lunka"), Rișca ("Riska"), Rișculița ("Riskulica"), Țebea ("Cebe") and Văleni.
The village of Țebea is where the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan started in 1784, and marks the death place and burial site of Avram Iancu.

= = = Constitution of India = = =
The Constitution of India is the supreme law in India. A constitution is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country. The constitution of India is the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. It is also the longest constitution in the world. Originally, it consisted of 395 Articles arranged under 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. As of 2023, after many amendments it has 470 Articles, 12 schedules, and 25 Parts with 5 appendices and 98 amendments. The original constitution was written on 26 November 1949, and was made the center of law on 26 January 1950. 
History.
India had to face many problems after independence. Rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan, merging the princely states, maintenance of law and order were the major challenges. Sardar Patel successfully achieved the merger of the princely states and provinces with the Union of India. Even the challenge of framing a constitution in order to enable govern the country was also fulfilled. 
The recommendations of the Motilal Nehru Committee and the decisions taken by the meeting of National Congress at Karachi prepared for the formation of a Constituent Assembly.
The first meeting of the new Constituent Assembly was conducted on 9th of December, 1946. The next meeting conducted in 11th of December, 1946 under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Participants included Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Sarojini Naidu. Dr. Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, is often called the father of the Indian Constitution.
The Constituent Assembly, which came into existence on 11th of December 1946, had 145 meetings and framed a draft constitution. During these discussions, the various laws proposed by the British Government in 1909, 1919 and 1935, the British Parliamentary system, the American Bill of Rights, the Social Directive Policies of Ireland were studied and some parts of those were written in the Constitution. Finally, the Indian Constitution was approved on 26th of November, 1949 and came into effect on 26th of January, 1950. This day (January 26) is celebrated as the 'Republic Day' in India.
Structure.
Below is a list of all articles in chronological order of the constitution.

= = = Preamble = = =
A preamble is an introduction to a document that describes the documents purpose. The word comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "amble" meaning walk. A preamble can contain facts about the document. The preamble of a law is not part of the law but explains its purpose. The preamble of a book is called a "preface". The preamble of a musical composition is a prelude or overture. The preamble of a Wikipedia article walks before the sections, and is called the "lede" or "introduction". 
A data packet has a preamble which the system needs but which goes before the data that the user will use. 
Example.
One of the world's most famous preambles is the one in the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

= = = Gil Jae = = =
Gil Jae or Kil Jae (1353 1419) was a Korean scholar, politician, educator, and poet.

= = = Little Things (Good Charlotte song) = = =
"Little Things" is the first single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called "Good Charlotte". The song is also the first track off the album. The song was released on March 27, 2001 and was re-released in the United Kingdom on March 9, 2009. The song was featured in the movie "Dude, Where's My Car?" and the video game "Project Gotham Racing".
Music video.
The video features Good Charlotte performing in a high school with the Joel Madden (the lead singer) breaking into the principle's office. Joel then announces over the school's loudspeaker that the song was dedicated to "every kid who ever got picked last in gym class," "every kid who never had a date to no school dance," and "everyone who's ever been called a freak." The video shows the band wreaking havoc on the school. The guitarist Billy Martin plugs the band's sound system into the principle's microphone and they perform with students running out of class to go see them. The video ends with the band rearranging the letters on the school's notice board to spell out the words "GOOD CHARLOTTE."
Chart rankings.
"Little Things" ranked No. 23 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Modern Rock Tracks 

= = = The Motivation Proclamation = = =
"The Motivation Proclamation" is the second single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called "Good Charlotte". The song is also the third track off the album. The song was released on August 7, 2001.
Music video.
The video features Good Charlotte waking up in a house while they do normal morning rituals (i.e. yawn, eat breakfast, etc.) When they finally set up their music equipment, they start to play but finish the song. The video also features the television show, Undergrads which plays on the TV in the house.

= = = Spaceballs = = =
Spaceballs is a 1987 American science fiction comedy movie. It was directed by Mel Brooks. It starred Bill Pullman, John Candy, Mel Brooks and Rick Moranis. Its plot and characters parody the original "Star Wars" trilogy, as well as other sci-fi franchises including "Star Trek", "Alien", and the "Planet of the Apes" movies.
Despite mixed reviews at the time of release, the movie has since gained a cult following.

= = = Little Women = = =
Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy is a book by Louisa May Alcott. Alcott drew on her own childhood experiences with her three sisters when writing the book. They lived in Concord, Massachusetts at Orchard House.
Little Women was the book that helped Louisa Alcott become a well-known author. It was not her favorite novel that she wrote. In the year 1994, the book was made in a movie. Alcott’s writing skills were not the best, but she did have a lot of creativity. Her creativity shown through when she opened a school after getting a $40 donation. After she opened the school, she decided to go back to writing. (link One) 
The book was originally published in two parts. Part one was called "Little Women". It was published in 1868. Part two was called "Good Wives". Part two followed the girls as they grew up and married. It was published in 1869. Both parts were very successful.
Story.
The story is about the fictional March sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. They call their mother Marmee. The story is set during the American Civil War. Their father is serving as a chaplain in the Union Army. Each sister has a flaw. Amy is selfish, Beth is shy, Meg is vain, and Jo is outspoken and tomboy-ish. Their best friend is Laurie, the boy next door.
Alcott’s inspiration for Little Women came from her life experiences when she was younger. The setting is in Massachusetts, the state where she grew up. The characters in the story represent her sisters, mother, and herself. Each one was given the same traits/personality as her sisters. The mother was in charge of the household when the father was away. It tells of the hard times that they had growing up and had to overcome. The story takes place during the American Civil War. The sisters learned to grow up faster than they wanted to, so that they could support the family. It was not easy for them. Link 2
Little Women by Alcott is still a popular read across many different generations. It is read by all ages and is an American classic. Link 3
Other websites.
1-- https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/little-women-louisa-may-alcott/565754/
2--https://americanliterature.com/author/louisa-may-alcott/book/little-women/summary
3--https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/292282/little-women-by-louisa-may-alcott/9780143106654/

= = = Mario Del Monaco = = =
Mario Del Monaco (July 27, 1915 - July 16, 1982) was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with Italian heroic roles, notably "Otello". One of the leading "tenore di forza" (dramatic tenor) of the 1950s, he possessed a voice of considerable range and power with a thrilling upper register.
Life and career.
Born in Florence, Italy, he studied in Pesaro with Melocchi but was mostly self-taught. He began his operatic career in Pesero in 1940, as Turriddu in "Cavalleria rusticana". He then sang widely in Italy and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1943, as Rodolfo in "La bohème". After the war, he began to appear outside Italy, Barcelona, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, etc. He first sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1950, as des Grieux in "Manon Lescaut".
Although mostly associated with the Italian repertoire ("Ernani", "Il trovatore", "La forza del destino", "Aida", "Andrea Chénier", "Tosca", "La fanciulla del West", "Turandot", etc.), he also enjoyed considerable success as Don José in "Carmen" and Samson in "Samson et Dalila". He left several complete opera recordings, often with soprano Renata Tebaldi. 
Del Monaco was married to soprano Rina Filippini, who was also his vocal coach. Their son, Giancarlo (b. 1945), is an operatic stage director. Del Monaco died from nephritis in Mestre, near Venice, at the age of 67.

= = = Thornhill (Alabama) = = =
Thornhill is an old plantation house near Forkland, Alabama. The Greek Revival main house was built in 1833 by James Innes Thornton. Thornhill was a cotton plantation in the early 1830s. It extended over 2,600 acres. By 1860, there were 156 slaves working on the plantation. About a third of the slaves lived in quarters behind the main house. William Nichols is believed to be the architect. The house measures 55 feet wide. Inside is a 14 ft wide by 40 ft long central hall. There is a spiral staircase at the back. There are two rooms to either side. The left front room was the parlor. The dining room was behind it. On the front right was the master bedroom. The plantation office was behind it. Upstairs is a matching hall and four bedrooms. All eight rooms are 19.5 feet square. The downstairs rooms have 12-foot ceilings. The upstairs ceilings are 11 feet. There was once a brick kitchen behind the house. It later burned. Additions were made to the original house from 1890 to 1949. They were razed in 1994 and rebuilt to better match the original intent. The two-story portico with six Ionic columns was added about 1850. The plantation schoolhouse was constructed about 1845. The Thornton children and neighboring plantation children were taught there. Surrounding the schoolhouse are 230-year-old post oaks. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1984.

= = = Stadtholder = = =
A stadtholder is a political leader or governor who controls a region or area of land for someone else.
The title was used in the northern part of Western Europe during the 18th century. It was most commonly used in the areas that now are the countries of Belgium and the Netherlands. A person who ruled many different areas often could not take control of all of them at the same time. To deal with that problem, a stadtholder of an area would be a appointed. That person would act as the ruler for that area. As a viceroy the stadtholder had total control of the area.
The stadtholder of the Dutch Republic was in practice a hereditary monarch from the 16th to the 18th centuries. After the Napoleonic Wars, they became kings.

= = = The Click (song) = = =
"The Click" is the third single off the debut self-titled album by American punk band Good Charlotte. The song was released in 2001. The song didn't initially appear on the track listing for the "Good Charlotte album" but was later added on the track listing for the Japanese and 2003 rerelease of "Good Charlotte". The song was also the theme song for the television show "Undergrads" and the band have also been mentioned in numerous episodes and made an appearance in the 12th episode where they played "The Click".

= = = Reductionism = = =
Reductionism is the idea that a system can be totally determined by looking at its parts, and by combining these using rules such as logic. Theories can be reduced to observations, concepts to things, and the laws of nature to the events that cause them. 

= = = Sagami Bay = = =
, also known as the Sagami Gulf or Sagami Sea, is an area of the Pacific coastline of the Japanese island of Honshu. The bay is approximately southwest of the capital, Tokyo. 
Underwater canyons extend out of Sagami Bay into the Pacific Ocean in a continuous slope called the "Sagami Trough".
Major cities on the bay include Odawara, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Hiratsuka, Ito, and Kamakura.
History.
The center of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was in Sagami Bay.

= = = OneDrive = = =
Microsoft OneDrive (previously Microsoft SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live Folders) is a free file hosting service. It lets users upload files to a cloud storage. The files can be accessed from a Web browser. It was part of the Windows Live range of services. To use the OneDrive service, a user needs a Microsoft account. OneDrive has support for Office Web Apps. It lets users change and make Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote files.
The OneDrive client app adds file synchronization and cloud backup features to its device. The app comes bundled with Microsoft Windows and is available for macOS, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and S. In addition, Microsoft Office apps directly integrate with OneDrive.
Devices.
OneDrive is a simple file hosting service, which comes with great advantages because now the users can upload their content from any electronic device. The user can now upload or download their material from any mobile device, from any computer whether it may be Mac or PC it is fast and convenient without having to use any cables to download or upload any data.
Storage.
Quota.
 the service offers 5 GB of free storage for new users. Additional storage is available for purchase.
In June 2019, alongside the announcement for the Personal Vault, Microsoft announced that it would increase the OneDrive standalone storage plan from 50 GB to 100 GB at no additional charge, and that it would be giving Office 365 subscribers a new option to add more storage as they need it.

= = = Otello = = =
Otello is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto is by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's play "Othello". It was first performed at "La Scala" in Milan on February 5, 1887. The work is widely regarded as one of the greatest of music-dramas. Famous interpreters of the role have included Mario Del Monaco, Jon Vickers and Placido Domingo. 

= = = The Watchtower = = =
The Watchtower is a magazine produced on a monthly basis by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses as part of their ministry (preaching) work. It's full name is "The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom". "The Watchtower"'s stated aim is to "honor Jehovah God, the Supreme Ruler of the universe". It is the most widely circulated magazine worldwide, and its companion magazine "Awake!" is the second most widely circulated magazine worldwide, according to the article Top 5 World’s Best Magazines.
There is also a "Study Edition" of "The Watchtower" that is not distributed to the public. It is used by Jehovah's Witnesses at their weekend meetings.

= = = Cavalleria rusticana = = =
Cavalleria rusticana is an Italian opera in one act. The music was written by Pietro Mascagni. The story and words (libretto) were written by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci. The opera was based on a play by Giovanni Verga.
The opera was first performed in Rome on May 17, 1890. The work marked the start of the verismo style in Italian opera. It is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera "Pagliacci" to make a full evening. Both operas are just a little over one hour each.
Name: The name means 'rustic chivalry' or 'chivalry of (people in) the countryside'.

= = = Arrietty = = =
Arrietty (called in Japan and The Secret World of Arrietty in North America) is a 2010 Japanese animated fantasy movie directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi, written by Hayao Miyazaki and Keiko Niwa and produced by Studio Ghibli, based on Mary Norton's novel "The Borrowers". The movie is about a young Borrower named Arrietty. The movie stars the voices of Mirai Shida as the titular character, Ryunosuke Kamiki as Sho, and Tatsuya Fujiwara as Spiller.
The North American version of the movie was made by Disney, and stars Bridgit Mendler as Arrietty, David Henre as Sho (renamed Shawn), and Moisés Arias as Spiller. It also has Will Arnett as Arrietty's father Pod, and Amy Poehler as her mother Homily.

= = = Cytokinin = = =
Cytokinins are hormones in plants that are found both naturally and synthetically. They are used to make the process of cell mitosis quicken, and thus to make the plant grow faster.

= = = Haskell = = =
Haskell is a purely functional programming language. It is named after Haskell Brooks Curry, a U.S. mathematician who contributed a lot to logic. Haskell is based on lambda calculus and uses the Greek letter lambda as its logo. The main implementations are the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC), and Hugs, a Haskell interpreter.
Examples.
The following is an example Hello World program in Haskell:
module Main where
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello, World!"
One way to create an infinite list of Fibonacci numbers is this:
fib n = fibs !! n
 where fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)
Influence.
Haskell was influenced by many earlier programming languages. These were Clean, FP, Gofer, Hope and Hope+, Id, ISWIM, KRC, Lisp, Miranda, ML and Standard ML, Orwell, SASL, SISAL, and Scheme.
Haskell itself has influenced many later programming languages, such as Agda, Bluespec, C++11/Concepts, C#/LINQ, Cayenne, Clean, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Curry, F#, Isabelle, Java/Generics, Mercury, Perl 6, Python, Scala, Visual Basic 9.0.

= = = Second Boer War = = =
The Second Boer War (, or "Tweede Boereoorlog") was a war. It lasted from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. In the war, the British Empire fought against the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. Winston Churchill, who later became famous, was captured but escaped. At this time, the British made use of concentration camps. This weakened the Boers. It helped the British stop the war from lasting any longer.
The British troops won the war. As a result, both republics were annexed to the British Empire. Later, both were eventually incorporated into the Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, in 1910. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but it is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the "Anglo-Boereoorlog" or "Tweede Vryheidsoorlog" ("Second War of Liberation" or lit. "Second Freedom War") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
The Second Boer War is a part of what are known as the Boer Wars. These include the lesser known First Boer War that took place from December 1880 to March 1881.

= = = Enoshima = = =
 is a small island in Sagami Bay on the Pacific Coast of the Japanese island of Honshu. It is part of Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture.
Enoshima has an area of about 0.2 km2. It is linked to the mainland by a bridge.
The island is at the mouth of the Katase River.
In 1927, Enoshima was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

= = = Henny Penny = = =
Henny Penny, also known as Chicken Little or Chicken Licken, is a fable. It is about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end.

= = = Louisa May Alcott = = =
Louisa May Alcott (; November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American writer. She was born at Germantown, Pennsylvania to Amos Bronson Alcott, a controversial educator.
In 1834, the Alcott family moved to Massachusetts, finally settling at Concord. Family friends in the area included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Early Years.
Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of a teacher. He and his wife helped children. Louisa was the second of four daughters. The family moved to Boston in 1834, where Alcott's father started a school and was friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Louisa's father's opinions on education and hard views on teaching children shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to do well in life. In 1840, after the school ended, the Alcott family moved to a small house on land next to a river in Concord, Massachusetts. They were happy there.[4] By 1843, the Alcott family moved with some friends to the an area where everyone believed in the same thing from 1843–1844. Louisa's mom had a lot of money and with some help from Ralph Waldo Emerson, they bought land in Concord, Massachusetts. They moved to a house on April 1, 1845. Louisa went to work at an early age. She taught, sewed, and did chores in houses. In 1848, her first book, "Flower Fables", was published.
Louisa was taught by Henry David Thoreau and her father. Her father was really hard and taught her to not think about herself. She was also taught by important people like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne. They were friends of her family. She wrote for a paper that tells everyone what is going on.
In 1847, she and her family helped on the Underground Railroad, when they allowed a runaway  slave to stay in their house for one week. Alcott believed that women should be treated better and became the first woman allowed to vote in Concord, Massachusetts. The 1850s were hard times for the Alcotts. At one point in 1857, Alcott was so sad that she thought about killing herself. Later that year, she learned about Charlotte Brontë and felt better. She was not longer close to her sisters because they died or got married.
Writing.
She wrote many sensational stories and passionate novels such as "A Long Fatal Love Chase". She also wrote stories for children. The critics liked these children's stories. She began writing only for children. In 1868, "Little Women" was published. It was a great success. After "Little Women", Alcott wrote "Little Men" in 1871 and "Jo's Boys" in 1886. These books were about four fictional sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March. The books were based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her own three sisters. The character of Jo was based on Alcott herself. Other children's books by Alcott include "Eight Cousins", "Rose in Bloom", "Under the Lilacs", and "".
Alcott supported the rights of women and slaves in America. In 1860, Alcott wrote for a newspaper. When the American Civil War began, she worked as a nurse in a hospital at Georgetown, D.C., for six weeks in 1862–1863. She wanted to serve three months as a nurse, but she got typhoid and got ill, but she did get better. Her letters to her home were put in popular newspapers and books (1863, republished with additions in 1869). These letters gave her fame, and people liked her observations and humor. She wrote about the bad care of hospitals by some doctors. Many people liked her stories and became fans of her writing.
After the American Civil War, Alcott wrote fun and smart books under the name A. M. Barnard. One of her books was "A Long Fatal Love Chase". Her protagonists for these books were strong and smart. She also wrote books for children, and when they became popular, she did not go back to writing for adults. Other books she wrote are the novelette A Modern Mephistopheles (1875), which people thought someone else wrote; and the "Work" (1873).
Alcott became very famous with her book "Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy" (1868), a story of her childhood with her sisters in Massachusetts. Part two, or "Part Second", also known as "Good Wives" (1869), followed the characters into adulthood and marriage. "Little Men" (1871) talked about Jo's life at the Plumfield School that she started with her husband Professor Bhaer at the end of Part Two of "Little Women". "Jo's Boys" (1886) completed the "March Family Saga". In "Little Women", Alcott based her character "Jo" on herself. But Jo marries at the end of the story, and Alcott never got married. She said, "I am more than half-persuaded that I am a man's soul put by some freak of nature into a woman's body ... because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit with any man." Every character in "Little Women" is like a person in Alcott's own life. 
"Little Women" was liked by a lot of people of different ages. A reviewer of "Eclectic Magazine" called it "the very best of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty". People also liked the book because it was like their own lives.
Personal life.
Three years after the Civil War started, Alcott got a job at a hospital in Washington, D.C. She worked for six weeks between 1861 and 1862. While Alcott worked at the hospital, she got typhoid. She had to spend a long time in bed, which affected her health. While she had typhoid, she used medicine that had mercury in it. When Alcott was older, she was ill most of the time. She thought this was because of mercury poisoning from the medicine she used. Early biographies about Louisa May Alcott said that she was ill and died because of mercury poisoning. However, experts now think she was ill from an autoimmune disease.
Alcott died of a stroke at age 55 in Boston, Massachusetts on March 6, 1888.

= = = Sir Gawain = = =
Sir Gawain is a legendary character in the King Arthur stories, but according to some historical critics originates and inspired from a real knight of 850 in the area of north Europe, between legend and oral norvegian Orkney Islands history. He is one of the most important Knights of the Round Table. His parents are Arthur's sister Anna and King Lot. He is the main character of "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", a medieval fantasy poem. He is said to be Arthur's nephew. He appears very early on in the legend and has been mentioned in very early Welsh sord in wales.
He is one of a select number of Round Table members to be referred to as one of the greatest knights, most notably in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", well know also like with the nickname "First knight". He is almost always portrayed as the son of Arthur's sister Morgause (or Anna) and King Lot of Orkney and Lothian, and his brothers are Agravain, Gaheris, Gareth, and Mordred. He was well known to be the most trustworthy friend of Sir Lancelot. In some works, Sir Gawain has sisters as well.
Gawain is often portrayed as a formidable, courteous, and also a compassionate warrior, fiercely loyal to his king and family. He is a friend to young knights, a defender of the poor, and as "the Maidens' Knight", a defender of women as well. In some works, his strength waxes and wanes with the sun; in the most common form of this motif, his might triples by noon, but fades as the sun sets. His knowledge of herbs makes him a great healer, and he is credited with at least three children: Florence, Lovell, and Gingalain, the last of which is also called Libeaus Desconus or Le Bel Inconnu, the Fair Unknown. Gawain appears in English, French and Celtic literature as well as in Italy where he appears in the architecture of the north portal in the cathedral of Modena, constructed in 1184.
Name Gawain (Gauvain).
Gawain is also called "Gauvain","Gualguanus", "Gwalchmei", "Walwein", etc. is King Arthur's nephew and a Knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. Under the name "Gwalchmei", he appears very early in the legend's development: he is mentioned in some of the earliest Welsh Arthurian sources.
Gawain is known by different names and variants in different languages. The character corresponds to the Welsh "Gwalchmei ap Gwyar", and is known in Latin as "Walwen", "Gualguanus", "Waluanus", etc.; in French as "Gauvain"; and in English as Gawain. The later forms are generally assumed to derive from the Welsh "Gwalchmei". The element "Gwalch" means hawk, and is a typical epithet in medieval Welsh poetry. The meaning of "mei" is uncertain. It has been suggested that it refers to the month of May ("Mai" in Modern Welsh), rendering "Hawk of May", though scholar Rachel Bromwich considers this unlikely. Kenneth Jackson suggests the name evolved from an early Common Brittonic name *"Ualcos Magesos", meaning "Hawk of the Plain".
Not all scholars accept the "gwalch" derivation. Celticist John Koch suggests the name could be derived from a Brythonic original "*Wolcos Magesos", "Wolf/Errant Warrior of the Plain." Others argue that the continental forms do not ultimately derive from "Gwalchmei". Medievalist Roger Sherman Loomis suggests a derivation from the epithet "Gwallt Avwyn", found in the list of heroes in "Culhwch and Olwen", which he translates as "hair like reins" or "bright hair". Dutch scholar Lauran Toorians proposes that the Dutch name Walewein (attested in Flanders and Northern France c. 1100) was earliest, suggesting it entered Britain during the large settlement of Flemings in Wales in the early 12th century. However, most scholarship supports a derivation from Gwalchmei, variants of which are well attested in Wales and Britain. Scholars such as Bromwich, Joseph Loth, and Heinrich Zimmer trace the etymology of the continental versions to a corruption of the Breton form of the name, "Walcmoei".

= = = Donna Reed = = =
Donna Reed (born Donna Belle Mullenger, January 27, 1921 – January 14, 1986) was an American actress. She was born in Denison, Iowa. 
Reed had a major role in "It's a Wonderful Life". She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "From Here to Eternity". She won a Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female for her central role in "The Donna Reed Show".
She died of pancreatic cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

= = = Danny Dyer = = =
Danny Dyer (born 24 July 1977) is a British actor. He was born in Custom House, London. Dyer had major roles in "Human Traffic", "Borstal Boy", "Goodbye Charlie Bright", "The Football Factory", "The Business", "Severance" and "Outlaw". 
Career.
Dyer has also acted in theatre and on television, including two episodes each of "The Bill" and "Skins", as well as playing Mick Carter in "EastEnders" (2013–present). 

= = = The Bill = = =
The Bill is a British police procedural television series. It ran from 1984 to 2010 on ITV and is set in the East End of London. It started with a pilot episode from 1983 called Woodentop and often featured guest stars who would later become more famous in other roles. 

= = = The Courtship of Miles Standish = = =
The Courtship of Miles Standish is a long poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in October 1858. It sold 25,000 copies in two months. 
It tells the story of early New England settlers Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins. Miles Standish and John Alden are both in love with Priscilla. 
It is unknown whether the story was taken from real-life, or if it was an American folk tale. One critic liked some aspects of the poem. He complained about other aspects though. Longfellow wrote the poem in an unfamiliar meter, Greek hexameter, and used medieval words. 

= = = Darren Walsh = = =
Darren Walsh may refer to:

= = = Darren Walsh (footballer) = = =
Darren Walsh (born 27 December 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the AFL.
He was drafted by the Essendon Football Club in the 2002 National draft at pick 27 in the 2nd round. He played two games in his first season with Essendon but ended the season with glandular fever. Walsh was delisted after the 2004 season without having played another game.

= = = Darren Walsh (director) = = =
Darren Walsh is an English director, animator, writer, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known as the voice of Angry Kid in the show of the same name. He also created, directed, and wrote the programme.

= = = Aardman Animations = = =
Aardman Animations Ltd., also known as Aardman, is a British stop-motion clay animation studio in Bristol, England. It is known for using techniques with the characters Wallace and Gromit modelled in plasticine. It successfully entered the computer animation market with "Flushed Away" (2006).
Their stop-motion films are among the highest-grossing stop-motion films of all time. Their debut, "Chicken Run" (2000), is their top-grossing film. It is the highest-grossing stop-motion film of all time.
In 1991, Park's short, "Creature Comforts", was the first Aardman production to win an Academy Award.
History.
1972–1996.
Aardman was founded in 1972 as a low-budget project by Peter Lord and David Sproxton, who wanted to realise their dream of producing an animated motion picture. The partnership provided animated sequences for the BBC series for deaf children "Vision On". The company name originates from the name of their nerdish Superman character in that sequence. The process of using clay animation to produce a segment called "Greeblies" (1975) became the inspiration for creating Morph, a simple clay character. Around the same time, Lord and Sproxton made their first foray into adult animation with the shorts "Down and Out" and "Confessions of a Foyer Girl", entries in the BBC's "Animated Conversations" series using real-life conversations as soundtracks. Aardman also created the title sequence for "The Great Egg Race" and supplied animation for the multiple award-winning music video of Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer". They produced the music video for the song "My Baby Just Cares For Me" by Nina Simone in 1987. Also in the 1980s, they created the trombone-playing character "Douglas" in a television commercial for Lurpak butter.
Later Aardman produced a number of shorts for Channel 4, including the "Conversation Pieces" series. These five shorts worked in the same area as the "Animated Conversations" pieces, but were more sophisticated. Lord and Sproxton began hiring more animators at this point; three of the newcomers made their directorial debut at Aardman with the "Lip Synch" series. Of the five "Lip Synch" shorts, two were directed by Lord, one by Barry Purves, one by Richard Goleszowski and one by Nick Park.
In 1991, Park's short, "Creature Comforts", was the first Aardman production to win an Academy Award. Park also developed the clay modelled shorts featuring the adventures of Wallace and Gromit, a comical pair of friends: Wallace being a naive English inventor with a love of cheese, and Gromit his best friend, the intelligent but silent dog. These films include "A Grand Day Out" (1989), "The Wrong Trousers" (1993) and "A Close Shave" (1995), the latter two winning Academy Awards.
1997–2007.
In December 1997, Aardman and DreamWorks (later DreamWorks Animation) announced that their companies were teaming up to co-finance and distribute "Chicken Run", Aardman's first feature film, which had already been in pre-production for a year. On 27 October 1999, Aardman and DreamWorks signed a $250 million deal to make an additional four films that were estimated to be completed during the next 12 years. Along with the deal their first project was announced, titled "The Tortoise and the Hare". Intended to be based on Aesop's fable and directed by Richard Goleszowski, it was paused two years later because of the script problems. On 23 June 2000, "Chicken Run" was released to a great critical and financial success. In 2005, after ten years of absence, Wallace and Gromit returned in Academy Award-winning "The Curse of the Were-Rabbit". The following year "Flushed Away", Aardman's first computer-animated feature, was released.
Logo used from 1998 until 2022
On 1 October 2006, right before the release of "Flushed Away", "The New York Times" reported that due to creative differences DreamWorks Animation and Aardman would not be extending their contract. The deal was officially terminated on 30 January 2007. According to an Aardman spokesperson: "The business model of DreamWorks no longer suits Aardman and vice versa. But the split couldn't have been more amicable." Unofficial reasons for departure were weak performances of the last two movies, for which DreamWorks had to take writedowns, and citing the article, "Aardman executives chafed at the creative control DreamWorks tried to exert, particularly with "Flushed Away"..." The studio had another film in development, "Crood Awakening" (eventually "The Croods"), which had been announced in 2005, with John Cleese co-writing the screenplay. With the end of the partnership, the film's rights reverted to DreamWorks.
On 10 October 2005, a serious fire at a storage facility used by Aardman and other Bristol-based companies destroyed over 30 years of props, models, and scenery often built by the Bristol-based Cod Steaks. This warehouse was used for storage of past projects and so did not prevent the production of their current projects at the time. In addition, the company's library of finished films was stored elsewhere and was undamaged. An electrical fault was determined to be the cause of the blaze. Referring to the 2004 South Asia earthquake and tsunami, Park was quoted as saying, "Even though it is a precious and nostalgic collection and valuable to the company, in light of other tragedies, today isn't a big deal."
From 2006 to 2007, the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan, had an exhibit featuring the works of Aardman Studios. Sproxton and Lord visited the exhibit in May 2006 and met with animator Hayao Miyazaki during the visit. Miyazaki has long been a fan of Aardman Animations' works.
2007–present.
In April 2007, Aardman signed and in 2010 renewed a three-year deal with Sony Pictures to finance, co-produce, and distribute feature films. The next year, Aardman released a new "Wallace and Gromit" short film, called "A Matter of Loaf and Death". The first film made in partnership with Sony was the computer-animated "Arthur Christmas" (2011), which is Aardman's first 3D feature film. 2012 saw the release of "The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists!" (known internationally as "The Pirates! Band of Misfits"), Aardman's first 3D stop-motion film and Peter Lord's first film as a director since "Chicken Run". Two additional films were announced in June 2007: "The Cat Burglars", a stop-motion animated heist comedy film directed by Steve Box, about cat burglars that steal milk, and their plans to pull off 'the great milk float robbery'; and an untitled Nick Park project (which would later become "Early Man").
The studio is also known to provide generous resources and training to young animators by providing awards at various animation festivals. For example, The Aardman Award at the UK's Animex Festival in Teesside provides story consultation to a promising young animator for their next film.
In 2008, Aardman joined with Channel 4 and Lupus Films to launch a user-generated content animation portal called 4mations. They also designed the BBC One Christmas Idents for that year, which featured Wallace and Gromit to tie in with the showing of the new Wallace and Gromit film called "A Matter of Loaf and Death" on Christmas Day at 8:30pm. In April 2008, Aardman launched the Aardman YouTube channel, which is a YouTube Partner channel featuring the entire "Creature Comforts" TV series, the Morph series, "Cracking Contraptions" and clips from the Wallace and Gromit films. From December 2008, Aardman also started posting various flash games on Newgrounds, the majority of which are based on "Wallace and Gromit" and "Shaun the Sheep".
In 2009, Nintendo announced that Aardman would make twelve short films using only Flipnote Studio. The films were posted on Flipnote's Hatena web service provider. The first film was called "The Sandwich Twins" and was released on 16 September 2009. The remaining eleven films were released on a weekly basis until Christmas, and can also be downloaded using Hatena. In the same year, the headquarters of the studio moved into a new building, designed by Alec French architects, in Gas Ferry Road, Bristol, although work needing large-scale sets is still carried out in sheds in Aztec West and Bedminster. In April 2009, Aardman Animations edited the existing Watch identity by UKTV to make the inflatable eyeball (called "Blinky") in the idents blink.
In October 2013, Peter Lord (co-founder of Aardman Animations) created a fundraising project on the crowdfunding site Kickstarter. The campaign has a target of £75,000 which will be used to fund 12 new one-minute episodes of Morph. Lord was hoping to start production in January 2014 using the original stop-frame animation. Backers of the project will receive a variety of rewards, including early access to the new animations and a small box of clay used in the production, depending on the individual's level of funding.
In 2015, the studio bought a majority share in New York-based animation studio Nathan Love, announcing the merger with a short film called "Introducing: Aardman Nathan Love" on 25 September of the same year of that being that the British stop-motion animated series "Digby Dragon" debuted on Nick Jr. UK in 2016.
In advance of Aardman's fortieth anniversary, BBC One aired the one-hour television documentary "A Grand Night In: The Story of Aardman", first broadcast in December 2015. Narrated by Julie Walters, this career retrospective includes commentary by the company's founders and staff, as well as various friends, fans and colleagues including Terry Gilliam, John Lasseter, and Matt Groening.
From 29 June 2017 to 29 October 2017, an exhibition entitled "Wallace and Gromit and Friends" was shown at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) in Melbourne. A report on this exhibition was shown on Australian "ABC News Breakfast" on Wednesday, 28 June, featuring an 8-minute interview with producers Peter Lord and David Sproxton. The exhibition revealed that in Nick Park's very early sketches, Gromit was originally a cat, but Park soon changed him into a dog, since it was generally agreed that a dog was clearly more suitable as a loyal pet/companion than a cat and also because a dog would be easier to make and animate in Plasticine. Embedded in the ABC News article is a video interview with Lord and Sproxton, which gives information not only on Wallace and Gromit, but also Shaun the Sheep and others.
On 9 November 2018, Aardman Animations announced that Peter Lord and David Sproxton would be transferring majority ownership of the company to its employees in order to keep the studio independent. In January 2019, Lord and Sproxton released a book detailing the history of the studio, called "A Grand Success! The Aardman Journey, One Frame at a Time."
In December 2020, Netflix announced an Aardman Christmas musical special entitled "Robin Robin". The 30-minute short, starring Bronte Carmichael, Richard E. Grant, Gillian Anderson and Adeel Akhtar, was released on the platform on November 24, 2021.
On 20 January 2022, Netflix announced a sequel to "Chicken Run" entitled "Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget". The film, starring Thandiwe Newton and Zachary Levi, is slated to premiere on the platform in 2023. A new, untitled "Wallace and Gromit" film was also confirmed to be 'in the works', and is currently slated for a 2024 release, as well as a logo change after over 23 years.
Company name.
The company name is taken from one of its early characters, a superhero created for "Vision On" in 1972. Unlike the claymation productions that the company are famous for, Aardman was cel-animated. Peter Lord has stated that the most interesting thing about the company name is that it "means nothing" and is only a joke that two teenagers found funny. He has stated that the name came from a combination of "Aardvark" and "Superman" for the reason that they found "aardvark" to be a particularly funny word. Aardman Animations became their company name when the BBC asked them to whom they should make their first cheque out. Co-founder David Sproxton has claimed that the name was a result of being unable to "find another word with more A's in it than 'aardvark'" as a schoolboy.
Non-Aardman productions by Aardman directors.
A number of Aardman directors have worked at other studios, taking the distinctive Aardman style with them.
Aardman's Steve Box directed the animated music video for the Spice Girls' final single as a five-piece, "Viva Forever". Widely regarded as the Spice Girls' most critically acclaimed song,["citation needed"] the video took over five months to produce, considerably longer than the group's box office hit movie, "Spice World". He is also the co-creator of the Finnish-British animated series Moominvalley, based on the Moomins books.
Barry Purves, director of the Aardman short "Next", also directed "Hamilton Mattress" for Harvest Films. The film, a half-hour special that premiered on Christmas Day 2001, was produced by Chris Moll, producer of the "Wallace and Gromit" short film "The Wrong Trousers". The models were provided by Mackinnon & Saunders, a firm that did the same for "Bob the Builder" and "Corpse Bride".
Similarly, "Robbie the Reindeer in Hooves of Fire", a BBC Bristol/Comic Relief production, was directed by Richard Goleszowski, creator of "Rex the Runt". Its sequel, "Robbie the Reindeer in Legend of the Lost Tribe", was directed by Peter Peake, whose directorial credits for Aardman include "Pib and Pog" and "Humdrum".
Aardman alumni also produced many of the claymation shorts used in the 1986–1990 American television series "Pee-wee's Playhouse".
Filmography.
Aardman Animation has produced a number of animated features, shorts, videos and TV series, as well as adverts.
Upcoming.
Note: Rights to the Aardman films produced with DreamWorks Animation are now owned by Universal Pictures, following NBCUniversal's purchase of DreamWorks in 2016.
Creative people.
The leading members of the company have got recognition from the British award system. They are (alphabetical order):

= = = Regis (footballer, born 1973) = = =
Regis Felisberto Masarim (born March 6, 1973) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Seiichi Makita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Yasushi Matsumoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Edoson Silva Martins = = =
Edoson Silva Martins (born March 16, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Hideyuki Imakura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Chuda = = =
Chuda is a village in Gujarat, India. It is popular for dry red chili powder. It is near Limbdi. Chuda is located on the banks of River Vasal. There are a few places to visit in Chuda which are of historical importance. Most famous is Jain Temple of which is located in the middle of village. Jain Temple having 2200 Years old idle of shri Sumatinatha from the time of the great Samprati Maharaja.

= = = Kenji Sakaguchi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Akiyoshi Yoshida = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Yukinori Muramatsu = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Nobuyuki Hosaka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Tadashi Koya = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Shin Che-bon = = =
Shin Je-Bon (born September 27, 1971) used to be a North Korean football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Kinya Takehara = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Hirokazu Goshi = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Osamu Chiba = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Shuji Kusano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Kazuhisa Irii = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Keisuke Makino = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Teppei Isaka = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a association football player.

= = = Nobutaka Tanaka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Satoshi Oishi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Fujio Yamamoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Kozo Hosokawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Yosuke Sakamoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Masahiro Ota = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Takayuki Sugiyama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Kenichi Hashimoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Marcelo Mabilia = = =
Marcelo Mabilia (born October 31, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Masaru Hirayama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Cléber Arado = = =
Cléber Eduardo Arado (October 11, 1972 – January 2, 2021) was a Brazilian football player.
Death.
Arado died of COVID-19 at a hospital in Curitiba, Paraná on January 2, 2021 at the age of 48.
Club statistics.
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= = = Marcio dos Santos Silva = = =
Marcio dos Santos Silva (born February 5, 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. 
Club statistics.
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= = = Mobbing = = =
Mobbing is a special type of consensus bullying behavior. It is about an imbalance of social, physical or other power involving a group or a person.
Mobbing is like a "virus" or a "cancer" that spreads via gossip, rumour and innuendo. Mobbing is developed or pushed by a leader who persuades others into a systematic pattern of "mob-like" behaviour toward the target.
History.
Some European languages have adopted "mob" as a loanword to describe special kinds of bullying. 
Checklists.
A checklist for identify mobbing behaviour includes

= = = James Fenimore Cooper = = =
James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 - September 14, 1851) was an American writer. He created the character of Natty Bumpo, the archetypal American frontiersman.
Early life.
Cooper was born on September 15, 1789 in Burlington, New Jersey. His father was a United States Congressman. James Fenimore was one year old when his family moved to Cooperstown, New York. The community was started by his father. 
Cooper was 13 when he began attending Yale University. He was kicked out for playing pranks. He blew up another student's door. He also taught a donkey to sit in a professor's chair.
Naval career and marriage.
Cooper got a job as a seaman on a merchant ship. He joined the United States Navy at age 18. He became a midshipman, but left the Navy in 1811. 
Cooper married Susan DeLancey when he was 21. They had seven children. Five lived to be adults. The first-born survivor, Susan Fenimore Cooper, became a writer and naturalist.
Writing career.
"Precaution" was Cooper's first book. It was published anonymously in 1820. In 1823, he published "The Pioneers". This book was the first of the Leatherstocking novels. These stories became famous for the fictional character of an American woodsman called Natty Bumppo. Cooper's most famous novel "Last of the Mohicans" was published in 1826. It became one of the most widely read American novels of the 19th century.
In 1826, Cooper moved his family to Europe. He wanted to make more money as an author. He also wanted to give his children a better education. He continued to write. His books published in Paris include "The Red Rover" and "The Water Witch". These were novels about the sea. His books began taking a political angle. These books are forgotten today. He returned to the United States in 1833. 
Last years.
Cooper moved back to his ancestral home Otsego Hall in Cooperstown. His writing continued in a political vein. His readers did not like this. He returned to fiction books with "The Pathfinder" and "The Deerslayer". These books continued the story of Natty Bumppo. Cooper spent his last years in Cooperstown. He died on September 14, 1851. 

= = = Kenichi Serata = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Claudinho (footballer, born 1967) = = =
Cláudio Batista dos Santos (born April 19, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Alex (footballer, born 1969) = = =
Alex Lopes de Nasciment (born April 22, 1969) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Shinichi Kawano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Yoichi Kajiyama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Yoshihiko Matsuoka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Naoki Matsushita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Kentaro Ishikawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Buiú (footballer, born 1980) = = =
Buiu (born May 5, 1980) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Anderson Gils = = =
Anderson Gils de Sampaio (born February 15, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
14||3||4||0||4||0||22||3
14||3||4||0||4||0||22||3

= = = Alicilio Pinto Silva Junior = = =
Alicilio Pinto Silva Junior (born May 15, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
27||0||0||0||2||0||29||0
27||0||0||0||2||0||29||0

= = = Takahiro Sasaki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
8||0||||||||||||
8||0||||||||||||

= = = Albert Tomas = = =
Albert Tomas Sobrepera (born December 19, 1970) is a former Spanish football player.
Club statistics.
17||1||2||0||3||1||22||2
17||1||2||0||3||1||22||2

= = = Koji Okamoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Takuya Suzumura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
6||0||||||||||||
6||0||||||||||||

= = = Atsuo Watanabe = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0

= = = Robert Vancea = = =
Robert Dumitru Vancea (born September 28, 1976, Craiova) is a Romanian professional football player.
Club statistics.
12||0||1||0||0||0||13||0
12||0||1||0||0||0||13||0

= = = Júlio César (footballer, born May 1980) = = =
Júlio César Rocha Costa (born May 12, 1980) is a Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
5||0||1||0||3||0||9||0
5||0||1||0||3||0||9||0

= = = Jefferson Fred Rodriguez = = =
Jefferson Fred Rodriguez (born February 28, 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
21||3||1||0||3||2||25||5
21||3||1||0||3||2||25||5

= = = Henrique (footballer, born 1976) = = =
Carlos Henrique Raimundo Rodriguez (born December 24, 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
16||2||0||0||3||0||19||2
16||2||0||0||3||0||19||2

= = = Chay Hews = = =
Chay Hews (born 30 September 1976) is a former Australian soccer player who played in Australia, England, Japan and Sweden. 

= = = Jailton (footballer, born 1974) = = =
Jailton Nunes de Oliviera (born January 30, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0

= = = Kenji Ito = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
5||1||||||||||||
5||1||||||||||||

= = = Paulo Magino = = =
Paulo Magino (born June 23, 1979) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
16||6||2||1||2||1||20||8
16||6||2||1||2||1||20||8

= = = Luizinho Vieira = = =
Luiz Henrique Vieira (born February 4, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
15||6||2||0||0||0||17||6
15||6||2||0||0||0||17||6

= = = Tetsu Yamato = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
2||0||||||||||||
2||0||||||||||||

= = = Kleber Romero = = =
Kleber Romero (born February 14, 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0

= = = Dinei (footballer, born 1971) = = =
Valdinei Rocha de Oliveira (born October 27, 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0

= = = Hiromasa Tokioka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
8||0||3||0||5||0||16||0
8||0||3||0||5||0||16||0

= = = Alan David Dotti = = =
Alan David Dotti (born March 19, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
7||0||||||||||||
7||0||||||||||||

= = = Taisuke Hiramoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
18||4||||||||||||
18||4||||||||||||

= = = Yasuhiro Toyota = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Otsego Hall = = =
Otsego Hall was a house in Cooperstown, New York. It was the ancestral home of American author James Fenimore Cooper. It was built by his father William Cooper, who also founded the village of Cooperstown. This village was where the Hall was located. Building began in 1796. The Hall was completed in 1799. It was the largest private home in central New York for a long time.
In June 1834 James Fenimore Cooper decided to reopen the Hall. He had lived in other places for almost sixteen years. The Hall had been closed for a long time. It was falling into decay. Repairs were begun at once, and the Hall was quickly restored. At first, James spent his winters in New York City and his summers in Cooperstown. Eventually he made Otsego Hall his forever home. The Hall burned down a few years after he died. The surrounding property was sold. His daughter and secretary, Susan Fenimore Cooper, built her home in Cooperstown with bricks and other materials from the ruins of Otsego Hall.

= = = Genilson = = =
Genilson da Rocha Santos (born December 1, 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Cadu (footballer, born 1974) = = =
Ricardo Frederico Rodrigues Antunes (born January 1, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
4||1||||||||||||
4||1||||||||||||

= = = Yuki Imamura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Takeshi Shimizu = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
7||0||||||||||||
7||0||||||||||||

= = = Keiji Koizumi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Atsuto Oishi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
5||0||||||||||||
5||0||||||||||||

= = = Shinya Hagihara = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
4||0||||||||||||
4||0||||||||||||

= = = Eiichi Uemura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Saulo (footballer, born 1974) = = =
Saulo Estevao da Costa Pimenta (born April 11, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
23||6||||||||||||
23||6||||||||||||

= = = Makoto Ikeda = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
2||0||||||||||||
2||0||||||||||||

= = = Takeshi Kawaharazuka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He currently plays for the Japan national beach soccer team.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Tomonori Tsunematsu = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
2||0||||||||||||
2||0||||||||||||

= = = Yuji Nakayoshi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
2||0||||||||||||
2||0||||||||||||

= = = Alex (footballer, born 1976) = = =
Alex (born April 20, 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
11||2||||||||||||
11||2||||||||||||

= = = Kazumasa Shimizu = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
6||1||||||||||||
6||1||||||||||||

= = = Pedrinho (footballer, born 1976) = = =
Jose Pedro Santos (born September 6, 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
14||1||0||0||2||0||16||1
14||1||0||0||2||0||16||1

= = = Daniel Rossi = = =
 Daniel Rossi Silva (born on 4 January 1981 in Rio Claro, São Paulo), commonly known as just Daniel Rossi or Daniel, is a former Brazilian footballer. He was a midfielder.
Club statistics.
8||1||0||0||5||0||13||1
8||1||0||0||5||0||13||1

= = = Raul Maldonado = = =
Raul Maldonado (born March 11, 1975) is a former Argentine football player.
Club statistics.
4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0

= = = Romild Santos Rosa = = =
Romild Santos Rosa (born October 25, 1973) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
10||0||0||0||2||1||12||1
10||0||0||0||2||1||12||1

= = = Fabricio Andre Pires = = =
Fabricio Andre Pires (born January 29, 1982) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0

= = = Takashi Kojima = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
16||0||||||||||||
16||0||||||||||||

= = = Fabinho (footballer, born 1974) = = =
Fabio Augusto Justino (born June 16, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
59||11||||||||||||
59||11||||||||||||

= = = Motoki Imagawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Career.
3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0

= = = Jeferson (footballer, born 1972) = = =
Jeferson Antonio Alves Dupin (born October 19, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
12||1||||||||||||
12||1||||||||||||

= = = Washington Luigi Garucia = = =
Washington Luigi Garucia (born November 24, 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
15||1||||||||||||
15||1||||||||||||

= = = Satoshi Yashiro = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Adsorption = = =
Adsorption is the sticking of atoms or molecules to a surface (called "adsorbent"). The particles which get stuck on can be from a gas, liquid or a dissolved solid. An example would be the way water sticks to the surface of sand grains on a beach, or to particles of soil.
The exact nature of the force which holds them on varies according to the nature of the surface and the adsorbed molecules. The force may be a weak physical force, or weak chemical bonds, but strong enough to keep the layer of molecules stuck on. Supplying more heat usually breaks the bonds and causes the adsorbed molecules to evaporate. Only "free water" (that is not trapped inside solid particles) can evaporate.

= = = Kota Minami = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
10||0||||||||||||
10||0||||||||||||

= = = Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania = = =
The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania is the main legal body used around the world by Jehovah's Witnesses to organize the religion and also to decide on its official list of beliefs. Members of Jehovah's Witnesses usually call it just as "the Society". Its headquarters are in Brooklyn, New York in the United States and its rules allow only between 300 and 500 members. All of them must be "mature, active and faithful" male Jehovah's Witnesses.
A preacher, Charles Taze Russell, started the organization in 1881 as "Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society", so he could share religious pamphlets with people. In 1896, its name was changed to "Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society". When Russell died in 1916, a fight started between some of the society's directors and the man who took his place, Joseph Franklin Rutherford. The fight became very bitter and many of the people who had followed Russell, who were called International Bible Students, left and started other religious groups. But Rutherford stayed as president of the society and in 1931 the Bible Student groups around the world changed their name to Jehovah's witnesses. In 1955, the corporation changed its name again to "Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania". From 1976, the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses began to control all the decisions and the work of the Watch Tower Society.
History.
Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was started in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1881 to organize the printing and sharing of pamphlets written about God and the Bible. William Henry Conley, a Pittsburgh businessman, was its first president and Russell was its secretary-treasurer. Its main publication was "Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence", a Bible-based magazine first published in 1879 by Russell. On December 15, 1884, the society became officially registered and Russell was listed as its president. Russell wrote its charter, or statement of its purpose, and explained that it was for "the mental, moral and religious improvement of men and women, by teaching the Bible by means of the publication and distribution of Bibles, books, papers, pamphlets and other Bible literature, and by providing oral lectures free for the people". 
Anyone who gave $10 or more to the society was told they were a member of the society and could vote at its meetings, but Russell explained that all the decisions about what the society did would still be made by only two people—him and his wife Maria, who owned most of the shares. In his magazine, Russell explained that the Watch Tower Society was not a "religious society", but just a business organization with no set of official beliefs.
In 1900 the society opened its first overseas branch office in Britain. Another one opened in Germany in 1903 and then in Australia in 1904. In 1909 the society bought some property in Brooklyn and then moved its headquarters and staff there.
After Russell died in 1916, the Watch Tower Society's lawyer, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. But within a few months most of the seven board of directors complained that he was behaving like a dictator and not sharing information. A major fight broke out, and Rutherford told the four directors who criticised him that they were no longer on the board. In June 1917, the society published a book called "The Finished Mystery" and said it was the last of a series of Bible study books by Russell. The book made some very strong statements about the leaders of Catholic and Protestant churches and said they were wrong for taking part in the Great War. As a result, the Watch Tower Society's president and directors were jailed as traitors under the "1917 Espionage Act", although they were allowed to leave jail and the government dropped the charges.
Each congregation of Bible Students in the world had made its own decisions, although they all studied Russell's books and followed his teachings. But Rutherford decided they should all have exactly the same set of beliefs and run their congregations the same way. He told them they had to obey what the Watch Tower Society's New York headquarters told them. A director was put into each congregation, and a year later all members were told to write out a report each week of what public preaching they had done. At an international meeting held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, Rutherford began teaching that the Bible Students' most important job was to teach people about the Bible by visiting them at their homes. Watch Tower Society books began using the name "Jehovah" much more often when writing about God, and in 1931 Rutherford decided the religion would be called Jehovah's witnesses.
When Rutherford died in 1942, Nathan H. Knorr became the new president. Two years later he changed the words in the charter, or society's rules, to say that its main purposes were to preach about God's kingdom to people in all countries, and print and share Bibles and other books and magazines that would help them learn about that. The rules about who could be a member of the society were also changed, making it open only to a maximum of 500 men who would be chosen by the leaders of the society. Knorr died in 1977 and since then the presidents have been Frederick W. Franz, Milton G. Henschel and Don A. Adams.
What it does.
The Watch Tower Society is a major publisher of religious books, magazines and Bibles. By 1979, it had 39 printing branches worldwide. In 1990 it was reported that in one year the society printed 696 million copies of its magazines, "The Watchtower" and "Awake!" as well as another 35,811,000 pieces of literature worldwide, which are offered door-to-door by Jehovah's Witnesses. In 2012, the Society said it prints more than 41 million copies of each magazine each month.
The society has about 20,000 workers at its New York headquarters and branch offices around the world, and says its staff are volunteers rather than employees. Workers receive a small monthly wage with meals and accommodation provided by the society. The "Bethel family" in the Brooklyn headquarters includes hairdressers, dentists, doctors, housekeepers and carpenters, as well as shops for repairing personal appliances, watches, shoes and clothing without charge for labor.
The society does not give any financial figures to the public, but it said in 2011 that it had spent more than $173 million that year to care for full-time preachers and traveling overseers. Most of its money comes from donations given by people when they take magazines, and most of that is used on its preaching work.

= = = Jun Mizuno = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Shigeo Onoue = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Takashi Imoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Fumiaki Nakamura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Cleber (footballer, born 1976) = = =
Cleber Alessandro Gomes (born May 7, 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
16||6||||||||||||
16||6||||||||||||

= = = Leandro Tomaz Perez = = =
Leandro Tomaz Perez (born July 29, 1979) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
16||1||||||||||||
16||1||||||||||||

= = = Ángel Ortiz = = =
Ángel Ortiz (born 27 December 1977) is a Paraguayan football player.
Club statistics.
248||8
10||0
3||0
261||8
International career statistics.
!Total||27||0

= = = Jiro Hiratsuka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
11||0||||||||||||
11||0||||||||||||

= = = Antônio (footballer, born 1970) = = =
Maruco Antonio Urunau (born November 16, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
9||1||||||||||||
9||1||||||||||||

= = = Masahiro Shimmyo = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Shinichi Fujita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
39||2||||||||||||
39||2||||||||||||

= = = Yoshinobu Akao = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Daichi Fukushima = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
4||0||||||||||||
4||0||||||||||||

= = = Sandro Zamboni = = =
Sandro Luis Zamboni Britzke (born February 20, 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.

= = = Nasa (footballer, born 1979) = = =
Marcos Antonio García Nascimento (Nasa) (born October 21, 1979 in Franca, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer who last played for Deportes Concepción in Chile.
Club statistics.
31||10||4||4||2||0||37||14
31||10||4||4||2||0||37||14

= = = Marco Tulio = = =
Marco Tulio Lopes Silva (born February 28, 1981) is a former Brazilian footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

= = = Pak Yong-Ho = = =
 is a Japanese athlete. He was a professional football player in Japan.

= = = Hiroshi Sakai = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
31||6||||||||||||
31||6||||||||||||

= = = Ryohei Koike = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Takuma Sugano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
34||4||||||||||||
34||4||||||||||||

= = = Jun Enomoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
10||1||||||||||||
10||1||||||||||||

= = = Masakazu Senuma = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
13||1||||||||||||
13||1||||||||||||

= = = Takashi Seki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Marco Brito = = =
Marco Luiz Brito (born August 4, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
10||8||1||0||5||2||16||10
10||8||1||0||5||2||16||10

= = = Shadows-on-the-Teche = = =
Shadows-on-the-Teche is an old plantation house at 317 E. Main St., New Iberia, Louisiana. It was built in 1833-34. Original owners David and Mary Weeks were rich growers of sugarcane. They owned four plantations. The house is Greek Revival in style. A portico of eight columns supports a second floor verandah. The house is made of bricks. The interior was originally furnished with Federal-style and Empire-style furniture imported from the East Coast. The house was built on the edge of one of Weeks's sugarcane plantations. It was designed for social life and entertaining. The house was said to be the third brick house built on Bayou Teche.
A series of tragedies struck the Weeks family following the completion of the house. David Weeks died in August 1834. His wife married John Moore. The household was dependent on slavery. Mary and John supported secession. During the American Civil War, Federal troops occupied the property. Union officers lived in the house. Mary Weeks died in December 1863. The house was still being used by Union troops. He son restored some of the family fortune during the Reconstruction years. Succeeding generations however were forced to sell much of the property to meet living expenses.
David and Mary Weeks's great-grandson, William Weeks Hall, lived in the house from 1922 until his death in 1958. He tried to preserve what remained of the property. He made a large garden of live oak, bamboo, camellias, azaleas, and other plants. He donated the house and garden to the National Trust for Historic Preservation at his death. The Trust has owned and operated Shadows until the present. Shadows-on-the-Teche was named a National Historic Landmark on 30 May 1974. 

= = = Kazuo Shimizu = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
57||2||||||||||||
57||2||||||||||||

= = = Taichi Sato = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
41||5||||||||||||
41||5||||||||||||

= = = Junji Sato = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
61||1||||||||||||
61||1||||||||||||

= = = Genichi Takahashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Makoto Takeya = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a football player.
Club statistics.
19||0||||||||||||
19||0||||||||||||

= = = Masaaki Koido = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and a J. League Division 1 coach.
Career.
6||0||||||||||||
6||0||||||||||||
In 2005, he joined Shimizu S-Pulse as a coach.

= = = Masahiro Miyashita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Daniel Carlos Silva Anjos = = =
Daniel Carlos Silva Anjos (born 23 November 1979 is a Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
5||1||0||0||0||0||5||1
5||1||0||0||0||0||5||1

= = = Aílton de Oliveira Modesto = = =
Aílton de Oliveira Modesto (born February 27, 1980) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
10||2||||||||||||
10||2||||||||||||

= = = Luiz Renato Viana da Silva = = =
Luiz Renato Viana da Silva (born January 10, 1982) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = James Angulo = = =
James Angulo Zomora (born January 20, 1974) is a former Colombian football player.
Club statistics.
12||2||0||0||2||0||14||2
12||2||0||0||2||0||14||2

= = = Teppei Uchida = = =
 (born May 22, 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Alex Felipe Nery = = =
Alex Felipe Nery (born August 14, 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
26||3||||||||||||
26||3||||||||||||

= = = Freitas (footballer) = = =
Ricardo de Freitas Carreir (born January 20, 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
20||0||||||||||||
20||0||||||||||||

= = = Vagner da Silva Sarti = = =
Vagner da Silva Sarti (born January 9, 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Playing career.
In 2001, Vagner joined Japanese J2 League club Ventforet Kofu, which had finished bottom two years in a row - in 1999 and 2000. He debuted in J2 against Shonan Bellmare on March 17. He could only play three matches, and left Ventforet in June.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Deili Custodio da Silva = = =
Deili Custodio da Silva (born March 8, 1980) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
13||1||||||||||||
13||1||||||||||||

= = = Wataru Ota = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
6||0||||||||||||
6||0||||||||||||

= = = Satoru Yoshida = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Lindomar (footballer) = = =
Lindomar Ferreira de Oliveira (born November 20, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
3||0||||||||||||
3||0||||||||||||

= = = Naotaka Takeda = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Takamichi Kobayashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
11||0||||||||||||
11||0||||||||||||

= = = Masayuki Onishi = = =
 (born July 5, 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
13||0||||||||||||
13||0||||||||||||

= = = Kenji Miyazaki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
22||0||0||0||0||0||22||0
22||0||0||0||0||0||22||0

= = = Goichi Ishitani = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
12||0||||||||||||
12||0||||||||||||

= = = Luciano (footballer, born 1977) = = =
Luciano Asley Rocha Carlos (born June 19, 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
31||11||||||||||||
31||11||||||||||||

= = = Takamasa Watanabe = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Shinya Yabusaki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||

= = = Nasa (footballer, born 1968) = = =
Gesiel José de Lima, commonly known as Nasa (born December 8, 1968), is a retired association footballer who played as a midfielder for several Série A clubs.
Club statistics.
31||6||2||0||10||0||43||6
31||6||2||0||10||0||43||6

= = = Srđan Pecelj = = =
Srđan Pecelj (can also be written as Srdjan Pecelj, born 12 March 1975) is a Bosnian former football defender.
National team.
He has played 5 matches for Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, all of them part of the "Merdeka Cup" in June 2001.

= = = Daniel Conceicao Silva = = =
Daniel Conceicao Silva (born October 10, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Toru Ojima = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Nozomu Kanaguchi = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Hidetoyo Watanabe = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Tetsuya Nishiwaki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Tomohide Nakazawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Silva (footballer, born 1981) = = =
Kleber Rogerio do Carmo Silva (born April 14, 1981) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Hiromasa Azuma = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Masahiro Kano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Makoto Kaneko = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Yusuke Yoshizaki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Hitoshi Matsushima = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Kosuke Suzuki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Koichi Yokozeki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Shinya Hoshido = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Naoki Makino = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Tsuyoshi Nakao = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Satoru Kobayashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Takao Yamauchi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Claudecir (footballer, born 1975) = = =
Claudecir Aparecido de Aguiar (born October 15, 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Sandro da Silva = = =
Sandro Andre da Silva (born March 5, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.

= = = Dai Sato = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Hiroyuki Takahashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics.
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= = = Slave breeding in the United States = = =
Slave breeding was long a part of slavery. As in other slave countries, its purpose was to make more slaves. Slave breeding became more important in the United States the 19th century when the Atlantic slave trade ended. As with other commodities, scarcity caused the price of slaves to rise, so more slaves meant more money for their owners. Pregnancy was encouraged. Many slave masters mated with their own slaves to make more slave children. It produced mulatto children. White men who owned slaves would often rape black women. 
It was practice to breed slaves that had "good genetics". Slave owners would mate these "good genetic" slaves with multiple slave women, sometimes in orgies. These Afro-American genetically breed slaves became taller, stronger, healthier and smarter then their ancestors in Africa. For example, the average height of an Afro-American male is around 2 inches taller than their male counterparts in Africa.
History.
For some states such as Virginia and North Carolina it was an export industry; they sold slaves to places where the price was higher, such as Alabama and Arkansas. Slave breeders favored woman slaves who could have large numbers of children. As with other livestock, breeders tried to improve the health and productivity of slaves. Breeders were approved in slave states because slaves were considered to be less than human, thus had no human rights. They were livestock, like horses or dogs. 

= = = Meadowlawn (Alabama) = = =
Meadowlawn is an antebellum (before the American Civil War) plantation house built in the Greek revival style. It is located in Lowndesboro, Alabama. The house is a two-story frame house with 13 fluted Doric columns on two sides. There are balconies over both main entrance doors with wrought iron railings.
Meadowlawn was built in 1853 for Squire George Thomas (1797-1867). The house was later sold to Fort Williamson. In 1905 the house was sold to Ransom Meadows (1846-1940). He was the last surviving Confederate veteran in Lowndes County. His daughter, Aline Meadows, (1880-1979) married Robert Bragg Hagood on April 3, 1907. Ransom Meadows deeded the house to the Hagoods. Mrs. Hagood named the house Meadowlawn. She lived in the house until her death at age 99. The house still remains in the Hagood family. It is a contributing property of the Lowndesboro Historic District. The District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1973.

= = = Magnolia Hall (Alabama) = = =
Magnolia Hall is a plantation house at the corner of Otts and Tutwiler streets in Greensboro, Alabama. It is also known as the McCrary-Otts House. It is a historic Greek Revival mansion. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Greensboro Historic District. It was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in March 1936.
History.
Greensboro became prosperous as part of the cotton boom of the mid-19th century. In 1850 William Murphy, a lawyer and legislator, sold a prime lot to David F. McCrary, a prominent cotton broker and planter. McCrary had originally come from North Carolina. He married Elizabeth Cowan Lowry, daughter of a prominent Alabama family. McCrary had Murphy’s house removed. He hired the architect B. F. Parsons to design a new mansion. The house was completed in about 1855. The "Alabama Beacon" reported that the house cost $10,000. It was a very large sum at the time.
McCrary’s finances survived the American Civil War. He opened the Greensboro Bank and Exchange in 1871. His only living child and her husband inherited the property when MCCrary died in 1888. Their son and his wife bought the house from siblings in the 1920s. It stayed in the family until 1970. It was sold to Mr. and Mrs. M. D. Baines. The house was sold again in 2011.
Architecture.
A detailed, twelve-page building contract for Magnolia Hall still exists. It calls for porticos, north and south, each with six fluted columns, of the "Grecian Ionic Order ... the Entablature and Mouldings all to harmonize with it ... and proportioned after the order." There are double balconies of delicate iron grill work. There are colored glass transoms around the doors. Inside are large four over four rooms, 14 foot ceilings, chandelier medallions, and a grand mahogany-railed staircase in the hallway. W. E. Yerby in his "History of Greensboro" wrote that Magnolia Hall "is indisputably one of the finest antebellum mansions in Alabama ... [and] a perfect example of late Greek Revival architecture."

= = = List of New York Rangers players = = =
This is a list of players who have played at least one game for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1926–27 to present.
Key.
"The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000–2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within."
"Statistics complete as of the 2015–2016 NHL season."

= = = List of Montreal Canadiens players = = =
This is a complete list of ice hockey players who have played for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL). It includes players that have played at least one regular season or playoff game for the Montreal Canadiens since the team joined the NHL in 1917. Founded in 1909 as one of the founding members of the National Hockey Association (NHA), the Montreal Canadiens were also one of the founding members of the NHL. Since the formation of the NHL, 709 different players have played with the Canadiens
As of April 3, 2008, 71 goaltenders and 638 skaters (forwards and defencemen) have appeared in at least one regular-season and/or playoff game with the Montreal Canadiens since the formation of the league in the 1917–18 NHL season. The 709 all-time members of the Canadiens are listed below, with statistics complete through the end of the 2013–14 NHL season. This list does not include members of the Montreal Canadiens while the team was a member of the NHA from 1909 until 1917.
The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–01 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000 to 2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.
Goaltenders.
"Note: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2019–20 season"
Skaters.
"Note: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2016–2017 season."

= = = Kipper the Dog = = =
Kipper the Dog is a character in a series of books for preschool age children by a British writer, Mick Inkpen. The books consist of 34 titles (as of July 2005), which have sold over 8 million copies and have been translated into over 20 languages. The books have also won many awards. 
Kipper (the Dog) is also the name of a British animated television series based on the same characters. In some cases, the episodes are specifically based on particular stories by Mick Inkpen. The videos have won awards including a BAFTA award for best children's animation. The show was broadcast from 1997 to 2000 on CITV and Nick Jr.. It currently airs on Sprout from 2005 to 2015. It took a break for a while from CITV until it was repeat on Christmas Eve 2003 showing the 'Christmas Eve' episode and repeated for most of 2004. Kipper has not been on CITV since then. 
The show was released on VHS and DVD by HIT Entertainment, but the episodes were not in order.

= = = Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park = = =
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a national park of Australia. It is in the Northern Territory, south-west of Alice Springs. The park surrounds the two huge rock formations after which it is named: Uluṟu (Ayers Rock) and Kata Tjuṯa (The Olgas).
History.
Creation myths.
Archaeological work near Uluṟu has shown that people have been in the area for at least 22,000 years. They probably moved in and out of the area depending on how much food and water there was. People started to live in the area year-round about 10,000 years ago. The native Aṉangu people were hunter-gatherers. They lived in small nomadic groups. Groupings were based on water and food supply in their area ("ngura").
The Aṉangu believe that Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa were created by ancestral spirits ("tjukuritja" or "waparitja"). This is part of their creation story, known as "tjukurpa" (the "Dreamtime"). According to the legend, the world was once blank and featureless, until there came creator beings. They travelled across the land and created rocks, rivers, trees–all living things and the landscape as it is seen today.
The Aṉangu believe that these spirits still live within the land. Each set of rocks represents a different ancestral spirit. The Aṉangu communicate (listen and feel) with the spirits by touching the rock. They do this for blessings or guidance with something. It is said that many spirits, like "kaḻaya" (emu), "liru" (poisonous snake), "lungkaṯa" (lizard) and "luuṉpa" (kingfisher), travel around the park. Other spirits only stay in one area, like "kuniya", a python who lives in the rocks at Uluṟu. The great snake king called "wanambi" is said to live at the top of Kata Tjuṯa.
There are different stories about the origin of Uluṟu. One says that it came after a great battle between ancestral spirits. The story tells that after many spirits were killed, the earth rose up in sadness, becoming Uluṟu. Another legend tells that the two serpent spirits "kuniya" and "liru" fought many wars there, putting the cracks and scars in the rock. Kata Tjuṯa is said to give knowledge that is considered very powerful and dangerous. It is only allowed to be known by men who have gone through initiation. So stories about the creation of this rock are a secret. The common idea behind all these creation stories is that places like Uluṟu are physical evidence of the activities of ancestral beings.
Aṉangu believe they are directly descended from these ancestral beings. They believe that their ancestors live within the land. Many places around the park are sacred because of this. They are bonded to the land in a kind of kinship, because the main principle of "tjukurpa" is that people and the land are connected. "Tjukurpa" is an oral tradition (not written down). It makes up the Aṉangu belief system, moral code and legal code. It is passed on through story, song, dance and art.
Arrival of the English people.
Europeans came to the Western Desert of Australia in the 1870s. They came in expeditions while the Overland Telegraph Line was being made. The first European explorer to the area was Ernest Giles. In 1872, Giles spotted Kata Tjuṯa from Kings Canyon and called it "Mount Olga", in honour of Queen Olga of Württemberg. He was not able to reach it, though, because his path was blocked by Lake Amadeus. The next year, another explorer named William Gosse reached Uluṟu and named it "Ayers Rock" after Sir Henry Ayers. More people explored the area over the next few years, to look for land they could use for raising livestock. They eventually left because the land was too dry. The native Aṉangu people had not had much contact with these explorers, and very few white people visited the area after this.
In March 1920, the area was made an aboriginal reserve, called the Petermann Reserve. It was meant to be a temporary refuge (safe place) for the Aṉangu. The government said they could continue their nomadic lifestyle there until they could be assimilated into white society. During the 1930s, there became more and more encounters between the natives and white people. Trading with dingo hunters (called "doggers") brought the natives food, tools and clothes they had not seen before. Many became curious about white people and their world.
During this time, more and more land around the reserve was being used for livestock. Long droughts during this time caused conflicts between the Aṉangu and farmers over things like food and water. Encounters with stockmen on nearby cattle stations were often violent. In 1934, a man was shot dead at Uluṟu by police. Aṉangu people became frightened of police and many left the area for safety. Later, some groups started to work on the stations in exchange for food. Others moved to towns because they wanted the things white people had. As a result, many people in the government believed that the reserve had failed to protect the Aṉangu lifestyle.
Creation of the park.
In the late 1930s, prospectors thought there might be gold in the area. There was a famous story of a lost gold deposit called Lasseter's Reef. The man who said he had found it had died near the Petermann Ranges in 1931, and it was said to be located somewhere in the area. In 1940, the Petermann Reserve was made smaller, so that people could look for the gold. At the same time, an interest in tourism at Uluṟu began to grow. A track for vehicles to reach Uluṟu was built from Curtin Springs in 1948. Tour groups from Alice Springs began arriving a few years later. At first, the government only allowed a few tour companies to go to the rock, because it was still part of the reserve. But demand for tourist income was growing fast. In 1951, Connellan Airways asked for an airstrip to be built next to Uluṟu, even though planes were already landing there.
In 1958, the government cut the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa from the Aṉangu reserve, creating the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park. It claimed that the rocks were no longer important to the natives. The new park was managed by the Territory government, which leased the land out to tour companies. Connellan built their airstrip close to the northern side of Uluṟu in 1959. Campsites and motels were built in 1967.
The Aṉangu were told not to come into the park, but they did anyway. Uluṟu was an important stopping point on travels because of the water usually located there. At first they were tolerated by the park rangers. But as the number of tourists at Uluṟu rose, there were conflicts between tourists and Aṉangu. The government then tried to move them away from the area by building the Docker River village, to the west, in 1968. Because their homeland and lifestyle had changed, the Aṉangu had to find new ways to make a living. They began selling handicrafts and artworks to tourists. Those still living at Uluṟu even opened a store, called the Ininti Store, which they leased from the government in 1972.
In 1971, Aṉangu groups met with the Office of Aboriginal Affairs, a part of the government that were in charge of looking after aboriginal people. Aṉangu people told the Office that they were worried about the effects mining and tourism were having on their land. They also said that their sacred sites were being desecrated (not being looked after properly). They asked for the government's help in protecting them.
In 1973, people from the government visited to make a report on the park. This report said that Aṉangu should be involved in the park's management. It said they could be hired as rangers, and that their sacred sites should be protected. It also advised that all the tourist facilities be moved out of the park. This was because they were having a bad effect on the environment. In 1975, the area called Yulara, to the north, was set aside for this. The airstrip was removed and rebuilt in Yulara in 1982. The resort at Yulara opened in 1983. After that, the campground and motels inside the park were closed, and everything was removed from the park by the end of 1984.
Recent history.
In 1976, the Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed for the Northern Territory. It allowed native people to claim rights to own land if they lived on it before Europeans arrived, but only if the land is not already owned. The Aṉangu asked for ownership of the park's land under this law in 1979. But because it had already been made a national park, the claim was not allowed. Even so, the court decided that the Aṉangu were the "traditional" owners ("nguraṟitja") of the land.
There was then a long legal case over the freehold title (actual ownership) of the lands. The case continued until November 1983, when Prime Minister Bob Hawke acknowledged that the Aṉangu had the rights to Uluṟu. On 26 October 1985, they were given the title deeds for the park as the traditional and legal owners of the land. The Territory government protested this decision. It had made a big and expensive campaign to get support and stop it happening. In exchange for ownership, the Aṉangu had to lease the land back to the federal government so that it could stay as a national park. They started managing the park together in April 1986.
Uluru National Park was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, as a natural property. It had already been made a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1977. This means it was an important natural environment. The name of the park changed to Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park in 1993. The next year, it was added to the list again, this time as a cultural landscape. This means that it is one of the few sites in the world that is chosen for both its natural and cultural importance. The listing recognised "tjukurpa" as being the best tool for looking after the park. In 1995, Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park won the highest UNESCO award for setting new standards for the management of a World Heritage site.
Geography.
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park is in the southwestern corner of the Northern Territory, in the centre of Australia. It is southwest of Alice Springs. The park covers of flat, red-sand plains. The huge rock formations of Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are the only major landmarks.
Uluṟu is an sandstone inselberg, rising above the plains around it. Most of its bulk is below the ground. Kata Tjuṯa, west of Uluṟu, is a group of 36 rock domes (or bornhardts), divided by steep-sided valleys. It covers an area of . The tallest dome, Mount Olga, is above the surrounding plain. It is the highest point in the park, at above sea level.
The only permanent settlement in the park is the Aṉangu village of Muṯitjulu. It is on the eastern side of Uluṟu, and about 350 people live there.
Geology.
Makeup.
Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are made of different types of sedimentary rock. Uluṟu is mostly made of arkose, a hard type of sandstone that contains a lot of the mineral feldspar. The sediment originally comes mostly from granite. Kata Tjuṯa is made of conglomerate, which consists of bits of rock that has been cemented together by sand and mud. The sediment in this rock is a mixture of granite, gneiss and basic rocks.
Age and origin.
Even though the rock types are different, Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are thought to be about the same age. They have both been exposed because of folding, faulting and the erosion of surrounding rock.
The park is in a geological area called the Amadeus sedimentary basin. The basin was formed about 900 million years ago. Over hundreds of millions of years, it was covered by layer after layer of sediment, until about 300 million years ago. About 550 million years ago, the mountain ranges to the south and west were pushed up out of the ground in a mountain-building event. These mountains quickly crumbled and huge chunks of sediment were pushed northward by rivers. The rivers flattened out into at least two alluvial fans. It is the remains of these alluvial fans that are seen today as Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa.
By about 500 million years ago, a shallow inland sea formed in the basin. Over many hundreds of years, sand and mud fell to the bottom of the sea, covering the alluvial deposit. This layer cemented everything together, forming the arkose over Uluṟu and the conglomerate over Kata Tjuṯa. The sea dried up between 400 and 300 million years ago. A long period of folding tilted the horizontal rock layers. The layers of Uluṟu arkose were folded to the near vertical position they are in today. The conglomerate of Kata Tjuṯa was tilted about 15 to 20 degrees from the horizontal. This means that Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are the exposed tips of huge rock slabs that run far below the ground.
A valley was formed between the two rocks about 65 million years ago. Newer layers of sediment were added to the old ones. These were covered by the red sand that can be seen today, which was brought in by wind.
Shaping.
The big canyons of Kata Tjuṯa are thought to be evidence of faults that formed while the rock was being folded millions of years ago. Many years of weathering has made the faults bigger and water has eroded the rock into the valleys and domes seen today. Uluṟu has deep parallel fractures that run down its sides. These are caused by erosion, mostly from rainwater running off the domed top. The caves around the base of Uluṟu were formed by water weathering, though the exact process is still not known. Erosion of the rock is very slow, because the surface is very hard, and because there is no major jointing or parting at its base.
Colour changes.
The bright orange-red colour of the rock surfaces comes from the oxidation (or rusting) of the iron in the arkose. When fresh (not exposed to the air), the arkose has a grey colour. Uluṟu appears to change colour at different times of the day and year. It glows a deep red colour during sunrise and sunset. The red light that comes across the sky at these times reflects off the rock, sand and clouds to make a bright glowing effect.
Hydrology.
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa is normally arid (dry). Most of the water in the park is under the ground. It can stay under the park for thousands of years. In the end, it all drains through the ground to Lake Amadeus in the north. Knowing where to find this underground water has always been important for human survival in the area. It is the only supply of water in the area that people can rely on. Both Muṯitjulu and Yulara get their water from ancient aquifers under the park. The water contains salt, which is removed before it is used. The aquifers being refilled depends on rare major rains, normally happening every ten years or so.
There are no proper watercourses in the park. Creek beds and gullies are mostly found in the valleys around Kata Tjuṯa. These are usually dry, except after heavy rains, but water can stay under the sand for months. The soils in the park contain high levels of clay, which stops water from soaking into the ground too quickly. The only lasting surface water in the park is Muṯitjulu Waterhole (""), at the base of Uluṟu. It has many waterholes (pockets of water) that have formed by rain running off the rock down its fracture lines. They are the only lasting spots of water above the ground for hundreds of kilometres in any direction. They normally have some water in them for the whole year.
Climate and seasons.
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa has a mostly dry climate. Rainfall is usually low, very hard to predict. The park gets an average of of rain per year, but each year can be very different. Rain is most common between November and March. Droughts are common and can be very long. The most rain recorded in one year was in 1974. The least amount was in 1965. The year 1965 was also the end of the longest drought that has been recorded here, which lasted six and a half years. Major rainfalls (periods with lots of rain) are rare, happening about every ten years. They are very important for refilling the groundwater supply and can put a lot of life into the ecosystems. The last major rainfall was in 2009, which got of rain.
The average relative humidity is a lot lower than in coastal areas. It normally lowers as the temperature rises. The average rate of evaporation per year is high at about . The levels of UV on most summer days reach between 11 and 15.
As in most arid inland areas, the days are very hot and the nights are very cold. The months between October and March have an average of 43 days where the temperature is above 40°C. The highest temperature recorded in the park was 47°C in December 1993. In winter, the temperature overnight often falls below freezing (0°C). The average temperature range for winter months is 14–30°C. The lowest temperature recorded in the park was –5°C in July 1976.
The Aṉangu say the park has five seasons:
Ecology.
The park is ranked as one of the most important arid land ecosystems in the world. It is one of 15 biosphere reserves in Australia under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere system. The landscape looks quite barren, but is actually a complex ecosystem with many forms of life. Plants and animals have adapted to the area's extreme conditions. As a result, it supports some of the most unusual flora and fauna on the planet.
Much of the park land is made up of flat plains dotted with many kinds of spinifex grasses. There are also large areas of sand dunes, rocky scrubland and open woodland. The gullies and creek lines that fan out from the rock formations form their own unique habitats, because of the concentration of water in the ground there.
Management.
The park is managed jointly (together) by the Aṉangu and Parks Australia. Parks Australia is the government body that looks after national parks in Australia. It is a part of the Department of the Environment. The Aṉangu own the land, and lease it to the government. The lease began in 1985 and lasts for 99 years. Decisions are made by the Board of Management, a group of people. Under the lease terms, the Aṉangu always hold a majority on the management board. There are 12 people on the board.
The Director of National Parks is the only permanent seat. All the others sit for five years, and then new people are chosen. All choices have to be approved by the Aṉangu. The staff that work in the park every day are from Parks Australia. This team is overseen by a general park manager, who reports to the Director.
"Tjukurpa", the Aṉangu legal code, makes up the basis for the park's management. It says how to deal with problems, and sets penalties for people who break the rules. The Aṉangu have used the Australian legal system to enforce "tjukurpa" and protect their sacred values. Sacred sites are registered under Territory law; it is against the law for visitors to enter them. Laws also protect traditional designs from being copied. Aṉangu have the right to forage and hunt in the park.

= = = George Willis = = =
George Willis, MD JP (1828-1898) was a British medical doctor and politician.
Early life.
Willis was born in County Cavan, Ireland. He earned his medical degree at the University of Glasgow in 1850.
He was the elder brother of Dr. William Willis who taught medicine at the University of Tokyo and founded the medical school at the University of Kagoshima.
Career.
He was one of the founders of the Monmouth Hospital and Dispensary at Monmouth in Wales. 
He was three times elected mayor of Monmouth.

= = = Death row = = =
Death row is a place where people convicted of bad things go to be executed using different methods. Some are lethal injection or a gas chamber, or even an electric chair. Death row is often known as capital punishment because many years ago, people who were convicted of really bad things such as killing were executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered, firing squad, gas chamber, guillotine, or shooting.
Punishments.
Gas chamber.
Gas chamber is a tool used to kill somebody by breathing in the gas and choking to death.
Guillotine.
Guillotine is a tool that was used long before other tools were created. It is an object designed to cut off the head of a person by dropping a cutting tool that is controlled by a pulling object.
Firing squad.
Firing squad is a killing method used in the early 1900s, including World War II. The method is used when army officers shoot a person to death. 
Electric chair.
The electric chair is a tool that is still used now. It is a chair with electricity flowing through it designed to shock a person and kill them in minutes.
Lethal injection.
Lethal injection is a killing method that is also used to this day. It is made to inject a person with one or more drugs that will kill them in minutes, or even seconds if the drugs are very bad, or a large dose is given.

= = = Animation Domination = = =
Animation Domination is a group of television shows that is shown on Fox. It began on September 11, 2005 and airs on Sunday nights. In Canada, it is known as "Animation Rules". It airs from 7 to 10 PM when "The OT" is not on, when "The OT" is airing, "Animation Domination" is broadcast from 8 to 10 PM, unless the NFL game runs for longer, which might cause the block not to air until the following week.
History.
Animation Domination started on May 1, 2005 with back-to-back episodes of "The Simpsons", "Family Guy" then "American Dad!" (created with the block).
International versions.
It airs in Australia on Fox8, and on other Fox channels in Italy, Portugal and Spain, putting it in their own languages.
Saturday nights.
Fox announced plans to air a late Saturday night block of adult animation (11pm-12:30am ET/PT), which would compete with "Saturday Night Live" on NBC and replace reruns of their programming. It is by Nick Weidenfeld, who used to be at Adult Swim. It launched in January 2013.

= = = William Willis = = =
William Willis (1837–1894) was a British medical doctor and professor at the University of Tokyo.
Early life.
Willis was born in Ireland in 1837. He was awarded his medical degree at the University of Edinburgh in 1859.
He was the younger brother of Dr. George Willis of Monmouth in Wales.
Career.
In 1861, Willis became the doctor of the British legation in Edo, Japan in 1861.
In 1869, Willis was named professor and head of the medical school at the Tokyo Imperial University.
In 1870, Willis became head of the hospital at Kagoshima. He founded the medical school at the University of Kagoshima.
Willis returned to the United Kingdom in 1881. He practiced in Wales with his brother until 1885.

= = = Ernani = = =
Ernani is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi, with a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, based on Victor Hugo's play "Hernani". It was first performed in Venice, on March 9, 1844. 

= = = La forza del destino = = =
La forza del destino (The Force of Destiny) is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi, with a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave and later Antonio Ghislanzoni, based on Angel de Saavedra Ramirez de Baquedano's "Don Alvaro o la Fuerza del Sino". It was first performed in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on November 10, 1862, A revised version was performed in Milan, on February 27, 1869. One of Verdi's richest "middle-period" works, with one of the finest of all operatic overtures. 

= = = Mirella Freni = = =
Mirella Freni (February 27, 1935 – 9 February 2020) was an Italian soprano, one of the leading lyric sopranos of her era. She had a beautiful and well-schooled voice and a charming stage presence. 
Life and career.
Born Mirella Fregni, in Modena, Italy, she studied at the Bologna Music Conservatory with Ettore Campogalliani. She made her debut in her hometown in 1955, as Micaela in "Carmen". That same year, she married pianist Leone Magiera, with whom she had a daughter, whom she called Micaela.
After winning the Viotto vocal competition in 1957, she sang with the Netherlands Opera, then was invited at the Glyndebourne Festival, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1961. She made her debut at La Scala in Milan in 1962. Her New York Metropolitan Opera debut came in 1965, as Mimi in "La bohème", a role she will remain closely associated with throughout her career. She then sang at most of the great operatic centers ot the world, such as Paris, Chicago, Salzburg, etc.
She began her career by singing soubrette roles, such as Susanna, Zerlina, Adina, Nanetta, etc., and then moved to more lyric roles such as Mimi, Marguerite, Juliet, etc., and eventually more dramatic roles such as Violetta, Amelia, Desdemona, Cio-Cio-San, Tosca, Medea, Wally, Maddalena, Giulia etc., with equal success. 
After her divorce from Magiera, she married Bulgarian bass Nicolai Ghiaurov in 1981.
Freni died on 9 February 2020 in Modena after suffering multiple strokes and a degenerative disease, aged 84.

= = = Rachel Crow = = =
Rachel Crow (born January 21, 1998) is an American singer, actress, and comedienne. She has been on many television programs, including "Brain Surge", "Inside Edition", and "The Wendy Williams Show". In 2012, she was in the comedy series "".

= = = Rachel McAdams = = =
Rachel Anne McAdams (born November 17, 1978) is a Canadian actress. She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2006. 
She was born in London, Ontario and grew up in St. Thomas, Ontario. 
She had major roles in "The Hot Chick", "Mean Girls", "The Notebook", "Wedding Crashers", "Red Eye", "The Family Stone", "State of Play", "The Time Traveler's Wife", "Sherlock Holmes", "Morning Glory", "Midnight in Paris", "The Vow" "About Time and ."

= = = Big Momma's House = = =
Big Momma's House is an American crime comedy movie, made in 2000. It was directed by Raja Gosnell. It stars Martin Lawrence as the main character, "Malcolm Turner", and Nia Long as "Sherry Pierce".
The storyline is about an FBI named Malcom Turner going undercover as an elderly woman called Hattie Mae "Big Momma" Pierce (Sherry's grandmother). Sherry decided to stay her grandmother's house while her grandmother is out of town. His job is to protect Sherry after her violent ex-boyfriend is released from prison.
It had two sequels: Big Momma's House 2 (2006) and (2011).

= = = Cape Henry Light = = =
The Cape Henry Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Virginia. It is near Virginia Beach, Virginia. For a long time, it has been important for the large amount of shipping entering the Chesapeake Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. The first building was the first lighthouse authorized by the U.S. government. It was built in 1792. The lighthouse was also the first federal construction project under the Constitution. It was expected to cost $15,200 to build. Another $2,500 was needed to finish the lighthouse. A second lighthouse was built in 1881 a short distance away. It was built because people were worried the first building was not stable.
History.
The Cape Henry Lighthouse was the first work of the new U.S. Federal government. It was built of stone by John McComb, Jr.. The building was finished in October, 1792. McComb was one of the architects that helped build New York City Hall. He also designed other lighthouses. The lighthouse's design was based on the 1767 Cape Henlopen Light. The lighthouse was damaged by Confederate forces during the American Civil War. It was repaired by Union forces in 1863. Union forces needed the light for navigation. In the 1870s, people worried about the condition and safety of the old lighthouse at Cape Henry. Because of this, the New Cape Henry Lighthouse was built in 1881. The new lighthouse is southeast of the old lighthouse. The old tower was not destroyed. It is still standing. The old lighthouse is still a daymark used for triangulation. The lighthouse was fully automated in 1983.
Description.
In 1798, Benjamin Latrobe visited Cape Henry Lighthouse and described it as "an octangular truncated pyramid of eight sides, rising 90 feet to the light..." The Old Cape Henry Lighthouse is 26 feet in diameter at its base and 16 feet at its top. It was built with Aquia Creek sandstone. The sandstone came from the same source as the White House.
The new lighthouse is tall. It was built of cast iron and wrought iron. It also has a more powerful light.
Preservation.
Preservation Virginia took control of the older lighthouse in 1930. Preservation Virginia was known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at the time. A brick lining and an iron stairway have been added to the lighthouse. The lighthouse is open to the public. It was made a National Historic Landmark on January 29, 1964. In 2002 the American Society of Civil Engineers listed the lighthouse a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
The lighthouses are located in the city of Virginia Beach within the boundaries of Joint Expeditionary Base East, a Navy base. The Cape Henry Memorial is next to the lighthouses.

= = = Washington Irving = = =
Washington Irving was an American writer. He was born in New York City on April 3, 1783. He began his literary career writing humorous newspaper sketches. He edited magazines. He went to Europe on family matters as a young man. He remained there for 17 years. He served as the United States ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846. He wrote biographies. He regarded his 5-volume life of George Washington as his masterpiece. He died in his home, Sunnyside, in Tarrytown, New York on November 28, 1859.
Irving and his contemporary James Fenimore Cooper were America's first internationally acclaimed authors. Irving encouraged American authors and supported stronger copyright laws. He is best known today for two short stories: "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". They have been adapted to the stage, to television, and to animated and live-action movies.
The Chicago community area Irving Park is named after him.

= = = Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York) = = =
Sunnyside is a house in Tarrytown, New York. It was once the home of American writer Washington Irving. He wrote many books, but he is best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". Irving bought the property on June 7, 1835 for $1,800. He described it to his brother as "a beautiful spot, capable of being made a little paradise ... I have had an architect up there, and shall build upon the old mansion this summer. My idea is to make it a little nookery somewhat in the Dutch style, quaint, but unpretending. It will be of stone." In its day, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. said that Sunnyside stood "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land." The public interest in the home drew several gawkers hoping to catch a glimpse of Irving working. Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859. Irving's descendants lived in the house until 1945. In that year, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. bought it. He opened the house to tourists in 1947. Sunnyside is now a museum. An admission fee is charged. The house contains furniture that once belonged to Irving. Sunnyside became a National Historic Landmark in 1962.

= = = The Legend of Sleepy Hollow = = =
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by Washington Irving. The story was published in 1820 in a collection of Irving's literary pieces called "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." The story was one of the first fictional works by an American author to become popular outside the United States. Adaptations include Walt Disney's animated movie "The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad" of 1949 and, more recently, Tim Burton's "Sleepy Hollow" of 1999 starring Johnny Depp.
Story.
A lanky school teacher named Ichabod Crane arrives in the village of Sleepy Hollow. He is very superstitious. He falls in love with pretty Katrina Van Tassel (and her father's large farm).
Katrina has a suitor though. His name is Brom Bones. Brom is a rowdy and boisterous young man. He does not like Ichabod. He does not like Ichabod hovering about Katrina.
One autumn night after a party at the Van Tassel's, Ichabod sets off for home alone. He thinks he sees the Headless Horseman, a dead soldier of the Revolution whose head was blown off by a cannon ball. His ghost haunts the countryside in search of his head.
He chases Ichabod. Ichabod is terrified and runs away. He is never seen again. Villagers find Ichabod's hat, saddle, and a smashed Jack-o'-lantern. Whenever the story is told, Brom gives a knowing wink. It is implied that he frightened away his rival by posing as the Headless Horseman.

= = = George Li = = =
George Li (Chinese: ���, Pinyin: Lí zhuōyǔ), born August 24, 1995 in Boston, Massachusetts, is a Chinese-American pianist.
Li has been performing since he was nine years old, and is known as a recitalist, a chamber musician, and a soloist with orchestra. At the age of eleven, he played at New York's Carnegie Hall. The performance was featured in the new TV series by NPR, "From the Top".
Career.
Li won first prizes in the Massachusetts Music Teachers Association state competitions at the age of 6 and 7. In 2005, Li won second prizes in both the Virginia Waring International Piano Competition and the Cincinnati World Piano Competition at the age of nine. 
In 2008, Li won the second prize in the Gina Bachauer International Piano Junior Artist Competition. In 2010, Li won the first prize in the Cooper International Piano Competition Li has also won the first prize in the Young Concert Artists International Auditions.
On June 7, 2011, Li played for Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama, and German Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel and her husband Dr. Joachim Sauer at a state dinner in the White House Rose Garden. On June 23, 2011, Li was one of the two recipients of the 2012 Gilmore Young Artist Award. He is currently the youngest person who got the award.
Li lives in Lexington, Massachusetts. He is a student of Walnut Hill School and the New England Conservatory Preparatory School, where he learns with Wha Kyung Byun. Li's previous piano teachers include Dorothy Shi (���) and Yin Chengzong (���).

= = = Yin Chengzong = = =
Yin Chengzong (Chinese: ���, Pinyin: Yīn Chéngzōng) (born 1941 in Gulangyu Island, Xiamen, Fujian, China) is a Chinese pianist and composer. He is famous for composing the Yellow River Piano Concerto he arranged based on the Yellow River Cantata. 

= = = Fou Ts'ong = = =
Fou Ts'ong (; 10 March 1934 – 28 December 2020) was a Chinese-born British pianist. He was perhaps best known for winning third prize and the Special Mazurka prize at the International Chopin Competition at Warsaw. He was born in Shanghai.
Fou died of COVID-19 on 28 December 2020 in London, aged 86.

= = = Kipper (disambiguation) = = =
Kipper may refer to:

= = = Philipp Kohlschreiber = = =
Philipp Eberhard Hermann Kohlschreiber (born 16 October 1983 in Augsburg) is a German tennis player. He turned professional in 2001. , his highest ranking has been number 16 in the world.

= = = Murray Perahia = = =
Murray Perahia KBE (born April 19, 1947) is an American pianist and conductor. 
Murray Perahia was born in New York City to a family of Sephardi Jewish origin. According to the biography on his Mozart piano sonatas CD, his first language was Judaeo-Spanish. The family was from Thessaloniki, Greece. His father moved to the United States in 1935. 
In 1965, Perahia won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions. In 1972, he was the first North American to win first prize at the Leeds Piano Competition.
Awards.
Seventh International Schumann Festival
Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)

= = = The General Strike = = =
The General Strike is a 2012 album by American punk rock band Anti-Flag. It is their 9th album.

= = = Études (Chopin) = = =
The Études by Polish composer Frédéric Chopin are three sets of études for piano. 
Composition.
Chopin's "Études" (studies) are some of the hardest pieces of all the works in concert piano repertoire. Because of this, the music remain famous and are often played at concerts. Some of them have been given nicknames (but not by Chopin himself) - for example, the last "Étude" from Op. 10 has been called the "Revolutionary" because it was inspired by the November 1830 Uprising, when the Poles were defeated by the Russian Empire.
All twenty-seven "Études" were published during Chopin's lifetime; Opus 10, the first group of twelve were written between 1829 and 1832, and were published in 1833, in France, Germany, and England. The twelve "Études" of Opus 25 were composed at various times between 1832 and 1836, and were published in the same countries in 1837. The final three, part of a series called "Méthode des méthodes de piano" compiled by Moscheles and Fétis, were composed in 1839 but with no opus number.
The first "Études" of the Opus 10 set were written when Chopin was still in his teens. Chopin's "Études" elevated the musical form from purely utilitarian exercises to great artistic masterpieces. At a concert in which Chopin performed his opus 25, Robert Schumann said "À la Chopin".

= = = Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve = = =
The Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve is a nature reserve near Yosemite National Park within "Mono County", California. This reserve was founded in 1981 by the California State Legislature, to protect the formations of the natural limestone "Tufa" at Mono Lake.

= = = Lev Ivanov = = =
Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (1834-1901) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer. He became Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet. Ivanov is credited with choreographing "The Nutcracker" in 1892 due to the ill health of Ballet Master Marius Petipa. The extent of his work is disputed. Only Petipa's name appeared on posters for the first production. Ivanov also worked with Petipa on a restaging of "Swan Lake"in 1895. He choreographed Acts 2 and 4, and the Italian and Hungarian dances in Act 3. Other ballets choreographed by Ivanov as the Second Balletmaster to Petipa include "The Enchanted Forest" (1887), and "The Tulip of Haarlem" (1887). Ivanov is credited with the choreography for the "Polovetsian Dances" in the first production of Borodin's "Prince Igor" in 1890. Late in life, Ivanov petitioned the Imperial Theatres for financial assistance on the strength of his 50 years of service. He died in poverty.

= = = Arthur Ashe = = =
Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was an American tennis player. He started playing tennis professionally in 1969. He won three singles Grand Slam titles: the US Open in 1968, the Australian Open in 1970 and Wimbledon in 1975. He won two Grand Slam doubles titles: the French Open in 1971 and the Australian Open in 1977. Arthur Ashe was ranked no 1. for being the best tennis player, the first African American to be number one. He retired in 1980. Arthur Ashe raised awareness about HIV and AIDs. He also was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1993.
Ashe was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. He died of AIDS in New York City. 

= = = Italian Concerto = = =
The "Italian" Concerto (or, Concerto in the Italian style) is a piece of music for harpsichord composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was published in 1735 with the "French Overture" in the second volume of Bach's (English: "Keyboard Practice"). Both pieces are Bach's interpretations of popular musical forms of the day. The "Italian Concerto" is a three-movement composition written specifically for a two-manual harpsichord (see image).
The first movement is written in F major. It has a time signature of 2/4, but has no tempo marking. It is always played Allegro (fast). The second movement is written in D minor. Its time signature is 3/4, and its tempo marking is Andante (slow). The third movement is written in F major. Its time signature is cut-time (2/2), and its tempo is marked Presto (very fast). The first and third movements are composed in "ritornello" style. This means a theme particular to the movement returns time and again. The second movement is a very florid arioso-like piece.
An orchestral Italian concerto relies upon contrasts between the full orchestra and a small group of instruments which act as soloists. Bach achieves this effect by using the lower manual on the harpsichord as the "full orchestra" and the upper manual as the "small group of instruments".

= = = Steps (group) = = =
Steps are a British vocal pop group who formed in 1997. The members of the quintet are Lee Latchford-Evans, Claire Richards, Lisa Scott-Lee, Faye Tozer and Ian "H" Watkins. Steps have released four albums. They released their first single "5,6,7,8" in 1997. 

= = = Falstaff = = =
Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare. In two of the "Henry IV" plays, he is a friend of Prince Hal, the man who becomes King Henry V. 
Falstaff is very fat. He thinks he is very important and is always boasting. He is also a coward. Falstaff makes Prince Hal get into trouble. When Hal becomes king Falstaff is rejected.
Falstaff is a comic figure, but Shakespeare makes him say some things which tell us a lot about human nature. For example: before a battle in "Henry IV" he explains that his cowardice is actually common sense, because honour in battle is not really worth anything. Honour would not stop other people saying he was a coward and it would not help him if he got injured.
Falstaff also appears in "The Merry Wives of Windsor".
Shakespeare’s character inspired several musicians to compose music about him. Carl Otto Nicolai wrote an opera called "Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor" (1849). Verdi’s wrote an opera Falstaff based on the same play. It is often thought to be Verdi’s greatest opera. Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote an opera called "Sir John in Love", (1924–1928). Elgar wrote a brilliant piece for orchestra called “Falstaff” which he called: “a symphonic study”.
It is likely that Shakespeare based the character of Falstaff on a real person. Many ideas have been discussed but no one can be sure who Shakespeare may have had in mind.

= = = Laura Linney = = =
Laura Leggett Linney (born February 5, 1964) is an American actress. She has acted in movies, on television and theater. She won a Golden Globe Award for playing Abigail Adams in "John Adams". She is best known for playing the central role of Cathy Jamison in "The Big C", for which she won a Golden Globe Award.
She was born in Manhattan, New York City. She is the elder daughter of Romulus Linney (1930-2011). 

= = = Sammy Davis Jr. = = =
Sammy Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, dancer, actor, comedian, film producer and television director.entertainer. He was born in Harlem, New York City. Davis became hugely successful as a stage singer and recording artist and when asked to play at segregated places (where African-Americans were not allowed) he refused. Because of this some popular venues began to allow African-Americans to attend just so they could have Daver popular black musicians play. Before that black singers like Davis and Nat King Cole could play at the hot and casinos but not stay or gamble there.
Davis led an unhealthy lifestyle of drinking, smoking and c of the most popular musicians and actors of the time. He converted to Judaism while in the hospital in 1954 and 1955. He was also a member of the Rat Pack with friends Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.
The Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987.
Davis died of throat cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

= = = Lang Lang = = =
Lang Lang (Chinese: ��, Pinyin: Láng Lǎng), born June 14, 1982, in Shenyang, Liaoning, China, is a Chinese pianist. He has played with the best orchestras in Europe, the United States and his native China. He is very famous around the world for his concert performances, television appearances, albums and soundtracks. Lang has done much to encourage children and young musicians to like classical music, especially through the international foundation he created in New York in 2008.
Early life.
Lang Lang, which means "brilliance of the sky", was born in Shenyang, China, and is of Manchu ethnicity. His father Lang Guoren (���) is also a musician, who plays the erhu. At the age of two, Lang watched the "Tom and Jerry" episode "The Cat Concerto" which features the Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 by Franz Liszt. According to Lang, this first contact with Western music is what wanted him to learn piano. He began lessons with Professor Zhu Ya-Fen at age three. At the age of five, he won first place at the Shenyang Piano Competition and played his first public recital.
Lang was later admitted into Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music where he studied under Professor Zhao Ping-Guo. In 1993, he won the Xing Hai Cup Piano Competition in Beijing and, in 1994, got first prize at the fourth International Competition for Young Pianists in Ettlingen, Germany. In 1995, at 13 years old, he played the Op. 10 and Op. 25 études by Chopin at the Beijing Concert Hall and, the same year, got first place at the International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians in Japan, playing Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 2 with the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in a concert broadcast by NHK Television. When 14, he was a featured soloist at the China National Symphony's inaugural concert, which was broadcast by China Central Television and attended by President Jiang Zemin. The following year he began studies with Gary Graffman and Dick Doran at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.
Awards and outreach.
Lang has won lots of Awards and has been seen by millions of television viewers throughout the world. He appeared in Time Magazine's 2009 list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. In 2008, the Recording Academy named him their Cultural Ambassador to China. More recently, Lang Lang has been chosen as an official worldwide ambassador to the 2010 Shanghai Expo. The United Nations' Children's Fund (UNICEF) chose Lang Lang as an International Goodwill Ambassador in 2004. The Chinese government also recognized his achievement by selecting him as a vice-president of the All-China Youth Federation.
Lang said that his mission is to share classical music around the world, and to train children and young musicians through education. The Financial Times noted that he is "evangelical in his efforts to spread the popularity of classical music." In October 2008, he launched the Lang Lang International Music Foundation in New York with the support of the Grammys and UNICEF. In May 2009, Lang Lang and his three chosen scholars from the foundation, aged between 8 and 10 years old, performed together on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in connection with her search for the world's "smartest and most talented kids."
In June 2011, Lang Lang became a global ambassador for Telefónica.

= = = Erhu = = =
The erhu (��; pinyin: èrhú) is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument which may also be called a "southern fiddle", and sometimes known in the Western world as the "Chinese violin" or a "Chinese two-stringed fiddle". It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and big orchestras. It is the most popular of the huqin family of bowed string instruments used by various ethnic groups of China. The erhu is used in both traditional and contemporary music arrangements, such as in pop, rock, jazz, etc.

= = = Billie Jean = = =
"Billie Jean" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson. It is a song on his 1982 album, "Thriller". The song was released as a single on January 2, 1983. "Billie Jean" was one of many hits by the singer. It was number one on the Billboard Hot 100. At the 1984 Grammy Awards, Jackson was given awards for Best R&B Song and Best R&B Male Vocal Performance for the song. In 2008, Kanye West remixed the song for "Thriller 25". This was a new version of "Thriller" made for its 25th anniversary.

= = = Evgeny Kissin = = =
Evgeny Igorevitch Kissin ( "Yevgeniy Igorevich Kisin"; born in Moscow, 10 October 1971) is an Israeli-Russian-British pianist. He has been an Israeli citizen since 2013. He is famous for his playing of the works of the Romantic repertoire, such as Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.
References.
3. Evgeny Kissin's fanpage on Facebook

= = = Camryn Manheim = = =
Camryn Manheim (born March 8, 1961) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the television show "The Practice". She also acted in movies, mostly independent movies. She was in the 1997 movie Romy and Michele's High School Reunion. She also acted in "Ghost Whisperer".

= = = Inflow = = =
An inflow is a river that leads to a lake or some other body of water. The inflow gives the lake a supply of water. If lakes have no way of getting water added to them, they will eventually dry up through evaporation. 
Some lakes are big enough that they can stay full through rain instead of inflows. An example of such a lake is the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

= = = Fox Entertainment Group = = =
Fox Entertainment Group was an American entertainment company. It owns places that movies are produced, television networks and others. It is named after William Fox.

= = = Sexy Bitch = = =
"Sexy Bitch" (renamed "Sexy Chick" whenever censored) is a hit song by David Guetta. Akon sings in it. The single was released during 2009. There are several music videos for this song. It was written by Giorgio Tuinfort, Aliaune Thiam, David Guetta, Jean-Claude Sindres and Sandy Vee.

= = = Steinway & Sons = = =
Steinway & Sons, also known as Steinway, () is an American-German piano company. It was founded in 1853 in Manhattan, New York City, the United States, by German piano builder Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (later known as Henry E. Steinway). The employees at Steinway were mostly German immigrants. The company's growth led to the opening of a factory in Queens, New York City, the United States, and a factory in Hamburg, Germany. The factory in Queens supplies the Americas and the factory in Hamburg supplies the rest of the world.
Steinway is a prominent piano company making pianos of high quality. Many inventions within piano development have been made at the Steinway factories. Steinway has been granted 126 patents in piano making – the first patent was granted in 1857. The company's share of the high-end grand piano market is over 80 percent.
Steinway pianos have got many awards. One of the first is a gold medal in 1855 at the American Institute Fair at the New York Crystal Palace. From 1855 to 1862, Steinway pianos got 35 gold medals. Many awards and recognitions followed, for example three medals at the world's fair of 1867 in Paris. The European part of the company holds a royal warrant of appointment to Queen Elizabeth II.
Steinway pianos are made at the factories in Hamburg and Queens. In addition to the flagship Steinway piano line, Steinway markets two cheaper brands of piano. They are sold under the secondary brand names "Boston" and "Essex". The Boston brand is for the mid-level market and the Essex brand is for the entry-level market. Boston and Essex pianos are designed by Steinway engineers. To take advantage of lower costs of part production and labor, they are made in Asia by other piano makers under the supervision of Steinway employees.

= = = Lamian = = =
Lamian () is a type of Chinese noodle. It is made by stretching and folding the dough into strands. The twisting and later stretching of the strips of dough happens because of the weight of the dough. The strands can be made in many lengths and thicknesses depending on how many times it is stretched and folded. The "Songshi yangsheng bu" (�����), which was written by Song Xu around 1504, has the earliest description of how to make lamian.
Literally, lamian means "pulled noodles" (the Chinese word "la" (�) means to pull, which is how the dough is made into long thin noodles, mian (�)). Lamian dishes are usually served in beef or mutton soup. Sometimes the noodles can be stir-fried (chaomian (��)) and served with a tomato-like sauce.

= = = Gullah Gullah Island = = =
Gullah Gullah Island was an American children's television series that features Gullah culture. It was on Nick Jr. from July 6, 1994 to January 9, 1998, with reruns from January 10, 1998 to their 9th birthday. It starred Ron Daise and his wife Natalie Daise. It was the first show designed for preschoolers to feature a black family. It was created by Maria Perez-Brown, Kathleen Minton Capano, and Kit Laybourne. It had 3 seasons and 78 episodes.
Episodes.
It show on aired broadcasting from Nickelodeon and Nick Jr to October 1994 to until 1998

= = = Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach) = = =
The Inventions and Sinfonias (1720; revised 1723) are 30 pieces of keyboard music (15 each in sinfonia and invention) composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are sometimes known as the Two and Three Part Inventions. Bach arranged the two groups of pieces in order of ascending key. Each group covers the eight major and seven minor keys. Bach wrote them as exercises and study pieces for his 12 year old son, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. The 1720 versions are found in the boy's "Little Keyboard Book" of 1722. The invention and sinfonias are often used as preparation for two volumes of Bach's "The Well-Tempered Clavier".
Bach wrote in the preface to the printed edition of the "Inventions and Sinfonias": "Honest method, by which the amateurs of the keyboard – especially, however, those desirous of learning – are shown a clear way not only (1) to learn to play cleanly in two parts, but also, after further progress, (2) to handle three obligate parts correctly and well; and along with this not only to obtain good inventions (ideas) but to develop the same well; above all, however, to achieve a cantabile style in playing and at the same time acquire a strong foretaste of composition."
Media.
All of these sinfonias are played by Randolph Hokanson.

= = = List of Joan of Arcadia episodes = = =
This is a list of the episodes of the CBS television serial Joan of Arcadia.

= = = Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart) = = =
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, K 279 (189d) (1774) is a sonata in three movements:
It takes about 14 minutes to play the entire sonata.

= = = List of Detroit Red Wings players = = =
The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit, Michigan. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the National Hockey League's (NHL) Eastern Conference. The Red Wings franchise has been a part of the NHL since 1926, making them one of the "Original Six" clubs. Originally named the Detroit Cougars, the team was renamed to the Detroit Falcons in 1930; in 1932, the team's name was changed to the Detroit Red Wings and has remained the same since. As of the conclusion of the 2014–15 NHL season, 897 players have played for the franchise; of them, 91 of them are goaltenders, while 806 are skaters.
Since its creation, the team has had 36 captains, including Hall of Famers Sid Abel, Ted Lindsay and Red Kelly. Six players have had the honor of having their jersey number officially retired from play; one of them is Steve Yzerman, who played for the Red Wings from 1983 to 2006, and was the longest-serving captain in North American major league sports, with a tenure of 19 years. Yzerman led his team to three Stanley Cups and was the recipient of several awards, including the Lester B. Pearson Award and Lester Patrick Trophy for his outstanding play and contributions to the sport. Thirty-five other players have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.
As of the conclusion of the 2010–11 NHL season, the Red Wings have made the Stanley Cup playoffs for 20 consecutive seasons, the longest post-season streak for a single team in all of North American major professional sports. Gordie Howe holds the franchise records for the most points (with 1809) and for the most goals (with 786). Howe was a member of a Stanley Cup-winning team four times, all with the Red Wings. As of the conclusion of the 2010–11 season, 869 players have played for the franchise; of them, 89 of them are goaltenders, while 780 are skaters.
Key.
 Won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings
"Statistics are complete to the end of the 2016–17 NHL season."
Skaters.
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= = = List of NHL players (A) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "A".

= = = List of NHL players (B) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "B".

= = = List of Sagan Tosu players = = =
This is a List of Sagan Tosu players. Sagan Tosu is a Japanese professional football club in Tosu on the island of Kyushu.

= = = List of NHL players (C) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "C".

= = = List of Albirex Niigata players = = =
The List of Albirex Niigata players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Albirex Niigata is a Japanese professional football club in Niigata.

= = = The Nightingale (Andersen) = = =
"The Nightingale" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was published in 1844 in Andersen's "New Fairy Tales" "(Nye Eventyr)" with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Ugly Duckling". The critics liked these stories. Andersen's inspiration for "The Nightingale" was Tivoli Gardens, an amusement park with Chinese decorations in Copenhagen which opened in the summer of 1843. Another inspiration was Jenny Lind, a Swedish opera singer. Andersen was infatuated with her. She was known as the "Swedish Nightingale". Andersen began writing the tale on 11 October 1843 and completed it within 24 hours.
Story.
The nightingale is the best thing of all in the lands of the Emperor of China. The Emperor orders one brought to him. The bird charms him with her song. One day the Emperor of Japan sends the Emperor of China a mechanical bird decorated with jewels. The toy is wound up. Its song delights the Emperor. He neglects the real nightingale. She flies away to the forest. The toy bird breaks down. The Emperor becomes deathly ill. The nightingale returns to the palace. She sings and Death departs. The Emperor recovers.

= = = List of Avispa Fukuoka players = = =
The List of Avispa Fukuoka players is evolving.
Avispa Fukuoka is a Japanese professional football club in Hakata ward of Fukuoka.

= = = List of NHL players (J) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "J".

= = = List of NHL players (L) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "L".

= = = List of NHL players (M) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "M".

= = = Larry Johnson (running back) = = =
Larry Johnson (born November 19, 1979) is a former American Football runningback in the National Football League. He played college football for Penn State.
Johnson spent most of his career with the Kansas City Chiefs. After replacing the often-injured veteran Priest Holmes, Johnson excelled. He played very well in 2005 and 2006 and far passed the 1,000 yard mark that notable backs and receivers aim for. However, after an argument with head coach Todd Haley in 2009, he was released. He finished the season with the Cincinnati Bengals, but was not resigned.
Johnson spent portions of offseasons with the Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins, but was cut both times.

= = = Little Britain = = =
Little Britain is a British television sketch comedy show. It was shown on the BBC from 2003–2006. It was created by and stars David Walliams and Matt Lucas. It was narrated by Tom Baker. The show was about various characters in the UK.
In 2020, it was taken off streaming services due to racist humour as a result of the George Floyd protests.

= = = Tyrod Taylor = = =
Tyrod Taylor (born August 3, 1989) is an American professional football player. He plays as a quarterback for the New York Giants of the National Football League. He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies. He played relatively well with Virginia Tech, where he wore number 5, but was not drafted until the 6th round by the Baltimore Ravens in 2011.
With the Ravens, Taylor moved on from a preseason injury and played in three games as the backup to starter Joe Flacco. He rushed for two yards in one game, lined up as a wide receiver in another, and completed an 18-yard pass to Anquan Boldin as well. He was on the roster when the Ravens won Super Bowl XLVII and defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.
Taylor left Baltimore after four years for the Buffalo Bills, becoming the starter for three years. He was named to a Pro Bowl after a strong first season as the starting quarterback, then in 2017, helped the team make the playoffs for the first time since 1999. Following that season, the Bills traded him to the Cleveland Browns, where he played one year before joining the Chargers in 2019.

= = = Yuja Wang = = =
Yuja Wang (Chinese: ���, pinyin: Wáng Yǔjiā), born 10 February 1987, is a Chinese pianist.
Wang started to play the piano at the age of six; her earliest public concerts were at China, Germany and Australia. At the age of seven, Wang began to study at Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music before moving to the US to study at the Curtis Institute of Music at the age of fifteen.
In 1998, Wang was awarded third prize at the Ettlingen International Competition for Young Pianists in Ettlingen, Germany. In 2001, she won the third prize and the "Special Jury Prize" at the First Sendai International Music Competition in Sendai, Japan in the piano section.
In January 2009, Wang signed an exclusive recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon. She has already released four CD's: "Sonatas & Etudes" in 2009; "Transformation" in 2010; "Rachmaninov in 2011"; and "Fantasia" in March 2012.
There has been a possibility that Wang released a debut CD in 1995.

= = = French Suites = = =
The French Suites are six suites composed by Johann Sebastian Bach between 1722 and 1725. They were written to be played on the harpsichord or clavichord. A suite is a group of dances. Bach did not call them "French Suites". That title was given to the group by someone else. They were called the "French Suites" to distinguish them from another group of suites by Bach called the "English Suites". 
The "French Suites" are largely based on Italian models, and are written in the keys of D minor, C minor, B minor, E-flat major, G major, and E major. All six suites open with an Allemagne and are followed by a Courante and a Sarabande. All six suites end with a Gigue (jig). Between the Sarabande and the Gigue are found a variety of dances that include Minuets, Bourrées, Gavottes, and others. 
There is no definitive manuscript. The ornamentation varies from one manuscript to another. Two other suites one in A minor and the other in E-flat major sometimes appear in the manuscripts. Bach's "French Overture" is also a suite but is not connected to the "French Suites".

= = = Baltimore Colts = = =
The Baltimore Colts were an American football franchise in the National Football League. The team was based in Baltimore. The logo was a white horseshoe (blue uniforms). The team had success since 1953 when it began, winning four NFL championships, including Super Bowl V. The most famous player was quarterback Johnny Unitas . However, in 1984, Bob Irsay secretly (meaning in the middle of a March night without an announcement) moved the team to Indianapolis to begin play as the Indianapolis Colts.

= = = Cultigen = = =
A cultigen is a plant that is the result of artificial selection by humans. Liberty Hyde Bailey, an American botanist was the first to use the term, in 1918. Bailey noticed that the classification Linné introduced for plants was not useful for classifying plants which came from human cultivation and selection. He called the plants which grow in the wild without human selection indigens. A cultigen was: " ... a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown... [It has] such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description". The point is that a cultigen cannot always be placed in the traditional Linnean system of botanical classification.
Bailey later changed his definition to "Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen", which is the definition used above. Examples of cultigens are maize and cabbage.
Cultigens and cultivars.
Cultigen and cultivar may be confused with one-another. Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing not only plants with cultivar names but others as well (see introductory text above). Cultivar is a formal classification category in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).
Although in his 1923 paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species and so he established a new classification category for these, the cultivar, generally assumed to be a contraction of the words “cultivated” and “variety”. He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as: 
 ... "a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin".
This definition and understanding of cultivar has changed over time.
Definition of cultigen.
The definition has been discussed:

= = = Oil spill = = =
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment. Oil from ships and oil tankers can spill onto the sea water and pollute the water. 
Oil poisons and harms the aquatic organisms and seabirds. The fur of sea mammals and the feathers of seabirds can be damaged by the oil. The animals may suffer, and the effect may be fatal for them. 
When birds get soaked in oil, they can't fly and they can't go in water.
Most often the term is used for marine environments, where coasts, lakes, rivers and oceans are polluted. There are three main ways to combat such pollution once it has occurred:
An oil spill can not only affect the coasts, lakes, rivers, and oceans but also the environment and the ecosystems. Many animals could get injured and later die without help. Also all the vegetation could be affected by the oil.

= = = List of Cerezo Osaka players = = =
The List of Cerezo Osaka players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Cerezo Osaka is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.

= = = Lenticular galaxy = = =
A lenticular galaxy is a type of galaxy. These galaxies have an elliptical shape and ill-defined spiral arms. Basically, they are a combinations of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Examples include the Cartwheel Galaxy and NGC 4479. They are disk galaxies that have lost most of its interstellar matter, therefore have very little ongoing star formation. Because of this, they contain a lot of aging stars like elliptical galaxies.
Despite being different shapes and a different galaxy type, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties such as spectral features and sizes. They are also early-type galaxies that are slowly evolving.
Morphology and structure.
Classification.
Lenticular galaxies are unique, they have a visible disk component and also a prominent bulge component. The bulge is larger than the disk in ratio than a normal spiral galaxy and do not have spiral arms. The large bulge is what makes them looks like an elliptical galaxy. Like spiral galaxies, they can also have a central bar.
Lenticular galaxies are often considered to be a poorly understood transition state between spiral and elliptical galaxies, which makes its position in the Hubble sequence. The disk have no unique features like spiral arms, which makes them not a spiral galaxies. Its bulge is usually spherical, which makes them not an elliptical galaxies. Lenticular galaxy are divided into subclasses based on their either the amount of dust present or the prominence of a central bar. Galaxies with no central bars are S01, S02 and S03, the numbers indicate the amount of gas absorption in the disk. While the barred galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03.
Bars.
Like spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies can also have a central bar. The subclasses for the barred lenticular galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03. Although the numbers represents the amount of gas absorption, they can also indicate the prominence of the central bar. SB01, have the least prominent bar. SB02, have a slightly prominent bar. SB03, has the most prominent bar. Examples:

= = = List of Ehime FC players = = =
The List of Ehime F.C. players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Ehime F.C. is a Japanese professional football club in Matsuyama.

= = = Fishing industry = = =
All activities that are concerned with growing, catching, processing or transporting fish either as a hobby or as an economic activity is called Fishing industry.
According to the FAO definition it includes recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.

= = = John Wesley Hillman = = =
John Wesley Hillman (March 29, 1832 – March 19, 1915) was an American prospector during the California Gold Rush. He was also an explorer who was among the first European Americans to see Crater Lake in the U.S. state of Oregon. He is credited with discovering the lake.

= = = Dorsal fin = = =
A dorsal fin is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates.
The main function of the fin is to stabilize the animal against rolling and to help sudden turns. There are some secondary functions: some fish have dorsal fins which produce venom at the tip, for example, the spiny dogfish.
Functions.
Some species have further adapted their dorsal fins to other uses.

= = = Pelvic fin = = =
Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish.
Structure and function.
Structure.
In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two bony girdles attached to bony radials. The lepidotrichia are positioned distally from the radials.
Function.
A pelvic fin's function is to provide powered corrective forces.
Development.
Unlike limb development in tetrapods, the pelvic fin bud emerges much later than the pectoral fin.

= = = Stability = = =
Stability is a property of many systems. It means being at rest, not liable to change. In mechanics and dynamics, a system is stable (has stability) if it will not change motion of its own accord, and will resist small efforts to change its direction or position.
Thus an airliner in flight is dynamically stable, and will keep going in the same direction even when buffeted by uneven air pressure (wind). To change its direction, its control system must be altered. On the other hand, a fighter plane is unstable, and must be controlled at all times by a combination of the pilot and a computer.
Most nuclear isotopes are unstable, but the world is mostly made of stable ones. 
In a boat stability means that it is less likely to capsize.

= = = Type specimen = = =
In biology, a type specimen is a particular specimen to which a scientific name is formally attached. For this purpose a specimen is something that can be kept, unchanging, for a long time (for centuries). A specimen may be an organism, a part of an organism, or many small organisms together. 
Preferably a type specimen should be kept where researchers may have a chance to study it. Often, type specimens are kept in museums and the like. A type specimen need not be typical, that is, it need not be representative.
A type specimen can be assigned when a name is first published, or it can be assigned later. Besides type specimens there are other form of types. 
One particular type specimen may have any number of scientific names attached to it. For example the names "Fabaceae" (family), "Faboideae" (subfamily), and "Faba" (genus) all have the same specimen as the type. For any one circumscription, position, and rank of a taxon only one name can be correct (for a genus that includes the type specimens of the names "Vicia" and "Faba", both, the correct name will be "Vicia").
A type specimen is only one of several possible kinds of type. For example, the type of the name of a genus of animals is a type species. But the type specimen is the most famous kind of type.

= = = Gene flow = = =
Gene flow or gene migration is the name for the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. The most usual cause is the movement of animals or (with plants) the movement of seeds or fruits.
Various barriers to gene flow can occur. The most usual is a geographical barrier of some kind. The beginnings of speciation often depends on the separation of populations which were once interbreeding (panmictic).

= = = List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players = = =
The List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Sanfrecce Hiroshima is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima.

= = = Fusion power = = =
Nuclear fusion is when two atoms merge to form a new one. This reaction with plasma generates energy. The idea behind a fusion reactor is to build a nuclear power plant that uses this process to produce electricity. Nowadays, nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy. Nuclear fission is not the same as nuclear fusion. 
Nuclear fusion is the same type of process the Sun uses to generate heat. The most powerful nuclear weapons also use fusion.
As of 2012, there are no commercial power plants that use this technology; there are a few academic ones; these include the Joint European Torus, in England. This reactor uses a principle called Tokamak. A tokamak uses magnets that are shaped like a doughnut to squish the atoms together. 

= = = List of Gamba Osaka players = = =
The List of Gamba Osaka players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Gamba Osaka is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.

= = = First Coast = = =
The First Coast is a region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is in the northern part of the state. The First Coast includes five counties around Jacksonville: Duval, Clay, Nassau and St. Johns. Its name comes from a marketing campaign in the 1980s. It is also called Florida's First Coast.

= = = Gainare Tottori = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Tottori Prefecture.
History.
The club was founded in 1983.

= = = Matukituki River = = =
The Matukituki River is found in the Southern Alps of New Zealand's South Island. It flows for 30 kilometres from Mount Aspiring National Park into the southwestern edge of Lake Wanaka.

= = = Buddhist crisis = = =
The Buddhist Crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam. The crisis was characterized by a series of discriminating acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance mainly led by Buddhist monks.
The crisis was started when the President Ngô Đình Diệm banned the flying of the Buddhist flag. That led to the shooting of nine unarmed civilians who were protesting a ban of the Buddhist flag on May 8 and suicide by burning of Thích Quảng Đức on June 11. The crisis ended when Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated on November 2, 1963.
Background.
A survey said that about 70-90 percent of South Vietnamese people were Buddhist. The President called it biased. A member of the Catholic minority, his government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions etc. Diem once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) converted to Catholicism believing that their career prospects depended on it. Many were also refused promotion if they did not convert. Also, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Viet Cong guerrillas was done so that weapons were only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran private armies, and in some areas forced conversion and looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas. Some Buddhist villages converted to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions. In 1959, Ngô Đình Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was usually flown in public services and events while the Buddhist flag was not allowed to be flown in public services and/or events.

= = = News Corporation = = =
The News Corporation (or 'News Corp.') was an Australian, and later American, mass media corporation. It was based in New York City, New York. It was the world's second biggest media company in revenue in 2011, and the world's third largest company in entertainment in 2009.
News Corporation was founded in Adelaide in 1979, by Rupert Murdoch. It was incorporated under South Australian commercial law until 2004 when the company moved to the United States. It was re-incorporated under Delaware law after its shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004. It was a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Murdoch remained the chairman and chief executive officer of the company until its end in 2013.
It owns News Limited, News International (whose properties include "The Times", "The Sun", and the now-closed "News of the World"), Dow Jones & Company (which owned "The Wall Street Journal"), the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group (owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio and the Fox Broadcasting Company).
News Corporation was split into two different companies on 28 June 2013. Both are publicly traded companies: 21st Century Fox consists mainly of television and media assets, while a new News Corp focuses on publishing.
Magazines and inserts.
All titles sourced from News Limited - NewsSource: Magazines on 15 October 2010.
Newspapers and information services.
International.
Dow Jones & Company
Dormant or shuttered News Corporation businesses.
The following companies are subsidiaries of News Corporation that either are no longer active or have been absorbed into another part of the company.

= = = Aizuwakamatsu = = =
 is a city in the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

= = = Concorde = = =
Concorde was a passenger airplane that flew faster than the speed of sound. It was made by the French company Aérospatiale and the British company British Aircraft Corporation. Concorde carried passengers from 1976 to 2003. Twenty aircraft were built.
Concorde flew across the Atlantic Ocean in a little less than 3.5 hours. Other airplanes take about eight hours.
When Concorde was being developed, orders from airlines to buy the plane were high. At the time, passenger planes that flew faster than the speed of sound were considered to be a big technological leap.
Some people did not like the sonic booms caused by Concorde flying faster than the speed of sound. They also complained of the noise Concorde made when taking off and landing. It was twice as loud as conventional passenger jets. Concorde was not allowed to fly over certain countries because of this. There were also concerns that having many Concordes in the air at once could damage the ozone layer. The price of fuel increased many times in the 1970s, but the Concorde also consumed much more fuel than a conventional passenger jet.
Many airlines later thought Concorde was too expensive for the cost and were no longer interested in the plane. They cancelled their orders. Another supersonic airliner, the Boeing 2707 was cancelled for similar reasons.
The first scheduled flights were on 21 January 1976. Concorde flew between several different cities in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Concorde initially did not make a profit because of the high costs to run the plane. From the 1980s onwards, ticket prices became much higher. Concorde was mainly used by rich people who could pay the high ticket price.
The high running costs, the crash of Air France Flight 4590 in 2000 and the September 11 attacks caused Concorde to be retired in 2003.
Concorde is considered to be an engineering marvel and a symbol of pride for Britain and France.

= = = Date, Fukushima = = =
 is a city in northern Fukushima, Japan.
There were nine towns in Date District, Fukushima. On January 1, 2006, five towns in Date District joined together and became the city of Date. These five towns were Hobara, Yanagawa, Date, Ryōzen, and Tsukidate. Hobara was in the center.
The Date family.
The Date clan was a powerful group during the Edo period. They controlled Miyagi and southern Iwate. After the Edo period, in the Meiji period, many samurai lost their land during the Meiji Restoration. The Date clan also lost their land. Part of the family went to Hokkaidõ. They started another city, Date, Hokkaidõ. The family name of Date clan came from Fukushima.
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Date is about 60 km north-west of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Date is outside the area people are not allowed to live. However, radiation in the city made people, especially schoolchildren, stay indoors more.

= = = Canyoneering = = =
Canyoneering or canyoning is a dangerous sport. A person who goes canyoneering is a canyoneer. A canyoneer is a person who walks, swims, or rappels (climbs down ropes) into canyons. Sometimes these canyons are very deep and very narrow. Canyons that are very narrow are called "slot canyons". 
Dangers.
Canyoneering can be dangerous. Sometimes canyons flood (fill with water) when it rains. Accidents can also happen when a canyoneer is climbing down ropes. The rope can break or the canyoneer can slip. Sometimes canyons are too narrow to walk through, so you have to go back. Also, sometimes the water in canyons is so cold you can get sick. Many people have died in canyons.

= = = Logan Lerman = = =
Logan Wade Lerman (born January 19, 1992) is an American actor. He played Percy Jackson in the 2010 film ', directed by Chris Columbus. He also played "Charlie" in a movie of the book "Perks of Being a Wallflower". Lerman's other movie roles include "Hoot" (2006), ', a western (2007), "Gamer" (2009), and "The Three Musketeers" (2011), as d'Artagnan. He starred on the series "Jack & Bobby" (2004 to 2005).
Lerman was born in Beverly Hills, California. His parents are both Jewish. He has two siblings, both older, and is a self-described "film geek". He would like to direct and write films in the future.

= = = Ernest Giles = = =
William Ernest Powell Giles (7 July 1835 – 13 November 1897), best known as Ernest Giles, was an Australian explorer. He led three long expeditions in central Australia.
Early life.
Giles was born in Bristol, England. He moved to Adelaide, South Australia when he was 15. He was one of the first Europeans to explore the empty desert of central Australia during the 1870s. Giles was the first European to explore Lake Amadeus and The Olgas. He named them after Amadeus, King of Spain Olga, Queen of Wurttemberg.
Career.
He has written works about his journeys. In 1880, he published "The Journal of a Forgotten Expedition", an account of his third expedition. In 1889, he wrote "Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration", the story of his five main expeditions. Giles died of pneumonia on 13 November 1897. Mount Giles, the third highest mountain in the Northern Territory was named after him.

= = = William Gosse = = =
William Christie Gosse (1842–12 August 1881) was an explorer. He was born in Hertfordshire, England. He moved to Adelaide, Australia with his father in 1850. Gosse was one of the first Europeans to explore central Australia. He spotted Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it "Ayers Rock" after Sir Henry Ayers, the Chief Secretary of South Australia. Gosse was not the only explorer in the region at the time. Due to the construction of the Overland telegraph Line, the area was opened up to exploring, and Ernest Giles was also looking for a path to the West. Giles failed on his first attempt and Gosse succeeded by following Giles original track. 
Gosse died of a heart attack on 12 August 1881, aged 38, after being sick for a long time.

= = = German wine = = =
German wines are those produced in Germany, one of the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Germany. Depending on the vintage, Germany is the world's eight largest producer of wine. Grapes are grown only in the sout-western parts of Germany in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse an Baden-Württemberg, with more than 102,000 hectares vineyards under cultivation. 

= = = Adolphe Adam = = =
Adolphe Charles Adam (24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. He composed many operas and ballets. He is best known today for his ballets "Giselle" (1841) and "Le corsaire" (1856, his last work), and his operas "Le postillon de Lonjumeau" (1836), "Le toréador" (1849), and "Si j'étais roi" (1852, often regarded as his finest work). He also composed the popular Christmas carol "Minuit, chrétiens!" ("O Holy Night") (1847). Adam was also a teacher. Léo Delibes was among his pupils.

= = = Henry Ayers = = =
Sir Henry Ayers GCMG (1 May 1821 – 11 June 1897) was the Premier of South Australia five times between 1863 and 1873. 
Ayers was born at Portsea, Hampshire, England. He moved to Australia in 1840 with his wife, Elizabeth. He worked in the mining industry. His copper mine became very important to the economy of South Australia. Ayers later went into politics. He was elected to the South Australian parliament on 9 March 1857. He stayed a member for more than 36 years. Ayers first became premier on 15 July 1863.
Ernest Giles, an explorer, named Ayers Rock after him in 1872. In the same year, Ayers was knighted KCMG and raised to GCMG in 1894. He died in Adelaide on 11 June 1897.

= = = Bushfood = = =
Bushfood (also called bush tucker in Australia) is any food native to Australia eaten by the original inhabitants, the Australian Aborigines. Most bushfoods are very nutritious. Examples of native animal foods (meats) are kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These are quite common and can be found in many supermarkets and restaurants. Other animals, like lizards and grubs, were eaten by aboriginal (native) Australians, long before white people came to the area. It also includes fruits and berries. The most famous native bushfood plant is the macadamia nut. This is farmed and sold in large numbers.
By the end of the 19th century, there were only less than 100.000 Aboriginal people. Since the arrival of the settlers, the native population died from new diseases, alcohol and poverty, as their native land was taken away from them. They had to move to places where they could not live in their traditional way. Most of their languages died out. Until the 1960s, children were taken away from their families and forced to live in children's homes („Stolen Generation“). The idea was to make them „good“ Australians by educating them „properly“.

= = = Station (agriculture) = = =
Station is the term for a big agricultural property (owned land) that is used for raising livestock. The word is used in Australian and New Zealand English. The owner of a station is called a "grazier". They are also sometimes called "pastoralists". Its workers are called "stockmen". The stations may be called "sheep stations" or "cattle stations", depending on what type of animal it raises.

= = = Mikhail Fokine = = =
Mikhail Fokine ( – 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer. He was born in St Petersburg, the son of a prosperous middle-class merchant. At the age of nine, he was accepted into the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in "Paquita", with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1902, he became a teacher with the ballet school.
Fokine hoped to go beyond the older ballet traditions. To him virtuoso ballet techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means of expression. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costuming and mime which did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Therefore, he tried to strip ballets of their artificial miming and outdated costumes. In addition, as a choreographer, he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes. Also, he experimented with a freer use of the arms and torso. He presented his reformist ideas to the management of the Imperial theatre, but did not get their support. Some of his early works include the ballet "Acis and Galatea" (1905) and "The Dying Swan" (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova, choreographed to the music of Saint-Saëns' "Le Cygne".
In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the choreographer of his Ballets Russes in Paris. Fokine broke off the collaboration in 1912, jealous of Diaghilev's close relationship with Vaslav Nijinsky. He moved to Sweden in 1918 and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. He became a United States citizen in 1932. Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942.
Fokine staged more than 70 ballets in Europe and the United States. His best known works were "Chopiniana" (later revised as "Les Sylphides"), "Le Carnaval" and "Le Pavillon d'Armide". Among his works for the Ballets Russes were "The Firebird", "Petrushka", "Le Spectre de la Rose" and "Daphnis et Chloé". Also, for the Ballets Russes, he created a ballet out of Rimsky-Korsakov's "Scheherazade". His pieces are still performed by the leading ballet troupes of the world.

= = = Lasseter's Reef = = =
Lasseter's Reef was a legendary rich gold deposit that was said to be in remote central Australia. A prospector, Harold Bell Lasseter, claimed to have discovered the site in 1897. But Lasseter forgot the exact location of it. He died when he went back into the desert to look for it again. The gold's location remains a mystery—nobody even knows whether it really exists.
Lasseter told the story in 1929. He said that he had found the gold near the border of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. This area at the time was uncharted (no maps had been made of it). When he came out of the desert, he spent the next thirty years trying to get people to fund an expedition to go back and look for it. But people ignored him because people were already making fortune from the gold rush at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. Nobody wanted to risk going into unchartered desert.
But during the Great Depression, people became interested. Lasseter got enough money for an expedition to relocate the gold. But the expedition was hard—there were long distances involved, no maps to guide them, and it was very hard to find water. When the expedition party became lost, the people who went with Lasseter called him a liar. They left him, but Lasseter continued, with one other man. The man later said that Lasseter became crazy in the desert, and he too left him.
Now alone, Lasseter continued in the desert, but eventually became exhausted and dehydrated. He died from exhaustion and malnutrition in early 1931. He was on his way to Uluru or Kata Tjuta. His body was found in March 1931 by a bushman. The story of Lasseter's expedition is known from the stories of his travelling group. The later part of the story is known from Lasseter's diary, which was found on his body. No maps showing the location of the fabled gold reef were ever found. The tale of the reef has become legend. It is probably the most famous "lost mine" legend in Australia.

= = = Altar lamp = = =
An altar lamp, or sanctuary lamp, is the flame kept near the altar in a church or synagogue. The flame is always kept alive, so is commonly called an "eternal flame". It represents that God is always there with the people.

= = = Le Spectre de la rose = = =
Le Spectre de la rose () is a short French ballet. It is about a young girl who dreams of dancing with the spirit of a souvenir rose from her first ball. Jean-Louis Vaudoyer wrote the ballet story. He based it on a verse by Théophile Gautier. 
The dances were designed by Michel Fokine. The music is Hector Berlioz's 1841 orchestration of Carl Maria von Weber's piano music "Aufforderung zum Tanz" (). Léon Bakst designed the original sets and costumes. 
The ballet was first presented in Monte Carlo on 19 April 1911. Nijinsky danced The Rose and Tamara Karsavina danced The Young Girl. It was a great success. "Spectre" became internationally famous for the leap (jump) Nijinsky made through a window at the ballet's end.
Origin.
In 1911, Ballet Russes producer Sergei Diaghilev hoped to present Nijinsky's ballet "L'Après-midi d'un faune" (). It was not ready for the stage, so he needed another ballet to take its place. That ballet was the idea of writer Jean-Louis Vaudoyer. In 1910, he had sent an idea for a ballet to Ballets Russes set and costume designer Léon Bakst. His idea was based on "Le Spectre de la rose", a verse by Théophile Gautier, and "Aufforderung zum Tanz", a work for piano by Carl Maria von Weber. Diaghilev liked Vaudoyer's idea. He thought it could easily take the place of "Faune". He put Vaudoyer's idea into development at once. Diaghilev liked the idea of a ballet based on Gautier's "Spectre" because it could be tied to the centennial of Gautier's birth.
Music.
In 1819, Carl Maria von Weber wrote a work for piano called "Aufforderung zum Tanz". He also wrote a program for this work about a young man and woman who meet, dance, and part at a ball. The quiet music at the opening of "Aufforderung" leads to some beautiful (and busy) waltz tunes before the work ends with the opening music. In 1841, Hector Berlioz orchestrated "Aufforderung". This version of the music was used for a short ballet in Weber's opera "Der Freischütz" at the Paris Opéra. It was the Berlioz version that was used for the ballet "Le Spectre de la rose".
Dance.
Michel Fokine completed the dance in three or four rehearsals. He later wrote that the ballet was almost an improvisation. Grace Robert writes in "The Borzoi Book of Ballets" that "Spectre" is a "pas de deux", but not the sort of "pas de deux" that looks back to complex 19th-century technique and virtuosity. Instead, it is a forward-looking, modern dance of continuous movement and expressiveness. 
Fokine dropped the "port de bras" (position of the arms) of classical ballet in designing the dances for Nijinsky. He used instead curving, tendril-like movements of the arms and fingers. Nijinsky became an androgynous character in this ballet, one showing masculine power in his legs and a feminine delicacy in his arms. Some of his gestures, Ostwalt writes in "Nijinsky: A Leap into Madness", "lent a feminine aura (an invisible force)" to the character.
Nijinsky's costume.
Nijinsky's silk elasticated costume was designed by Léon Bakst. The costume was covered with silk rose petals. Nijinsky was stitched into the costume for every show. After every show, the wardrobe mistress would touch up the petals with her curling iron. Nijinsky's make-up was an important part of the costume design. Romula de Pulszky, later to be his wife, wrote that he looked like "a celestial (heavenly) insect, his eyebrows suggesting some beautiful beetle". Ostwald writes that Nijinsky's costume was like a ballerina's. Sometimes, petals would become loose and fall to the stage. Nijinsky's servant Vasili would collect the petals and sell them as souvenirs. It was said that he built a large house called Le Château du Spectre de la Rose with the profits from the sale of the petals.
Nijinsky's leap.
The ballet became famous for Nijinsky's leap through one of the two large windows at the back of the stage. The height of the leap was an illusion though. Nijinsky took five running steps from the middle of the stage and leapt through the window on the sixth step. The skirting board (base board) under the window was very low, giving the illusion that the leap was higher than it was. Behind the set, four men caught Nijinsky in the air and put warm towels on him. No one saw Nijinsky land. It looked like he would fly on for all time. The illusion was helped by the conductor in the orchestra pit who held the next to the last chord. In doing so, the leap was given a sense of great length and height.
Story of the ballet.
The curtain rises on a girl's bedroom. The Young Girl comes into the room dressed in a white bonnet and ball gown. She has come home from her first ball. She holds a rose as a souvenir of the evening. She drops into a chair and falls asleep. The rose falls from her fingers to the floor. The Spirit of the Rose is seen at the window. He steps to the floor and nears The Young Girl. Still asleep, she rises and dances with him. He leads her back to the chair, kisses her, then leaps through the window and into the night. The Young Girl awakes and rises. She picks up the rose she dropped and kisses it. The curtain falls.
First night and what people thought.
"Spectre" was first presented on 19 April 1911 by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in the Théâtre de Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo. Tamara Karsavina danced The Young Girl and Nijinsky danced The Rose. Grace Robert writes that "Spectre" was an "immediate success". Diaghilev was surprised; he thought "Spectre" a trifle not worth notice, but the little ballet became one of the most loved productions of the Ballets Russes. 
After Nijinsky.
Many dancers attempted to match Nijinsky as The Rose, but failed. After all, the ballet had been designed for Nijinsky's very special talents. The Young Girl has been called "the forgotten woman of ballet", and, as time passed, the part became routine. By the middle of the 20th century, "Spectre" had become nothing but a stunt ballet: people paid only to see the leap through the window.
"Spectre" was one of the first ballets Rudolph Nureyev danced in the West after leaving Russia. This was for German television in 1961. He first danced The Rose on stage (24 times) in New York City for the Joffrey Ballet's Diaghilev program in 1979. "Spectre" was the last ballet Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn danced together. That was in June 1979, when the ballerina was 60. He danced The Rose in Paris in 1981 and 1982, and last danced the part in August 1987 at the London Coliseum with the Nancy Ballet.
The ballet was first seen in Australia in 1936 when it was part of the Monte Carlo Russian Ballet program. In 1962, Margot Fonteyn danced The Young Girl as part of her 1962 tour of Australia. In 2006, The Australian Ballet presented the ballet as one of three showing the work of Fokine.

= = = FC Machida Zelvia = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Machida in the Tokyo region.
History.
The club was founded in 1989.
In 2010, Machida Zelvia formed a partnership with Major League Soccer's D.C. United. This was the first partnership between a Japanese football club and American soccer club.
In 2012, the club was promoted to the J.League in its second division.

= = = Dunscaith Castle = = =
Dunscaith Castle (also called Dun Scaich, Dun Sgathaich Castle or Tokavaig) is a ruined castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. The castle is the legendary home of Queen Scáthach in Scottish mythology.

= = = Park Yong-ho = = =
Park Yong-Ho (born March 25, 1981) is a South Korean association football player. He was part of the South Korean team in 2004 Summer Olympics.

= = = Willem Dafoe = = =
Willem Dafoe (born William James Dafoe, July 22, 1955) is an American actor. He was born in Appleton, Wisconsin. He played major roles in "To Live and Die in L.A.", "Platoon", "The Last Temptation of Christ", "Mississippi Burning", "Body of Evidence", "Clear and Present Danger", ', "The Boondock Saints", "Shadow of the Vampire", "Spider-Man", ' and "The Clearing". He was also in the 2017 movie "Justice League" and 2018 movie "Aquaman" as Nuidis Vulko.

= = = Les Sylphides = = =
Les Sylphides () is a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine to the music of Frederic Chopin. The music was orchestrated by Stravinsky among others. The scenery and costumes were designed by Alexandre Benois. 
The ballet was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 2 June 1909. It starred Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina, Anna Pavlova, and Maria Baldina. The ballet is non-narrative. It does not tell a story. It is a series of dances meant to evoke the atmosphere and ambiance of a romantic ballet.
"Les Sylphides" was developed from a Fokine ballet called "Chopiniana". This ballet was performed in St Petersburg on 21 March 1908. It was a series of imagined scenes from Chopin's life that included a Polish wedding and a ballroom polonaise. It was revised. All characters and any suggestion of a plot were dropped to create instead an evocation of the romantic ballet. 
The revised ballet (still called "Chopiniana") was performed in St Petersburg on 6 April 1908. This second version was costumed in the long white ballet tutu made famous by Marie Taglioni in "La Sylphide". "Chopiniana" was renamed "Les Sylphides" when it was presented in Paris.
"Les Sylphides" generally includes the following musical numbers:

= = = Alain Delon = = =
Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon (; born 8 November 1935) is a French actor. He became famous quickly, and by the age of 23, he was already being compared to French actors like Gérard Philipe and Jean Marais. He was also compared to American actor James Dean. He was even called the male Brigitte Bardot. During his career, Delon has worked with many well-known directors. Some of these are Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, , Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle. 
Delon was given Swiss citizenship in 1999. He has a company managing product company, and it is based in Geneva.
Early life.
Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, which is a suburb of Paris. His parents, Édith (née Arnold) and Fabien Delon, divorced when Delon was four. Both remarried, and Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers. He went to a Roman Catholic boarding school. This was the first school he was removed from because of bad behavior. 
When he was 14, Delon left school. He then worked for at his stepfather's butcher shop for some time. He joined the French Navy three years later. In 1953 and 54 he served as a "fusilier marin" in the First Indochina War. Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent eleven months in prison for being "undisciplined", meaning that his bad behaviour ended up getting him jailed. In 1956, he returned to France after being dishonourably discharged from the navy. He did not have any money, and lived on whatever money he could find.
Products.
Since his perfume company was started, Delon has had many products sold under his name. Some of these are wristwatches, clothes, eyewear, stationery and cigarettes.
Delon's sunglasses brand became very popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 movie "A Better Tomorrow". He wore these in two movies after this. It is said that Delon wrote a letter to thank Chow for helping the sunglasses sell out in the region. The movie's director John Woo has said that Delon is one of his idols. He wrote a short essay on "Le Samourai" as well as "Le Cercle Rou" for the Criterion Collection DVDs.

= = = Peter Finch = = =
Frederick George Peter Ingle Finch (28 September 1916 - 14 January 1977) was a British-born Australian actor. He was born in South Kensington, London. He was raised in Vaucresson, France and Sydney, Australia. He was married to ballet dancer Tamara Tchinarova.
Finch is best known for his role in "Network", for which he won an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award. He died of a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California.

= = = Depressant = = =
Depressants are a group of drugs that depress or slow down the activity of certain areas of the brain. Functionally, depressants counter the effects of stimulants, which increase brain activity. Drugs of the depressant type are widely used around the world, as prescription drugs. They can help with the following:
Big groups.
Among the big groups of depressants are:

= = = Barbiturate = = =
Barbiturates are a group of drugs that are derivates of Barbituric acid. Adolf von Baeyer was the first to produce Barbituric acid, in 1863. For many years, barbiturates were used as sedatives. Today, their use is very limited in many countries, mainly because they cause addiction and people soon develop a tolerance. People with a drug tolerance will need a higher dosage of the drug to get the same effect as before. After a while, the drug becomes useless for such people. This increased use often leads to physical dependence as the body becomes used to the constant presence of barbiturates. When the person abruptly stops taking the drug or reduces the dose, withdrawal symptoms may arise. 
Barbiturates were once used as a primary treatment for Epilepsy; this is especially true for the substance called Phenobarbitol or Phenobarbitone. The sedative side effect of the drug made it increasingly unpopular, and it is now prescribed less for epilepsy, in favor of other drugs that do not have sedative effects.
Benzodiazepines are another group of drugs, which have sedative properties: They make people sleepy, and help them sleep. In contrast, Barbiturates force people to sleep. In the case of severe sleeping problems which cannot be controlled by other drugs, Barbiturates are sometimes used as off-label drugs. 
Symptoms of Barbiturate Withdrawal.
Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms may include:
Some of these withdrawal symptoms can be fatal. Seizures can be dangerous, and the delirium some users experience can lead to agitation, hyperthermia, and cardiovascular failure.

= = = Whose Line Is It Anyway? = = =
Whose Line is it Anyway? is a United States comedy television show that ran from 1998 to 2007. A revival premiered in 2013. It was presented by Drew Carey on the ABC network, with the revival hosted by Aisha Tyler and airing on The CW network. The design of the show came from a British television of the same name.
The show consisted of a group of four people acting out comedy sketches on-the-spot, with Aisha Tyler choosing what they would do with help of the live audience.

= = = Dez Bryant = = =
Dez Bryant is an American football wide receiver for the Baltimore Ravens. He played college football for the Oaklahoma State Cowboys. Despite some minor character concerns, Byrant has been a successful returner and wideout for Dallas.

= = = Pontifical Catholic University of Chile = = =
The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is a Catholic university based in the city of Santiago de Chile. It was founded in 1888 through a decree issued by the Santiago Archbishop. This university was one of the first Chilean universities teaching strong entrepreneurship starting with two subjects: law and mathematics.

= = = Jude Law = = =
David Jude Heyworth Law (born 29 December 1972) is an English actor. He was born in Lewisham, London and grew up in Blackheath, London. He played major roles many movies. These include "The Talented Mr. Ripley", "Enemy at the Gates", "A.I. Artificial Intelligence", "Road to Perdition", "Cold Mountain", "Alfie", "Closer" and "The Holiday". 
For his work in "The Talented Mr. Ripley", he won 2000 BAFTA Award for "Actor in a Supporting Role".

= = = Connellan Airways = = =
Connellan Airways (later called Connair) was an Australian airline that operated in northern Australia. It was founded by Edward Connellan (1912–1983) on 23 July 1943. The airline flew planes between remote areas of the outback. They worked a lot with the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
The name was changed to Connair in 1970. Connair had money problems in the 1970s. The company was sold to another airline company on 14 March 1980. It was liquidated (turned into money and dismantled) shortly after.

= = = Jacaranda = = =
Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It comes from tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, Mexico, South America (especially Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay), and the Caribbean. It is also found in Asia, especially in Nepal. It is found throughout the Americas and Caribbean. It has also been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, India, Fiji and parts of Africa. The genus name is also used as the common name.
Growth.
"Jacaranda" can be shrubs to large trees. They range in size from tall.
Genus.
The genus is separated into two sections, "Jacaranda" and "Dilobos" DC. Section "Jacaranda" (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species. It is found mostly in western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Section "Dilobos", which is thought to be the oldest form, has 31 species. It is found mostly in southeastern Brazil. This includes the Paraná River valley. The kind of wood in the two sections is also different.

= = = Ion Television = = =
Ion Television is a television network in the United States, which is owned by The E. W. Scripps Company and is available through a TV antenna, cable TV, or a satellite dish. It airs mainly many episodes of one crime drama or drama show per day, usually older episodes of shows which aired on networks now or in the past. It also carries the Scripps National Spelling Bee every year, starting to do so in 2022. The network is available in over 99 million houses, mixed between stations Ion owns and network affiliates, along with cable and satellite dish companies which carry it.

= = = UniMás = = =
UniMás is a U.S. Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by Univision with headquarters in Miami, Florida.

= = = Olaf Rose = = =
Olaf Volker Bernhard Rose Rose (born 1958 in Arnsberg) is a German historian and politician. He is member of the National Democratic Party of Germany. Rose works as an adviser for the party in the Landtag of Saxony. He is co-founder of Gesellschaft für Freie Publizistik and city councilor in Pirna.
In 2012 he was a candidate in the German presidential election.

= = = Kaltukatjara = = =
Kaltukatjara (') is a town in the southwest of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is also called Docker River in English. It is about 670 km southwest of Alice Springs, and 8 km from the border with Western Australia. In the 2006 census, Kaltukatjara had a population of 355. All of the residents are either Pitjantjatjara, Ngaatjatjarra or Ngaanyatjarra Aboriginal people.
Overview.
Kaltukatjara is located on the western bank of an ephemeral watercourse called Docker River. It is surrounded by the Petermann Ranges. From the town, the Great Central Road leads eastward to Yulara (196 km) and westward to Warburton (288 km).
While the roads in the town are sealed, roads out of the town are gravel and can be closed for up to a week if it rains. There is an air strip about 4 km north of the town. Power is supplied by three large generators. The water supply is pumped from two underground bores which are about 5 km from the town. Facilities in Kaltukatjara includes both a primary and secondary school, a health clinic, community store, and an old people's home. There is also a Lutheran church.
History.
Kaltukatjara was originally established as an outstation in 1968. It was established so that the Aboriginal people living in missions such as Areyonga could live closer to their homelands. It was also to encourage people to move out of the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park. The settlement was named "Docker River" after the stream that flows through the community. This stream was given its name by the explorer Ernest Giles when he travelled through the area in 1872.
In 1976, the Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed in the Northern Territory. The Kaltukatjara community was given freehold title over a large block of land in the Territory's southwest corner (see Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust). This allowed families living at Kaltukatjara to spread out over the surrounding country and set up smaller camps on their own ancestral homelands. This movement was part of a larger trend called the "outstation movement". The first two outstations established were Tjuntinanta and Punritjanta. By the end of 1978, a total of 11 outstations had been established. There were 16 by the end of 1981.
Cultural history.
The area in which Kaltukatjara is located is known as '. It contains several old sacred sites associated with the (Mulga Seed Dreaming). Part of this Tjukurpa, which is restricted to men, extends east through Uluṟu, where the Wintalyka men became involved in a feud with the Mala people. According to the legend, the Mala had travelled from the north to perform ceremonies at Uluṟu with a sacred artefact. On learning of this artefact, the Wintalyka men invited the Mala men to attend ceremonies at Kikingkura, but the Mala refused. Feeling insulted, the Wintalyka decided to punish the Mala by conjuring an evil spirit to haunt them. At Pulpaiyala, a soakage close to what is now Kaltukatjara, they conjured ', a great and terrifying spirit resembling a dingo. Kurpany chased the Mala men from Uluṟu and off across the desert to the south.
Outstations.
Kaltukatjara is governed by Kaḻṯukatjara Community Council, a local government council with 12 members. The community also serves about 30 outstations, most of which are not permanently occupied. They are spread over a large area around the Petermann Ranges. Only two outstations are funded by the council: Tjauwata, about 5 km to the east, and Kunapula, about 46 km southeast. Most of the outstations on the eastern side of the border are owned by Pitjantjatjara families. Those in Western Australia are mostly owned by Ngaanyatjarra people.

= = = The Honeymooners = = =
The Honeymooners is a 30-minute American television sitcom series. Jackie Gleason plays New York City bus driver named Ralph Kramden, Audrey Meadows plays his wife Alice, Art Carney plays his friend Ed Norton, a sewer worker, and Joyce Randolph plays Ed's wife Trixie. The show aired on CBS from 1 October 1955 to 22 September 1956. It was a great success. "The Honeymooners" dropped in the ratings after 39 episodes and its run ended.

= = = What's My Line? = = =
What's My Line? is a panel game show. It ran weekly in the United States. The show aired on Sunday at 10:30 p.m. EST on CBS from 1 October 1950 to 3 September 1967. Lady panelists wore floor-length dresses and jewelry. Gentleman panelists wore tuxedos. They tried to guess the jobs of everyday people by asking "yes" or "no" questions. Repartee between panelists and host John Charles Daly was witty, tasteful, and sophisticated. Regular panelists included Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, and Bennett Cerf. A chair was open for a guest panelist. The high point of the program was the Mystery Guest. This guest was usually a well-known celebrity such as a Broadway or movie star. Sometimes the Mystery Guest was a little known person in the news such as an astronaut. Panelists wore blindfolds and tried to guess who the Mystery Guest was by asking "yes" or "no" questions. Mystery Guests changed their voices to make it hard for the panelists to know who they were. Baseball great Mickey Mantle, movie star Zsa Zsa Gabor, and future President of the United States Ronald Reagan were three of the many Mystery Guests. "What's My Line?"' won three Emmy Awards for "Best Quiz or Audience Participation Show", in 1952, 1953, and 1958. The show won a Golden Globe for "Best TV Show" in 1962. CBS stopped broadcasting the program in 1967. It returned in syndication as a daily program. This program was shown from 1968 until 1975. There have been several international versions, radio versions, and a live stage version. It is the longest-running U.S. primetime network television game program (51st).

= = = Queen for a Day = = =
Queen for a Day was a radio and television game series. It was one of the first big-prize giveaway television programs. "Queen for a Day" had its launch on the radio on April 30, 1945. It ran on the radio until 1957. The program then ran on television's NBC from 1956 to 1964. The program is something of an early "reality show". The program was so popular that NBC increased its running time from 30 minutes to 45 minutes.
The format was simple. Host Jack Bailey interviewed four women contestants. Each told of her personal troubles. These troubles might involve a terminally sick child at home, a husband disabled and out of work, or the need for a hearing aid or a new washing machine. The audience chose the winner by applauding their favorite. She who received the greatest amount of applause as registered by the "applause meter" was Queen for a Day. The winner was crowned, escorted by attendants to a throne, and given not only what she wanted, but juicy prizes like high-end appliances, upscale fashions, and exotic vacation trips as well. Mark Evanier, veteran television writer, writes that "Queen for a Day" was "one of the most ghastly shows ever produced" and further stated it was "tasteless, demeaning to women, demeaning to anyone who watched it, cheap, insulting and utterly degrading to the human spirit."

= = = Handicraft = = =
Handicraft is a type of craft where people make things using only their hands or basic tools. The items are usually decorative and have a particular use. Usually the term refers to traditional methods of making things. 
The items often have cultural or religious value. Things made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods.In Bangladesh we can see many handicrafters living there live only by making handicrafts objects. Also, handicraft things are different from "arts and crafts" because they are meant to be used for something. Handicraft items are generally contrasted with mass production . It stimulates a person's creativity through art . Not only that,it enhances a person's thinking power . It has been protecting our culture in many ways and will further help preserve culture in the future through practice.

= = = Margo Martindale = = =
Margo Martindale (born July 18, 1951) is an Emmy Award winning American actress. She was born in Jacksonville, Texas. She has acted in many movies, stage plays and TV series.
In 2011, She won the Emmy Award for "Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series" for her acting as Mags Bennett on the TV series "Justified".

= = = Dawan Landry = = =
Dawan Landry (born December 30, 1982) is an American former professional football strong safety. He played 9 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens, Jacksonville Jaguars, and New York Jets. He played college football for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in 2006, and has had a relatively successful career with Baltimore and Jacksonville. Landry missed most of 2008 with an injury, but that was the only season in which he did not play in all 16 games. He had 5 interceptions in 2006 (one toutchdown), four interceptions and a touchdown in 2009, a score in 2010, and two interceptions in 2011. Landry also came in second for the Ravens in 2010 with 111 tackles. He retired after the 2014 NFL season.

= = = Quarterback sack = = =
A quarterback sack is a move in American football. A defender rushes past the line of scrimmage and tackles the quarterback for a loss of yardage. In the National Football League, New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan made 22.5 sacks in the 2002 season alone, which remains a record.

= = = Tackle (football) = = =
A tackle in football is a defensive move in various types of football. It aims to stop an opponent who is running with the ball.
In English style rugby football it means bringing down an opponent running with the ball. It is done by diving and catching the runners' legs. Outlawed as dangerous are tackles round the neck, and less effective tackles are round the runner's body. In practice there are variations, such as shoving an opponent running with the ball into touch (out of the field of play). There are some differences between Rugby Union and Rugby League as to the events after the tackle.
In soccer, tackles are done with the feet around or against the opponent's feet. To be legal the opponent must have control of the ball at the time. Since soccer is a high-speed game, various rules protect the player running with the ball. However, from 2017, tackles from any direction that endanger an opponent's safety may result in the offender being sent-off. This includes "scissoring" which is likely to be punished with a send-off (red card), as it poses a high risk of severe knee injury to the player being tackled. A "studs up" tackle may be dangerous. Referees may caution (yellow card) players who commit such challenges. 
In American and Canadian football to tackle is to obstruct (physically interfere) the forward progress of a player in possession of the ball. In any such case, the ball becomes dead, the down is over, and play ceases until the beginning of the next play.

= = = Releaser = = =
A releaser is a stimulus from one animal to another, which causes a particular response. The releaser, or sign stimulus triggers an innate releasing mechanism in the receiver. The receiver then does its response, the fixed action pattern (FAP).
This kind of system is inherited by both animals. Example: a fledgling bird does its releaser, say it squawks and opens its beak wide, showing bright red inside throat. This triggers the adult to cough up food stored in its gullet. Both 'partners' are behaving instinctually with inherited behaviours: these are not learnt during life. A FAP can truly be said to be 'hard-wired': a specific stimulus nearly always results in the same behavioral response.
Another behavious system is the 'dances' of water birds such as the Great Crested Grebe. They pair for life, and 'dance' whenever a pair meet up after an absence, and on other occasions. The dances are quite complex, and were first described fully by Julian Huxley. Here the meeting is the releaser, and both partners do the fixed action pattern. The function of the system is a little unclear, but it has something to do with reinforcing the pair's bond.
It is not necessary for both partners to benefit, nor to be of the same species. Some moths instantly fold their wings and drop to the ground if they encounter bat ultrasonic signals. This helps helps the moths, but obviously not the bats. In turn, some bats turn off the sound blips when they hear a moth, and glide in the last few feet. This also is an inherited behaviour. This example may be better described as a reflex action.

= = = Fruit fly = = =
Fruit fly may mean the flies in two families:

= = = Copper Age = = =
The Copper Age was a time period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. It is also named "Chalcolithic" ( "khalkos" "copper" + "lithos" "stone"). 
In the Bronze Age, people added tin to copper to make bronze, an alloy which is much harder than either tin or copper. During the Copper Age, this fact became known, but was not much used because tin was scarce. 
The Vinča culture was the first to develop the knowledge and skills to process copper, i, the late 6th millennium BC. 
Edged weapons such as knives, swords, spearheads, and axes were made of copper, as were brooches, pins, belt boxes and vessels for food and drink.

= = = Blaine Gabbert = = =
Blaine Gabbert is an American football quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. He played college football for the Missouri Tigers. He also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Early life.
Gabbert was born in Ballwin, Missouri, USA and went to Parkway West High School, where he played high school football. In his sophomore season, he threw for about 1,100 yards and 11 touchdowns as a first-year starter. As a junior, he had 1,523 yards and 20 scores and also added 458 yards and 8 TDs rushing. He threw 623 passing yards and five touchdowns as a senior, despite an injured foot that limited him to four games. He was considered one of the best players entering college at his position.
College.
Gabbert started his college football career as only a third string player. Here are his statistics with the Missouri Tigers:
Professional career.
Jacksonville Jaguars.
After an impressive showing at the combine, Gabbert was taken 10th overall by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2011 NFL Draft. Gabbert, who to his credit was playing on a team that had done very poorly the past several years, had a bad season in 2011. He was sacked 40 times (3rd most in league history), fumbled 14 times, and threw only 12 touchdown passes next to eleven interceptions as Jacksonville's bad luck continued. Analysts noted how Gabbert's height decreased when he threw, which is the opposite of what is supposed to happen.
San Francisco 49ers.
On March 11, 2014, Gabbert got traded to the San Francisco 49ers.

= = = Part of Me = = =
"Part of Me" is a song by American recording artist Katy Perry. The song was written by Perry, Bonnie McKee, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, and Max Martin, while the production was done by Dr. Luke and Cirkut. The song was released as the first single from "Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection", which is a re-release of her album "Teenage Dream". This song was leaked several times; in late 2010, the entire demo of the song leaked online, with music critics comparing the song to Perry's previous single "California Gurls" (2010). The lyrics were changed on the released version, prompting speculation that the lyrics were directed towards ex-husband Russell Brand, which Perry later denied. Following a performance on the 54th Grammy Awards, the song debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
The song has reached number one in the UK, Canada, New Zealand, and the US. It has been certified triple-platinum in the US for sales of over three million copies there.
Music video.
The video for the song features Perry driving in her car, listening to a radio show about cheating lovers. She then finds her boyfriend kissing another woman at his office. Perry has a breakdown and cuts her hair in a convenience-store bathroom before enlisting in the U.S. Army.

= = = Waking Up in Vegas = = =
"Waking Up in Vegas" is the fourth and last single from the Katy Perry studio record "One of the Boys". It was released to radio April 21, 2009 and received positive reviews by the music critics. The song peaked near #1 on Billboard Hot 100, giving Perry her third top ten song off that album. It also topped #1 in Australia and the Netherlands.

= = = The Cleveland Show = = =
The Cleveland Show is an animated sitcom that first aired on September 27, 2009 on the "Animation Domination" block on Fox in the United States. The show was created by Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry, and Richard Appel as a spin-off show from "Family Guy".
The family was conceived by MacFarlane, he took the "Family Guy" character, Cleveland Brown, and his son, Cleveland Brown Jr., and redesign Cleveland Brown Jr. to make him look older, and softly-spoken. Before the first episode aired it was already renewed for season 2, which had 22 episodes. On June 10, 2010, three weeks after the first season ended it was renewed for another season (season 3). It was also renewed for season 4. The show was canceled in May 2013, airing its final episode on May 19. There is four seasons of "The Cleveland Show" and 88 episodes.
The series shows the life of Cleveland Brown, his son, Cleveland Brown Jr., his wife, Donna, and her kids, Roberta and Rallo.
The show uses a lot of profanity and sex scenes, which is why the show is rated TV-14, and rarely TV-PG.
According to critics, the show is an okay show, however some say it is a horrible show. The Parents Television Council said that the first season episodes was the worst show of the week. About 6 million people watched the show for season one. It was nominated for an award on the 36th People's Choice Awards, and on the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards.
Production.
At the start of the show, Cleveland Brown and his son, Cleveland Brown Jr., move from the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island to Stoolbend, Virginia.
Cleveland said to Glenn Quagmire that he is getting a spin-off on "Family Guy" episode, "Baby Not on Board".
Originally, the theme song had a line with Cleveland Brown, he said "happy black-guy face", this was changed to "happy mustached face".
International broadcast.
The show was originally aired on Fox, and has been released in many other countries.
DVD releases.
All seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray.

= = = Bob's Burgers = = =
Bob's Burgers is an American animated sitcom. Produced By Sinking Ship Entertainment and Dustried By 20th Television It first appeared on television on January 9, 2011. This TV show would be shown during Fox's "Animation Domination" block, a specific television block from Fox that airs on Sunday nights. As of March 2020, the show is on its tenth season, renewed for an eleventh.
Plot.
The show centers on the Belcher family, who run a hamburger restaurant. Throughout the series, there are stories that relate to the Belcher family and the citizens that live near them.

= = = Napoleon Dynamite (TV series) = = =
Napoleon Dynamite is an American animated sitcom. It aired from January 15 to March 4, 2012 on Fox's "Animation Domination" block. It is based on the movie of the same name. It was a mid-season replacement for "Allen Gregory".

= = = The Flintstones = = =
The Flintstones is an American animated sitcom directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. There were six seasons consisting of 166 episodes. Each episode was 25 minutes long. A pilot episode was released in 1959 and the show aired between September 30, 1960 and April 1, 1966 on ABC.
New Version.
A new version of "The Flintstones" was scheduled to air in 2013 on Fox and was to be created by Seth MacFarlane. However, the show never made it past production.

= = = Off-label use = = =
Off-label use of a prescription drug is when this drug is used for other indications that for those which it was approved, or that is given to a group for which it was not approved, or the dosage prescribed is different from the one mentioned. Off-label use of drugs is very common. In many countries, drugs need to show that they are effective against a given condition in clinical trials. Before these trials are done, drugs cannot legally be used for indications other than those for which they were tested. 

= = = Sit Down, Shut Up (American TV series) = = =
Sit Down, Shut Up is an animated television sitcom that aired from April 19, 2009 to November 21, 2009 on Fox. It originally aired on the "Animation Domination" block, but was removed and put on Saturdays at midnight. It was based on the Australian series which had the same name.

= = = Global Television Network = = =
Global Television Network (mainly called Global or Global TV) is a Canadian television network. Along with CBC and CTV, it is one of the countries major networks. It is Canada's number-two television network.
The network started in a television station of the same name, in South Ontario. The national entity was known as CanWest Global System until getting the Ontario station's branding
History.
In Late 2009, Shaw took over CanWest's broadcast rights as of October 27, 2010. Global is a part of Shaw Media currently.
Television listings.
In television listings such as TV Guide, it is shown as GLO, GLB or GTV.
Global HD.
In October 2004, a HD version started airing, at the time, you had to have digital cable.

= = = So You Think You Can Dance = = =
So You Think You Can Dance is a reality television show franchise. It was created by Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe. It was produced by 19 Entertainment and Dick Clark Productions.

= = = Fox News Sunday = = =
Fox News Sunday is a news public affairs program on Fox Broadcasting Company that is aired on Sunday mornings on that network, and reaired on Sunday evenings on Fox News Network , it was first broadcast on April 28, 1996. Since 2008, it is broadcast in HD. Its first host was Tony Snow, he was later replaced by Chris Wallace when he joined the White House as a secretary. 

= = = Fringe = = =
Fringe is a science fiction drama series. It was first broadcast on September 9, 2008 on Fox. The series ran for five seasons, ending on January 18, 2013.

= = = The Finder (American TV series) = = =
The Finder is an procedural drama television series on Fox. It first aired on January 12, 2012. It is set in Key West, Florida and is a spin-off of "Bones".

= = = Wolf Vostell = = =
Wolf Vostell (14 October 1932–3 April 1998) was a German artist. He made arts in many forms including sculpture, video art, and installations. He was an important artist in the second half of the 20th century. He believed that art should take place in the street, and that the audience should be involved. One of his works, called "130 kms per hour", was a crash between a train and a car.

= = = Alcatraz (TV series) = = =
Alcatraz is a science fiction drama that first aired on January 16, 2012 on the Fox Network.

= = = Touch (TV series) = = =
Touch is an American supernatural drama television series, written and created by Tim Kring for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It was first aired on Wednesday, January 25, 2012 as a preview and on Thursday, March 22, 2012 as a series. 13 episodes have been ordered for the first season by Fox. The series was scheduled to begin on Monday, March 19, 2012, but was moved to Thursday, March 22, 2012, and on Thursday, March 15, 2012, a rerun of the first episode was broadcast. The show has a TV-PG and a TV-14 age rating in the United States. In Canada, the show is broadcast on the Global Television Network, and premiered on the same day at the same time as the U.S. broadcast. The show is produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Chernin Entertainment. In the United States, the second season began airing on Fridays at 9:00 p.m.
Plot.
The newspaper reporter Martin Bohm was once successful, to his wife in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 in one of the towers of the World Trade Center was killed. Since then his life is no longer the same. Its mission is to since, about his autistic son to take care of Jake. Martin fails not only from communicating with his son, but can not cope with his behavioral problems. Soon the youth protection authority is turned on. Clea Hopkins believes that it would be best if Jake would come into a home. Martin sees it differently, because he noticed that his son is three times cut off at the same time from school to access a transmitting tower to climb. May be it soon becomes clear that Jake can predict the future. He gets information and support from Arthur DeWitt, a specialist in children with unusual talents.
Production.
Development.
On January 19, 2011, Fox announced that there was going to be a new pilot by Tim Kring. On January 26, 2011, Fox announced that the new pilot was going to air in the 2011–2012 television season.
Casting.
On February 22, 2011, Fox said that Kiefer Sutherland would be the main actor in the show. On June 10, 2011, Danny Glover got a part in the series. On June 16, 2011, Gugu Mbatha-Raw got a part in the show. In July 2011, Titus Welliver got a part in the new show as a social worker.
Characters.
The characters are created by Tim Kring.
Reception.
Critical reception.
The show mainly has positive reviews with PopMatters said the show was "stunningly effective" and praised "its mix of spirituality and science, familial and global struggles." They also noted that "The boy’s narration, unnervingly matter-of-fact about the nature of the universe, takes on more power when he reveals that in 11 years, he has never spoken a word."
The New York Post said "If you can’t get enough of number sequences and universal cylindrical patterns that constantly repeat, then for sure you’ll repeat the pattern of watching Fox’s new show...It is intriguing, and it’s great to have Sutherland back on TV" but felt "frankly, it’s awfully complicated."
The Chicago Sun Times said the show "operates on the mind-blowing premise that people around the world are linked to one another and their lives intersect — with potentially major repercussions." They finished the review saying it "delivers a suspenseful ride around the world, peppered with some tear-jerking moments. The bar has been set high. Here’s hoping “Touch” continues to reach it."
Kiefer Sutherland's performance has good reviews, with many critics saying "He plays the part with such a combination of intensity and subtlety that we are drawn deep into Martin’s suffering, and rather than judging him, we feel with him. Every trial is etched in his face. He imbued Jack Bauer with similar stoicism, but Martin seems less resilient, more distressed."
The Los Angeles Times gave the show a 40 of 100, which was the lowest review along with Philadelphia Daily News which was also 40 of 100.
On Metacrtic, the Metascore is 63 of 100 based on 27 critic reviews. The average score for users is 8.2 of 10.
The show has a 8.9 out of 10 ("great") score on TV.com.
Ratings.
Other countries.
The show has, for the first time in history, was one of the highest-rated individual channel airing of the season, ranking #1 or #2 in its time period and outperforming the primetime average of the broadcaster by double- or triple-digit percentage increases.
In Italy, it started as the channel's second highest-rated television premiere ever. In Spain, "Touch" ranked #1 for the first episode in the timeslot. In Latin American countries, outperformed the channels' primetime average by double- and triple-digit percentage increases in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. Other countries had good starts, like Germany, Norway and Russia.
International broadcast.
The show has started in over 100 countries including:
Online media.
Most recent episodes can be viewed on Fox.com in the United States, it can also be viewed on many other sites. In Canada, recently aired full episodes air on Global Video at GlobalTV.com.

= = = List of Yokohama F. Marinos players = = =
The List of Yokohama F. Marinos players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Yokohama F. Marinos is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.
List.
World Cup players.
World Cup 1994
World Cup 1998
World Cup 2002
World Cup 2006
World Cup 2010

= = = Klamath County, Oregon = = =
Klamath County ( ) is a county which is in the U.S. state of Oregon. The county was named after the Klamath. The Klamath were the tribe of Native Americans living in the area when the first European explorers found the region. , 69,413 people live there. The county seat is at Klamath Falls.
Geography.
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . is land and (3.12%) is water.
Government.
Politics.
Klamath County is represented in the Oregon House of Representatives by two Republicans. These people are Bill Garrard and Mike McLane. Klamath County is represented in the Oregon State Senate by Republican Doug Whitsett. Greg Walden, also a Republican, is Klamath County's representative in the United States House. The county has voted for Republican politicians for many years. The last time a Democratic candidate for US president represented Klamath County was in 1964.

= = = Cornerback = = =
A cornerback is a position on defense in American football. Corners can rush the passer, intercept balls, tackle, and deflect passes. Their main job is to stop the opponent's receivers from making a catch. Cornerbacks usually line up on the edges, or sides, of the defensive line opposite their opponent's receivers. In "zone defense", corners are assigned to a specific area of the field, in which they cannot let anyone make a catch. In "man defense", corners cover one player and try to stop them from catching a ball.

= = = The One That Got Away = = =
"The One That Got Away" is a 2011 hit song by Katy Perry from her album "Teenage Dream". The song talks about Radiohead and Johnny Cash. The song received positive review by music critics, although it only hit #3 on "Billboard" Hot 100. It was the only single from "Teenage Dream" that did not reach number one in the United States. It was released in October 2011.

= = = Jonathan Ogden = = =
Jonathan Philip Ogden is a former American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins (Is in the UCLA Hall of Fame). Ogden was known for his energetic style.
He was the first player ever drafted by the Ravens. With Baltimore, Ogden became a Super Bowl XXXV champion. He was known as a very good player who was like a brick wall. A turf toe and knee problems eventually forced Ogden to retire after the 2007 season. He was inducted into the Ravens Ring of Honor in 2008. He does commerials for Apple Ford, which sells used cars.
He was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 2, 2013.

= = = Entertainment Tonight Canada = = =
Entertainment Tonight Canada (ET Canada) is a daily entertainment newsmagazine show that airs on Global in Canada. It is based on the American show which has the same name.

= = = Entertainment Tonight = = =
Entertainment Tonight is an entertainment news program. It was first broadcast on September 14, 1981. It is syndicated by CBS Television Distribution in the United States, Canada and in many countries around the world. It is the longest-running entertainment news program. The program was the first syndicated program distributed by satellite. The main anchor since 1982 had been Mary Hart. She left the program on May 20, 2011. Mark Steines and Nancy O'Dell took on the roles of main hosts after Hart left.

= = = The Good Wife = = =
The Good Wife is an American television legal drama set in Chicago, Illinois. It first aired on September 22, 2009 on CBS in the United States.

= = = Hawaii Five-0 = = =
Hawaii Five-0 is a drama that first aired on September 20, 2010 on CBS, and is based on the original series.
On May 15, 2011, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 19, 2011.
The series ended on April 3, 2020.

= = = Terrell Owens = = =
Terrell Eldorado Owens (; born on December 7, 1973, nicknamed "T.O.") is an American football wide receiver for the Allen Wranglers of the Indoor Football League, of where he is also a co-owner. A six-time Pro Bowl selection, Owens holds or shares several National Football League records, and features in the all-time top-five in several receiving categories, including yards and touchdowns. Owens played college football for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
College.
Owens played college football for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. He wore #80 to honor Jerry Rice, whom Owens loved to watch as a child. Owens caught 38 passes for 724 yards and eight touchdowns during his sophomore year, and 34 passes for 357 yards and three touchdowns during his junior year. Owens faced double coverage every week during his senior year, and so only had 43 receptions for 667 yards and one touchdown. He also played in the Senior Bowl.
Professional career.
In his NFL career (lasted from 1996 to 2010), Owens showed much talent on the five teams he played for. However, he sparked even more controversy (arguments). Owens was known for his trash-talking, over-the top touchdown celebrations (often more to rub it in on the opponent than to fire his own team up), and off-field drama, where he has help several shirtless workouts, hosts a reality show (The T.O. Show), and has modeled for clothing companies. Despite all the attention he got, Owens has never won a Super Bowl. Owens is the only player to have scored on all 32 teams in the league. (He has actuall scored on them all at least twice.)
San Francisco 49ers.
Owens was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 3rd Round of the 1996 NFL Draft. This united Owens with Jerry Rice. Owens's first career score came on a 45-yard touchdown from Steve Young against the Cincinnati Bengals to tie the game in a win. Owens later emerged as the #1 threat in San Francisco.
In 2000, Owens mocked (teased) the Dallas Cowboys after scoring twice from quarterback Jeff Garcia. Since the Cowboys were at home, Owens stood in celebration on the Dallas star twice. It resulted in Cowboys runningback Emmitt Smith slamming his helmet into the turf to get even after he himself scored. Owens scored for a second time, and went back to the star. However, defensive back George Teague knocking Owens off. Owens was called for unsportsmanlike conduct and was suspended for a week by his head coach, while Teague was ejected by the officials.
Later moments with the 49ers included Owens grabbing pom-poms from 49ers cheerleaders and cheering with them, and taking a sharpie out of his sock to sign a touchdown ball.
Departure from the 49ers.
After a spat with some 49ers front office members, Owens and the team decided to part ways after the 2003 season. Philadelphia quarterback Donovan McNabb wanted Owens to be an Eagle, as did many Eagles fans. Owens was actually traded to the Baltimore Ravens, but Owens challenged the 49ers' right to make the trade and made it clear he did not want to go to Baltimore. Owens eventually won the case, and was sent to the Philadelphia Eagles after the Ravens, 49ers, and Eagles agreed to a rare 3-team trade.
Philadelphia Eagles.
Owens had a great season in 2004 on the field (caught 14 TDs), despite a broken leg by Cowboys safety Roy Williams. Owens's main celebration was copying the dance of Ravens linebacker Ray Lewis in a win against the Ravens. T.O. helped the Philadelphia Eagles to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXIX. However, Owens's controversy was at its high point. He had several feuds with McNabb and the Eagles managament. He was suspended b Phili for most of the 2005 season. That was the last of Owens's time with the Eagles.
Dallas Cowboys.
Owens signed a three-year contract with the Dallas Cowboys in 2006. Owens (and star QB Tony Romo) enjoyed a good three years. Notable touchdown celebrations while with the Cowboys were sleeping on a ball and grabbing a fan's popcorn to dump down his facemask. The only other form of controversy while Owens was with the Cowboys was when he spit in the face of cornerback DeAngelo Hall, who had, according to Owens, been ""in his face all day." Owens was fined, but the two players made up with the help of Deion Sanders. Owens produced well through the rest of his time in Dallas, but was released after the 2008 season.
Buffalo Bills.
Owens signed with the Buffalo Bills in 2009. He played fairly well during his lone season in Buffalo. He also caught a 98-yard touchdown pass, a career long. Owens, however, did not produce as Buffalo hoped when the payed him, and so he was not resigned. However, Owens was credited for not complaining at all publicly, especially since it would have been very easy because the Bills were doing so poorly.
Cincinnati Bengals.
With the Cincinnati Bengals, Owens and friend Chad Ochocinco, who had the same kind of touchdown celebrations, were on the same team. Owens led the Bengals (including Ochocinco) with 983 receiving yards, but was injured and missed the last two games of the 2010 season. Owens was not cleared to play until October 2011. No one wanted to sign him.
Allen Wranglers.
Owens signed with the Allen Wranglers of the Indoor Football League for their spring season of 2012. He was also their co-owner. Owens caught three touchdowns in his first game for the Wranglers. However, reports surfaced during this time that Owens was broke.
Family.
Terrell Owens was born to L.C. Russel and Marilyn Heard in Alexander City, Alabama. When Terrell was very young, he lived with his mother and grandmother. He grew up with three other siblings. He enjoyed watching football, especially his favorite player, Jerry Rice. However, Owens’ grandmother did not allow him to play sports until high school. (Owens attended Benjamin Russell High School, where he did very well in football, baseball, and basketball.)
Terrell Owens is married and is now a father to sons Terique, Atlin, plus daughters Kylee, and Dasha.

= = = Titanic (2012 TV series) = = =
Titanic is a four-part television drama. It is based on the sinking of the RMS Titanic.

= = = Burnout (vehicle) = = =
A burnout (also known as a peel out or power brake) is the practice of keeping a vehicle still (or close to) and spinning its wheels, causing the tires to heat up and smoke due to friction.
History.
The origins of burnouts can be traced to drag racing, where they have a practical purpose: drag racing tires perform better at higher temperatures. A burnout is the fastest way to raise tire temperature before a race. It also cleans the tires of any debris and lays down a layer of rubber near the starting line for better traction. Drag race tracks sometimes use specially-reserved, wet-surface areas (burnout boxes) for burnouts.
Burnouts are also common in informal street racing, usually for show value. As with all street racing activities, burnouts on public property are illegal in most countries but the severity of punishments vary. In New South Wales, for example, police have the power to confiscate the offending vehicle for 3 months for a first offense. 
In March 2010, British Formula 1 World Champion, Lewis Hamilton had his Mercedes car impounded for allegedly performing a burnout in Melbourne, Australia while leaving the Albert Park Grand-Prix Circuit.
Burnouts are also sometimes performed by winning drivers at the end of NASCAR races to celebrate their victory.
Practice.
Burnouts in front wheel drive vehicles are likely to result in damage to the vehicle. They are usually achieved by holding the emergency brake (e-brake) to lock up the rear tires while flooring the gas pedal.  
To burnout in a rear wheel drive vehicle the driver usually has to press the gas and brake pedals at the same time.  The brake pedal will require modulation The goal is to allow the rear tires to spin while holding the car in place with the front wheels remaining motionless. At a certain point of balance, the front brakes will prevent the car from moving forward while the rear brakes will have insufficient grip to keep the wheels from spinning, because engine power is transferred to the rear wheels only.
It is possible to make rear-wheel drive burnouts easier by installing "line locks", devices which allow fluid pressure on the front brakes to be maintained while releasing the pedal to free the rear brakes. This is useful in a manual transmission vehicle, where it can be quite difficult to manipulate the clutch, brake and gas pedals simultaneously. Line locks also reduce wear to the rear brakes, a common problem otherwise.
Burnouts are most difficult to perform in four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars, as they have better traction than FWD or RWD vehicles. It requires significantly more powerful engines to break all four tires loose at the same time and the tires will spin for only a short while before all four gain traction.

= = = Jamboree = = =
A jamboree is a scouting event. It is a large meeting of scouts from across a country or many countries. The first World Scout Jamboree was in 1920, in the United Kingdom. Since then, there have been 22 world jamborees, hosted in different countries. It is usually every four years.
The next major jamboree will be in Sri Lanka on 29 April 2012. Over 200 countries will participate and more than 5000 scouts from around the globe for this international event.

= = = Scarecrow = = =
A scarecrow is a figure usually made of sticks. It looks like a person. It is dressed in old clothes. A farmer puts a scarecrow in a field after he has planted seeds. He hopes the scarecrow will frighten birds away from the field. Some birds such as crows and sparrows eat the seeds the farmer plants. He does not want the birds to do this. If the birds eat the seeds, the farmer will not have a big crop of things to eat.
Scarecrows in stories and literature.
Scarecrows are sometimes characters in stories. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a story about a scarecrow who comes to life in "Feathertop". The most famous storybook scarecrow is probably the one in "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum.

= = = The Wonderful Wizard of Oz = = =
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (sometimes called The Wizard of Oz) is a childrens' book. It was written by L. Frank Baum. The book was first published by the George M. Hill Company on 17 May 1900. The first edition has pictures drawn by W. W. Denslow. It is the first "Oz" book. 
The story has been reprinted many times. New pictures have been made for the story and sometimes the title is just "The Wizard of Oz". This is also the title of a musical play written in 1900 and a movie made in 1939 starring Judy Garland.
Story.
Dorothy Gale is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, and dog, Toto, on a farm in Kansas. One day, Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that takes them and the farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz. The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East, the evil ruler of the Munchkins. 
The Good Witch of the North arrives with three grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical silver shoes that originally belonged to the Wicked Witch. The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home to Kansas is to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her. As Dorothy begins on her journey, the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead, giving her magical protection from harm.
On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy frees a Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted joints of a Tin Woodman, and meets a Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard.
After several adventures, the travellers arrive at the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted glasses to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard. He agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the Witch of the West.
The Wicked Witch of the West uses the power of her Golden Cap to send the Winged Monkeys to capture Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion. Dorothy is forced to become the witch's slave, while the Witch schemes to steal her silver shoes' powerful magic. The witch tricks Dorothy out of one of her silver shoes. Angered, Dorothy throws a bucket of water at the witch and is shocked to see her melt away. Dorothy finds the witch's Golden Cap and summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and her friends back to the Emerald City. 
When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard again, Toto tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room that reveals "the Wizard", who sadly explains he is a humbug—an ordinary old man who, by a hot air balloon, came to Oz long ago from Omaha. He decides to take Dorothy and Toto home in his balloon. Toto chases a kitten in the crowd and Dorothy goes after him, but the ropes holding the balloon break and the Wizard floats away without them.
The Soldier with the Green Whiskers informs Dorothy that Glinda, the Good Witch of the South may be able to help her return home. Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys a third time to fly them over a hill to Glinda's castle. Glinda reveals that Dorothy's silver shoes can take her anywhere she wishes to go. Dorothy takes Toto in her arms, knocks her heels together three times, and wishes to return home. As the magical silver shoes take her to Kansas, they fall off and are lost forever.

= = = Arvo Pärt = = =
Arvo Pärt (born 11 September 1935) is an Estonian composer. He wrote a large amount of religious music. Pärt is sometimes called a minimalist or 'holy minimalist'. The first piece he wrote used a style called serialism. He is influenced by the sound of Gregorian chant, and has created his own technique for composing, which he calls tintinnabuli.

= = = List of Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players = = =
The List of Consadole Sapporo players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Consadole Sapporo is a Japanese professional football club in Sapporo on the island of Hokkaido.

= = = William Wallace Denslow = = =
William Wallace Denslow (; May 5, 1856 – March 29, 1915), is known as W. W. Denslow. He was an American illustrator and caricaturist. He was born in Philadelphia. He had some art school training, but he was mostly self-taught. He designed books and posters. Denslow illustrated L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" and other books by Baum. They parted after an argument over copyright royalties.
Denslow illustrated "Denslow's Mother Goose" in 1901, and "Denslow's Night Before Christmas" in 1902. He illustrated the 18-volume "Denslow's Picture Books" series in 1903–04. He drew comic strips with Father Goose, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Woodman as characters. He created the comic strip "Billy Bounce". Billy was one of the first comics characters with superpowers. Denslow bought Buck's Island, Bermuda. He crowned himself King Denslow I. He was married three times and had one son. He died in New York City of pneumonia.

= = = Margaret Hamilton = = =
Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 – May 16, 1985) was an American movie actress. She is best known for playing the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 movie "The Wizard of Oz". In movies, she often played older, unmarried women from New England who was extremely practical but did not enjoy jokes. Hamilton's plain looks helped to bring steady work as a character actress. Late in life she appeared in sitcoms and television commercials. 
She was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She married Paul Boynton Meserve in 1931. They had a son. They divorced. She never married again. She lived in New York City for most of her adult life. She later moved to Millbrook, New York. She died of a heart attack on May 16, 1985 in Connecticut. She was cremated at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery. Her ashes were scattered.

= = = Joseph Kony = = =
Joseph Kony (pronounced ; born 1961) is a Ugandan guerrilla group leader. He is the head of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). While he had a lot of support from the public, the LRA turned against its supporters. They said that they did this to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy ruled by the Ten Commandments. 
The LRA is known for the very bad things it does to civilians. Two of these things are murder and rape.
The LRA has become known for what it does against the people of several countries. Some of these countries are northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, and Sudan. It has stolen and forced about 66,000 children to fight for them. 
In 2005, Kony was accused of war crimes by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He has not yet been captured.
Early life.
Kony was born in 1961 in Odek. Odek is a village which is east of Gulu in northern Uganda. He is a member of the Acholi people. His father was called Luizi Obol. He was a farmer. His mother was called Nora. Kony had a good relationship with his siblings, but if they had arguments, he would quickly fight back. Also, when challenged he would often use physical violence. Kony was an altar boy for several years. However, he stopped going to church around the age of 15 and also dropped out of school.
As a teenager, Kony was being trained to be the village witch doctor by Jamie Brow, his older brother. When Jamie died, Kony took over the position.
War crime accusation.
On October 6, 2005, the International Criminal Court (ICC) said that the arrest had been given for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army. These were for crimes against humanity. On the next day Ugandan defence minister Amama Mbabazi said that the warrants include Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. The Ugandan military says that the Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on August 12, 2006. The BBC heard that Otti had been killed on October 2, 2007, at Kony's home. In November 2022, Al Jazera reported that the International Criminal Court (ICC) was trying to reopen their court case against Kony.

= = = List of FC Tokyo players = = =
The List of F.C. Tokyo players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
F.C. Tokyo is a Japanese professional football club in Tokyo.

= = = NYC 22 = = =
NYC 22 (formerly known as Rookies and then The 2-2) is a police drama that began airing on April 15, 2012, as a midseason replacement for "". It aired on Sundays at 10:00 PM on CBS in the United States.
On May 13, 2012, the series was cancelled by CBS.
Plot.
The series shows a diverse group of rookie New York Police Department officers, they patrol Upper Manhattan.
Episodes.
Ratings.
According to TV by the Numbers, following the first episode, "The series premiere of "NYC 22" drew just a 1.5 adults 18–49 rating at 10pm...That compares with a 2.1 rating average for new episodes of "CSI: Miami" since January, and a 1.7 for the significantly delayed finale last week." The same site's "Renew-Cancel Index", which analyzes the odds of shows being renewed or canceled by comparing them to the 18–49 ratings for all the scripted shows on the same network, scored the show with a 0.51 index rating (51% of CBS's scripted average) and categorized the show as "certain to be canceled". Four weeks later, on May 13, 2012, the series was canceled.

= = = 2011–12 United States network television schedule = = =
The following is the 2011–12 United States network television schedule.
By network.
ABC.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2010–11:
CBS.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2010–11:
The CW.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2010–11:
Fox.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2010–11:
NBC.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2010–11:

= = = Comedytime Saturday = = =
"Comedytime Saturday" is the official branding for a one-hour programming block in the 2011-12 television season on CBS. It airs reruns of shows on Thursdays and Mondays on CBS. "How to Be a Gentleman" was moved on this block when episodes got burned off, and "Rules of Engagement" moved to its timeslot (Thursdays at 8:30 PM).

= = = Crimetime Saturday = = =
"Crimetime Saturday" is the official branding for a programming block that started in 2004–05 on the American CBS and Canadian CTV networks between 9 and 11 p.m. ET/PT on Saturday nights.

= = = How to Be a Gentleman = = =
How to Be a Gentleman was an American sitcom that first aired on September 29, 2011 and last aired on June 23, 2012.

= = = The Firm (2012 TV series) = = =
The Firm is a Canadian-American drama that first aired on January 8, 2012 on Global and NBC.
On February 3, 2012, NBC and Global announced that the series would be pulled from its Thursday 10/9c slot immediately, and placed on Saturdays at 9/8c starting on February 18.

= = = Bokmål = = =
Bokmål (, ; ) is one of two official written forms of Norwegian; the other is Nynorsk. Bokmål is used by 85-90% of the population in Norway and the usual way to teach to foreign students.
Bokmål is regulated by the government's Norwegian Language Council. A more conservative orthographic standard is called "Riksmål", which is regulated by the non-governmental Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature.

= = = Bío Bío Region = = =
The Bío Bío Region () is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Concepción, the second city of Chile after the national capital, Santiago.
The region is named after its main river: the Bío Bío river.
History.
The Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia founded the city of Concepción in 1550 at the mouth of the Bío Bío river. He died in 1553 during the Arauco War against the Mapuche people.
The Region has been hit by many earthquakes, including the most powerful earthquake ever recorded (the Great Chilean Earthquake in 1960) and the earthquake of 2010, when many communities in the region were greatly affected by the earthquake and the following tsunami.
Geography.
The Bío Bío region has area of .
It borders the Ñuble region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Araucanía region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The main river in the region is the Bío Bío River. It is long. It is the second longest river of Chile after the Loa River.
Population.
The Bío Bío Region has 1,557,414 inhabitants (2017 census). It is the third region by population, after the Valparaíso Region. Its population density was .
Administration.
The Bío Bío region is further subdivided into three provinces: Arauco, Bío Bío and Concepción.

= = = Samari Rolle = = =
Samari Rolle (b. August 10, 1976 is a retired American football player. He played as a cornerback for the Florida Seminoles in college football. Rolle played in the National Football League from 1997 through 2009. He played for the Houston Oilers (and Tennessee Titans when they were created) from 1997 through 2004 and finished his career as a veteran with the Baltimore Ravens. 
In 2000, Rolle earned a Pro Bowl selection as he intercepted seven passes (one touchdown) for Tennessee. In 2007, Rolle was diagnosed with epilepsy, and won the Ravens' Ed Block Courage Award. In 2008, Rolle Rolle lost his father, but intercepted a pass the game he returned. He also got an interception for the Ravens in a 2008 playoff victory over Rolle's former team, the Titans. He was injured on the Physically Unable to Perform list for all of 2009. Rolle wore #21 with the Titans and #22 with the Ravens.

= = = Frank Morgan = = =
Frank Morgan (February 1, 1880 – December 12, 2009) was an American actor. His real name was Francis Phillip Wuppermann. He was born in New York City. He attended Cornell University. His brother, Ralph, was in show business. Morgan began acting in 1902. On movies, he played various characters in the 1939 movie "The Wizard of Oz". Morgan was married and had a son. He died of a heart attack on December 12, 2009. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

= = = Little Nemo = = =
Little Nemo is the main fictional character in a series of weekly comic strips by Winsor McCay. These comic strips appeared in the "New York Herald" and "New York American" newspapers from October 15, 1905 – July 23, 1911 and September 3, 1911 – July 26, 1914. The strip was first called "Little Nemo in Slumberland" and then "In the Land of Wonderful Dreams". Little Nemo in Slumberland came back for a short time from 1924-1927. 
The comic was about the dreams of a little boy named Nemo. His name means "nobody" in Latin. In the first strips he tried to go to Slumberland. That was the land of King Morpheus. The King wanted Nemo as a friend for his daughter, the Princess. The last picture in each strip always was Nemo waking up, in or near his bed. Then the grownups were angry with him, because he had waken them up. Or they comforted him because he was sad.
In the earliest strips, the dream would end because of a disaster that could hurt or kill Nemo. These events would be something like falling from a bridge, becoming a monkey, or becoming 90 years older. Later on Nemo reached Slumberland. Then "Flip" always woke him up. Flip wore a hat that had 'Wake Up' written on it. Other characters in the strip were Dr. Pill, The Imp, the Candy Kid, and Santa Claus.
The strip was not a very big success from 1905 to 1927. Most comics readers liked the slapstick actions of the "Katzenjammer Kids", "Happy Hooligan", and "Buster Brown" (other comic strips) more than the surreal (not real) fantasy of Nemo. From the 1970s until now, people like the strip more. Many of the original strips were found at a comic strip studio in 1966. They were shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
Very special of Nemo was that the pictures were very difficult, had many details and beautiful colours. Also the story was special, because it was a fast story and had many strange characters and places.

= = = Krazy Kat = = =
Krazy Kat is a comic strip created by cartoonist George Herriman. It was published daily in newspapers between 1913 and 1944. It first appeared in the "New York Evening Journal". Its owner, William Randolph Hearst, was a major booster for the strip throughout its run. 
The "Krazy Kat" characters were introduced in another Herriman strip "The Dingbat Family". The phrase "Krazy Kat" originated there. It was the mouse's way of describing the cat. The strip is set in Herriman's vacation home of Coconino County, Arizona. "Krazy Kat" is mixture of offbeat surrealism, innocent playfulness, and poetic, idiosyncratic language. 
The strip focuses on the curious love triangle between Krazy Kat, a carefree, simple-minded cat; Ignatz Mouse; and police dog, Offissa Bull Pupp. Krazy has an unrequited love for the mouse. Ignatz despises Krazy. He throws bricks at Krazy's head. Krazy thinks this is a sign of the Mouse's affection. Krazy utters grateful replies such as "Li'l dollink, allus f'etful". Offissa Pupp is Coconino County's administrator of law and order. He makes it his mission to interfere with Ignatz's brick-tossing plans. He locks the mouse in the county jail.
The detailed characterization and Herriman's visual and verbal creativity made "Krazy Kat" one of the first comics to be praised by intellectuals. The strip was treated as "serious" art. Critic Gilbert Seldes wrote at length about the strip in 1924, calling it "the most amusing and fantastic and satisfactory work of art produced in America today." Poet E. E. Cummings admired Herriman and wrote the introduction to the first collection of the strip in book form. "Krazy Kat" was only a modest success during its initial run. In more recent years, many modern cartoonists have cited "Krazy Kat" as a major influence on their own work.

= = = Pierre-Simon Laplace = = =
Pierre-Simon Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827), later Marquis de Laplace, was a French mathematician and astronomer.
His work helped to develop mathematical astronomy and statistics. His five volume "Mécanique Céleste" (Celestial Mechanics) (1799–1825) was a key work. In it, he changed the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, which meant it could tackle a wider range of problems. In statistics, the so-called Bayesian interpretation of probability was mainly developed by Laplace.
He invented Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which is used in many branches of mathematical physics. The Laplacian differential operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him.
Astronomy.
Solar system.
Laplace's view on the origin of the Solar System is still ours today. He recognised, like Newton, that the key force in the Solar System was gravitation. Gravitation caused the coming together of gas and small particles into one central mass (which became the Sun) with other smaller groups (the planets), held to the central star by gravitation.
Laplace proved that the small irregularities in planetary motion were self-correcting, and that the solar system as a whole was stable. This meant the solar system was going to exist in the present state for a very long time. He worked out some problems in the moon's orbit, and how the moon caused tides.
Black holes.
Laplace also came close to getting the concept of the black hole. He pointed out that there could be massive stars whose gravity is so great that not even light could escape from their surface (see escape velocity). Laplace also speculated that some of the nebulae revealed by telescopes may not be part of the Milky Way and might actually be galaxies themselves. Thus, he anticipated Edwin Hubble's major discovery 100 years in advance.

= = = Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban = = =
Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is a commune of 5,270 people (2008). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the south of France.
Education.
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile is located in the commune.

= = = Inselberg = = =
An inselberg or monadnock is a large rock formation that sits on its own, surrounded by flat lowlands. It can be a hill, ridge or small mountain. They are found in hot, dry areas of land. The name means "island mountain".

= = = Great Slave Lake = = =
Great Slave Lake () is the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is the deepest lake in North America at 614m, and the ninth-largest lake in the world. It is long and wide. It covers . The lake shares its name with the Slavey First Nations. Towns on the lake include: Yellowknife, Hay River, Behchoko, Fort Resolution, Lutselk'e, Hay River Reserve, Dettah and N'Dilo.
History.
North American Aboriginal Peoples were the first people to live around the lake. They built communities including Dettah, which still exists today. British fur trader Samuel Hearne explored the area in 1771 and crossed the frozen lake. He named it Lake Athapuscow. This was a misunderstanding of the name Athabaska. In 1897-1898, the American frontiersman Charles "Buffalo" Jones traveled to the Arctic Circle.
In the 1930s, gold was discovered there, and the city of Yellowknife was founded. It became the capital of the Northwest Territories. In 1967, an all-season highway was built around the lake, originally an extension of the Mackenzie Highway but now known as Yellowknife Highway or Highway 3. On January 24, 1978, a Soviet Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite, named Kosmos 954 fell from orbit and broke apart. The satellite had an on board nuclear reactor. Pieces of the nuclear core fell near the Great Slave Lake. 90% of the nuclear debris was recovered by a group called Operation Morning Light. They included people from both the United States and Canada.
Geography and natural history.
The Hay, Slave and Taltson Rivers enter the lake. The Mackenzie River flows out. The western shore has forests, but the east shore and northern arm are tundra-like. The southern and eastern shores reach the edge of the Canadian Shield. The Great Slave Lake remains from a large post-glacial lake along with other lakes such as the Great Bear and Athabasca.
The main western part of the lake is a bowl with a surface area of and a volume of . This main portion has a maximum depth of and a mean depth of . To the east, McLeod Bay () and Christie Bay () are much deeper, with a maximum recorded depth in Christie Bay of .
There is the nesting site of a flock of Whooping Cranes south of Great Slave Lake, in a remote corner of Wood Buffalo National Park.
Ice road.
There is one ice road on Great Slave Lake. It connects Yellowknife to Dettah.

= = = List of NHL players (S) = = =
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "S".

= = = Johann Friedrich Blumenbach = = =
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist and anthropologist. He was one of the first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural history. He used comparative anatomy to classify human races, of which he listed five.
Blumenbach's classification of races.
Blumenbach divided the human species into five races in 1779. Later he based them on the anatomy of the human skull. Blumenbach's work included the description of sixty skulls published as "Decas craniorum" (Göttingen 1790–1828). This was a founding work for other scientists.
He called the five races (1793/1795):
He did not think other races were inferior to the Caucasian race, and were potentially good members of society.
Anatomical study led him to the conclusion that 'individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from other individual Africans as Europeans differ from Europeans'. Furthermore he thought that Africans were not inferior to the rest of mankind 'concerning healthy faculties of understanding, excellent natural talents and mental capacities'.
"Finally, I am of opinion that after all these numerous instances I have brought together of negroes of capacity, it would not be difficult to mention entire well-known provinces of Europe, from out of which you would not easily expect to obtain off-hand such good authors, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the Paris Academy; and on the other hand, there is no so-called savage nation known under the sun which has so much distinguished itself by such examples of perfectibility and original capacity for scientific culture, and thereby attached itself so closely to the most civilized nations of the earth, as the Negro."
These ideas were far less influential. His ideas were adopted by other researchers and encouraged scientific racism. Blumenbach's work was used by many biologists and comparative anatomists in the nineteenth century who were interested in the origin of races: Wells, Lawrence, Prichard, Huxley and William Flower are good examples of his influence on human biology.
Regarding human origins, Blumenbach believed the first humans had originated in Asia.

= = = List of Canadian painters = = =
The following is a brief alphabetical list of professional Canadian artists primarily working in watercolour or oil paint. See other articles for information on Canadian art or a List of Canadian artists for other information.

= = = Homare Sawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
As a professional athlete, she was played with the Women's United Soccer Association from 2001 to 2003. In 2004 she was named Women's Player of the Year for the Asian Football Confederation. In 2009 and 2010, Sawa was part of Women's Professional Soccer.
Sawa has played for the Japan national team, including the team which won the 2011 World Cup. She participated in the last five World Cups. Sawa was part of the women's team at the 1996, the 2004, the 2008. She was a member of the team which won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.
Honors.
In 2012, Sawa was named the "FIFA Women's World Player of the Year". In ceremonies in Switzerland, she was awarded the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or. Japanese government officials commented that Sawa and her team-mates inspired confidence after the devastation caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

= = = Yanick Dupre Memorial Award = = =
The Yanick Dupre Memorial Award is presented annually to the American Hockey League's man of the year for service to his local community. The award winner is chosen by the league president. It was named after former Hershey Bears player Yanick Dupre, who died of leukemia at age 24.

= = = List of Júbilo Iwata players = = =
The List of Júbilo Iwata players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Júbilo Iwata is a Japanese professional football club in Iwata.

= = = Foot fetishism = = =
Foot fetishism (or "foot fetish") is a sexual interest in human feet. The fetishist has an interest in foot shapes (such as foot arches or foot sizes), toe sizes, smell or foot wear (such as shoes, bracelets, or socks). The foot fetish is the most common fetish that is not the genitals. The fetish is most common for males, although females may also have this fetish.
A footjob is using feet to rub the penis (or sometimes the vagina or breasts) in a sexual way. It is a type of masturbation done with two people.

= = = List of Kashima Antlers players = = =
The List of Kashima Antlers players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Kashima Antlers is a Japanese professional football club in Kashima.

= = = CTV 2 = = =
CTV 2 is an English language television network in Canada. It is owned by Bell Media.
In 2007, CTVglobemedia bought A Channel in 2007 as part of taking over CHUM Limited. Media analysts thought that CTV might use its famous CTV name for that channel, but they changed the channel's name to A in 2008. Later on August 29, 2011, they rebranded it again as CTV Two.

= = = Billy Bean = = =
William Daro "Billy" Bean (born May 11, 1964 in Santa Ana, California) is a former Major League Baseball player. He attended Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. He was an outfielder, a pinch hitter, and a first baseman. He threw and batted left. Bean is gay, and wrote a book, "Going the Other Way: Lessons from a Life in and out of Major League Baseball". For 13 years, Bean was the partner of Efrain Viega, the founder of Yuca restaurant in Miami. They broke up in July 2008. Bean has appeared on television. He starred in a MTV episode of "Made", and he was an actor in an episode of the sitcom "Frasier".

= = = America's Funniest Home Videos = = =
America's Funniest Home Videos is a American reality-comedy show. The show originally aired on ABC.

= = = The X Factor (American TV series) = = =
The X Factor USA is an American television music competition. The winner gets a recording contract and 5 million dollars. It first aired on September 21, 2011 on Fox. There have been three winners; Melanie Amaro, Tate Stevens and Alex & Sierra.
On February 7, 2014, Fox announced that "The X Factor" got canceled due to Simon Cowell, who went back at the UK version of the show.
Hosts and judges.
Season 1 was hosted by Steve Jones. For season 2, he was replaced by Khloé Kardashian and Mario Lopez. For season 3, Mario Lopez returned as the host but Kardashian did not.
The original panel consisted of Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, Nicole Scherzinger and L.A. Reid. After season 1, Paula and Nicole were replaced by Demi Lovato and Britney Spears. In season 3, L.A. Reid was replaced by Kelly Rowland.

= = = The Yellow Kid = = =
The Yellow Kid is the name of a comic strip character. He appeared from 1895 to 1898 in the "New York World", and later in the "New York Journal". The Yellow Kid was created and drawn by Richard F. Outcault in the comic strip "Hogan's Alley". It was one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper. Its graphical layout had already been established in political and other, purely-for-entertainment cartoons. 
The Yellow Kid was a bald, snaggle-toothed boy who wore an over-sized yellow nightshirt and hung around in a slum alley. This alley was typical of certain areas of squalor that existed in turn of the 19th to 20th century New York City. Hogan's Alley was filled with equally odd characters, mostly other children. With a goofy grin, the Kid spoke in a ragged, peculiar slang. This slang was printed on his shirt, a device meant to mock advertising billboards.

= = = 2010–11 United States network television schedule = = =
The following is the 2010–11 United States network television schedule.
Legend.
New series are highlighted in bold.
All times given are in U.S. Eastern Time and Pacific Time (except for some live events or specials). Subtract one hour for Central and Mountain times.
Monday.
Note: In February 2011, CBS and Warner Bros. stop producing Two and a Half Men for the rest of the season because of the firing of Charlie Sheen. So it aired reruns of the show.
By network.
ABC.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2009–10:
CBS.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2009–10:
The CW.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2009–10:
Fox.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2009–10:
NBC.
Returning series
New series
Not returning from 2009–10:

= = = Citytv = = =
City (formerly called Citytv) is a Canadian English language television system owned by Rogers.
Citytv Stations.
CITY Toronto, Ontario
CKAL Calgary, Alberta

= = = Toon Disney = = =
Toon Disney was an American Saturday and Sunday morning owned by The CW. 

= = = MTV2 = = =
MTV2 is a cable network in the United States. It was launched on August 1, 1996 as M2.

= = = Iwata, Shizuoka = = =
 is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan. It is on the Tenryū River.
Iwata is made of 5 communities merged together: kyu-Iwata (former Iwata), Toyoda-cho, Fukude-cho, Ryuyo-cho, Toyoka-mura.
Part of Yamaha Corporation is in Iwata.
History.
There has been a settlement in the area of Iwata since ancient times.
During the Edo period, "Mitsuke-juku" was one of 53 government waystations ("shuku-eki") along the Tōkaidō road, which was a coastal route that ran from Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto.

= = = Kashima, Ibaraki = = =
 is a port city on the Pacific coast of Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan.
History.
An urban area developed around Kashima Shrine ("Kashima-jinga").
It prospered as a temple town in Kashima temple which is Kuniichi Hitachi Miya.
After World War II, the economy of the region around the port city grew larger.
The Kajima seaside industrial zone centering on the Kashima harbor is formed.
Kashima city is an industrial city centering on a steel company.
Sports.
The Kashima Antlers is an association football team in Kashima. It is utilizing soccer for town revitalization mainly by the Antlers.

= = = Marcus Salvius Otho = = =
Marcus Salvius Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus, 28 April 32 –16 April 69 ) was a Roman military commander who became Roman Emperor in 69 CE. He led a coup against the Emperor Galba, but was defeated in a battle by Vitellius only eight weeks later. He took his own life after the battle. The year 69 was known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

= = = Bornhardt = = =
A bornhardt () is a big dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock formation. They are a kind of inselberg. They are usually made up of granites or gneisses, but can sometimes be found in other rock types like limestone, sandstone and conglomerate. They are named after Wilhelm Bornhardt (1864–1946), the German geologist who first described the feature.

= = = Tosu, Saga = = =
 is a Japanese city in Saga Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.
History.
In 1874, disagreements with the central government of Japan became an armed conflict. This was called the . This involved regions of the modern city.

= = = Lorenzo de' Medici = = =
Lorenzo de' Medici (1 January 1449 – 9 April 1492) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. He was called Lorenzo the Magnificent ("Lorenzo il Magnifico") by Florentines. He was a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. He is probably best known for what he gave to the world of art. He gave large amounts of money to artists so that they could make very good artwork. When he died, the Golden Age of Florence ended. The peace he helped keep between the many Italian states collapsed when he died. Lorenzo de' Medici is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence.
Renaissance.
Lorenzo was an artist. He wrote poetry in Tuscan.
Lorenzo's agents took a lot of classical works from the east. Lorenzo had a large workshop to copy his books and spread their content across Europe. He supported the development of humanism through his friends who studied Greek philosophers, and tried to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity. In this group were the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.

= = = Kashiwa, Chiba = = =
 is a Japanese city in northern Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu.
It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.
History.
In the Edo period, the area around Kashiwa was directly controlled by the Tokugawa shogunate. These lands were known as "tenryō".

= = = List of Kashiwa Reysol players = = =
The List of Kashiwa Reysol players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Kashiwa Reysol is a Japanese professional football club in Kashiwa, which is northeast of Tokyo in Chiba Prefecture.

= = = Offal = = =
"Offal" is the name for the internal organs or entrails of a dead animal.
It means "eatable parts apart from the muscles". It includes the heart, kidneys, lungs, livers, intestines and brains. The word can also be used to cover other parts of the animal including the tongue, tail and feet. The word offal means the parts that fall off when the animal is cut up for meat. Offal from birds are called "giblets". In some parts of the world people eat offal, and in others doing so is considered taboo or strange.

= = = Kyūshū Shinkansen = = =
The is a Japanese high-speed railway line between Fukuoka and Kagoshima in Kyushu. The line is operated by the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). 
The southern 127 km opened on 13 March 2004. 
The northern 130 km section opened on 12 March 2011. Service began with a quiet start because of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

= = = Jura Mountains = = =
The Jura Hills are a long mountain arc. The Jura rock or stone consists of limestone. It reaches from Lake Geneva to the Rhine River. The Jura Hills are not only in Switzerland, but also in France. The Chasseral is one of the highest hills in the Jura Mountains. It has an altitude of 1607 metres above sea level. The highest part of the Jura Hills is the “Crêt de la Neige“ in France and it is 1718 metres high. Many fossils and dinosaur tracks have been found there. The rocks of the Jura were formed between 144 million and 208 million years ago. The agriculture and winter tourism are very important for the principal economics. 

= = = Arkose = = =
Arkose is a kind of sandstone which is rich in the mineral feldspar. It is made mostly of quartz, but also has at least 25% feldspar. It may also consist of fragments (bits) of rock. Arkose usually contains small amounts of calcite cement, which may also contain iron oxide. Arkose is normally grey to reddish in colour. The sand grains making up arkose are usually coarse.
Arkose is generally formed from the weathering of igneous or metamorphic rocks. These are usually granite rocks, which contain a lot of feldspar and quartz. Arkose is often found with conglomerate deposits where the sediment is made of granite. The central Australian monolith Uluru is made of late Neoproterozoic/Cambrian arkose, deposited by the erosion of a granite-based mountain range.

= = = Styx (disambiguation) = = =
Styx has several different meanings:

= = = Justified = = =
Justified has several different meanings:

= = = Justified (TV series) = = =
Justified is an American crime drama television series based on the books written by Elmore Leonard and aired on FX. It is set in Harlan County, Kentucky.

= = = Jason Donovan = = =
Jason Donovan (born 1 June 1968) is an Australian actor and singer. Donovan became famous when he played Scott Robinson in "Neighbours" from 1986 to 1989. He was a contestant in the 2006 series of "I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!" and in the 2011 series of "Strictly Come Dancing". He hosts a show on Heart Network Radio in the UK on Sunday afternoons.
Early life.
Donovan was born in Malvern, Melbourne. He was taught at De La Salle College. He is the son of actor Terence Donovan and newsreader Sue McIntosh. The youngest of his three maternal half-sisters is actress-singer Stephanie McIntosh.

= = = Jarret Johnson = = =
Jarret Webster Johnson (born August 14, 1981) is an American former professional football outside linebacker. He played 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens and San Diego Chargers. He played college football at the University of Alabama. Johnson appreciated as an "unsung hero" and defensive leader by Baltimore fans. Johnson scored two career touchdowns and was a steady presence on a great Ravens defense.
On March 14, 2012, Johnson signed a 4-year contract with the San Diego Chargers. On February 24, 2015, Johnson announced that he was retiring from playing professional football.

= = = Linebacker = = =
A linebacker is a defensive position in the game of American football. There are two kinds of linebackers. One is the outside linebacker (OLB), whose job is to tackle players, rush the passer, and sometimes drop back in coverage to prevent catches. The middle linebacker (MLB) is often called the "quarterback of the defense," as they direct many formations and are often looked up to as leaders and very good players, mostly handling the job of tackling as well.
Linebackers can appear in different formations, or looks. In a 4-3 defense, there are three linebackers; usually two OLBs and a MLB in the middle.
A 4-4 defense relies more heavily on linebackers. That system includes four linebackers.
Linebackers are often called the original name.
Strong-side OLB: Sam (S) MLB: Mike (M) Weak-side OLB: Willy (W) 
Strong-side OLB: Sam (S) Strong-side MLB: Mike (M) Weak-side MLB: Kenny (K) Weak-side OLB: Willy (W)

= = = Lambeau Field = = =
Lambeau Field is a stadium in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The stadium is home to the Green Bay Packers, an American football team that plays in the National Football League. The stadium is named after the Packers' founder Curly Lambeau.

= = = Kelly McGillis = = =
Kelly McGillis (born July 9, 1957) is an American actress. She was born in Newport Beach, California. She starred in "Witness", "Top Gun" and "The Accused".
McGillis is openly lesbian.

= = = Disney XD = = =
Disney XD is an American digital cable and satellite television network. It is owned by Disney and ABC. It started on the Internet in 2007 and began broadcasting as a television network in 2009. Disney XD mostly airs action-oriented children's animated television series, with some live-action programming and movies aimed at ages 6 to 11. for Disney XD (UK and Ireland)
Disney XD broadcasts programming that is created for the network. The original programming includes "Zeke and Luther", "Kickin' It", "Pair of Kings" and "Lab Rats". The network broadcasts some of the more popular Disney Channel series. These series include "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", "The Suite Life on Deck", "Wizards of Waverly Place", "Phineas and Ferb" and "So Random!"
They also broadcast programs that were shown on other networks. Many of these are based on characters from the Mavel Universe. Disney bought Marvel Comics in 2009. Because of this, more programs based on Marvel comics will be shown on Disney XD starting in April 2012.
Begining in 2019, with the build up towards the launch of Disney+ and especially during its international expansion during 2020, several Disney XD channels worldwide have began to shut down, mostly in regions where Disney+ is already available. 
As of February 1, 2021, only 5 Disney XD channels remain active, with these being present in the following countries: United States, Canada, Latin America, Netherlands and Poland, with the last one being the only one to cover an area where Disney+ is still absent.
Programming.
Disney XD's schedule consists largely of animated and live-action programs aimed at pre-teens and young teenagers. Disney XD content is a mixture of former original series as well as programs inherited from sister network Disney Channel. In addition to full-length live-action and animated original series, the channel also debuts short series similar to those seen on Disney Channel during commercial breaks (such as "Two More Eggs"), which serve as filler for programs scheduled to end during the half-hour and last usually around one to three minutes.
In addition, Disney XD airs original made-for-TV movies from Disney Channel and theatrically released feature films.
Unlike Disney Channel (and similarly, fellow sister network Disney Junior)—whose advertising comes in the form of program promotions, underwriter sponsorships, and interstitials for Disney films, home video, and game releases produced by the channel—Disney XD operates as an advertiser-supported service running traditional television commercials in addition to promotions for the channel's shows.

= = = Samkranthi = = =
Makar Sankranti, Sankranti or Sankranthi is one of the main festivals in India. It is the first festival of the year in the Gregorian calendar. This festival is celebrated by the people all over India. It marks the transition of the sun into "Makara rashi" (Capricorn) on its path across the sky. It is celebrated on the 14th or 15th of January. Makar Sankranti is celebrated with social festivities such as colourful decorations, melas (fairs), bonfires and feasts.
Makar Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names, though observed on the same date. It is known as Pedda Panduga in Andhra Pradesh, Makara Sankranti in Karnataka, and by other names.

= = = D. W. Griffith = = =
David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American movie director and white supremacist. He is best known as the director of the Ku Klux Klan 1915 movie "The Birth of a Nation" and the 1916 follow-up movie "Intolerance". "The Birth of a Nation" made early use of advanced camera and storytelling techniques. It was a very popular movie. It was also a very controversial movie. The movie showed African Americans and White anti-racists in a bad way. It also showed slavery and the Ku Klux Klan as good things. The movie was praised by President Woodrow Wilson. He said it was "history written in lightning". The NAACP boycotted the movie. Griffith responded to all the criticism with another movie, "Intolerance". This movie showed the dangers of prejudice. The movie did not make as much money as "The Birth of a Nation", but the critics liked it. Many of Griffith's later movies were critical successes. They did not make a lot of money. Even so, he is one of the most important figures of early movies. Other famous movies by Griffith include "Orphans of the Storm" and "Broken Blossoms".

= = = Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique = = =
The Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique (SEFA) was the French national flight school, in nine places in France and managed by the "direction générale de l'aviation civile" (DGAC). It merged with French Civil Aviation University the 1st of January 2011.
History.
1936 - 1946.
SEFA is a direct descendant of a long tradition of state involvement in helping to light aviation. By 1936, the Popular Front creates the ""sections d’aviation populaire" (SAP), in order to democratize the flight training for young people and then to train more crew for the French military aviation. In 1946, the "service de l’aviation légère et sportive" (SALS) is created, which purpose is essentially to provide available aircraft and instructors for flying clubs.
1946 - 1976.
In 1955, SALS becomes the "service de la formation aéronautique et des sports aériens" (SFASA), in 1959 the "service de la formation aéronautique, du travail aérien et des transports" (SFATAT), in 1964 it is renamed the "service de la formation aéronautique" (SFA) and finally the "service de la formation aéronautique et du contrôle technique"" (SFACT) in 1976. These designations reflect the successive changes in the organization of the civil aviation administration, but also the direct involvement of the State, in flight training. Thus "national centers" will be created, in 1945, for the gliding activities (Challes-les-Eaux, Beynes, Pont-Saint-Vincent, etc.), and then for the flight in piston aircraft (Carcassonne in 1945, Saint-Yan in 1947), and even skydiving (Biscarosse in 1953).
1976 - 1996.
Over the years, the French civil aviation administration gradually withdraw from its activities in the field of gliding and skydiving.
In 1959, the center of Saint-Yan welcomes the first course of airline pilot students (EPL, "Elève Pilote de ligne", in English airline pilot student), ushering in a new mission of the SEFA : the training of airline pilots. The national centers were attached to the service of the civil aviation administration in charge of training. The creation of a single management structure was needed.
Thus was created the SEFA in 1993, bringing together under one organization all the necessary needs to implement the tasks entrusted by the DGAC. The direction of the SEFA moved to Muret in 1996, bringing together all central services previously scattered between Saint-Cyr-l'École and Paris.
1996 - 2011.
Finally, on the 1st of January 2011, the SEFA is merged with the French Civil Aviation University in order to create the biggest European aviation school. All the SEFA activities are now providing under the only acronym ENAC.

= = = Paris Opéra Ballet = = =
The Paris Opera Ballet (French: Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris) is the oldest national ballet company in the world. Many European and international ballet companies can trace their origins to it. It has always been an integral part of the Paris Opéra, which was founded in 1669 as the Académie d'Opéra (Academy of Opera). 
Theatrical dance was not an important part of the Paris Opera until 1673. Then was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique (Royal Academy of Music) and placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully. The Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history but since 1994 has been called the Opéra National de Paris (Paris Opera). Currently the company presents ballet primarily at the Palais Garnier.

= = = Alexis Weissenberg = = =
Alexis Weissenberg (26 July 1929 – 8 January 2012) was a French pianist of Jewish-Bulgarian descent. Technically brilliant, his playing was often described as cold and precise. Weissenberg was born in Sofia and in 1941 was sent to a concentration camp with his family. A guard liked his playing and helped the family escape to Turkey, and then to Jerusalem. In 1946 he moved to New York and studied at the Julliard School of Music. He toured for about ten years, but then did not play in public until 1966 when he performed with Herbert von Karajan in Berlin. He finally settled in Spain, but rarely performed in public.

= = = Carlos Soria = = =
Carlos Soria (1 March 1949–1 January 2012) was an Argentine lawyer who became Governor of . A member of the ruling Peronist party, he had been the mayor of General Roca, until his election as governor of the province in October 2011. He died after being shot in the head during an argument at home with his wife.

= = = Bolshoi Ballet = = =
The Bolshoi Ballet is a ballet company. It is based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1776. It is one of the oldest ballet companies in the world. It achieved worldwide acclaim in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. The Bolshoi and the Kirov Ballet are recognised as the foremost ballet companies in Russia.
The origin of the Bolshoi is found in the creation of a dance school for a Moscow orphanage in 1773. In 1776, dancers from the school were employed by Prince Pyotr Urusov and the English theatrical entrepreneur Michael Maddox to form part of their new theatre company. They performed in privately owned venues. Later they acquired the Petrovsky Theatre. The theatre would later be rebuilt as today's Bolshoi Theatre.
The early history of the Bolshoi Ballet is very sketchy. The company staged many famous ballets. It struggled to compete with the Imperial Russian Ballet of St Petersburg. It was not until Alexander Gorsky became Ballet Master in 1900 that the company began to develop its own unique identity. The company was acclaimed for productions of new or restaged ballets including, "Don Quixote" (1900), "Coppélia" (1901), "Swan Lake" (1901), "La fille mal gardée" (1903), "Giselle" (1911), "Le Corsaire" (1912) and "La Bayadère" (1917).

= = = American Ballet Theatre = = =
American Ballet Theatre (ABT), is a classical ballet company based in New York City. It has an annual eight week season at the Metropolitan Opera House Lincoln Center. It tours around the world the rest of the year. American Ballet Theatre was founded in 1937 by Mikhail Mordkin. It is recognized as one of the world's leading classical ballet companies. American Ballet Theatre is the parent company of the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School. It was recognized as "America's National Ballet Company" in 2006 by the United States Congress.

= = = List of bridges in Calgary = = =
The City of Calgary has a number of bridges, spanning the two main rivers that cross the city, Bow River and Elbow River, as well as some other geographical and physical features. 
Crossings.
Bow River (west of downtown).
The Bow River enters the city from west, winds around downtown, then runs south. From west to south, the following structures cross the river.
Elbow River.
The Elbow River enters the city in the southwest, then turns north and merges into the Bow River immediately east of downtown. From west to north, the following structures cross the river.
Fish Creek.
Fish Creek flows from west to east in the south part of the city, through the Fish Creek Provincial Park. It merges into the Bow River in the southeast quadrant of the city.

= = = Joan Crawford = = =
Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; March 23, c. 1904–1908 – May 10, 1977) was an American actress. She won the 1945 Best Actress Academy Award for "Mildred Pierce". She was voted the tenth greatest female star in the history of American movies by the American Film Institute.
Biography.
Crawford was born in San Antonio, Texas. Her real name was Lucille Fay LeSueur. She began her career as a dancer. She moved to Hollywood in 1925. She worked in silent movies. She played hard-working young women who wanted love, romance, and glamor. She made "talkies", too. She was given the name "Joan Crawford" from a magazine contest sponsored by MGM.
Crawford won the Best Actress Academy Award for "Mildred Pierce" in 1945. She made many more movies, but retired in 1970. She died in New York City of a heart attack.
Crawford won success with "Letty Lynton" (1932). The film is mostly remembered because of the "Letty Lynton dress". This dress was designed by Adrian. It was a white cotton organdy gown with large ruffled sleeves, puffed at the shoulder. It was with this gown that Crawford's broad shoulders began to be accentuated by costume. Macy's copied the dress in 1932, and it sold over 500,000 replicas in the United States.
Crawford was married four times. First to actor Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and then to actor Franchot Tone. Her third husband was actor Phillip Terry, and her fourth and last husband was Pepsi executive Alfred Steele. Crawford became active in the Pepsi-Cola company after Steele's death of a heart attack.
Crawford adopted four children: Christina, Christopher, and "the twins" Cynthia and Cathy. Christina wrote a bestselling "tell-all" biography called "Mommie Dearest". This book alleged that Crawford abused her children. It was made into a movie also called "Mommie Dearest".

= = = List of bridges to the Island of Montreal = = =
This is a list of bridges in Montreal.
Crossings.
Spanning the Saint Lawrence River and Saint Lawrence Seaway.
The construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in the 1950s required large changes for all bridges that existed at the time. Those are not reflected in the table below.
Spanning the Lake of Two Mountains and the Ottawa River East Channel.
All three spans across the Ottawa River East Channel are twinned by another span, built simultaneously, across the West Channel.

= = = List of prefectural governors in Japan = = =
This is a list of current governors of the prefectures of Japan.

= = = Fukui Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is the city of Fukui.
History.
In the early Meiji period, Fukui was created by the merger of Wakasa Province and Echizen Province.
Geography.
The prefecture faces the Sea of Japan. It shares a northern border with Ishikawa Prefecture. East of Fukui are Gifu Prefecture and Shiga Prefecture. Kifu's southern border meets Kyoto Prefecture.
Cities.
Fukui Prefecture includes the following cities:
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 15% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
"Wakashiko jinja" and "Kehi jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.

= = = Nagano Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Nagano. The capital is the city of Nagano.
History.
Nagano Prefecture was created from the area of the former Shinano Province.
Nagano was host to the 1998 Winter Olympics.
Geography.
Nagano Prefecture is south of Niigata Prefecture. The eastern borders of Nagano meet Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture. Nagano's souther border is shared with Aichi Prefecture. The western borders of the prefecture are shared with Toyama Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture.
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
"Suwa jinja" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.

= = = Nara Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture of Japan in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Nara.
History.
The area of Yamato Province was reorganized as Nara Prefecture during the Meiji period.
Geography.
Nara is bordered to the west by Wakayama Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture. Its border on the north meets Kyoto Prefecture. Mie Prefecture is on the east.
Towns and villages.
Towns and villages in each district:
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 17% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
"Ōmiwa jinja" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. 

= = = Ezo = = =
, also known as Yezo or Yeso, is an ancient Japanese name for the lands to the north of Japan. It was the name of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō. It was also used as a name for islands in the Sea of Okhotsk, including the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin. 
The terms Ezo, Yezo, Ebisu or Emishi were also used as a name for the people and culture of northern Honshu, including Akita Prefecture, Aomori Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, Iwate Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture.
History.
The first published description of Ezo in the West was brought to Europe by Isaac Titsingh in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included by Hayashi Shihei. This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ezo region and people.
Titsingh's translation of "Sankoku Tsūran Zusetsu" was published in 1832.

= = = Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges = = =
Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges (7 November 1799 – 23 December 1875) was a French writer. He was born in Paris on 7 November 1799 and died there on 23 December 1875. He was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century. He joined with others to write the librettos for the ballet "Giselle" by Adolphe Adam, for the opera "La fille du regiment" by Donizetti, and the opera "La jolie fille de Perth" for Bizet. He wrote over seventy works for the stage. He wrote novels. He liked plot twists and unlikely coincidences. His works are short on convincing characterizations. He was old-fashioned, dressing in 18th century style.

= = = Mildred Pierce = = =
Mildred Pierce is a film noir movie. It was made in 1945. The movie was based on a book of the same name by James M. Cain. It was directed by Michael Curtiz. The movie got good reviews. It stars Joan Crawford. She won the Best Actress Academy Award. The movie was picked for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
Story.
The movie is about a housewife named Mildred Pierce. Her marriage is troubled. Her husband leaves her for dead-common Mrs. Beedlehoff. Mildred has two little girls. Kay is a nice kid; Veda is a spoiled-rotten, high-falutin' brat. Mildred must take care of her kids alone by secretly slinging hash. She is a good cook. She opens a restaurant. Kay dies. Business is great. She gets rich. Mildred gives Veda everything she wants. Mildred starts to date a playboy named Monty. He is spoiled, too. He constantly asks Mildred for money. He never pays it back. One day she finds Monty and Veda in an act of intimacy. Mildred has a gun. She wants to shoot Monty. She drops the gun. She runs away crying. Later Veda shoots Monty when he tells her to get out of his life because she is nothing more than a saucy little tramp. Veda is seized at the airport attempting to flee Los Angeles and is sent to jail. There is nothing her rich mother can do. She reunites with her husband.

= = = Our Dancing Daughters = = =
Our Dancing Daughters is a 1928 MGM silent movie. The movie is about the loosening of youth morals that took place during the 1920s. The movie was directed by Harry Beaumont. It was produced by Hunt Stromberg. The movie made Joan Crawford a big star. She remained a big star for the next 50 years.
Story.
"Dangerous Diana" Medford (Joan Crawford) is flashy and popular. Inside, she is a good person. Her friend Ann is an amoral boy-chaser. Diana and Ann both like Ben Blaine. He thinks Diana is not interested in him. He marries Ann. Diana becomes unhappy for a while. Later, she throws a party. Ann hopes to go with her lover, Freddie. She argues with her husband. She goes to the party. Ben goes to the party behind Ann's back. Ben and Diana realize they love each other. Ann gets drunk. She falls to her death. Ben and Diana are free to wed. 

= = = The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari = = =
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari () is a 1920 German silent movie. It was directed by Robert Wiene. Conrad Veidt stars. It is a German Expressionist movie. It is one of the greatest horror movies of the silent era. The movie uses stylized sets with abstract, jagged buildings painted on canvas backdrops. These unique sets gave off a strong sense of theater. The actors used an unrealistic technique that exhibited jerky and dancelike movements. This movie introduced the "twist ending" in movies.

= = = Lake Biel = = =
Lake Biel (also called Lake Bienne) is the biggest lake in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. The lake has a length of and a width of . Its surface area is about . Taximum depth is about . It is above sea level. It is surrounded by a lot of wine-producing villages.
Together with Lake Morat and Lake Neuchâtel it is one of the three largest lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland. There are two rivers which run into Lake Biel. The first one is the Suze, it's Biel’s only river. The second one is the Aare, one of Switzerland’s longest rivers. It was redirected into the lake in 1878.
Vineyards are located on the sunny side of Lake Biel and benefit from the southeast orientation of the hills. The lake provides a balanced climate. Soils are highly calcareous. There are of vineyards and a large variety of vine types, traditionally white wines, but increasingly red wines. The Chasselas, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Pinot blanc and Chardonnay are grown by about 80 winegrowers. Most of the wine goods are family farms and the vine is often sold directly from the wine cellars.
Vineyards in the region of Lake Biel have been found since the Roman times. Archeologists found amphora for the wine. The vineyards still exist thanks to a ban released in 1933, which forbid building in the vineyards.
It is a common tourist destination and is a beautiful lake, with many recreational activities to do.

= = = Brandon Marshall = = =
Brandon Marshall (born March 23, 1984) is an American football wide receiver for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was selected by the Denver Broncos out of the University of Central Florida, with the 119th overall pick in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Marshall has also played for the Miami Dolphins, where he wore #19. He holds a record for the most catches in a single game with 21, a record set in 2009 while Marshall was with the Broncos. Throughout his football career, Marshall has been respected as a good player, often one who is hard to tackle.

= = = Theda Bara = = =
Theda Bara was an American silent movie actress. She was born on July 29, 1885. Her real name was Theodosia Burr Goodman. Bara attended the University of Cincinnati for two years. She worked in theater productions. She moved to New York City in 1908. She made her Broadway debut in 1908. Most of Bara's early movies were shot at the Fox Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Bara lived with her family in New York City during this time. She moved to Los Angeles, California to shoot "Cleopatra" in 1917. This movie became one of Bara's biggest hits. No known prints of "Cleopatra" exist today. There are many photographs of Bara in her costume as Cleopatra. 
Bara married American movie director Charles Brabin in 1921. She had no children. She died of stomach cancer on April 13, 1955 in Los Angeles, California. Bara was one of the most popular stars of her era. She was one of the earliest sex symbols in movies. Her "femme fatale" (deadly woman) roles earned her the nickname "The Vamp" (short for vampire). The term "vamp" soon became a popular slang term for a sexually predatory woman. Bara made more than 40 films between 1914 and 1926. Only six still exist in their entirety. 

= = = The King of Kings = = =
The King of Kings is a 1927 silent movie. It was directed by Cecil B. DeMille. It is a religious movie about the last weeks of Jesus before his crucifixion. H. B. Warner starred as Jesus. One of the last sequences of the movie, the Resurrection, is in Technicolor. A giant gate built for this movie was later used in "King Kong" in 1933. The same gate was one of the sets torched for the "burning of Atlanta" scene in 1939 in "Gone with the Wind". "The King of Kings" was the first movie that premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles, California. The date was May 18, 1927.

= = = Mary Pickford = = =
Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979) was a silent movie actress. She was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in "Coquette". She was married to actor Charles "Buddy" Rogers.
Pickford was co-founder of United Artists. She was one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. She married silent movie star Douglas Fairbanks. They lived in a Hollywood home called Pickfair. The American Film Institute named Pickford 24th among the greatest female stars of all time.

= = = Mark Clayton (American football, born 1982) = = =
Mark Jermaine Clayton (born July 2, 1982) is a former American football player. He played as a wide receiver for the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League. Clayton played for the University of Oklahoma Sooners from 2001 to 2004, before he was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round (25th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. Clayton's best season was in 2006 with Baltimore, when he had 67 catches, 939 receiving yards, and five touchdowns. Clayton struggled with injuries in his two seasons with St. Louis.

= = = Douglas Fairbanks = = =
Douglas Fairbanks was a silent movie actor. He was born on May 23, 1883. He is best known for "The Thief of Bagdad", "Robin Hood", and "The Mark of Zorro". He was a "swashbuckler" in the movies. A swashbuckler is an athletic, romantic hero. He married Mary Pickford in 1920. They lived in a Hollywood home called Pickfair. He was called "The King of Hollywood". His movie career went south when the "talkies" came along. Fairbanks was also a screenwriter, a director, and a producer. He was a founding member of both United Artists and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. He died on December 12, 1939. His son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. was also an actor.

= = = Alluvial fan = = =
An alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit of soil and rocks. It forms where a fast-flowing river spreads out over a flat plain. They are usually found in between mountain ranges that are crumbling away. If it rains a lot, the fan area will usually flood.
Alluvial plain.
An alluvial plain is a mostly flat landform where sediment is deposited over time. The cause is the same: one or more rivers coming from highland regions. A floodplain is the smaller area over which the rivers flood at a particular period of time, and the alluvial plain is the larger area, where floodplains have shifted over geological time.

= = = Robin Hood (1922 movie) = = =
Robin Hood is a 1922 silent movie. It stars Douglas Fairbanks. "Robin Hood" was the first movie to have a Hollywood premiere. The premiere was held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on October 18, 1922. 
The movie's full title is "Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood". It was one of the most expensive movies of the 1920s. It cost about $1,000,000 to make. The movie is about the famous English outlaw. The movie received mostly good reviews.
In spite of the movie's careful construction, it received some negative responses. Vachel Lindsay thought the movie was "a heavy exhibit of armor that does not move." He thought it a failure because the first half of the movie was basically spectacle. 
Nonetheless, "Robin Hood" was thought at the time to be a milestone in the development of movie art. It would be overshadowed however by the hugely popular Errol Flynn movie of 1938.

= = = Matt Flynn = = =
Matthew Clayton Flynn (born June 20, 1985) is an American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 7th round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at LSU.
College career.
Flynn redshirted the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season, as did the other LSU quarterback signee, JaMarcus Russell.
In 2004, Flynn was a third string quarterback as a redshirt freshman, behind starter Marcus Randall and backup JaMarcus Russell. He was also LSU's holder on placekicks. Flynn played in all 12 games, but only three games at quarterback. His collegiate first complete throw went to Xavier Carter for a 67-yard touchdown against Mississippi State. Flynn also made a short appearance in the 2004 Capital One Bowl. In that game, he completed 1 of 4 passes for 11 yards in a 25-30 loss against Iowa. He finished the year by completing 4 of 10 passes for 99 yards and 1 TD.
Sophomore season.
When Randall left the team, Russell and Flynn fought for the starting QB position. Russell got the job. Flynn was the backup. Flynn played in seven games at quarterback for the Tigers in 2005. He completed 27 of 48 passes for 457 yards, 7 touchdowns and 1 interception. In a win over North Texas, Flynn threw 7-of-7 for 139 yards and 3 TDs, all in the fourth quarter. In the 2005 SEC Championship Game against the Georgia Bulldogs, starting quarterback Russell was injured. Flynn finished the game. He was then made the main quarterback for the Tigers in the 2005 Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl against the University of Miami Hurricanes. In that game, he led the Tigers to a 40-3 win over Miami.
Junior season.
Flynn played in seven games as a junior. He completed 12 of 20 passes for 133 yards over the season. He had 2 touchdowns and 1 interception. Both TDs came in a 49-0 win against Kentucky on October 14, 2006.
Senior season.
When Russell was drafted by the Oakland Raiders, Flynn finally became a starter as a fifth-year senior. He started every game that season except the SEC Championship in which he was injured.
Flynn threw a 22 yard TD pass to Demetrius Byrd to win the game against Auburn on October 20, 2007 with 1 second remaining on the clock. LSU won the game 30 - 24.
He then led the Tigers to a 4th quarter comeback against Alabama State University. The Tigers then beat Louisiana Tech the following weekend and became the #1 team in the nation. The next week the Tigers beat Ole Miss. In his final game at Tiger Stadium, the Tigers lost to Arkansas State University. With this loss, it was not likely the team could win the national title. However, LSU, without Flynn, beat Tennessee for the SEC Championship. This win by LSU and losses by Missouri State University and West Virginia State University let LSU go to the championship game in New Orleans.
On January 7, 2008, Flynn led LSU to a BCS National Championship. They beat Ohio State 38-24. Flynn was named offensive MVP of the game.
Professional career.
Green Bay Packers.
Flynn was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 7th round (209th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. On July 23, he was signed to a four-year contract through the 2011 season. He is now Green Bay's second-string quarterback. He won the back-up role to Aaron Rodgers by beating out fellow rookie and second-round pick Brian Brohm. The battle for the second-string position became the most interesting battle in camp. Flynn was seen as being less talented than Brohm because of Brohm's larger size, and better arm and foot speed.
On December 19, 2010, Flynn made his first NFL start against the New England Patriots because starting quarterback Aaron Rodgers was hurt. Flynn threw three touchdown passes. He threw one each to John Kuhn, James Jones and Greg Jennings against New England. He also threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown by Kyle Arrington. The Packers lost the game 31-27. Flynn completed 23 of 37 passes for 254 yards in the loss, and was praised for his good work
On January 1, 2012, the Packers were the #1 seed and rested most of their starting players., Matt Flynn started the final game of the season against the Detroit Lions. He threw for 480 yards and 6 touchdowns in the 45-41 victory. both of these statistics set all-time Green Bay Packers records, and got many other teams interested in signing Flynn as a starter.
Seattle Seahawks.
Flynn was signed by the Seattle Seahawks in mid-March of the 2012 offseason to a 3-year deal worth up to $26 million and $10 million guaranteed.

= = = Truman = = =
Truman may refer to any of the Following

= = = Jonathan Demme = = =
Robert Jonathan Demme (February 22, 1944 – April 26, 2017) was an American filmmaker. He was born in Baldwin, New York. He was best known for directing "The Silence of the Lambs", for which he won an Academy Award. He directed and co-produced "Philadelphia" and "Rachel Getting Married".
His nephew Ted Demme (1963–2002) was a filmmaker.
On April 26, 2017, Demme died in New York City at the age of 73 due to complications from esophageal cancer and heart disease.

= = = Defensive tackle = = =
A defensive tackle is a position in American and Canadian football. 
Defensive tackles typically line up in the center of the defensive line. As some of the largest players (in size) on the field, defensive tackles try to make it hard for the quarterback to throw the ball by blocking offensive linemen and tackles who protect the quarterback. They rarely do anything else. 
In the National Football League, defensive tackles may wear numbers in the 50s, 60s, 70s, and 90s, but may wear any number they chose in college football.

= = = Shiga Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Ōtsu.
History.
Shiga used to be called Ōmi Province or "Gōshū" before Japan began using the prefectural system.
Geography.
Shiga borders Fukui Prefecture in the north Gifu Prefecture is in the east. Mie Prefecture is in the southeast. Kyoto Prefecture is in the west.
Lake Biwa is at the center of this prefecture. The lake divides the prefecture into four areas: 
Cities.
Cities in Shiga Prefecture include
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 37% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Education.
There are ten universities, two junior colleges, and a learning center of The Open University of Japan in Shiga.
Sister states.
Shiga has agreements with three states.
Shrines and Temples.
"Takebe jinja" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. 

= = = List of national universities in Japan = = =
As of 2008, there were 87 , 89 public universities, and 580 private universities in Japan. National universities tend to have a good reputation in higher education in Japan. They are often more difficult to get into than private or public universities.
In 2004, the national university system changed. National universities were no longer completely public public and more of a private. Since 2004, every national university has become a special type of corporation. They are called . They now have more freedom and less control from the government. Faculty and staff are no longer , and they do not work for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
This is a complete list of Japanese national universities: 
The Government of Japan started The Open University of Japan and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. It also supports them with money. However, these two universities are not national universities; they are private universities.

= = = Coffin Bay National Park = = =
Coffin Bay National Park is a large national park on the west coast of the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It is west of Port Lincoln. The park protects a range of different coastal areas including high cliffs, surf beaches, quiet bays and huge sand dunes. A large area of the park is on the Coffin Bay Peninsula. Much of the park is only accessible by four-wheel drive vehicles or boat.
Aboriginal stories say a great fire came from the ocean. Two men stopped the fire by dumping the sand dunes on top of it.
One of the trees found in the park is the Drooping Sheoak, Allocasuarina verticillata, and it is being replanted to restore some of the grassy woodlands. Western Grey Kangaroos, lizards and emus can be found through the park.

= = = Surface runoff = = =
Surface runoff is the excess water that flows over land when the soil below it is flooded. This is a big part of the water cycle. This a prime cause for soil erosion and degradation of soil. 

= = = Way Down East = = =
Way Down East is a 1920 silent movie. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The movie stars Lillian Gish as Anna and Richard Barthelmess as David. The movie is based on a 19th-century play by Lottie Blair Parker.
This movie is famous for its exciting climax. Lillian Gish's character is rescued from certain death on an icy river. "Way Down East" is the fourth highest grossing silent movie in movie history. It brought in more than $4,500,000 at the box office in 1920. Some parts of "Way Down East" were shot in an early Technicolor process.
Story.
Anna Moore is tricked into a fake marriage by the rich Lennox Sanderson. She gets pregnant, and he leaves her. She has the baby on her own. The baby dies. Anna wanders until she gets a job with Squire Bartlett. His son David falls in love with her. She rejects him because of her past.
Squire Bartlett learns of Anna's past. He throws her out into a blizzard. Anna becomes lost in the storm. David leads a search party. Anna floats down an icy river towards a steep waterfall. She is rescued by David. He marries her in the final scene.
Response.
Some modern critics like the movie, some do not. Paul Brenner has written, "Many of Griffith's features suffer from sententious moralizing, a sense of God speaking to the masses, and outright racism. But "Way Down East" highlights the greatness of Griffith without having to sit through the Sermon on the Mount or the Ride of The Klan. In "Way Down East", Griffith's psychotic nuttiness, for once, didn't get in the way of a good [movie]."
Critic Dennis Schwartz likes "the strong emotional performances of the diminutive Lillian Gish". He decides that "this old-fashioned bucolic soap opera doesn't translate well to modern-times. It's quintessential Griffith melodrama, a mix of opposing forces between those favoring Bible morality and the wealthy hedonists who mock God with their amorality ... [the movie] has an irritating moralistic Bible flavor in supporting monogamy ... The [movie]'s most exciting scene was made without any special effects, and is the only thing about the [movie] worth remembering."

= = = Lillian Gish = = =
Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893 – February 27, 1993) was an American actress. She was born in Springfield, Ohio. Gish came from a Episcopalian and Lutheran religious background. She was a descendant of a colonial minister and a Revolutionary War hero. Lillian was very young when her father abandoned his family. She and her sister Dorothy joined the acting profession with their mother. In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to D. W. Griffith. They got contracts with Biograph Studios. The sisters debuted in Griffith's short movie "An Unseen Enemy" in 1912. Lillian starred in many of Griffith's most famous movies. These included "The Birth of a Nation", "Intolerance", "Broken Blossoms", "Way Down East", and "Orphans of the Storm". One of the famous images of Gish's silent movie years is the climax of "Way Down East". Her character floats unconscious on an ice floe towards a waterfall, her long hair floating in the water. She made "talkies" (movies with sound), too. Her sound movie work was off and on. She was in the controversial western "Duel in the Sun" and "Night of the Hunter". She did a lot of television work from the early 1950s until the 1980s. At the end of her career she appeared with Bette Davis in the 1987 movie "The Whales of August". She never married or had children. She died in her sleep of natural causes on February 27, 1993. She is buried next to her sister Dorothy at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City. Gish's career lasted 75 years, from 1912 to 1987. She was given the nickname "The First Lady of American Cinema". The American Film Institute (AFI) named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of all time. She received an Honorary Academy Award in 1971. In 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award.

= = = John Newlands = = =
John Alexander Reina Newlands (26 November 1837– 29 July 1898) was an English chemist who worked on the discovery of the Periodic Table of the Elements. He studied at the Royal College of Chemistry in London. 
He arranged the chemical elements according to their atomic weight. He noticed a pattern with every eighth element, which he compared to octaves in music. He called this the Law of Octaves.

= = = Gotham City = = =
Gotham City is a fictional city which is the home of Batman, a DC Comics character. The city is largely based on Chicago and became Batman's home in 1941. Gotham was a village in England, near Nottingham, where the people were believed to be evil, greedy or insane.
Author Washington Irving was the first person to describe New York as Gotham in his 1807 book, "Salamagundi".
In Christopher Nolan's "Batman Begins", and "The Dark Knight" Gotham City is based in Chicago. "The Dark Knight Rises" Gotham City is based in Pittsburgh, New York City, and Los Angeles.
Christopher Nolan based Gotham City on Chicago, New York City, and London. When Bob Kane first thought of a city he wanted it to be like New York City, London, and Chicago. Bill Finger was about to name the city "Civic City".
Mayors of Gotham City.
In comics.
The first Mayor of Gotham seen in the comics was not named. He was drawn to look like Fiorello H. LaGuardia, who was mayor of New York City.
In other media.
Some of the mayors listed above also appeared in television series and movies about Batman. There are some series and movies that have their own Mayors of Gotham City:

= = = Fracture (geology) = = =
In geology, a fracture is any kind of separation or break in a rock formation. Examples are joints or faults. These divides the rock into two or more pieces. A fracture can sometimes form a deep, wide crack in the rock. They are usually caused when the rock is not strong enough to hold up under too much stress. This makes the rock crack along its weakest point. Fractures can provide access for fluids, like water or hydrocarbons, to move into the rock.

= = = Joint (geology) = = =
In geology, a joint is a fracture dividing rock into two sections that moved away from each other. A joint does not involve shear displacement, and forms when tensile stress breaches its threshold. In other kinds of fracturing, like in a fault, the rock is parted by a visible crack that forms a gap in the rock.
Joints push out in various directions, usually vertically. They can have smooth, clean surfaces, or they can be scarred from sliding against another joint. Joints usually occur as sets, with each set made up of joints that are parallel to each other.
Joints become more and more obvious when the rock is weathered (eroded by the elements). When water gets into the joints, this can lead to the formation of big caves and underground rivers.

= = = List of Kawasaki Frontale players = = =
The List of Kawasaki Frontale players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Kawasaki Frontale is a Japanese professional football club in Kawasaki, which is south of Tokyo in Kanagawa Prefecture.

= = = List of Nagoya Grampus players = = =
The List of Nagoya Grampus players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Nagoya Grampus is a Japanese professional football club in Nagoya.

= = = Pollyanna (1920 movie) = = =
Pollyanna is a 1920 silent movie. It stars Mary Pickford. It was directed by Paul Powell. It was based on Eleanor H. Porter's novel "Pollyanna". It was Pickford's first movie for United Artists. It became a great success. It would be regarded as one of the movies that defined Pickford's "little girl" movies. She was 27, but played a 12 year old girl. The movie made $1.1 million (that was about $10 million in 2008). This was a lot of money at the time. 

= = = The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 movie) = = =
The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1923 silent movie based on Victor Hugo's novel. It was directed by Wallace Worsley, produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg, and starred Lon Chaney, Sr.. The 1939 movie starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara. It was Universal's "Super Jewel". It was their most successful silent movie. It had $3 million. The movie is set in 15th century Paris. Chaney's performance and spectacular make-up as the tortured bell-ringer of Notre Dame are famous. The movie made Chaney a superstar. It set a standard for horror movies including Chaney's own "The Phantom of the Opera" in 1925. 

= = = Tottori Prefecture = = =
 is a Japanese prefecture in the Chūgoku region of the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Tottori. It is the least populous prefecture in Japan.
History.
Before the Meiji Restoration, Tottori encompassed the old provinces of Hōki and Inaba. 
Geography.
The northern coastline of Tottori faces the Sea of Japan. Its eastern border meets Hyōgo Prefecture. The southern border meets Okayama Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture. The western border meets Shimane Prefecture.
Cities.
Four cities are located in Tottori Prefecture:
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
"Ubi jinjū" and "Shitori jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.

= = = The Mark of Zorro (1920 movie) = = =
The Mark of Zorro is a 1920 silent movie. It stars Douglas Fairbanks and Noah Beery. This "swashbuckler" adventure was the first movie version of "The Mark of Zorro". It was based on the 1919 story "The Curse of Capistrano" by Johnston McCulley. This book introduced the masked hero, Zorro. The screenplay was adapted from the book by Fairbanks (as "Elton Thomas") and Eugene Miller.
The movie was produced by Fairbanks for his own production company, Douglas Fairbanks Pictures Corporation. It was the first movie released through United Artists. This company was formed by Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith. The movie has been remade twice, once in 1940 (starring Tyrone Power) and again in 1974 (starring Frank Langella).

= = = Yamagata Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture of Japan. It is part of the Tōhoku region on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Yamagata.
History.
The aboriginal people once lived in the area now known as Yamagata.
Yamagata was part of Dewa Province until the Meiji Restoration.
This area was called "Yamagata" for the first time in Heian period. However, different characters were used to write it. The reason why this area was called Yamagata is not clear. In Nanboku-chō period, Yamagata was written in same kanji that it is today.
Geography.
Yamagata Prefecture is located in the southwest corner of Tōhoku. It faces the Sea of Japan. It borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture on the south, Miyagi Prefecture on the east, and Akita Prefecture on the north.
The Mogami and the Zaou are the two major rivers in the prefecture.
Cities.
Thirteen cities are located in Yamagata Prefecture:
National parks.
National parks cover about 17% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:
Shrines and temples.
"Ōmonoimia jinja" is the main Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.
Economy.
Yamagata is a farming area. It grows the most cherries and pears in the country. Over 70 percent of cherries in Japan are grown in Yamagata. Growing apples is important around the city of Yonezawa. The safflower is a symbol of Yamagata Prefecture. The number of farms growing safflower have steadily decreased since the 18th century. Yonezawa beef is bred in Yonezawa city. It is one of the most famous varieties of beef in Japan. Yonezawa is also known for its soba noodles.
Shogi (chess) pieces are made in the city of Tendo. The pieces are carved from wood.
Festivals.
Hanagasa festival has been held since 1963 and is one of the major festivals in Tohoku region. At the festival, the dancers dance with "Hanagasa" that is a hat decorated with red flowers. Uesugi snow lantern festival is held on the second weekend of February. The candles in more than 300 snow lanterns and 3,000 snow lamps are lit up.

= = = Swashbuckler movie = = =
Swashbuckler movies are movies about rough, manly swordsmen. A swashbuckling hero has high ideals. He rescues damsels in distress. His enemy is usually a dastardly villain. Swashbucklers who combine outstanding courage, sword fighting skill, resourcefulness, chivalry, and a distinctive sense of honor and justice include The Three Musketeers, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Robin Hood, and Zorro.
Swashbuckler movies are one of the most flamboyant Hollywood genres. These movies are unrealistic. They are often set in the Renaissance, in Arabia, or on pirate ships. Sets are elaborate. Costumes are lavish. Swashbuckler movies attract big audiences. These audiences want to forget their boring everyday lives. They can escape their lives in the adventure, romance, and daring stunts of the swashbuckler movie. Famous actors who portrayed swashbucklers are Errol Flynn and Douglas Fairbanks.
The stories came from romantic costume novels like those written by Alexandre Dumas, père and Rafael Sabatini. Last but not least, thrilling music was an important part of the movie formula. There were three great cycles of swashbuckler films: the Douglas Fairbanks period of 1920-1929, the Errol Flynn period of 1935-1941, and a period in the 1950s that included movies such as "Ivanhoe". The British television series "The Adventures of Robin Hood" made the genre even more popular. The genre has been revived in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series of movies.

= = = Tomboy = = =
A tomboy is a girl who does things which are similar to the gender role of a boy. 
They might also wear masculine-type clothes and play games and take part in activities which are often quite physical. This type of thing is usually thought to be done more by boys.

= = = West Point (1928 movie) = = =
West Point is a 1928 silent movie. The story and screenplay were written by Raymond L. Schrock. Titles were written by Joseph Farnham. The movie was directed by Edward Sedgwick. It was produced by Maj. Raymond G. Moses. The movie was shot on location at West Point and vicinity. "Photoplay" gave the movie a nice review, commenting: "Bill Haines' starring vehicle ... treats everything in a humorous vein in the beginning, getting many laughs." The same story was used for "Dress Parade" in 1927 starring William Boyd and Bessie Love. The 1928 movie has been released to DVD.
Story.
Brice Wayne (played by Billy Haines) is an arrogant, impudent, and flippant West Point cadet. He realizes that he does not have the proper school spirit. He plays football, but is dismissed from the team shortly before the Army-Navy match. Brice resigns from the Military Academy. He retracts when his friends Tex McNeil (played by William Bakewell) and Betty Channing (played by Joan Crawford) encourage him to stay. Restored to the team, Brice scores the big goal in the game against Navy.

= = = Pope Victor = = =
Pope Victor may mean
There were also two antipopes who chose to be called Victor IV.

= = = William Haines = = =
Charles William "Billy" Haines (January 2, 1900 – December 26, 1973) was an American movie actor and interior designer. He was a popular star of the silent movie era. In 1933, MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer fired the gay actor because he did not want to enter into a marriage of convenience. Haines never returned to movies. Instead, he started a successful interior design business with his lifelong male partner Jimmie Shields. 
Early life.
Haines was born Charles William Haines on January 2, 1900 in Staunton, Virginia. He sang in the choir of Trinity Episcopal Church. He spent much time in the local movie theater. Haines ran away from home at 14 with his boyfriend. They opened a dance hall in Hopewell, Virginia. The Haines family found their son. He returned home to help support his sick father. He found his way to New York City. He joined the gay community in Greenwich Village. He did some modelling. He was discovered by a talent scout who sent him to Hollywood.
Hollywood.
Haines played bit parts in silent movies. His first good role was in "Three Wise Fools" in 1923. The critics liked him. MGM began promoting him as a future star. He generally played arrogant young men who are humbled at the end of the movie. 
He took a trip to New York in 1926. He met James "Jimmie" Shields, probably as a pick-up on the street. Haines convinced Shields to move to Los Angeles. He promised to get Shields work as an extra. The two were soon living together. They viewed themselves as a committed couple.
In 1933 he was arrested in a YMCA with a sailor he had picked up in Los Angeles. MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer told Haines to choose between a marriage with a woman or Jimmie Shields. Haines chose Shields. They stayed together for almost 50 years. Mayer fired Haines and ended his contract. 
Haines had many movie hits. He was a top-five box office star from 1928 to 1932. A 1930 survey of film exhibitors listed Haines as the top box office attraction in the country. "The Marines are Coming" was his last movie. It was made in a Poverty Row studio in 1934. Haines was blacklisted in Hollywood for moral corruption.
Interior design.
Haines and Shields began careers as interior designers and antique dealers. Hollywood celebrities went to their businesses. In 1936, neighbors accused the two men of seeking sex with their son. Members of the Ku Klux Klan dragged Haines and Shields from their home. They were beaten. Their close friends wanted them to prosecute. They declined. Haines served in World War II. The couple settled into the Hollywood community in Brentwood. Their business made money and they retired in the early 1970s. 
Death.
Haines and Shields remained together for the rest of their lives. Joan Crawford described them as "the happiest married couple in Hollywood." Haines died from lung cancer in Santa Monica, California at the age of 73. Soon afterward, Shields, who suffered from what many believe to have been Alzheimer's disease, put on Haines' pajamas, took an overdose of pills, and crawled into their bed to die. They were buried side by side in Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery.
Legacy.
William Haines Designs is still in operation. Its main offices are in West Hollywood with showrooms in New York, Denver, and Dallas. Haines's life story is told in the 1998 biography "Wisecracker: The Life and Times of William Haines, Hollywood's First Openly Gay Star" by William J. Mann. Haines's designs are the subject of Peter Schifando and Haines associate Jean H. Mathison's 2005 book "Class Act: William Haines Legendary Hollywood Decorator". World of Wonder produced "Out of the Closet, Off the Screen: The Life of William Haines" It aired on HBO in 2001. Haines has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7012 Hollywood Boulevard.

= = = Martine McCutcheon = = =
Martine McCutcheon (born Martine Kimberley Sherrie Ponting on 14 May 1976) is a British actress and singer. She was born in Hackney, London. She played Tiffany Mitchell in "EastEnders" from 1995 to 1998. She played Natalie in "Love Actually".

= = = Love Actually = = =
Love Actually is a 2003 British romantic comedy-drama movie. The large majority of it is set in London, with parts of it set in Marseille, France and Wisconsin, United States. It features several interlinked stories of love. It was written and directed by Richard Curtis. It stars Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Laura Linney, Emma Thompson, Alan Rickman, Keira Knightley, Martine McCutcheon, Bill Nighy and Rowan Atkinson.

= = = Saint-Cyr-l'École = = =
Saint-Cyr-l'École is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is 21.4 km (13.3 mi) from the center of Paris.
In 2006, about 16,365 people lived here.
Education.
From 1993 to 1996, the main campus of the Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique was in the commune.

= = = Floodplain = = =
A floodplain is the flat area around a river that is covered in times of flood. A floodplain is a very fertile area due to the rich alluvium (fine sediment) deposited by floodwaters. This makes floodplains a good place for agriculture. A build-up of alluvium on the banks of a river can create levees, which raise the riverbank.

= = = Satch Boogie = = =
Satch Boogie is the fifth track from Joe Satriani's 1987 album "Surfing With The Alien". The piece is a hard driving rock boogie in shuffle time. The solo is a mixture of A pentatonic blues and Dorian mode, the chord sequence is: A D F# A. The tapping solo uses Satriani's signature Pitch Axis Theory composition style, the central pitch in this case is A and the broken chords revolve around this note.

= = = Monomer = = =
A monomer is a single atom or molecule which is able to join with other monomers to make new substances called polymers. The words come from the Greek language where "mono" means "one", "poly" means "many", and "meros" means "a part". A feature of monomers is that they have two carbon atoms which are joined, called a carbon double bond. The double bond allows the monomer to make the long chains of polymers. There are thousands of different monomers. Examples of monomers include monosaccharide which is simple sugar, glycerol, amino acid and nucleotide. The most made monomer is ethylene.

= = = Anne Tenney = = =
Anne Tenney (born 1954 in Sydney) is an Australian movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Molly Jones in the television drama "A Country Practice" and as Sal Kerrigan in "The Castle".
Career.
Tenney started her career with guest roles in several Australian drama series, before becoming a part of the cast of "A Country Practice" in 1981. She left the program in 1985. 
She then got roles in many other television series. These include "Police Rescue", "Brides of Christ", "E Street", "Water Rats", "Always Greener", "All Saints" and "headLand".
She also appeared in 1997 movie "The Castle".
Awards.
In 1985 and 1986, Tenney won the 'Most Popular Actress' award at the Logies.
Personal.
She is married to actor Shane Withington. He played her husband on "A Country Practice".

= = = Elio Di Rupo = = =
Elio Di Rupo (born 18 July 1951) is a Belgian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Belgium from 2011 to 2014. He was the leader of Parti socialiste. He was born in Morlanwelz, Wallonia to Italian parents. Di Rupo is openly gay.
Di Rupo is the first openly gay man to lead a sovereign state. He was also the first openly gay man to win the position in his own right in an election.
Di Rupo is also mayor of Mons and previously alderman of the same city.
He is an atheist and a Freemason.

= = = Kyoto Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Kyoto.
History.
In the Meiji period, Kyoto Prefecture was made from the area of the former Yamashiro Province.
From the 7th century through the late-19th century, the city of Kyoto was the Imperial capital of Japan.
Geography.
Kyoto Prefecture is almost in the center of Honshū and of Japan. To the north, it faces the Sea of Japan and Fukui Prefecture. To the south, it faces Osaka and Nara Prefectures. To the east, it faces Mie and Shiga Prefectures. To the west, it faces Hyōgo Prefecture.
Cities.
There are fifteen cities in Kyoto Prefecture.
Towns and villages.
These are the towns and villages in each district:
Education.
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
The Kamo Shrines ("Kamigamo jinja" and "Shimogamo jinja") are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. 

= = = Batik = = =
 Batik is an Indonesian method of dyeing cloth and making it resistant using wax. Such fabrics originally come from the island of Java. Nowadays, batik also can be found worldwide, mainly in Asia and Africa.
History of batik.
Batik is an ancient fabric wax-resist dyeing tradition of Java island (nowadays part of modern Indonesia). In the Ramayana—ancient Sanskrit epics dated 500 BC—, the island of Java is recorded as the island that already had seven kingdoms long before the story of Ramayana created, and Batik is one of the regarded clothes that have glorious value that originally made by the manufacturers within the kingdoms' environment itself. Batik is a part of an ancient Javanese tradition and has been taught for centuries, the art of batik is most highly developed in Java and some of the best batiks in the world still made there until today.
Due to the colonialism, batik also became popular in the Western countries, especially since the Dutch colonial era.
Technique.
To make a batik, they use the cloth as the paper, and they just start drawing hot wax over the cloth. And they said if we repeated the process, it will be more colorful. For the first step, make sure the cloth is washed. Batik patterns are drawn with pencil and later drawn again using a hot wax. The very common thing that people use is the pen-like instrument called a tjanting. After the cloth is dry, the areas keep their original color, and it also shows the pattern between the areas that have the color and do not have the color. It gives them a pattern. Then the artist repeats the process once for each color. A very traditional type of batik, called written batik, is drawn using only a tjanting. The cloth needs to be drawn on both sides and put in a color bath three or four times. The process may take up to a year.

= = = Payment protection insurance = = =
Payment protection insurance (commonly abbreviated PPI) is a special insurance. People who get a loan can get an insurance against dying, having an accident or becoming unemployed during the period of this loan. If the person taking the loan dies, the rest of the loan is paid by the insurance company; if they become unable to work because of an accident, or because of unemployment, the insurance company will pay the installments. 
This form of insurance has often been criticised because it is expensive; also the insurance and the people selling the insurance usually have high margins on these kinds of insurance. 

= = = Otoya Yamaguchi = = =
 was a Japanese political activist and assassin. He killed Inejirō Asanuma, the head of the Japanese Socialist Party (JCP). On October 12, 1960, the killing was broadcast live by NHK television.
Assassin.
Yamaguchi was an assassin because he killed a politically active man. His reasons for the murder were political.
Yamaguchi was a member of a radical group. In 1960, he killed Inejiro Asanuma when he was at a public meeting. Soon after, Yamaguchi killed himself in a juvenile center. He wrote on the wall of the room in which he hung himself. His last words were written using a paste made from tooth powder and water. He wrote "Seven lives for my country ..." which was a reference to the last words of 14th century samurai Kusunoki Masashige.
Legacy.
Yasushi Nagao captured the assassination in a dramatic photograph. The image won the 1960 World Press Photo award.
Nobel Prize-winning writer Kenzaburō Ōe based his book "Seventeen" on Yamaguchi.

= = = West Hollywood, California = = =
West Hollywood (nickname: WeHo) is a city of Los Angeles County, California. It was made a city on November 29, 1984. The population was 35,757 at the 2020 census. According to a 2002 analysis, 41% of the city's population is made up of gays. West Hollywood and the neighboring city of Beverly Hills are surrounded by the city of Los Angeles.

= = = Steve Reeves = = =
Stephen L. "Steve" Reeves (21 January 1926 - 1 May 2000) was an American bodybuilder and actor. He was born in Glasgow, Montana. He moved to California with his mother at age 10. He trained as a bodybuilder. He joined the US Army and served in the Pacific during World War II. 
After the war, he pursued bodybuilding. In 1946, he won the title of Mr. Pacific Coast. Within the next four years he won the world's most famous titles, including Mr. America, Mr. World, and Mr. Universe. 
Reeves started acting. In 1954, he had some small parts in movies and was on television. In 1957, he made "Hercules", a low budget movie based on the ancient Greek stories of the Golden Fleece. The movie was a great success. It made $5 million in the United States.
From 1959 through 1964, Reeves starred in many low budget peplum movies. In 1963, he married Aline Czarzawicz. The couple retired to Southern California in 1969. He wrote an exercise guide, "Building the Classic Physique the Natural Way". He bought a ranch and bred horses. Reeves died from lymphoma in Escondido, California in 2000.

= = = Hercules (1958 movie) = = =
Hercules is a 1958 movie. It is based on the Ancient Greek tales of Hercules, Jason, the Argonauts, and the Golden Fleece. Steve Reeves stars as Hercules. A massive "saturation" promotional campaign was launched in the United States for the movie. 
History.
It opened in 175 theatres alone in the New York City area. "Hercules" became a big hit as a result, and Steve Reeves became a big star. "Hercules" paved the way for dozens of flicks starring oily bodybuilders as mythological heroes battling monsters, despots, and evil queens. The movie had a sequel called "Hercules Unchained". It also starred Reeves.

= = = Sword-and-sandal = = =
Sword and sandal movie is a movie genre. They have an ancient Greek, Roman, or Biblical setting. Sometimes called "peplum" movies from the garment worn by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
The central character in these movies is usually a muscular hero like Hercules or Samson. He wears a short peplum and battles monsters, evil despots, and kings or queens. This oil-slicked, nearly-nude hero is rewarded at the end of the movie with the cheers of his people, clan, or tribe and the hand of a lovely princess.
These movies were mostly made in Italy and some in Spain. Italian moviemakers modelled peplum movies on the big budget Hollywood epics like Charlton Heston's "Ben-Hur" (1959) or Kirk Douglas' "Spartacus" (1960). The genre was very important in Italian moviemaking from 1957 to 1965, but was shoved aside in 1965 by the "Spaghetti Western".
Critics often thought peplum movies were poor stuff. They treated them with contempt. Italian director Vittorio Cottafavi called the genre "Neo-Mythology". Elizabeth Taylor's "Cleopatra" (1963) and Sophia Loren's "The Fall of the Roman Empire" (1964) are generally considered big-budget sword and sandal movies that mark the end of the genre.

= = = Muscular Christianity = = =
Muscular Christianity is a movement which started during the Victorian era. It stressed the need for active Christian activism and belief of vigorous masculinity. It is most associated with the English writers Charles Kingsley and Thomas Hughes, and in Canada with Ralph Connor. Kingsley and Hughes promoted physical strength and health (at least for men) as well as an active pursuit of Christian ideals in personal life and politics.
Muscular Christianity has continued itself through organisations that combine physical and Christian spiritual development. It is influential within both Catholicism and Protestantism.

= = = List of Omiya Ardija players = = =
The List of Omiya Ardija players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Omiya Ardija is a Japanese professional football club in the Ōmiya ward of Saitama.

= = = Sean Stone = = =
Sean Ali Stone (born 1984) is an American movie director, producer, cinematographer, screenwriter and actor. He is the elder son of Oliver Stone. 

= = = Machinima = = =
Machinima ( or ) is a type of animation and digital moviemaking style. It is the use of 3D computer graphics with a 3D video game or computer game to create the 3D animation. The creator who is making the video will record in-game animation and edit it with voice recordings. Machinima can be script-driven, meaning the cameras, characters, and effects are scripted for playback in real time. Unlike other types of animation, the scripting is driven by events and not keyframes.
"Machinima" limits the controls of other animation types. "Machinima" videos can be shot live or scripted in real time. So it becomes much faster to produce than traditionally animated movies.
"Machinima" productions can remain close to their gaming roots and feature stunts or other portrayals of gameplay. Popular genres include dance videos, comedy, and drama. Some filmmakers attempt to stretch the boundaries of the rendering engines or to mask the original 3-D context. The Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences (AMAS), a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting machinima, recognizes exemplary productions through Mackie awards given at its annual Machinima Film Festival. Some general film festivals accept machinima, and game companies, such as Epic Games, Blizzard Entertainment and Jagex, have sponsored contests involving it.
The Making of "Machinima".
The AMAS defines machinima as "animated filmmaking within a real-time virtual 3-D environment". In other 3-D animation methods, creators can control every frame and nuance of their characters but, in turn, must consider issues such as key frames and in-betweening. Machinima creators leave many rendering details to their host environments, but may thus inherit those environments' limitations. Because game animations focus on dramatic rather than casual actions, the range of character emotions is often limited. 
Another difference is that machinima is created in real time, but other animation is pre-rendered. Real-time engines need to trade quality for speed and use simpler algorithms and models. In the 2001 animated film "", every strand of hair on a character's head was independent; real-time needs would likely force them to be treated as a single unit. For cut scenes in video games, issues other than visual fidelity arise. Pre-rendered scenes can require more digital storage space, weaken suspension of disbelief through contrast with real-time animation of normal gameplay, and limit interaction.
Like live action, machinima is recorded in real-time, and real people can act and control the camera. Filmmakers are often encouraged to follow traditional cinematic conventions, such as avoiding wide fields of view, the overuse of slow motion, and errors in visual continuity. Unlike live action, machinima involves less expensive, digital special effects and sets, possibly with a science-fiction or historical theme. Explosions and stunts can be tried and repeated without monetary cost and risk of injury, and the host environment may allow unrealistic physical constraints. University of Cambridge experiments in 2002 and 2003 attempted to use machinima to re-create a scene from the 1942 live-action film "Casablanca". Machinima filming differed from traditional cinematography in that character expression was limited, but camera movements were more flexible and improvised. Nitsche compared this experiment to an unpredictable Dogme 95 production.
Berkeley sees machinima as "a strangely hybrid form, looking forwards and backwards, cutting edge and conservative at the same time". Machinima is a digital medium based on 3-D computer games, but most works have a linear narrative structure. Some, such as "Red vs. Blue" and "The Strangerhood", follow narrative conventions of television situational comedy. Although other virtual theatrical performances have taken place in chat rooms and multi-user dungeons, machinima adds "cinematic camera work". Previously, such virtual cinematic performances with live audience interaction were confined to research labs which had powerful computers. 
Machinima can be less expensive than other forms of filmmaking. Strange Company produced its feature-length machinima film "BloodSpell" for less than £10,000. Before using machinima, Burnie Burns and Matt Hullum of Rooster Teeth Productions spent US$9,000 to produce a live-action independent film. The four Xbox game consoles used to make "Red vs. Blue" in 2005 cost $600. The low cost caused a product manager for Electronic Arts to compare machinima to the low-budget independent film "The Blair Witch Project", without the need for cameras and actors. Because these are seen as low barriers to entry, machinima has been called a "democratization of filmmaking". 
Comparatively, machinimists using pre-made virtual platforms like Second Life have indicated that their productions can be made quite successfully with no cost at all. Creators like Dutch director Chantal Harvey, producer of the 48 Hour Film Project Machinima sector, have created upwards of 200 films using the platform. Harvey's advocacy of the genre has resulted in the involvement of film director Peter Greenaway who was a juror for the Machinima category and gave a keynote speech during the event.
Character and camera control.
Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd list four main methods of creating machinima. From simple to advanced, these are: relying on the game's AI to control most actions, digital puppetry, recamming, and precise scripting of actions. Although simple to produce, AI-dependent results are unpredictable, thus complicating the realization of a preconceived film script. For example, when Rooster Teeth produced "The Strangerhood" using "The Sims 2", a game that encourages the use of its AI, the group had to create multiple instances of each character to accommodate different moods. Individual instances were selected at different times to produce appropriate actions.
In digital puppetry, machinima creators become virtual actors; each crew member controls a character in real-time, as in a multiplayer game. The director can use built-in camera controls, if available. Otherwise, video is captured from the perspectives of one or more puppeteers who serve as camera operators. Puppetry allows for improvisation and offers controls familiar to gamers, but requires more personnel than the other methods and is less precise than scripted recordings. However, some games, such as the "Halo" series, (except for Halo PC and Custom Edition, which allow AI and custom objects and characters), allow filming only through puppetry. In recamming, which builds on puppetry, actions are first recorded to a game engine's demo file format, not directly as video frames. Without re-enacting scenes, artists can then manipulate the demo files to add cameras, tweak timing and lighting, and change the surroundings. This technique is limited to the few engines and software tools that support it.
A technique common in cut scenes of video games, scripting consists of giving precise directions to the game engine. A filmmaker can work alone this way, as J. Thaddeus "Mindcrime" Skubis did in creating the nearly four-hour "The Seal of Nehahra" (2000), the longest work of machinima at the time. However, perfecting scripts can be time-consuming. Unless what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) editing is available, as in "", changes may need to be verified in additional runs, and non-linear editing may be difficult. In this respect, Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd compare scripting to stop-motion animation. Another disadvantage is that, depending on the game, scripting capabilities may be limited or unavailable. Matinee, a machinima software tool included with "Unreal Tournament 2004", popularized scripting in machinima.
Limitations and solutions.
When "Diary of a Camper" was created, no software tools existed to edit demo files into films. Rangers clan member Eric "ArchV" Fowler wrote his own programs to reposition the camera and to splice footage from the "Quake" demo file. "Quake" movie editing software later appeared, but the use of conventional non-linear video editing software is now common. For example, Phil South inserted single, completely white frames into his work "No Licence" to enhance the visual impact of explosions. In the post-production of "", Rooster Teeth Productions added letterboxing with Adobe Premiere Pro to hide the camera player's head-up display.
Machinima creators have used different methods to handle limited character expression. In the "Halo" video game series, helmets completely cover the characters' faces. To prevent confusion, Rooster Teeth's characters move slightly when speaking, a convention shared with anime. Some machinima creators use custom software. For example, Strange Company uses Take Over GL Face Skins to add more facial expressions to their characters filmed in BioWare's 2002 role-playing video game "Neverwinter Nights". Atussa Simon used a "library of faces" for characters in "The Battle of Xerxes". In some cases, some game companies may provide such software; examples include Epic Games' Impersonator for "Unreal Tournament 2004" and Valve Corporation's FacePoser for "Half-Life 2". Another solution is to blend in non-machinima elements, as nGame did by inserting painted characters with more expressive faces into its 1999 film "Berlin Assassins". It may be possible to point the camera elsewhere or employ other creative cinematography or acting. For example, Tristan Pope combined creative character and camera positioning with video editing to suggest sexual actions in his controversial film "Not Just Another Love Story".

= = = Oswald (TV series) = = =
Oswald is an American kids' television show produced by Decode Entertainment and HIT Entertainment. It originally aired on Nick Jr. and Noggin in the United States for the first and the second seasons in 2001. 26 episodes were produced. In the United Kingdom, the series got a British dub using an American voice actors by Skylark Sound Studios using a British with a British accents by The Character Development and The Sound Company Ltd. on Channel 5 and Milkshake! in 2003. Only the first 2 seasons were dubbed.
The series was added to Paramount+ (at the time CBS All Access) in January 2021.
Plot.
The series is set in Big City, a colorful world populated by anthropomorphic animals, mythological creatures and humanoid beings. Each episode follows the daily experiences of an anthropomorphic blue octopus named Oswald (voiced by Fred Savage), accompanied by his beloved pet hot dog Weenie, and their life in the cheerful and whimsically-designed community of Big City. Commonly, the program concentrates on Oswald's experiences with friends, acquaintances and neighbors, including Henry, a penguin, and Daisy, a flower, among others – and his patient methods of coping with or tolerating different situations and dilemmas, along with his thoroughly optimistic outlook on life.
Reception.
The series received four out of five stars on Common Sense Media.

= = = Oswald = = =
Oswald may refer to:

= = = Jason and the Argonauts (1963 movie) = = =
Jason and the Argonauts is a 1963 movie. It stars Todd Armstrong as Jason. The movie is about the quest for the Golden Fleece. It was directed by Don Chaffey. The special effects were the creation of stop-motion animation expert Ray Harryhausen. The movie is famous for its monsters and the battle with the skeletons. "Hercules" is another movie on the Golden Fleece theme that was made about the same time. It stars legendary bodybuilder Steve Reeves. 

= = = Ulysses (1954 movie) = = =
Ulysses is a 1954 3-D Italian adventure movie. It is based on Homer's poem "The Odyssey", and tells of Odysseus's attempts to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. Silvana Mangano plays two roles, as Penelope, the faithful wife of Ulysses and the sorceress, Circe. Kirk Douglas stars the Greek hero, Ulysses. Anthony Quinn plays Antinous.

= = = Clash of the Titans = = =
Clash of the Titans is a 1981 movie. It is about the Greek hero Perseus. He is played by Harry Hamlin. The movie features the final work of stop motion artist, Ray Harryhausen. It made $41 million in the United States. It was the 11th highest money-making movie of the year. Warner Bros. released a remake in 3D on April 2, 2010. Many big stars were in the movie including Laurence Olivier, Maggie Smith, and Ursula Andress.
Plot.
King Acrisius of Argos (Donald Houston) has his daughter Danaë (Vida Taylor) imprisoned in a tower, out of jealousy for her beauty. However, Zeus (Laurence Olivier), king of the Greek gods, impregnates her and the product of this affair is Perseus. Fearing that his grandson will one day grow up to kill him, Acrisius has both mother and child set out to sea in a wooden chest, in the hopes of killing them. However, out of revenge, Zeus has Acrisius killed and orders the sea god Poseidon (Jack Gwillim) to release the last of the Titans, a giant humanoid sea monster called the Kraken, to destroy Argos. Meanwhile, Danaë and Perseus miraculously survive and land on the island of Seriphos, where Perseus grows into a young man.
Calibos (Neil McCarthy) is a young man who is the son of the sea goddess Thetis (Maggie Smith) and due to be married to Andromeda (Judi Bowker), daughter of Queen Cassiopeia (Siân Phillips) and heiress to the throne of Joppa; however, he has killed off every living thing in the Wells of the Moon (which he was entrusted to guard), among them Zeus' sacred herd of winged horses (except for Pegasus). To punish him, Zeus transforms Calibos into a monstrous satyr and has him exiled by his people. In retribution, Thetis transports the adult Perseus (Harry Hamlin) to an abandoned amphitheatre in Joppa where he encounters the aged poet Ammon (Burgess Meredith) from whom he learns that Andromeda is under a curse and is unable to marry unless her suitors can correctly answer a riddle; those who fail are burned at the stake. To aid his son, Zeus sends Perseus an invisibility helmet from Athena (Susan Fleetwood), a magic sword from Aphrodite (Ursula Andress) and a shield from Hera (Claire Bloom). Wearing the helmet, Perseus manages to capture Pegasus and follows Andromeda to learn the next riddle. Calibos nearly kills Perseus, but he escapes, losing his helmet in the process and also managing to sever Calibos' hand.
With the help of Thallo (Tim Pigott-Smith), Perseus presents himself as a suitor and correctly answers the riddle, presenting Calibos' severed hand and winning the hand of Andromeda in marriage. When Calibos finds his mother cannot act against Perseus, he commands her to take vengeance on Joppa. When Cassiopeia compares her daughter's beauty to that of Thetis', the enraged goddess demands that Andromeda must be sacrificed to the Kraken or Joppa will be destroyed. 
While Perseus tries to find a way to conquer the Kraken, Pegasus is captured by Calibos' henchmen. Zeus commands Athena to give her owl Bubo to Perseus, but she convinces the gods' blacksmith Hephaestus (Pat Roach) to create a golden replica instead, who leads Perseus to a trio of hags called the Stygian Witches (Flora Robson, Anna Manahan and Freda Jackson), who have one tooth and eye between them. By taking their magic eye, Perseus forces them to reveal that the only way for the Kraken to be killed is by killing the gorgon, Medusa, who lives on an island at the edge of the Underworld. The group continues on their journey, minus Andromeda and Ammon, who return to Joppa. 
While on the Gorgon's island, Perseus and his companions are attacked by Dioskilos, Medusa's two-headed hellhound. During the fight, one of the party is killed by the beast, before he is eventually slain by Perseus. He leads his two remaining allies into the gorgon's lair, where Medusa herself kills the two men, shooting one of them with an arrow and petrifying the other. Perseus uses his shield's reflective side to deceive Medusa and decapitates her. He collects her head, but his shield is dissolved by the gorgon's caustic blood. 
As Perseus and his party set to return they are attacked by Calibos, who punctures the bag containing Medusa's severed head, and three giant scorpions called Scorpiochs rise out of the blood. They attack Thallo, who managed to kill one of the scorpions, who Calibos later kills. Perseus slays the two remaining scorpions and Calibos, and later grieves for Thallo. Weakened from his fight, Perseus sends Bubo to rescue the captive Pegasus. Bubo succeeds in freeing the horse and he also manages to destroy Calibos' camp. Perseus manages to reach the Joppa amphitheater, but collapses from exhaustion. Andromeda is chained to the cliffs near Joppa and the Kraken is summoned. Bubo arrives and diverts the monster's attention until Perseus (whose strength was secretly restored by Zeus) arrives, mounted on Pegasus. In the battle, he uses Medusa's head to turn the Kraken to stone, causing to crumble into pieces. Perseus then throws Medusa's head into the ocean, frees Andromeda and subsequently marries her.
The gods predict that Perseus and Andromeda will live happily for the rest of the lives and have children. Zeus also forbids the gods from pursuing vengeance against them. The constellations of Perseus, Andromeda, Cassiopeia and Pegasus are created in their honor. 

= = = Childhood = = =
Childhood is the period between birth and puberty. Childhood ends when a human being begins puberty. The state or period of being a child is called childhood. In many places, childhood ends at puberty, or legally at a fixed age of majority. The child becomes an adult, sometimes with a rite of passage. Another word for teenagers and adolescents is "youth".

= = = Engen = = =
Engen (��) was a of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after "Kemmu" and before "Kōkoku". This period started in February 1336 and ended in April 1340. The monarchs during this time were and . The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was . 

= = = Kōkoku = = =
Kōkoku (��) was a of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after "Engen" and before "Shōhei". This period started in April 1340 and ended in December 1346. The monarch during this time were was . The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was . 

= = = Anglo-Saxon runes = = =
The Anglo-Saxon runes are runes that were used from the 5th to the 8th century. It extends Elder Futhark from 24 to between 26 and 33 characters. Like the Elder Futhark, it is named after the first few letters in the series: These transliterate to Futhorc in modern English. The script was used to record Old English and Old Frisian. Inscriptions using Futhorc are rare after the 9th century, and completely disappear after the Norman conquest.

= = = Shōhei = = =
 was a Japanese era name (��, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōkoku and before Kentoku. This period started in December 1346 and ended in July 1370.
The monarchs during this time were and . The Northern Court pretenders in Kyoto were , and .

= = = Hercules vs. the Moon Men = = =
Hercules Against the Moon Men is a 1964 Italian/French movie. It was directed by Giacomo Gentilomo. It stars Alan Steel (real name Sergio Ciani). The movie blends (mixes) elements from Roman, Greek, Cretan and Egyptian mythologies. In the original Italian language version, the hero was not Hercules. The hero was Maciste. Maciste was a hero in Italian silent movies. Its original Italian title was "Maciste e la regina di Samar" ("Maciste and the Queen of Samar"). Its French title was "Maciste contre les hommes de pierre" ("Maciste Against the Men of Stone"). The English distributors dubbed the hero Hercules, because Maciste was not well known to American audiences.
Story.
A race of evil moon men land on Earth. For years, they have terrorized the city of Samar. They have made the people of Samar give them children to be sacrifices. Now, the queen of Samar has made an pact with the moon men to take control of the world. She wants to become the most powerful woman alive. The people of Samar do not like all the chaos. They cheer when the mighty Hercules shows up to end it all.

= = = Kentoku = = =
Kentoku (��) was a Japanese era name (��, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after "Shōhei" and before "Bunchū". The period started in July 1370 and ended in April 1372. The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was . The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

= = = Bunchū = = =
Bunchū (��) was a Japanese era name (��, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after "Kentoku" and before "Tenju". This period started in October 1372 and ended in May 1375. The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was . The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

= = = Tenju = = =
Tenju (��) was a Japanese era name (��, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Bunchū and before Kōwa. This period started in May 1375 and ended in February 1381. The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was . The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

= = = Kōwa (Muromachi period) = = =
Kōwa (��) was a Japanese era name (��, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Tenju and before Genchū. This period started in February 1381 and ended in April 1384. The Southern Court monarchs in Yoshino during this time-frame were and . The Northern Court monarchs in Kyoto were and 

= = = Ryakuō = = =
 was a of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kemmu and before Kōei. The period started in August 1338 and ended in April 1342. The pretender in Kyoto was . Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

= = = Kōei (era) = = =
 was a of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ryakuō and before Jōwa. This period started in April 1342 and ended in October 1345. The pretender in Kyoto was . Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was .

= = = Women's movies = = =
Women's movies is a movie genre. These movies are ones that moviemakers expect women to like. They are about women. They have themes that moviemakers think would interest women such as home, family life, being a mother, making sacrifices, and romance. Women's movies are movies that were made "for" women by predominantly male screenwriters and directors whereas "women's cinema" is movies that have been made "by" women. Women's movies have been made for years and years, ever since the silent movie days. It took a while for the term "woman's movie" to be used though. These movies were called "melodramas" at first. They were very popular during World War II. Their production fell off in the 1960s. The term "woman's movie" went south in the 1960s even though such movies were still being made. George Cukor, Douglas Sirk, Max Ophüls, and Josef von Sternberg directed woman's movies. Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Barbara Stanwyck made many woman's movies. "Mildred Pierce", "Jezebel" and "Stella Dallas" are examples of woman's movies.

= = = Handshakes and Middle Fingers = = =
Handshakes and Middle Fingers is the second major release studio album by Canadian rapper, Classified. "Handshakes and Middle Fingers" was released on March 22, 2011. The album spawned three singles "That Ain't Classy", "The Day Doesn't Die" and "Maybe It's Just Me". "That Ain't Classy" peaked at #45 on the Canadian Hot 100 while "The Day Doesn't Die" peaked at #83 on the Canadian Hot 100. The album peaked at #7 on the Canadian Albums Chart and also hit #2 on the iTunes top seller list.

= = = The Wedding Singer = = =
The Wedding Singer is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore. It follows a wedding singer falling in love with a waitress in 1984.

= = = Rafael Landry Tanubrata = = =
Rafael Landry Tanubrata (born in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, November 16, 1986) is an Indonesian pop and R&B singer-songwriter, hip hop dancer and actor. He is a member of the boy band SM*SH.
Biography.
Rafael Landry Tanubrata born in November 16, 1986 star sign in Scorpio. favorite song Daniel Bedingfield "If You're Not the One" (2002) and Mario "Let Me Love You" (2004).

= = = In Search of the Castaways = = =
In Search of the Castaways is a 1962 Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars Hayley Mills, George Sanders, and Maurice Chevalier. The movie was directed by Robert Stevenson. It was based on Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel "Captain Grant's Children". The movie was Mills's third of six movies for the Disney Studios. The movie was a box office hit.
The Sherman brothers (Robert B. and Richard M. Sherman) wrote the songs "Castaway", "Merci Beaucoup", "Let's Climb", and "Enjoy It". Movie critic Hal Erickson wrote, "[The movie] is a roller-coaster of a Disney film, making up in excitement what it lacks in credibility or coherence...the film was ideal Saturday-matinee fodder for the kiddie trade in 1963."
Story.
Teenager Mary Grant, her brother Robert, and their friend Professor Paganel, persuade Lord Glenarvan to rescue shipwrecked Captain Grant. They sail halfway around the world on Lord Glenarvan's yacht. The friends survive an earthquake, a flood, a fire, an attack by a giant condor, and a volcanic eruption before rescuing Captain Grant from fierce Maoris.
A subplot involves a criminal named Thomas Ayerton, a former crew-member of Captain Grant's ship. He was responsible for Captain Grant's disappearance. Another subplot involves a romance between Mary and Lord Glenarvan's son John.

= = = Man and the Biosphere Programme = = =
The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is a division of UNESCO that tries to improve and encourage conservation and sustainability around the world. It was created in 1971. Its main focus is a network of biosphere reserves. The programme acts as a kind of forum for exchanging ideas and experiences on sustainable development and management of these reserves. Biosphere reserves are areas that are supposed to develop creative ideas, test them and share the results. To date, there are 621 biosphere reserves in 117 countries.
"1" <br>"*"

= = = Around the World in 80 Days (1956 movie) = = =
Around the World in 80 Days (sometimes written as "Around the World in Eighty Days") is a 1956 adventure movie. It stars David Niven, Cantinflas, and Shirley MacLaine. It was produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The movie was directed by Michael Anderson. The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman. It was based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young. The cinematography was by Lionel Lindon. The movie won many Academy Awards, including "Best Picture". Many well known actors made small appearances in the movie. These stars include Charles Boyer, Marlene Dietrich, and Frank Sinatra.

= = = Lake retention time = = =
Lake retention time (also called the residence time of lake water, or the water age or flushing time) is the calculated average time that water (or a dissolved substance) spends in a lake. At its simplest this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake. It describes the amount of time that is needed for a substance to flow in and out of a lake.

= = = Mysterious Island (1961 movie) = = =
Mysterious Island is a 1961 movie. It was released by Morningside Productions through Columbia Pictures. The movie was based on the book "The Mysterious Island" by Jules Verne. The movie was produced by Charles H. Schneer and Ray Harryhausen. It was directed by Cy Endfield. The movie was filmed at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England as a showcase for Harryhausen's stop-motion animation effects. The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann. The movie stars Michael Craig as Captain Harding; Joan Greenwood as Lady Mary Fairchild; and Herbert Lom as Captain Nemo.
Story.
Union soldiers escape in a hot air balloon from a Confederate prison camp during the American Civil War. They crash-land in the ocean. They are washed ashore on an unknown island where gigantic animals live. The animals are the result of experiments by Captain Nemo. He is an unknown benefactor to the castaways as they struggle to survive on the island. A volcano threatens to erupt. The stranded group escapes from the island on a pirate ship. The volcano destroys the island. The animated "monsters" that the castaways encounter are a giant crab, a giant flightless bird, giant bees, and a giant cephalopod.

= = = Discharge (hydrology) = = =
In hydrology, discharge is the outflow of water from a river or lake or other body of water. The discharge describes how much water flows through, in a certain amount of time. The amount is usually expressed in formula_1 (cubic metres per second).
The discharge is the opposite of the inflow.

= = = Bagnolet = = =
Bagnolet is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France. It is 5.2 km (3.2 mi) from the center of Paris and is in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. About 34,595 people lived there in 2006. 
Education.
From 1989 to 1999, the aviation engineering school Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées was in the town.

= = = Orly = = =
Orly is a town near Paris, France. It is in the Val-de-Marne département and the Île-de-France region. There are about 21,372 people in the town (as of 2007).
Education.
The École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) was built at Orly in 1949. It was there from 1949 to 1969. The buildings are still visible from the road going to the airport of Paris Orly.

= = = Georges Méliès = = =
Georges Méliès (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French moviemaker. He led the way in the use of special effects, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted colour in his work. His movies include "Conquest of the Pole", "A Trip to the Moon", and "The Impossible Voyage". These movies involve strange, surreal voyages, like those in Jules Verne's books. These movies are among the most important early science fiction movies. Méliès's "The Haunted Castle" is an early horror movie.
Life and work.
Méliès was born in Paris, France in 1861. He liked drawing and playing with a puppet theater as a child. He went to the theater often as a young man. About 1888, Méliès bought the Théatre Robert-Houdin and worked there as a magician. He became obsessed with moviemaking after seeing a movie by Antoine Lumière in 1895. In May 1896, he acquired his own movie camera and set up a movie studio. At the end of 1896, he formed a new company, Star Film.
Méliès began making movies that were three to nine minute long. He wrote, designed, filmed, and acted in nearly all of his movies. He liked putting magic tricks into his movies. While filming a street scene one day, the camera stopped briefly. When Méliès looked at the movie later, he noticed that at the moment of the break, the bus he had been filming suddenly disappeared and new vehicles replaced it. Making items appear and disappear by stopping and starting the camera would become one of his most commonly used movie tricks. 
In 1902, Méliès produced his first masterpiece, "A Trip to the Moon". It was inspired by several works of the time that speculated about life on the moon. H.G. Wells and Jules Verne wrote about space travel, for instance, and Offenbach composed an opera about a trip to the moon. "Trip" was a huge success in France. Méliès hoped to make a fortune showing it in the United States. Thomas Edison and other moviemakers made copies of "Trip" however, and made money on Méliès's work. 

= = = The Haunted Castle = = =
The Haunted Castle is an 1896 three-minute-long French movie written, directed, and produced by Georges Méliès. The movie contains many traditional pantomime elements. It was meant to amuse people, not frighten them. It is considered to be the first horror and vampire movie. "The Haunted Castle" is now in the public domain. In English, this movie has been known as "The Haunted Castle", "The Devil's Castle", "The Devil's Manor", "The Manor of the Devil", and "The House of the Devil". It was released on Christmas Eve, 1896, at the Theatre Robert Houdin, 8 boulevard des Italiens, Paris.
Story.
A large bat flies into a castle. The bat circles slowly while flapping its monstrous wings. Suddenly, it changes into Mephistopheles (Georges Méliès). After preparing a cauldron, the demon produces skeletons, ghosts, and witches from the bubbling contents of a cauldron. One of those summoned from the underworld holds up a crucifix. Satan vanishes in a blast of smoke.

= = = Koei = = =
, also known as , is a Japanese video game publisher, developer, and distributor.
History.
In 2009, Koei merged with a competitor, Tecmo.
The new company was named Tecmo Koei.

= = = Loreen = = =
Lorine Zineb Nora Talhaoui (born 16 October 1983), better known as Loreen, is a Swedish-Moroccan pop singer, music producer, actress and model. Loreen is known for being the second person and first woman to win the Eurovision Song Contest twice.
She represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2012 with the song "Euphoria" and won. She returned to represent Sweden in Eurovision in 2023 and won with the song "Tattoo". This made her the first woman to win twice and also marked Sweden's seventh win, tying them with Ireland for the most wins at Eurovision.
She had also attempted to represent Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest two other times in 2011 and 2017 with the songs "My Heart is Refusing Me" and "Statements". However, she did not win Sweden's selection show Melodifestivalen and therefore failed to do so. 
Loreen has also appeared on several television shows and films including the Swedish version of "Idol" in 2004 (which she was a contestant on), the Netflix film "JJ+E" and the .
Personal life.
Loreen was born in 1983 in Stockholm, Sweden to Moroccan parents. Loreen has Moroccan Berber ancestry.
Loreen was in a relationship with "Idol 2004" winner Daniel Lindström from 2004 to 2006. Lindström dedicated his first music album after winning "Idol" to Loreen. In early 2017, Loreen came out as bisexual. In March 2021, Loreen revealed that she had a boyfriend.

= = = Computer speaker = = =
Computer speakers are speakers external (meaning that they are on the outside) to a computer. Speakers contain amplifiers which vibrate to produce the sound. They come in many different forms. Some speakers are already attached to a computer. Some speakers are wireless. They work by Bluetooth. 

= = = List of bridges in Ottawa = = =
This is a list of bridges in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They are listed from west to east for the Ottawa River or North to South for the Rideau River and Canal. 
Spanning the Ottawa River.
Bridges spanning the Ottawa River from west to east:
Spanning the Rideau River.
Bridges spanning the Rideau River from north to south:
Spanning the Rideau Canal.
Bridges spanning the Rideau Canal from north to south:
Other bridges.
Bridges not spanning the above water courses:
Bridges carrying roads or pedestrian ways over or under Highways 417, Highway 416 and Ottawa Highway 174 ar not listed.

= = = Triodia = = =
Triodia is a large genus of grass endemic to Australia. They are often called spinifex, but they are not a part of the genus "Spinifex", which is only found near the coast. There are 64 known species. Triodia is a perennial grass that grows in dry areas. They have spikey, pointed leaves, about 30-40 centimetres long.
The leaf tips can break off in people's skin, causing infections. Spinifex has been used by Australian Aborigines in many things. The seeds are collected for food. Spinifex resin is used as a glue in spear-making. The grasses were also burned to make smoke signals, to communicate with groups a long way away. Some species are used for building shelters. Others are used to make traps for catching fish.

= = = 38th G8 summit = = =
The 38th G8 summit was held at Camp David, Maryland in the United States on May 18-19, 2012. The summit venue was moved from Chicago to rural Maryland in March 2012.
History.
The Camp David summit of the Group of Eight (G8) was the 38th meeting in a series which began in 1976. 
Previous G8 summits have been hosted by the United States at San Juan, Puerto Rico (1976); Williamsburg, Virginia (1983); Houston, Texas, Denver, Colorado (1997) and Sea Island, Georgia.
The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.
Participants.
The participants were the "core members" of the group:
Invited leaders.
A number of national leaders are traditionally invited to attend the summit. They are asked to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities. The leaders of four African nations were invited by the US president:
The G8 leaders talked about making progress towards food security in Africa. 
Others were invited, including:
Schedule and Agenda.
The summit is intended as a venue for resolving differences among the G8 members.
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda.
Discussions at the 38th G8 summit included some issues from previous summits.
The G8 discussions included a range of topics, including 
Protesters and demonstrations.
Planners anticipated protest groups and other activists. 
When the venue for the summit was changed from Chicago, a White House spokesman said security and the possibility of protests were not factors in the decision. Some protest groups took credit for the change of venue.
Business opportunity.
For some, the G8 summit was a profit-generating event; as for example, the "G8 Summit" magazines which have been published since 1998. 
Local businesses near Camp David are expecting more people in the area and profits because of the summit.

= = = Alpine marmot = = =
The Alpine marmot is a species of marmot. It can be found in mountain regions of central and southern Europe. It is the third-largest rodent on the European continent. The Eurasian beaver and the Crested porcupine are both larger than it. Alpine marmots mature in their third year. For this reason, marmots live in family groups of up to twenty animals. Alpine marmots have been around since the ice age. Today, their range is limited to the higher mountain regions.

= = = Western Christianity = = =
Western Christianity is a part of the Christian religion. Western Christianity talks about the religious traditions of Christians whose ancestors were from Western Europe.
Western Christianity includes people who are members of the Catholic Church, as well as people who are members of Protestant churches. The Protestant churches were formed by people who were former members of the Catholic Church. Many Protestant churches started during the Protestant Reformation in about 1600. 
As the Protestant leaders were former members of the Catholic Church, Protestants share many, but not all, religious beliefs and religious traditions with Catholics. However, Western Christianity is different from Eastern Christianity, which has a different set of religious traditions, but many of the same religious beliefs.
Western denominations.
Western Christianity makes up about 90% of Christians worldwide. The Roman Catholic Church has over half of all Christians. The many Protestant and related denominations make up another 40%. Baptists, Lutherans, and Anglicans are some of the larger and older Western denominations which are not the Roman Catholic Church.

= = = Paul Signac = = =
Paul Signac (11 November 1863 – 15 August 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter. His work with Georges Seurat helped create the pointillist style of painting. 

= = = FIFA (video game series) = = =
FIFA, also known as FIFA Football or FIFA Soccer, is a series of association football video games, released yearly by Electronic Arts. The most recent FIFA game released was "FIFA 23" released September 30th, 2022.
The "FIFA" video games franchise has versions in 10+ languages. It is available in 50+ countries. The series has sold more than 100 million copies.

= = = ABC Kids = = =
ABC Kids may refer to:

= = = FIFA 14 = = =
FIFA 14 is a 2013 association football simulation video game created by EA Canada and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Microsoft Windows. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on the consoles' respective launch dates. It is the only game to be released on three different PlayStation consoles (PS2, PS3, and PS4). Lionel Messi is the cover athlete of the game. Since it was released on September 23, 2013, it has gotten good reviews.
In 2001, Raptors NBA TV begin airing in Canada. Although quite similar to NBA TV, there is a larger focus on the Toronto Raptors basketball team, due to Canadian content requirements and restrictions on foreign ownership (the channel is owned by Raptors parent company Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, not the league).
As of 2010, NBA TV coverage can be seen in 40 countries via the following partners:
NBA TV HD.
NBA TV HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast of NBA TV. All studio programs and original shows are shot in HD, and all live games and recent game rebroadcasts are shown in HD. For programs not available in HD (such as older game footage), unique stylized pillarboxes are used, the NBA logo with "NBA TV" under it, or alternately, just "NBA TV" sideways. Both are in black and gray
New carriage agreements.
On April 16, 2009, it was announced that DirecTV and the NBA reached a new carriage agreement. NBA TV was moved from the satellite television provider's add-on Sports Pack (and premium subscription package NBA League Pass) to its lower priced base package Choice Xtra on October 1, 2009. DirecTV believes the move will make the channel available to an additional 8 million subscribers.
On June 4, 2009, it was announced that the NBA and Comcast have reached a deal to move the channel from the cable company's add-on Sports Entertainment Package to its basic level Digital Classic package, by the start of the 2009-10 NBA season. Comcast believes an additional 8 million customers will now have access to the channel.
Verizon FiOS added the channel and NBA League Pass for the first time on September 23, 2009.
The channel also signed new multiyear agreements with Time Warner Cable, Cablevision, and Dish Network on October 22, 2009. They also reached a new deal with Cox Cable earlier this year.
With all of the above carriage deals, the NBA believes it will now reach 45 million viewers.

= = = HBO Asia = = =
HBO Asia is a television network in Asia. It is a franchise of HBO. HBO Asia is now a joint venture of media giants Viacom (25%) and Time Warner (75%). Sony Pictures Entertainment and Universal Studios exited the fifteen year-old HBO Asia premium movie joint venture on January 16, 2008.
History.
Launched in 1992, Singapore-based HBO Asia is a commercial-free 24-hour subscription movie channel. It also offers some original movies and series that are produced by the Emmy and Golden Globe award winning American channel, HBO.
HBO Asia has five channels under its multi-channel strategy (HBO, HBO Signature, HBO HiTS, HBO Family and Max). HBO launched its first subscription Video-On-Demand service, HBO On Demand, in Hong Kong, it was launched in Singapore a year later. 
HBO recently launched its first regional HD channel, HBO HD, in Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines,Thailand and Malaysia. HBO is available in twenty-two countries throughout Asia and has closed-captioned subtitling in several local languages.
Programming.
HBO Asia has licensing deals with two major Hollywood conglomerates and their film studios: Time Warner (Warner Bros. Pictures; New Line Cinema, HBO Films, Castle Rock Entertainment; Warner Independent Pictures, Franchise Pictures) and Viacom (Paramount Pictures, DreamWorks; Paramount Vantage). It also licenses movies from Columbia Pictures and many independent distributors such as Village Roadshow Pictures, Morgan Creek, Screen Gems and Universal Studios
Channels.
The HBO multiplex channels are divided into special packages. In Hong Kong, now TV's package is HBO/MAX PAK Premium while in the Philippines, SkyCable Platinum's package is THE HBO PAK. In Indonesia, First Media's package is HBO MAX PAK In Singapore, StarHub TV's package is called HBO PAK.
Censorship.
Since HBO Asia headquarters is in Singapore, HBO Asia has to follow Singapore Law, which means that cuts have to be made to programs such as "Sex and the City" and "The Sopranos".
The HBO-made series "Entourage" was taken off-air for three weeks by one cable operator in the Philippines pending clearance by MTRCB. The entire series continued to air without disruption on all other Philippines cable operators.
Every movie with content which is considered to oppose or distort the Vietnam War, the Vietnam Communist Party or Communism is replaced by a black screen. In addition, if the Ministry of Culture and Information considers a movie has contents of a serious sexual or horrific nature not conforming with Vietnamese society, it will not be aired.
HBO in South Asia.
India.
HBO Asia airs a separate PAY TV feed with commercial breaks for viewers in South Asia. The channel is labeled as HBO South Asia and often referred to as HBO India since it specifically caters to the Indian market. All movie promos in this beam are according to IST The channel is also available to viewers in Bangladesh and the Maldives. HBO South Asia took over the rights for DreamWorks movies from STAR Movies in June 2008.
Pakistan.
In Pakistan, HBO is available as HBO Pakistan. It is a simulcast of HBO India with slight modifications and running in PST. Diwali ads and other adverts targeted towards India are filtered out in this beam. This beam can also be called the +0.30 version of HBO South Asia since all the programs aired on this beam are aired with a thirty minute delay.

= = = Discovery Channel (Southeast Asian TV channel) = = =
Discovery Channel (formerly The Discovery Channel, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is the Southeast Asian version of Discovery Channel operated by Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific, a division of Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. which provides documentary programming. Its documentaries focused mainly on popular documentary genre similar to that of the Al Jazeera English, Radio Philippines Network, Smithsonian Channel, Special Broadcasting Service, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Investigation Discovery, History2 Channel, History Channel, Crime and Investigation Network, Nigerian Television Authority, South African Broadcasting Corporation, Public Broadcasting Corporation of Jamaica, TVNZ, People's Television Network, Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, Philippine Broadcasting Service, Educational Broadcasting System, Channel 4, National Geographic Channel, CBS, Raidió Teilifís Éireann, American Broadcasting Company, National Public Radio, China Central Television, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, British Broadcasting Corporation and Public Broadcasting Service.

= = = National Geographic (Asian TV channel) = = =
The National Geographic Channel, also known as Nat Geo, is an Asian subscription television channel. It has non-fiction, programming involving nature, science, culture, and history. These programs are made by the National Geographic Society, just like Educational Broadcasting System, History Channel, the Discovery Channel and British Broadcasting Corporation.
History.
The channel was launched on August 1, 1994 in partnership with STAR TV. Star TV is a Hong Kong-based satelite television service for Asia and the Pacific. It is owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. Nat Geo replaced the NBC Asia channel on July 1, 1998. , the Asian version of National Geographic Channel was available in over 56 million homes. NGC Asia has eight different channels feeds.

= = = Gifted education = = =
Gifted education is a term for special ways to educate (teach) children who have been identified as gifted. There is no definition of a gifted student which everyone agrees on.
Gifted and talented education has a long history of thousands of years. Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BCE) was in favour of providing specialized education for intellectually gifted young men and women. In China's Tang Dynasty (580-618 CE), child prodigies were summoned to the imperial court for specialized education. Throughout the Renaissance, those who showed creative talent in art, architecture, and literature were supported by both the government and private patronage.
In 2011, the National Association for Gifted Children published a position paper that stated what a gifted student is. The word "gifted," describes people who demonstrate outstanding aptitude or competence in one or more domains. An "aptitude" is defined as an exceptional ability to learn or reason. "Competence" is defined as documented performance or achievement in the top 10% of the population.

= = = Sport England = = =
Sport England is the name for the English Sports Council. It is a non-departmental public body under the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It works with national governing bodies of sport to grow the number of people in sports. Their goal is to keep these people in the sports. Sport England also helps more talented people do well by identifying them early, nurturing them, and helping them move up to the top level.
Sport England has two statutory, functions: (1) a lottery distributor for sport; and (2) it must be consulted on planning applications that affect playing fields. The funding it distributes comes from both H.M. Treasury and the National Lottery. Since 1994, it has invested over £2bn of lottery funds and £300 million from the Exchequer into sports in England.

= = = Manic Street Preachers = = =
Manic Street Preachers (often referred to as the Manics) are an alternative rock band from Blackwood, Wales, formed in 1986. They are James Dean Bradfield (vocals, guitars), Nicky Wire (bass, occasional vocals) and Sean Moore (drums, backing vocals, occasional trumpet). The band is part of the Cardiff music scene. Their biggest success was during the 1990s.
The band were originally a four piece band: lyricist and rhythm guitarist Richey Edwards mysteriously vanished on 1 February 1995. In November 2008, 13 years after his disappearance, he was officially declared presumed dead.
The Manics released their debut album "Generation Terrorists" in 1992. Their combination of androgynous glam punk imagery, outspoken
invective and songs about "culture, alienation, boredom and despair" soon gained them a loyal following and cult status. The band's later albums kept a politicized and smart lyrical style. They also adopted a broader alternative rock sound. Enigmatic lyricist Richey Edwards gained early notoriety by carving the words "4 REAL" into his arm with a razor blade (narrowly missing an artery and requiring seventeen stitches) in response to the suggestion that the band were less than authentic. The dark nature of 1994's "The Holy Bible" showed the result of Edwards' instability.
Following Edwards' disappearance, Bradfield, Moore, and Wire kept with the Manic Street Preachers and went on to gain critical and commercial success. They became one of Britain's top rock bands. They have had eight top ten albums and fifteen top ten singles. They have reached number one three times, with their 1998 album "This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours" and the singles "If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next" (1998) and "The Masses Against The Classes" (2000). They have also won the Best British Album and Best British Group accolades at the BRIT Awards in 1997 and 1999, and were lauded by the NME for their lifetime achievements in 2008. Their ninth studio album, "Journal For Plague Lovers", was released on 18 May 2009 and features lyrics Edwards had left behind to the band weeks before his disappearance.
In 2010 their tenth album "Postcards from a Young Man" was released. Their eleventh album "Rewind the Film" was released on 16 September 2013. Their next album "Futurology" is going to be released in 2014.

= = = Turnstile = = =
A turnstile, also called a baffle gate, is a type of gate. It only allows one person to pass at a time. It can also be made so as to make one-way traffic of people. It can also make passage only to people who put in a coin, a ticket, a pass, or similar. A turnstile can be used for paid access (sometimes called a faregate when used for this). For example, it can be used in public transport as a ticket barrier or at a pay toilet. 
Turnstiles are used at a variety of places. This includes stadiums, amusement parks, museums, and mass transit stations.

= = = Toroid (geometry) = = =
A toroid is a geometric shape that resembles a torus. A toroid is constructed by rotating a geometrical shape around an axis which is outside the shape. If this is done to a circle, a torus results.

= = = Ashburys railway station = = =
Ashburys railway station in Openshaw serves Beswick and West Gorton in Manchester, England. It is located on the Manchester-Glossop Line at its junction with the branch line to and and the freight-only line to Phillips Park Junction (on the Huddersfield Line).

= = = Regional casino = = =
A Regional Casino, more commonly known as a Super Casino (or occasionally known as Mega Casino), is the term given to the largest category of casino that was to have been permitted under UK law. It is meant to be the same size as the larger casinos in Las Vegas. The first Regional Casino was proposed to be in the City of Manchester. This was stopped by the UK government soon after Gordon Brown became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
History.
The Gambling Act 2005 revised many regulations relating to gambling in England. Amongst the most controversial provisions was the establishment of a number of 'destination casinos' in the style of Las Vegas, commonly referred to in the media as 'Super Casinos'
Initial drafts of the act proposed eight regional casinos but concerns expressed in the national media and by a range of addiction related social and religious groups meant that the final revision of the act permitted only one casino of the largest size, referred to as a 'Regional Casino', with a further eight 'large' and eight 'small' casinos of a smaller sizes and with reduced Jackpot limits.
Prior to the act there were 140 casinos in the UK, the largest of which in Star City, Birmingham had a floor area of around 950 square metres. Customers were required to register twenty-four hours prior to gaming.
Definition of casino types.
Under the terms of the Gambling Act the Secretary of State is able to define each type of Casino, with reference to any matter he or she chooses; although the act specifically mentions as facts to consider the number, location and concentration of gaming tables, and the floor area designated for a specific purpose.
Definitions have been determined such that the 'super casino' will have a minimum customer area of 5000 square metres and at most 1250 unlimited-jackpot slot machines.
'Large casinos' will have a minimum area of 1000 square metres and up to 150 slot machines with a maximum jackpot of £4000.
The 'small casinos' will have a minimum customer area of 750 sq metres, up to 80 slot machines and a jackpot of £4000.
The shortlist.
In May 2006, a short-list of eight sites, selected from various ones submitted by local councils, was announced for the location of the Regional Casino. These were:
On 30 January 2007 it was announced that the first Regional Casino would be built in East Manchester near the City of Manchester Stadium. This was a shock to the Blackpool and The O2 (formerly the Millennium Dome) bids. Both of them were thought of as the favourites. However, the Blackpool bid organisers pledged to continue the work in getting government approval for a 'supercasino'.

= = = Royal Institute of British Architects = = =
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional organisation for architects in the United Kingdom.
It was originally named the Institute of British Architects in London and formed in 1834. The group was started by several important architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, John Buonarotti Papworth and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. It was awarded a Royal Charter in 1837, becoming the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892.
The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are allowed to call themselves chartered architects and to add the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. In the past, fellowships of the institute were given, but this has stopped; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.
RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the exhibition galleries and Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

= = = Institution of Structural Engineers = = =
The Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) is an organisation for structural engineering based in the United Kingdom. It has 23,600 members in 105 countries. The Institution is a learned body and provider of professional accreditation for structural engineers. The Institution publishes a monthly journal, "The Structural Engineer".

= = = Bahrain International Circuit = = =
The Bahrain International Circuit (BIC) is a motorsport track opened in 2004 and used for auto racing. The main race is the Bahrain Grand Prix. The 2004 Grand Prix was the first held in the Middle East. In 2006, Australian V8 Supercar started racing at the BIC. 24 Hour endurance races also hosted at BIC.
History.
Building the Bahrain circuit (track) was important for Bahrain, and was started by the Crown Prince, Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa. The Crown Prince is the Honorary President of the Bahrain Motor Federation.
In the track became the first Grand Prix circuit to be awarded the distinguished (important) FIA Institute Centre of Excellence award. The award was given for having and keeping high race safety and medical facilities.
Construction and design.
The track was designed by German architect Hermann Tilke. Tilke also designed the Sepang circuit in Malaysia. The track cost approximately US $150 million to build. It can be set-up as six different tracks, including a test oval and a drag strip.
The track had a special problem. The track was located in the middle of a desert. There were concerns that sand would blow onto the track and disrupt the race. Organizers (the people who run the race) were able to keep the sand off the track by spraying an adhesive (glue) on the sand around the track.
The surface of the track has a high level of grip. The same surface is used at the Yas Marina Circuit for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.
Series hosted.
The Bahrain International Circuit hosts a number of races, including the FIA Formula One World Championship, the Australian V8 Supercar Championship Series, the GP2 Series, GP2 Asia, Chevrolet Lumina Series, Speedcar Series, Thunder Arabia and Radical.
In the past the track has hosted the FIA GT Championship, and a one-time Bahrain Superprix involving Formula Three cars, following from the failure of the Korea Super Prix. The first Formula BMW World Final took place in Bahrain. Every year there is the 24 Hours of Bahrain race.
Bahrain Grand Prix.
The first Bahrain Grand Prix took place on 4 April 2004, making history as the first Formula One Grand Prix to be held in the Middle East. Other countries, including Egypt, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates wanted to host the Formula One Grand Prix.
The Bahrain Grand Prix is usually the third race on the Formula One schedule. In the 2006 season, Bahrain traded places with the usual first race, the Australian Grand Prix. The Australian Grand Prix date was changed to avoid interfering with the Commonwealth Games. In , Bahrain was moved to the fourth race on the schedule. In , Bahrain was the first race of the season. For 2010, the Formula One cars raced on the full "Endurance Circuit".
Starting in 2011, Formula One will return to the original track layout. This is the layout that was used in 2004.

= = = Phase 10 = = =
Phase 10 is a card game for people to play, somewhat similar to Uno, or Skip-Bo.

= = = Muharraq Governorate = = =
The Muharraq Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It is together with the municipality of Al Muharraq and with Muharraq Island and with outlying islets. It includes the former municipality of Al Hadd at the southern end of that island. 
Muharraq is Bahrain's second largest city and is also called the "Place of Ashes".

= = = 1997 Qayen earthquake = = =
The 1997 Qayen earthquake was a large earthquake that struck in Northern Iran's Khorasan Province on May 10, 1997. It was also known as the Quayen, Ardekul or Qaen earthquake. It was the largest in that area since 1990 and measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale. It was the third earthquake in 1997 that caused a lot of damage. It killed 1,567 people and injured over 2,300. It also left 50,000 homeless by damaging over 15,000 homes. There were 155 aftershocks that added to the damage, which was guessed to cost about $100 million.
The United States Geological Survey said that it was the most deadly earthquake in 1997.

= = = Wind turbine = = =
A wind turbine is a rotating machine that transfers kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as for pumping water, cutting lumber or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine may be called a wind turbine generator (WTG), wind power unit (WPU), wind energy converter (WEC), or aerogenerator.
Turning the generator.
The wind turbine's blades are turned by the wind. This turns a shaft turning slowly, at about 10-20 rpm with a high torque. The shaft goes into a reduction gearbox with a ratio of about 1:50, although some wind turbine gearboxes can have a ratio of 1:100 or more. Some wind turbines may have no reduction gearbox at all, and have a ratio of 1:1. The gearbox turns the generator more quickly, at around 1000 rpm, at a low torque. The generator creates electricity. This electricity is combined with any other wind turbines that may be in the same wind farm. This combined electricity may be used locally, or adjusted to match the electricity in the power grid and sent to the power grid.
Environmental Impact.
Although wind turbines are a renewable source of energy and don't pollute the environment as a result of generating power, they have an environmental impact. Some people think that wind turbines create a lot of noise and look unappealing. However, wind turbines are placed no closer than 300 meters from residential homes. At that distance, a wind turbine is no louder than an average household air conditioner.

= = = Wet-tail = = =
Wet-tail or proliferative ileitis, is a disease in rodents kept in cages, mainly hamsters, but can include rabbits, gerbils, rats, and mice. It is caused by stress. Even with treatment, the animal can die within 24–48 hours. Baby hamsters are much more likely to get the disease than older hamsters. It commonly is found when the hamster is being weaned at about four weeks of age.
Causes.
Wet-tail is a disease in the animal's intestines caused by the bacteria, "Lawsonia intracellularis". Wet-tail is stress related. The stress can be caused by:
Symptoms.
The symptoms may not appear for several days. The main symptom is the animal has a wet tail, matted with faeces. Other signs of the disease are: 
Treatment.
There are drugs to treat wet-tail which can be bought from pet shops. A vet may choose to give the animal other drugs. The sick animal should be kept in a cage by itself so that others do not catch the disease.

= = = Luxury box = = =
The luxury box or luxury suite is the North American term for a special seating section in arenas, stadiums and other sports venues. In the United Kingdom and Australia the terms used are corporate box, executive box, sky box and private box. They are usually in the mid-section of the stadium. The seats have usually the best views of the sporting event. Some have glass panels that can be opened, in order for the spectators to feel closer to the action of the sporting event. The inside of a luxury box usually has a bar, several televisions sets, a row of seats and a private bathroom. The boxes are usually catered. The lease to a box also comes with a personal parking space, and a private entrance. The boxes usually generate more revenue than regular seating.

= = = Contactless smart card = = =
A contactless smart card is a kind of smart card with integrated circuits that can process and save data. Most cards are as big as a credit card. They can receive information which is processed and delivered through radio. There are two main kinds of contactless smart cards. 
Many people believe contactless smart cards have a read-only RFID inside it. This is not true, but they do have a re-writable smart card microchip inside them. Contactless smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and saving data.

= = = Pericles' Funeral Oration = = =
Pericles' Funeral Oration is a famous speech from Thucydides' "History of the Peloponnesian War". The speech was delivered by Pericles at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BCE). He was a famous Athenian politician. The speech was a part of the yearly public funeral for the people who died in the war.
At that time, people in Athens had a custom of holding a public funeral for the people who died in war. The bodies of the dead were left out for three days in a tent, where offerings could be made for the dead.
"Funeral Oration" was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his "History of the Peloponnesian War". Thucydides records the speech as if every word in the record was what Pericles said. However, people agree he did, at least, correct or change the speeches a little. Thucydides says in his "History" that the speeches are not completely the same as what was really said, but written to show the main ideas of what was said. It is quite certain that Pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war. However, people are not sure how much Thucydides' record is the same as Pericles' actual speech.
The Funeral Oration is important because the speech was different from usual Athenian funeral speeches. David Cartwright describes it as "a eulogy (description) of Athens itself...". The speech is about what great things Athens did, delivered to encourage the people.
Gettysburg Address and Pericles' funeral oration.
American Civil War scholar Garry Wills calls Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address the modern parallel to Pericles' Funeral Oration.

= = = Gorgoneion = = =
In Ancient Greece, the Gorgoneion () was originally a magic pendant showing the Gorgon's head. (The use of magic against evil, or bad luck is generally called Apotropaism). 
The gorgoneion was linked with the gods Zeus and Athena; both are said to have worn it as a pendant. It was also popular as a royal symbol, worn on shields and capes. These can be seen on the Alexander Mosaic and the Gonzaga Cameo.
Evolution.
Homer wrote about the Gorgon on four occasions, but only about the head, as if the creature had no body. Jane Ellen Harrison notes that "Medusa is a head and nothing more...a mask." The body was added many years later. Up to the 5th century BC, the head was shown as being very ugly, with her tongue sticking out, boar tusks, puffy cheeks, her eyeballs staring straight ahead and the snakes twisting all around her.
The direct frontal stare was highly unusual in ancient Greek art. In some cases a beard, (probably representing streaks of blood) was added to her chin, making her appear as a wild and sexual god, like Dionysus.
Gorgoneia painted on the shields of warriors on mid-5th century Greek vases are not as ugly, strange or frightening. By that time, the Gorgon had lost her tusks and the snakes were rather stylized. The Hellenistic marble known as the Medusa Rondanini shows how the Gorgon changed over time into a beautiful woman.
Usage.
Gorgoneia are first seen in Greek art at the beginning of the 8th century BC. One of the earliest is on a coin found during an archaeological dig at Parium. Other early 8th-century examples were found at Tiryns. There is a similar image from the Knossos palace, dating from the 15th century BC. Marija Gimbutas even argues that "the Gorgon extends back to at least 6000 BC, as a ceramic mask from the Sesklo culture illustrates".
In the 6th century BC, gorgoneia of a basic type of "lion mask" were found all over Greek temples, especially in and around Corinth. Pedimental gorgoneia were common in Sicily; probably the earliest one is in the Temple of Apollo in Syracuse. Around 500 BC, they stopped being used to decorate monumental buildings, but were still shown on parts of the roof tiles (antefix) of smaller buildings throughout the next century.
As well as temples, the Gorgon image can be found on dress, dishes, weapons, and coins across the Mediterranean region from Etruria to the Black Sea coast. The Gorgon coins were made in 37 cities, making her image on coins second only to some of the main Greek gods. On mosaic floors, the gorgoneion was usually near the door, as if guarding it. On Attic kilns, a gorgoneion over the kiln door protected from accidents.
The Gorgon image remained popular even in Christian times, especially in the Byzantine Empire, including Kievan Rus (now the Ukraine). The image was used in Western Europe by the Italian Renaissance artists. In the 20th century, the gorgoneion was used by Gianni Versace as a logo for his fashion company.
Origin.
Gimbutas says the gorgoneia are part of the Mother Goddess cult linked to "dynamic life energy". She said the gorgoneion is a typical European image. Jane Ellen Harrison, on the other hand, claims that many primitive cultures use similar ritual masks. These are meant to scare the owner from doing something wrong, or, as she terms it, to make an ugly face at him.

= = = Ryosuke Nakajima = = =
Ryosuke Nakajima (born 28 April 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Marquinhos Paraná = = =
Antônio Marcos da Silva Filho known as Marquinhos Paraná or just Marquinhos (little Marcos; born 20 July 1977), is a former Brazilian right-back or defensive midfielder. He last played for Ventforet Kofu in the J. League Division 1.

= = = Phil Younghusband = = =
Phil Younghusband (born 4 August 1987) is a Filipino football player. He has played for Philippines national team.
International career statistics.
!Total||6||7

= = = Carlo Zotti = = =
Carlo Zotti (born 3 September 1982) is an Italian football player. He plays for Bellinzona.
Club career statistics.
15||0
15||0

= = = Alex Song = = =
Alex Song (born 9 September 1987) is a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Arsenal and Cameroon national team.
Club career statistics.
32||0||||||||||||||32||0
59||1||4||0||10||1||17||1||90||3
91||1||4||0||10||1||17||1||122||3
International career statistics.
!Total||15||0

= = = Katsumi Yusa = = =
Katsumi Yusa (born 2 August 1988) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
9||0||0||0||2||0||11||0
9||0||0||0||2||0||11||0

= = = Ricardo Faty = = =
Ricardo Faty (born 4 August 1986) is a French football player. He plays for Roma.
Club career statistics.
48||3
11||0
2||0
61||3

= = = Masayuki Miura = = =
Masayuki Miura (born 4 November 1966) is a former Japanese football player.
Work experience.
2019      
Team Manager: Khon kaen FC Thailand League 2
2018      
Team Manager: Ayutthaya United Thailand League 3 (Promoted)       
2016      
Team Manager: Khon Kaen FC Thailand League 3 (Promoted)
2011-2015 
Team Manager/General Manager: NORDDEA Hokkaido,Hokkaido,Japan
2007-2009 
Top Team Coach: CONSADOLE Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
2003-2006 
Team Manager: CONSADOLE Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
2001-2002 
Top Team Coach: CONSADOLE Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
1997-2001 
Team Manager: CONSADOLE Sapporo Youth (U-15), Hokkaido, Japan

= = = Yasuyuki Akaike = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an football player and coach.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Mariano González = = =
Mariano Nicolás González (born 5 May 1981) is a retired Argentine professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or as a winger.
Club career statistics.
64||14
65||4
45||6
174||24
International career statistics.
!Total||9||0
Honours.
Club.
Racing Club
Inter
Porto
International.
Argentina

= = = Evaldo (footballer, born 1983) = = =
Evaldo Silva dos Santos (born 4 January 1983) is a Brazilian football player.

= = = Atsushi Inoue = = =
Atsushi Inoue (born 28 May 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics.
153||0||3||0||0||0||156||0
153||0||3||0||0||0||156||0

= = = Alberto (footballer, born 1975) = = =
Alberto Luiz de Souza (born 27 April 1975) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
51||13||||||||||51||13
22||2||||||||||22||2
15||3||1||0||2||1||18||4
88||18||1||0||2||1||91||19

= = = Georgios Samaras = = =
Georgios Samaras (born 21 February 1985) is a Greek football player. He plays for Celtic and Greece national team.
Club career statistics.
88||25
55||8
47||20
190||53
International career statistics.
!Total||31||5
References.

= = = Gustave Courbet = = =
Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter. He was the leader of the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. Courbet was prepared to try out new ideas and ways of painting. His paintings made social comment on the world around him.
Courbet's paintings were an inspiration to many other painters, particularly the French Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Vincent van Gogh and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec were all inspired by Gustave Courbet's paintings of people. His landscape paintings were an inspiration to Claude Monet, Seurat, Cezanne and many other painters.
Early life.
Courbet was born in 1819, and was the son of Régis and Sylvie Oudot Courbet in Ornans, Doubs. Courbet's sisters, Zoé, Zélie and Juliette, were his first models for drawing and painting.
When Courbet was twenty he went to Paris in 1839, and worked at the studio of two other painters, Steuben and Hesse. He was not happy there, and wanted to work on his own. He studied the works of many great masters, including Goya, Velazquez and Titian. He painted several self-portraits at this time. He often returned home to Ornans to hunt, fish and find inspiration in the countryside and country life.
In 1846–1847 Coubet travelled to the Netherlands and Belgium where he studied the paintings of Rembrandt, Franz Hals and Jan Steen who all painted in the 1600s. The paintings by these artists often showed realistic scenes and portraits of everyday life. They showed ordinary people at the table together, dancing, writing, cooking, working at trades and in businesses and in the fields. There were many pictures of soldiers. Courbet decided that he wanted to paint scenes of ordinary life the way that these artists did. He did not want to paint scenes from literature, history or mythology like most other artists in France at that time.83
Success.
Courbet painted a large picture of everday-life at Ornans. The painting, called "After Dinner at Ornans", shows four men who have just finished a meal at a little table, which is perhaps in an inn. One man is playing his violin, one man is lighting his pipe. Courbet sits listening, with his head leaning on his hand. A large dog is curled under a chair. Courbet showed the painting at the Salon Exhibition in Paris. It was a great success. It won a Gold Medal and was bought by the French Government.32 Because of the gold medal, Courbet could hang his pictures at the Salon Exhibitions without having them checked by a jury first. This rule was changed in 1857.55 Courbet's work, and the work of Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet, became known as "Realism". Like the Dutch painters he admired, Courbet often painted in broad, rough brush strokes. He often used dark earthy colours, particularly brown, in his paintings.
"Stone Breakers".
In 1849 Courbet saw two people working by the roadside, using small hammers to break large rocks into gravel. One was an old man and the other was a young boy. Courbet painted a picture of this scene. He explained it to a friend "It is not often that one meets with so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there I got the idea for a painting. I told them to come to my studio the next morning."
The picture soon became one of the most famous scenes of the life of poor people that has ever been painted. It was destroyed during World War II in Dresden.31
"A Burial at Ornans".
Courbet's other important painting that was shown at the Salon of 1850 was a scene of life at his village. Beginning in 1849, he painted the funeral of his great-uncle who had died the previous year. Courbet got all the village people who had been at the funeral to come to his studio and pose for him, one by one, until the painting was complete. The painting was very large, 10 by 22 feet (3.1 by 6.6 meters). The famous artist Jacques Louis David had once painted a very large picture in the same way. David's picture was of the "Coronation of Napoleon" and showed all the people who were present.
Some people praised "The Funeral at Ornans" but other people were very angry about it. They thought that it was wrong to show the burial of an ordinary man in a huge painting, as if he was as important as an emperor. They thought that it was wrong to show the poor people of a village, with their old clothes and dirty boots, as if they were all as important as lords and ladies.4 Some of the critics said that Courbet was deliberately trying to paint ugliness. Many people came to see the picture and liked the new Realist way of painting. Courbet said: "The Burial at Ornans was ... the burial of Romanticism."
Courbet became a celebrity. (He became famous and written about in the newspapers- like a film star.) People said he was a genius, a "terrible socialist", and a "savage".8 
Courbet wrote to a friend in 1850:
During the 1850s Courbet painted many other pictures using common folk and friends as his subjects, such as "Village Damsels" (1852), the "Wrestlers" (1853), "Bathers" (1853), "The Sleeping Spinner" (1853), and "The Wheat Sifters" (1854).
"The Artist's Studio".
Courbet then painted another huge picture. This painting is called "The Artist's Studio" and is about seven years in his life as a painter. He shows himself at the centre of the picture, working on a large landscape painting. Behind him is an artists' model, who is naked. All around Courbet are his friends and people from his village. His mother stands to one side of the picture. Another woman is sitting on the floor feeding her baby. A little boy watches the artist, while a white cat plays on the floor.
In 1855 Coubet took this picture, with "Burial at Ornan" and twelve other paintings to be shown in a big international exhibition in Paris called "Exposition Universelle". The two biggest paintings and another one were sent away because there was not enough room. Courbet was angry. He had his own building put up, and showed forty of his paintings.52 Many other artists praised Courbet, but some people laughed at him, and the public did not buy very many of his pictures.84 Because of what he had done, younger artists heard about him and admired him. These included James McNeill Whistler in the United States as well as Édouard Manet in France.
Later life.
In 1857 Courbet showed six pictures in the Salon exhibition. One was a hunting scene and one was a picture of two prostitutes lying under a tree on the banks of the River Seine in Paris. Many people came to the exhibition. The hunting scenes were very popular for decorating the halls and dining rooms of large houses.52
For the rest of his life, Courbet painted erotic pictures like the picture of the prostitutes, and also many more hunting scenes. His last erotic painting was called "The Origin of the World" and was a close-up painting of female genitals. This painting was not shown in a public exhibition until 1988. He also painted many landscapes, which he began by doing outdoor sketches, then made into large paintings in his studio. By the 1870s Courbet was thought of as one of the leading artists in France. The emperor offered to make Courbet a member of the Légion d'honneur which was the highest honour in France, but Courbet refused to accept it. He believed that he belonged to the poor and ordinary people, not to the high and mighty.
At this time, there were many political problems in France. Courbet became involved in the political problems. In 1871, he was blamed because a public monument called the Vendôme Column had been demolished. He was put in prison for six months. In 1873, the new government expected him to pay to have the monument restored and put back. He did not have enough money so left France to live in Switzerland. The government decided to make terms so that Courbet could pay for the column in yearly payments of 10,000 francs for 33 years. Courbet died at La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland, on 31 December 1877, one day before the first payment was due. He was 58 and died of liver disease, made worse by heavy drinking.

= = = Paul Le Guen = = =
Paul Le Guen (born 1 March 1964) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.
Club career statistics.
478||23
478||23
International career statistics.
!Total||17||0

= = = Kohei Matsushita = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an Association football player.
Club career statistics.
61||2||3||0||0||0||64||2
61||2||3||0||0||0||64||2

= = = Hideo Tanaka = = =
Hideo Tanaka (born 1 March 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics.
129||12||8||0||16||0||153||12
129||12||8||0||16||0||153||12

= = = Oswaldo de Oliveira = = =
Oswaldo de Oliveira (born 5 December 1950) is a former Brazilian football manager.

= = = Yasuki Ishidate = = =
Yasuki Ishidate (born 24 September 1984) is a former Japanese football player. He played for Tochigi UVA.
Club career statistics.
69||8||3||0||0||0||72||8
69||8||3||0||0||0||72||8

= = = Benoît Assou-Ekotto = = =
Benoît Assou-Ekotto (born 24 March 1984) is a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and Cameroon national team.
Club career statistics.
66||0||||||||||7||0||73||0
46||0||2||0||7||0||8||0||63||0
112||0||2||0||7||0||15||0||136||0
International career statistics.
!Total||5||0

= = = Yuki Tazawa = = =
Yuki Tazawa (born 16 July 1979) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
36||13||0||0||0||0||36||13
36||13||0||0||0||0||36||13

= = = Ibrahima Bakayoko = = =
Ibrahima Bakayoko (born 31 December 1976) is a Côte d'Ivoire football player. He has played for Côte d'Ivoire national team.
International career statistics.
!Total||39||22

= = = Kazunori Hiraoka = = =
Kazunori Hiraoka (born 27 July 1965) used to be a Japanese football manager.

= = = Tadashige Teranishi = = =
Tadashige Teranishi (25 April 1926 – 14 January 1999) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0
0||0

= = = Tomotaka Fukagawa = = =
Tomotaka Fukagawa (born 24 July 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
159||15||13||4||14||2||186||21
159||15||13||4||14||2||186||21

= = = Akihiro Tabata = = =
Akihiro Tabata (born 15 May 1978) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
112||5||5||0||14||1||131||6
112||5||5||0||14||1||131||6

= = = Mark Delaney = = =
Mark Delaney (born 13 May 1976) is a former Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.
Club career statistics.
58||3
184||2
242||5
International career statistics.
!Total||36||0

= = = Ricardo Vaz Tê = = =
Ricardo Vaz Tê (born 1 October 1986) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Bolton Wanderers.
Club career statistics.
64||3||11||2||4||1||5||1||83||7
64||3||11||2||4||1||5||1||83||7

= = = Naoki Kurimoto = = =
Naoki Kurimoto (born 29 March 1950) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Craig Beattie = = =
Craig Beattie (born 16 January 1984) is a Scottish football player. He plays for Swansea City.
Club career statistics.
50||13||4||0||4||2||6||1||64||16
64||10||4||0||6||3||colspan="2"|-||74||13
114||23||8||0||10||5||6||1||138||29
International career statistics.
!Total||7||1

= = = Masayuki Nomura = = =
Masayuki Nomura (born 11 December 1966) is a Japanese football manager.

= = = Minoru Takenaka = = =
Minoru Takenaka (born 19 November 1976) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
35||20||0||0||35||20
35||20||0||0||35||20

= = = Amauri = = =
Amauri Carvalho de Oliveira (born 3 June 1980), known as Amauri, is an Italian former footballer who played as a striker.

= = = Masaki Yanagawa = = =
Masaki Yanagawa (born 1 May 1987) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Ventforet Kofu.
Club career statistics.
42||1||1||0||2||0||45||1
42||1||1||0||2||0||45||1

= = = Yoshihiro Uchimura = = =
Yoshihiro Uchimura (born 24 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Consadole Sapporo.
Club career statistics.
151||30||6||2||6||0||163||32
151||30||6||2||6||0||163||32

= = = Yusuke Murayama = = =
Yusuke Murayama (born 10 June 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.
Club career statistics.
146||4||5||1||6||0||157||5
146||4||5||1||6||0||157||5

= = = Naoya Tamura = = =
Naoya Tamura (born 20 November 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.
Club career statistics.
74||4||4||0||78||4
74||4||4||0||78||4

= = = Tomonobu Hayakawa = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
207||11||6||0||3||0||216||11
207||11||6||0||3||0||216||11

= = = Takanori Nakajima = = =
Takanori Nakajima (born 9 February 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.
Club career statistics.
187||2||10||0||4||0||201||2
187||2||10||0||4||0||201||2

= = = Shu Abe = = =
Shu Abe (born 7 June 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.
Club career statistics.
31||0||3||0||7||0||41||0
31||0||3||0||7||0||41||0

= = = Takanobu Komiyama = = =
Takanobu Komiyama (born 3 October 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.
Club career statistics.
85||10||6||0||19||1||110||11
85||10||6||0||19||1||110||11

= = = Dispute = = =
A dispute/disagreement is a continuing disagreement carried on between two or more parties. The parties may be people, or they may be organisations or countries. Disputes can last a long time, and they can have serious results. Dispute may happen from controversy. Disputes may become conflicts or polemic. Disputes between individual people may lead to violence. Disputes between organisations may lead to legal action. Disputes between countries may lead to war.
How disputes become serious.
Several factors make disputes more serious. Serious disputes may do a lot of damage to the people involved, and to their societies.
Length of time.
Disputes may last for long periods, and the longer they last, the more damage they may do. Where disputes involve religions, or hostile countries, they may last for more than a lifetime. Generations of children may be taught that their side is completely right, and the other wrong.
Fundamental values.
Disputes arise when there are conflicting needs, values or ideas. Differences of religion and culture are a common cause of disputes. Self-interest is a common cause of disputes between individuals.
Media spread disputes.
A second factor is the use of books, newspapers, radio and television by each side to promote their side of the argument. This propaganda helps to continue and spread the dispute.
Laws.
Laws may prevent freedom of speech, and prevent discussion in print or other media. This makes it difficult for either side to see merit in the other point of view. In turn, this makes it difficult for compromise or tolerance to dissolve the dispute.
How disputes are resolved.
Negotiation.
The study of disputes and conflicts reached its peak during the Cold War. Then the West versus East conflict seemed to threaten world peace, and many ideas were put forward to use negotiation as a tool to calm the tension. Negotiation about the reduction of nuclear weapons was successful.
The tension was finally reduced by the unexpected end of the Soviet Union, and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe. This was not achieved by negotiation. The reasons for the end of the Soviet Union are still being debated.
Mediation.
Professional help may be available. Between people, there are counsellors; between organisations there are specialists in conflict resolution; between countries there is the United Nations.
Time.
Some disputes do fade with the passage of time, though the time may be much longer than a human lifetime. Conflict between religions may fade only after centuries, and there is no known process of mediation.
Law.
All legal systems have provisions for making decisions in disputes. Usually the cases are based on claims about money, between individual people or between 'corporate entities'. These are companies or other organisations. Usually, the law can only be used if it can reach a decision based on evidence. Law textbooks list which disputes which may be addressed by law, and which can not.
Direct action.
Force has been used many times to enforce one side of the other to submit. Wars have been based on disputes, or disputes have been used as an excuse for wars. However, force has also been used to keep warring groups apart, and calm people down. Both the European Union and the United Nations have used peace-keeping forces in areas under violent dispute.
Education.
Education may be used to harden opinion and make a dispute worse, or it may be used to open people's minds to unpopular ideas. Education which helps people to think for themselves and keep an open mind is thought to reduce prejudice and conflict.
Democracy.
Democracy is one way of easing conflict within a country. It is not a perfect solution, for small groups may feel they are permanently excluded from power. Free speech and freedom from censorship exist to some extent in democracies. These freedoms are valuable to minority groups inside a country. Countries that have these freedoms are called open or liberal democracies.
Examples.
Of course, there are many disputes between individual people, but disputes between large groups or nations are of very great importance.

= = = Seating capacity = = =
Seating capacity is the highest number of people who can sit in a specific space. This limit can be either from the amount of space available, or from a law saying how many people are allowed to be there at a time.
Seating capacity can be for different kinds of things. It can be the number of people who can fit in a vehicle, for example an automobile or an airplane. It can also be for a stadium. The largest sports building in the world, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, has a permanent seating capacity of more than 257,000 people. Seats can be added on the field to raise that number to about 400,000.

= = = Apotropaic magic = = =
Apotropaism or apotropaic magic is the use of magic rituals against evil or harmful influences like the evil eye or "invidia", which was thought to cause injury or bad luck. This can be a long ritual, or it can take the form of simply wearing an amulet or other token, "against bad luck".

= = = Possession Island, Queensland = = =
Possession Island is a small island in the Torres Strait, near Cape York in far northern Queensland, Australia.
The island is called Bedanug or Bedhan Lag by the indigenous Australian people, the Kaurareg people. During his first voyage of discovery James Cook sailed north along the east coast of Australia, landing at Botany Bay. Reaching the tip of Queensland, he named and landed on Possession Island, just before sunset on Wednesday 22 August 1770. He said that the east coast was now British territory under the control of King George III.
He wrote in his journal:
In 2001, the Kaurareg successfully claimed native title rights over the island (and other nearby islands).
Possession Island is located at the centre of the Possession Island National Park. This park has an area of 5.10 km2, and was made a protected area in 1977. It is looked after by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.

= = = Commelinaceae = = =
The Commelinaceae is a family of 40 genera and over 600 species of monocotyledonous flowering herbs, distributed from Northern temperate to tropical climates.

= = = Martin Gardner = = =
Martin Gardner (October 21, 1914 – May 22, 2010) was an American writer. He had many interests, so he wrote about many topics. He wrote about mathematics, magic, literature, philosophy, skepticism, and religion. He wrote the "Mathematical Games" column in the "Scientific American" magazine from 1956 to 1981. After that, he wrote the "Notes of a Fringe Watcher" column in the "Skeptical Inquirer" magazine. He published over 70 books.
Gardner also sometimes wrote under pen names. As "Uriah Fuller" he wrote "Confessions of a Psychic". As "George Groth", he criticized his book, "The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener".
Works.
Books.
Note: Gardner also wrote some books on magic for professional magicians. These books are not listed here.
Collected "Scientific American" columns.
Martin Gardner's columns from "Scientific American" are printed in 15 books. Don Knuth calls these books "the Canon".
Three other books print some or all of Martin Gardner's columns from Scientific American:

= = = Holes (novel) = = =
Holes is a novel written by Louis Sachar. It was published on August 20, 1998 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, with cover art by Vladimir Radunsky. It won the Newbery Medal in 1999.
The novel is about Stanley Yelnats, a 15-year old boy who is sent by mistake to a camp for young criminals. At the camp, boys must dig 5 foot wide and 5 foot deep holes in a dried up lake in the middle of a hot desert. Stanley starts to have suspicions that the camp's warden is looking for something. This story is told alongside two others stories: one about Stanley's great-great-grandfather, and another about the area where the camp is located. These side stories include links to the present including some of the characters ancestors.
In 2003, Disney released a movie also titled "Holes" which was based on this novel. "Holes" was directed by Andrew Davis and written by the author of "Holes" himself, Louis Sachar. In 2006, Sachar also published a companion novel called "Small Steps", which is about two of the side characters from "Holes". The movie is currently found on Disney+.

= = = Nuclear fuel = = =
Nuclear fuel is a material that can be consumed to take over nuclear energy, by analogy to chemical fuel that is burned for energy. Nuclear fuels are the most dense sources of energy available. 
Most nuclear fuels contain heavy "fissile" elements which to undergo a nuclear fission chain reaction in a nuclear reactor. The most common nuclear fuels are uranium and plutonium but not all nuclear fuels are used in reactors. Some of them power radioisotope thermoelectric generators.

= = = Manicure = = =
A manicure is the act of beautifying one's hands or fingernails. Manicures can be done at home or by a professional in a nail salon.
During a manicure, the nail is filed with a nail file; the free edge of the nail is cut, the cuticle is treated, the person's hand is massaged and nail polish is put on.
History.
5000 years ago, manicures were first used. Henna was used in India for manicure. The word mehendi, another word for henna, derives from the Sanskrit mehandika. Cixi, the Dowager Empress of China, had very long naturally-grown nails.

= = = Dietitian = = =
A dietitian or dietician is an expert in food and nutrition.
Dietitians help promote good health through proper eating. They often write custom diets for people.
In a medical setting they can give food supplements for those people who cannot get what they need because of swallowing problems.
Dietitians want to find, cook and serve tasty, attractive and healthy food to patients, their families and healthcare providers.
In many countries only people with specific degrees or certifications can call themselves dietitians. 
The term nutritionist is widely used as it is not controlled like the title dietitian, but the word nutritionist can be used without having the qualifications of registered dietitians.
A nutritionist is not a dietitian as he is not registered to a national board and does not have the same qualifications.
Dietitians are important in the medical multidisciplinary team because they are experts in nutrition and can give advice to doctors, nurses, and other health care workers.
Dietitians supervise the preparation and service of food, help in research, and teach people on how to eat well.

= = = Mycology = = =
Mycology is the study of fungi. This includes their genetics, their biochemical properties (the chemical processes in them), their classification, their use to humans and their dangers (poisonous or infectious). Fungi are a source of tinder (easily combustible material to light fires), medicines, food, and psychoactive substances. 
A biologist who studies mycology is called a mycologist. 
Mycology is closely related to phytopathology (the study of plant diseases), because most plant diseases are caused by fungi. 
Historically, mycology was a branch of botany (plant biology). Now fungi are thought to be more closely related to animals than to plants.
Fungi are fundamental (perhaps essential) for life on Earth. They are symbionts. They can break down complex organic biomolecules, and so they are a link in the global carbon cycle.

= = = Andoni Iraola = = =
Andoni Iraola (born 22 June 1982) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Athletic Bilbao and Spain national team.
Club career statistics.
278||30
278||30
International career statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Takeshi Saito = = =
Takeshi Saito (born 6 May 1982) is a Japanese football player.

= = = Doni (footballer) = = =
Doniéber Alexander Marangon (born 22 October 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Roma.
Club career statistics.
85||0||22||0||27||0||134||0
126||0||7||0||29||0||162||0
211||0||29||0||56||0||296||0
International career statistics.
!Total||10||0

= = = Luciano Spalletti = = =
Luciano Spalletti (born 7 March 1959) is a former Italian football player who now coaches Russian football club Zenit from Saint-Petersburg.

= = = Yoichi Kamimaru = = =
Yoichi Kamimaru (born 30 June 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
11||0||2||0||13||0
11||0||2||0||13||0

= = = Ryosuke Sasagaki = = =
Ryosuke Sasagaki (born 13 January 1985) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
8||0||2||0||10||0
8||0||2||0||10||0

= = = Kengo Kawamata = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kawamata was born in Saijo on October 14, 1989. When he played for Komatsu High School, he also played for J2 League club Ehime FC in 2006. After graduating from the high school, he joined J1 League club Albirex Niigata in 2008. He played many matches from 2011. In 2012, he moved to J2 club Fagiano Okayama on loan. He scored 18 goals in the 2012 season. In 2013, he returned to Niigata. In 2013, he scored 23 goals and was selected J.League Best Eleven. In August 2014, he moved to Nagoya Grampus and played in 3 seasons. In 2017, he moved to Júbilo Iwata. Although he scored many goals until 2018, he could not play in the match in 2019 and Iwata was relegated to J2 end of the 2019 season. In 2020, he moved to J2 club JEF United Chiba.
On March 27, 2015, Kawamata debuted for the Japan national team against Tunisia. He played 9 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2018.
Statistics.
280||94||17||7||29||6||326||107
280||94||17||7||29||6||326||107
!Total||9||1

= = = Tiko = = =
Tiko (born 15 September 1976) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for the national football team of Spain.
Club career statistics.
253||28
253||28
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Daniel Aranzubia = = =
Daniel Aranzubia (born 18 September 1979) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Deportivo La Coruña.
Club career statistics.
242||0
242||0
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Daichi Matsuyama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Tatsuya Asanuma = = =
Tatsuya Asanuma (born 13 July 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
33||4||3||1||6||0||42||5
33||4||3||1||6||0||42||5

= = = Ippei Saga = = =
Ippei Saga (born 20 May 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
34||1||4||1||0||0||38||2
34||1||4||1||0||0||38||2

= = = Ryuhei Niwa = = =
Ryuhei Niwa (born 13 January 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.
Club career statistics.
101||1||2||0||7||0||110||1
101||1||2||0||7||0||110||1

= = = Kim Nam-il = = =
Kim Nam-Il (born March 14, 1977) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics.
137||7||10||2||26||1||173||10
8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
54||1||2||0||3||0||59||1
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
199||8||12||2||29||1||240||11
International career statistics.
!Total||90||1

= = = Srečko Katanec = = =
Srečko Katanec (born 16 July 1963) is a former Slovenian football player. He played for Yugoslavia and Slovenia national team.
Honours.
Partizan
VfB Stuttgart
Sampdoria

= = = Takahiro Kuniyoshi = = =
Takahiro Kuniyoshi (born 28 May 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.
Club career statistics.
12||5||2||0||1||0||15||5
12||5||2||0||1||0||15||5

= = = Kim Dong-jin = = =
Kim Dong-Jin (born 29 January 1982) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics.
99||12||6||0||20||1||colspan="2"|-||125||13
68||3||4||0||colspan="2"|-||15||2||87||5
167||15||10||0||20||1||15||2||212||18
International career statistics.
!Total||58||2

= = = Keisuke Shimizu = = =
Keisuke Shimizu (born 25 November 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.
Club career statistics.
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0

= = = Tatsuya Ikeda = = =
Tatsuya Ikeda (born 18 May 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.
Club career statistics.
0||0||1||0||1||0||2||0
0||0||1||0||1||0||2||0

= = = Kyohei Sugiura = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an Association football player.
Club career statistics.
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Takafumi Mikuriya = = =
Takafumi Mikuriya (born 11 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.
Club career statistics.
17||0||1||0||0||0||18||0
17||0||1||0||0||0||18||0

= = = Webster-Hayne debate = = =
The Webster-Hayne debate was a famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina. It happened on January 19-27, 1830. It was about protectionist tariffs. The speeches between Webster and Hayne themselves were not planned. They had burst forth from arguments about a decision by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote. Foote had temporarily stopped land surveying until land already on the market was sold. Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne" (1830) was widely seen as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress."
Webster described the US government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people". This influenced Abraham Lincoln later. He spoke the words "government of the people, by the people, for the people" in his Gettysburg Address.

= = = Point Hicks = = =
Point Hicks, once called Cape Everard, is a coastal headland on the east coast of Victoria, Australia. It is now a part of the Croajingolong National Park.
Name.
Point Hicks is where, on 19 April 1770, the continent of Australia was first sighted by the men on Captain Cook's "Endeavour" voyage. Cook wrote that it was Lieutenant Zachary Hickes who first saw land, and Cook named the point after him. Hickes spelt his name with an "e", Cook wrote both "Hicks" and "Hickes" in different places. The spelling "Hicks" is now in use for the point.
When George Bass sailed past the area at the end of 1797 he did not locate the point. It did not appear on the charts Matthew Flinders made of their voyages, and the name fell into disuse.
The point came to be known as Cape Everard. The first use of that name is said to be by hydrographer John Lort Stokes who surveyed the coast in the "Beagle" in 1843. It is thought he named it after fellow naval officer John Everard Home, but his maps do not use the name.
The first map showing Cape Everard was by surveyor George Douglas Smythe, made in 1852 and published in 1853. If he thought of the name, he may have named it after William Everard, commissioner of crown lands.
The name Cape Everard was used until 1970. There has been doubt and arguments about exactly what Cook saw. The actual latitude and longitude he gave () is a location many miles out to sea.
Point Hicks was renamed as part of Cook's bicentenary. Victorian Premier Henry Bolte announced the new name in a ceremony at the point on 20 April 1970 (this was the 200th anniversary; Cook's 19 April was by nautical time, i.e. not adjusted for the International Date Line).
Lighthouse.
A lighthouse was built on the point in 1887/8 and started operation in 1890. It was built from concrete and with wooden lighthouse keepers houses. It was connected to mains electricity in 1965, and then to solar power recently. The keepers' cottages are today used as holiday houses. With 37 metres of height it is the tallest lighthouse on Australia's mainland. Its light is a double white flash every ten seconds, from a height of 56 metres above sea level.

= = = Hobo spider = = =
A Hobo Spider is a spider like funnel-web spiders. Their bite are not dangerous. It can be found in North America, Europe and Central Asia.

= = = Fethullah Gülen = = =
Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April 1941), better known as Fethullah Gülen, is a Turkish preacher, author, educator and Muslim scholar. He lives in self-imposed exile in Pennsylvania, United States. 
Gülen teaches a moderate version of Sunni / Hanafi Islam, derived from Said Nursi's teachings and modernizing them. Gülen condemns terrorism, supports communication between people of different religions, and has initiated dialogue with the Vatican and some Jewish organisations. Until 2013 he was an ally of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who later blamed him for the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. He operates a worldwide organisation called the Gülen Movement also known as FETÖ.
Teachings.
Fethullah Gülen's attitude towards hijab has changed over time. In the past, Gülen, who regarded the unwinding of even a strand of women's hair as a great sin, suggested that women should cover their whole body by using veils and gloves. In his last speeches, Gülen evaluated the headscarf as a füruat (minor details).
Creationism: According to Gülen, the Universe is a work of creation that has a purpose, and the purpose of existence is to know Allah and science can gain value if it serves this purpose.
For him, to allow views opposed to belief in creation is a devastating delusion and evolution is a Darwin fallacy.
According to Gülene, the creation of Adam as the first human and Eve from Adam's file bone are miracle creations that should not be addressed in the context of cause-effect relationship.
He wrote his anti-evolutionary ideas in his book "The Truth of Creation and Evolution". This book was prepared by compiling his speeches at the meetings he held against Darwinism and evolution. In the book he states that biology science is a "fantasy" and that the greatest biology fantasy is the theory of evolution.

= = = Thrace = = =
Thrace (: "Thráke"; ; "Trakiya", ) is a historical and geographic area in Southeastern Europe. It was bounded by the Balkan Mountains on the north, the Rhodope Mountains and the Aegean Sea on the south, and by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara on the east. Thrace included areas that are now southeastern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and the European part of Turkey.
The Thracians were an ancient Indo-European people. They lived in Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe.
Ancient history.
The indigenous population of Thrace was a people called the Thracians. They were divided into many tribal groups. Thracian troops were known to be used in the Persian army. Many of them went with neighbouring ruler Alexander the Great when he crossed the Hellespont (which is next to Thrace) during his invasion of the Persian Empire.
The Thracians were divided into separate tribes. They did not form a lasting political organization until the Odrysian state was founded in the 4th century BC. Like Illyrians, Thracian tribes of the mountainous regions had a warrior tradition. The tribes based in the plains were more peaceable. Recent funeral mounds in Bulgaria suggest that Thracian kings did rule regions of Thrace with distinct Thracian national identity.
Thrace was conquered by Alexander. It later regained its freedom. It was conquered after several attempts by the Romans in 46 AD, in the reign of Claudius. They became a province, and later four provinces, of the Roman Empire. Finally, as the Empire crumbled, Thrace suffered more than a thousand years of conflict and conquest by stronger forces. It never regained its independence.
The Thracians did not describe themselves as such and "Thrace" and "Thracians" are simply the names given them by the Greeks.

= = = David Draiman = = =
David Draiman (born March 13, 1973) is singer and founding member of the hard rock band Disturbed.
Discography.
Other.
"Forsaken" (2002) – a song released on the Queen of the Damned soundtrack

= = = Al Jackson Jr. = = =
Alan "Al" Jackson, Jr. (November 27, 1935 - December 1, 1975) was an American jazz musician and drummer. He formed the funk and jazz group, Booker T. & the M.G.'s.
Jackson was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1935. He played drums in recording sessions for many other musicians, including Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett. Booker T. & the MG's had several successful records including "Green Onions", "Hip Hug-Her", "Hang 'Em High" and "Time Is Tight".
Jackson was murdered at his home in 1975.
Death.
A few months before his death, he was attacked and wounded by his girlfriend and manager, Denise LaSalle.
Jackson was shot dead in his home at 3 am. His wife, who before this had shot him in the chest, said that a burglar came into their house, tied her up, and shot him when he came home. Police said that nothing had been taken from the house, and Jackson's wallet was still on his body. Official investigations ruled out robbery.
Police believe the person who shot Jackson was killed after a gun battle with police on July 15, 1976.

= = = Tatsuyuki Tomiyama = = =
Tatsuyuki Tomiyama (born 27 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics.
95||3||3||1||98||4
95||3||3||1||98||4

= = = Takatoshi Matsumoto = = =
Takatoshi Matsumoto (born 5 September 1983) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
66||1||2||0||0||0||68||1
66||1||2||0||0||0||68||1

= = = Junya Kuno = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
23||4||1||1||1||0||25||5
23||4||1||1||1||0||25||5

= = = Zesh Rehman = = =
Zesh Rehman or Zeshan Rehman (born 14 October 1983) is a Pakistani former football player. He has played for Pakistan national team.
Club career statistics.
111||2||3||0||9||1||123||3
111||2||3||0||9||1||123||3
International career statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Hiroshi Ichihara = = =
Hiroshi Ichihara (born 24 April 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.
Club career statistics.
9||0||1||0||1||0||11||0
9||0||1||0||1||0||11||0

= = = Kazuhiro Kawata = = =
Kazuhiro Kawata (born 11 June 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Akita Cambiare.
Club career statistics.
52||5||6||0||4||0||62||5
52||5||6||0||4||0||62||5

= = = Abdoulaye Méïté = = =
Abdoulaye Méïté (born 6 October 1980) is an Ivorian former professional footballer. He represented Ivory Coast internationally and was awarded a total of 48 caps.
Club career statistics.
130||1||||||||||25||4||155||5
74||0||4||1||5||0||6||1||89||2
204||1||4||1||5||0||31||4||244||7
International career statistics.
!Total||46||1
Honours.
Club.
Marseille
Ivory Coast

= = = Istanbul Park = = =
Istanbul Park, also known as the Istanbul Racing Circuit or initially "Istanbul Otodrom", is a motor sports racetrack(a place where cars drive with each other to see who is fastest) in Akfırat County east of Istanbul, Turkey. It opened on 21 August 2005. It has been called "the best race track in the world" by Formula One(a type of sport) leader Bernie Ecclestone. The main use of the circuit (track) is the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix.
Istanbul Park is in Pendik district on the Asian side of Istanbul(a city). It is close to the TEM motorway (a highway), that connects Istanbul to Ankara, the capital of Turkey. It is near the new Sabiha Gökçen International Airport(a place where planes(stuff that can fly) fly to and from). It is in an area with a lot of trees and fields.
The track is long, and has an average width of . The main straight is over in length. The track has 14 corners. 
Istanbul Park were designed by the racetrack architect Hermann Tilke. It can hold 155,000 people to watch a race. The main grandstand(a place where people sit) has seats for 25,000 people. 
The track does have some critics(people who do not like it). After qualifying(a thing in Formula One, which is a type of sport), Jenson Button(a person who is doing Formula One, a sport) said the track was too bumpy. Jarno Trulli(also a person doing Formula One, a sport) did not think the track as hard enough to challenge(making it hard for people) the drivers.
Features.
Designer - Hermann Tilke <br>
Capacity - 26,250 permanent covered seats, 125,000 temporary seats <br>
Building Area - 220 hectare (10,000 square metres) <br>
Race Track Area - 8 hectare (10,000 square metres) 
Major Motorsports Events.
The main race at Istanbul Park is the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix. The track also hosts the GP2 series, and the Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix.
The track has also hosted FIA World Touring Car Championship, Formula-G, Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) and the Le Mans Series 1,000 km race.
Use in simulations / games.
The track is included in the 2008 video game(a thing where people can play against each other and make as if it is real life), from Codemasters, as well as in the 2008 PC simulator GTR Evolution by SimBin.

= = = Raphael Botti = = =
Raphael Jose Botti (born 23 February 1981) is a former Brazilian football player.

= = = David Jarolím = = =
David Jarolím (; born 17 May 1979 in Čáslav) is a Czech former footballer and manager of Ústí nad Labem.
Career statistics.
Domestic.
12||1
252||17
264||18
Honours.
Bayern Munich
Hamburger SV

= = = Tomoki Ikemoto = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
99||38||2||1||1||0||102||39
99||38||2||1||1||0||102||39

= = = Noriyuki Sakemoto = = =
Noriyuki Sakemoto (born 8 September 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.
Club career statistics.
126||8||14||0||9||0||149||8
126||8||14||0||9||0||149||8

= = = Shogo Tokihisa = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Kota Fujimoto = = =
Kota Fujimoto (born 2 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.
Club career statistics.
80||10||4||0||4||0||88||10
80||10||4||0||4||0||88||10

= = = Masaru Matsuhashi = = =
Masaru Matsuhashi (born 22 March 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.
Club career statistics.
30||5||3||0||9||0||42||5
30||5||3||0||9||0||42||5

= = = Mu Kanazaki = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kanazaki was born in Tsu on February 16, 1989. After graduating from Takigawa Daini High School, he joined J1 League club Oita Trinita in 2007. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from first season. Oita won the champions in the 2008 J.League Cup with young players, Shusaku Nishikawa, Masato Morishige and Hiroshi Kiyotake. Kanazaki was also selected "New Hero award". However Oita was relegated to J2 League end of 2009 season and Oita released their main players including Kanazaki due to their financial problems. Kanazaki moved to Nagoya Grampus in 2010. Nagoya won the champions in 2010 season and the 2nd place in 2011 season. In January 2013, he moved to German Bundesliga club Nürnberg. In summer 2013, he moved to Portuguese Segunda Liga club Portimonense. In February 2015, he moved to J1 club Kashima Antlers on loan. He played many matches as forward. Although he returned to Portimonense in January 2016, he moved to Kashima after a month. Kashima won the J1 champions in 2016 and the 2nd place in 2017. In July 2018, he moved to Sagan Tosu. In March 2020, he re-joined Nagoya Grampus.
In January 2009, Kanazaki was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 20. He played 11 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2017.
Statistics.
324||70||19||7||35||8||26||12||404||97
4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||4||0
49||16||6||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||55||17
377||86||25||8||35||8||26||12||463||114
!Total||11||2

= = = Human penis size = = =
Human penis size is talked about by length and circumference of penis. It is longer than in other primates except for the chimpanzee. The chimpanzee's penis is about the same length. 
The average human erect penis is about in length, the circumference is about . There is no scientific relation between either penis size or race, and shoe size or stretched penis size. At birth the penis is between , at the beginning of puberty, it is 6 cm. Penis size does not change much during adulthood.
Studies.
A review about penis size was published in 2015 by Veale et al. This review analyzes many studies which published in past 30 years.
By this review the average length of soft(not erect) penis is 9.16 cm, stretched soft penis length is 13.24 cm, erect penis length is 13.12 cm. And the average circumference of soft penis is 9.31 cm and erect penis is 11.66 cm.
In these studies erect penis length is measured from the root of the penis to the tip of the glans along the upper side of the penis. The fat pad at the root of the penis is pushed to the pubic bone. The circumference of the penis is measured at the base or mid-shaft of the penis.
Popular culture.
Widespread private concerns have led to a number of folklore sayings and popular culture reflections related to penis size. There is belief that it is possible to predict the size of someone's penis by observing other bodily features such as the hands, feet, nose or height. The media has equated a man's penis size with both power and masculinity. The perception of having a large penis is linked to higher self-esteem.
Penis size and female genital response.
Many men exaggerate the importance of deep vaginal penetration in stimulating a woman to orgasm. 
The most sensitive area of the female genitals includes the vulva, clitoris, and the section of vagina closest to the outside of a woman's body (G-spot). The vagina is roughly in length. The majority of penises are likely of sufficient length to fully satisfy their partners.
Some women find stimulation of the cervix by penis as uncomfortable or painful, others report it to be key to orgasm. The cervix may be confused with the deepest point of the vagina, above and below the cervix, respectively making it possible for there to be indirect and/or simultaneous stimulation between them. During arousal, the vagina lengthens rapidly to an average of about 10 centimetres, but can continue to lengthen in response to pressure. The walls of the vagina are composed of soft elastic folds of mucous membrane skin which stretch or contract (with support from pelvic muscles) to the size of the penis. With proper arousal, the vagina stretches or contracts to accommodate virtually any size penis, from small to large.
History.
Ancient Romans admired the large penis of Priapus. Ancient Greek art was not obsessed with penis size. A passage from Aristophanes lists broad shoulders, tiny tongue, strong buttocks, and a little penis as the most desirable masculine features. In medieval Arabic literature, a longer penis was preferred, but Afro-Arab author Al-Jahiz wrote: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the mule would belong to the (honorable tribe of) Quraysh".
Micropenis.
An adult penis with an erect length of less than , but otherwise formed normally, is referred to as having the micropenis condition. Some of the causes are deficiency of pituitary growth hormone and/or gonadotropins, mild degrees of androgen insensitivity, a variety of genetic syndromes, and variations in certain homeobox genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood. About 0.6% of males are in the micropenis condition.

= = = Shun Nagasawa = = =
Shun Nagasawa (born 25 August 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.
Club career statistics.
6||0||5||1||2||0||13||1
6||0||5||1||2||0||13||1

= = = Scantron = = =
Scantron is a company from Eagan, Minnesota, USA, that makes and sells machine-readable papers on which students mark answers to test questions, the machines to check those answers, survey and test scoring systems, systems for school attendance (with a mark meaning a missing student) and image-based data collection software and scanners.
Background.
A Scantron test scoring system is a multiple-choice, fill-in-the-bubble form. It can have different length and width, from one column, 15-answer tests, to several 8.5×11-inch pages used in standardized testing, such as the SAT and the ACT.
How it works.
Students often use Scantrons on finals, midterms, standardized tests, such as the SAT and ACT, etc. Students fill in the appropriate bubble corresponding to their answer. Scantrons are then fed through a machine that grades them. The Scantron is a very progressive form of grading. It eliminates human error on the grader's behalf, and takes much less time. 
History.
The technology of this system dates back to the nineteenth century using optical mark recognition, telegraph lines, and punch tape. Students ranging from elementary school through college know how to use these forms. However, Learner Response Systems are becoming more popular in the college setting and may soon make scantrons a thing of the past.

= = = Kara (South Korean group) = = =
Kara (; ; often stylized in all caps) was a South Korean girl group. Its members were Gyuri, Seungyeon, Hara and Youngji. They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown in 2007 and belong to DSP Media. Kara means sweet melody and adds 'CHARA' in Greek, a feeling to want to give joy through music is put. From 2010, they began activity in Japan. They appeared on NHK Red and White Singing Contest in 2011 (�62�NHK�����). They had a big concert at TOKYO DOME on January 6, 2013. In 2014, Jiyoung and Nicole left and were replaced by Heo Youngji, who was selected via a reality show made to give Kara a new member. The contracts with Gyuri, Seungyeon and Hara expired and they decided not to renew their contracts, resulting in Kara's breakup.
In 2022, 5 members of Kara reunited to release a new album called "Move Again".
Members.
Current members
Former members
Discography.
Albums.
Korean studio albums
Japanese studio albums
Compilation albums
Box sets
Mini-albums.
Reissues

= = = Jerry West = = =
Jerry West (born May 28, 1938) is a former American basketball player. He is thought to be one of the best guards who ever played in the NBA. He played from 1960 to 1974, all with the Los Angeles Lakers. He wore number 44, which was retired by the Lakers. He had scored the most points in a Laker jersey before Kobe Bryant ended his record in 2010. He is the model for the NBA logo. After playing, he was a coach and general manager for the Lakers. He was also the general manager of the Memphis Grizzlies and organized golf tournaments. He was originally from West Virginia. His most famous nicknames are "The Logo", "Mr. Clutch", "Zeke from Cabin Creek" and "The Rover".
References.
Notes

= = = Noida = = =
Noida () also known as New Okhla Industrial Development Authority is newly emerged and one of the most important city of Uttar Pradesh. The name has been essentially derived from New Okhla Industrial Area (Noida). It is at the border of Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi. It comes under the Delhi-NCR region. With many IT Parks growing, it is one of the major contributor for Uttar Pradesh state revenue. The city is comparatively new, it started developing in early1980s. It now has all major facilities including hospitals, schools, shopping malls, markets, offices, active police force, well maintained roads and well built residential areas. Noida's connectivity to Delhi was improved by Delhi-Noida Direct Flyway or DND which was completed by 2001. By 2009, Noida was connected to New Delhi via metro lines which made the commute for locals much easier.
Mahesh Sharma is the present Lok Sabha MP of Gautam Buddha Nagar and Pankaj Singh is the present MLA of Noida.

= = = Akira Kajiwara = = =
Akira Kajiwara (born 4 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.
Club career statistics.
21||0||4||0||0||0||25||0
21||0||4||0||0||0||25||0

= = = Carlos Diogo = = =
Carlos Diogo (born 18 July 1983) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.
Club career statistics.
90||3
11||1
72||4
173||8
International career statistics.
!Total||22||0

= = = Taku Ishihara = = =
Taku Ishihara (born 3 October 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0

= = = Fumiya Yamamoto = = =
Fumiya Yamamoto (born 12 July 1988) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3
14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3

= = = GMA Network = = =
GMA Network is the leading television network in the Philippines in Quezon City. It was started in the 1950s by Robert Larue Stewart.

= = = Ken Yorii = = =
Ken Yorii (born 26 April 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagawa Express Chugoku.
Club career statistics.
12||1||0||0||0||0||12||1
12||1||0||0||0||0||12||1

= = = Tsubasa Oshima = = =
Tsubasa Oshima (born 9 December 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Matsumoto Yamaga.
Club career statistics.
26||2||2||0||0||0||28||2
26||2||2||0||0||0||28||2

= = = Gai Assulin = = =
Gai Assulin (; born 9 April 1991) is an Israeli football player. He has played for Israel national team.
Club career statistics.
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Serginho Baiano = = =
Elisérgio da Silva (born 5 January 1978), commonly known as Serginho Baiano, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a left winger.

= = = Iñaki Lafuente = = =
Iñaki Lafuente (born 24 January 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Numancia Soria.
Club career statistics.
203||0
203||0

= = = Claudio Biaggio = = =
Claudio Biaggio (born 2 July 1967) is a former Argentine football player and current manager. He has played for Argentina national team.
Honours.
San Lorenzo
Ferro Carril Sud

= = = Shota Kimura = = =
Shota Kimura (born 17 October 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Matsumoto Yamaga.
Club career statistics.
33||5||5||1||0||0||38||6
33||5||5||1||0||0||38||6

= = = Martín Vilallonga = = =
Martín Vilallonga (born 7 October 1970) is a former Argentine football player.
Club career statistics.
7||0||0||0||2||2||9||2
7||0||0||0||2||2||9||2

= = = Eisei Tomioka = = =
Eisei Tomioka (born 1 July 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
12||1||0||0||0||0||12||1
13||0||||||||||13||0
25||1||0||0||0||0||25||1

= = = Eduardo Bustos Montoya = = =
Eduardo Bustos Montoya (born 3 October 1976) is a former Argentine football player.
Club career.
Montoya has played for a number of clubs in Argentina, most notably Rosario Central where he was part of the squad that won the Copa CONMEBOL in 1995.
Bustos Montoya has played for a number of clubs outside Argentina, including Feyenoord in the Netherlands, Atlas of Mexico, Avispa Fukuoka of Japan, 12 de Octubre of Paraguay and Levadiakos of Greece.
Club career statistics.
28||9||2||0||3||0||33||9
28||9||2||0||3||0||33||9

= = = Daishiro Miyazaki = = =
Daishiro Miyazaki (born 21 April 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
46||4||3||1||49||5
46||4||3||1||49||5

= = = Patrick Müller = = =
Patrick Müller (born 17 December 1976) is a Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.
Club career statistics.
180||5
161||3
6||0
247||8
International career statistics.
!Total||81||3

= = = Ulrich Ramé = = =
Ulrich Ramé (born 19 September 1972) is a French football player. He plays for Girondins Bordeaux.
Club career statistics.
465||0
465||0
International career statistics.
!Total||11||0

= = = David Jemmali = = =
David Jemmali (born 13 December 1974) is a Tunisian football player. He has played for Tunisia national team.
Club career statistics.
316||5
316||5
International career statistics.
!Total||10||0

= = = Chickpea = = =
The chickpea "(Cicer arietinum)" is a yellow edible legume (bean). It can be used for cooking. The peas can be bought canned or dried. It was one of the earliest fruits to be grown. The first chickpea was grown in the Middle East about 7,500 years ago. 
The most popular place for chickpeas to grow is in Pakistan. In 2008, nearly 6 million tonnes of chickpeas were produced there. Because the growth is so popular there, it is also known as the Indian pea. 
Chickpeas contain a great deal of protein, zinc and folic acid. They can be an important part of a vegetarian or vegan diet, since they come from a plant. 
The dried bean is boiled and served whole or mashed, such as in the popular dish hummus. Chickpeas are ground into a flour, called "besan" or "gram" flour, used in South Asian cooking.

= = = Philippe Christanval = = =
Philippe Christanval (born 31 August 1978) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.
Club career statistics.
121||1
31||0
36||1
187||2
International career statistics.
!Total||5||0

= = = Hexameter = = =
Hexameter is a metrical line of verse. It is usually made of six parts, called feet. It is the standard verse form used in Ancient Greek and Latin literature. The Iliad and Aeneid use it, and so do Ovid's Metamorphoses. English poetry rarely uses hexameter.
Dactylic hexameter.
The meter consists of lines made from six ("hex") feet. In strict dactylic hexameter, each of these feet would be a dactyl, but classical meter allows for the substitution of a spondee (two long syllables) in place of a dactyl in most positions. Specifically, the first four feet can either be dactyls or spondees more or less freely. The fifth foot is frequently a dactyl (around 95% of the time in Homer). 
Because of the strong pause at the end of the line, it is traditionally regarded as a spondee. Thus the dactylic line most normally looks as follows:
As in all classical verse forms, the last syllable can actually be short or long.

= = = Viktor Orbán = = =
Viktor Orbán (31 May 1963) is a Hungarian politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Hungary for three non-consecutive terms since 1998. He is the founder and leader of the ruling right-wing party, Fidesz.
Orbán was born on May 31, 1963, in Székesfehérvár, Hungary. He studied law at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest and became involved in politics in the 1980s, when he helped found Fidesz, a youth organization that later evolved into a political party.
Orbán first served as Prime Minister from 1998 to 2002, during which time he implemented a series of economic and social reforms that helped to stabilize Hungary's economy and modernize its infrastructure. He was reelected in 2010 and has since been reelected twice, in 2014 and 2018.
As Prime Minister, Orbán has pursued a populist, nationalist agenda that has been controversial both domestically and internationally. He has been criticized for his crackdown on civil society, media freedom, and academic independence, as well as his handling of the refugee crisis and his opposition to the European Union.
Orbán's government has been accused of corruption and of using its power to undermine democratic institutions and the rule of law. His efforts to centralize power and weaken the judiciary and the media have drawn criticism from the European Union and human rights organizations.
Despite these criticisms, Orbán remains popular among his supporters, who credit him with improving Hungary's economy and promoting its national interests. He has been successful in mobilizing a loyal base of supporters and has built a reputation as a strong, decisive leader.
Orbán's vision for Hungary is based on what he has described as "illiberal democracy," a model of governance that emphasizes national sovereignty, traditional values, and economic self-sufficiency. He has argued that this model is better suited to the challenges of the 21st century than traditional liberal democracy, which he sees as outdated and unsustainable.
Orbán's legacy as a leader is a matter of debate. While he has been credited with bringing stability and prosperity to Hungary, his authoritarian tendencies and controversial policies have raised concerns about the future of democracy and human rights in the country.
Early life.
Viktor Orbán is a Hungarian politician who has been the country's Prime Minister since 2010. He was born on May 31, 1963, in Székesfehérvár, Hungary, and grew up in a middle-class family. Orbán showed an early interest in politics and was a member of various student organizations during his high school years. He went on to study law at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, where he became involved in anti-communist activism and co-founded the Federation of Young Democrats, a liberal youth organization. After graduation, Orbán began his political career and was first elected to parliament in 1990, following the fall of communism in Hungary.
Early career.
Viktor Orbán's early political career was defined by his role in the Hungarian democratic opposition and his leadership of the Federation of Young Democrats. In 1988, he was a key figure in organizing a demonstration in Budapest that called for free elections and greater political freedoms. He was first elected to parliament in 1990 and quickly rose through the ranks of the Hungarian Democratic Forum, serving as the party's chairman from 1993 to 2000. Orbán became Prime Minister of Hungary in 1998, following a landslide victory for his conservative Fidesz party. During his first term in office, Orbán pursued a program of economic liberalization and introduced a series of reforms aimed at modernizing Hungary's political and economic institutions.
First premiership.
During his first premiership from 1998 to 2002, Viktor Orbán pursued a pro-market economic policy, implemented tax cuts and privatization measures, and oversaw an increase in foreign investment in Hungary. However, his administration was criticized for its lack of transparency, and Orbán faced accusations of nepotism and corruption. Orbán also pursued a controversial media policy, introducing laws that restricted press freedom and gave the government more control over public media. His administration was also marked by tensions with neighboring countries, particularly Slovakia and Romania, over issues related to Hungarian minority rights. In the 2002 election, Orbán's party was defeated by the Hungarian Socialist Party, and he subsequently went into opposition.
Leader of the Opposition.
Following his defeat in the 2002 election, Viktor Orbán became the leader of the opposition in the Hungarian parliament. During this period, he worked to reshape his party's image and ideology, moving it away from its previous liberal stance and towards a more conservative, nationalist platform. Orbán also focused on building a stronger party organization and cultivating ties with conservative and populist movements in Europe and the United States. His opposition to the Hungarian Socialist Party government and its austerity measures helped him to regain popularity with voters, and his party won a decisive victory in the 2010 election, returning him to the position of Prime Minister. During his time as opposition leader, Orbán continued to advocate for pro-market economic policies and criticized the government's handling of issues related to national identity and minority rights.
Second premiership.
Viktor Orbán began his second term as Prime Minister of Hungary in 2010, following his party's landslide victory in the general election. During his second premiership, Orbán pursued a program of far-reaching constitutional and institutional reforms, which drew criticism from both domestic and international observers. His government implemented a new constitution, which was widely criticized for limiting the power of the judiciary, undermining the independence of the media, and restricting the rights of minorities. Orbán's government also introduced controversial laws regulating media ownership and limiting political advertising. Despite criticism from the European Union and other international bodies, Orbán's Fidesz party remained popular among Hungarian voters, winning a two-thirds majority in the 2014 parliamentary election.
Views, public image, international influence.
Viktor Orbán is known for his populist and nationalist political views, which prioritize Hungarian interests and emphasize traditional values. His policies have been controversial both domestically and internationally, with critics accusing him of eroding democratic institutions and human rights. Orbán has also been criticized for his government's handling of the refugee crisis and for its perceived authoritarian tendencies. Nevertheless, Orbán remains popular among many Hungarians, who see him as a strong leader who is willing to stand up to foreign influence. His policies have also influenced other populist movements in Europe and beyond, making him a prominent figure on the international stage.
Personal life.
Viktor Orbán was born on May 31, 1963, in Székesfehérvár, Hungary. He is married to lawyer and economist Anikó Lévai, and the couple has five children. Orbán is a devout Catholic and has been active in promoting traditional family values and Christian identity in Hungary. He is also a sports enthusiast, and he played basketball for the Hungarian national team in his youth. Orbán's personal life has been relatively private, and he has not spoken extensively about his hobbies or personal interests.

= = = Vetus Latina = = =
Vetus Latina is the name given to a collection of Biblical texts that were translated into Latin before the Vulgate became the standard version used in the Latin-speaking world. The texts themselves are written in Late Latin, not in Old Latin. They often use different words than the Vulgate. No complete manuscript survives, only fragments are known. Many text passages are known because Church fathers such as Augustine of Hippo cited from them. 
Since the Council of Trent, held in the 16th century, the Vulgate is the official Bible translation for the Roman Catholic Church. 
Some of the Vetus Latin texts survives in the Liturgy, however:
The Old Latin text means, "Glory [belongs] to God among the high, and peace [belongs] to men of good will on earth". The Vulgate text means "Glory [belongs] to God among the most high and peace among men of good will on earth".
Probably the best known difference between the Old Latin and the Vulgate is in the Pater Noster, where the phrase from the Vetus Latina, "quotidianum panem", "daily bread", becomes "supersubstantialem panem", "supersubstantial bread" in the Vulgate.

= = = J. C. Bailey = = =
Joseph Carl Bailey, Jr. (August 23, 1983 – August 30, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He was better known as J. C. Bailey. He has wrestled for numerous American-based professional wrestling promotions, including Combat Zone Wrestling , IWA Mid-South and IWA East Coast. He has been known as a hardcore wrestler.
Bailey made his debut in 2001. In June 2003, along with the owner of the promotion IWA Mid-South Ian Rotten and Corporal Robinson, he "invaded" CZW on behalf of IWA Mid-South. In the same year, he competed in the 2nd CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Nick Mondo in a deathmatch involving light tubes, and the 5th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo after defeating 2 Tuff Tony, Necro Butcher and Ian Rotten.
In 2004, he competed in the 3rd CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Wifebeater after defeating Chri$ Ca$h, and the 6th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo and Toby Klein.
Since then, he competed in many deathmatch tournaments including the 4th CZW Tournament of Death, 7th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch, 8th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch, 5th CZW Tournament of Death and 6.5th CZW Tournament of Death titled "Fast Forward".
On December 11, 2004, he teamed with Chri$ Ca$h, Nate Webb and Sexxxy Eddy, winning the CZW World Tag Team Championship.
On February 5, 2005, he became the first-ever CZW Ultraviolent Underground Champion. On August 13, 2005, he won his second CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship.
On August 20, 2006, he went to Japan and competed in the professional wrestling tournament WRESTLE EXPO 2006 where he lost to 2 Tuff Tony after defeating Mad Man Pondo. On September 16, 2006, he competed in the 1st IWA East Coast Masters of Pain where he lost to Jun Kasai after defeating 2 Tuff Tony and Corporal Robinson.
In 2007, Bailey was arrested for stealing a television set from a Bardstown, Kentucky Walmart. He made his official return to CZW in early 2010.
On August 30, 2010, Bailey was found dead. He died in his sleep. Before he died, Bailey complained that he had been getting headaches and numbness in his hands. The cause of his death was later determined to be because of a brain aneurysm that was caused by complications from multiple concussions and traumas to his brain. His brain is expected to be donated for research at Boston University.

= = = Historical rankings of presidents of the United States = = =
Historians (and sometimes political scientists) are surveyed and asked to give presidents of the United States number ratings on their overall performance or on different aspects of their leadership.
Several different factors are considered in deciding what makes one a good or bad president. These include their character, their vision for the country, their relations with congress, their relations with foreign leaders (diplomacy), how they managed the economy, how they managed the military, and their overall political skill.
To make sure the rankings are fair, many surveys equally balance the opinions of Democrats and Republicans.
It is sometimes difficult to accurately rank a president because all of the presidents faced completely different challenges.
Historical opinions of U.S. presidents may change over time. For example, Harry S. Truman had very low approval ratings after he left office, but many historians now consider him among some the greatest presidents.
General findings.
Highly ranked.
The following presidents are usually ranked highly:
Mixed ratings.
Some presidents have mixed ratings. For example, Andrew Jackson stood for the common man, but was criticized for implementing the Trail of Tears. Ulysses S. Grant is thought to be a bad leader since he had corruption surrounding him, but he helped African-Americans to have more rights in the Reconstruction Era.
Examples of presidents with mixed opinions include:

= = = Reconstruction era = = =
The Reconstruction was after the American Civil War. It was the remaking of the Southern United States, after it had lost its war of rebellion and slavery was ended. The southern states were occupied territory. Andrew Johnson became President of the U.S. after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He wanted to make it easy to restore local rule in the previously rebellious states, and he permitted some of them to hold elections in 1865. Former leaders of the Confederate States of America who ran as Democrats were elected to Congress, and states passed laws that denied rights to former slaves.
Many members of the Republican Party wanted stricter terms before local rule was returned to the South. After the Republicans won a large majority of the Congressional seats in the 1866 elections, they refused to let former Confederate leaders take seats in the United States Congress. The Republicans passed laws that former leaders of the rebellion were temporarily denied suffrage, the right to hold office or vote in elections. Three new amendments to the U.S. Constitution were passed that ended slavery, made former slaves citizens, and gave them the right to vote. Some newly freed black slaves won elected offices. Many Northern carpetbaggers also went to the occupied territories to lead the people. Some became rich.
Many white people in the Southern United States resisted allowing former slaves to have equal rights and to vote. The Ku Klux Klan was formed to force black people out of political and economic power. After Reconstruction ended in 1877, white people in the South used their regained political rights to pass Jim Crow Laws. These laws enforced segregation (keeping blacks and whites separate) and took the vote away from African Americans whose parents or grandparents were slaves. After Reconstruction, white Southerners voted mostly for the Democratic Party for about 80 years.

= = = Lena Meyer-Landrut = = =
Lena Meyer-Landrut (born 23 May 1991 in Hanover) is a German singer. She won the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 with the song "Satellite". After publishing her first Album "My Cassette Player" she used the stage name Lena.
Personal life.
Family.
Lena Meyer-Landrut grew up in Hanover. She was the only child of her parents. When she was two years old, her father deserted the family. Moreover, she has got political relatives.
School.
She absolved the school with the diploma from German secondary school qualifying for university admission in 2010. She began to study African cultures and philosophy in 2011.
Career.
Artistic development.
Before becoming famous she danced ballet and jazz. 2007 she founded her first school band "Stenorette 2080" and got the first experiences of singing. Thus she wrote her first songs.
Eurovision Song Contest 2010 & 2011.
2009 Meyer-Landrut applied for the German contest Unser Star für Oslo, the preliminary decision of the Eurovision Song Contest. She reached the final decision and won the contest with her own song "Satellite". The song entered the first position and sold over 100,000 downloads in its first week. So it became Germany's fastest selling digital release ever. Lena followed her success and won also the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 and became famous all over the world. Her album "My Cassette Player" and her single "Satellite" were sold in many Europe countries. One year later she tried to defend her victory and competed against other singers of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. There she reached the 10th position with the song "Taken by a Stranger".
Germany tour 2011.
In April 2011 Meyer-Landrut absolvated her first tour (Lena Live Tour 2011). The locations were nine cities: Berlin, Hanover, Frankfurt, Dortmund, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, Stuttgart and Cologne. She presented 21 songs taken from her albums "My Cassette Player" and "Good News". About 75,000 visitors came to all her concerts. Moreover, she had three opening acts. The Concert in Frankfurt was recorded because of a DVD. It was released in 9. May 2011 and is called "Good News – Live DVD"
2012.
On 24 May, Meyer-Landrut performed as part of the interval act during the second semi-finals of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. She was joined by the last five Eurovision winners from 2007 to 2011 which included Marija Šerifović, Dima Bilan, Alexander Rybak, and Ell & Nikki, performing a medley of their winning song entries and a rendition of classic "Waterloo".
During the year she announced the work on a new album based on her own songs and collaborations with other artists like Miss Li and Johnny McDaid. On 21 September the single "Stardust" was released as first single from her new album Stardust, which followed on 12 October. Both single and album debuted at No.2 on the German Album and the German Single charts and certified finally for Gold 
Since October 2012 she is performing the theme song in the opening credits of "Sesamstraße", the German version of "Sesame Street". and took part on the children carity album "Giraffenaffen" with the song "Sjörövar Fabbe" ("Seeräuber-Opa Fabian").
2013.
In March "Neon" was released as the second single from the album Stardust. The single version is a dance remix that is different from the version previously released on the album.
On ECHO Award 2013, Meyer-Landrut was twice nominated (winning "Best National Video" for "Stardust") and part of the show program with her single "Neon".
In April 2013, Lena went on her second tour through clubs in thirteen German cities. The last concert was streamed live on the Internet. The tour title "No One Can Catch Us Tour" was derived from lyrics of the song Stardust.
The third single from "Stardust" Mr. Arrow Key was released immediately after the tour. The video is based on tour impressions of artist, band and fans.
Since April 2013 Lena Meyer-Landrut is one of the three coaches of the newly created casting show The Voice Kids. It's the children's version of The Voice of Germeny and aired in April/May. The other two coaches are Tim Bendzko and Henning Wehland.
During Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Lena Meyer-Landrut was jury president and spokesperson of the German jury and presented the German voting results at the Grande Finale on May 18.
She is the German voice of Jane in the motion capture animated film Tarzan 3D. She also continued her engagement for the charity "Giraffenaffen" in several audiobooks.
In June she appered in a viral commercial for a shower head ("Doosh") invented by her former mentor Stefan Raab. The soundtrack of the commercial, "Revolution" by Raabs band "Dicks on Fire" featuring Lena Meyer-Landrut, was later released as Music download in October.
Since autum 2013 she is testimonial for several cosmetics products of L'Oréal.
2014.
In March 2014 she continued her coaching work for "The Voice Kids" 
Early 2014 she also announced starting principal work on her 4th studio album, including continued work with Israeli-American singer-songwriter Rosi Golan who already wrote the song "Stardust".

= = = Troodontidae = = =
Troodontidae is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were found mainly in Mongolia, China and North America. The first specimen, just a single tooth, was found in central Montana in 1855 by Ferdinand Hayden.
For a long time, troodontid fossils were few and scrappy. Recently more complete specimens have been found. There are now complete and articulated specimens, including feathers, eggs and embryos, and complete juveniles. In 1994 a fossil of an adult "Troodon" was found sitting on a nest with eight eggs.
Anatomical studies of the most primitive troodontids, like "Sinovenator", demonstrate striking similarities with "Archaeopteryx" and primitive dromaeosaurids. This proves they are relatives: they are a clade called Paraves. 
The family have relatively large brains, a skull with many air pockets, a retractable second toe claw (it could be pulled in) and many teeth. The number of teeth ranges from 96 in "Saurornithoides mongoliensis" to 120 in the "Troodon".

= = = Sinovenator = = =
Sinovenator is a small troodontid dinosaur, about the size of a chicken. It is from the early Cretaceous period, 128.2 million years ago. Two fossils were found in the older (lower) portion of the Yixian Formation in China. It was part of the Jehol biota.
The type specimen of "Sinovenator changii" was described in 2002. The specimen is a partial skull and disarticulated skeleton. A second specimen has connected bones, but lacks the skull. Both are in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China. 
"Sinovenator" was a basal troodontid. It shares features with the most primitive dromaeosaurids and Avialae. This shows the common descent of these three members of the Paraves. 

= = = Paraves = = =
Paraves is a branch-based clade containing birds (clade Aves) and other closely related dinosaurs. The paravians include the Avialae, such as "Archaeopteryx", and the Deinonychosauria, which includes the dromaeosaurids and troodontids.
The name Paraves was coined by Paul Sereno in 1997. The clade was defined by Sereno in 1998 as a branch-based clade containing all Maniraptora closer to modern birds than to "Oviraptor".
The work of Xu and colleagues provide examples of basal and early paravians with four wings, including members of the Avialae ("Pedopenna"), Dromaeosauridae ("Microraptor"), and Troodontidae ("Anchiornis").
Relationships.
The cladogram presented below follows a study by Zhang and colleagues.

= = = Stan (dinosaur) = = =
Stan is the nickname given to a fossil of the dinosaur species "Tyrannosaurus rex". It was found in Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, close to Buffalo in 1987 by Stan Sacrison, who also discovered the "Tyrannosaurus" specimen nicknamed "Duffy". The original specimen is housed at the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research. 
It is a well known specimen, and one of the most complete, with 199 bones recovered. About 30 casts of the original fossil has been sold worldwide, each for a price of about $100,000. Stan measures 10.9 metres long.

= = = Treponema pallidum = = =
Treponema pallidum is a parasitic spirochaete bacterium. There are different kinds of "Treponema pallidum", which cause diseases like syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws.
The most common disease caused by "Treponema pallidum" is syphilis, a serious sexually transmitted infection. 
Syphilis is treated and cured by taking antibiotics. Usually, the first treatment used is penicillin. Antibiotic resistance has developed to a number of agents. Ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, may be as effective as penicillin-based treatment.
Pennicilin is still effective, but "the potential of this spirochete to develop additional antibiotic resistance could seriously compromise syphilis treatment and control".

= = = Persuasion (novel) = = =
Persuasion is Jane Austen's last finished novel.
Introduction.
"Persuasion" is the story of a second chance of lost love. Anne Elliot is the second daughter of Sir Walter Elliot, a proud and foolish baronet. Sir Walter Elliot is a widower with no son, so his land will go to a cousin, William Elliot. Eight years before the story begins, Anne had been engaged to a young naval officer, Frederick Wentworth. However, her mother's friend Lady Russell persuaded her to break off the engagement because he had no fortune. Sadly, she had done so, and Wentworth had angrily left her. Austen writes: "She had been forced into prudence in her youth, she learned romance as she grew older–the natural sequel (following) of an unnatural beginning." Later, Cassandra Austen wrote beside it in her copy of "Persuasion", "Dear, dear Jane! This deserves to be written in letters of gold." Eight years later, her younger sister Mary has married a neighbor, Charles Musgrove. Anne is growing older, her family does not care about her, and she greatly regrets breaking off the engagement.
Plot.
Sir Walter is forced to stop spending so much money. Therefore, he decides to let his house to Admiral Croft and move to Bath for a while. Anne goes to stay with Mary. Anne discovers that Mrs. Croft, Admiral Croft's wife, is Captain Wentworth's sister. He is introduced to the Musgrove family. He has made much money, and is now a very desirable husband. When he and Anne meet, Anne feels deeply unhappy. He does not seem to care any more about her. He flirts with the two Musgrove sisters. Most people think that he will marry one of them.
They all go to visit Lyme Regis, where Wentworth's friend Captain Harville is staying. Captain Harville had been mourning for his sister, who died young, and comforting Captain Benwick, who had been engaged to marry her. In Lyme, Louisa Musgrove falls from the Cobb while playing with Captain Wentworth on the steps and is seriously injured. Captain Wentworth feels very guilty, and realizes everyone thinks he will marry her if she becomes well again.
Anne joins her father and sister in Bath. They are both being flattered by a widow, Mrs. Clay, the daughter of their family lawyer. William Elliot joins the family. Lady Russell encourages his attentions to Anne, but Anne feels unsure about him. Suddenly, news comes that Louisa is better, and that she and Benwick are engaged.
Wentworth appears in Bath, and becomes jealous of Mr. Elliot. Wentworth believes that Anne and Mr. Elliot are engaged to be married. However, Anne did not answer Mr. Elliot's marriage proposal. She later learns from an old friend, Mrs. Smith, that Mr. Elliot is a bad person. Mr. Elliot is afraid that Sir Walter and Mrs. Clay will have a son, who would then inherit Sir Walter's land. Mr. Elliot wants to marry Anne because he is attracted to her, but also make Mrs. Clay his mistress. Anne is shocked by this news.
Anne and Captain Harville talk about love, and whether women or men love for a longer time. After hearing them talk about this, Wentworth writes a letter to Anne. He tells Anne that he still loves her, and asks her to marry him again. She joyously says yes.

= = = Praetorian Guard = = =
The Praetorian Guard was a force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors. The title was first used for the guards of generals in the Roman Republic. Their commander, the Praetorian Prefect, was often an important figure in the political planning in Rome. The Guard was stopped and disbanded by Emperor Constantine I in the fourth century AD.
History.
The term "Praetorian" derived from the tent of the commanding general or praetor of a Roman army in the field, known as the "praetorium". It was a habit of many Roman generals to choose from the ranks a private force of soldiers to act as guards of their person. This elite group of Roman citizens consisted of both infantry and cavalry. In time, this cohort came to be known as the "cohors praetoria", and various notable figures had one of those guard groups, including Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and Augustus (Octavian). 
As Caesar discovered with the 10th Legion "Equestris", a powerful mounted unit was desirable in the field. When Augustus became the first ruler of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, he decided such a formation was useful not only on the battlefield but in politics also. Thus, from the ranks of the legions throughout the provinces, Augustus recruited the Praetorian Guard. 
Entry into politics.
Through the cunning of their ambitious prefect, Sejanus, the Guard was brought from their Italian barracks into Rome itself. In AD 23, Sejanus convinced Tiberius to have the Praetorian fort built just outside Rome. One of the cohorts held the daily guard at the imperial palace. Henceforth the entire Guard was at the disposal of the emperors, but the rulers were now equally at the mercy of the Praetorians. The reality of this was seen in AD 31 when Tiberius was forced to rely upon his own "cohors praetoria" against partisans of Sejanus. Although the Praetorian Guard proved faithful to the aging Tiberius, their potential political power had been made clear.
While campaigning, the Praetorians were the equal of any formation in the Roman Army. Seldom used in the early reigns, they were quite active by AD 69. Under Domitian and Trajan, the guard took part in wars from Dacia to Mesopotamia, while with Marcus Aurelius, years were spent on the Danube frontier. Throughout the 3rd century, the Praetorians assisted the emperors in various campaigns.
The relationship between the Guard and their Emperor was always sensitive. Bribing the Guard was a common theme in Imperial history. Sejanus almost took over the running of the Empire, before Tiberius overcame, and later executed, him. A number of Roman Emperors were murdered or otherwise deposed by the Guard, or with their knowledge. The first was Caligula. 

= = = Claudio Pizarro = = =
Claudio Pizarro (born 3 October 1978) is a Peruvian football player. He has played for the Peruvian national team.
Club career statistics.
85||36||||||||||||||85||36
256||117||37||20||colspan="2"|-||66||29||359||166
21||2||3||0||4||0||3||0||31||2
362||155||40||20||4||0||69||29||475||204
International career statistics.
!Total||55||13

= = = Edílson José da Silva = = =
Edílson José da Silva (born 8 December 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Honours.
Individual

= = = Dragan Đukanović = = =
Dragan Đukanović (born 29 October 1969) is a former Serbian football player.
Club career statistics.
15||1||0||0||0||0||15||1
15||1||0||0||0||0||15||1

= = = Petri Pasanen = = =
Petri Pasanen (born 24 September 1980) is a Finnish football player. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga and the Finland national team.
He plays as central defender but also can play left or right back.
Career.
He started with Kuusysi Lahti and soon raised the interest of European top teams. In 2000 he went to Ajax Amsterdam and became a regular player in the first squad. In August 2001 he broke his leg and missed most of the 2001/02 season. After his injury he came back to the team. With Ajax he reached the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League in the 2003/04 season. During the second half of the 2003/04 season he was on loan at English club Portsmouth in the Premier League. Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp was interested in buing Pasanen at the end of the season, but the price was to high. So Pasanen signed with SV Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga. After the end of his contract on 30 June 2011 he left Werder Bremen and signed for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He became a regular player from the beginning.
Pasanen is also a regular for the Finland national team. He made his international debut on 15 November 2000 against the Republic of Ireland. Pasanen has mostly played at right back for Finland, and has also served as the national team's captain, when Sami Hyypiä and Jari Litmanen have not played.
Pasanen has also played in Finland national futsal team, where he has six caps and two goals.
Honours.
Ajax
Werder Bremen
Club career statistics.
79||2
59||7
11||0
101||3
250||12
International career statistics.
!Total||57||0

= = = Tsuyoshi Yoshitake = = =
Tsuyoshi Yoshitake (born 8 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Crystal Palace Baltimore.
Club career statistics.
138||10||12||4||1||0||151||14
26||6||3||2||colspan="2"|-||29||8
164||16||15||6||1||0||180||22

= = = Caçapa = = =
Cláudio Roberto da Silva (born 29 May 1976), commonly known as Cláudio Caçapa or simply Caçapa (), is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as a central defender. He currently is the head coach of Belgian Pro League club RWD Molenbeek.
Club career statistics.
61||2
125||7
25||1
211||10
International career statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Anthony Réveillère = = =
Anthony Réveillère (born 10 November 1979) is a French football player. He plays for Olympique Lyonnais.
Club career statistics.
301||4
18||2
319||6
International career statistics.
!Total||5||0

= = = Sébastien Squillaci = = =
Sébastien Squillaci (born 11 August 1980) is a French football player. He plays for Sevilla and France national team.
Club career statistics.
254||21
33||0
287||21
International career statistics.
!Total||18||0

= = = Julien Faubert = = =
Julien Faubert (born 1 August 1983) is a French-Martiniquais football player. He plays for West Ham United.
Club career statistics.
142||13||||||||||142||13
27||0||3||0||2||0||32||0
2||0||||||||||2||0
171||13||3||0||2||0||176||13
International career statistics.
!Total||1||1

= = = Henrik Pedersen = = =
Henrik Pedersen (born 10 June 1975) is a former Danish football player. He played as a striker for Silkeborg IF, Bolton Wanderers and Hull City and played three games for Denmark national team.
Club career statistics.
149||74
164||26
313||100
International career statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Jonílson = = =
Jonilson Clovis Nascimento Breves or Jonilson (born 28 November 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
80||0
42||0
122||0

= = = Willian (footballer, born 1983) = = =
Willian Xavier Barbosa, known simply as Willian, (born 22 September 1983) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Botafogo (SP).

= = = David Kaufman (actor) = = =
David Kaufman (born July 23, 1961) is an American voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Danny Phantom on the series of the same name.

= = = Leonardo Moreira = = =
Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira (born 4 February 1986) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Tochigi.
Club career statistics.
84||23||8||0||92||23
84||23||8||0||92||23

= = = Yasuharu Kurata = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kurata was born in Fujieda on February 1, 1963. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Honda in 1986. He played 77 matches and scored 5 goals for the club. In 1991, he moved to Yomiuri and played in 1 season. The club won 1991 JSL Cup and 1991/92 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1992.
In September 1986, Kurata was selected the Japan national team for 1986 Asian Games. At this competition, on September 20, he debuted against Nepal. In 1987, he played at 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 6 games for Japan until 1987.
In 1989, Kurata selected Japan national futsal team for 1989 Futsal World Championship in Netherlands.
After retirement, Kurata started coaching career at Avispa Fukuoka in 1995. He mainly served as an assistant coach until 2006. In 2007, he moved to Vissel Kobe. In 2010, he moved to J2 League club FC Gifu and became a manager. In 2012, he moved to China and signed with Dalian Aerbin. In 2014, he became a manager at the club. He returned to Japan in 2015 and he became a manager for J2 club Tochigi SC in July and managed the club until end of 2015 season. In 2021, he signed with J3 League club Fujieda MYFC.
Statistics.
79||5||9||2||12||4||100||11
79||5||9||2||12||4||100||11
!Total||6||0

= = = Yosuke Saito = = =
Yōsuke Saito (born 7 April 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.
Club career statistics.
12||0||1||0||5||1||18||1
12||0||1||0||5||1||18||1

= = = Non-penetrative sex = = =
Non-penetrative sex is a form of sexual activity which does not involve penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth, unlike doing penetration in sex. 
Medical professionals accept the term of non-penetrative sex. It is a way to practice safer sex and of birth control as bodily fluids are not exchanged between partners. The form of sex is practised between partners who do not feel ready, are not physically able, cannot or simply do not want to have socially appropriate penetrative sex, but still wish to do a sexual act.

= = = Masakazu Tashiro = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
5||0||0||0||5||0||10||0
5||0||0||0||5||0||10||0

= = = Ariajasuru Hasegawa = = =
 is an -Iranian-Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a football player.
Club career statistics.
31||1||6||0||11||1||48||2
31||1||6||0||11||1||48||2

= = = Greatest common divisor = = =
The greatest common divisor (gcd) or highest common factor (HCF) of two integers "x" and "y", usually written as formula_1, is the greatest (largest) number that divides both of the integers evenly. GCDs are useful in simplifying fractions to the lowest terms. Euclid came up with the idea of GCDs.
Algorithm.
The GCD of any two positive integers can be defined as a recursive function: formula_2
In fact, this is the basis of Euclidean algorithm, which uses repeated long division in order to find the greatest common factor of two numbers.
Examples.
The GCD of 20 and 12 is 4, since 4 times 5 equals 20 and 4 times 3 equals 12. And since 3 and 5 have no common factor, their GCD is 1.
As another example, the GCD of 81 and 21 is 3.

= = = The Penguins of Madagascar = = =
The Penguins of Madagascar is an American computer-animated television series. It was produced by DreamWorks Animation and Nickelodeon. It stars nine characters from DreamWorks' animated movie "Madagascar". The characters include the penguins Skipper (voiced by Tom McGrath), Rico (John DiMaggio), Kowalski (Jeff Bennett) and Private (James Patrick Stuart), the lemurs King Julien (Danny Jacobs), Maurice (Kevin Michael Richardson) and Mort (Andy Richter) as well as Mason (Conrad Vernon) and Phil the chimpanzees. Characters new to the series include Marlene the otter (Nicole Sullivan) and a zookeeper named Alice (Mary Scheer). 
This is the first Nicktoon produced with DreamWorks Animation. The series was executive-produced by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle. They were the creators of the animated series "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command" and Disney Channel's "Kim Possible".
Episodes.
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Voice cast.
Some of the original movie actors were not available to play their roles again. Chris Miller, who had voiced Kowalski, is replaced by Jeff Bennett, Christopher Knights is replaced by James Patrick Stuart as the voice of Private, Danny Jacobs takes over from Sacha Baron Cohen as the voice of King Julien, and Cedric the Entertainer's character, Maurice, is replaced by Kevin Michael Richardson.

= = = Power of two = = =
In mathematics, a power of two is any number which is an integer power of two. Powers of two are important in binary just as powers of ten (like 1, 10, 100, etc.) are important in decimal. The numbers one less than powers of two are called Mersenne numbers.

= = = Piecewise function = = =
In mathematics, a piecewise function is a function that is defined using multiple rules. Each rule specifies the function values for a portion of the domain, and the rules are conjoined together using the formula_1 symbol. For example, there might be a function which gives formula_2 when formula_3, and formula_4 when formula_5.
The absolute value function, floor function and step function are some common functions which are usually defined piecewise.

= = = Elgin Marbles = = =
The Elgin Marbles or Parthenon Marbles are a series of ancient Greek sculptures of relief made from marble. They were originally part of the Parthenon temple in Athens but they were taken by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin in the early 1800s. 
Many people, including the Greek government, have argued that Elgin stole the marbles and did not take them legally. They are on display in the British Museum. The Greek government asked to have them back many times. In 2014 UNESCO offered to mediate but the museum declined. 
History of the removal.
In Britain, the acquisition of the collection was supported by some, while others, such as Lord Byron, likened Elgin's actions to vandalism or looting. A UK parliamentary inquiry in 1816 decided that Elgin had got the marbles legally. Elgin sold them to the British government in that year, after which they passed into the trusteeship of the British Museum.

= = = Mockumentary = = =
A mockumentary is a movie that pretends to be a documentary. It pretends to tell a true story, but is really a work of fiction. The word is a combination (a portmanteau word) of "mock" (meaning fake or false) and "documentary". 

= = = Waiting for Guffman = = =
Waiting for Guffman is a musical mockumentary movie made in 1997. It was directed by Christopher Guest, who also stars in the movie. The movie is set in the small town of Blaine, Missouri, which is not a real town. The town decides to perform a musical called "Red, White and Blaine" to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the town, and invites a famous theater critic named to see it, hoping that he will make the play famous.
The name of the movie is a reference to the play "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett. In that play, the two main characters are waiting for a man named Godot, who never shows up. In "Waiting for" , never shows up, either.URL

= = = Abundant number = = =
An abundant number is a number formula_1 for which its sum of divisors is greater than formula_2. 12 is an abundant number because formula_3.
18 is also an abundant number because formula_4. The series is in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (Sloane) as . 945 is the first odd abundant number.
If a number is not abundant, it is called either deficient or perfect.
List of abundant numbers.
List of the first 90 abundant numbers:

= = = Ant mill = = =
An ant mill is a small group of army ants away from the other ants. They lose the pheromone track and begin to follow each other, making a spinning circle. This circle is also known as a "death spiral" because the ants will eventually die of exhaustion. People can make this happen easily. This is a side effect of the self organizing structure of ant colonies. Each ant only knows to follow the ant in front of it. This will work until something goes wrong and an ant mill forms. An ant mill was first seen by William Beebe who saw a mill 1,200 feet in circumference. It took each ant 2.5 hours to go around.

= = = Acanthomyops = = =
Acanthomyops is a genus of ant in the family "Formicidae". It has the following species:

= = = Acanthomyops latipes = = =
Acanthomyops latipes is a species of ant in the family Formicidae. It is endemic to North America.

= = = Felipe de Almeida Gomes = = =
Felipe de Almeida Gomes (born 5 January 1988) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
5||7||0||0||5||7
5||7||0||0||5||7

= = = Leandro (footballer, born August 1987) = = =
Leandro Teixeira Dantas (born 17 August 1987) is a Brazilian football player.

= = = Enílton = = =
Enílton Menezes de Miranda (born 11 October 1977) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
54||17
92||30
0||0
11||0
157||47

= = = Lady-in-waiting = = =
A lady-in-waiting (also called waiting maid) is a female personal helper at a noble court. A lady in waiting would be in charge of waking, dressing and accompanying a lady in her daily activities She helps a queen, a princess, or other noblewoman. A lady-in-waiting is often a noblewoman of a lower rank than the one she attends. She is not thought to be a servant. Their duties are different depending on the court. People with artistic talents were usually chosen. In Russia, girls between "fourteen or twenty ["sic"]" were chosen, and left the court when she married. People like Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr were all ladies-in-waiting.
Famous ladies-in-waiting.
The Countess of Valentinois (Lady-in-waiting to the French-Italian Countess of Provence)

= = = Leandro Euzébio = = =
Leandro da Fonseca Euzébio (born 18 August 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Fluminense.
Club career statistics.
58||3||3||0||6||0||67||3
58||3||3||0||6||0||67||3

= = = Paulo Nunes = = =
Paulo Nunes (born 30 October 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics.
164||49
5||2
169||51
International career statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Shizuo Takada = = =
Shizuo Takada (born 5 August 1947) is a former Japanese football player and referee.

= = = Medical microbiology = = =
Medical microbiology, also known as ‘’’clinical microbiology’’’, is the study of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, which cause human illness and their role in the disease.
The microbes and the branch of microbiology are the most studied due to their great importance to medicine.
Medical microbiology studies development and progress of the infectious disease in a patient and in human population (epidemiology). It is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology. It is a branch of medicine and microbiology and includes five sciences: bacteriology, virology, parasitology, immunology and mycology.
History of medical microbiology.
In 1546, Girolamo Fracastoro proposed that epidemic diseases were caused by transferable seed like entities through direct, indirect contact and contact over long distances with an infection.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch are the founders of medical microbiology. Louis Pasteur is famous for his experiments when he disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He offered method for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. Robert Koch contributed to the germ theory of disease, provided that specific diseases were caused by specific microbes. He developed criteria known as the Koch's postulates and was among first to isolate bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several bacteria including "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", the causative agent of tuberculosis.
Fields in medical microbiology.
A medical microbiologist is a specialist in medical (clinical) microbiology.
He provides clinical consultations on the investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients suffering from infectious diseases. He establishes and directs infection control programs across public health care, infectious disease prevention and epidemiology.
He provides the scientific and administrative direction of a clinical microbiology laboratory. Such laboratory receives almost any clinical specimen, including swabs, feces, urine, blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, possible infected tissue. The work here is mainly concerned with cultures, to look for suspected pathogens which, if found, are identified based on biochemical tests. In addition, sensitivity testing is carried out to determine whether the pathogen is sensitive or resistant to a suggested medicine. Results are reported with the identified organism(s) and the type and amount of drug(s) that should be prescribed for the patient.
Medical microbiologist is also involved in teaching at all levels, and in research. It provided the development of vaccines against invading organisms. Deadly and debilitating diseases such as small pox, polio, and tuberculosis have been either eradicated or become more treatable.
There are claims that consuming probiotics (bacteria potentially beneficial to the digestive system) and/or prebiotics (substances consumed to promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms) contributes to human health. Microorganisms could be useful in the treatment of cancer. Strains of non-pathogenic clostridia can infiltrate and replicate within solid tumors, deliver therapeutic proteins.

= = = Ranieli Jose Cechinato = = =
Ranieli Jose Cechinato (born 19 December 1970) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Marcos Aurélio (footballer, born 1977) = = =
Marco Aurélio Fernandes da Silva (born 23 September 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.

= = = Koichiro Nagatomo = = =
Koichiro Nagatomo (born 7 December 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Noritomo Harada = = =
Noritomo Harada (born 14 July 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Keisuke Shuto = = =
Keisuke Shuto (born 5 October 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Honda Lock.
Club career statistics.
59||26||4||1||63||27
59||26||4||1||63||27

= = = Daisuke Nitta = = =
Daisuke Nitta (born 11 May 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0

= = = Masashi Uramoto = = =
Masashi Uramoto (born 11 October 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Ismaïl Aissati = = =
Ismaïl Aissati (born 16 August 1988) is a Dutch former football player.
Honours.
PSV
Ajax
Denizlispor
Netherlands U21

= = = Joe Bizera = = =
Joe Émerson Bizera Bastos (born 17 May 1980 in Artigas) is a Uruguayan former football player, who last played for Liverpool Montevideo.
Club career statistics.
120||11
35||0
16||2
10||0
0||0
181||13
International career statistics.
!Total||23||1

= = = Jaroslav Plašil = = =
Jaroslav Plašil (; born 5 January 1982) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Career statistics.
Club.
Notes
Honours.
Monaco
Bordeaux

= = = Otto Rehhagel = = =
Otto Rehhagel (; born 9 August 1938) is a German former football coach and player. 
Rehhagel is one of two people to have played in more than 1,000 Bundesliga matches as a player and coach (the other being Jupp Heynckes). In the Bundesliga, he holds the records for most wins (387), most draws (205) and most losses (228), with his team scoring more goals (1,473) and conceding goals (1,142) than any other team. From 1981 to 1995 he worked as manager for Werder Bremen, winning the Bundesliga twice with them and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1992. After a rather unfortunate intermezzo at Bayern Munich, he sensationally won the Bundesliga with promoted team 1. FC Kaiserslautern.
Playing career.
Born in Altenessen, Rehhagel began his career with local club TuS Helene Altenessen in 1948, then transferred to Rot-Weiss Essen (1960–63) and then played the Bundesliga at Hertha BSC (1963–65) until 1972 for Kaiserslautern. He played 201 games in the Bundesliga.

= = = Omar Bravo = = =
Omar Bravo Tordecillas (born 4 March 1980) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is Guadalajara's all-time leading scorer.
Club career statistics.
228||93
9||1
237||94
International career statistics.
!Total||63||15

= = = Neoclassicism = = =
Neoclassicism is the name given to movements in the arts that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). Traditionally, Classicism is about the art made in antiquity (very long ago, in ancient times) or later art inspired by that of antiquity. But Neoclassicism is always about the art made later but inspired by antiquity. So, Classicism and Neoclassicism are often used together. It often means clearness, elegance, harmony, and rest made by careful attention to traditional forms.
Examples of Neoclassicism in architecture include the White House and Neue Wache.

= = = Atsushi Kimura = = =
Atsushi Kimura (born 1 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
Club career statistics.
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0

= = = Yusuke Shimada = = =
Yusuke Shimada (born 19 January 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
Club career statistics.
207||28||18||1||5||0||230||29
207||28||18||1||5||0||230||29

= = = Robert Todd Lincoln = = =
Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer and Secretary of War. He was the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Born in Springfield, Illinois, United States, he was the only one of Lincoln's four sons to live to be an adult. He was a bright lawyer, and mostly served railroad interests. He was (1897–1911) president of the Pullman Company. He was quiet and shy. Because of this, he never tried to be a president, but he was minister to Great Britain (1889–93). Most of his last 20 years were spent at Hildene, his estate near Manchester, Vermont.
Lincoln did not have a very close relationship with his father. This was partly because Abraham Lincoln often spent months away from home. Robert would later say his clearest memory of his father was when he was packing for a trip to Illinois. Abraham Lincoln was proud of Robert. He thought Robert was clever. Though they were not close, Robert respected and loved his father. He wept openly at his deathbed.
Following his father's assassination, in April 1865, Robert Lincoln moved with his mother and his brother Tad to Chicago, where Robert completed his law studies at the Old University of Chicago (a school different from but later assumed by the university presently known by that name). He was admitted to the bar on February 25, 1867.
Lincoln was also present during the assassinations of James A. Garfield and William McKinley. He is the only man to have been present in the area where three US Presidents were assassinated.
On September 24, 1868, Robert Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan (September 25, 1846 – March 31, 1937). They had two daughters and one son. The last person who was directly related to Lincoln was Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith. He died in 1985.

= = = Kazuki Sakurada = = =
Kazuki Sakurada (born 1 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.
Club career statistics.
153||4||7||1||160||5
153||4||7||1||160||5

= = = Kazuto Tsuyuki = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
19||0||0||0||0||0||19||0
19||0||0||0||0||0||19||0

= = = Tom Starke = = =
Tom Peter Starke (born 18 March 1981) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played for six German Bundesliga clubs throughout his career that lasted for 18 seasons.

= = = Sejanus = = =
Sejanus (Lucius Aelius Seianus 20 BC – October 18, AD 31), was an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. An equestrian by birth, Sejanus rose to power as Praetorian Prefect. He commanded the Roman imperial bodyguard, the Praetorian Guard, from AD 14 until his death in 31.
After the Praetorian Guard was established under Augustus, Sejanus introduced reforms which saw the unit go from a mere bodyguard to an influential branch of the government. It controlled public security, and influenced civil administration. Most important of all, it influenced the succession of emperors: all needed the goodwill and support of the Guard. These changes would have a lasting impact on the Empire.
During the 20s, Sejanus gradually accumulated power by influencing Tiberius and eliminating potential political opponents, including the emperor's son, Drusus. When Tiberius withdrew to Capri in 26, Sejanus was left in control of the entire state mechanism as "de facto" ruler of the empire. For a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome, Sejanus suddenly fell from power in 31, the year his career culminated with the consulship. Amidst suspicions of conspiracy against Tiberius, Sejanus was arrested and executed, along with his followers.
Sejanus as tyrant.
In 29 Sejanus began a series of purge trials of senators and rich equestrians in the city, removing those capable of opposing his power, adding to the imperial (and his own) treasury. Networks of spies and informers brought the victims to trial with false accusations of treason, and many chose suicide over the disgrace of being condemned and executed. Only Caligula, the last remaining son of Germanicus, managed to survive the purges of Sejanus. He had moved to Capri to be with Tiberius in 31.
Downfall.
Through years of crafty intrigues and indispensable service to the emperor, Sejanus had worked himself up to become the most powerful man in the empire. Exactly what caused his sudden downfall is unclear: According to Josephus, it was Antonia, the mother of Livilla, who finally alerted Tiberius to the growing threat Sejanus posed. She sent a letter to Capri in the care of her freedman Pallas.
By the end of 31, he would be arrested, summarily executed. His body unceremoniously cast down the Gemonian stairs, which were a flight of steps in the ancient city of Rome. Nicknamed the Stairs of Mourning, they are infamous in Roman history as a place of execution. 
It was done like this. Tiberius resigned his post of Consul, which forced Sejanus to do likewise. This removed much of Sejanus' legal powers and protection. Another man, Macro, was appointed as Praetorian Prefect. Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. 
Following an issue of "damnatio memoriae" by the Senate, his statues were torn down and his name obliterated from public records. Although Rome at first rejoiced at the death of Sejanus, the city quickly plunged into more extensive trials, as Tiberius relentlessly persecuted all those who could in any way be tied to the schemes of Sejanus or had courted his friendship. This included all the children of Sejanus.

= = = Je ne sais quoi (song) = = =
Je Ne Sais Quoi is a song by Hera Björk from Iceland. She sang it in Eurovision Song Contest 2010. Je Ne Sais Quoi is French, and it means "I don't know what". The song got to 19th place.

= = = Hera Björk = = =
Hera Björk Þórhallsdóttir (born 29 March 1972 in Reykjavík) is an Icelandic singer. She sang "Je Ne Sais Quoi" in Eurovision Song Contest 2010.

= = = Ovo je Balkan = = =
Ovo je Balkan (, "This is Balkan") is a song by Serbian Milan Stanković. He sang it at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. It got to 13th place with 72 points.

= = = Milan Stanković = = =
Milan Stanković (Serbian: ����� ���������), born September 9, 1987 Yugoslavia (today's Serbia), in the Belgrade city. He sang the song "Ovo je Balkan" in Eurovision Song Contest 2010. He got to the final where he placed 13th out of 25 entries scoring 72 points.

= = = Toni Kroos = = =
Toni Kroos (born 4 January 1990) is a German football player. He plays for Real Madrid and the Germany national team.
Honours.
Bayern Munich
Real Madrid
Germany
Individual

= = = Al Jolson = = =
Al Jolson (May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was a Lithuanian-American Jewish singer, comedian, actor, and vaudevillian. His career lasted from 1911 until his death in 1950. He was called "the world's greatest entertainer”. 
His singing style was "sentimental [and] melodramatic". This style made many songs popular. Jolson influenced many famous singers. Some of these singers were Bing Crosby Judy Garland, rock and country entertainer Jerry Lee Lewis, and Bob Dylan. Dylan said Jolson was "somebody whose life I can feel".
Jolson was America's most famous and highest paid entertainer in the 1930s. Jolson sang and acted in the first (full length) talking movie, "The Jazz Singer" in 1927. He starred in many other musical movies in the 1930s. A movie about Jolson's life, "The Jolson Story", won Oscars in 1946. Larry Parks played Jolson, but Jolson sang the songs himself. A sequel, "Jolson Sings Again," was released in 1949, and was nominated for three Oscars. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Jolson became the first star to entertain troops overseas during World War II. Again in 1950 became the first star to perform for GIs in Korea. He did 42 shows in 16 days.
He sometimes performed in blackface makeup. This was a theatrical convention in the mid-19th century. With his unique and dynamic style of singing black music, like jazz and blues, he was later credited with single-handedly introducing African-American music to white audiences. As early as 1911 he became known for fighting against anti-black discrimination on Broadway. Jolson's well-known theatrics and his promotion of equality on Broadway helped pave the way for many black performers, playwrights, and songwriters, including Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Fats Waller, and Ethel Waters.

= = = Holger Badstuber = = =
Holger Badstuber (born 12 March 1989) is a German football player. He plays for FC Bayern Munich and Germany national team.
Honours.
Bayern Munich
Germany

= = = Zhytomyr = = =
Zhytomyr () is a city in Ukraine, the administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast. Nearly 271 000 people live here ().
Zhytomyr is a big transportation center. The city lies on a historic way that connects the city of Kyiv with the west through Brest. Today it connects Warsaw with Kyiv, Minsk with Izmail, and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne, an important Cold War strategic plane base that was situated southeast of the city.
Zhytomyr is divided into two districts. It is located on the Teteriv River.
As a legend says, Zhytomyr was founded about 884 by Zhytomyr, prince of a Slavic tribe of Drevlians. This date, 884, is cut in the large stone of the ice age times, that stands on the hill where it was founded.
Gallery.

= = = Media center = = =
The term media center refers either to a dedicated computer appliance or to a specialized application software designed to run on standard personal computer hardware which then becomes a so called ""HTPC" ("Home Theater PC", also sometimes referred to as a "Media PC""), both of which are adapted for playing various kinds of media (music, movies, photos etc.). A media center usually has a GUI (Graphical User Interface) designed to be used with a living-room TV using a remote control. This remote control is commonly known by their designers as a 10-foot user interface. A media center typically allows one to watch movies (DVD, Blu-ray, and other digital video formats) and watching and recording television broadcasts, playing audio (CD as well as MP3, WMA, and other audio formats).
The media itself may be stored, received by terrestrial, satellite or cable broadcasting or streamed from the internet. Stored media is kept either on a local hard drive or on a (wireless) network attached storage. Some software is capable of doing other tasks, such as finding news (RSS) from the Internet. Media centers are often operated with a remote control, connected to a television set for video output, and can sometimes function as a normal personal computer.
A media center can be purpose-built, modified or created individuals by adding media center software to a PC or some other computer, for example a Home Theater PC or an Xbox. Lately, some video game consoles (such as PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360) with their network services can also act as a basic media center device by default.
Functionality and advantages.
Typically, complete media centers offer the following functions to the user:
Though media centers are often built using similar components to personal computers, they are often smaller; media centers sometimes have hardware that is not usually seen in personal computers, such as receivers for remote controls, or television tuner cards. Media centers have not seen widespread popularity but are starting to take hold in the UK and the United States.
Common applications.
There are several common applications for which media centers are beginning to gain popularity. Simply put, any application requiring the playback of digital media based files, but not requiring the full features and flexibility of a personal computer stands to benefit from the reduced size, reduced complexity and reduced cost of media centers when compared to similarly equipped PCs.
Common applications include :

= = = Doctor-patient relationship = = =
The relationship between a doctor and a patient is a very important part of medicine. Only when there is a good relationship between the two is it possible to have high-quality healthcare. This relationship is also at the base of medical ethics. Many medical schools teach the doctors to be to keep a professional relationship with their patients, to respect the patients' dignity and privacy. 
This relationship has asymmetric information though. The doctor knows more than the patient, but has to explain the patient's situation, and has to ask the patient what treatments should be done. There is a very similar relationship between the patient and nurses, psychologists.
There are different legal norms that regulate this relationship. Examples of such norms are the Hippocratic oath, the Declaration of Geneva. Professional responsibility may also govern such a relationship.
Ideally, patient and doctor trust each other. If they do, this can have a positive influence on the development of disease or condition. Healing can be hindered if the patient does not take the prescribed drugs, of if these drugs are not taken in the doses prescribed.
If the relationship is too good this can preclude efficiency. In certain cases, it may be good to get the opinion of a second doctor, regarding a condition.

= = = Corm = = =
A corm is a modified plant stem some plants use as a storage organ or for hibernation. Corms are structurally plant stems, and can produce roots. On the top of the corm, one or a few buds grow into shoots that produce normal leaves and flowers.
Some plants with corms regularly replace their older corms with a stack of younger ones. In other species their corms simply grow larger in most seasons. Yet others split when multiple buds or stolons on a large corm sprout independently.
Corms can be dug up and used to multiply or redistribute the plant (see, for example, taro). Plants with corms generally can be propagated by cutting the corms into sections and replanting. 
Examples.
Plants that form corms include the following species:

= = = Army ant = = =
Army ant (or legionary ant or "Marabunta") means over 200 ant species. They are called army ants due to their aggressive predatory groups looking for food, known as "raids", in which many ants look for food at the same time in one place, attacking other animals collectively.
Army ants do not build a nest like most other ants. Instead, they build a living, temporary nest with their bodies. All army ant species are part of the ant family, Formicidae. There are several kinds that have evolved on their own the same behavior. This is called "legionary behavior", and is convergent evolution.
Usage.
Before, "army ant" meant ants from 5 different ant subfamilies: in two of these subfamilies, the Ponerinae and Myrmicinae, it is only a few species that show legionary behavior; in the other three subfamilies, Ecitoninae, Dorylinae, and Leptanillinae, "all" of the species are legionary. Now, another subfamily Leptanilloidinae, is called army ants.
A 2003 study of thirty species (by Sean Brady of Cornell University) shows that the ecitonine and doryline army ants evolved from one group in the mid-Cretaceous period in Gondwana, and so the two subfamilies are now one called Ecitoninae, but not everyone says this.
These are army ants:

= = = Hematuria = = =
Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It may have a benign cause, but in some cases can be caused by an illness that could cause death. 

= = = Bladder cancer = = =
Bladder Cancer is cancer arising in the Urinary bladder. It is much more common in men than in women. People who are between 65 to 74 years are mostly affected by this disease.

= = = Streptococcus mutans = = =
Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive bacteria that lives in the mouth. This bacteria grows optimally in the range of 18-40 degrees Celsius. The microbe was first described by Clarke in 1924.

= = = Commutative property = = =
The commutative property says that the order of the numbers when adding or multiplying can be changed without changing the answer. For example, both formula_1 and formula_2 are equal to 10, and both formula_3 and formula_4 are equal to 35. This can be done with any numbers, or with more than two numbers.
Definition.
The definition of commutative property of addition is formula_5. "a" and "b" are variables and can be any number.
Some operations like dividing are not commutative. For instance, formula_6 is 2, but formula_7 is formula_8. Subtraction is not commutative either: formula_9 is 4, but formula_10 is negative 4.
Higher mathematics.
In higher mathematics like calculus, there are other commutative operations besides adding and multiplying. Commutative property must hold for each two elements of an Abelian group.

= = = Irrational number = = =
In mathematics, an irrational number is a real number that cannot be written as a complete ratio of two integers. 
An irrational number cannot be fully written down in fraction or decimal form. It would have an infinite number of digits. In addition, these digits would also not repeat. The set of irrational numbers is sometimes written as formula_1 or formula_2. 
Irrational numbers often occur in geometry. For instance, if a square has sides of 1 meter, the distance between opposite corners is the square root of two meters. This is an irrational number. In decimal form it is written as 1.414213... Mathematicians have proved that the square root of every natural number is either an integer or an irrational number.
One well known irrational number is pi (�). This is the circumference of a circle divided by its diameter. This number is the same for every circle. The number pi is approximately 3.14159265358979323... .
Other examples of irrational number include the numbers formula_3 and formula_4. A number for which irrationality is not known is the Euler–Mascheroni constant formula_5.

= = = Shogo Yoshizawa = = =
Shogo Yoshizawa (born 26 July 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Laranja Kyoto.
Club career statistics.
18||1||2||0||0||0||20||1
29||4||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||4
47||5||5||0||0||0||52||5

= = = Hideya Tanaka = = =
Hideya Tanaka (born 25 June 1986) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
9||0||0||0||0||0||9||0
24||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
33||2||2||0||0||0||35||2

= = = Ryusuke Ofuchi = = =
Ryusuke Ofuchi (born 1 October 1956) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Robert Earnshaw = = =
Robert Earnshaw (born 6 April 1981) is a Welsh football player. He plays for Nottingham Forest and Wales national team.
Club career statistics.
325||138||22||15||14||15||361||168
3||2||1||0||0||0||4||2
328||140||22||15||14||15||365||170
International career statistics.
!Total||46||14

= = = Paul Jones = = =
Paul Jones (born 19 April 1967) is a former Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.
Club career statistics.
379||0
379||0
International career statistics.
!Total||50||0
Honours.
Southampton
Kidderminster Harriers
Stockport County
Individual

= = = Júnior Maranhão = = =
Júnior Maranhão (born 22 March 1985) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
11||0||0||0||6||0||17||0
11||0||0||0||6||0||17||0

= = = Frank Rost = = =
Frank Rost (born 30 June 1973) is a retired German football player. His last club was the American soccer club New York Red Bulls. His former clubs were Werder Bremen, Schalke 04 and Hamburger SV.
Honours.
Werder Bremen
Schalke 04
Hamburger SV

= = = Antonio Langella = = =
Antonio Langella (born 30 March 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Bari.
Club career statistics.
376||68
376||68
International career statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Luis Diego López = = =
Luis Diego López (born 22 August 1974) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Cagliari.
Club career statistics.
37||2
62||3
296||6
395||11
International career statistics.
!Total||||

= = = Diego Pérez = = =
Diego Pérez (born 18 May 1980) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Monaco and Uruguay national team.
Club career statistics.
145||14
123||2
268||16
International career statistics.
!Total||48||0

= = = Mitsunori Yamao = = =
Mitsunori Yamao (born 13 April 1973) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
195||7||16||1||5||0||216||8
195||7||16||1||5||0||216||8

= = = Lucas Bernardi = = =
Lucas Bernardi (born 27 September 1977) is Argentine former football player and manager.
Club career.
Bernardi began his playing career with Newell's Old Boys before joining French team Olympique de Marseille in 2001. After one season with Marseille he joined AS Monaco where he played over 200 games for the club. He was part of the team that reached the final of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League. In 2009, he returned to Argentina to rejoin Newell's.
Honours.
Monaco
Newell's Old Boys

= = = Gonzalo Vargas = = =
Gonzalo Vargas (born 22 September 1981) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Atlas.
Club career statistics.
94||43
55||27
12||0
32||10
193||80
International career statistics.
!Total||10||3

= = = Hisanori Ogawa = = =
Hisanori Ogawa (born 22 May 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Kentaro Yano = = =
Kentaro Yano (born 22 September 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Norita Ochiai = = =
Norita Ochiai (born 2 September 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Kazuhiro Ninomiya = = =
Kazuhiro Ninomiya (born 23 November 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||2||0||0||0||2||0
0||0||2||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Sebastián Riep = = =
Sebastián Riep (born 20 February 1976) is a former Argentine football player.
Club career statistics.
11||0||0||0||5||1||16||1
11||0||0||0||5||1||16||1

= = = Marcelo Carracedo = = =
Marcelo Carracedo (born 16 April 1970) is a former Argentine football player.

= = = Shinya Shirakawa = = =
Shinya Shirakawa (born 7 August 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Honda Lock.
Club career statistics.
145||0||10||0||0||0||155||0
145||0||10||0||0||0||155||0

= = = Yusuke Nakamura = = =
Yusuke Nakamura (born 6 October 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.
Club career statistics.
54||3||1||0||0||0||55||3
54||3||1||0||0||0||55||3

= = = Masaki Iwamoto = = =
Masaki Iwamoto (born 30 October 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for HOYO Atletico ELAN Oita.
Club career statistics.
40||26||3||1||43||27
40||26||3||1||43||27

= = = Luís Augusto = = =
Luis Augusto Osorio Romao (born 20 November 1983) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
49||8||2||1||4||2||55||11
49||8||2||1||4||2||55||11

= = = Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway = = =
The Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway (the O.I.R.) was a standard gauge railway that served an ironstone quarry near the village of Wroxton in Oxfordshire. It linked to the Great Western Railway about to the east, just north of the town of Banbury. Both the quarry and line opened in 1917 and closed in 1967, when the Ironstone ran out. It never became part of British Rail and was run by the quarry's owners.
The quarry was heavily worked in the Second World War, due to extra war needs. A newer quarry close by is now served by trucks only.
The OIR operated its own fleet of steam locomotives: 0-6-0T, 0-6-0ST and 0-4-0ST's.
Heavy clay and Ironstone deposits surround Banbury.

= = = Tomasz Radzinski = = =
Tomasz Radzinski (born 14 December 1973) is a former Polish-Canadian soccer player.
Honours.
Germinal Ekeren
Anderlecht
Lierse
Individual

= = = Zat Knight = = =
Zat Knight (born 2 May 1980) is an English football player. He plays for Bolton Wanderers.

= = = Yuji Okuma = = =
Yuji Okuma (born 19 January 1969) is a retired Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
163||8||8||1||28||1||199||10
163||8||8||1||28||1||199||10

= = = Motonobu Tako = = =
Motonobu Tako (born 22 April 1972) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
3||0
3||0

= = = Shoji Ikitsu = = =
Shoji Ikitsu (born 20 May 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
28||0
28||0

= = = Danilo (footballer, born 1979) = = =
Danilo Gabriel de Andrade (born 11 June 1979), simply known as Danilo, is a Brazilian professional football coach and former player who played as an attacking midfielder. He is the current head coach of Corinthians' under-20 squad.

= = = Shuta Sonoda = = =
Shuta Sonoda (born 6 February 1969) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
98||10||5||1||13||0||116||11
98||10||5||1||13||0||116||11

= = = Jesús Navas = = =
Jesús Navas (born 21 November 1985) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Sevilla and Spanish national team.
Club career statistics.
162||13||10||2||40||0||212||15
162||13||10||2||40||0||212||15
International career statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Michael Thwaite = = =
Michael Thwaite (born 2 May 1983) is an Australian soccer player. He has played for Australia national team.
Club career statistics.
52||0
34||0
6||0
2||0
94||0
International career statistics.
!Total||6||0

= = = Tomoyasu Asaoka = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Asaoka was born in Tokyo Metropolis on April 6, 1962. After graduating from the University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Kokan in 1985. Starting in 1985, the club won second place for three years in a row. He played 63 matches and was selected Best Eleven 1985/86. He moved to Yomiuri in 1988. The club won the league championship in 1990/91. He retired in 1991.
In April 1987, Asaoka was selected the Japan national team for 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on April 12, he debuted against Singapore. He played 8 games for Japan until 1989.
Asaoka died on 6 October 2021 in Tokyo, aged 59.
Statistics.
102||8||15||1||14||2||131||11
102||8||15||1||14||2||131||11
!Total||8||0

= = = Lee Myung-bak = = =
Lee Myung-bak () ; born 19 December 1941) was President of South Korea from 2008 to 2013. He was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction. In 2002 Lee declared his candidacy for Seoul Mayor, and won the election. After he became president, he said, "I will give Seoul a complete makeover." He was elected the President of South Korea on 19 December 2007. This was the same day as his birthday. It was also the same day he married his wife, Kim Yoon-ok. So, on their 37th wedding anniversary and his 67th birthday, Lee became President of South Korea. He finished his service in February 2013. Lee has three daughters and one son.
Lee Myung-bak was born on December 19, 1941 in Japan. After the end of World War II in 1945, his family came back to his father's hometown Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. Lee went to night school at Dongji Commercial High School.
On March 26, 2010 an explosion destroyed the South Korean warship Cheonan. This killed 40 men. Six men also disappeared. They are thought to be dead. An investigation into the sinking blamed North Korea. They said that a torpedo fired by a North Korean submarine had sunk the ship. North Korea said it had nothing to do with the Cheonan's sinking. They said they were not guilty. Lee said their denial was "laughable". He stopped all trade between the north and south. He also asked the United Nations to help them against North Korea. He also began sending radio messages to North Korean people.
Lee Myung-bak is a Christian and goes to the Somang Presbyterian church. When he was a mayor, he once declared that Seoul was a "holy place governed by God". He has been much criticized for his beliefs. Buddhist people protested that Lee was a threat to their religion.
Lee has also been criticized for not giving enough political freedom to the people. For example, the police limited demonstrations. But Lee said, "I fully understand the protestors' point of view on the matter". He added, "Protesting culture has a deep root in democracy of Korea and despite the ongoing political upheaval of this country, the enthusiasm that the protesters showed is one embrace (approve) and this a positive (good) drive of Korea's development."

= = = Fernando Redondo = = =
Fernando Redondo (born 6 July 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentinian national team.
Honours.
Tenerife
Real Madrid
Milan
Argentina
Individual

= = = Eddie Johnson = = =
Edward Abraham Johnson (born March 31, 1984) is an American former soccer player. He played the majority of his fourteen-year club career in the U.S. with FC Dallas, Kansas City Wizards, Seattle Sounders FC, and D.C. United. Johnson also spent three and a half years with several European clubs.
Johnson also played for the United States men's national soccer team from 2004 to 2014
Honors.
United States
Individual

= = = Ryosuke Matsuoka = = =
Ryosuke Matsuoka (born 23 October 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics.
57||1||4||0||11||0||72||1
57||1||4||0||11||0||72||1

= = = Toru Hasegawa = = =
Toru Hasegawa (born 11 December 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus Eight.
Club career statistics.
1||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||4||0
1||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||4||0

= = = Shinta Fukushima = = =
Shinta Fukushima (born 28 January 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus Eight.
Club career statistics.
3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0

= = = Thomas Müller = = =
Thomas Mueller (born 13 September 1989) is a German football player. He plays for the FC Bayern Munich and Germany national team. Müller can play as both a forward and midfielder. Mueller is known for his great positioning, team work and stamina.
International career statistics.
!Total||56||22

= = = 3. Liga = = =
The 3. Liga is the 3rd division of football in Germany. It replaced the Regionalliga as the 3rd division of Germany in 2008.
Current clubs.
List.
1 SSV Ulm will play at least five games in Aalen cause their own stadium has no Under-soil heating.<br>

= = = VfL Osnabrück = = =
The VfL Osnabrück is a football club which plays in Germany.

= = = 1. FC Union Berlin = = =
The 1. FC Union Berlin is a football club which plays in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in 1966.
All time top scorer.
 Karim Benyamina (87)

= = = TuS Koblenz = = =
The TuS Koblenz is a football club which plays in Germany.

= = = 1. FSV Mainz 05 = = =
The 1. FSV Mainz 05 is a football club which plays in Germany.

= = = FC Augsburg = = =
Fußball-Club Augsburg 1907 e. V., commonly known as FC Augsburg () or Augsburg, is a German football club based in Augsburg, Bavaria. FC Augsburg play in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system. The team was founded as Fußball-Klub Alemania Augsburg in 1907 and played as BC Augsburg from 1921 to 1969. With over 18,800 members, it is the largest football club in Swabian Bavaria.
History.
The team was founded as Fußball-Klub Alemania Augsburg in 1907 and played as BC Augsburg from 1921 to 1969. The merging of the clubs TSV Schwaben and BC Augsburg was discussed since the late 1940s. In 1969 BC Augsburg had problems in the 3rd division and so had TSV Schwaben. The new FCA played its first game on 30 July 1969, when it met 1. FC Nuremberg in Augsburg in front of 13,000 and lost 3-0 in extra time.
After the formation of the club in 1969, the club played mostly in the 2nd and 3rd division of German football. From 1983 to 1994 they played in Bavaria's highest league, the Bayernliga. At this time it was the third division of league football in Germany. From 1994 to 2000 they played in the Regionalliga Süd which was the name of the new 3rd stage of German league system. In 2006/07 they played for the first time in the 2.Bundesliga and in the 2010/11 season they reached the second place. They were promoted to the German Bundesliga.
Kit.
Augsburg's kits are predominantly white, with red and green kits also appearing from time to time.
Managers.
Recent managers of the club:
FC Augsburg seasons.
The last five season-by-season performance of the club:

= = = Phonon = = =
In physics, a phonon is a quantized lattice vibration. The word quantized is used in physics to mean that only certain values of something are allowed. Something that is quantized can be thought of as stairs; you can only move from step to step and you can't stand in between steps. Something that is not quantized can be thought of as a ramp or smooth incline; you can move any distance up or down. A lattice is the repeating or periodic structure of a crystal. A crystal is made up of atoms or molecules in a certain pattern. The points on the pattern at which the atoms or molecules are located is the lattice. Solids, liquids, and gases can all experience vibrations. A vibration being quantized means that only certain frequencies of vibrations are allowed.
Intuitively, there is no reason for lattice vibrations to be quantized. The macroscopic or large-scale vibrations of a material are not quantized and can take on essentially any frequency. It is only when we consider the tiny vibrations of the particles that make up a material—atoms and molecules—that the concept of quantization and phonons becomes important. To understand why phonons exist, complicated quantum mechanics is needed. Without going into too much detail, the interactions between the constituent atoms or molecules of a crystal are analyzed quantum mechanically. Because of their arrangement in a pattern that repeats, when one arrives at a mathematical expression for the frequency of oscillation, one finds that there are only distinct quantized values allowed.

= = = Dynamo Moscow = = =
Dynamo Moscow may refer to one of the following Dynamo sports clubs in Moscow. In Soviet time all of them were parts of the All-Union Dynamo Sports Club.

= = = HC Dynamo Moscow = = =
Dynamo Moscow () is a Russian professional ice hockey club based in Moscow. They are members of the Bobrov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League.
Honours.
Domestic competitions.
 Soviet League Championship "(5)": 1946–47, 1953-54, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92
 USSR Cup "(3)": 1953, 1972, 1976
 IHL Championship "(3)": 1992-93, 1994-95, 1995-96
 IHL Cup "(3)": 1993, 1995, 1996
 Russian Superleague "(2)": 1999-00, 2004-05
Kontinental Hockey League.
 Gagarin Cup "(2)": 2011–12, 2012–13
 Continental Cup "(1)": 2013–14
 Opening Cup "(3)": 2010–11, 2012–13, 2013–14
Europe.
 IIHF European Champions Cup "(1)": 2006
 IIHF Continental Cup "(1)": 2004-05
 Spengler Cup "(2)": 1983, 2008
 Ahearne Cup "(2)": 1975, 1976
 Tampere Cup "(2)": 1991, 1992

= = = Thunder Bay Thunder Cats = = =
The Thunder Bay Thunder Cats was the name of the Rockford IceHogs of the UHL (now the International Hockey League) prior to moving to Rockford. The team went through a number of different names prior to being the Thunder Cats, including the Thunder Bay Thunder Hawks and the Thunder Bay Senators.
History.
After the success of the 5-time Allan Cup champion Thunder Bay Twins, the Colonial Hockey League took interest in expanding to the Northwestern Ontario city. In 1991, the Colonial league introduced the Thunder Bay Thunder Hawks, spelling the end of the 21-year Twins franchise that stepped aside for the new Semi-Pro team. In 1993, the team changed its name to the Thunder Bay Senators to reflect the teams affiliation with the National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators. Soon after, the CoHL changed its name to the United Hockey League and in 1996 the team became the Thunder Bay Thunder Cats.
After eight seasons in Thunder Bay, the Thunder Cats were bought, moved to Rockford, Illinois, and renamed the Rockford IceHogs in 1999.

= = = Parser = = =
In computer science, a parser is a program that checks to see if a text is valid according to the rules of a grammar.

= = = Lymington Branch Line = = =
The Lymington branch line is a short line running between Brockenhurst and Lymington Pier. The line is operated by South West Trains. There is a station in between called Lymington Town. The short length of track between Lymington Town and Lymington Pier has a line speed of 20mph.
Preserved 421cig Units.
The two preserved 421cig units make the line a popluar destination for rail-fans. Unit 1497 "Freshwater" was painted in British Rail White and Blue while 1498 "Farringford" was painted in BR Green. The units were given names of places on the Isle of Wight as they only ran on this line. Until 22 May 22 2010 they were the only EMU slamdoor units still in operation anywhere in Britain.
Future of the Branch Line.
The line is now operated by 158/9 sprinter units. This means the 750Volt DC electric has no longer got a use. This may seem strange as most parts of the country are electrifiying lines. The reason for this is that "450 units" have 4 cars which are too long for Lymington Town Station. And South West Trains are not willing to remove a coach from a 450 unit. The only solution then is to use DMU 3 car sprinter units.

= = = HQ9+ = = =
HQ9+ is a joke programming language made by Cliff L. Biffle in 2001. It has four "operations":

= = = Quine (computing) = = =
A quine is a special kind of computer program, which accepts no inputs and outputs its own source code. They are named after the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine.
Quine's Paradox.
Quine was very interested in the "liar paradox", "this statement is false", which can't be either true or false. This paradox appears in lots of other places. In the mathematics of set theory it is called Russell's paradox, it is a set which contains sets which don't contain themselves. 
All of those examples before Quine were 'self-referential'. This means that they define an object in terms of itself, like the liar paradox starting with the words "this statement". Lots of people thought that you could ignore the liar paradox if you just decided to ignore all self-referential statements. Quine saw that you would also have to ignore "quotation", which is the process that happens when you put a phrase in quote marks. When you "say" a phrase, you are talking about its meaning; but when you "quote" a phrase, you are talking about that phrase, and not what it means.
Quine's paradox was, '"Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation" yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation.' This is a more complicated liar paradox which is not self-referential. It is a simple statement about some phrase, telling you what happens when you write a statement where you write the phrase in quote marks and then write the phrase again outside of them.
Quines as programs.
Most programming languages have quotation too: you can put quotes around some code and then the computer does not "run" that code, but instead just "stores" it as a string.
The trick to writing a quine involves writing a string which somehow has a "hole" in it, then outputting that string, with the "hole" filled in with its own quotation. For example in Python the function which quotes a string is called codice_1, and the codice_2 operator fills in a hole which is written as codice_3 in the string, while converting codice_4 to codice_2:
def quine():
 "Returns its own source code"
 s = 'def quine():\n "Returns its own source code"\n s = %s\n return s %% repr(s)\n'
 return s % repr(s)
Or in JavaScript, we can use codice_6 to quote an array, and the "hole" can be the space between the two array elements:
function quine() {
 var a = ["function quine() {\n var a = ", ";\n return a[0] + JSON.stringify(a) + a[1];\n}"];
 return a[0] + JSON.stringify(a) + a[1];
In CoffeeScript you can write a quine as a phrase followed by its own quotation, which looks a lot like Quine's paradox:
quine = -> ((t) -> t + JSON.stringify t) "quine = -> ((t) -> t + JSON.stringify t) "

= = = ELIZA = = =
ELIZA is an early program able to process natural language. ELIZA operated by processing users' responses to "scripts". The most famous script was called DOCTOR. It was a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist. Eliza didn't know much about thought or emotion. However, DOCTOR sometimes provided conversation like a human. ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966.
When the person used words that were not in the very small list,
DOCTOR might say, for example, responding to "My head hurts", "Why do you say your head hurts?" The response to "My mother hates me" might be "Who else in your family hates you?" ELIZA was programmed using simple pattern matching techniques, but was taken seriously by several of its users, even after Weizenbaum explained to them how it worked. It was one of the first chatterbots in existence.

= = = GNU Emacs = = =
GNU Emacs (short for Editing Macros) is thought to be text editor that is common on many UNIX-based operating systems, Mac and Windows Operating systems but it's actually a extendable elisp editor that can be made to be just about anything 
Emacs is primarily used by just about everyone from programmers to home desktop users. This is because emacs can do just about anything you can think of. Some of the uses of Emacs include:
Emacs is made powerful by Emacs Lisp, a built-in programming language that lets the user extend the capabilities of the editor.
A common Emacs joke is that all of the functions of the editor are crazy weird keystrokes (such as "control-meta-4 shift-left-P-semicolon-F1" to do something simple like cut and paste text). In reality, though, these keystrokes are relatively simple, though they can take some getting used to.
There is an Internet turf war between programmers that prefer Emacs and programmers that prefer Vim (or Vi), another common text editor.

= = = Bacillus anthracis = = =
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, 11.2�m in width and 3–5�m in length. It is the agent which causes anthrax.
Description.
The bacillus lives in soils worldwide at moderate temperatures. It can be grown in aerobic or anaerobic conditions (it is a facultative anaerobe) in a medium with essential nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen sources. In 1877, this organism was the first to be shown to cause disease by Robert Koch and verified by Louis Pasteur.

= = = George Bancroft = = =
George Bancroft (October 3, 1800 – January 17, 1891) was an American historian and statesman. He was important in promoting secondary education both in his home state and at the national level. He made the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845. Among his best-known writings is "History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent". He was known as the "father of American History". He was born into a Whig family. Later his studies led him to become a Democratic.
Other websites.
<br>

= = = Christadelphians = = =
The Christadelphians are a Christian denomination that developed in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 19th century. Other names for them include Brothers of Christ and Christ's Brethren. They were in effect founded by John Thomas, but do not consider him greater than any other teacher. Today, there are about 55,000-60,000 Christadelphians. Many of them live in Britain, Australia, Africa and the United States.
Ideas.
Their ideas are close to other Restorationist movements such as the Anabaptist movement. They say that when Christianity came in contact with the Hellenic world, it was spoiled. Therefore, they only accept teachings that can be found in the Bible. They think that the Bible was inspired by God and they accept no other texts. 
Different Groups.
Today almost all Christadelphians belong to the main "Central" fellowship. But, following some disagreements, there have been different groups of Christadelphians. Among those still in existence today are Unamended Fellowship which has 1,800 members in North America, the Dawn Fellowship, and the Berean Fellowship.
Community.
They do not have priests or pastors, instead each local church has a group of elders who are chosen by the members each year. Most male members take turns to speak each week.

= = = Quezon City = = =
Quezon City, or Q.C., is the largest city of the Philippines. It is just south of Manila. In 2015, it had a population of 2.936 million people. The city, on Luzon island, was named after Manuel L. Quezon, the former president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

= = = Robert Larue Stewart = = =
Robert "Uncle Bob" Larue Stewart (1917-2006) is the founder, former owner and broadcaster of the GMA Network (formerly known as Republic Broadcasting System).

= = = Gaza flotilla raid = = =
The Gaza flotilla raid happened on 31 May 2010. It was in the international waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Israeli naval forces seized an aid flotilla of six ships carrying 663 or 682 pro-Palestinian activists from 37 nations, known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla". The activists were trying to breach the blockade of Gaza and deliver humanitarian supplies. 
During the event, Israeli military forces seized a convoy of six ships carrying goods which should be brought to the Palestinian territories in the form of aid. There were 663-682 people on board these ships. The ships were headed to the port of Gaza. Israel had offered them to land at a different port, so that the aid could be inspected, but the crew had declined this offer. During the incident, at least nine people were killed.
The regional overview.
The Gaza strip is part of Palestine. It is amongst the most densely populated areas on Earth. About 1.5 million people live on a surface of roughly 493 km2.
The Palestinian Authority says that this is an occupied territory. They say, Israel is the occupation force, and it should withdraw, and give the territory back to the Palestinians. Israel has attacked and bombed Gaza several times.
Israel does not see things this way, since they gave over the territory to Palestinian administration in 2005, and have pulled back their troops over time . Meanwhile, Hamas, the Palestinian group which controls the territory, has launched rockets at Israel.
Hamas took over the Gaza Strip after the Fatah–Hamas conflict that was after the 2006 Palestinian elections Israel said Hamas to be a terrorist movement. Egypt did not agree with Hamas removing the Palestinian Authority officials from Gaza.
The Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip was said to be a safety measure by Israel, but the Free Gaza Movement are opposed. Hamas, along with other groups had been causing trouble there and in southern parts of Israel. The blocked started in 2007. Many countries (like Egypt) feel sorry for the Gaza Strip, a few others (like Iran) hate or some how fear Israel and some (like the USA) agree with Israel.
The ships' route.
The Turkish passenger ship Cruse Liner MV Mavi Marmara was trying to take Turkish and Cypriot aid to the Gaza Strip on May the 31st, when the Israeli Navy found it. The 3 year old blockade was upheld by Flotilla 13. The Mavi Marmara was 40 miles from the Gaza Strip when it was raided. 27 British activists, 9 Palestinian, 8 Turks, 2 Irish, 1 Swedish, 1 South African, 1 American and 1 Albanian were on the Mavi Marmara, along with a few others. The Mavi Marmara was followed by the Irish passenger ship MV Rachel Corrie and 4 other minor vessels. The ships carried a total of 663-682 activists and aid workers, including several Turks, several Malaysians another American, an Australian, and a Belgian.
There were in total 663 or 683 people from 37 nations on board the 6 ships in the civilian flotilla. Notable people included Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mairead Corrigan, former UN Assistant Secretary-General Denis Halliday, Israeli-Arab member of Knesset Haneen Zoubi, leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel Raed Salah, Swedish novelist Henning Mankell, and a number of politicians from European and Arab national governments and the European Parliament.
The raid.
Israel said that the other 5 ships were boarded and taken over peacefully, and that the only incidents took place in the "Mavi Marmara", but many reports that several people from the other ships were also wounded.
The flotilla had planned to break through the Gaza blockade, ignoring Israel's plan for the activists to stop at the port of Ashdod and transfer the cargo through there. After they ignored repeated calls to give in, soldiers from the Shayetet 13 (Flotilla 13) unit boarded the ships at around 04:00 IST
The convoy organizers Arafat Shoukriof, of the Free Gaza Movement (FGM), said the Israeli military story was not true. One of the co-organizers of the flotilla convoy, said those on board one ship had called them by telephone to say that Israeli helicopters had arrived to do a surprise raid.
The MV Mavi Marmara is raided.
The boarding of the "Mavi Marmara" resulted in violent clashes between activists and Israeli soldiers, though the details are disputed.
Apparently an Israeli helicopter dropped 30 specialist soldiers on to the ship. Fighting then broke out. An Israeli trooper was thrown over the side of the ship, some aid workers rioted and threw chairs at the Israelis. The Israelis then used tear gas, tasers, stun grenades and smoke bombs. Later several gun shots were fired by both sides. Finally, at the end of it all, an Albanian woman fell over the side of the ship. The soldiers, who used stun grenades, then asked for government permission to use their firearms, which they then received.
The Israeli military said that the troops were suddenly attacked after climbing down ropes from helicopters onto the deck of the ship. Soldiers were reportedly beaten badly, one was stabbed, and one was thrown in to the sea Two Israelis had their guns taken away. An Israeli commando said that there was live fire at some point against them from below deck. Stun grenades and tear gas were used in an attempt to disperse activists. When this did not work the commandos requested and received permission to use shoot the resisting activists. The commandos then shot activists in the legs, which forced them to disperse. The commandos reached the bridge and took over the ship after 30 minutes. Some fighting can be seen in videos released by the Israeli military and Free Gaza activists. The Israeli military released 20 videos of the incident,
According to Major Avital Leibovich of the IDF Spokesperson's Unit, the activists attacked the soldiers with knives, slingshots, spikes, and clubs, and with pistols that were found by the Israeli troops. Adam Shapiro, a board member of the Free Gaza Movement, said that according to the Al Jazeera correspondents on the ship, the soldiers opened fire immediately as they came down the ropes.
The wife of the Mavi Marmara captain, Nilüfer Ören, stated that IDF began tracking them after . There were 40 Israeli ships following and snooping on the convoy until the troopers were boarding the ships from helicopters at 04:45 am. She also said that stun grenades and smoke bombs were used. Therefore activists and crewmembers used gas masks. Norman Paech, a former member of the German parliament Left Party who was aboard the Mavi Marmara said he only saw three activists resisting on his part of the boat and said "They had no knives, no axes, only sticks that they used to defend themselves."
Reporters for Iranian TV and Al Jazeera TV news told of the use of tear gas/CS gas and stun grenades. The Israeli solders said that the activists wore gas masks and ski masks. Neither side were fully believed by the United Nations, who tried not to take sides.
The MV Rachel Corrie is raided.
The MV Rachel Corrie gave in and hoisted the white flag of truce when boarded by the Israeli navy.
The Challenger One is raided.
The ship Challenger One sped up to allow journalists to take their photos of the ongoing raid. Huwaida Arraf, an American activist who was on the "Challenger One" reported that Israeli soldiers attacked any one who tried to block them from taking over the vessel with kicks, tasers, and stun grenades. Activist Huwaida Arraf reported that once on board the Challenger One, Israeli troops seized all communication equipment, cameras, mobile phones, radios and memory cards from activists.
The ship Sfendoni is raided.
Former UK diplomat Ed Peck, who was on board the ship Sfendoni, said that the Israelite troopers were well-trained, and behaved well. The soldiers scuffled with a few activists trying to block their access to the wheelhouse, but there were no major injuries, Peck said. Paul Larudee, a 64-year-old former language professor from El Cerrito, California on board the "Sfendoni", was beaten and tasered according to his family by the US Consul General and his lawyers; his family has reported that Israeli consular officials informed them that Larudee, a pacifist, was beaten after not following the orders of troops.
Crewman Shane Dillon reported that Israeli troops used stun guns, broke the nose of a Belgian woman among them, and beat another passenger. Australian photojournalist Kate Geraghty was attacked and tasered by Israeli troops aboard the "Challenger One", while attempting to photograph the raid.
The ship Eleftheri Mesogeios is raided.
Kutlu Tiryaki, a captain of the other vessel in the flotilla, said that the passengers did not have weapons at all, but only came to bring aid in a peaceful manner.
The other, unnamed ship is raided.
The final ship in the convoy gave in as it was raided and hoisted a white flag.
The results.
9-19 were said to be dead and 32-50 were said tobe injured. 10 of the injured were Israelis and 1 of the dead was a Turkish politician . Israel has confirmed four being dead. Among the dead was İbrahim Bilgen, a Turkish politician from the Felicity Party.
At least 32 activists who had been aboard the ships were arrested and incarcerated by the Israel Prisons Service, after they refused to sign deportation orders, including two who were wounded but refused hospital treatment.
Israel said that the navy forces "found weapons ready in advance and used against our forces." IDF photos displayed knives, metal and wooden poles, flares, wrenches and slingshots with marble projectiles said to have been used against the soldiers. The activists were said to have also lobbed stun grenades at IDF soldiers, and the IDF showed video illustrating this. The Israeli searches of the ship found bulletproof vests, night-vision goggles, and gas masks. A press-release by the Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel said that violence against the soldiers was already planned, and that "light weaponry" was found on the ships, including pistols that would have been seized from activists on the "Mavi Marmara" by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) soldiers.
A close-up picture presented to readers of "Jerusalem Post" as "The array of equipment found on board the ships that made up the Gaza aid flotilla was as divergent as the flotilla’s stated aims", showed some knives and clubs. Israeli troops also admitted to finding wheelchairs, cleaning supplies and baby milk onboard both the ships. A high ranking Norwegian officer stated after watching pictures that "This is not military equipment", and that most of the tools and kitchen knives would belong on a ship. High ranking Officials in the Customs Undersecretariat called the Israeli "complete nonsense".
Afterwards.
For the most part, the diplomatic result was harsh on Israel.
Egypt opened its Rafah Border Crossing with the Gaza Strip to allow medical aid to enter after world criticism of the raid. Hamas's leader Khaled Meshaal call for the border to be opened.
The Israeli blockade against Gaza itself is not illegal, and it's okay for Israeli ships to operate in international waters to enforce it," said Allen Weiner, former U.S. State Department 
The German newspaper "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", said international law says countries are not allowed to extend their rule on areas outside of their coastal waters. In Israel’s case, from the coast.
South Africa's Ambassador left Israel and returned to South Africa as a form of protest.
Turkey's deputy parliament speaker, Guldal Mumcu, said "[t]his attack was an open violation of United Nations rules and international law," and that "Turkey should seek justice against Israel through national and international legal authorities. The parliament expects the Turkish government to revise the political, military and economic relations with Israel, and to take effective measures." Lawyer Dr. Turgut Tarhanlı of the University of Istanbul cited the ideal of innocent passage, under which vessels are given safe travel rights in a manner which is not "prejudicial to the peace, good order or the security" of the state.
Cyprus stated its belief that NGOs must be allowed to do their work freely and lawfully. Further, it called for the lifting of the blockade of Gaza.
North Korea's Foreign Ministry condemned Israel, which "mercilessly killed or wounded dozens of civilians aboard the boats." It went on to call the attack "crime against humanity perpetrated at the U.S. connivance and under its patronage and a blatant challenge to the Arabs including Palestinians and the Mideast peace process". The statement also "expresses full support and solidarity with the cause of the Palestinians and other Arab people"
Iran Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei condemned the savage attack of the Zionist regime against an international aid convoy heading towards Gaza, and said the Israeli regime proved that it is more brutal than fascists. Iran president Mahmoud Ahmedinejad said that the incident was an "inhuman action of the Zionist regime against the Palestinian people" and that it would bring the regime "closer than ever to its end." The Iranian government called for a boycott of Israel. Iran's Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) Secretary Saeed Jalili high lighted the need among regional and Islamic states to confront the Zionist regime of Israel effectively. Iran's Foreign Ministry condemned the raid, saying "the incident once again revealed the criminal and war-mongering nature of the Zionist regime." Iran also on the UN Security Council and the OIC to take swift punitive action against Israel.
The Irish Taoiseach Brian Cowen described the attacks as "very serious" and stated that he feels the blockade action was a violation of international law. He also stated that people are allowed to receive humanitarian assistance.Minister for Foreign Affairs Micheál Martin said he was "gravely concerned"
French President Nicolas Sarkozy condemned "the out sized use of force" against the flotilla.
Belgium's foreign minister, Steven Vanackere, called the use of Israeli force "disproportionate" and "invited the Israeli ambassador to explain how things happened."
The Bosnian representative at the UN Security Council, Ivan Barbalić, condemned the Israeli attack, called for an investigation and wanted Israel to lift the blockade of Gaza.
China Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu condemned Israel's raid on the international convoy and urged Israel to carry out UN Security Council resolutions and improve the humanitarian situation in Gaza.
The Bulgarian Foreign Ministry demanded the quick release of two Bulgarian journalists travelling in the convoy. In addition, Bulgaria condemned the attack, saying "nothing can justify the violence that resulted in the killing of over 10 people on board one of the ships." It called for an investigation.
Protest rallies hit the streets of Tottenham, Paris, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and Malaysia.
The Czech Republic had gone out in support for Israel and declared that the Turkish flotilla was made to provoke Israel in to a military or political trap.
The USA also expressed pro-Israeli opinions, while Nauru said Hamas was wrong.
The Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the Israeli action, calling it a "criminal attack" and expressed its "most energetic condemnation." Cuba called for the lifting of the Gaza blockade and reaffirms its solidarity with the Palestinian people. The former Cuban President Fidel Castro had condemned Israel's attack on the Freedom Flotilla as "Nazi fascist fury." He added that the Israeli commandos who boarded the ships fired at the aid workers.
Montenegro, China, Zambia and the UK called for a peaceful solution to the situation.
The representative of Gabon at the UN Security Council expressed his shock at the events. He further called upon Israel to lift the blockade of Gaza, and called all parties to end the violence.
Switzerland called for an international inquiry and summoned the Israeli ambassador.
The Holy See expressed "great concern and pain" about the incident.
The fate of the captured people.
Israel planned to deport all of the captured passengers within 48 hours of their arrival into Israel. On of 2 June 2010 Israel had decided to release over 600 of the detained activists.

= = = Far Eastern Republic = = =
Far Eastern Republic (; romanised: "Dalnevostochnaya Respublika, DVR"), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally independent state established at Blagoveshchensk, covering the former Russian Far East and Siberia east of Lake Baikal on April 6, 1920.

= = = Acanthomyops murphii = = =
Acanthomyops murphii is a species of ant in the family Formicidae. It is endemic to the United States.

= = = Adelomyrmex boltoni = = =
Adelomyrmex boltoni is a kind of ant. It was first found on October 25, 1982 by F. Baud in Paraguay. It was described by Fernandez, F. in 2003. More data has been put out by Wild, A. L. in 2007.

= = = Bryology = = =
Bryology is the study of Bryophytes: Mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They are the most primitive land plants. Bryologists are people who work on observing, and classifying bryophytes.

= = = Internet Message Access Protocol = = =
Internet Message Access Protocol(or IMAP) is a communication protocol, a set of rules that e-mail client programs, like the one in your computer, use to download email from a mail server. An older protocol which does the same thing is called Post Office Protocol but IMAP has additional features. 

= = = Yuji Sugano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sugano was born in Aichi Prefecture on April 14, 1961. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined his local club Toyota Motors (later "Nagoya Grampus Eight"). In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. However, he retired in 1992 without playing in J1 League.
On February 2, 1988, Sugano debuted for the Japan national team against Oman.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Nobuyo Fujishiro = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Fujishiro was born in Chiba Prefecture on January 25, 1960. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Kokan (later "NKK SC") in 1982. Starting in 1985, the club won second place for three years in a row. The club also won the 1987 JSL Cup. He played 172 matches und scored 41 goals until 1990/91 season. He joined Sumitomo Metal in 1992. He retired in 1992.
On January 27, 1988, Fujishiro debuted for the Japan national team against the United Arab Emirates. He played two games for Japan in 1988.
Statistics.
188||46
188||46
!Total||2||0

= = = Kuniharu Nakamoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nakamoto was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on October 29, 1959. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Kokan (later "NKK") in 1982. From 1985, the club won the 2nd place for 3 years in a row. In 1987, the club won JSL Cup. He played for 168 matches for the club. He retired in 1991.
In August 1979, when Nakamoto was a Chuo University student, he was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. He played 3 matches. In September 1987, he was selected the Japan national team for 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on September 2, he debuted against Thailand. He played 5 games for Japan in 1987.
Statistics.
168||0||19||0||17||0||204||0
168||0||19||0||17||0||204||0
!Total||5||0

= = = Katsuhiko Sano = = =
Katsuhiko Sano (born 30 April 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Kentaro Sakai = = =
Kentaro Sakai (born 20 May 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
25||0
25||0

= = = Masashi Miyamura = = =
Masashi Miyamura (born 18 February 1969) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
105||2||7||0||4||0||116||2
105||2||7||0||4||0||116||2

= = = Horticulture = = =
Horticulture is the practical botany of gardens. It includes both decorative and vegetable aspects of gardens. A horticulturist is a person who works and conducts research in the science and skill of growing flowers, fruits, vegetables or ornamental plants. Plant breeding is an important part of horticulture.

= = = Ryujiro Ueda = = =
Ryujiro Ueda (born 29 January 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fagiano Okayama.
Club career statistics.
31||0||0||0||0||0||31||0
31||0||0||0||0||0||31||0

= = = Cauê (footballer, born 1986) = = =
Cauê Santos da Mata (born 1 May 1986) is a Brazilian football player.

= = = Davi (footballer, born March 1984) = = =
Davi José Silva do Nascimento (born 10 March 1984) is a Brazilian former football player.

= = = Shinya Chiba = = =
Shinya Chiba (born 3 May 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
96||7||1||0||97||7
96||7||1||0||97||7

= = = Kazunari Okayama = = =
, also known as Kang Il-Sung (Ko: ���, ���), is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
268||26||16||4||10||2||294||32
268||26||16||4||10||2||294||32

= = = Hitoyoshi Satomi = = =
Hitoyoshi Satomi (born 13 May 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
75||7||5||1||80||8
75||7||5||1||80||8

= = = Naoki Takahashi = = =
Naoki Takahashi (born 8 August 1976) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Albirex Niigata.
Club career statistics.
141||4||15||1||11||0||167||5
141||4||15||1||11||0||167||5

= = = Anderson Batatais = = =
Anderson Luis da Silva (born 22 December 1972) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Ponte Preta.
Club career statistics.
51||2||2||2||3||0||56||4
51||2||2||2||3||0||56||4

= = = Ryuji Sueoka = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Since 2009, he has been active in India's professional football league. In 2011, coaches in the I-League named Sueoka as the best player.
Club career statistics.
110||26||9||2||0||0||119||28

= = = Yasuhiro Tanaka = = =
Yasuhiro Tanaka (born 2 August 1984) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||1||0||1||0
0||0||1||0||1||0

= = = Koichi Sugiyama (footballer) = = =
Koichi Sugiyama (born 27 October 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
175||2||17||0||25||0||217||2
175||2||17||0||25||0||217||2

= = = Eiichiro Ozaki = = =
Eiichiro Ozaki (born 7 December 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics.
57||3||1||0||58||3
87||21||5||1||92||22
144||24||6||1||150||25

= = = Mikito Nishihara = = =
Mikito Nishihara (born 10 June 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
49||5||0||0||49||5
49||5||0||0||49||5

= = = Hayato Mizuki = = =
Hayato Mizuki (born 1 November 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Shoji Yamada = = =
Shoji Yamada (born 6 December 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||1||0||1||0
0||0||1||0||1||0

= = = Tatsuyuki Okuyama = = =
Tatsuyuki Okuyama (born 30 January 1976) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Keiichiro Nakano = = =
Keiichiro Nakano (born 29 March 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
92||1
92||1

= = = Takefumi Sasaki = = =
Takefumi Sasaki (born 5 July 1978) used to be a Japanese football player.

= = = Takanobu Kondo = = =
Takanobu Kondo (born 8 August 1978) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Daiji Nii = = =
Daiji Nii (born 28 February 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Bill Foulkes = = =
Bill Foulkes (5 January 1932 – 25 November 2013) was an English footballer-turned-manager. He played for England national team.
Career statistics.
†The League Cup began in 1960–61.

= = = Bert Patenaude = = =
Bert Patenaude (4 November 1909 – 4 November 1974) is a former American soccer player. He played for United States national team in the first-ever FIFA World Cup in 1930.
Honors.
Fall River F.C.
St. Louis Central Breweries
United States
Individual

= = = Gianpiero Combi = = =
Gianpiero Combi (20 November 1902 – 12 August 1956) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Nicknamed Fusetta for his remarkable agility, despite being little used to flashy interventions, his confidence and leadership made him a highly reliable goalkeeper for his coaches. He boasted a great sense of position, especially in exiting his own goal to block opponent's crosses and assists. In the course of his career he gave up his starting position in just nine occasions out of a total of 398, due to his excellent physical condition, despite having suffered criticism on the strictly athletic side; he also became a specialist in blocking penalty kicks, sensing the direction of the ball after staring at the shooter. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.
Club career statistics.
351||0
351||0
International career statistics.
!Total||47||0

= = = Pak Doo-Ik = = =
Pak Doo-Ik (; Hanja: ���; born 17 March 1942) is a North Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the North Korean national team.

= = = Tatsuhiko Kubo = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kubo was born in Chikuzen, Fukuoka on June 18, 1976. After graduating from Chikuyo Gakuen High School, he joined J1 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 1995. He debuted in 1996 and became a regular striker as Takuya Takagi successor from 1998. However the club was relegated to J2 League in 2002. He moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 2003. In 2003, the club won the champions J1 League. He was also selected Best Eleven and "Japanese Footballer of the Year award". However his opportunity to play decreased for low back pain from 2004. He moved to Yokohama FC in 2007. However the club was relegated to J2 and he also did not play many matches. After that, he returned to Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2008 and moved to Japan Football League club Zweigen Kanazawa in 2010. He retired end of 2011 season.
After 1998 World Cup, in October 1998, Kubo was selected the Japan national team by new manager Philippe Troussier. On October 28, he debuted for Japan against Egypt. Although he played at 2000 Asian Cup and 2001 Confederations Cup, his opportunity to play in the matches was few and he was not selected Japan for 2002 World Cup. After 2002 World Cup, in December 2003, he was selected Japan for 2003 East Asian Football Championship and he scored 2 goals against China. This goals were his first goal for Japan. In the first half of 2004, he played as striker and scored 6 goals in 9 games. However, he did not play for low back pain from late 2004. From February 2006, he came back to Japan and he scored 3 goals in 6 matches, however he was not selected Japan for 2006 World Cup. He played 32 games and scored 11 goals for Japan until 2006.
Statistics.
351||112||28||12||41||13||6||2||426||139
351||112||28||12||41||13||6||2||426||139
!Total||32||11

= = = Varkala = = =
Varkala () is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. It is on the west coast of India near the far south of the mainland. It is the only region in the southern Kerala that has cliffs. Geologists call these cliffs the Varkala Formation.
Infrastructure.
Varkala is a famous tourist place. The town has great telecommunication facilities, an average-rated water supply system, fire station, several post offices and a police station. The town has a government-run modern medicine, ayurveda, and nature cure hospital. Also there are about 10 private hospitals, clinics and some dental clinics.

= = = Butch Huskey = = =
Butch Huskey was a professional baseball player for the New York Mets. He started playing Major League Baseball in 1993. He was born in Anadarko, Oklahoma. He weighs around 244 pounds and 6'03 in height.

= = = Mesut Özil = = =
Mesut Özil (born 15 October 1988) is a German football player of Turkish descent. He plays for Fenerbahçe and the German national team. 
Özil is often praised for his skill at being an attacking midfielder. He is known for making plenty of assists. In 2011, he made the second most assists with Real Madrid in La Liga with 17 and the most assists in major European competitions with 25.
Club career.
Schalke 04.
In 2005, he went to the youth department of FC Schalke 04. He was a midfielder, and his number was 17. He soon played in the Ligapokal, against teams such as FC Bayern Munich and Bayer Leverkusen. He was thought to be the "next big thing," but soon left the club.
Werder Bremen.
In 2008, Mesut Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported amount of €4.3 million, signing a contract with the German club until June 30, 2011. He soon became popular in the club, leading them to the 2009 DFB-Pokal final with the winning goal against Bayer Leverkusen. He helped the team make it to the UEFA Cup, but lost to Shakhtar Donetsk. 
Real Madrid.
Because of his impressive performance in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, he made his place as one of the best young football athletes in Europe. Teams such as FC Barcelona, Manchester United. and Arsenal wanted him in their squad. Werder Bremen made an agreement with Real Madrid. The transfer amount was believed to be near €15 million. After signing, Özil said, "When the offer came in to join Real Madrid, there is no decision to make. Let's be honest – you don't refuse this club. I was in no rush to leave Werder Bremen, but this is one club you say yes to. They are an institution, a club with a fantastic history, stadium and squad full of world-class players. The prospect of performing at the Bernabeu is so awesome you jump straight in."
His first game was against Hércules, which the team won the game 3-1. His first goal was against Deportivo de La Coruña, which the team won 6-1.
Mesut Özil performed many assists, and in the 2011-12 season he was nominated for the FIFA Ballon d'Or award. Real Madrid maintained its success, and finished in 1st place in the 2011-12 La Liga.
Arsenal
Ozil joined Arsenal in September 2013 at a transfer fee believed to be around €50 million. His first game for Arsenal was against Sunderland in which the team won 3-1, with him making an assist. He was a top performer in his first season, however his form has went down since then.
Retirement.
Őzil stopped playing for the German National Team in July 2018 citing "racism and disrespect".

= = = Queen's Gambit = = =
The Queen's Gambit is a chess opening which starts with 1.d4 d5 2.c4. It is not really a gambit, because the pawn taken cannot be held. For example (simplest line):
Queen's Gambit Accepted.
Since the pawn can't be kept, Black (by taking the c-pawn) has given up the centre. The standard strategy then is for Black to mount a counter-attack on the White centre.
Now the white centre is balanced by the black counter-attack.

= = = Wheel loader = = =
A wheel loader or a shovel uses a controlled arm to put materials into a dumptruck, onto a conveyor belt or a feed hopper. Possible materials are: asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, wood chips, etc.
There are many types and brands of wheel loaders. The most popular brands are Caterpillar, Volvo, Case, Ahlmann and Komatsu. The type most used is a front end loader.

= = = Corollary = = =
A corollary is something that can be figured out from other things. In mathematics a corollary usually follows on from a theorem.

= = = Yusuke Minoguchi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Biography.
Minoguchi was born in Chiba Prefecture on August 23, 1965. After graduating from Kokushikan University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric (later "JEF United Ichihara") in 1988. He played 67 games and scored 14 goals in Japan Soccer League. From 1993, he played for Japan Football League club PJM Futures (1993-1994), Fukuoka Blux (1995) and Oita Trinity (1996).
In 1988, Minoguchi was selected the Japan national "B team" for 1988 Asian Cup. At this competition, he played 2 games. However, Japan Football Association don't count as Japan national team match because this Japan team was "B team" not "top team".
Statistics.
67||14||0||0||7||2||74||16
67||14||0||0||7||2||74||16

= = = Takashi Kawamura = = =
Takashi Kawamura (born 20 June 1968) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Kepa Blanco = = =
Kepa Blanco (born 13 January 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Getafe.
Club career statistics.
56||11
8||1
64||12

= = = Teruo Nimura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nimura was born in Kyoto on May 2, 1943. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Toyo Industries in 1966. The club won Japan Soccer League champions 4 times (1966, 1967, 1968, 1970) and Emperor's Cup 2 times (1967, 1969). This was the greatest era in the club history. He retired in 1976. He played 151 games and scored 16 goals in the league.
In December 1970, Nimura was selected the Japan national team for 1970 Asian Games. At this competition, on December 10, he debuted against Malaysia. He played 5 games for Japan in 1970.
After retirement, Nimura became a manager for Mazda (former "Toyo Industries") as Aritatsu Ogi successor in 1981. However, in 1983 season, the club finished at the bottom place and was relegated to Division 2 first time. He resigned end of 1983 season.
Statistics.
!Total||5||0

= = = Yoshinori Shigematsu = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Shigematsu was born in Hiroshima on April 2, 1930. When he played for Keio University, he won 1952 Emperor's Cup as a member of All Keio. After graduating from Keio University, he joined his local club Toyo Industries in 1954. He won the 2nd place at 1954 and 1957 Emperor's Cup. At 1954 Emperor's Cup, it was first Emperor's Cup finalist as a works team.
In May 1958, Shigematsu was selected the Japan national team for 1958 Asian Games. At this competition, on May 28, he debuted against Hong Kong.
After retirement, in 1974 Shigematsu became a president of his local baseball club Hiroshima Toyo Carp. In 1981, he moved to Fujita Industries (later "Bellmare Hiratsuka") and became a president of the club in 1997. In 1999, he left the club.
In 2018, Shigematsu died at the age of 88.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Takuya Muro = = =
Takuya Muro (born 2 November 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.
Club career statistics.
71||0||3||0||74||0
71||0||3||0||74||0

= = = Yuzuki Ito = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
107||4||5||0||10||0||122||4
107||4||5||0||10||0||122||4

= = = Kensuke Kagami = = =
Kensuke Kagami (born 21 November 1974) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
112||20||14||4||5||3||131||27
112||20||14||4||5||3||131||27

= = = Hideki Katsura = = =
 is a former Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club statistics.
124||8||18||3||11||0||153||11
124||8||18||3||11||0||153||11

= = = Miguel Torres Gómez = = =
Miguel Torres Gómez (born 28 January 1986) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Getafe.
Club career statistics.
52||0||8||0||7||0||67||0
52||0||8||0||7||0||67||0

= = = Takayuki Kuwata = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kuwata was born in Hiroshima on June 26, 1941. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined his local club Toyo Industries in 1965. The club won Japan Soccer League champions for 4 years in a row (1965-1968). The club also won 1965, 1967 and 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1969. He played 62 games and scored 34 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1966 and 1967.
On May 28, 1961, when Kuwata was a Waseda University student, he debuted and scored a goal for the Japan national team against Malaya. In 1962, he also played and scored a goal at 1962 Asian Games. He played 5 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1962.
Statistics.
62||34
62||34
!Total||5||2

= = = Juan Mata = = =
Juan Manuel Mata (born 28 April 1988) is a Spanish football player. He plays for the Turkish Süper Lig club Galatasaray and Spain national team.
Club career statistics.
61||16||10||5||7||1||78||22
61||16||10||5||7||1||78||22
International career statistics.
!Total||7||3

= = = Ricardo Costa = = =
Ricardo Miguel Moreira da Costa (; born 16 May 1981) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a central defender but occasionally as a full-back.
Honours.
Porto
VfL Wolfsburg
Orders

= = = Zdeněk Grygera = = =
Zdeněk Grygera (born 14 May 1980) is a former Czech football player.
Club career statistics.
139||6
78||8
55||3
272||17
International career statistics.
!Total||65||2
Honours.
Sparta Prague
Ajax

= = = Rafinha (footballer, born 1987) = = =
Rafael dos Santos de Oliveira (born 30 June 1987) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.
Club career statistics.
2||0||0||0||2||0
2||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Kenji Koyano = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Yasushi Endo = = =
Yasushi Endo (born 7 April 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.
Club career statistics.
4||0||1||0||3||0||1||0||9||0
4||0||1||0||3||0||1||0||9||0

= = = Goto = = =
goto is a statement in many programming languages. It is a combination of the English words "go" and "to". It is a way to jump to another line of code.
Many languages support the goto statement, and many do not. In Java, goto is a reserved word, but cannot be used. (A "reserved word" is a word that is a "part" of the programming language and cannot be used for other things like naming variables.)
In Computer Science, there is a theory called the structured program theorem. This theory says that any program can be written in such a way that things are done with "functions" and "methods" (smaller sub-programs) instead of in one very big program and "goto" statements. The theory proves that the goto statement is not needed to write programs.
Use.
A goto statement is usually used with a "label". A label is a word that identifies a place in a piece of code. A goto statement in code usually looks like this:
 goto "LABEL"
In this example, the computer would jump to the location of "LABEL".
Many times the goto statement is, combined with the if statement. In this case, the computer will only jump to another place in the code if something is true. For example:
 IF "condition" THEN goto "LABEL"
This can be read as "if "some condition is true", then go to the location of "LABEL"."
Different programming languages have different restrictions or limits on the use of goto statements. For example, the C programming language does not allow a goto to jump to a location inside of another function (subprogram).

= = = Lisa M. Buttenheim = = =
Lisa M. Buttenheim, a national of the United States, was appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)on 2 June 2010.She has extensive experience with the United Nations in political affairs and peacekeeping.
Buttenheim replaces Tayé-Brook Zerihoun of Ethiopia, who held the same function from May 2008 to April 2010. The Secretary-General expressed his gratitude to Zerihoun for his devotion and leadership of UNFICYP. In addition, Zerihoun served as the acting Deputy to the Special advisor of the Secretary-General on Cyprus. During his tenure, he provided assistance to the Secretary-General’s mission of good offices.
Before the appointment of Buttenheim, she was Director of the Middle East and West Asia Division in the Department of Political Affairs from January 2009. She previously served in the same department as Director of the Asia and Pacific Division from January to December 2008. She was Director of the Asia and Middle East Division in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations from April 2004 to December 2007. She served as Director and Head of the United Nations Office in Belgrade from March 2003 to March 2004.
Between May 1997 and February 2003, Buttenheim was Senior Political Adviser in the Office of the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva.During the same period, she was also the acting Chief of Staff, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), Director and Senior Adviser in the Office of the Special Envoy for the Balkans in Geneva.
She joined the United Nations in March 1983 and held a number of positions in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Under-Secretaries-General for Special Political Affairs in New York, and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in Jerusalem.
Buttenheim holds a Master's degree in international economics and Middle East studies from Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, in Washington, D.C., and a bachelor's degree in political science and English from Stanford University.
She was born in 1954 and is married to Jean-Claude Aimé, a former United Nations official.

= = = Theanine = = =
Theanine is a chemical that you find in tea and in some mushrooms. Theanine is an amino acid. The chemical theanine can change your mood, behavior and the way you see or feel things. It lowers stress and it is also an antioxidant. This is a good chemical that fights aging. Theanine helps the immune system. This protects your body against diseases.

= = = Bichon Frisé = = =
A Bichon Frise is a small, breed of dog, originally from Tenerife, then to France. The dog's coat is solid white. It is also very playful and friendly.

= = = 30 (number) = = =
Thirty is a number. It is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, and 30. It is a composite number. It is the number between 29 and 31. In roman numerals it is XXX.

= = = 80 (number) = = =
Eighty is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40, and 80.

= = = 90 (number) = = =
Ninety is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45, and 90.

= = = Yazman Tehsil = = =
Yazman Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Bahawalpur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

= = = Birdo = = =
Birdo is a character in the Mario series. Birdo first appeared in "Super Mario Bros. 2". She is available as a trophy in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" and "Super Smash Bros. Brawl". In "Super Smash Bros. Melee", Birdo appears in the Mushroom Kingdom II stage. There, she shoots three eggs from either side of the stage. The eggs damage any character they hit. She is a playable character in games such as "" and "Mario Party 8". Birdo was originally a boy who thought he was a girl, but now is mostly considered a girl.

= = = Tyler Fredrickson = = =
Tyler Fredrickson (born February 26, 1981 in Santa Barbara, California) is an American football placekicker who used to play in the National Football League. He most recently played for the Oakland Raiders in some pre-season games in the 2007 season but was cut on September 2 of that year before the start of the regular season.
While at University of California, Berkeley, he created a film entitled "Countdown to Kickoff 2003" for his master's thesis in Education. Fredrickson is featured prominently in the Stefan Fatsis book "A Few Seconds of Panic".

= = = Classless Inter-Domain Routing = = =
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a way of allocating IP addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets.
Typically CIDR is written like 10.0.0.0/8 or 192.168.1.0/24. 

= = = Pa = = =
Pa can mean any of the following:

= = = Importance sampling = = =
Importance sampling typically refers to a Monte Carlo method for sampling from a (target) distribution that cannot be sampled from directly. The method works by sampling from a proposal distribution (P(x)), which is ideally similar to the target distribution (Q(x)), and weighting each sample by the ratio of the likelihoods at the sampled point: w(x) = Q(x)/P(x).

= = = John Doe = = =
The name "John Doe" is used as a name in a legal action, case or discussion for a male person, whose true identity is unknown, anonymous or must be withheld for legal reasons. Male corpses or hospital patients whose identities are unknown may also be called "John Doe". The name "Jane Doe" is used for females.
John or Jane Doe is also use an example when a name is needed, for instance when showing how a form should be completed. "Joe Bloggs" is sometimes used in such a case.

= = = AK-74 = = =
The AK-74 is a Russian made assault rifle. The letters AK stand for Avtomat Kalashnikova, which is Russian for Mikhail Kalashnikov's Automatic Rifle. The AK-74 is a later version of the AK-47 that has a few new features. The most important of these is that it fires a smaller cartridge, the 5.45x39.5mm Soviet.

= = = Ambient occlusion = = =
Ambient occlusion is a technique or series of techniques used in 3D computer graphics to estimate how light behaves more accurately. Inner crevices of objects (or space where two objects are close to each other) have less light and appear darker (have more shadow).
Imagine being inside a matte world with even light; the surface color is exactly the same everywhere, so you shouldn't be able to see any corners or edges; because of the described effect, you can. 

= = = Bedbug = = =
A bedbug (or bed bug) is a small, elusive, parasitic insect of the family Cimicidae. They live by feeding on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals.
The name 'bed bug' is used as the bug likes to live in houses, and especially in beds or other areas where people may sleep. Bedbugs are mainly active at night and can feed without people noticing. They leave a small itchy bite, like a mosquito.

= = = Antonio Adán = = =
Antonio Adán Garrido (born 13 May 1987) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Sporting CP.
Honours.
Real Madrid
Betis
Atlético Madrid
Spain U19

= = = Yosuke Niwa = = =
Yosuke Niwa (born 10 October 1940) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Simon Davies = = =
Simon Davies (born 23 October 1979) is a Welsh football player. He plays for Fulham and Wales national team.
Club career statistics.
315||29||26||3||23||3||3||0||367||35
315||29||26||3||23||3||3||0||367||35
International career statistics.
!Total||57||6

= = = Takayuki Toyomitsu = = =
Takayuki Toyomitsu (born 2 April 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Volca Kagoshima.
Club career statistics.
16||4||1||0||0||0||17||4
16||4||1||0||0||0||17||4

= = = Gabriel (footballer, born 1987) = = =
Gabriel Donizete de Santana (born 8 September 1987) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sanat Naft.
Club career statistics.
16||2||2||0||3||1||20||3
16||2||2||0||3||1||20||3

= = = Maya Yoshida = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Yoshida was born in Nagasaki on August 24, 1988. He joined J1 League club Nagoya Grampus Eight (later "Nagoya Grampus") from their youth team in 2007. he played many matches as center back from first season. The club won the 2nd place in the 2009 Emperor's Cup. In January 2010, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club VVV-Venlo. He played many matches from the 2010/11 season. In summer 2012, he moved to English Premier League club Southampton. He played 154 matches for the club in 8 seasons. In January 2020, he moved to Italian Serie A club Sampdoria.
In 2008, Yoshida was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. In January 2010, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. He participated 2011 Asian Cup. He played 5 matches and Japan won the champions. After the 2011 Asian Cup, he became a regular player as center back. In 2012, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team as over aged player for 2012 Summer Olympics. He played all 6 matches as captain and Japan won the 4th place. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup, 2014 World Cup and 2015 Asian Cup. In 2018, he participated 2018 World Cup. He played all 4 matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. After the 2018 World Cup, he became a captain as Makoto Hasebe successor. In 2019, he played at 2019 Asian Cup and Japan won the 2nd place.
Statistics.
71||5||11||3||8||1||11||2||101||11
54||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||55||5
154||6||11||1||19||2||10||0||194||9
14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||0
293||16||23||4||27||3||21||2||364||25
!Total||104||11

= = = Oribe Niikawa = = =
Oribe Niikawa (born 16 July 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.
Club career statistics.
1||0||1||0||2||0||1||1||5||1
1||0||1||0||2||0||1||1||5||1

= = = Shohei Yamamoto = = =
Shohei Yamamoto (born 29 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.
Club career statistics.
187||6||7||0||0||0||194||6
187||6||7||0||0||0||194||6

= = = Abraão Lincoln Martins = = =
Abraão Lincoln Martins (born 14 June 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Oriente Petrolero.
Club career statistics.
64||22||2||2||66||24
64||22||2||2||66||24

= = = Cristian Brocchi = = =
Cristian Brocchi (born 30 January 1976) is an Italian football player. He plays for Lazio.
Club career statistics.
325||23||39||2||36||0||400||25
325||23||39||2||36||0||400||25
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Nicklas Bendtner = = =
Nicklas Bendtner (born 16 January 1988) is a Danish football player. He plays for Rosenborg BK and Denmark national team. He is also the best player in the world
Club career statistics.
100||25||9||3||14||5||18||4||141||37
100||25||9||3||14||5||18||4||141||37
International career statistics.
!Total||31||10

= = = Mbo Mpenza = = =
Mbo Mpenza (born 4 December 1976) is a former Belgian football player. He has played for Belgium national team.
Club career statistics.
303||113
35||3
0||0
0||0
338||116
International career statistics.
!Total||56||3

= = = Marco Streller = = =
Marco Streller (born 18 June 1981) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Basel and Switzerland national team.
Club career statistics.
112||55
69||12
181||67
International career statistics.
!Total||31||11

= = = Oscar B. Cintas = = =
Oscar Benjamin Cintas, (born Sagua la Grande, Cuba, 1887; died New York City, N.Y. 1957) was an important sugar and railroad magnate. He served as Cuba’s ambassador to the United States from 1932 until 1934.
Cintas used to be a Cuban Ambassador to the United States. Cintas liked to collect art and manuscripts. He had bought the Bliss Copy for $54,000 at a public auction in 1949. It "set a new high record for the sale of a document at public auction". The Castro government claimed Cintas' properties after it became powerful in 1959. Cintas had willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people if it would be kept at the White House. Cintas died in 1957. It was moved there in 1959 and is still there today.

= = = Hyperopia = = =
Hyperopia (also called hypermetropia or far-sightedness) is a problem with the focusing ability of the eye. People with hyperopia have an easier time seeing things that are far away than seeing things that are up close. Inside the eye is the lens which can change shape to change the focusing power of the eye and make things look clear. Someone who is not far-sighted only needs to use their lens to make far objects look clear. But for someone with hyperopia, their lens has to do that even when they're looking far away, and it has to work extra hard to make close objects look clear. 
Many people with small amounts of hyperopia don't have any problems seeing up close because it's easy for their lens to focus all the time, especially when they're children. But if they have more hyperopia, they often get headaches and eyestrain when they read for a long time because the muscle that controls the lens gets tired.
Hyperopia can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.

= = = Dispersion = = =
Dispersion is the idea that the frequency of a wave influences its velocity (speed). Dispersion is most easily seen in the refraction of light, when all the colors inside white light become separated by a prism. 
When a white beam is shone at the prism, all the colors in the light (color spectrum) are slowed when they meet the prism. Each color then refracts (bends) at a different angle, making us see a rainbow.
Dispersion is also important in telecommunication when different parts of a signal arrive at different times.

= = = Absorption spectroscopy = = =
Absorption spectroscopy is a technique used to find out what makes up a sample of a substance – in other words, a chemical analysis.
When a full spectrum of light (light with all the colours, like light from the sun) passes through the sample (which is often a gas) some specific colours do not show up on the other side. These colours of light are being absorbed by the sample. An image is created of the spectrum of light with black breaks where the light has been absorbed. These breaks are called absorption lines, and every element has its characteristic pattern of absorption lines.
On an atomic scale, this happens because of the electrons in the atoms of the sample - an electron can absorb light to gain energy. From experiments, electrons only ever absorb certain amounts of energy, suggesting an electron's energy must fit onto set, quantised, discrete "energy levels". The process of an electron going to a higher energy level is called "excitation". For any atom of a particular element, the energy needed to excite an electron from one specific energy level to another will be the same. This is important because it allows us to compare the absorption lines of say, the atmosphere of a far away planet, to the absorption lines of elements we know to exist in a lab. We can then reach a conclusion about what the distant planet's atmosphere may be made of.
The missing colours give us information about the energy of the photons that cause excitation. Note that the energy gained by the excited electron is equal to the energy of the incident photon (a particle of light), so only photons with fitting energies will cause an excitation. The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency:" "
formula_1
Where "E" is the energy of a photon, "h" is Planck's constant (a constant is a set number that doesn't change) and "f" is the frequency of the photon. Since a colour can be described as a specific frequency of light, this is why the black breaks can be used to identify element(s) which the light is passing through.
The intensity of the absorption varies as a function of frequency, and this variation is the absorption spectrum.
In chemistry, the technique is used to detect and measure concentrations of a particular metal element within a solution. The scientists atomise the sample (make it turn to individual atoms) and then see what light wavelengths it absorbs. Each type of chemical (element) absorbs a particular wavelength, so scientists can tell which chemicals are in the sample. Every element has a different atomic absorption spectrum because of the different light wavelengths it absorbs.

= = = Kim Jung-nam = = =
 "This is about the sportsman. For the North Korean politician, see Kim Jong-nam."
Kim Jung-Nam (, Hanja: ���, born January 28, 1943) is a South Korean association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team, including the 1964 Summer Olympics.
He was a K-League manager; and he served as K-League Vice President.

= = = Jun Sonoda = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
3||0||1||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
3||0||1||0||0||0||1||0||5||0

= = = Takefumi Toma = = =
Takefumi Toma (born 21 March 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Yuji Funayama = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an Association football player.
Club career statistics.
34||8||2||0||2||0||0||0||38||8
34||8||2||0||2||0||0||0||38||8

= = = Kosuke Yoshii = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
95||8||2||1||97||9
95||8||2||1||97||9

= = = Atsushi Ichimura = = =
Atsushi Ichimura (born 18 November 1984) is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
198||8||10||1||208||9
198||8||10||1||208||9

= = = Tadayo Fukuo = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
116||7||5||0||0||0||121||7
116||7||5||0||0||0||121||7

= = = Snowy River National Park = = =
Snowy River National Park is a national park in Victoria (Australia), 323 km east of Melbourne. The park includes much of the Snowy River.
A lot of the park is a protected wilderness area, with no access for vehicles. The park in the Little River Gorge area, has one of the last natural habitats for the endangered Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby. Numbers for this species are estimated as extremely small, with the rugged terrain making it difficult to count the population. Over 250 species have been found in the park, 29 are rare or threatened in Victoria. These include the Long-footed Potoroo, Spotted Quoll (Tiger Quoll), Giant Burrowing Frog and Eastern She-oak Skink.
Little River Gorge.
Little River Gorge is Victoria's deepest gorge. The Little River drops 610 metres from the Wulgulmerang plateau over a distance 14 km to where it joins the Snowy River at a height of 122 metres above sea level.
McKillops Bridge.
McKillops Road is the northern park boundary, with the Alpine National Park to the north of the road. The road is not suitable for caravans, trailers and large trucks because it is steep and winding. At McKillops Bridge the road which crosses the Snowy River near its junction with the Deddick River. A camping site near McKillops Bridge has excellent spots for swimming. It is also a good place to begin canoe and raft trips through the rugged gorges downstream. It is the start for the 18km Silver Mine Walking Track and the short Snowy River Trail.

= = = Kill.switch = = =
kill.switch is a shooting video game for many platforms. It was released on Oct 28, 2003. Created by Namco. It is rated T for Teenager.

= = = Croissant = = =
The croissant is a type of bread shaped like a crescent moon. It is usually eaten for breakfast in various countries. It can be called a crescent or a crescent roll. Although a crescent roll may be smaller. It is made of a variant of puff pastry. A croissant can be eaten with savory or sweet fillings.
History.
Breads shaped like crescents have been around since the Medieval times. Before the croissant, there was a version of the croissant called a "feteer meshaltet". It came from Egypt. Many years later, a crescent-shaped version of feteer meshaltet was made. It was called "feteer halali" (crescent feteer). The feteer halali became popular throughout Europe, especially France. Later, feteer halali became known as a croissant. 
Croissants used to be only available to aristocrats. Marie Antoinette is believed to have introduced it to the French elites. Now they are available in any supermarkets. 

= = = So Cold (Breaking Benjamin song) = = =
"So Cold" is a very successful song by alternative metal band, Breaking Benjamin. "So Cold" came off from their album "We Are Not Alone".

= = = Suguru Hino = = =
Suguru Hino (born 29 July 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
Club career statistics.
76||0||6||0||3||0||85||0
76||0||6||0||3||0||85||0

= = = Grizzly Rage = = =
Grizzly Rage is a Syfy (used to be called The Sci-Fi Channel) television movie.
Plot summary.
Four high school friends go to the woods to celebrate their graduation. When they break into a part of the woods that is closed, they hit and kill a grizzly cub with their car. Now the mother of the cub tries to attack and kill the four teenagers.
DVD.
The movie is widescreen, has a Dolby Digital English 5.1 stereo track, and has no extras.
Reception.
David Johnson, of DVD Verdict, said that there are better ways to spend your time instead of watching this movie. Paul Mavis, of DVD Talk, said that the movie fulfills none of the requirements of a bear attack exploitationer. A Bloody Disgusting review says that the movie is a pretty silly but satisfying flick.

= = = Trapezius muscle = = =
In human, trapezius muscle or trapezius is a large muscle that extends longitudinally on the upper portion of a human spine. Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm.
The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region, which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region, which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region, which rotates and depresses the scapulae.
Exercising.
The upper portion of the trapezius can be developed by elevating the shoulders. Middle fibers are developed by pulling shoulder blades together. The lower part can be developed by drawing the shoulder blades downward while keeping the arms almost straight and stiff.

= = = William of Ockham = = =
William of Ockham was a Franciscan friar who lived in the 14th century. He was born around 1285, in Ockham, Surrey, England, and died on 9 April 1347 in Munich. He was a scholastic philosopher and theologian. He is most famous for inventing Occam's razor. He wrote about logic, epistemology, natural philosophy, political philosophy, metaphysics and ethics. 
William of Ockham went to school at the University of Oxford, where he studied theology. After he graduated, he became a teacher of philosophy at the school. However, the Church did not like the ideas he was teaching, and brought him to court on charges of heresy in 1327. Because he was afraid he would be executed, William of Ockham fled the school and spent the rest of his life living with a group of friars who also did not like the large power that the Church had.

= = = Palm cockatoo = = =
The palm cockatoo (binomial name Probosciger aterrimus) (also known as the goliath cockatoo) is a black or dark-gray parrot of the cockatoo family. 
In the wild, it eats nuts and palm tree fruit by cracking them open with its strong and curved beak. In captivity, people feed palm cockatoos a variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Palm cockatoos are native to Cape York Peninsula in northern Australia, the Aru Islands, Papua New Guinea, and other surrounding smaller islands. Palm cockatoo are common in these places, but scientists believe they are becoming less common because people are using their habitat for mining. They are intelligent and can be kept as pets.

= = = Sterling Knight = = =
Sterling Knight (born March 5, 1989) in Houston, Texas. is an American actor, and singer. He is in "Sonny With a Chance" as Chad Dylan Cooper. He also in plays Christopher Wilde in "Starstruck". He will be playing Ty Parker in the upcoming movie "Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale".
Personal life.
Sterling Knight was born in Houston, Texas. He has a younger sister, Samantha Scarlett, and a younger brother, Spencer Shuga. He lived in Texas before moving to Los Angeles, California to keep going with his acting career.
Knight had acted in many Houston theater plays like "On Golden Pond", "Lost in Yonkers", "Bye Bye Birdie" and "Mad Adventures of Mr. Toad.".

= = = Cn = = =
CN, Cn, cn and other variants may refer to:

= = = Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot = = =
Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot (born 1988) is a Kenyan marathon runner. Cheruiyot was the winner of the 2010 Boston Marathon, setting a course record. He finished fifth in the 2009 Boston Marathon.
He won the 2008 Frankfurt Marathon, setting a course record, and finished second in the 2009 Frankfurt Marathon.
Cheruiyot is not related to countryman and fellow marathon runner Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, although their similar names are often mentioned in press articles. Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot broke Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot's course record when he won the Boston Marathon in 2010.

= = = Bellatrix Lestrange = = =
Bellatrix Lestrange (née Bellatrix Black) is a fictional character of the "Harry Potter" series and is the sister of Narcissa Malfoy, the wife of Lucius Malfoy, and Draco Malfoy's aunt. Her parents are Cygnus Black III and Druella Black (née Rosier) and the eldest of three sisters: Bellatrix, Andromeda and Narcissa. She is an enthusiastic Death Eater who believes that Lord Voldemort is the supreme and everyone should follow him. She marries Rodolphus Lestrange, but it was Voldemort that she truly loved. In the Harry Potter movies she was played by Helena Bonham Carter. She has been to Azkaban, the wizard prison, but Lord Voldemort helped her and the other Death Eaters in Azkaban escape. She is killed by Molly Weasley at the end of book 7 when she attempts to kill Ginny Weasley with the killing curse Avada Kedavra. But her infamous legacy lived on through her illegitimate daughter, Delphini, who was born due to Bellatrix's relationship with Lord Voldemort.
Her name literally means "female warrior" in Latin, which is a nod to her aggressive behavior. Her surname Lestrange is a French variant of "strange", a perfect description of her strange personality and her maiden name Black is also a telltale about her dark life, as the color itself doesn't absorb light at all.

= = = Long Wittenham = = =
Long Wittenham is a village on the south bank of the River Thames in South Oxfordshire. In 1974 it came from Berkshire to the county of Oxfordshire.
History.
There are crop marks (dating from the 6th Century) that there must have been a large collection of buildings, maybe a royal palace or at least high status Saxon enclosure. The number of objects that were found in Saxon burial sites around the village support this. These large, Saxon burial sites also indicate a good sized population, that lasted over many years.
The village was mentioned in the Domesday Book. By Tudor times, it had a population of around 200, with crops: wheat, oats, barley and even rye. Following a local legend Oliver Cromwell addressed the villagers on his way to his niece's wedding, in neighbouring Little Wittenham.
Buildings.
The village Cross has First Millennial origins: the base dating from the 7th century. St. Birinus preached here when he brought Christianity to the area. The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary, begun around 1120, is on the site of a previous Saxon church. Cruck Cottage can be architecturally dated to being around 800 years old and as such is (possibly) the oldest house in South Oxfordshire.
The building housing Pendon Museum, originally started life as The Three Poplars - a working man's pub. It was sold in 1954 and now houses a model railway museum.
Location.
Long Wittenham is in the Thames Valley north of Didcot, and southeast of Abingdon. To the west is the village of Appleford, which has the nearest railway station, on the line between Didcot and Oxford.

= = = Hitoshi Morishita (footballer, born 1967) = = =
Hitoshi Morishita (born 9 December 1967) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Masahiko Kuboyama = = =
Masahiko Kuboyama (born 1964) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Hitoshi Tomishima = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
77||8||0||0||16||3||93||11
77||8||0||0||16||3||93||11

= = = Sun Xiang = = =
Sun Xiang (born 15 January 1982) is a Chinese football player. He plays for Guangzhou Evergrande and China PR national team.
Club career statistics.
136||13
5||0
19||2
150||15
International career statistics.
!Total||49||4

= = = Manuel Pablo = = =
Manuel Pablo (born 25 January 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Deportivo La Coruña.
Club career statistics.
310||4482
310||2
International career statistics.
!Total||13||2862

= = = Shogo Shiozawa = = =
Shogo Shiozawa (born 9 September 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagawa Printing.
Club career statistics.
104||25||4||0||108||25
104||25||4||0||108||25

= = = Aldo Duscher = = =
Aldo Duscher (born 24 March 1979) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Sevilla.
Club career statistics.
31||1
55||6
218||5
304||12
International career statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Álvaro Arbeloa = = =
Álvaro Arbeloa Coca (born 17 January 1983) is a retired Spanish footballer player. He has played for Real Madrid, Liverpool, and the Spanish national team.
International career statistics.
!Total||56||0
Honours.
Liverpool
Real Madrid
Spain

= = = Wilson Mano = = =
Wilson Carlos Mano (born 23 May 1964) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
He played for Corinthians for seven years, but not always a starter. But never declined an opportunity to enter the field, especially for its versatility. Originally a steering wheel, played on both sides, in the core of defense after the half and attack. All wore shirts possible, except for the number 1, the goalkeeper.
Such dedication to the club earned him a reward: even getting several departures from the bank, Mano Wilson became the 15th player Corinthians with more games played, with 408 matches.
Club career statistics.
143||11
143||11
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Tomoya Osawa (footballer, born 1984) = = =
Tomoya Osawa (born 22 October 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagawa Shiga.
Club career statistics.
95||16||2||0||0||0||97||16
95||16||2||0||0||0||97||16

= = = Sonkyo Nomura = = =
Sonkyo Nomura (born 22 September 1941) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Francismar = = =
Francismar Carioca de Oliveira (born 18 April 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Atlético Goianiense.
Club career statistics.
4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0

= = = Blerim Džemaili = = =
Blerim Džemaili (born 12 April 1986) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Parma and Switzerland national team.
Club career statistics.
111||9
0||0
30||0
141||9
International career statistics.
!Total||10||0

= = = Dominique Rocheteau = = =
Dominique Rocheteau (born 14 January 1955) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.
Honours.
Saint-Étienne
Paris Saint-Germain
France

= = = Pablo Mastroeni = = =
Pablo Mastroeni (born August 29, 1976) is an American soccer coach and former player who is the head coach of Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake.
Club career statistics.
Playing statistics.
257||4
257||4
International career statistics.
!Total||64||0

= = = José Nasazzi = = =
José Nasazzi Yarza (24 March 1901 – 17 June 1968) is a former Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.
International career statistics.
!Total||41||0

= = = Savo Milošević = = =
Savo Milošević (born 2 September 1973) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.
Club career statistics.
98||74
90||28
241||90
31||9
16||3
476||204
International career statistics.
!Total||102||37

= = = Snowy River = = =
The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia. It starts on the slopes of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mountain. It gets its water from the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales, and then flows through the Snowy River National Park in Victoria and finally into Bass Strait. Up until the middle of the 20th century, the river was known for the large amount of fresh water it carried, its wide reach and large rapids. 
The river's course and surroundings have not changed very much, as it is protected by the Snowy River National Park. However, its flow of water was almost stopped in the 1950's by the building of the Snowy Mountains Scheme to make hydroelectricity. Four large dams were built, at Guthega, Island Bend, Eucumbene, and Jindabyne, as well as many smaller dams and tunnels. Less than 1% of the river flow, as measured at Jindabyne, New South Wales, continued to flow down the river. Concern over the health of river led to an agreement between the state and federal governments to increase the amount of water released back into the river. From 2002 to 2008 the flow was increased from 1% to 4%. The agreement planned to increase the flow to 15% by 2009 and 21% by 2012.

= = = Maxwell House = = =
Maxwell House is a corporation of Kraft Foods. It is based only on coffee. It makes both personal and industrial loads of coffee and supplies worldwide. It was started in 1892. Its headquarters are in Tarrytown, New York, U.S.A.

= = = Ben Hogan = = =
Ben Hogan (August 13, 1912 – July 25, 1997) was a very successful golfer. He played in many big golf tournaments. Many things are named after Hogan, including golf tournaments.

= = = Arsenic and Old Lace = = =
Arsenic and Old Lace is a 1944 movie. In it, two women poison old men with arsenic if they think the men are lonely. Their brother Teddy buries the men in the basement. Cary Grant and Peter Lorre starred in this film.

= = = Aleksandr Kerzhakov = = =
Aleksandr Kerzhakov (born 27 November 1982) is a retired Russian football player. He played for Zenit St. Petersburg, Dynamo Moscow, Sevilla and Zürich. He is currently the top scorer of the Russian national team.
International career statistics.
!Total||91||30
Honours.
This is a list of all the awards and tournaments he won with his team.

= = = Makoto Watanabe = = =
Makoto Watanabe (born 25 September 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.
Club career statistics.
175||16||11||0||186||16
175||16||11||0||186||16

= = = Kazuaki Kamizono = = =
Kazuaki Kamizono (born 28 January 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.
Club career statistics.
217||20||15||3||0||0||232||23
217||20||15||3||0||0||232||23

= = = Yuya Nagatomi = = =
Yuya Nagatomi (born 30 July 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.
Club career statistics.
139||27||6||0||145||27
139||27||6||0||145||27

= = = Kyohei Noda = = =
Kyohei Noda (born 6 October 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gifu.
Club career statistics.
130||0||10||0||0||0||14||0
130||0||10||0||0||0||14||0

= = = Slashing = = =
Slashing is an illegal hockey or lacrosse play. A referee calls slashing when a player swings their hockey stick at an opposing player. Slashing is called whether or not the player is hit with the stick. It can also be called if a player breaks an opposing player's stick with their own.
The penalty can be small or large. It often depends on how badly the opposing player is injured.

= = = Pat Patterson = = =
Pierre Clermont (March 19, 1941 – December 2, 2020) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He was better known by the ring name Pat Patterson. He worked as a creative consultant for the WWE.
His career highlights were 2 matches against Sgt. Slaughter at Madison Square Garden in 1981. The rematch was called an "Alley Fight" (with no referee) and remains the wildest and one of the greatest matches in wrestling history. Patterson was the very first man to hold the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship. Patterson was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 1996. Patterson invented the WWE Royal Rumble, which is one of the most popular type of matches and is a hit with fans every year since the first one in 1988.
Patterson was openly gay.
Patterson died of cancer at a Miami, Florida hospital on December 2, 2020. He was 79 years old.

= = = Peer support = = =
Peer support is when a peer who has had the same experience helps another person by teaching them and listening to them. For a person with a disability, peer support is when a disabled person helps another person with the same kind of disability learn about independence and equal rights and how to take part in society. Peer support can help any kind of person who has any kind of problem. Some people can become peer mentors to help younger people. 
The Article 26 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires also peer support as rehabilitation.

= = = Sulphur-crested cockatoo = = =
Sulphur-crested cockatoos (binomial name Cacatua galerita) are large white parrots with yellow heads and tails. There are four subspecies of the bird. They live in Australian forests. Farmers do not like sulphur-crested cockatoos because the cockatoos eat vegetables that the farmers have grown. They are a protected species, but sometimes get shot.
Many people like sulphur-crested cockatoos and keep them as pets. They are very loud and have a natural desire to chew wood and other materials. They are very long-lived. In captivity they can live to 70 years. One cockatoo called Fred was still alive at 100 years of age in 2014. 

= = = Salty liquorice = = =
Salty liquorice, or Salmiak, is a salt candy that is eaten in Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. The candy comes in different strengths; in the Netherlands, it comes as "Zout" (salt), "Dubbel zout" (double salt, or DZ) and "Drievoudig zout" (triple salt, or 3Z). The substance used to give salt liquorice its characteristic taste is not regular table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), but ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The Dutch name for this type of liquorice, Salmiak, comes from the words "sal ammoniac", another name for ammonium chloride.

= = = Gotland = = =
Gotland is an island on the east coast of Sweden. It has a total area of 2,994 square km. It is also the biggest Swedish island. Visby is the biggest city on Gotland.

= = = Almunge = = =
Almunge is a small city near Uppsala in Sweden. There were 813 people living here in 2010.

= = = Roger Sherman = = =
Roger Sherman (April 19, 1721 – July 23, 1793) was an American politician. He was from Connecticut. He is the only person to have signed the Articles of Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution: the four great documents of the starting of the United States. He served in the Continental Congress for several years. Along with Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams and Robert Livingstone, he was one of the people who helped write the Declaration of Independence. Sherman created the Great (Connecticut) Compromise at the Constitutional Convention. After the Constitution was passed, he was a Congressman and Senator from Connecticut. He also proposed a two-house legislature. Roger Sherman started out as a poor boy in Connecticut. His first career was shoe-making.

= = = Hebrew people = = =
The Hebrews (Hebrew: ����� or ������) is an ancient Semitic people of Middle East. They are ancestors of Israelites, son of Isaac and Arabs son of Ishmael and descend from Shem, son of Noah and cousin as the descendants of Japheth and the descendants of Ham. 
They escape from Ancient Egypt is recounted in Torah in book called Exodus in English, or "" ���� in Hebrew.

= = = Roundheads = = =
The Roundheads were a group of people who supported Parliament & Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War. They were also called 'Parliamentarians'. They fought against Charles I and the Cavaliers otherwise known as 'Royalists'. The Parliamentary army put their soldiers in red coats. The British army continued using red in later centuries.
Some Puritans, but by no means all, wore their hair closely cropped round the head or flat and there was an obvious contrast between them and the men of fashion, who wore long ringlets. "Roundheads" appears to have been first used as a term of derision toward the end of 1641, when the debates in Parliament in the Clergy Act 1640 were causing riots at Westminster. According to John Rushworth the word was first used on 27 December 1641 by a disbanded officer named David Hide, who during a riot is reported to have drawn his sword and said he would "cut the throat of those round-headed dogs that bawled against bishops". A few decades later “Whigs” was the word for men of similar opinions.

= = = Cavaliers = = =
Cavaliers was a nickname for the people who fought for King Charles I of England during the English Civil War. They fought against the Roundheads and Parliament. At first the name applied only to the royalist cavalry; the words are similar because they were originally the same word.

= = = Mall of America = = =
Mall of America (also MOA, MoA, the Megamall) is a large shopping mall in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota, USA. The mall is southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River and is across the interstate from the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. In the United States, it is the second-largest inside mall in terms of retail space but is largest in terms of total enclosed floor area. Opened in 1992, the mall received 40 million visitors in 2006.
"Triple Five Group", owned by the Ghermezian family of Canada, fully owns and manages the property, and has also owned West Edmonton Mall in Canada.
In addition to the inside of the mall, outside of the mall are additional hotels, kiosks, restaurants, and stores. The Mall of America and the additional businesses meet at the South Loop District in Bloomington.
Design.
Mall of America (founded by John Scott & Benjamin Clark) has a gross area of 4.2 million square feet (390,000 m2), with 2.5 million sq ft. (230,000 m2) available as retail space. The mall is a nearly symmetric building, with a roughly rectangular floor plan. Over 520 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle, with a fourth level on the East side. An addition planned north of the mall will allow for up to 900 stores. Four "anchor" department stores are at the corners. The Mall is organized into four different zones, each with its own decorative style.
Despite Minnesota's often cold temperatures in the winter, only the mall's entrances are heated. Heat is allowed in through skylights above Nickelodeon Universe. Heat is produced by lighting fixtures, other electric devices and also by employees and guests of the mall in sufficient amounts to keep it comfortable. In fact, even during the winter, air conditioning systems need to be run nonstop during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment.
Although the common areas are unheated, the individual stores do have heating systems.
Two nearly identical seven story parking ramps on east and west sides provide 12,550 parking spaces. Parking lots on the north and south of the building, along with nearby overflow parking, bring the total number of spaces up to approximately 20,000.
History.
The mall was designed and built by "Triple Five Group", owned by the Ghermezian brothers of Canada, who also own the biggest shopping mall in North America, the West Edmonton Mall. Mall of America is on the past site of Metropolitan Stadium, where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened. The teams left Metropolitan Stadium in 1982. A plaque in the amusement park is where home plate used to be in that stadium. One seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at its exact location (including elevation) in the stadium, to recognize a 520 foot home run hit by hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967.
In 1986, The Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian Organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989. Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity (a.k.a. TIAA), the Triple Five Group, and the office of architect Jon Jerde.
The mall opened its doors to the public August 11, 1992. Even before opening, Mall of America had earned several nicknames, including "The Megamall" (or "The Megamess" during construction), "Sprawl of America", "Hugedale" (in reference to the four major "Dale" shopping malls within the Twin Cities, Rosedale, Southdale, Ridgedale and Brookdale) and, simply, "The Mall".
It became the second largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened, however, the mall has never been the largest in the world (the West Edmonton Mall, opened in 1991, is larger). Mall of America is the most visited shopping mall in the world with more than 40 million visitors annually (or roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota). The mall employs over 12,000 workers.
Starting on September 4, 1995, The Mall had an event for live television for the first time. Time-Warner owned professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling set up in the building for the Inaugural edition of WCW Monday Nitro - also the WCW debut of Lex Luger, under his "The Narcissist" gimmick. This first broadcast on Turner Network Television, along with later editions broadcast from the Mall, would become a well known part of the federation's competition with The World Wrestling Federation.
During its run as a large entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects-such as-have been criticized and closely looked at. A Mardi Gras themed bar, Fat Tuesdays, shut its doors in early 2000 due to indecent exposure and alcohol related offenses, for ignoring warnings from the mall and Bloomington police to not repeat incidents caught on tape the year before. Following that incident were other problems, such as foot traffic within the Mall after the bars (all on the fourth floor) had closed for the evening. The Mall storefronts were closed, however. The Hooters restaurant, the Cantina #1 restaurant and the Theatres at Mall of America movie theater are the only establishments remaining on the fourth floor.
In 2003, after a six year legal battle between Simon Property Group, the managing general partner of the property, and the Ghermezian brothers/Triple Five Group, over majority ownership of the site, a federal appeals judge ruled in favor of the Ghermezians, effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to its original founders. The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher's Insurance's 27.5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, citing fiduciary responsibility.
On November 3, 2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America, spending US$1 billion to do so. The ruling cleared the way for Triple Five to begin work on what is being called "Phase II".
2022 shooting.
On December 24, 2022, A person opened fire killing one person in the mall.
Phase II expansion.
Phase II is the planned expansion for MOA, developing a large, empty area of land north of the mall which was the former home of the Met Center indoor arena and integrating an IKEA store built on a portion of the property in 2004. Phase II, in current form, includes a dinner theatre, ice rink, three hotels, and a waterpark; similar in design to the West Edmonton Mall. The expansion will not make MOA exceed the size of the WEM (itself going under expansion).
MOA currently estimates costs of $1.9 billion for the expansion, doubling the mall's size with a 5.2 million-square-foot extension. The mall's developers have asked for $234 million in state and local subsidies, but the request was vetoed as part of a larger bill by Gov. Tim Pawlenty on its first appearance in the 2006-07 session.
In the meantime, MOA has signed papers to bring in Great Wolf Resorts as the waterpark operator, as well as Bass Pro Shops and a Kimpton Hotel. The expansion section will connect to the mall on all four levels, and an adjacent IKEA store via a second level bridge. There will be an NHL-sized ice rink for public & private skating. There will also be an additional parking ramp, adding 8,000 parking spaces.
There will also be fine art exhibits planned in the expansion, and two upscale department stores. Another plan that was in the works would have been fashions, architecture, and restaurants based after Europe.
On May 18, 2008, the Minnesota State Legislature passed a bill granting the city of Bloomington the right to raise property and sales taxes to pay for the MOA expansion.
Nickelodeon Universe.
Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall, formerly known as Knott's Camp Snoopy, Camp Snoopy, and The Park at MOA. The park features roller coasters, among numerous other rides and attractions, and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States. Unlike many indoor amusement parks, Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park, and its floor has a wide variance in height - the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet above the lowest. This allows for a far more naturalistic experience than would normally occur in an indoor amusement park.
The park features two new roller coasters; SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender. It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain. With 18 holes, it is designed to create a challenge for players hoping to seek a hole in one.
Underwater Adventures Aquarium.
Guests travel through a 300 foot long curved tunnel through 14 feet of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks, turtles, stingrays, and many more. Underwater Adventures offers special events such as sleepovers, scuba diving, snorkeling, and birthday parties.
Other notable attractions.
Nostalgic artifacts or memorials.
Twin Cities public events:
Transit.
The mall is used as a major transportation hub in the region, with bus and light rail service linking the mall to other destinations. Regular public transit service is provided by Metro Transit and other area bus lines, and nearby Mystic Lake Casino offers free shuttles to their establishment. The primary bus/rail station for scheduled local service is in the lower level of the eastern parking ramp. There, the Hiawatha Line light rail line connects the mall to the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport and from there to downtown Minneapolis (another major shopping destination in the region, particularly during weekdays). The mall is being discouraged as a park and ride facility, and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport. Commuters are encouraged to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station's parking lot. The mall is the first stop on the Cedar Avenue Bus Rapid Transitway and the nineteenth, final stop on the Hiawatha Line.

= = = Fairbanks (disambiguation) = = =
Fairbanks is a city in Alaska. It may also refer to:

= = = Petronas = = =
Petronas is a Malaysian-owned oil and gas company that was founded on August 17, 1974. Petronas is owned by the Malaysia government. It is in charge of all of the oil and gas resources in Malaysia.

= = = Telefónica = = =
Telefónica () is a Spanish broadband and telecommunications provider in Europe and Latin America. The company was created in Madrid in 1924 as Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España (CTNE) with ITT as one of its major shareholders.
As well as the brand, it also trades as Movistar, O2, and Vivo. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

= = = Union (American Civil War) = = =
During the American Civil War, the Union meant the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty free states and five border states. It was opposed by 11 Southern slave states. The Union states included the Western states of California, Oregon, and (after 1864) Nevada. They also included states then called the "Old Northwest" and now usually thought to be part of the Midwest. However, the Union has been also often called "the North", both then and now. The Union states were mostly richer and more industrialized.
The Union states were:

= = = Painful sexual act = = =
Painful sexual act is a medical problem where a person feels pain in their genitals before, during, or after a sexual act. Doctors call this problem dyspareunia. It can have physical or emotional causes. Both men and women can have dyspareunia. Up to one-fifth of women (one in every five) may have dyspareunia at some point in their lives.
Symptoms in women.
When a woman experiences a painful sexual act, the pain may distract her from feeling pleasure and excitement. Her vagina will be less wet and will not expand as much as usual. When the vagina is dry and undilated, thrusting of the penis is painful. Even after the original cause of her pain has disappeared, a woman may feel pain simply because she expects pain.
Causes in women.
In most cases, painful sexual acts have a physical cause at first. There are many physical problems that can cause or worsen painful sexual act. A doctor may be able to identify the cause by doing a careful physical examination and medical history. Some of the most common physical causes are infections of the vagina, urinary tract, cervix, or fallopian tubes; endometriosis; scar tissue left by surgery (like an episiotomy); and ovarian cysts and tumors. Common infections are mycoses (infections caused by a fungus), candidiasis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, urinary tract infections, coliform bacteria, monilial organisms and herpes). Painful sexual acts can also be caused by problems with a woman's anatomy, like hymenal remnants (pieces of the hymen that stay in the vagina) or female genital mutilation, or when the entrance to the vagina has become too small for normal penetration (Sarrell and Sarrell 1989).
In women who are past menopause, a common cause of painful sexual act is having too little estrogen. In women who are breastfeeding, a common cause is dryness of the vagina. Women who are getting radiation therapy for cancer in the pelvic area may have pain during sex because the walls of the vagina have atrophied (wasted away) and are more sensitive to injury. Dryness in the vagina can also be a cause of painful sexual act for women with Sjögren's syndrome, which attacks the glands that create saliva and tears.
Painful sexual acts may be one of the first symptoms of cystitis (a bladder infection). People with cystitis may have bladder pain during or after sex. Women with cystitis usually have pain the day after sex, because the muscles around her bladder are spasming (tightening up painfully). Women with cystitis usually also have urinary frequency (needing to urinate a lot) and/or urinary urgency (needing to urinate suddenly).
In men.
Pain is sometimes experienced in the testicular or glans area of the penis immediately after ejaculation. Infections of the prostate, bladder, or seminal vesicles can lead to burning or itching sensations following ejaculation. Men suffering from cystitis may experience intense pain at the moment of ejaculation, focused at the tip of the penis. Gonorrheal infections are associated with burning or sharp penis pains during ejaculation. Urethritis or prostatitis can make genital stimulation painful or uncomfortable. Anatomic deformities of the penis (retraction of a too-tight foreskin) may also result in pain during sexual act. 
In men pain in the genital organs during ejaculation or immediately after is experienced as sharp, stabbing, and/or burning, it may be persistent and returning. The duration of pain is usually brief. The immediate cause of psychogenic post ejaculatory pain is the involuntary painful spasm or cramping of certain pain-sensitive muscles in the male genital and reproductive organs. The painful muscle cramps may be attributable to a man’s conflict about ejaculating.
A pelvic floor disorder can also be the cause of pain during and after sex.
Diagnosis.
Sufferers will see several doctors before a correct diagnosis is made. Women are also often hesitant to seek treatment for chronic vulvar pain, especially since many women begin experiencing symptoms around the time they become sexually active. Before being successfully diagnosed patients sometimes are told that the pain is "in their head". For the diagnosis doctor carefully takes a history and carefully examines the pelvis to duplicate the discomfort and to identify a site or source of the pelvic pain. The diagnosis of painful sexual act has to be differentiated from conditions known as ‘’’chronic vulvar pain’’’ and vaginismus. The pain may be acquired or lifelong. It may be generalized (complete) or situational. During the first two weeks, painful sexual acts caused by penis insertion or movement of the penis in the vagina or by deep penetration is often due to disease or injury deep within the pelvis. Inquiry should determine whether the pain is superficial or deep - whether it occurs primarily at the vaginal outlet or vaginal barrel or upon deep thrusting against the cervix. The possible role of psychological factors in either causing or maintaining the pain must be considered.
Atrophy of vagina as a source of painful sexual act is most frequently seen in women after menopause and is generally associated with estrogen deficiency. That is associated with inadequacy of lubrication of vagina, which can lead to painful friction during sexual act.

= = = Neem = = =
Neem is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is native to India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Pakistan. It grows in tropical and semi-tropical regions. It was also the state tree of Hyderabad Deccan.
Neem is a fast-growing tree in India that can reach up to 15–20 m (about 50–65 feet) tall, and sometimes even to 35–40 m (115–131 feet). It is evergreen. It is found in some major parts of Tamil nadu like tuticorin,tirunelveli ,etc.
Uses.
Products made from neem have been used in India for over two millennia for their medicinal properties. They are said to be antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, contraceptive and sedative. Neem products are also used in selectively controlling pests in plants. Neem is considered a part of Ayurvedic medicine.
Neem is also known as the' village pharmacy'. All parts of neem are used for preparing many different medicines, especially for skin disease.

= = = Jun Suzuki = = =
Jun Suzuki can refer to:

= = = Jorge López Montaña = = =
Jorge López Montaña (born 19 September 1978) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Zaragoza.
Club career statistics.
295||50
295||50

= = = Mazarópi = = =
Mazarópi (born 27 January 1953) is a former Brazilian football player.

= = = Masatada Ishii = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
153||3||7||0||32||0||192||3
153||3||7||0||32||0||192||3

= = = Ayila Yussuf = = =
Ayila Yussuf (born 4 November 1984) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Dynamo Kyiv and Nigeria national team.
Club career statistics.
78||9
78||9
International career statistics.
!Total||20||1

= = = Nigel de Jong = = =
Nigel de Jong (; born 30 November 1984) is a Dutch former professional footballer. He is a midfielder for Italian Serie A club Milan and the Netherlands national team. He joined the Ajax youth academy when he was young and made the first team at age 17.
De Jong moved from Ajax in 2006 to join Hamburg. He then moved to Manchester City in January 2009 for around £18 million. He became an important part of Manchester City's midfield. He has earned a reputation of being combative and feisty player. This got him nicknames like "The Terrier" and "Lawnmower". He moved to Italian club Milan in August 2012.
Club career.
Ajax.
On 19 October 2002, de Jong played for the Ajax first team for the first time. He scored his first goal on 18 February 2003 in a 1–1 draw against Arsenal in the UEFA Champions League. He started playing in the first team often in the next season. In this season, Ajax won the Eredivisie. In 2004–05, de Jong was named Ajax Player of the Season. Later, after starting in midfield for quite a while, he found himself sitting on the bench more often than being one of the players at the start of a match. On 7 December 2005, it was announced that de Jong did not want to stay with Ajax. His contract with Ajax was due to finish in July 2006.
Hamburg.
On 26 January 2006, de Jong signed a four and a half year contract at German Bundesliga club Hamburg. He moved there for about €1 million. He played for Hamburg for the first time two days later. In the match, Hamburg lost 2–1 to Nuremberg. In March 2006, de Jong scored the winning goal in Bayern Munich's first ever loss at the Allianz Arena. The week after, he got his first red card in a UEFA Cup match against Rapid Bucharest. He had to stop playing in April because he needed surgery on a knee problem. The injury also meant that he could not play for the Netherlands at the 2006 World Cup. However, after becoming fit again, he was put on standby.
Manchester City.
On 21 January 2009, de Jong moved to Manchester City for around £18 million. He signed a four-and-a-half year contract. He played for the first time against Newcastle United on 28 January 2009. He appeared sixteen times in the Premier League.
De Jong was in the starting team against Arsenal on 12 September 2009. He was given Man of the Match by Sky Sports after Manchester City won 2-1 over Chelsea on 5 December 2009. By the end of the season, the fans liked him. He was one of Roberto Mancini's first picks as defensive midfielder as the team just missed out on the Champions League. De Jong scored his first goal for Manchester City when they won 2-1 against West Ham United on 1 May 2011.
Milan.
On 31 August 2012, de Jong joined Italian Serie A club Milan. He signed a three-year contract.
International career.
On 31 March 2004, de Jong played his first game with the Netherlands in a friendly against France. He was not picked to play in UEFA Euro 2004. He missed the 2006 FIFA World Cup because his knee was injured.
He scored his first goal for the Netherlands against Iceland on 6 June 2009 in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match. This match made the Netherlands go through to the 2010 World Cup.
De Jong was part of the Dutch team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He was one of the starting players for their first match in the competition. In this match, they won 2–0 against Denmark. He was not allowed to play in the semi final against Uruguay because he got his second yellow card in a match against Brazil. He played in the Final, where the Netherlands lost 1–0 to Spain.
Career statistics.
International.
"Scores list Netherlands' tally first."
Honours.
Ajax
Manchester City
Netherlands
Individual

= = = Paulo Nagamura = = =
Paulo Nagamura (born 2 March 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Tigres UANL.

= = = Kevin Doyle = = =
Kevin Doyle (born 18 September 1983) is an Irish football player. He plays for Wolverhampton Wanderers and Republic of Ireland national team.
Club career statistics.
90||25||||||||||90||25
155||55||4||1||4||0||163||56
245||80||4||1||4||0||253||81
International career statistics.
!Total||32||7

= = = Jun Suzuki (footballer, born 1989) = = =
Jun Suzuki (born 22 April 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for lithuanian Sūduva Club.
Club career statistics.
61||1||2||0||63||1
61||1||2||0||63||1

= = = Krassimir Balakov = = =
Krassimir Balakov (born 29 March 1966) is a former Bulgarian football player. He has played for Bulgaria national team.
Club career statistics.
138||43
237||54
375||97
International career statistics.
!Total||92||16

= = = Martin Jiránek = = =
Martin Jiránek (born 25 May 1979) is a Czech football player. He plays for Spartak Moscow.
Career statistics.
International.
"Statistics accurate as of match played 28 March 2007"

= = = Fan Zhiyi = = =
Fan Zhiyi (born 22 January 1970) is a former Chinese football player. He has played for China PR national team.
Club career statistics.
141||41
94||4
14||1
14||1
263||47
International career statistics.
!Total||109||17

= = = Kew Jaliens = = =
Kew Jaliens (born 15 September 1978) is a Dutch football player. He plays for AZ Alkmaar.
Jaliens was born in Rotterdam and is of Surinamese descent.
Club career statistics.
349||13
349||13
International career statistics.
!Total||10||0

= = = Kang Hyun-su = = =
Kang Hyun-Su (born 16 July 1984) is a North Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
51||1||1||0||52||1
51||1||1||0||52||1

= = = Kosuke Nakamachi = = =
Kosuke Nakamachi (born 1 September 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.
Club career statistics.
66||2||3||0||69||2
66||2||3||0||69||2

= = = Starstruck = = =
Starstruck (also called StarStruck) is a 2011 Disney Channel Original Movie starring Sterling Knight, Danielle Campbell, Brandon Mychal Smith and Chelsea Staub. The movie was made in Los Angeles. It was released on Disney DVD on June 8, 2010 in the U.S.

= = = Nematomorpha = = =
The Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) are a phylum of parasitic cycloneuralian animals. They look similar to nematode worms and live in similar environments, which is why their names are similar. They are sometimes called Gordiacea.
They range in size from long and in extreme cases may be up to 2 meters long. They are in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas such as watering troughs, streams, puddles, and cisterns. 
About 326 species are known and an estimate suggests that there may be about 2000 species worldwide. 
Fossilized worms have been reported from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber 100–110 million years ago.
Life cycle.
The adult worms are free living and, in North America, are usually found only in the summer months in or near shallow water.
The larvae are parasitic on arthropods: beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers and crickets. These are their final hosts, but since they do not live in water, the nematomorph life cycle has an extra stage. 
A day or two after they come out of their hosts, the adult worms mate in the water, and then around mid-August or Mid-October, they lay their eggs in the water. It takes about a month for the larvae to develop inside the egg. Once the larvae hatch, they somehow get into gastropods (like snails and slugs), insects, or earthworms, which live in moist habitats. There they build a cyst, and grow. The animal they grow inside is called an interim (temporary) host, because a final host is still needed.
Next, developing nematomorph worms can be found in their final hosts (beetles, etc.). It is not clear how they get there, but probably the final host eats the interim host with the larvae inside them. After they appear in the final host, the nematomorphs begin to eat it from the inside.
The nematomorph may control the host, leading it towards water and even causing it to jump into the water. Then it breaks out of the beetle in or near the water and finds a knot of other worms. There it can mate.

= = = Burgess Shale = = =
The Burgess Shale Formation in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia is one of the world's most celebrated fossil sites, the best of its kind. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. It is ~505 million years old (Middle Cambrian), one of the earliest soft-parts fossil beds.
The rock unit is a black shale, and crops out at a number of localities near the town of Field in the Yoho National Park.
The Burgess Shale was discovered by palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909, towards the end of the season's fieldwork. He returned in 1910 with his sons, and established a quarry on the flanks of Fossil Ridge. The fact that fossils were of soft-bodied forms, and the range of organisms new to science, led him to return to the quarry almost every year until 1924. At this point, aged 74, he had got over 65,000 specimens.
Describing the fossils is a vast task, pursued by Walcott until his death in 1927, and continued into the 21st century. Walcott, led by scientific opinion at the time, attempted to categorise all fossils into living taxa. As a result, the fossils were regarded as little more than curiosities at the time. It was not until 1962 that a first-hand reinvestigation of the fossils was attempted, by Alberto Simonetta. This led scientists to recognise that Walcott had barely scratched the surface of information available in the Burgess Shale.
A second quarry (in the same geological formation) was opened. A thorough reassessment of the Burgess Shale showed that the fauna were much more varied and unusual than Walcott had realised. The Royal Ontario Museum now has the largest collection of Burgess Shale material in the world with over 150,000 specimens. Many of the animals present had bizarre anatomical features and only the slightest resemblance to other known animals. Examples include "Opabinia", with five eyes and a snout like a vacuum cleaner hose; "Nectocaris", and "Hallucigenia". This last was originally reconstructed upside down, walking on its spines.
The Burgess Shale was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. It became part of the Canada Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site in 1984.

= = = Solnhofen Limestone = = =
The Solnhofen limestone is the world's most famous fossil site. It is a lagerstätte of Upper Jurassic limestone which has preserved many fossils in great detail. The specimens of "Archaeopteryx" are perhaps the world's most valuable fossils, because they are the earliest fossils of a bird capable of flight.
The Solnhofen beds lie in the German state of Bavaria (Bayern), halfway between Nuremberg (Nürnberg) and Munich (München). They were originally quarried as a source of roof and floor tiles, then for lithographic printing.
Paleoenvironment.
In the late Jurassic this area was an archipelago at the edge of the Tethys Sea. This included placid lagoons which had limited access to the open sea because they were surrounded by coral reefs. Water runoff from the land was low and, under the sun, evaporation was high. Salinity rose so high that the resulting brine could not support life, except at the top of the water column.
The lowest water was not only very salty, but hypoxic: very low in oxygen. This was caused by the lack of water mixing. Many ordinary scavengers were absent from the lagoon floor. From the condition of the water, it follows that almost all of the fossilised animals were not living in the lagoon. They must have lived on land, in the air, or out to sea beyond the reef. Then when they died, they fell, drifted, or were washed into the lagoons from the air, ocean or land. Occasional storms at sea would have killed flying animals, and swept fish over the reef in a suspension of finely-dispersed lime. There the bodies sank into the dead zone and were preserved.
Once in the lagoon, bodies became buried in soft carbonate mud. Thus, many delicate creatures avoided consumption by scavengers or being torn apart by currents. The wings of dragonflies, the imprints of stray feathers, and terrestrial plants that washed into the lagoons were all preserved. 
"The variety and number of fossils known is deceptive. The occurrence of fossils is quite low. Indeed, a worker can quarry for an entire day and find not a single one. The hundreds of years of quarrying are what make them seem so apparently common". 
The range of fossil species gives a comprehensive picture of a local Jurassic ecosystem. At times, the lagoons almost dried out, exposing sticky carbonate muds that trapped insects and even a few small dinosaurs. Over 600 species have been identified. Seven genera and up to 29 species of pterosaur have been found. This suggests that in this ecosystem pterosaurs were more common and diversified than birds. The pterosaur sizes ranged from that of a sparrow to 1.2 m (4 ft) in length.
The fine-grained texture of the mud silt forming the limestone is ideal for making lithographic plates for printing illustrations. Extensive quarrying in the 19th century revealed many fossil finds, as commemorated in the name "Archaeopteryx lithographica", all the specimens of which come from these deposits. The closest modern analogue to the Solnhofen conditions is said to be Orca Basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico, though that area is much deeper than the Solnhofen lagoons.
The biota.
The Solnhofen biota is composed of the animals and plants which lived in the area. All were found in the limestone quarries.
Carbonate production.
The carbonate was produced mainly by: 
Both these groups produce calcium carbonate skeletal structures.
Plants.
Some of remains of the land plants got down into the lagoon. They were almost all gynmosperms.
Conclusions.
The data show some things about the biota of the region.

= = = Aenictogiton = = =
Aenictogiton is a genus of ants. The genus has seven species. The genus is given its own subfamily, Aenictogitoninae. All of the species are known only from males from middle Africa and show a phylogenetic liking to the army ants (and are in the dorylomorph subfamilies). Nothing is known about the workers, queens and behavior of these ants. A few not described species are known to exist in a few collections in the world.

= = = Ketosis = = =
Ketosis is when there are greater levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. It comes when ketone bodies are released into the bloodstream due to low glycogen levels in the liver. Ketone bodies are made by a process called ketogenesis. Ketosis can be understood as the use of body fat as a source of energy. Ketosis has 3 main sources of energy, also known as ketone bodies: acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.

= = = Melphalan = = =
Melphalan is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including melanoma and multiple myeloma.

= = = Rhabdomyosarcoma = = =
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that is most common in children. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer that begins in muscle tissue - usually the muscles that are attached to bones to help a person move.
Rhabdomyosarcoma should not be confused with rhabdomyolysis, which is often called "rhabdo" for short.
There are three different kinds of rhabdomyosarcoma.
Types of Rhabdomyosarcoma.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS).
This is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma. More than half of people with this cancer have ERMS. It is most common in children under age 6.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma usually happens in: 
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS).
This is the second most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is more common in older children and teenagers, but it can also happen in younger children and adults.
ARMS usually happens in the big muscles in:
However, it can also happen in the genitals or the area around the anus.
This type of rhabdomyosarcoma usually grows faster than embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and needs more treatment than ERMS.
Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma.
Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma does not happen very often. When it does happen, it usually affects adults; is very rare in children.
This type of cancer usually grows quickly and needs a lot of treatment.
Treatment.
The choice of how to treat rhabdomyosarcoma depends on many things. For example:
Based on all of these things, the patient and their medical team can decide what treatment is best. There are three types of treatments for rhabdomyosarcoma:
Prognosis.
The prognosis of a person with rhabdomyosarcoma also depends on many different things. For example, adults with rhabdomyosarcoma usually have tumors that grow faster and are harder to treat. Prognosis also depends on the type of rhabdomyosarcoma a person has, what kind of treatment they get, whether their cancer has spread, and many other things.

= = = Underweight = = =
The term underweight refers to humans that have much less weight than they should. Being underweight is bad for the overall health of the person affected. It is normal that a person's weights changes over time. Being underweight is often defined using a measure called the body mass index which calculates a score, based on height and weight. If this score is below 18.5, a person is generally said to be underweight. This is only a general indication, though as the scores must not be calculated for everyone. It does not apply to children and adolescents, for example.
Being underweight can have different causes:
Problems.
There are problems that are related to being underweight. Very often being underweight is not the first problem. Rather, it often is the effect of another condition or disease. Unexpected weight loss requires the attention of a doctor. There might be another disease. If that disease is treated, the weight problem also disappears.
Another problem underweight people face is that the weight problem affects their health: Their immune system is weakened, and they may get sick more often. People who are underweight because they cannot get or afford the right food need special attention. Women who are underweight may not have their menstruation and face difficult pregnancies.
Once they were being underweight, psychically, they may feel sad and worried about their health. Therefore, family and friends should support them to help them get rid of their unhappiness. 

= = = Etihad Airways = = =
Etihad Airways is one of two major airlines in the United Arab Emirates. It was created by royal decree in July 2003. It started carrying passengers in November 2003. Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, is the airline's hub and base of operations. Etihad Airways flies to 63 locations in 42 countries.

= = = Petrol Ofisi = = =
Petrol Ofisi is Turkish petroleum company. It was created in 1941 by Turkey to make gasoline and oil available to the country of Turkey. The government sold the company in July 2000. More than 95% of the company is now owned by Doğan Holding and OMV. The remaining shares of the company are publicly traded stock.

= = = Pot-in-pot refrigerator = = =
The pot-in-pot refrigerator, also known as a Zeer in Arabic, is a food cooling device. It works by using the evaporation of water. It needs no electricity.
It is made by putting a clay pot inside a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top. As the water evaporates it cools the inside, letting food stored in the inner pot to be kept fresh for some time. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated place for the water to evaporate to the outside.
Evaporative coolers perform poorly or not at all in climates with high humidity.
Mohammed Bah Abba of Nigeria patented the device in 1995 and was awarded a Rolex prize in 2000 for developing the “pot-in-pot preservation/cooling system”. However, the device was known at least as early as the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, as seen by the hieroglyphic kbb, "to cool".
Wine coolers.
Earthenware wine coolers work on the same principle. They are soaked in cold water for a while, then emptied and put on the table. The pores of the earthenware are now full of water. Evaporation from the earthenware keeps white wine cool enough for several hours.

= = = Ankylosauridae = = =
Ankylosauridae is a family of any armoured dinosaur which evolved 125 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Ankylosauridae and their sister group, the Nodosauridae make up the infraorder Ankylosauria. 
They have been found in western North America, Europe and East Asia. Good specimens are rare; most are known only from fragments, and bits of their armour.
"Scelidosaurus", whose remains had been found in England, was described by Richard Owen in 1861. Its exact position in the group is still not yet agreed. It was a largely quadrupedal armoured animal from the Lower Jurassic, feeding on low scrubby plants. This is pretty much a description of many dinosaurs in this group.
Taxonomy.
Ankylosaur

= = = David Heiss = = =
David Heiss is a convicted murderer from Limburg, Germany currently imprisoned for his killing of Matthew Pyke after having persistently stalked Joanna Witton, the girlfriend of Matthew Pyke. 

= = = Koichi Hashimoto = = =
Koichi Hashimoto (born 13 January 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Shun Ichimura = = =
Shun Ichimura (born 17 October 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Grulla Morioka.
Club career statistics.
43||1||2||0||45||1
43||1||2||0||45||1

= = = Shinji Suzuki = = =
Shinji Suzuki (born 29 August 1986) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Taiji Furuta = = =
Taiji Furuta (born 4 August 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
26||0||2||0||28||0
26||0||2||0||28||0

= = = Koichi Hirono = = =
Koichi Hirono (born 16 April 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
6||0||1||0||2||0||3||0||12||0
6||0||1||0||2||0||3||0||12||0

= = = Shigeru Sarusawa = = =
Shigeru Sarusawa (born 30 January 1960) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Jehol Biota = = =
The Jehol biota includes all the living organisms – the ecosystem – of northeastern China between 133 to 120 million years ago (mya). This is the Lower Cretaceous ecosystem which left fossils in the Yixian Formation, some 125–121 mya, and the Jiufotang Formation. It is also believed to have left fossils in the Sinuiju series of North Korea. 
The ecosystem in the Lower Cretaceous was dominated by wetlands and numerous lakes (not rivers, deltas, or marine habitats). Rainfall was seasonal, alternating between semi-arid, and mesic conditions. The climate was temperate. The Jehol ecosystem was interrupted at times by ash eruptions from volcanoes to the west. The word "Jehol" was the name given during the Japanese occupation of North-East China, 1933–1946.
The Jehol biota is noteworthy for the many different fossils and the large numbers of individuals of each species that have been recovered.
Diversity.
The biota includes many species that were previously known only from the Upper Jurassic or earlier. These include the dinosaur "Sinosauropteryx", and the pterosaur "Dendrorhynchoides". There was even a primitive protomammal – a tritylodont therapsid – from Lower Cretaceous Japan. Tritylodonts were previously thought to have gone extinct in the Middle Jurassic. The biota also has the earliest and most basal (primitive) known members of groups which spread all around the world by the Upper Cretaceous, including neoceratopsians, therizinosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and oviraptors.
The Jehol biota has produced fossils of plant mega- and microfossils, including the earliest angiosperms, charophytes and dinocysts, snails (gastropods), clams (bivalves), superabundant aquatic arthropods called conchostracans, ostracods, shrimps, insects, spiders, fish, frogs and salamanders, turtles, choristoderes, lizards (squamata), pterosaurs, and dinosaurs including dinobirds, the largest mammals known from the Mesozoic, and a great diversity of birds including the earliest advanced birds, and the smallest and largest birds known from the Mesozoic.
The forests around the lakes were dominated by conifers including members of the podocarp pine, araucaria, and cypress families. There were also ginkgos, bennettitaleans, ephedra, horsetails, ferns, and mosses. The leaves and needles of the trees show adaptations to a dry season, but some of the ferns and mosses are types that grow in very wet habitats. It is possible that the latter avoided dry conditions by growing very close to bodies of water. "Archaefructus" has been described as the earliest known flowering plant (Angiosperm), and it is reconstructed as a water plant.
Fossil preservation.
The fossils have been found in several sites of exceptional preservation. The two most famous are the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations. The Yixian and Jiufotang Formations are "Lagerstatten", meaning that they have exceptionally good conditions for fossil preservation. The fossils are numerous, but also very well preserved. They often have articulated skeletons (bones connected), soft tissues, colour patterns, stomach contents, and twigs with leaves and flowers still attached. 
Palaeontologists deduced two things from this. The first is that the land animals and plants were washed into the lakes very gently, or were already in the lakes when they died. They do not show the damage seen in fossils formed by large floods. Second, volcanic ash is commonly interbedded with lake sediments, and ashfalls seem to have quickly buried the fossilized organisms, created anoxic conditions around them, and prevented scavenging.
The biota probably extended as far as North Korea. Its earliest appearance may be in another Chinese lagerstätte, the Huajiying Formation.
Yixian Formation.
A geological formation in Liaoning, N.E. China. It has outstanding preservation. The deposits of siliclastic (SiO2) sediment alternate with basalt. It was first recognised by the Japanese when they occupied Manchuria ('Jehol'). The formation was laid down 125–121 million years ago. It contains the famous "Confuciusornis" beds.
"Sinodelphys", the earliest metatherian mammal, was found in this formation.
Jiufotang Formation.
The Jiufotang Formation is a Lower Cretaceous geological formation in Liaoning. It has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms. 
The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous. Argon radiometry confirmed a Lower Cretaceous age for the site, 120.3 +/-0.7 million years ago. Fossils of "Microraptor" and "Jeholornis" are from the Jiufotang.
Huajiying Formation.
Lower Cretaceous, but exact dates uncertain. This is probably the earliest of the Jehol biota lagerstätte sites. Contains sedimentary members interspersed with volcanic ash. Contains birds, dinosaurs and fish.

= = = Kazuki Tsuda = = =
Kazuki Tsuda (born 26 July 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Machida Zelvia.
Club career statistics.
74||7||1||0||3||0||3||0||81||7
74||7||1||0||3||0||3||0||81||7

= = = Tsuyoshi Tanikawa = = =
Tsuyoshi Tanikawa (born 25 April 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
63||9||4||0||1||0||1||0||69||9
63||9||4||0||1||0||1||0||69||9

= = = Oleksandr Shovkovskiy = = =
Oleksandr Shovkovskyi (born 2 January 1975) is a Ukrainian football player. He plays for Dynamo Kyiv and Ukraine national team.
Club career statistics.
312||0
312||0
International career statistics.
!Total||86||0

= = = New York City draft riots = = =
The New York Draft Riots (July 13 – 16, 1863; known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City. They happened when anger with President Lincoln and his laws was highest. At first it just wanted to show anger at the draft. But the protests became violent and "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets". Major General John E. Wool said on July 16, "Martial law ought (should) to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient (enough) force to enforce it." The military stopped the mob using weapons. However, they had already destroyed many buildings, including homes and an orphanage for black children.

= = = Andrés Escobar = = =
Andrés Escobar (13 March 1967 - 2 July 1994) was a Colombian footballer. He played for Colombia national team.
Death.
Escobar died after being shot in Medellín. It is believed that he was murdered because he scored an own goal against his team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup which caused the United States to win 2 – 1 and caused gambling losses to a lot of powerful drug lords.
International career statistics.
!Total||50||1

= = = Igor Duljaj = = =
Igor Duljaj (born 29 October 1979) is a Serbian football player. He plays for Shakhtar Donetsk.
Club career statistics.
154||4
119||5
273||9
International career statistics.
!Total||47||0

= = = Richard Dunne = = =
Richard Dunne (born 21 September 1979) is an Irish football player. He plays for Aston Villa and Republic of Ireland national team.
Club career statistics.
356||7||34||0||16||0||18||0||424||7
356||7||34||0||16||0||18||0||424||7
International career statistics.
!Total||58||7

= = = Ryo Sakai = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
199||31||6||1||1||0||206||32
199||31||6||1||1||0||206||32

= = = Wataru Sumida = = =
Wataru Sumida (born 23 May 1988) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
45||6||1||0||46||6
45||6||1||0||46||6

= = = Yuji Mito = = =
Yuji Mito (born 15 April 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
12||1||0||0||12||1
12||1||0||0||12||1

= = = Tiago Prado = = =
Tiago Prado (born 3 May 1984) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
49||2
29||3
78||5

= = = Jun Mizukoshi = = =
Jun Mizukoshi (born 15 January 1975) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
264||24||21||0||1||0||286||24
264||24||21||0||1||0||286||24

= = = Edu (footballer, born 1978) = = =
Eduardo "Edu" César Gaspar (born 15 May 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He currently is the Technical Director for Premier League club Arsenal.
Club career statistics.
34||0
79||7
50||1
163||8
International career statistics.
!Total||15||0

= = = Kris Boyd = = =
Kris Boyd (born 18 August 1983) is a Scottish football player. He played for Rangers and Scotland national team. He currently plays for the Portland Timbers.
Club career statistics.
265||142||22||14||15||11||18||3||320||170
265||142||22||14||15||11||18||3||320||170
International career statistics.
!Total||15||7

= = = Ludovic Butelle = = =
Ludovic Jean-Luc Butelle (born 3 April 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Lille.
Club career statistics.
57||0
22||0
79||0

= = = Leandro Grimi = = =
Leandro Grimi (born 9 February 1985) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Sporting Portugal.
Club career statistics.
74||11
16||0
22||0
112||11

= = = Naldo = = =
Naldo (born 10 September 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Werder Bremen.
Club career statistics.
35||8
124||14
159||22
International career statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Kevin Nolan = = =
Kevin Anthony Jance Nolan (born 24 June 1982) is an English former professional footballer and current first team coach for Premier League club West Ham United. He has represented England at under-21 level.
Honours.
As a player.
Bolton Wanderers
Newcastle United
West Ham United
Individual
As a manager.
Individual

= = = Leon Osman = = =
Leon Osman (born 17 May 1981) is an English footballer. He plays for Everton.
Honours.
Everton Youth
Everton
Individual

= = = Hirotada Ito = = =
Hirotada Ito (born 5 December 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Renofa Yamaguchi.
Club career statistics.
18||1||2||0||0||0||20||1
18||1||2||0||0||0||20||1

= = = Pete Backor = = =
Peter Backor (April 29, 1919 in Fort William, Ontario – June 30, 1988) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played briefly for the Toronto Maple Leafs in the NHL.
Career.
Although he played just a single season in the NHL, Backor made it count as he helped the Toronto Maple Leafs win the Stanley Cup in 1945. After that season he spent the next 11 years playing in the minor leagues for the Pittsburgh Hornets of the AHL with whom he won the Calder Cup in 1952, the Hollywood Wolves of the PCHL and the Sault Ste. Marie Indians of the NOHL. Backor retired from hockey in 1956.
He was one of the few players of Slovak descent in the NHL's younger years if not the first one ever.
Personal life.
He was brother-in-law to another NHL legend of Slovak descent Rudy Migay who played for Toronto Maple Leafs.

= = = Bob Bodak = = =
Robert Peter Bodak (born May 28, 1961 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League for the Calgary Flames and Hartford Whalers. A career minor-leaguer, Bodak played only three games with the Flames in 1987–88 and one more with the Whalers in 1989–90. He did not record a point, but had 29 penalty minutes in his four games.

= = = Yusuke Sato (born in 1982) = = =
Yusuke Sato (born 6 March 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
30||0||5||0||35||0
30||0||5||0||35||0

= = = Ryuji Kitamura = = =
Ryuji Kitamura (born 15 March 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Matsumoto Yamaga.
Club career statistics.
95||2||5||0||1||0||101||2
95||2||5||0||1||0||101||2

= = = Daisuke Tanaka = = =
Daisuke Tanaka (born 6 January 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for MIO Biwako Kusatsu.
Club career statistics.
92||3||2||0||0||0||94||3
92||3||2||0||0||0||94||3

= = = Koji Nakao = = =
Koji Nakao (born 8 September 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
82||0||4||2||4||0||90||2
82||0||4||2||4||0||90||2

= = = Yasuyoshi Nara = = =
Yasuyoshi Nara (born 12 December 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
71||25||8||1||0||0||79||26
71||25||8||1||0||0||79||26

= = = Christoph Daum = = =
Christoph Daum (born 24 October 1953) is a former German football player.
Honours.
Player.
1. FC Köln II
Manager.
1. FC Köln
VfB Stuttgart
Beşiktaş
Bayer Leverkusen
Austria Wien
Fenerbahçe
Club Brugge

= = = Megumu Tamura = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tamura was born on January 10, 1927. He played for Nippon Oil & Fats.
In March 1951, Tamura was selected Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. He played 3 games for Japan in 1951.
On October 8, 1986, Tamura died of cancer in Chuo, Tokyo at the age of 59.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Seki Matsunaga = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Akira Matsunaga and Nobuo Matsunaga also played for Japan national team.
Biography.
Matsunaga was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on June 25, 1928. After graduating from Waseda University, he played for Hitachi.
In March 1951, when Matsunaga was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 9, he debuted against Afghanistan.
On March 4, 2013, Matsunaga died of respiratory failure in Setagaya, Tokyo at the age of 84.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Yoshio Okada = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Okada was born in Kobe on August 11, 1926. He played for Kwangaku Club and Rokko Club.
In March 1951, Okada was selected the Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 7 games for Japan until 1954.
On June 22, 2002, Okada died of heart failure in Hachioji at the age of 75.
Statistics.
!Total||7||0

= = = Koji Miyata = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Miyata was born on January 15, 1923. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Tanabe Pharmaceutical in 1946.
In March 1951, Miyata was selected Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 6 games for Japan until 1954.
After retirement, Miyata became a manager for Tanabe Pharmaceutical in 1961. The club joined Japanese Regional Leagues in 1968 and was promoted to new division Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1972. In 1972 season, he led the club the 2nd place and promoted Division 1. However, in 1973 season, the club was the lowest place and he resigned end of 1973 season.
Later Life.
On January 15, 2023, Miyata turned 100 years old.
Statistics.
!Total||6||0

= = = Masanobu Aoyagi = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
51||4||5||0||56||4
51||4||5||0||56||4
In 2011, he was captain of the Fukushima team.

= = = Wataru Nakazato = = =
Wataru Nakazato (born 30 October 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
43||1||2||0||0||0||45||1
43||1||2||0||0||0||45||1

= = = FC Erzgebirge Aue = = =
The Fußballclub Erzgebirge Aue is a football club which plays in the German 2. Bundesliga. The club is from Aue in Saxony.
History.
The club was founded as SG Aue in 1945 and on 1 November 1948 became BSG Pneumatik Aue. Changes in sponsorship led to a change in name to Zentra Wismut Aue in 1949 and then simply to SC Wismut Aue in 1951. 1951 they promoted to the DDR-Oberliga. In 1954 the government decided that the nearby city Chemnitz(now called Karl-Marx-Stadt) should have a good team. So the name of Aue was changed to SC Wismut Karl Marx Stadt. But the club still played in Aue. In 1963 Karl Marx Stadt got its own team so the club was renamed to SC Wismut Aue.
Till 1989 Aue was one of the most successful teams in the DDR. They were 3 times winner of the DDR Oberliga (1956, 1957, 1959) and won the Cup once(1955). In the united Germany the started in the NOFV-Oberliga Süd (4th stage). With the establishment of the Regionalliga Nordost (3rd stage) in 1994, the club qualified for the new league. 200o they came to the Regionalliga Nord and were promoted to the 2. Bundesliga after the 1st place there. 2007 they were again relegated but came back in 2010. 

= = = Takashi Sambonsuge = = =
Takashi Sambonsuge (born 5 June 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nara.
Club career statistics.
97||5||5||0||2||0||104||5
97||5||5||0||2||0||104||5

= = = Hiroyuki Dobashi = = =
Hiroyuki Dobashi (born 27 November 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagano Parceiro.
Club career statistics.
191||21||10||0||3||0||204||21
191||21||10||0||3||0||204||21

= = = Hidehito Shirao = = =
Hidehito Shirao (born 30 September 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
77||39||5||3||82||42
77||39||5||3||82||42

= = = Nenad Đorđević = = =
Nenad Đorđević (born 7 August 1979) is a Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.
Club career statistics.
248||22
13||3
0||0
261||25
International career statistics.
!Total||17||1

= = = Rot-Weiß Oberhausen = = =
The SC Rot-Weiß Oberhausen is a football club which plays in Germany.

= = = Shoki Hirai = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football player.
Club career statistics.
9||0||2||0||1||1||2||0||14||1
9||0||2||0||1||1||2||0||14||1

= = = Kohei Nishino = = =
Kohei Nishino (born 15 April 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fagiano Okayama.
Club career statistics.
142||33||5||0||2||0||149||33
142||33||5||0||2||0||149||33

= = = Hiroyuki Takeda = = =
Hiroyuki Takeda (born 30 November 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi.
Club career statistics.
69||0||1||0||70||0
69||0||1||0||70||0

= = = SC Paderborn 07 = = =
The SC Paderborn 07 is a football club which plays in Germany.

= = = Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite = = =
Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite is a series of encyclopaedias that come on DVD, to be installed on computers.
Linux support.
There is no official release of Britannica for Linux, however, there is a way that can help experienced users run "Encyclopædia Britannica 2004 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD" on Linux.

= = = Digital rights = = =
Digital rights are the rights of people regarding what they can do with their computer. There are many cases that need special thought related to digital rights, such as the right to have data accessible to a few people (privacy) and freedom of expression. Very often the word is used when referring to computer networks such as the Internet.
In 2003, the United Nations held a special talk, called the World Summit on the Information Society. One of the tasks of this talk was to make the digital divide smaller. The digital divide separates countries into "rich" ones and "poor" ones. For "poor" countries accessing the internet is much more hard. After long talks, all people in the talk signed a closing statement.
The statement pointed out that human rights were universal, and that they could not be divided. They were also related to the basic freedoms that the Vienna Declaration had defined, and could not be separated from them. In addition, democracy as well as sustainable development should be respected and the rule of law should be made stronger.
This declaration also makes specific reference to the importance of the right to freedom of expression in the "Information Society". It says:
"We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the Information Society, and as outlined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organization. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers."
Digital rights management is in this area, as an example.

= = = Enigma machine = = =
The Enigma machine was created for Germany by Arthur Scherbius in World War I. It is a cypher machine: changing the letters of a message so that it appears to be random letters. Enigmas were among the most-used kind of cypher machines for the German military in World War II.
Each time a letter is typed, it appears as another letter in the alphabet. The choices are "not" random. They are decided by a series of rotors which are set each day to a different starting set-up. Every press of a key turns the rotors to a new position.
German military messages done on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. Later, they designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma cyphers. From 1938 more complexity was added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult.
On 25 July 1939, in Warsaw, the Poles showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma, and promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. The demonstration was a vital start for the later British work at Bletchley Park.
During the invasion of Poland (1939) the Polish codebreakers were sent to France for safety. Later, they fled to Britain. Making technical improvements, British codebreakers solved a vast number of messages from Enigma, and gave the plaintext to military staff. The information gained from this team, called "Ultra" by the British, was a great help to the Allied war effort. Ultra also included decrypts of other German, Italian and Japanese cyphers and codes, including the cypher of the German High Command.
Mistakes by German operators helped the cryptanalysis of Luftwaffe Enigmas, and the British capture of key tables and a machine from a German submarine helped in cracking Navy ones.
On 15th July 2011, Queen Elizabeth II visited Bletchley Park, where the machine is kept in the Museum, to pay tribute to those who worked there, since they cut short the war by breaking the cyphers of Nazi Germany.

= = = Northwest Passage = = =
The Northwest Passage is a sea passage along the north coast of North America, through the Arctic Ocean. Because of ice, the passage is usually closed to ships. 
The Spanish Empire wanted to reach Asia by a western route, because Portugal controlled the eastern route around the Cape of Good Hope. Spain wanted to have a route that it could control. This caused most European countries to search for a possible route. Roald Amundsen was the first person to navigate the passage between 1903 and 1906.
Global warming is increasing the melting for the Passage.

= = = Chatroulette = = =
Chatroulette is a webcam chatting site founded by Andrei Ternowski in November 2009. Two people are randomly connected. At any time, one of the people can end the chat by pressing F9 on their keyboard. According to Robert J. Moore, the CEO and co-founder of RJMetrics, about 1 in 8 people are either naked or lewd. Many people think children should not use it. Since December 2012, users can only use their webcam if they have had at least 3 conversations that lasted 10 minutes or longer. If a user didn't do that yet, their webcam will display a picture. Also, a person has to register before using it. If someone acts strange or offends another person, you can report him/her by keyboard.

= = = The Human Centipede (First Sequence) = = =
The Human Centipede (First Sequence) is a 2009 Dutch horror movie. It is written and directed by Tom Six. The movie is about a mad doctor who wants to stick people together so they become what he calls his 'human centipede'.
"The Human Centipede" did not get very many good reviews, but Tom Six made two sequels to the movie called "The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)" and "The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)".
Story.
Lindsay (played by Ashley C. Williams) and Jenny (played by Ashlynn Yennie) are two American girls who are on holiday in Germany. They are kidnapped by a mad doctor called Dr. Heiter (played by Dieter Laser) after their car breaks down and they go to his house to look for help. The doctor Heiter then kidnaps a Japanese man named Katsuro (played by Akihiro Kitamura). The doctor tells the three that he is world-famous for separating conjoined twins, but wants to join people together so they share a single digestive system. He tells the three how he will connect his three victims together mouth-to-anus. Lindsay tries to escape, but is captured before she can get away. The doctor then sews the three together; he sews Lindsays's mouth to Katsuro's anus, and Jenny's mouth to Lindsay's anus. This means that when he feeds Katsuro food, Katsuro defecates into Lindsay's mouth, and Lindsay defecates her feces into Jenny's mouth.
The doctor calls his victims his 'human centipede', and he tries to train his centipede as a pet. However, the doctor becomes very restless when he is kept awake by the screaming of his victims, and even more annoyed when Jenny starts to get ill from blood poisoning.
When the police visit the doctor to look for the missing people, he decides to add them to his centipede and get rid of Jenny. The doctor tries but fails to drug the detectives, and they leave the house saying they will come back later. The three try to escape, and Katsuro attacks the doctor, by stabbing him in the foot and leg, but they do not escape the house. Katsuro tells the doctor that he deserves his fate, because he had treated his family very badly in the past, then he kills himself with a piece of glass. The police come back to the house and search it, as the doctor hides near his swimming pool. One policeman finds the 'human centipede' but then hears a gunshot which he goes to investigate. He discovers the other policeman dead in the swimming pool. The doctor then shoots him in the stomach, and as he is dying he shoots the doctor in the head. The policeman then falls in the pool and is dead.
Jenny and Lindsay hold hands as Jenny dies from her blood poisoning. Lindsay is left alone in the house. The movie ends with her screaming into Heiter's empty laboratory, while still attached to Katsuro and Jenny.
Reception.
Most reviews said "The Human Centipede" was not very good. However some Horror blogs liked the idea and thought it was funny.
The movie won some awards at Film Festivals.

= = = Isle Royale National Park = = =
Isle Royale National Park is a wildlife reserve on more than 100 islands in northwest Lake Superior, in northern Michigan in the United States. This national park was opened in 1940. The wildlife includes moose, wolves and many kinds of birds.
One of the islands is called Isle Royale. It has an area of 229 square miles. Native Americans mined copper on this island in pre-Columbian times (before 1492). The mines can still be seen here.
Other websites.
Isle Royale National Park - National Park Service website

= = = Mare Tranquillitatis = = =
Mare Tranquillitatis is a large area on the visible side of the Moon. It is also called the Sea of Tranquillity. It is called a sea because ancient astronomers looked at the Moon and thought they saw seas and oceans on the Moon. Now we know that they are not seas. They are darkened areas on the Moon's surface. They may have been made by ancient volcanoes by things such as leaks and eruptions. Mare Tranquillitatis is just one of the 22 "Seas" and "Oceans" on the Moon.
Naming.
In 1651, astronomers Francesco Grimaldi and Giovanni Battista Riccioli named Mare Tranquillitatis in their lunar map.
Exploration.
Mare Tranquillitatis was the landing site for the first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Apollo 11 landed at .

= = = Heterodontosaur = = =
The Heterodontosauridae ("different-toothed lizards") is a family of early ornithischian dinosaurs.
They have often been considered basal ornithopods, although recent studies suggest they may have been more closely related to marginocephalians. Although their fossils are rare, they lived around the globe beginning in the Upper Triassic and may have persisted into the Lower Cretaceous.
Jaws and teeth.
A large gap, called a diastema, separated the premaxillary teeth from the those of the maxilla (the main upper jaw bone) in many ornithischia, but this diastema was arched in heterodontosaurs. 
The mandible (lower jaw) was tipped by the predentary, a bone unique to ornithischia. This bone also supported a beak similar to the one found on the premaxilla. All the teeth in the lower jaw were found on the dentary bone.
Heterodontosaurids are called that because they have two different kinds of teeth. There were three premaxillary teeth. In the early Jurassic "Abrictosaurus", "Heterodontosaurus", and "Lycorhinus", the first two premaxillary teeth were small and conical, while the much larger third tooth resembled the canines of carnivoran mammals and is often called the "caniniform" or 'tusk'. 
Classification.
Several early studies suggested that heterodontosaurs were primitive ornithischians. The main hypothesis in recent years has put heterodontosaurids in as basal ornithopods. However, others have suggested that heterodontosaurs share a common ancestor with Marginocephalia (ceratopsians and pachycephalosaurs). This has support from some recent studies. A clade containing heterodontosaurs and marginocephalians has been named Heterodontosauriformes. Heterodontosaurs may even be basal to both ornithopods and marginocephalians. In 2007, a cladistic analysis suggested that heterodontosaurs are basal to all known ornithischians except "Pisanosaurus", a result that echoes some of the very earliest work on the family.

= = = Antti Niemi (ice hockey) = = =
Antti Niemi (born August 29, 1983 in Vantaa, Finland) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks, Dallas Stars, Pittsburgh Penguins, Florida Panthers, and Montreal Canadiens. He also played for the Lahti Pelicans of the SM-liiga (SM-l) and the Jokerit of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
During his time with the Blackhawks, Niemi helped the Stanley Cup in 2010. He became the first Finnish goaltender to win the Cup.

= = = Filé = = =
Filé is a powdered spice. It is made from dried sassafras leaves. It is used in small amounts as a thickening agent in Cajun and Creole cooking. In Cajun culture, it is widely used as a seasoning in gumbo.

= = = Stephen Strasburg = = =
Stephen James Strasburg (born July 20, 1988 in San Diego, California) is an American baseball player. He is a pitcher for the Washington Nationals in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played baseball in college at San Diego State University. While playing at San Diego State, Strasburg threw a no hitter against the Air Force Academy. The Nationals drafted him with the first pick in the 2009 MLB Draft. Strasburg signed a contract to play for the Nationals for four years while being paid more than 15 million dollars. After signing his contract, Strasburg began pitching in the minor leagues. Most people did not expect Strasburg to stay in the minor leagues for very long, though. Strasburg played very well in the minor leagues. His earned run average (ERA) for the Syracuse Chiefs, which was the final minor league team he played for, was only 1.08.
Major League Baseball career.
Strasburg played his first game in Major League Baseball on June 8, 2010. The game had sold out just a few hours after the Nationals said that Strasburg would play on that day. He was the Nationals' starting pitcher in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Strasburg pitched for 7 innings, striking out 14 Pirates batters, giving up 2 runs, and only allowing 4 hits. The Nationals won the game by a score of 5-2.

= = = Amblyopone saundersi = = =
Amblyopone saundersi is an ant in the subfamily Amblyoponinae, endemic to New Zealand. 

= = = Amyrmex golbachi = = =
Amyrmex golbachi is a species of ant. It is currently the only known species of ant of the genus Amyrmex described from Argentina.

= = = Ancyridris = = =
Ancyridris is a small genus of myrmicine ants. The genus has only two described species from New Guinea.

= = = Anillidris = = =
Anillidris is a genus of ants. It has only one species, Anillidris bruchi. For a time this genus was thought to be the same as the genus "Linepithema", but they were described as being different by Shattuck (1992).

= = = Danijel Ljuboja = = =
Danijel Ljuboja, (Serbian Cyrillic: ������� ������) (born September 4, 1978 in Vinkovci, Croatia, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Legia Warsaw.

= = = Shigeo Sugimoto = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sugimoto was born in Kobe on December 4, 1926. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he joined Hankyu Railways in 1948. He also played for Kwangaku Club (All Kwangaku) which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. At the club, he won 1950, 1953 and 1955 Emperor's Cup.
In March 1951, Sugimoto was selected the Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. He played 3 games for Japan until 1954.
On April 2, 2002, Sugimoto died of kidney failure in Nishinomiya at the age of 75.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Takeshi Inoue = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Inoue was born in Nishinomiya on September 30, 1928. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he played for New Mitsubishi Heavy Industries from 1952 to 1960. He also played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. At the club, he won 1955 Emperor's Cup.
In March 1954, Inoue was selected the Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 7, he debuted against South Korea.
Inoue died on April 5, 1992 at the age of 63.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Takashi Kano = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kano was born in Tokyo Metropolis on October 31, 1920. He played for Waseda WMW which was consisted of his alma mater Waseda University players and graduates. In 1940, he won the 2nd place at 1940 Emperor's Cup. This tournament was the last Emperor's Cup before the war because Emperor's Cup was suspended for World War II from 1941 to 1945.
In March 1951, when Kano was 30 years old, he was selected the Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. He also played at 1954 Asian Games and scored 2 goals. He played 7 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1954.
On June 4, 2000, Kano died of heart failure in Ota, Tokyo at the age of 79.
Statistics.
!Total||7||2

= = = Pterygota = = =
Pterygota is a subclass of insects that includes the winged insects. It also includes insect orders that are secondarily wingless. That means insect groups whose ancestors once had wings but that have lost them later in evolution.
The Pterygota today includes almost all insects. That is because flying led to a great radiation of insect types. The groups without flight are in the Apterygota.
In the Pterygota, are the Palaeoptera and the Neoptera. The Palaeoptera is paraphyletic, and its classification is being discussed. Likewise the Exopterygota. There are no agreed alternatives at present, so the taxonomy is left in its traditional form.
The Endopterygota is made up of all the insects which have complete metamorphosis. It is agreed to be a good monophyletic clade, even though some of the details may need to be adjusted.

= = = Kazuya Iwakura = = =
Kazuya Iwakura (born 26 April 1985) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
52||3||1||0||1||0||54||3
52||3||1||0||1||0||54||3

= = = Robert Schuman = = =
Robert Schuman (29 June 1886 – 4 September 1963) was a famous French politician. Schuman was a politician with the "Mouvement Républicain Populaire" (Popular Republican Movement) party which is a French Christian Democrat party. Schuman was also an independent political thinker and activist. He was twice Prime Minister of France. He also served as Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister. He was an important person in Europe after World War 2, and worked on creating European and trans-Atlantic institutions. He is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO.

= = = Neoptera = = =
Neoptera is a classification group that has almost all the winged insects, mostly those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects, which are not able to flex their wings in this way.
The Neoptera can be contrasted with the Palaeoptera, the 'ancient-winged' insects, which include the Odonata, the Ephemeroptera and extinct groups such as the Palaeodictyoptera.

= = = Endopterygota = = =
The Endopterygota (or Holometabola), are insects of the subclass Pterygota.
They have complete metamorphosis. This means they go through different larval, pupal, and adult stages. The larval and adult stages differ very much in their anatomy and behavior. This is called holometabolism, or complete metamorphism.
They are distinguished from the Exopterygota (or Hemipterodea) by the way in which their wings develop. Endopterygota ("internal winged forms") develop wings inside the body during metamorphosis.
The earliest endopterygote fossils date from the Carboniferous.

= = = Hidemaro Watanabe = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Watanabe was born in Hiroshima on September 24, 1924. After graduating from Kokugakuin University, he played for Chugoku Electric Power.
In March 1954, Watanabe was selected the Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 14, he debuted against South Korea. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 2 games for Japan in 1954.
On October 12, 2011, Watanabe died of pancreatic cancer in Hiroshima at the age of 87.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Masao Ono = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ono was born in Kanagawa Prefecture on March 2, 1923. After graduating from University of Tokyo, he joined Nissan Chemical. He also played for University of Tokyo LB which was consisted of his alma mater University of Tokyo players and graduates. At University of Tokyo LB, he won 1949 Emperor's Cup with Ko Arima and so on.
In March 1954, Ono was selected Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 14, he debuted against South Korea. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 3 games for Japan in 1954.
On February 11, 2001, Ono died of ruptured aneurysm of abdomen at the age of 77.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Tomohiko Ikoma = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ikoma was born in Hyogo Prefecture on August 25, 1932. When he was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he won 1953 and 1955 Emperor's Cup as a member of All Kwangaku which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. After graduating from university, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1955. In 1965, the club joined new league Japan Soccer League. However he did not play in the match in the league. In 1966, he became a playing manager. End of 1966 season, he resigned as manager and retired from playing career.
On January 2, 1955, when Ikoma was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. He played 5 games for Japan in 1955.
On April 27, 2009, Ikoma died in Kobe at the age of 76.
Statistics.
0||0
0||0
!Total||5||0

= = = Kakuichi Mimura = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Mimura was born in Tokyo Metropolis on August 16, 1931. After graduating from Chuo University, he founded Toho Titanium in 1955 and played for the club.
On 2 January 1955, Mimura debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. He played four games for Japan in 1955. In 1956, he was selected to represent Japan in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, but did not play in the match.
After retirement, Mimura became a manager for Toho Titanium. He led the club to won Japanese Regional Leagues four times and promoted to Japan Soccer League two times in 1982 and 1985. End of 1985 season, he resigned.
Mimura died on 19 February 2022, at the age of 90.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Arawa Kimura = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kimura was born in Hiroshima on July 8, 1931. He played for Kwangaku Club (All Kwangaku) which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He also played for Chudai Club which was consisted of Chuo University players and graduates. He won 1950, 1953 and 1955 Emperor's Cup as a member of All Kwangaku and 1957 Emperor's Cup at Chudai Club.
In March 1954, Kimura was selected the Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 7, he debuted against South Korea. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 6 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1955.
On February 21, 2007, Kimura died in Ebina at the age of 75.
Statistics.
!Total||6||1

= = = Yasukazu Tanaka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tanaka was born on June 15, 1933. When he was a Chuo University student, he won the 2nd place at the 1955 Emperor's Cup with Ken Naganuma, Masao Uchino and so on. After graduating from university, he played for Toyo Industries.
On January 2, 1955, when Tanaka was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. He played 4 games for Japan in 1955.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Hisataka Okamoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Okamoto was born on December 14, 1933. When he was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he won 1953 and 1955 Emperor's Cup at All Kwangaku which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. After graduating from university, he played for Hitachi.
On January 2, 1955, when Okamoto was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. He played 5 games for Japan in 1955.
Statistics.
!Total||5||0

= = = Nobuo Matsunaga = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Akira Matsunaga and Seki Matsunaga also played for Japan national team.
Biography.
Matsunaga was born in Shida District, Shizuoka on December 6, 1921. After graduating from Tokyo Liberal Arts and Science University, he played for Nippon Light Metal.
In March 1954, Matsunaga was selected the Japan national team for 1954 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 14, he debuted against South Korea. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. He played 4 games for Japan until 1955.
After retirement, Matsunaga became a manager for Nippon Light Metal. In 1972, he promoted the club to new division, Japan Soccer League Division 2.
On September 25, 2007, Matsunaga died of lymphoma in Fujieda at the age of 85.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Reizo Fukuhara = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Fukuhara was born in Higashihiroshima on April 2, 1931. On January 5, 1955, when he was a Tokyo University of Education student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. He played 2 games for Japan in 1955.
On February 27, 1970, Fukuhara died of stomach cancer at the age of 38.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Toshio Iwatani = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Iwatani was born in Kobe on October 24, 1925. After graduating from Waseda University, he played for Osaka SC. Osaka SC won the 2nd place at Emperor's Cup 3 times (1951, 1952 and 1953).
In March 1951, Iwatani was selected Japan national team for Japan team first game after World War II, 1951 Asian Games. At this competition, on March 7, he debuted against Iran. On march 9, at 3rd place match, he scored 2 goals against Afghanistan and Japan won the match 2-0. He also played at 1954 Asian Games. In June 1956, at 1956 Summer Olympics qualification, he played as captain against South Korea and Japan finished with one win and one defeat. After the qualifiers, he takes part in drawing of lots as captain and got won the qualification to 1956 Summer Olympics. However, in November, he was not selected Japan team for Olympics. He played 8 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 1956.
On March 1, 1970, Iwatani died of brain tumor in Chuo, Tokyo at the age of 44. In 2006, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Statistics.
!Total||8||4

= = = Alvin Ceccoli = = =
Alvin Ceccoli (born 5 August 1974) is a former Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.
Career statistics.
International.
International goals
Honours.
With Central Coast Mariners:
With Sydney FC:
With Wollongong Wolves:

= = = Kenzo Ohashi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ohashi was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on April 21, 1934. After graduating from Waseda University, he played for Yuasa Batteries and his local club Toyo Industries. In 1965, Toyo Industries joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1967. He played 3 games and the club also won the championship for 3 years in a row (1965-1967) in the league.
In May 1958, Ohashi was selected the Japan national team for 1958 Asian Games. At this competition, on May 26, he debuted against Philippines.
After retirement, in 1971, Ohashi became a manager for Toyo Industries as Yukio Shimomura successor. He managed the club until 1975.
Ohashi died on December 21, 2015 at the age of 80.
Statistics.
3||0
3||0
!Total||1||0

= = = Isao Iwabuchi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Iwabuchi was born in Tochigi Prefecture on November 17, 1933. He played for Keio BRB which was consisted of his alma mater Keio University players and graduates. He won 1954 and 1956 Emperor's Cup at the club.
On January 5, 1955, when Iwabuchi was a Keio University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. In June 1956, at 1956 Summer Olympics qualification against South Korea, he scored a goal. After the qualification, Japan won the qualification to 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne by the drawing of lots. In November, he was selected Japan for 1956 Olympics. He also played at 1958 Asian Games. He played 8 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1958.
On April 16, 2003, Iwabuchi died of peritonitis in Tokyo Metropolis at the age of 69.
Statistics.
!Total||8||2

= = = Gyoji Matsumoto = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Matsumoto was born in Saitama on August 13, 1934. After graduating from Saitama University, he played for his local club Urawa Club ().
On December 28, 1958, he debuted for Japan national team against Malaya.
He later coached at Urawa Minami High School. The manga "Akakichi no Eleven" was based on his team.
He died of heart disease in Saitama on September 2, 2019, aged 85.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Hiroaki Sato = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sato was born in Amagasaki on February 5, 1932. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he played for Kwangaku Club (All Kwangaku) which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He won 1955, 1958 and 1959 Emperor's Cup.
On January 2, 1955, when Sato was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. In 1956, he was selected Japan for 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He also played at 1958 Asian Games. He played 15 games for Japan until 1959.
Sato died on January 1, 1988 at the age of 55.
Statistics.
!Total||15||0

= = = Kenji Tochio = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tochio was born on May 26, 1941. After graduating from Fujieda Higashi High School, he joined Furukawa Electric. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1970. He played 61 games and scored 1 goal in the league.
On May 28, 1961, Tochio debuted for the Japan national team against Malaya. He played 2 games for Japan in 1961.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Hiroshi Saeki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Saeki was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on May 26, 1936. After graduating from Hiroshima Motomachi High School, he joined Yawata Steel. In 1965, Yawata Steel joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1966. He played 22 games and scored 9 goals in the league.
On December 25, 1958, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played 4 games for Japan until 1961.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Takehiko Kawanishi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kawanishi was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on October 9, 1938. After graduating from Rikkyo University, he joined his local club Toyo Industries in 1961. In 1965, Toyo Industries joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1966. He did not play in the match in the league.
In December 1959, when he was a Rikkyo University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1960 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on December 20, he debuted against South Korea. He played 8 games for Japan until 1962.
Statistics.
0||0
0||0
!Total||8||0

= = = Koji Sasaki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sasaki was born on January 30, 1936. After graduating from Kansai University, he joined Dunlop Japan in 1958.
On December 25, 1958, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played 14 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1961.
Statistics.
!Total||14||1

= = = Shigenari Izumi = = =
Shigenari Izumi (born 30 June 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = David Navarro = = =
David Navarro (born 25 May 1980) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia.
Club career statistics.
109||5
109||5

= = = Takao Nishiyama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nishiyama was born on January 7, 1942. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Toyoda Automatic Loom Works in 1964.
On March 3, 1964, when Nishiyama was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Nobuyuki Oishi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Oishi was born in Hiroshima on September 12, 1939. After graduating from high school, he joined Yawata Steel (later "Nippon Steel"). The club won 1964 Emperor's Cup. In 1965, Yawata Steel joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1970. He played 61 games and scored 21 goals in the league.
On March 3, 1964, Oishi debuted for Japan national team against Singapore.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Katsuyoshi Kuwahara = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Takashi Kuwahara is also a former footballer.
Biography.
Kuwahara was born in Fujieda on May 30, 1944. After graduating from Fujieda Higashi High School, he played for Nippon Light Metal and Nagoya Mutual Bank. In 1971, Nagoya Mutual Bank was disbanded and he retired.
On March 22, 1965, Kuwahara debuted for the Japan national team against Burma. On March 25, he also played against Singapore. He played 2 games for Japan in 1965.
After retirement, Kuwahara became a manager for Japanese Regional Leagues club Honda in 1973. He promoted the club to Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1975 and Division 1 in 1981. He resigned in 1982. In 1987, he became a manager new club PJM Futures and managed until 1992.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Masanobu Izumi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Izumi was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on April 8, 1944. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Japanese Regional Leagues club Toyota Motors in 1967. The club was promoted to Japan Soccer League Division 1 in 1972 and Division 2 in 1973. He retired in 1976.
On March 25, 1965, when Izumi was a Meiji University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore and Japan won the match. However, after graduating from university in 1967, he was not selected Japan because he joined a club which playing in Japanese Regional Leagues.
After retirement, Izumi became a manager for Toyota Motors. He managed 1 season in 1987–88, but the club finished at the bottom place and was relegated Division 2.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Shigeki Kurata = = =
Shigeki Kurata (born 22 June 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
227||4||17||0||25||1||269||5
227||4||17||0||25||1||269||5

= = = Takayuki Yokoyama = = =
Takayuki Yokoyama (born 22 December 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
160||41||20||4||26||3||3||1||209||49
160||41||20||4||26||3||3||1||209||49

= = = Tamotsu Komatsuzaki = = =
Tamotsu Komatsuzaki (born 10 July 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
143||0||15||1||2||0||160||1
143||0||15||1||2||0||160||1

= = = Kenji Oba = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
106||3||11||0||25||1||142||4
106||3||11||0||25||1||142||4

= = = Junji Koizumi = = =
Junji Koizumi (born 11 January 1968) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
126||3||5||0||16||0||147||3
126||3||5||0||16||0||147||3

= = = Keisuke Moriya = = =
Keisuke Moriya (born 11 July 1986) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
10||2||0||0||10||2
10||2||0||0||10||2

= = = Yoichi Akiba = = =
Yoichi Akiba (born 23 November 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0

= = = Yohei Sakai = = =
Yohei Sakai (born 10 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagamihara.

= = = Stanley Smith Stevens = = =
Stanley Smith Stevens (4 November 1906 – 18 January 1973) was an American psychologist. He founded Harvard's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory and introduced Stevens' power law. He also wrote an important textbook, the 1400+ page "Handbook of Experimental Psychology" (1951).
Life.
He was born in Ogden, Utah to Stanely and Adeline (Smith) Stevens and educated in LDS-affiliated schools in Salt Lake City, Utah. He spent much of his childhood in the household of his grandfather Orson Smith. At the death of his parents in 1924, he spent the next 3 years on an LDS mission in Switzerland and Belgium. He attended the University of Utah from 1927 to 1929 and Stanford University for the next two years, graduating with an A.B. in psychology from Stanford in 1931. He married Maxine Leonard in 1930 and had a son, Peter Smith, in 1936.

= = = Daiki Niwa = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Niwa was born in Kawachinagano on January 16, 1986. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2004. However he could not play at all in the match. In 2007, he moved to J2 League club Tokushima Vortis on loan. He played 45 matches as defensive midfielder. In 2008, he moved to J1 club Omiya Ardija on loan. However, there were few opportunities to play. In August, he moved to J2 club Avispa Fukuoka on loan. He played as center back and Avispa was promoted to J1 end of the 2010 season. In 2012, he returned to Gamba. However Gamba was relegated to J2 end of the 2012 season. In 2013, he became a regular player as center back and Gamba won the champions and was returned to J1 in a year. In 2014, Gamba won all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup. In July 2017, he moved to Sanfrecce Hiroshima. In July 2018, he moved to FC Tokyo.
In July 2015, Niwa was selected the Japan national team for 2015 East Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against China on August 9. He played 2 games for Japan in 2015.
Statistics.
326||8||29||2||23||2||19||0||397||12
326||8||29||2||23||2||19||0||397||12
!Total||2||0

= = = Naoya Ishigami = = =
Naoya Ishigami (born 2 March 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.
Club career statistics.
64||5||0||0||3||0||1||0||68||5
64||5||0||0||3||0||1||0||68||5

= = = New Found Glory = = =
New Found Glory (used to be "A New Found Glory") is an American rock band from Coral Springs, Florida. They formed in 1997. Founding members were lead vocalist Jordan Pundik, guitarists Chad Gilbert and Steve Klein, bassist Ian Grushka and drummer Joe Moreno. Current drummer Cyrus Bolooki replaced Moreno after only a handful of shows and the lineup has since remained unchanged. Their kind of music is said to have come from bands such as bands Green Day and NOFX, to hardcore acts like Hatebreed and Madball. The band are known for their mix of pop melodies with the energy and fast tempos of classic punk rock. Because of this, they are now widely known as a key pioneer in the fusion genre of pop punk. They are also noted for their wild live performances.

= = = Anochetus goodmani = = =
Anochetus goodmani is a species of ant. It has been found and described by Fisher, B. L. & Smith, M. A. in 2008.

= = = Anochetus pattersoni = = =
Anochetus pattersoni is a species of ant. It was found on December 19, 2005 by S.M.Goodman in Seychelles. It was described by Fisher, B. L. & Smith, M. A. in 2008.

= = = Anonychomyrma = = =
Anonychomyrma is a genus of ants. It belongs to the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae.

= = = Anoplolepis nuptialis = = =
Anoplolepis nuptialis is a species of ant. It belongs to the family Formicidae. It is endemic to South Africa.

= = = Marko Marin = = =
Country
Marko Marin (born 13 March 1989 in Bosanska Gradiška, SFR Yugoslavia) is a German former football player. He played for Chelsea FC and Germany national team. 
Career.
At the age of two he and his parents came to Germany. There he started playing football in his local club SG 01 Hoechst and then with Eintracht Frankfurt. In 2006 he went to the Borussia Mönchengladbach youth academy. 2007 he signed his first professional contract with Gladbach. His debut in the first squad was on 31 March 2007 against Eintracht Frankfurt. On 24 June 2009 he was sold for € 8.5 million from Borussia Mönchengladbach to Werder Bremen.
Because he never was contacted by the Bosnian association he decided to play for Germany. He played for the German U21 squad and 26 matches for the National football team. He was part of the 2010 FIFA World Cup squad. He came in two times as substitute.
Honours.
Individual.
The Fritz Walter medal is presented by the DFB to the three best youth players of Germany.
Club career statistics.
116||15||10||5||10||2||136||22
International career statistics.
!Total||11||1

= = = Cacau = = =
Claudemir Jerônimo Barreto (born 27 March 1981), known as Cacau (, ), is a German former football player of Brazilian descent. He plays for VfB Stuttgart and Germany national team.
Honours.
VfB Stuttgart
Germany
Individual

= = = Sami Khedira = = =
Sami Khedira (; born 4 April 1987) is a German football player. He plays for JUVENTUS and Germany national team. Khedira moved from VfB Stuttgart to Real Madrid in 2010. He is known for his aerial ability, his ability to recover the ball and quickly join the team attack with his powerful shooting.
Khedira was born in Stuttgart to a German mother and Tunisian father.
International career statistics.
!Total||45||4

= = = Lotus Racing = = =
Lotus Racing was a Formula 1 racing team. The team was created by the Malaysian government and Proton. It started racing in 2010 and ended by the end of 2011. 
Lotus Racing is not the same as Team Lotus. Lotus is owned by Proton, a company that builds cars. The Malaysian government owns a large part of Proton. Lotus Racing was started by the Malaysian government to promote the Proton company and its Lotus cars. The right to use the name "Team Lotus" is owned by David Hunt. David Hunt is the brother of James Hunt. James Hunt is the 1976 F1 world champion. The only connection between the two teams is the name "Lotus".
The new Lotus race car is painted green and yellow. These colors are the same colors used by the oridgnal Team Lotus.
At the end of 2011, Team Lotus' name was changed to Caterham F1 Team. Caterham F1 Team went bankrupt by the end of 2014.
Complete Formula One results.
 Season in progress.

= = = Kingston, Rhode Island = = =
Kingston is a village in Rhode Island. The University of Rhode Island is there. Most of the village center is on the National Register of Historic Places.

= = = Rot Weiss Ahlen = = =
Rot Weiss Ahlen is a football club which plays in Germany. After the first relegation from the 2. Bundesliga the club was renamed from "LR Ahlen" into "Rot Weiss Ahlen", because of retirement of the main sponsor "LR International".
History.
The club has its roorts in different local clubs in the early 1900s. Coalminers often played football then. In 1917, Freie Sportclub Union (FSCU) Ahlen was founded and became one of the region's best known teams. During the time of Nazi rule in Germany the club was dissolved because most of the players came from abroad. A new club, Tus Germania Ahlen, was formed in 1933. This side merged with the strong local club Wacker Ahlen to create the town's largest sports association.
After the Second World War the 8 local clubs formed TuS Ahlen in 1948.Leichtathletik Rasensport Ahlen was formed on 1 June 1996 when TuS Ahlen merged with Blau-Weiß Ahlen to begin play in the Regionalliga West/Südwest in 1996–97. 2009 they were relegated from the 2. Bundesliga and next season from 3rd league due to insolvency. At present they play in the NRW-Liga.
Current squad.
"As of 17 August 2011"
Staff.
Head Coach:
Assistant Coach:

= = = Vienna Declaration = = =
The Vienna Declaration was a statement to reinforce the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations Charter. This led to the starting of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It was adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993.
The main principle is that "all human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated." (Part I para 5) This means that the international community must treat all matters about human rights both economic, social and cultural rights and civil rights equallly and with the same importance without exceptions. This phase is cited also by Declaration of Montreal, Yogyakarta Principles and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
This Declaration aims at full realization of all human rights and freedoms without any discrimination such as racism, xenophobia, being in immigration, migrant workers, indigenous, ethnic or minority group, with tolerance and also affirm the human rights of women, child against all child abuse; child labour, child soldier, child prostitution, child pornography and any form of human trafficking, unfree prostitution, sexual slavery and against inhuman use of any weapons of war, especially the landmine, and also arrims the human rights of persons with disabilities. 
To realize all human rights, this Declaration demands all countries to ratify fully all treaties on human rights as much as possible and to make effective legal system to give remedy for human rights violations are indispensable to democracy and sustainable development not only the fair and full realization of human rights. 
This Declaration also affirm the universal worth of human rights, freedom and democracy and blame any terrorism, unlawful drug trade and also kidnapping as their destructions and insists international cooperation to combat against them. And this Declaration insists the international solidity and in the sprit of burden-sharing to ensure the right to political asylum according to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees including for Palestinian people and also insists the importance of education about international human rights law, humanitarian aid, peace, tolerance, rule of law, democracy and social justice for all at any level of educations against illiteracy. 
This Declaration also affirm the right to develop for developing countries, especially for the poorest countries in Africa, and to promote the democracy in Africa for development but that lacking of development may not justify the violation of full human rights. And appeals to the States which do not recognize formally the Geneva Conventions, to take necessary action to realize all human rights.

= = = Nihon Odai Ichiran = = =
 is a Japanese book. It is a 17th century chronicle (history) of the reigns of the Japanese emperors before the 19th century.
A French translation of "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" ("Annales des empereurs du Japon") was published in 1834. It was translated by a Dutchman Isaac Titsingh ; this translation was one of very few books about Japan of the time.
First book of its kind in the West.
Dutch historian Isaac Titsingh brought the seven volumes of the book with him when he returned to Europe in 1797. He returned after twenty years in Asia. Titsingh's French translation was published in 1834. The Japanese originals were lost in the 19th century wars in Europe. 
This was the first major history of Japan to be published in the West. It was also the first history book by a Japanese writer to be published in Europe.
Isaac Titsingh described "Nihon odai ichiran" as a very difficult book. He thought that the translation was "a most tedious task."
In the 1950s, "Ōdai-ichiran" was evaluated by Japanologist John Whitney Hall who confirmed Titsingh's work is a careful translation from Japanese sources.

= = = Morpheme = = =
A morpheme is the smallest linguistic part of a word that can have a meaning. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful part of a word. Examples of morphemes would be the parts "un-", "break", and "-able" in the word "unbreakable".
There are 5 types of morpheme:

= = = Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People = = =
Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People (abbreviated SBCG4AP) is an episodic series of point-and-click adventure games developed by Telltale Games based on the Homestar Runner web cartoon and starring Strong Bad. The five episodes include Homestar Ruiner, Strong Badia the Free, Baddest of the Bands, Dangeresque 3: The Criminal Projective, and 8-Bit is Enough.

= = = Strong Bad = = =
Strong Bad is one of the major characters of the "Homestar Runner" series of animated surreal comedy Flash web cartoons. He is portrayed by Matt Chapman, the principal voice actor and co-founder of the series. Strong Bad enjoys pranking the other characters of the series, along with his ever-diligent lackey pet named "The Cheat" and his older brother Strong Mad. The main segment that Strong Bad is a part of is "Strong Bad Email", in which he answers emails sent to him by fans. "Strong Bad Email" has turned into several DVDs, as well as a podcast, since its first episode in 2001.
Strong Bad is sometimes referred to as the main antagonist of the series due to his pranks that he, Strong Mad, and The Cheat play on the other characters, and his insulting of his brother Strong Sad. He seems to be a character influenced by the American popular culture trends of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, 
such as heavy metal music and the second and third generations of video games and video game consoles. Since he is one of the site's most popular characters, merchandise has also spun off of Strong Bad, which includes t-shirts and sweatshirts sold by the website.
Strong Bad has been one of the series most popular characters, and has been well received. In an article by National Review Online, Strong Bad was described as "a non-stop braggart, liar, manipulator, and egotist", but also "one of the coolest characters on the Internet and the real star of Homestarrunner.com, which may be the most popular homegrown animation in the world". Segments have been spun off of his emails, including "Teen Girl Squad" a comic drawn by Strong Bad about four teenage friends.

= = = Old Style and New Style dates = = =
Old Style (or O.S.) and New Style (or N.S.) are terms used for calendar dates in English language historical studies, for two reasons. The first reason is that the method of dating that is most widely used around the world today, the Gregorian calendar, was introduced into English cultures only in 1752. The second is that 1 January has not always been the first day of the year: in the British Empire (and some other countries), March 25th was the start of the year. Both of these conventions changed just a few centuries ago, when the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 was made law. The dating style used before 1752Julian Calendar, year beginning 25 March is called Old Style Dating and the dating style used todayGregorian Calendar, year beginning 1 January is called New Style Dating. So when a date is given in a history book (or an old book), we need to know whether it is using 'New Style' or 'Old Style' dating. During the time of the changeover, people would give both dates. Even today, when historians are writing about an event in those times, they often give the date as it was used at the time but also give the modern equivalent for your convenience. 
The reason for changing the calendar was that people realised that there is a mistake in the Julian calendar, that it adds too many leap years. This meant that the date of Easter was being calculated wrongly, because it depends on March 21 being the day before the equinox. So they designed a new calendar that corrected this error. The new rule was that a leap year would happen every four years (as before) "but not" if the year ended in 00 "unless" it could be divided evenly by 400. (So 1600 and 2000 were leap years, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.) Pope Gregory XIII had declared that this new calendar should be used from 1582 onwards. But only Roman Catholic countries accepted this ruling: Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries refused to have the Pope tell them what to do. So even in Europe, the change happened at different times.
For example, it was not until 1752 that Great Britain and its colonies changed over to the new calendar, also changing the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January at the same time. Russia changed in 1918, after the 'October' Revolution.
The Latin words for O.S. are "stili veteris" or "stilo vetere". These terms are used in some books worldwide. They can be shortened to "st.v".
In Europe and its colonies, the 'old style calendar' means the Julian calendar. Other countries used different systems: for example China, Japan and Korea used lunisolar calendars. 

= = = Clarence S. Campbell Bowl = = =
The Clarence S. Campbell Bowl is a National Hockey League (NHL) trophy awarded to the Western Conference playoff champions. The trophy is named for Clarence S. Campbell to honor his work for the NHL. He was the president of the NHL from 1946 to 1977. The trophy is a made of sterling silver. It was made by a British silversmith in 1878. 
History.
The trophy was first awarded in 1968 to the regular-season champions of the West Division. Starting in 1975, the trophy was awarded to the regular-season winner of the Campbell Conference. Starting in 1982, the trophy was awarded to the playoff champion in the Campbell Conference. Since 1994, the trophy has been awarded to the playoff champion in the Western Conference.
A traditional supersitition that is prevalent among many of today's NHL players is that no player should either touch or lift the Campbell (Western Conference champion) or Prince of Wales (Eastern Conference champion) Trophies after they have won the conference playoffs; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting.

= = = Kangwon Province (North Korea) = = =
Kangwŏn-do (���) is a province of North Korea. Its capital is at Wŏnsan. Before Korea was divided in 1945, Kangwŏn and its South Korean neighbor Gangwon-do (also spelled "Kangwon-do") was a single province. The "Diamond Mountain" is its highest part.

= = = UVERworld = = =
UVERworld is a Japanese pop-rock music band. They are a group of five from Shiga Prefecture.They performed live shows mainly in the Kansai area and made their Tokyo debut in late 2004, and broke out with their major debut in July, 2005. The band received New Artist of the Year in 2005 by the Recording Industry Association of Japan.

= = = Shabu shabu = = =
 is a Japanese variant of hot pot. The dish uses thinly sliced meat and vegetables, and it is usually served with dipping sauces of ponzu and/or sesame sauce. The kinds of meats used are beef and pork, the kind of vegetables are hakusai (Japanese white cabbage), shungiku, Japanese enoki mushrooms, and Welsh onions.Today, there are many kinds of shabu-shabu. In addition to meat, seafood is used this dishes such as globefish, octopus and crab.shabu-shabu is a savory dish. It is considered a winter dish but is eaten year-round.
Today, there are many kinds of shabu-shabu. There is some kinds of Shabushabu. In hokkaido, there is "Takosyabu" which uses octopus. In Nagoya, there is "Torisyabu" which uses Nagoyacotin" In Toyama, there is "Sakesyabu" which uses salmon. In Kagoshima, there is ""Kurobutashabu" which use "Kagoshima black pig". 

= = = Yoshikazu Suzuki = = =
Yoshikazu Suzuki (born 1 June 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
204||10||10||0||2||0||216||10
204||10||10||0||2||0||216||10

= = = Tetsuya Oishi = = =
Tetsuya Oishi (born 26 November 1979) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
52||1||6||0||6||1||64||2
52||1||6||0||6||1||64||2

= = = Benigno Aquino III = = =
Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III (8 February 1960 – 24 June 2021) was a Filipino politician. He was the President of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. He was also known as Noynoy Aquino or PNoy. Aquino was also a former Congressman and Senator of the Philippines. 
Aquino was born at FEU - NRMF Medical Center in Quezon City, He was the only son of five children of former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. and former President Corazon "Cory" Aquino. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was the first Filipino president to be a bachelor. In 2013, TIME magazine named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. 
Aquino III died on 24 June 2021 in Quezon City, aged 61. He had diabetes. The cause of death was kidney failure.

= = = Toshimasa Toba = = =
Toshimasa Toba (born 16 July 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
124||4||10||0||4||0||138||4
124||4||10||0||4||0||138||4

= = = Kenji Arima = = =
Kenji Arima (born 26 November 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
143||59||13||9||19||4||175||72
143||59||13||9||19||4||175||72

= = = Tsutomu Nishino = = =
Tsutomu Nishino (born 13 March 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
134||10||10||0||18||0||162||10
134||10||10||0||18||0||162||10

= = = Daiki Wakamatsu = = =
Daiki Wakamatsu (born 2 August 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
237||21||21||2||6||0||264||23
237||21||21||2||6||0||264||23

= = = Toshihiro Yoshimura = = =
Toshihiro Yoshimura (born 28 June 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
229||2||19||0||16||0||264||2
229||2||19||0||16||0||264||2

= = = Takashi Kuramoto = = =
Takashi Kuramoto (born 8 August 1984) is a former Japanese football player. Kuramoto played for Oita Trinita and Mito HollyHock.
Club career statistics.
54||0||1||0||2||0||57||0
54||0||1||0||2||0||57||0

= = = Hiromasa Kanazawa = = =
) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagamihara.
Club career statistics.
100||2||4||0||104||2
100||2||4||0||104||2

= = = Kazuhiko Shingyoji = = =
Kazuhiko Shingyoji (born 5 February 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Blaublitz Akita.
Club career statistics.
116||7||5||0||121||7
116||7||5||0||121||7

= = = Tadao Onishi = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Onishi was born in Kyoto on April 18, 1943. After graduating from Kyoto University of Education, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1967. The club won Japan Soccer League champions in 1969 and 1973. The club also won 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1974. He played 83 games in the league.
In October 1969, Onishi was selected the Japan national team for 1970 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on October 10, he debuted against Australia.
After retirement, Onishi became a manager for Toshiba in 1981. He managed until 1985–86 season. In 2002, he signed with Thespa Kusatsu and became a general manager. From November 2005, he also served as president.
On June 29, 2006, Onishi died of lung cancer in Yokohama at the age of 63.
Statistics.
83||0
83||0
!Total||1||0

= = = Tsuyoshi Kunieda = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kunieda was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on September 18, 1944. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined his local club Toyo Industries in 1967. The club won Japan Soccer League champions in 1967, 1968 and 1970. The club also won 1967, 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1972. He played 38 games and scored 3 goals in the league.
In October 1969, Kunieda was selected the Japan national team for 1970 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on October 16, he debuted against Australia. On October 18, he also played against South Korea. He played 2 games for Japan in 1969.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Junji Kawano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kawano was born in Nakatsu on July 11, 1945. After graduating from Tokyo University of Education, he joined Toyo Industries in 1968. The club won the Japan Soccer League champions in 1968 and 1970. The club also won 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1976. He played 90 games and scored 8 goals in the league.
On March 31, 1968, Kawano debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. In October 1969, he was also selected Japan for 1970 World Cup qualification. He played 2 games for Japan until 1969.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Masafumi Hara = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hara was born on December 21, 1943. After graduating from Kumamoto Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yawata Steel (later "Nippon Steel"). He retired in 1974. He played 96 games and scored 9 goals in the league.
On July 31, 1970, Hara debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He also played in the 1970 Asian Games. He played five games for Japan in 1970.
Statistics.
!Total||5||0

= = = Norio Yoshimizu = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Yoshimizu was born on August 21, 1946. After graduating from Keio University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1969. He retired in 1972. He played 53 games and scored 6 goals in the league.
On July 31, 1970, Yoshimizu debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played 4 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1970.
Statistics.
!Total||4||1

= = = Yusuke Omi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Omi was born in Tokyo Metropolis on December 26, 1946. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Hitachi in 1970. In 1972, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. In 1973, the club won the 2nd place at Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1974. He played 49 games and scored 8 goals in the league.
On August 4, 1970, Omi debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. He also played at 1970 Asian Games. He played 5 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1970.
Statistics.
49||8
49||8
!Total||5||1

= = = Marcio Richardes = = =
 is a Brazilian professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
81||22||6||2||15||3||102||27
81||22||6||2||15||3||102||27

= = = Yoichi Futori = = =
Yoichi Futori (born 3 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
Club career statistics.
19||0||2||0||0||0||21||0
19||0||2||0||0||0||21||0

= = = Ryuichi Dogaki = = =
Ryuichi Dogaki (born 8 January 1988) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0

= = = Naoya Shibamura = = =
Naoya Shibamura (born 11 September 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics.
26||0||||||26||0
37||1||0||0||37||1
63||1||0||0||63||1

= = = Patrik Berger = = =
Patrik Berger (born 10 November 1973) is a former Czech football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team and Czech Republic national team.
Honours.
Borussia Dortmund
Liverpool
Individual

= = = Miguel Pallardó = = =
Miguel Pallardó (born 5 September 1986) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Levante.
Club career statistics.
49||1
49||1

= = = David Cerrajería = = =
David Cerrajería (born 4 June 1983) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Levante.
Club career statistics.
87||0
87||0

= = = Takeshi Ono = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ono was born on November 22, 1944. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Toyo Industries in 1967. The club won Japan Soccer League champions 1967, 1968 and 1970. The club also won 1967 and 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1976. He played 145 games and scored 5 goals in the league.
On March 25, 1965, he debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore. In 1971, he was selected Japan again. He played 3 games for Japan until 1971.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = George Kobayashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kobayashi was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 29, 1947. He moved to Japan and joined Japan Soccer League club Yanmar Diesel in 1971. The club won the league champions in 1971, 1974 and 1975. The club also won 1974 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1976. He played 92 games and scored 7 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1974 and 1975.
On July 16, 1972, Kobayashi debuted for the Japan national team against Sri Lanka. He played 3 games for Japan in 1972.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Seiichi Sakiya = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sakiya was born in Hiroshima on December 1, 1950. After graduating from Sanyo High School, he joined Yawata Steel (later "Nippon Steel") in 1969. He retired in 1981. He played 193 games and scored 48 goals in the league.
In September 1971, Sakiya was selected the Japan national team for 1972 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on September 27, he debuted against Philippines. He played 3 games for Japan until 1972.
Statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Noritaka Hidaka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hidaka was born in Tokyo Metropolis on May 29, 1947. When he was a Rikkyo University student, he won the 2nd place at 1969 Emperor's Cup. This is last finalist as university team in Emperor's Cup. After graduating from Rikkyo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Steel in 1971. He retired in 1977. He played 114 games and scored 50 goals in the league.
On September 14, 1972, Hidaka debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. In 1973, he also played at 1974 World Cup qualification. He played 4 games for Japan until 1973.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Minoru Kobata = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kobata was born in Saitama on November 24, 1946. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Hitachi in 1969. In 1972, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1975 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1975. He played 99 games and scored 22 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1970.
On July 31, 1970, Kobata debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. In December, he was selected Japan for 1970 Asian Games. He also played at 1974 World Cup qualification in 1973. He played 13 games for Japan until 1973.
Statistics.
99||22
99||22
!Total||13||0

= = = Shusaku Hirasawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hirasawa was born in Akita Prefecture on March 5, 1949. After graduating from Akita Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1967. In 1972, the club won the champions at Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. The club won 1975 Emperor's Cup and 1976 JSL Cup. He retired in 1978. He played 160 games and scored 20 goals in the league.
On August 4, 1972, Hirasawa debuted for the Japan national team against the Philippines. In 1973, he was selected by Japan for the 1974 World Cup qualification. He also played in the 1974 Asian Games. He played 11 games and scored one goal for Japan until 1974.
Statistics.
160||20
160||20
!Total||11||1

= = = Kazuhisa Kono = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kono was born in Hiroshima Prefecture on December 30, 1950. After graduating from Sanyo High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1969. In 1972, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. The club also won the 1975 Emperor's Cup and 1976 JSL Cup. He retired in 1980 after having played 113 games in the league.
Kono played for the Japan national team once, against Hong Kong on February 20, 1974.
Statistics.
113||0
113||0
!Total||1||0

= = = Koji Funamoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Funamoto was born in Hiroshima on August 12, 1942. After graduating from Hiroshima University High School, he joined his local club, Toyo Industries in 1961. In 1965, Toyo Industries joined new league Japan Soccer League. The club won league champions in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1970. The club also won 1965, 1967 and 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1975. He played all 166 league matches in 11 seasons. He was selected Best Eleven in 1970.
In September 1967, Funamoto was selected the Japan national team for 1968 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Philippines on September 27. However he was not selected the Japan for 1968 Summer Olympics. In 1970, he also played at 1970 Asian Games. He played 19 games for Japan until 1975.
Statistics.
166||0
166||0
!Total||19||0

= = = Kazumi Takada = = =
 was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Takada was born in Shizuoka on June 28, 1951. After dropped out of Nihon University, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1971. The club won 1971 Emperor's Cup, 1973 Japan Soccer League and 1973 Emperor's Cup. In 1978, the club won all three major titles in Japan: Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1979. He played 128 games and scored 25 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1972 and 1973.
In December 1970, when Takada was a Nihon University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1970 Asian Games. At this competition, on December 12, he debuted against Khmer. He also played at 1974 World Cup qualification. He played 16 games for Japan until 1975.
On October 1, 2009, Takada died of pancreatic cancer in Suginami, Tokyo at the age of 58.
Statistics.
128||25
128||25
!Total||16||0

= = = Michio Ashikaga = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ashikaga was born in Akita Prefecture on May 22, 1950. After graduating from Akita Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1969. The club won the league champions in 1969, 1973 and 1978. The club also won 1971, 1973, 1978 Emperor's Cup and 1978 JSL Cup. He retired in 1978. He played 132 games and scored 36 goals in the league.
In September 1971, Ashikaga was selected the Japan national team for 1972 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on September 23, he debuted against Malaysia. He also played at 1974 World Cup qualification. He played 7 games for Japan until 1975.
Statistics.
132||36
132||36
!Total||7||0

= = = Ignacio Insa Bohigues = = =
Ignacio Insa Bohigues (born 9 June 1986) is a Spanish football player. He has played for Villarreal (B team).
Club career statistics.
57||3
57||3

= = = Toshio Takabayashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Takabayashi was born on November 15, 1953. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1976. The club won 1976 JSL Cup. He retired in 1982. He played 79 games and scored 10 goals in the league.
On February 12, 1974, when Takabayashi was a Chuo University student, he debuted and scored a goal for the Japan national team against Singapore. In September, he was selected Japan for 1974 Asian Games. He also played at 1976 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 12 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1976.
Statistics.
79||10
79||10
!Total||12||2

= = = Nilüfer, Bursa = = =
Nilüfer is a district of Bursa Province of Turkey.

= = = Vuvuzela = = =
A vuvuzela is a blowing horn commonly used in soccer games in South Africa. They are also called lepatas or a stadium horn. To blow this horn, the lip and lung strength of the blower has to be strong to make a sound like a foghorn or an elephant.
Origin.
The "vuvuzela" was originally made out of tin. It became very popular in South Africa in the 1990s. A fan of the Kaizer Chiefs FC named Freddie "Saddam" Maake says that he invented the vuvuzela. He got the idea from the aluminium 1965 bicycle horn, and after taking off the black rubber, he blew it. After that, he thought it was too short, and so he joined a pipe to make it longer. He has kept photos of himself in South African soccer games holding the aluminium vuvuzela. He says the instrument was not allowed to be used because it was thought of as a dangerous weapon. Because of this, he tried to find a plastic company that could make it safer.
In 2001, South Africa-based company Masincedane Sport began to sell the plastic version. Neil van Schalkwyk, the co-owner of Masincedane Sport, won the SAB KickStart Award in 2001.
Vuvuzelas have been said to be rooted in African history, but this is argued between many historians. South African people used to blow on a kudu horn to call villagers to a meeting. Also, there is a South African saying that "A baboon is killed by a lot of noise." Similar horns have been made for a long time by many people. A horn that looks identical to a vuvuzela is seen in Winslow Homer's woodcut "The Dinner Horn" from the 1870s.
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup.
In the 2010 World Cup, vuvuzelas were in the news all over the world because it was normal in South Africa for them to be blown at football matches. The world football governing body, FIFA, did not want to allow the use of vuvuzelas. This was because they were afraid that hooligans might use the instrument as a weapon and that businesses could put advertisements on vuvuzelas. However the South African Football Association (SAFA) said that vuvuzelas were important for South African games, and FIFA decided in July 2008 to let the instruments be used.
Some football players and audiences did not like the vuvuzelas. The Lee Dixon of the BBC Three said that the sounds were "quite irritating". The European broadcasters also complained to the FIFA that they could not hear the commentators because of the sound.
Problems.
Vuvuzelas have also caused problems. With a Vuvuzela, high sound pressure levels can be reached. These are about 120 dB(A) at a distance of one metre, and about 191 db(A) next to the instrument. There have been moves to prohibit the use of vuvuzelas in certain public viewing areas, because they can damage hearing, and because their sound may be louder than that of emergency broadcasts. Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during the World Cup was bigger than the available supply. Many pharmacies ran out of stock. Neil van Schalkwyk, manufacturer of the plastic vuvuzela, began selling earplugs to fans. After the World Cup 2010 vuvuzelas started to be banned in other countries. In Britain Tottenham Hotspur was the first football team to ban them in July 2010, and many other football teams have since followed. They were banned because of health and safety reasons, especially because it was said that people might not hear any safety announcements.

= = = ING Group = = =
ING Group, or just ING is a world wide financial company. ING started in the Netherlands. ING offers banking, investments, life insurance and retirement services. ING means: Internationale Nederlanden Groep. 
It is a member of Inter-Alpha Group of Banks. 
History.
The first bank of ING Group was founded in 1743. 
Then it was established in 1991 after the merger of NMB Postbank Groep and Nationale-Nederlanden. 

= = = Web accessibility = = =
Web accessibility is how easy it is to use the internet for people with disabilities. 
This can be different types of disabilities. For example, websites might have important information in a sound file with somebody reading it out loud, which would make it possible for people who are blind or who have trouble seeing to get the information. Another way of making a website more accessible would be to remove an image with flashing lights, because such images could give some people seizures.

= = = Brachiosaur = = =
Brachiosaurs are a family of sauropod dinosaurs, the Brachiosauridae. They were herbivorous quadrupeds with longer forelegs than hind legs. As a result, there is also some dispute about which animals belong within this family.
The largest mounted skeleton in the world is a brachiosaur, the "Giraffatitan brancai" (formerly "Brachiosaurus brancai") at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany.
Brachiosaurs first evolved in the Middle Jurassic, and died out at the end of the Lower Cretaceous, surviving for about 60 million years. The earliest known brachiosaur may be "" from the Middle Jurassic of Africa. The giant "Sauroposeidon" from North America was one of the last brachiosaurs, living just before the end of the Early Cretaceous period. 
The name "brachiosaur" means "arm lizard", which may sound like a strange name for a four-legged animal. The family Brachiosauridae was given this name because the dinosaurs in it tended to have longer "arms" (front legs) than back legs.
In popular culture.
Brachiosaurs have been featured in many works of popular culture, particularly the type genus, "Brachiosaurus". "Brachiosaurus" was featured in the 1993 film "Jurassic Park", as well as the 2000 Disney film "". The brachiosaur "Astrodon" is the state dinosaur of Maryland. It was featured in paleontologist Robert T. Bakker's novel Raptor Red, where it was portrayed as a prey item of the dromaeosaur "Utahraptor".

= = = Giraffatitan = = =
Giraffatitan ("giraffe titan") is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs. It lived during the Upper Jurassic, about 140 million years ago. It was related to "Brachiosaurus", and was one of the largest animals known to have walked the Earth.
Giraffatitans were about long and weighed about . They had very long necks. They were obviously adapted for feeding on tall conifers. These were the main trees in the Jurassic forests. They lived in what is now Tanzania.
The specimen was first named as an African species of "Brachiosaurus" ("B. brancai") in 1914. In 1991, George Olshevsky said there were enough differences to make its own genus, creating "Giraffatitan".
Size.
Several giant titanosaurians appear to surpass "Giraffatitan" in sheer mass. However, "Giraffatitan" and "Brachiosaurus" are still the largest brachiosaurid sauropods known from relatively complete material.
All size estimates for "Giraffatitan" are based on the skeleton mounted in Berlin, which is partly constructed from authentic bones. These were largely taken from specimen HMN SII, a subadult individual between in length and about twelve meters (forty feet) tall.

= = = Level (device) = = =
Level is a device used to measure true horizontal or relative heights, frequently used in surveying and construction:

= = = Hiroji Imamura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Imamura was born in Koka on April 27, 1949. After graduating from Koka High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yanmar Diesel in 1968. He played as winger with Kunishige Kamamoto and assisted his many goals. The club won the league championship in 1971, 1974, 1975, and 1980. He retired in 1983. He played 230 games and scored 60 goals in the league.
On August 8, 1976, Imamura debuted for the Japan national team against India. He played 4 games for Japan in 1976.
Statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Masaki Yokotani = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Yokotani was born in Kyoto Prefecture on May 10, 1952. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1975. The club won the 1975 Emperor's Cup and 1976 JSL Cup. He moved to Division 2 club All Nippon Airways in 1984. In 1984, the club was promoted to Division 1. He retired in 1986.
On July 23, 1974, when Yokotani was a Hosei University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Romania. He also played at 1976 Asian Cup qualification and 1978 World Cup qualification. He played 20 games for Japan from 1974 to 1977.
Statistics.
125+||2+
125+||2+
!Total||20||0

= = = Kiyoshi Saito = = =
Kiyoshi Saito (born 11 October 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
69||12||8||0||77||12
69||12||8||0||77||12

= = = Juan Luis Mora = = =
Juan Luis Mora (born 12 July 1973) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Levante.
Club career statistics.
331||0
331||0

= = = Alexis Ruano Delgado = = =
Alexis Ruano Delgado (born 4 August 1985) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia.
Club career statistics.
112||6
112||6

= = = Hisao Sekiguchi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sekiguchi was born in Saitama on October 29, 1954. After graduating from high school, he joined his local club Mitsubishi Motors in 1973. In 1973, the club won the champions Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. In 1980s, the club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup, 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1988. He played 153 games and scored 36 goals in the league.
On May 23, 1978, Sekiguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. In July, he also played for Japan. He played 3 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1978.
Statistics.
153||36
153||36
!Total||3||1

= = = Ichiro Hosotani = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Hosotani was born in Hyogo Prefecture on January 21, 1946. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1969. The club won the champions in 1969 Japan Soccer League and 1971 Emperor's Cup. In 1973, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1978. He played 140 games and scored 58 goals in the league.
On July 13, 1978, when Hosotani was 32 years old, he debuted for the Japan national team against Iraq. He played four games and scored one goal for Japan that year.
Statistics.
140||58
140||58
!Total||4||1

= = = Toyohito Mochizuki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Mochizuki was born in Shizuoka on September 18, 1953. After graduating from Tokyo University of Agriculture, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Fujitsu. The club won Division 2 champions in 1976 and was promoted to Division 1.
On July 21, 1978, Mochizuki debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. On July 23, he also played against Singapore. He played 2 games for Japan in 1978.
Statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Shigemi Ishii = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ishii was born on July 7, 1951. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1976. The club won the league champions in 1976 and 1985/86. The club also won 1976 Emperor's Cup, 1977, 1982 and 1986 JSL Cup. He retired in 1986. He played 149 games and scored 5 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1976.
On February 12, 1974, when Ishii was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore. In September, he was selected Japan for 1974 Asian Games. He also played at 1978 World Cup qualification. He played 15 games for Japan until 1979.
Statistics.
149||5
149||5
!Total||15||0

= = = Kazuyoshi Nakamura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nakamura was born in Fujieda on April 8, 1955. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujitsu in 1978. In 1978 season, however he played 11 games and scored 3 goals, the club was relegated to Division 2. He retired in 1981.
On March 4, 1979, Nakamura debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. In this match, he scored a goal and Japan won the match. He played 5 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1979.
Statistics.
11+||3+
11+||3+
!Total||5||1

= = = Yoshiichi Watanabe = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Watanabe was born on April 5, 1954. After graduating from Sendai University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Toyo Industries (later "Mazda") in 1977. The club won the 2nd place in 1978 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1982. He played 81 games and scored 3 goals in the league.
On June 16, 1979, Watanabe debuted for Japan national team against South Korea. He played 6 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1979.
Statistics.
!Total||6||1

= = = Michio Yasuda = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Yasuda was born on November 10, 1949. After graduating from Fukuoka University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Steel in 1972. He retired in 1980. He played 155 games in the league.
On August 23, 1979, Yasuda debuted for Japan national team against North Korea.
Statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Mitsuo Kato = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kato was born on January 22, 1953. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1976. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup, 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1983. He played 61 games and scored 7 goals in the league.
On August 23, 1979, Kato debuted for the Japan national team against North Korea.
Statistics.
61||7
61||7
!Total||1||0

= = = Yukitaka Omi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Omi was born in Tokyo Metropolis on December 15, 1952. He joined Yomiuri in 1971. The club was promoted to new division Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1972 and Division 1 in 1978. In 1979, the club won their first major title, JSL Cup. The club won the league champions in 1983 and 1984. The club also won 1984 Emperor's Cup and 1985 JSL Cup. He retired in 1986.
On May 23, 1978, Omi debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. In 1980, he was selected Japan for 1980 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 6 games for Japan until 1980.
After retirement, Omi started coaching career at Yomiuri (later "Tokyo Verdy"). In July 2001, he became a manager as Yasutaro Matsuki successor. However, he was sacked in April 2002. In April 2005, he signed with Arte Takasaki and managed the club in 1 season.
Statistics.
244||31||23||0||30||2||297||33
244||31||23||0||30||2||297||33
!Total||6||0

= = = Ikuo Takahara = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Takahara was born on October 14, 1957. After graduating from Ueda Higashi High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1976. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup and 1981 JSL Cup. He retired in 1981. He played 64 games and scored 15 goals in the league.
In March 1980, Takahara was selected the Japan national team for 1980 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on March 22, he debuted and scored a goal against South Korea. He played 4 games and scored 2 goals for Japan in 1980.
Statistics.
64||15
64||15
!Total||4||2

= = = Hiroyuki Sakashita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sakashita was born in Miura on May 6, 1959. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1982. He played as regular player at the club. However, the club was relegated to Division 2 in 1990. He moved to Yomiuri in 1990 and retired in 1991. He played 161 games and scored 5 goals in the league.
In December 1980, when Sakashita was a University of Tsukuba student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1982 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on December 28, he debuted against Macau.
Statistics.
161||5
161||5
!Total||1||0

= = = Yoshio Kato = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kato was born in Saitama on August 1, 1957. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric (later "JEF United Ichihara") in 1980. The club won the league champions in 1985/86. The club also won 1982 and 1986 JSL Cup. However, he could not play in the game much, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Choei Sato. Kato became a regular goalkeeper in later 1980s. He retired in 1993. He played 87 games in the league.
On June 9, 1980, Kato debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played 8 games for Japan until 1981.
After retirement, Kato started coaching career at JEF United Ichihara from 1994. In 2000s, he became a goalkeeper coach for U-17 and U-20 Japan national team. In 2006, he became a goalkeeper coach for Japan national team. He coached Japan until 2010 World Cup under manager Ivica Osim and Takeshi Okada.
Statistics.
87||0||0||0||17||0||104||0
87||0||0||0||17||0||104||0
!Total||8||0

= = = Yasuhito Suzuki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His son Yuto Suzuki is also a footballer.
Biography.
Suzuki was born in Osaka Prefecture on December 19, 1959. After graduating from Settsu High School, he joined his local club Yanmar Diesel in 1978. However, he could not play in the game much, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Kazumi Tsubota. The club won the Japan Soccer League champions in 1980. He retired in 1982. He played 8 games in the league.
In August 1979, Suzuki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship and he played in 3 games. In December 1980, he was selected the Japan national team for 1982 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on December 22, he debuted against Singapore. He played 4 games for Japan in 1980.
Statistics.
8||0
8||0
!Total||4||0

= = = Toyokazu Fukuda = = =
Toyokazu Fukuda (born 26 December 1958) is a former Japanese football player.

= = = Nobutaka Suzuki = = =
Nobutaka Suzuki (born 12 September 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.
Club career statistics.
36||0||||||36||0
54||1||1||0||55||1
90||1||1||0||91||1

= = = Genki Haraguchi = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Haraguchi was born in Kumagaya on May 9, 1991. He joined J1 League club Urawa Reds from their youth team in 2008. He played many matches from 2009. He played 167 matches and scored 33 goals until 2014. In June 2014, he moved to German Bundesliga club Hertha. He played many matches until the 2016/17 season. However he lost his position in the 2017/18 season. In January 2018, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Fortuna Düsseldorf. In June 2018, he moved to Bundesliga club Hannover. The club was relegated to 2. Bundesliga end of the 2018/19 season.
On October 7, 2011, Haraguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Vietnam. He played many matches as left midfielder under manager Vahid Halilhodžić from summer 2015. In 2018, he was selected Japan under manager Akira Nishino for 2018 World Cup. He played 3 matches as right midfielder and scored a goal against Belgium at the round of 16 match. He also participated 2019 Asian Cup. He played all 7 matches and scored 2 goals, Japan won the 2nd place.
Honours.
Fortuna Düsseldorf
Japan
Individual

= = = Ryo Kanazawa = = =
Ryo Kanazawa (born 19 October 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.
Club career statistics.
3||0||1||0||1||0||5||0
3||0||1||0||1||0||5||0

= = = Seiko Yamanaka = = =
Seiko Yamanaka (born 22 January 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fagiano Okayama.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Alceu (footballer) = = =
Alceu (born 7 May 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.
Club statistics.
"Updated to 23 February 2016".

= = = Kota Morimura = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.
Club career statistics.
49||5||1||0||0||0||50||5
49||5||1||0||0||0||50||5

= = = Nobuyuki Abe (footballer) = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
17||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
17||0||0||0||0||0||17||0

= = = Kei Uemura = = =
Kei Uemura (born 24 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.
Club career statistics.
17||0||3||0||20||0
17||0||3||0||20||0

= = = Takumi Shimohira = = =
Takumi Shimohira (born 6 October 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
Club career statistics.
45||0||6||1||4||0||12||0||67||1
45||0||6||1||4||0||12||0||67||1

= = = Shu Kurata = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kurata was born in Takatsuki on November 26, 1988. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2007. Although he did not play many matches, Gamba won the champions in the 2008 AFC Champions League. In 2010, he moved to J2 League club JEF United Chiba on loan and became a regular player. In 2011, he moved to J1 club Cerezo Osaka. In 2012, he returned to Gamba Osaka. However Gamba was relegated to J2 end of the 2012 season. In 2013, Gamba won the champions and returned to J1 in a year. In 2014, Gamba won all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup.
In July 2019, Kurata was selected the Japan national team for 2015 East Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against South Korea on August 5. He played 9 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2017.
Statistics.
367||69||37||5||45||5||32||4||481||83
367||69||37||5||45||5||32||4||481||83
!Total||9||2

= = = Kenta Hoshihara = = =
Kenta Hoshihara (born 1 May 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Kim Tae-yeon (footballer) = = =
Kim Tae-Yeon (born 27 June 1988) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
84||2||2||0||1||0||87||2
84||2||2||0||1||0||87||2

= = = Gakuto Kondo = = =
Gakuto Kondo (born 10 February 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics.
5||0||0||0||3||0||8||0
5||0||0||0||3||0||8||0

= = = Matthew (ship) = = =
The Matthew was a caravel sailed by John Cabot in 1497 from Bristol to North America, presumably Newfoundland. After a voyage which had got no further than Iceland, Cabot left again with only one vessel, the "Matthew", a small ship (50 tons), but fast and able. The crew consisted of only 18 people. The "Matthew" departed either 2 May or 20 May 1497. She sailed to Dursey Head (latitude 51°36N), Ireland, from where she sailed due west, expecting to reach Asia. However, landfall was reached in North America on 24 June 1497. His precise landing-place is a matter of much controversy, with Cape Bonavista or St. John's in Newfoundland the most likely sites. 

= = = Yosuke Ishibitsu = = =
Yosuke Ishibitsu (born 23 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics.
85||5||7||2||13||1||105||8
85||5||7||2||13||1||105||8

= = = Takahide Kishi = = =
Takahide Kishi (born 28 April 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.
Club career statistics.
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Object (grammar) = = =
An object in grammar is the target of an action, and occurs in any sentence with a transitive verb. It is an element in the clause which follows the verb, as in:
These are direct objects. The following are indirect objects:
The structure of these sentences is (S/V/O/O) where S = subject, V = verb and O = object. The first object is an "indirect object", the second is a "direct object". Notice that, in the last example, you sent a letter, not your son. The sentence makes perfect sense without the indirect object.
An equivalent sentence to the last example is:
Here some grammarians also see "son" as the indirect object ("letter" is the term which cannot be left out).p720

= = = Subject (grammar) = = =
The subject in grammar is the agent (the 'doer') in an active sentence such as: "Alan kissed Jane".
However, there is a difficulty. The following two sentences are identical in meaning:
Only in the first sentence is "our children" the grammatical subject. So there is a difference between the logical subject and the grammatical subject.p996 Also, many sentences have no subject, for instance:
If a sentence does have a subject, then the rest of the sentence may be called the "predicate". 

= = = Frigate = = =
A frigate () is a warship. The term has been used for warships of many sizes and roles for a few centuries. During the age of sail they were small, agile ships that were extensively used in the American War of Independence, and later against the British. Their main use was shore defense.
In the modern day the term "Frigate" covers a broad range of ships. This is primarily for political reasons. The generally accepted term is of a warship less that 6, 000 dwt and greater that around 2, 000 dwt. Its primary purpose is usually anti-submarine warfare. It can also be a long range patrol vessel or in smaller navies an anti-air vessel.

= = = Gilbert White = = =
Gilbert White (18 July 1720 – 26 June 1793) was a pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist.
Early life and education.
White was born in his grandfather's vicarage at Selborne in Hampshire. He was educated by a private tutor in Basingstoke before going to Oriel College, Oxford University. He obtained his deacon's orders in 1746, being fully ordained in 1749. 
Then he held several curacies in Hampshire and Wiltshire, including Selbourne. White also held the office of Junior Proctor at Oxford and was Dean of Oriel College. In 1784 he became curate of Selborne for the last time, remaining so until his death. 
Publications.
White is best known for "The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne" (1789). This was a collection of his letters to Thomas Pennant, the leading British zoologist of the day, and the Hon. Daines Barrington, an English barrister and Fellow of the Royal Society. These letters contained White's discoveries on local birds, animals and plants. White believed in observing birds rather than collecting specimens. He was one of the first people to separate the similar-looking Chiffchaff, Willow Warbler and Wood Warbler by means of their song.
White is regarded by many as England's first ecologist and one of the founders of modern respect for nature.

= = = Charles Lyell = = =
Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a British geologist. He was the foremost geologist of his day, and an influence on the young Charles Darwin. His work was rewarded with a knighthood, and later he was created a hereditary baronet.
The house of his birth is in the Scottish Lowlands. it is in the valley of the Highland Boundary Fault, one of the great features of Scottish geology. Round the house is farmland, but within a short distance to the north-west are the Grampian Mountains in the Scottish Highlands. 
Charles would have seen this view from his house as a child. He was also fortunate that his family's second home was in a completely different area: at Bartley Lodge in the New Forest, England. Both these places lit his interest in the natural world.
Lyell was a rich man, and earned more money as an author. He came from a prosperous family, and worked briefly as a lawyer in the 1820s. He held was a Professor of Geology at King's College London in the 1830s. From 1830 onward his books gave him both income and fame.
Lyell's "Principles of Geology" was his most famous and most important book. It was first published in three volumes, in 1830–33. The book was about the ideas of James Hutton, but with many additions, improvements and examples. The book made Lyell to be known as an important geological theorist. It was a work of synthesis, backed by his own personal observations on his travels.
The central argument in "Principles" was that "the present is the key to the past". This was called by William Whewell 'uniformitarianism'. Geological remains from the distant past are explained by processes we can see operating now. Lyell's interpretation of geologic change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a big influence on his young friend, Charles Darwin.

= = = John Ray = = =
John Ray (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705) was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. Ray was the son of a village blacksmith who got to Cambridge University on a scholarship. This was in 1644, when the Puritans were making war against Charles I. When he got his bachelor's degree in 1648, he continued as a Fellow of Trinity College.
Ray was a Protestant dissenter who had accepted the return of Charles II. He was ordained as a priest of the Church of England, in London in 1660. By then, Charles II insisted that all priests sign an affadavit against the Puritan party. The Act of Uniformity of 1662 made the Book of Common Prayer compulsory in religious services, which was opposed by those of Puritan beliefs. Ray would not sign the affidavit, so he was forced to resign his Fellowship, and could not work as a priest.
Ray returned to his native village of Black Notley, near Braintree in Essex. After Ray joined up with a former student, Francis Willughby, the pair spent three years in continental Europe, discovering what the latest scientific ideas were. When he returned to England in Spring 1666, he joined the new Royal Society, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. His most important scientific works were supported financially by the Royal Society, whose President at a critical time in the 1680s was Samuel Pepys.
Ray published important works on plants, animals, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his "Historia Plantarum", was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system by which species were classified according to an either/or type system. Instead he classified plants by observation according to similarities and differences. Thus he advanced scientific empiricism against the deductive rationalism of the scholastics. He was the first person to give a biological definition of the term "species".
Ray's works.
Ray published about 23 works, depending on how one counts them. The biological works were usually in Latin, the rest in English. For ease of reading, the titles below are in English.
Libraries holding Ray's works.
Including the various editions, there are 172 works of Ray, of which most are rare. The only libraries with substantial holdings are all in England.p153 The list in order of holdings is:

= = = WWE Diva Search = = =
The WWE Diva Search was a competition held by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) which ran from 2003 to 2007. The aim of the contest was to find a new WWE Diva, from the 2004 contest onwards the winner of the contest was offered a WWE Contract which was worth $250,000.
Despite only one winner of the competition each year (excluding 2003) the WWE has signed multiple diva search contestants, including Candice Michelle, Taryn Terrell and many others.
Contests.
2003.
In 2003 the first Diva Search was held, however the winner of the first Diva Search Jaime Koeppe did not receive a contract. She did receive a photoshoot for an issue of WWE Magazine.
2004.
Contestants.
Despite Christy Hemme winning, the WWE hired many other Divas also featured within the contest, this included, Michelle McCool, Amy Weber, Candice Michelle, Maria Kennllis and Joy Giovanni.
2005.
Contestants.
Like the previous year's Diva Search, Ashley Massaro was not the only Diva WWE hired, this included, Kristal Marshall, Trenesha Biggers and Elisabeth Rouffaer.
2006.
Contestants.
Like the past two years this also featured the WWE hiring many losing Divas, this included, Milena Roucka, the Garcia Twins, Rebecca DiPietro, Amy Zidian and Maryse Ouellet.
2007.
Contestants.
WWE like in the previous years WWE hired runner-ups, this included, Taryn Terrell, Lena Yada and Angela Fong.

= = = Vladimir Horowitz = = =
Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz (, "Vladimir Samojlovich Horovitz") (October 1, 1903 – November 5, 1989) was a Russian-American classical pianist. He is often said to be one of the best pianists of the 20 century.
Biography.
Early life.
Horowitz was born in Kiev, which was a part of the Russian Empire at the time, to a Jewish family in 1903. He was the youngest of four children. His father was an engineer and his mother was a pianist. He first started piano lessons from his mother at an early age. In 1912 he joined Kiev University where he was taught by Vladimir Puchalsky, Sergei Tarnowsky, and Felix Blumenfeld. He performed Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 in D Minor on his graduation. He then performed his first solo concert in Kharkiv in 1920.
Horowitz got more and more famous but was often paid in food rather than money because Russia wasn't very rich. Although performing in many concerts, he secretly wanted to be a composer. In 1925, he moved to the West, intending not to return.
Career in the West.
On January 2, 1926, Horowitz played his first concert outside of Russia. He then played in many other places, such as Berlin, Paris, and London. He gave his first concerts in the United States in 1928. 
When World War II started in 1939, Horowitz decided to live in the U. S. He became an American citizen in 1944. Horowitz was very proud of being an American, and decided to make a piano version of Sousa's The Stars and Stripes Forever. He played many concerts to raise money for the war effort, and he asked people to call him "the American pianist." Horowitz began playing music written by an American composer, Samuel Barber, and gave the world’s first performances of the Barber's Piano Sonata and Excursions.
During World War II, Horowitz also played a lot of Russian music, giving the first performances in America of Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas Nos. 6, 7 and 8 (which were called "War Sonatas") and Kabalevsky's Piano Sonatas Nos. 2 and 3. 
Horowitz stopped playing concerts four times (1936 to 1938, 1953 to 1965, 1969 to 1974, and 1983 to 1985), as he was unsure that he was good enough, even when he was popular.
He made his television debut on September 22, 1968, in a concert at Carnegie Hall.
Style.
Horowitz was most well known for playing music written between 1830 and 1920. His 1932 recording of the Liszt Sonata is still considered by many to be the best ever, even though many other pianists have recorded it. Other pieces he was famous for were Scriabin's Étude in D-sharp minor, Chopin's Ballade No. 1 in G minor, and many of Rachmaninoff’s short pieces, including Polka de W.R. Horowitz was praised for his way of playing the Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 3, and the composer said "he swallowed it whole. He had the courage, the intensity, the daring." Horowitz later became good friends with Rachmaninoff. Horowitz was also well known for playing quieter works like Schumann's Scenes of Childhood, Scarlatti sonatas, and some Mozart and Haydn sonatas.
Horowitz's way of playing often used large contrasts between soft and loud volumes. He was able to play louder than most other pianists, without making an ugly sound. His playing was also known for many different kinds of sounds – sometimes called "tone colors". Horowitz was also famous for playing precise passages in octaves very fast.
Recordings.
Horowitz began making recordings in 1928. He recorded for several record labels. His most famous early records were Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 with Albert Coates and the London Symphony Orchestra (the first time that piece was recorded) and Franz Liszt's Sonata in B minor. 
When Horowitz was not playing in public, he sometimes made recordings in his house. His recordings won many awards, and he continued recording until a few days before he died.
The last years.
In 1986, Horowitz told his friends that “before I die, I want to see the land where I was born.” So, he decided to play two concerts in Russia. At the time, Russia and the United States were trying to be more friendly with each other, and Horowitz’s concerts were part of that effort. The concert in Russia’s capitol, Moscow, was shown on TV, and people in the audience could be seen wiping tears from their eyes.
When Horowitz returned to the United States, President Ronald Reagan gave him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Vladimir Horowitz died on November 5, 1989 in New York of a heart attack. He was 86.

= = = Thomas Henry Huxley = = =
Thomas Henry Huxley PC PRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist who specialised in comparative anatomy. He was born in Ealing, Middlesex. He was a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin, and had a public career. He was a member of ten Royal Commissions.
Today he is sometimes called "Darwin's Bulldog" for his support of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. However, this term was not used during his lifetime. Huxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, but he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin.
Huxley's 1860 debate with the English Bishop Samuel Wilberforce was a famous public event. The debate was about evolution, and it was widely reported in the press. Many thought Huxley won that debate, which helped Huxley's career, and the theory of evolution. 
Huxley also developed scientific education in Britain, and fought against the more extreme forms of religion. These activities had a big effect on the way people in Britain and elsewhere thought about the world. Huxley used the term "agnostic" to say that he did not know if there is a god or not. We continue to use the term "agnostic" today. Huxley was for many years a close friend of the Irish physicist John Tyndall. 
Huxley had little schooling, and taught himself almost everything he knew. Remarkably, he became a great anatomist and zoologist. Later, he discussed the evolution of man and the apes. Another of his ideas was that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, which is now known to be true.
Huxley died in Eastbourne, Sussex. Three of his grandsons became famous in the 20th century.
Voyage round the world.
As a young man, Huxley went on a long voyage of discovery to the southern continents. He was Assistant to the Surgeon on the Royal Navy ship HMS "Rattlesnake". What he did was to collect sea animals, and study them. He went ashore in New Guinea and the eastern coast of Australia, to study the animals, and the native peoples. He fell in love with a girl in Sydney, Australia, and some years later they married and had children.
Huxley on Man.
For nearly ten years he worked on the relationship of man to the apes. This led him into a clash with Richard Owen, a man who was disliked for his behaviour, but admired for his skill. The struggle between them ended in some severe defeats for Owen.
Huxley's public lectures grew into his most famous work "Man's place in Nature" (1863). There he deals with the evolution of man, before Charles Darwin published his "Descent of Man" in 1871.
In the book Huxley gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor. It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution. The book proposed to a wide readership that "evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life".
Public work.
Huxley was an important public figure. When he was young there were virtually no biology degrees in British universities, and few courses. Most biologists of his day were either self-taught, or took medical degrees. By the time he retired there were professors in biology in most universities, and a broad agreement on what should be taught. Huxley was the single most influential person in this transformation. Huxley was for about thirty years evolution's most effective champion. For some, Huxley was ""the" leading English spokesman for science in the nineteenth century".
Schools and the Bible.
Huxley supported the reading of the Bible in schools. Huxley was against organised religion, but he thought the Bible's moral teachings and use of language helped English life. "I do not advocate burning your ship to get rid of the cockroaches".
However, what Huxley proposed was to create an "edited version" of the Bible, without "shortcomings and errors... These tender children [should] not be taught that which you do not yourselves believe". The London School Board voted against his idea, but it also voted against the idea that public money should be used to support students attending church schools. Vigorous debate took place on such points, and the debates were written down in detail. Huxley said "I will never be a party to enabling the state to sweep the children of this country into denominational schools". The Act of Parliament which founded board schools allowed the reading of the Bible, but did not permit any particular religious doctrine to be taught.
It may be right to see Huxley as helping the secularisation of British society which gradually occurred over the following century. Ernst Mayr said "It can hardly be doubted that [biology] has helped to undermine traditional beliefs and value systems". Huxley more than anyone else was responsible for this trend in Britain.
Royal Commissions.
Huxley worked on ten Royal and other commissions. The subjects included medical law, contagious diseases, vivisection; fisheries; universities in Scotland, and science education in Ireland. He was Inspector of Fisheries 1881–85, and held awards from many universities. He was President of the Royal Society from 1883–1885. The British state made him a Privy Councillor, as a reward for his public work.

= = = Theodosius Dobzhansky = = =
Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (; ; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a noted geneticist and an evolutionary biologist. 
Dobzhansky was born in Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia) and emigrated to the United States in 1927. He was a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work on the fruit-fly "Drosophila". He did research on these flies in California, mostly on populations of "Drosophila pseudoobscura". 
Dobzhansky was important in the modern evolutionary synthesis, which was the synthesis of evolutionary biology with genetics.
Ukraine and Russia.
At school Dobzhansky collected butterflies and beetles, and studied biology at Kiev University. After graduation he moved to St Petersburg (then called Leningrad), and studied under Yuri Filipchenko, who had a "Drosophila" lab. Dobzhansky collected Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) in the wild, and explored their genetics.
America.
Dobzhansky emigrated to the United States in 1927. He worked with Thomas Hunt Morgan at Columbia University, who had pioneered the use of fruit flies ("Drosophila melanogaster") in genetics experiments. He followed Morgan to the California Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1940. Dobzhansky took fruit fly research out of the laboratory and into the field. He discovered that regional varieties of flies were more similar to each other genetically than to flies from other regions.
In 1937 Dobzhansky published one of the major works of the modern evolutionary synthesis, entitled "Genetics and the Origin of Species". He defined evolution as "a change in the allele frequency within a gene pool". It is through changes in the proportion of alleles in a population that evolution takes place. Also in 1937, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. During this time he had a falling out with one of his "Drosophila" collaborators, Alfred Sturtevant, based perhaps on professional competition. 
Dobzhansky returned to Columbia University from 1940 to 1962. He was one of the signatories of the 1950 UNESCO statement "The Race Question". He then moved to the Rockefeller University) until his retirement in 1971.

= = = Julian Huxley = = =
Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. He was born in London, and died there. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the modern evolutionary synthesis.
He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.
Huxley came from the distinguished Huxley family. His brother was the writer Aldous Huxley, and his half-brother, a fellow biologist and Nobel laureate, Andrew Huxley; and his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin and proponent of evolution.
Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He was awarded UNESCO's "Kalinga Prize" for the popularisation of science in 1953, the "Darwin Medal" of the Royal Society in 1956, and the "Darwin-Wallace medal" of the Linnean Society in 1958. He was also knighted in that same year, 1958, a hundred years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced the theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1959 he received a Special Award of the Lasker Foundation in the category Planned Parenthood – World Population. Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society.
Early work.
His particular interest was bird behaviour, especially the courtship of water birds. His observations on the ethology of the Great Crested Grebe, published in 1914, was a landmark in avian field research. His invention of vivid labels for the rituals (such as 'penguin dance', 'plesiosaurus race' etc.) made the ideas memorable and interesting to the general reader.
Evolution.
Huxley was the most important biologist after August Weismann to insist on natural selection as the primary agent in evolution. A fine communicator, he was a prominent populariser of biological science to the public. In the early 20th century he was one of the minority of biologists who believed that natural selection was the main driving force of evolution, and that evolution occurred by small steps and not by jumps. These opinions are now standard. Though his time as an academic was quite brief, he taught and encouraged a number of evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s.
Modern evolutionary synthesis.
Huxley was a key figure in the modern evolutionary synthesis. This explained how the discoveries of Gregor Mendel on genetics fitted with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Huxley's 
Huxley's first 'trial run' was the treatment of evolution in the "Science of Life" (1929–30), and in 1936 he published a long and significant paper for the British Association. In 1938 came three lengthy reviews on major evolutionary topics.
Now it was time for Huxley to tackle the subject of evolution at full length, in what became the defining work of his life. His book ' was written whilst he was Secretary to the Zoological Society, and made use of his remarkable collection of reprints covering the first part of the century. It was published in 1942. Reviews of the book in learned journals were little short of ecstatic; the American Naturalist called it "The outstanding evolutionary treatise of the decade, perhaps of the century. The approach is thoroughly scientific; the command of basic information amazing".
Huxley's main co-respondents in the modern evolutionary synthesis are usually listed as Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, Bernhard Rensch, Ledyard Stebbins and the population geneticists J.B.S. Haldane, Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright. However, at the time of Huxley's book, several of these had yet to make their distinctive contribution. E.B. Ford and his co-workers in ecological genetics were at least as important.
Evolutionary progress.
He always believed that on a broad view evolution led to advances in organisation. "Progress without a goal" was one of his favourite phrases.
In the final chapter of his "Evolution the modern synthesis" he defines evolutionary progress as "a raising of the upper level of biological efficiency, this being defined as increased control over and independence of the environment. "Natural selection plus time produces biological improvement... Improvements in biological machinery... the limbs and teeth of grazing horses... the increase in brain-power... The eyes of a dragon-fly, which can see all round [it] in every direction, are an improvement over the mere microscopic eye-spots of early forms of life". "[Over] the whole range of evolutionary time we see general advance — improvement in all the main properties of life, including its general organization. [But] improvement is not universal. Lower forms manage to survive alongside higher".
Eugenics.
Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society, and was vice-president (1937–1944) and President (1959–1962). Huxley was one of many intellectuals at the time who believed that the lowest class in society was genetically inferior. He advocated "the virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types". In his writing he used this argument several times: "no-one doubts the wisdom of managing the germ-plasm of agricultural stocks, so why not apply the same concept to human stocks?".
In the post-war years, after the realisation that eugenic ideas had become tainted by the Nazis, Huxley (1957) coined the term "transhumanism" to describe the view that man should better himself through science and technology, possibly including eugenics, but also, importantly, the improvement of the social environment.
UNESCO and race.
In response to the rise of European fascism in the 1930s Huxley was asked to write "We Europeans" with three other scientists. Huxley suggested the word 'race' be replaced with ethnic group. After the Second World War he was instrumental in producing the UNESCO statement "The Race Question", which asserted that:
"A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species "Homo sapiens""... "Now what has the scientist to say about the groups of mankind which may be recognized at the present time? Human races can be and have been differently classified by different anthropologists, but at the present time most anthropologists agree on classifying the greater part of present-day mankind into three major divisions, as follows: The Mongoloid Division; The Negroid Division; The Caucasoid Division."... "Catholics, Protestants, Moslems and Jews are not races..." 
Books.
This is a selection of Huxley's most influential books:

= = = Gertrude Baines = = =
Gertrude Baines (April 6, 1894 – September 11, 2009) was an American supercentenarian who was the oldest person in the world from January 2, 2009 until her death on September 11, 2009. She was the last person known to have been born in 1894.
Personal history.
Gertrude Baines married Sam Conley at a very young age and had one daughter who died of typhoid fever at the age of 18. Baines was known to have been living in Hartford, Connecticut before moving to Ohio, where she worked as a maid at the Ohio State University. She later moved to California, where she lived on her own until age 105. She spent her final years at the Western Convalescent Center in Jefferson Park, Los Angeles.
Computer and video games.
Games set in 2018:

= = = 2019 = = =
2019 (twenty nineteen) (MMXIX) was . 
In fiction.
Computer and video games.
Games set in 2019:
Movies.
Movies set in 2019:
Television series.
Television series set in 2019:

= = = 2021 = = =
2021 (MMXXI) was .
The global COVID-19 pandemic continued into the year, and multiple COVID-19 variants were discovered. 2021 also hosted most major events that were originally scheduled for 2020 that were postponed or cancelled due to the pandemic, including the Eurovision Song Contest, UEFA Euro 2020, and the 2020 Summer Olympics.

= = = 2022 = = =
2022 (MMXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar, .
2022 saw the ongoing impact of an inflation increase because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, which began in 2020, continued throughout the year, and many parts of the world began to bring the coronavirus under control. 2022 was also a year in which the world population reached 8 billion people.
In February, Russia invades Ukraine, causing the largest armed conflict in Europe since World War II. The consequences include international sanctions on Russia. More than 4.3 million Ukrainians leave, causing a refugee crisis.
2022 also saw the deaths of well known world leaders including Shinzo Abe, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Elizabeth II, the last of which reigned for more than seventy years.

= = = 2024 = = =
2024 (MMXXIV) is a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar, and is the current year. It is . 
The year saw the continuation of major conflicts including the Russo-Ukrainian war, the Israel-Hamas war, the Red Sea crisis, Myanmar civil war and the War in Sudan. With over 70 national elections being held during the year, 2024 is expected to be an uncommonly active year in elections, with seven of the ten most populous countries (Bangladesh, Pakistan, Russia, India, Mexico, Indonesia, and the United States), the United Kingdom, and the European Union expected to hold elections in this year. Artificial intelligence is expected to influence voters ahead of elections, increasing risks of political disinformation and democratic backsliding across the world. 
Footballers and football managers Mario Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer, former President of Chile Sebastián Piñera, marathon world record holder Kelvin Kiptum and Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny died. 

= = = 2025 = = =
2025 (MMXXV) is the upcoming year and will be a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar, .

= = = Acid Survivors Foundation = = =
The Acid Survivors Foundation is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..
It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International. 

= = = Shmuel Yosef Agnon = = =
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.
He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon. In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.

= = = Acid throwing = = =
Acid throwing or vitriolage is a form of violent assault. Sometimes the crime is called acid attack. The attackers throw acid or other corrosive substances at their victims. Usually they throw it at the targets' faces. They want to damage skin tissue, even to expose and to dissolve the bones. The consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scars of the face and body.
In India, the number of acid attacks have been rising. There had been 68 acid attacks in Karnataka alone (of which Bengaluru is the capital) since 1999. These are only the cases that have been reported. Unlike India, Bangladesh has introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sales of acids since 2002. An important role for the introduction of that legislation had the Acid Survivors Foundation.
Acid throwing is a crime in most countries in the world. Many Islamic countries have the concept of qisas, or retributive justice. With this, a victim can ask that the attacker be disfigured in a similar way. That way, an Iranian court ordered that the attacker of a woman who was blinded by such an attack, be blinded as well.
Epidemiology.
According to researchers and activists, countries with many occurrences of acid attacks include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:
Additionally, evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America, Central and North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. However, South Asian countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks.
Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are scared to come forward to report attacks, meaning the nobody knows how many attacks have happened.

= = = Nelly Sachs = = =
Nelly Sachs (; 10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. She is a Nobel Prize winner and of Jewish descent.

= = = 1594 = = =
1594 was a common year in the 16th century.

= = = 2008 in science = = =
The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.

= = = Tikrit = = =
Tikrit sometimes known as Takrit or Tekrit, is a city in Iraq, located northwest of Baghdad and southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River. As of 2012, it has a population of 160,000.
At least 80% majority of the people are Sunni. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq through April 2003, was born there; he considered it his hometown. He was actually born in a village on the outskirts of Tikrit, however in a part of Tikrit municipality.

= = = 2007 in science = = =
The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.

= = = White nose syndrome = = =
White nose syndrome (WNS) is a condition which has caused many bats in the United States and Canada to die. The condition is named "white nose" because the affected bats have a fungus around their nose which is white. It was discovered in February 2006.
The disease was first reported in January 2007 in some New York caves. It spread to other New York caves and into Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut in 2008. In early 2009 it was found in New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. West Virginia In March 2010, it was found in Ontario, Canada, and Middle Tennessee. In 2012, new cases showed up in northeastern Ohio, and Acadia National Park in Maine. New confirmed cases appeared in 2013 in Georgia, South Carolina, and Illinois. 

= = = 2006 in science = = =
The year 2006 in science had some important events, listed below.

= = = Missy Peregrym = = =
Melissa "Missy" Peregrym (born June 16, 1982 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian actress.
Biography.
Personal life.
Peregrym lived in Surrey, British Columbia with her mom, dad, and sisters in her early childhood. She played many sports as a child and through her teenage years. She liked to play soccer, lacrosse, snowboarding and hockey. She is currently dating Ben Roethlisberger.
Careers.
Peregrym began her career as a model at the age of 18. Later, she began to do commercials. In 2002, she began acting and guest starring in a few shows, then she made her career breakthrough when she was 24 when she starred in the movie "Stick It", where her main character was a tomboy athlete (much like herself).

= = = Ken Follett = = =
Kenneth Martin Follett (born 5 June 1949) is a Welsh writer, known as Ken Follett. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. Follett has written many detective books and history novels. He has sold 100 million copies of his books.

= = = British National Party = = =
The British National Party (or BNP for short) is a far-right and fascist political party in the United Kingdom. The party was led by Nick Griffin from 1999 until 2014 and the current leader of the BNP is Adam Walker.
In 2009, the party had 2 MEPs (Members of European Parliament) out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament. Those two seats were held by Griffin and Andrew Brons. It has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or the devolved assemblies. 
The BNP was started in 1982 by John Tyndall (politician).
In November 2012 the British Democratic Party was started by Brons. Brons started the party after leaving the BNP in October 2012. Brons wants the BDP to end the BNP. He does not like the BNP because he thinks its ideology is not extreme enough. Griffin lost his seat in the European Parliament in 2014.

= = = Differentiation = = =
Differentiation is a term used in different senses.

= = = FC Utrecht = = =
FC Utrecht is a football club which plays in the Netherlands.
It was a merger of three clubs from the city of Utrecht: Door Oefening Sterk, USV Elinkwijk and Velox in 1970.

= = = Sparta Rotterdam = = =
Sparta Rotterdam is a football club which plays in Netherlands.

= = = Road number = = =
A road number is usually given to a portion of public roadway. The chosen number often depends on the type of road. The numbers will be different if the road is an interstate, a motorway, an arterial thoroughfare, a two-lane road, and so forth.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, the route number has a letter and a number. It is between 1 and 4 digits/numbers long. For instance, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The "A" means it is a first class route. This also means it is more important than "B" roads. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 begin in London and go towards various towns around the coast. Roads which start in the area between the A1 and the A2 must start with the number 1 (A137, B1412), etc. Scotland is also divided into zones by the A7, A8 and A9 leave from Edinburgh. Motorways have the letter "M", for example the M25. Motorways have a different numbering system from "A" and "B" roads. 
This system is used in other European countries (for example, Spain and France).

= = = AFC Door Wilskracht Sterk = = =
AFC Door Wilskracht Sterk is a football club which plays in Netherlands.

= = = 2005 in science = = =
The year 2005 in science had some important events, listed below.

= = = 2004 in science = = =
The year 2004 in science had some important events, listed below.

= = = Midwest Irish Radio = = =
Midwest Radio and Midwest Irish Radio are an Irish radio station in County Mayo, Ireland. Its studios are on Clare Street, Ballyhaunis. The station started in 1989. When first opened the Midwest Radio studios were in Abbey Street, Ballyhaunis, Co. Mayo. Its target audience is people over 35 and it mainly broadcasts country music and classic hits. Some of the station's programmes do contain current chart music such as The Breakfast Show, The Late Late Lunchbox and The Hot Hits Hour. The station broadcasts live every day from 7:00 am to 1:00 am. The latest JNLR/MRBI radio listener survey shows that Mid West Radio is by far the most popular radio station in Connacht with a market-share of 52.2%. Midwest Radio's franchise area is county Mayo although it can be heard in various parts of Connacht. 
Midwest Radio started an online only radio station, Midwest Irish Radio, in 2005. This has a different programme to Midwest Radio, although The Mid Morning Show does broadcast on Midwest Irish Radio. Most of its broadcasts are non stop Irish music. It's sister station Northwest Radio shut down in 2004.
Schedule.
Monday to Friday
7.00am-8.45am Breakfast Show with David Cawley 
8.45am-9.00am Morning Edition News & Sport
9.00am-11.00am The Tommy Marron Show
11.00am-1.00pm Mid-Morning Show with Paul Claffy 
1.00pm-1.30pm Lunchtime News And Sport
1.30pm-3.00pm Classic Hits Country With Chris Carroll
3.00pm-5.30pm Late Late Lunchbox with Padraic Walsh
5.30pm-6.00pm Evening Edition And Sport
6.01pm-6.05pm Farming Scene
6.05pm-8.00pm Classic Express With Brendan Nugent
8.00pm-10.00pm Nice And Easy with Eamonn Kelly (Monday-Thursday) / Viv Brennan (Friday)
1.00am-3.00am The Tommy Marron Show (replay)
3.00am-5.00am Mid-Morning Show with Paul Claffy (replay)
5.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night
10.00pm to 1.00pm - Monday to Friday.
Monday
10.00pm-1.00am Songbook With Michael Goulding
Tuesday
10.00pm-1.00am Ceoil Agus Ealion With Joe Byrne 
Wednesday
10.00pm-11.00pm Farming Matters With Michael Neary
11.00pm-2.00am Late Show With Michael Commins
Thursday
10.00pm-1.00am Classic Hits With Tim Norton
Friday
10.00pm-11.00pm Hot Hits Hour As Gaeilge with Brendan Roache
11.00pm-2.00am Weekend American Country With Phillip Costello
Saturday
7.00am-9.00am Saturday Morning Breakfast Show With Deirde Kelly
9.00am-10.00am The Gardening Show With Padraic Horkan
10.00am-1.00pm Country Classics With Micheal Neary 
1.00pm-1.30pm Local News & Sport
1.30pm-5.00pm Saturday Mix With Michael D
5.00pm-5.30pm Local News 
5.30pm-8.00pm Eunice Moran
8.00pm-10.00pm Homespun With Noel Grogan
10.00pm-1.00am Mac's Country Store With Eamon McPhilomey
1.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night
Sunday
7.00am-9.00am Sunday Morning Meolidies With Beverley Stafford
9.00am-9.45am Faith Alive With Fr.Brenden Hoban And Monica Morley
10.00am-10.45am Religious Services 
10.45am-1.30pm Sunday Choice With Brendan Magee
1.30pm-2.00pm Lunchtime News
2.00pm-5.00pm Sunday Sports Show With Angelina Nugent
5.00pm-5.30pm Evening Edition News
5.30pm-8.00pm Sunday Jukebox With Brendan Nugent
8.00pm-8.30pm Sport Results Roundup With Michael D McAndrew
8.30pm-10.00pm Fleadh Cheoil With Seamus Duffy
10.00pm-1.00am Fireside Radio With Micheal Commins
1.00am-2.00am Faith Alive (repeat)
2.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night

= = = Russian Social Democratic Labour Party = = =
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was a Russian political party. 
The party was founded in 1898. Its program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to lead the workers of Russia and to get rid of the Tsar.
Some members of the party wanted democracy and were called "Mensheviks".
Other members of the party spoke for the dictatorship of the working class and were called "Bolsheviks". The leaders of the Mensheviks were Martov and Potresov. The leaders of the Bolshevik group were Plekhanov and Lenin.
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was an illegal party. It fought against the autocracy, organized meetings and strikes, and printed illegal newspapers blaming the Tsar and his government. Many members of the party were arrested, put into prison, or condemned to penal servitude.
In 1917 Lenin and most other Bolsheviks became a separate political party, RSDLP(B), which later became the Russian Communist Party.
During the Russian Civil War, the RSDLP was banned by the communists. Some social democrats became Communists, others fled from Russia, and still others became political prisoners.

= = = Signed number representations = = =
Signed Number representations are used to solve the problem of representing negative integers in binary. The problem of trying to store the negative sign (−) of a binary number is that there are no states left to use with which to represent the negative assignment. It is not possible to just use 'off' for minus and 'on' for plus because the computer would have no way of knowing whether it was a digit or a sign.
To overcome this issue computer designers invented two methods for storing negative binary numbers: sign-and-magnitude and 2's complement. These produce alternative representations for signed numbers.
Sign-and-magnitude.
Sign and Magnitude works by changing the most significant bit (MSB - the first digit) to a 1 if the number is negative, and reduce the number by one, for example:
will become...
This method of storing negative binary numbers does not work because binary arithmetic won't work.
1's complement.
1's Complement works by swapping 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s for example:
will become...
Much like the sign-and-magnitude method this is easily defined as a negative number because its most significant bit is 1
2's complement.
2's Complement is a more difficult way of storing negatives. There are four steps for it:
This method is liked because:

= = = Kingpin (character) = = =
The Kingpin (Wilson Grant Fisk) is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. The character first appears in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #50 (July 1967), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita, Sr. The Kingpin often appears as an adversary of Spider-Man, Daredevil and the Punisher.
Other media.
Kingpin is the main antagonist of both the 2003 movie "Daredevil" played by Michael Clarke Duncan and the 2015 Netflix original television series "Daredevil" set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in which he is played by Vincent D'Onofrio. D'Onofrio played Kingpin in the 2021 Disney+ series "Hawkeye", the 2024 series "Echo," and will reprised the role in the upcoming television series "". Kingpin is also the villain of the animated movie . 

= = = Centre Pompidou-Metz = = =
The Centre Pompidou Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It is in Metz, France. It shows sculptures, modern and contemporary paintings and graphic art.
The architecture of the building is inspired by a traditional Chinese hat. The carpentry is an innovative assembly made of sixteen kilometers of wood.
Inaugural exhibition of 2010.
Some elements of the inaugural exhibition were borrow by the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris, especially:

= = = Floating point = = =
Real numbers in binary have to be stored in a special way in a computer. Computers represent numbers as binary integers (whole numbers that are powers of two), so there is no direct way for them to represent non-integer numbers like decimals as there is no radix point. One way computers bypass this problem is floating-point representation, with "floating" referring to how the radix point can move higher or lower when multiplied by an exponent (power).
Overview.
In mathematics and science, very large and very small numbers are often made simpler and multiplied to a power of ten to make them easier to understand. For example, it can be much easier to read 1.2 trillion as formula_1 than 1,200,000,000,000. This can also be used with negative powers of ten to make small numbers, meaning you can represent 0.000001 as formula_2. This process is called scientific notation.
Since computers are limited to integers and binary, this means they cannot easily represent fractional decimal numbers. In order to represent fractional numbers, computers use three sets of binary numbers to make a scientific notation representation. They are: the signed bit, which determines if the number is positive (0) or negative (1); the significand, which is an integer (whole) version of the number; and the exponent, which is the power you multiply the base by.
Significand.
The significand is found by taking your number and moving the radix point until there is no fractional part, making it into an integer. In decimal this is making 1.45 into 145 by moving the point right 2 steps, and in binary this would be making 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) by moving the point right 4 steps; in both cases these numbers aren't related to one another outside using the same digits in a similar ordering.
Similarly to how scientific notation makes the significand as basic as possible, the aim in floating point numbers is to make it an integer so it can be represented in bytes and used in calculations.
Exponent.
The exponent is the number of digits the radix point has moved past: if it moves left then the exponent is negative, but if it moves right then it is positive. As above, making 1.45 into 145 requires you to multiply by 100, so the exponent is 2 as formula_3. Equally, turning 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) requires you to move the radix point four columns to the right, so the exponent is 4; this can be verified in decimal as formula_4.
Since the process is inverted to most cases of scientific notation, as it involves making a fraction into an integer rather than turning a large integer into a fraction, exponents are generally negative to move the decimal place to the left; in decimal this would be turning your integer 145 back into the fractional number 1.45 by multiplying it by formula_5. Instead of using an signed leftmost bit the exponent is instead biased, giving 32-bit float exponents a range of formula_6 to formula_7. The output value of the biased exponent can be found by adding 127 to it:
formula_8
formula_9
formula_10
Example.
Decimal to Bicimal.
Let's assume, for example, we want to represent the decimal number 37.40625 to its binary counterpoint: a bicimal (or binary decimal/fraction). First, we need to take our decimal number, which is in powers of 10, and convert it to binary, which is in powers of 2. One way to do this is to subtract the largest power of two possible until you reach zero:
formula_11
formula_12
formula_13
formula_14
formula_15
formula_16
Using the powers of two above, we can represent our decimal number formula_17 as follows:
Bicimal to Float.
We have validated that our decimal number formula_17 is represented in binary as formula_19. However, the issue with computers is that they represent numbers as integer powers of two using bits, which makes fractional and negative numbers complicated. In accordance with IEEE-754, the way this is commonly done with a computer is to create a 32-bit floating point number that consists of three parts:
Since we need to move our bicimal point 5 places to make formula_20 into the significand formula_21 our exponent is formula_22. By using a 32-bit float we can represent 37.40625 like this:

= = = South Petherton = = =
South Petherton is a small town in Somerset, a county in England. Over 4, 000 people live there. 
It is twinned with the town of Javané, which is in France. 
There are two schools in South Petheton: South Petherton Infants School, which is run by the Church of England and is for children from the age of 4 to 7, and South Petherton Junior School, which is for children aged 7 to 11.

= = = Norwegian = = =
Norwegian might mean:

= = = Markup language = = =
A markup language is a computer language. It is made up of a set of instructions, and of data. It is not the same as a programming language, as only programming languages can have "if" statements and other conditional statements. The first markup languages were used for printing; there was the text, and there were instructions how the text should be printed. The source code is generally done in ASCII. Then there are tags. That way, LaTeX (and with that, Wikipedia), uses the instruction \mu to get the symbol formula_1, the Greek letter "Mu". HTML uses µ to get the same symbol.

= = = Alan Davies = = =
Alan Davies (born 6 March 1966) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He is best known for starring in Jonathan Creek and for being a panellist on QI.
Davies was born in Loughton, Essex. His childhood years were spent in Chingford, London. Davies' mother died when he was six. He graduated in Drama from the University of Kent in 1988.
In 2008, Davies was in the teen comedy "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging".
Davies' first book, the autobiographical "My Favourite People and Me, 1978-88", was published by Penguin Books in late 2009.
Personal life.
Davies married writer male Katie Maskell on 13 January 2007 after a 6-month engagement. The couple met backstage at "QI" in 2005. Their first child, Susie, was born on 9 December 2009. Their second child, Robert, was born on 18 June 2011.
In late 2007 he made UK national news. "The Times" and "Daily Telegraph" reported that Davies was involved in a fight and bit the ear of a homeless man. Davies had just left a wake at the nearby Groucho Club. Davies is no longer allowed at the Groucho Club.
Davies is a fan of Arsenal F.C. and a season ticket holder.

= = = Ponzi scheme = = =
A Ponzi scheme is a special kind of fraud. It is based on a fake investment that one schemer (or group of schemers) gets other people to give money to.
In Ponzi schemes, the schemer basically says, "I found a great way to make money fast. The more you give me, the more I can invest in that cause, and the more I can earn for us all". But a Ponzi scheme doesn't actually "earn money". Instead, "all" of the scheme's money comes from the investors.
Once a Ponzi scheme gets too many investors, the system will always crash. This is because the investors all expect more money than they invested, and they will get impatient.
These schemes always stop one of three ways:
The scheme was named after a man named Charles Ponzi. He used the scheme after moving from Italy to the United States in 1903. (Ponzi didn't invent the scheme, though. In 1857, Charles Dickens wrote a book called "Little Dorrit" about a scheme like this. The scheme is a simple idea, and probably very old.) However, Ponzi's scheme was so big that it became the most popular. His original scheme was based on using countries' money-exchange rates to make money, based on international postage stamps. But money soon stopped being invested in coupons, and went to early investors, and a lot to Ponzi himself. 
Ponzi schemes can be run anywhere, even online, and are being run even now.
More examples.
People advertising Ponzi schemes often use impressive words, that are actually very vague. Examples are:
Schemers often depend on investors "not actually knowing" about economics. The Madoff scandal of 2008 showed that even sophisticated people like bankers can fall for them. People are fooled by the schemer seeming to have financial skill or reputation. 
Sometimes, the schemers claim that money can only be made if the investment is kept a secret (away from the authorities or public). For example, Bernard Madoff only allowed the accounting firm run by his brother-in-law to perform audits on his "hedge fund", claiming it had to be kept a secret to earn money. 
Since the investment is very vague, not many investors come very fast. But the scheme often gets speed like this:
Schemers often try to tempt the early investors to "re-invest" the money they've "earned". Schemers sometimes send investors "invoices", showing investors how much they've "earned" and how much they'll keep "earning" if they keep "investing".
Schemers also try to make sure new investors can't take their money back, by making the rules tighter. In this case, the schemer will often have a few investors say they kept their money, making the investment still look productive enough to be good.

= = = Baní = = =
The Dominican city of Baní is the head municipality of the Peravia province, on the south of the country, close to the Caribbean Sea.
Name.
Baní is a Taíno word meaning "ebony" or a similar tree, but the city takes the name from the small river that flows through the city.
History.
In 1764, the people that were living in the Peravia Valley bought some land in "Cerro Gordo" (part of the valley) to build a new town. The new town was given the name of Baní after the river that is found to the east of the town.
After the independence from Haiti in 1844, the country was divided in five provinces and in 1845 Baní was made a municipality of the old province of Santo Domingo. In 1944, Baní was made the capital city of the new province José Trujillo Valdéz, now with the name of Peravia.
Population.
The municipality had, in , a total population of 92,153: 44,841 men and 47,312 women. The urban population was of the total population.
Geography.
Baní has a total area of (without including its municipal districts), about of the total area of the small province of Peravia. The city is an elevation of , and at to the west of Santo Domingo.
The western and northern part of the municipality (and of the province) has many mountains that are part of the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range"); this range is called here "Sierra de Ocoa".
To the northeast of the city, there is a small karstic region with small cone-shaped hills that are called here as "cucuruchos".
In the southern half of the municipality there are several small valleys and savannas such as the Peravia Valley, where the city of Baní is located, and "Sabana de Paya" (Paya savanna) around the town of Paya.
West of Baní, the region is very dry and there are not many people living here except close to rivers and to the coast.
The most important rivers in this municipality are Ocoa and Baní rivers.
The municipality of Baní has the Azua province to the west, the San José de Ocoa to the north, the San Cristóbal province to the west and the municipality of Nizao to the southwest. To the south is the Caribbean Sea.
Climate.
Baní has a tropical wet and dry savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of rainfall, followed by June with .
The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is March with an average of and the second is January with .
Baní is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
Administrative division.
The municipality of Baní has nine municipal districts:

= = = Morgan Freeman = = =
Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr. (born June 1, 1937) is an Afro-American actor, director, producer and narrator.
He is also a beekeeper.
Early life.
Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee on June 1, 1937. He started acting when he was nine years old in a school play and at age 12 won a drama competition in his home State. Morgan worked many acting jobs until 1968 when he got his first role on Broadway in a Musical called "Hello, Dolly!". He is known for his soft-spoken voice. He has donated several amounts of money to the Democratic Party. Once he stated that "Republicans scare me." 
Some movies.
Some movies that Freeman has been in include:

= = = Mikhail Sholokhov = = =
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (; – 21 February 1984) was a Russian writer. He won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.
"And Quiet Flows the Don".
Sholokhov was accused of plagiarizing "And Quiet Flows the Don", which made his international reputation. Sholokhov's detractors claimed that it was written by Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and anti-Bolshevik, who died in 1920. In 1987, several thousand pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered and authenticated, including chapters excluded from the final draft. An analysis of the novel has unambiguously proved Sholokhov's authorship. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife Maria and sisters.
Legacy.
An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.

= = = Dire Straits = = =
Dire Straits were an English rock band from London, England. They formed in 1977 and have sold more than 120 million albums worldwide and also won three Grammy Awards.
Dire Straits disbanded in 1995.

= = = Kathryn Janeway = = =
Kathryn Janeway is a character in the American TV series "". She is the captain of the starship Voyager.

= = = Tikhon Khrennikov = = =
Tikhon Khrennikov (born Yelets, Russian Empire, 10 June 1913; died Moscow, 14 August 2007) was a Russian musician. He was a composer and pianist He got involved in the musical politics of his country, which was then the Soviet Union. A lot of people hated him, especially in western countries. He is particularly remembered for what he did at the unpleasant conference in 1948, when some of the most famous Soviet composers, including Shostakovich and Prokofiev, were made to say they were sorry for the music they had written and that they would compose better music in future.
In the days of the Soviet Union, and especially under Stalin, musicians had to be very careful about what they did and how they composed. Music, like all arts, was supposed to make people feel that they were lucky to be living in a great country like the Soviet Union. If composers wrote music that the politicians did not like or understand, life became very difficult for them: they would not be allowed to compose, and their music could not be performed. They might even be sent to prison. Tikhon Khrennikov became Secretary to the Union of Soviet Composers in 1948, at the time when Stalin was dictator. He continued in this job until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. He made sure that all musicians obeyed their political leaders.
It is difficult for us today to judge the actions of Khrennikov fairly. He survived because he did what he was told by Soviet dictators. After the collapse of the Soviet Union he tried to say he was sorry for what he did. It is difficult to judge whether he really meant this.
Life and career.
Tikhon Khrennikov was the youngest of ten children, born into a family of horse traders, in the town of Yelets in the Russian province of Lipetsk in central Russia. His family started to teach him the guitar and mandolin. When he was nine he started learning the piano, and when he was 13 he started composing. Three years later he was sent to the Gnesin Academy of Music, studying with the composer Mikhail Gnesin. In 1932 he went on to the Moscow Conservatoire. He studied composition with Vissarion Shebalin and piano with the famous teacher Heinrich Neuhauss who was later the teacher of Emil Gilels and Sviatoslav Richter.
His early works include a symphony, a piano concerto, and an opera based on the book "Into the Storm" which was based on a novel "Loneliness", a favourite book of Stalin. His music was always happy and energetic. He wrote music for 22 films and many patriotic songs. He did everything he could to please Stalin, and soon he became Secretary of the Union of Soviet Composers.
In 1948 he headed a conference at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky and Shebalin (who had been his teacher), were told that they were bad “formalists”. The word “formalist” has no meaning in music, but it was used by the politicians to describe anyone who was not obeying the politicians’ guidelines. Khrennikov said at the conference that “we will stop all manifestations of formalism and popular decadence".
Shostakovich had given Khrennikov some friendly advice about his opera "Into the Storm", but Khrennikov had been angry about being criticized and now he could get his own back. Shostakovich made satirical remarks about Khrennikov in an opera "Rayok" which he never showed to anyone and was found amongst his papers after his death in 1975.
After the fall of the Soviet Union Khrennikov published a book "That’s the Way It Was". In this book he says that everybody had to obey political rules and he was only doing what everyone else did. However, he then wrote some bad things about Shostakovich. Khrennikov had also been an enemy of the composer Alfred Schnittke. He banned his music from being played, and was furious when it was performed in other countries. He also banned music by other composers who have now become famous such as Sofia Gubaidulina and Viktor Suslin.
Khrennikov was, however, not all bad. He supported Shostakovich and Prokofiev for getting the Stalin Prizes in the 1950s. He also invited Stravinsky, who had been exiled to the United States, to revisit the Soviet Union in 1962.
When he was in his eighties, Khrennikov continued to compose many comic operas, operettas and ballets. They always had tunes that were easy for people to enjoy.
The Soviet state gave him many prizes for the work he did: three Stalin Prizes, a State Prize of the USSR and a Lenin Prize. Before his death he was even given an award by Vladimir Putin, which makes it seem as if Russia might be returning to its past values.
He died in Moscow aged 94.

= = = Seven of Nine = = =
Seven of Nine is a character in . She is an ex-Borg and is the science officer on the star ship Voyager.
When she was very young, Seven of Nine was taken on an expedition by her parents, who were studying the Borg. They were all assimilated; Seven of Nine and her parents (this is when the Borg change people or other aliens into Borg).
According to the Borg, Seven of Nine is the first Borg to go back to the life she had before being assimilated.

= = = Doctor (Star Trek) = = =
The Doctor is a character on the American television show . He is a hologram with a database of medical knowledge and is the chief medical officer on Voyager.

= = = Jim Gannon = = =
James Paul "Jim" Gannon (born 7 September 1968) is an English former footballer and manager. He is currently the manager and Director of Football of English Conference National team Stockport County F.C..

= = = Lisa Marie Presley = = =
Lisa Marie Presley (February 1, 1968 – January 12, 2023) was an American singer and songwriter. She was the only child of singer/actor Elvis Presley and actress Priscilla Presley. 
She was the owner of Graceland. It is the mansion her father lived in. She had released three albums.
Early life.
Presley was born in Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee. She was the only daughtor of singer and actor Elvis Presley and actress Priscilla Presley. She grew up with Presley Family in Graceland until the death of her father in 1977. Presley was born nine months, to the day, after the wedding of her parents. After her parents divorced, she lived with her mother in Los Angeles, California but often lived with her father at Graceland in Memphis, Tennessee.
When her father died in August 1977, nine-year-old Presley became heir to his estate with her grandfather Vernon Elvis Presley and her great-grandmother Minnie Mae Hood Presley. Vernon died in 1979 and Minnie Mae died in 1980. This made her the only heir and she inherited Graceland. On her 25th birthday in 1993, she inherited the estate. It had grown to about $100 million. In 2004, Presley sold 85% of her father's estate.
In the late 1970s, soon after the death of her father, she attended her first rock concert. It was the English band Queen at The Forum in Inglewood, California. She gave Freddie Mercury a scarf after the show. The scarf had belonged to her father. She also said that she loved the theatrics of the show.
Her parents had divorced when she was four years old. Lisa was nine years old when her father died, She was one of the first people to see her father dead on the bathroom floor at Graceland.
Shortly after her father's death, her mother began dating actor Michael Edwards. Lisa Marie was reportedly sexually abused by Edwards when she was between 12 and 15 years old. In an interview with "Playboy" magazine in 2003, Presley said that Edwards had the habit of going into her private room while drunk. She said that he was inappropriate with her.
Personal life.
Presley had been married four times. She was married to musician Danny Keough from 1988 until 1994. In 1994, she married pop icon, Michael Jackson. They divorced in 1996. Actor Nicolas Cage was married to Presley from 2002 until 2004. She was married from 2006 until 2016 to guitarist, Michael Lockwood. She had four children. She had two children with Keough and twins with Lockwood.
Presley died on January 12, 2023, at the age of 54 after surffering from a cardiac arrest. Two days before she died, Presley was at the 80th Golden Globe Awards with her mother. She was seen having trouble walking and needed to be helped by her talent manager and friend Jerry Schilling. Later that month, on January 22, a funeral was held for her. Her funeral was attended by her mother and three daughters, Sarah, Duchess of York, Austin Butler, Billy Corgan, and Axl Rose.
Presley was laid to rest next to her son, Benjamin Keough, who died in July 2020 by suicide, in the Meditation Garden at Graceland.
In July 2023, her autopsy report said that Presley died of small bowel obstruction caused by weight loss surgery she recently had.

= = = Dialysis = = =
Dialysis is where a machine is used to replace a kidney after kidney failure. The word "dialysis" comes from the Greek word "dialusis", "dia" meaning through, and "lusis" meaning loosening.
Dialysis can be used for people who have become sick and have lost the use of their kidneys for a short time, or for people who no longer have working kidneys. The purpose of the kidney is to keep a balance of water and minerals in the body. These minerals include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulfate. The kidneys also take out hydrogen ions from the blood. Dialysis is able to remove these wastes from the body and help keep the minerals in balance.
However the kidneys are also part of the endocrine system and make erythropoietin and calcitriol. Dialysis machines are not able to replace this part of the kidney's function.
How dialysis works.
Dialysis machines work by using diffusion and ultrafiltration. A very fine material, called a membrane, allows blood and fluid to flow through it. In the machine, the blood flows in one direction, and on the other side of the membrane, a special fluid, dialysate flows in the opposite direction, this process is known as osmosis. Dialysate is a fluid that has different chemicals in it, such as potassium and calcium. A doctor would decide what mixture of chemicals would be needed for each patient. The dialysate has bicarbonate in it to lower the higher acid levels that these patients often have. The blood and dialysate mix together. The waste products are removed from the blood and caught up in the fine membrane.
Dialysis was originally done in hospitals, and then in many countries moved to local clinics, as the number of patients increased. In 2023 more patients have a portable machine at home and have to manage the process themselves. 
Dialyser.
A dialyser is part of a dialysis machine. The dialyser filters blood like a kidney. It is made of a clear hollow cylinder with two inlets and two outlets. One inlet and outlet is at the upper side and downside which are for blood entrance and exit before and after purification. The other inlet and outlet are beside through which a supporter liquid goes into the dialyser.
A dialyser has very thin fibres of cellulose. The fibres work as a semi-permeable membrane (SPM). There are about 10,000 of them. Impurities such as urea keratin leave through the SPM. Blood cells cannot go through because the blood cells are bigger than the impurities. The whole process of purification is supported by a liquid called dialysate. Dialysate is sent into the dialyser by the pump in the dialysis machine. The pure liquid goes in and the impure dialysate comes out. Dialysers are also called artificial kidneys.

= = = Kinkajou = = =
The kinkajou is a mammal of the family Procyonidae and it is related to the raccoon, coati, olingo, raingtail and cacomistle. It lives in the rainforests of South America and Central America, and spends most of its time on trees. It can eat both meat and plants and has a gripping tail that can be used like an arm. It is an endangered species because it is being hunted for its fur, meat and to be illegally sold as pets.
Appearance.
Although kinkajous may look like monkeys, lemurs, koalas, opossums, bears or ferrets, they are not related to those animals. An adult kinkajou's weight is between 1-3 kg (3-7 lb). Its body can grow up to 43-56 cm long (17-22 in) and its tail usually measures between 16-22 cm (41- 56 in). The kinkajou has woolly fur consisting of an outer golden (brownish-gray) coat and another gray coat underneath.

= = = The Barber of Seville = = =
The Barber of Seville (in Italian: Il barbiere di Siviglia) is a comic opera (opera buffa) in two acts by the composer Gioachino Rossini. The libretto (words) are based on a comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais called "The Barber of Seville". It is Rossini's most famous opera, containing some very well known tunes.
The first performance took place on 20 February, 1816 in Rome.
History of the opera.
Rossini's opera was not the first one to be based on Beaumarchais' play. The composer Giovanni Paisiello had written one with the same title, and another was composed in 1796 by Nicolas Isouard. Paisiello's opera was popular for a time, but soon Rossini's opera became famous and Paisiello's opera was forgotten.
Mozart's opera "Le nozze di Figaro," composed in 1786 is also based on the same play, but it deals with the second part of the play (the play was in three parts).
Rossini is well known for being able to compose very quickly. He composed all the music for "The Barber of Seville" in less than three weeks. He borrowed the overture from something he had written earlier. 
When the opera was first performed on 20 February 1816 it was a big failure. The audience hissed and jeered the whole time, and there were several little accidents on the stage. At one point a cat walked onto the stage.
The second time it was performed it was a great success.
The story of the opera.
Act 1.
"The square in front of Dr. Bartolo's house"
The story takes place in the town of Seville in Spain. It is supposed to be the 17th century. In a town square outside Dr. Bartolo's house a band of musicians are serenading outside the window of Rosina. Among them is Lindoro, who is pretending to be a poor student, but he is really Count Almaviva in disguise. He hopes that Rosina will love him. He pays the musicians who then leave.
Figaro comes in. He used to be Almaviva's servant. The aria that he sings is very famous. It is called "Largo al factotum". Almaviva asks him to help him meet Rosina, offering him money if he can do it. Figaro says he should disguise himself as a soldier and pretend to be drunk and to try and get into the house. 
Inside Dr Bartolo's house Rosina sings a song "Una voce poco fa" ("A voice just now"). 
Rosina writes to the Count, calling him Lindoro, because she thinks that is his name. As she is leaving the room, Bartolo and Basilio enter. Bartolo is suspicious of the Count, and Basilio says that they should start to tell bad stories about him to get him out of the way.
When they are gone, Rosina and Figaro enter. Figaro asks Rosina to write a short note to Lindoro. She has already done this. She is surprised by Bartolo, but she manages to fool him.
Berta, Dr Bartolo's servant, tries to leave the house. She is met by the Count disguised as an drunken soldier. Bartolo cannot get rid of the Count, who manages to have a quick word with Rosina. He whispers to her that he is called Lindoro and gives her a letter. Bartolo is watching and is suspicious. He wants to know what the letter is about, but Rosina fools him by giving him a list of things to be washed. Bartolo and the Count start arguing. Basilio, Figaro and Berta appear and the noise is heard by the Officer of the Watch and his men. Bartolo thinks that the Count has been arrested, but Almaviva tells the officer his real name and he is immediately released. Bartolo and Basilio cannot understand why this happened. Rosina laughs at them.
Act 2.
"Dr. Bartolo's house"
Almaviva comes to the doctor's house again. This time he is disguised as a music teacher. He is pretending that Basilio is ill and that he has come instead. At first Bartolo is suspicious but he soon lets him in when he shows him Rosina's letter. He gives Rosina a singing lesson. Bartolo thinks that Lindoro is one of the Count's servants and that he is trying to get girls for the Count. Bartolo does not want to leave him alone with Rosina, so he gets Figaro (who is a barber) to shave him.
When Basilio suddenly appears, Almaviva bribes him with some money and he goes away saying he is sick. Bartolo realizes in the end that it is a trick, and gets everyone out of the room. He goes to a notary to get a marriage contract made between himself and Rosina. He shows Rosina the letter she wrote to "Lindoro", and makes her think that Lindoro is a servant and cunning friend of Almaviva.
The stage is empty while the music creates a thunder storm. The Count and Figaro climb up a ladder to the balcony and enter the room through a window. Rosina shows Almaviva the letter and says she is very sad. Almaviva tells her who he really is. Rosina now loves him. Figaro tells them they should leave. Basilio and the notary come to the front door and try to leave by the ladder, but it has gone. Basilio can either take a bribe a be a witness to the marriage or he can be shot dead. He decides, together with Figaro, to witness the signing of the marriage contract between the Count and Rosina. Bartolo rushes in, but is too late. Bartolo (who was the one who had taken away the ladder) is made happy when he is told he can keep Rosina's dowry.

= = = Veroia = = =
Veroia (or Veria) is a Greek city which is a capital of Imathia prefecture. It is in the north of the Greece, in the central Macedonia periphery. In 2001, 42.794 lived there. 

= = = Katerini = = =
Katerini is a Greek city which is the capital of Pieria prefecture in the region of Macedonia. It is found on the foothill of Mount Olympus, the highest Greek mountain. Katerini is located in the periphery of Central Macedonia and it is near Thessaloniki. It has a population of 85,851 inhabitants according to 2011 census.

= = = Drama, Greece = = =
Drama is a Greek city that is the capital of Drama prefecture. It is in the east of Macedonia and it belongs to the East Macedonia periphery. 42,501 people live there.

= = = Kavala = = =
Kavala is one of the biggest cities in Macedonia. It is the capital of Kavala prefecture. It is in the northeastern part of Greece, in the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery. It is on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos. According to the 2001 census, 63,293 people lived there.

= = = Alexandroupoli = = =
Alexandroupoli (or Alexandroupolis) is a Greek city, in the Thrace periphery. It is the capital of Evros prefecture. Alexandroupolis is in the northeast of Greece, very close to Turkey and Bulgaria. It had 57,812 people according to 2011 census. 

= = = Marten = = =
The Martens are small mammals in the family Mustelidae.
They belong to the genus Martes, with eight species. They live in the Northern Hemisphere, and are found in North America, Canada, Europe and Asia.
Description.
Martens are carnivores which mainly hunt at night. They have thin bodies, long, bushy tails, short legs and pointed faces. Their fur is usually brown with pale chest. Martens live in forests. They have claws that retract, like cats, so they can easily climb trees. They live by themselves and do not like other martens living too close to them. They eat mostly small mammals like squirrels, voles, mice, rabbits, but also fish, insects, eggs and sometimes fruits (mostly berries) when available. 
They meet to mate in late spring or early summer and have a litter of up to five babies. Little martens, called 'kits', are born blind and naked in early spring, after long gestation.

= = = Karl Landsteiner = = =
Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 - June 26, 1943) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of human blood types published on 14 November 1901. His blood type is O.

= = = Otto Heinrich Warburg = = =
Otto Heinrich Warburg (October 8, 1883 - August 1, 1970) was a German chemist. After earning his doctorate degrees in medicine and chemistry, he started to investigate how oxygen is consumed by cells in a living organism. His studies led him to identify the role of the cytochromes.
He won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the respiratory enzyme.
Cancer.
In the 1920s, Warburg and his colleagues observed that tumors take up higher amounts of glucose than their surrounding tissues. Although consuming glucose is helpful for mammals because it is a nutrient, tumor cells consume too much glucose despite having working mitochondria and enough presence of oxygen. This observation is called the Warburg effect.
Following this observation, Warburg and his colleagues concluded: that to kill a tumor cell, it must be deprived of glucose.

= = = Charles Scott Sherrington = = =
Charles Scott Sherrington (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was an English doctor. He won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Edgar Douglas Adrian, for discoveries about neurons.

= = = Ruhla = = =
Ruhla is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Eisenach and Erfurt. About 6,500 people live there. 
Sights.
There is a park with miniatures of sights of Thuringia in Ruhla. 
The town has a rare angle church called "St. Concordia".

= = = Eddie May = = =
Eddie May (born August 30, 1967) is a former Scottish footballer. He also was the head coach of Falkirk.

= = = Chakotay = = =
Chakotay is a character from the science fiction television show "". He is Kathryn Janeway's second-in-command on the starship Voyager. Actor Robert Beltran played Chakotay.

= = = Tuvok = = =
Tuvok (full title, "Lt. Commander Tuvok") is a character on the science fiction television show . He is a Vulcan and is the security officer on Voyager.

= = = Suprachiasmatic nucleus = = =
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is a small nucleus in the hypothalamus. It is in middle of the brain. It sits on top of the optic chiasma. 
It is our "body clock", and controls our daily rhythms by hormones and nerve impulses. With its various cell types, it puts out peptides such as vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) and neurotransmitters.
The SCN controls when we get sleepy, when we wake up, when we are active and when we get hungry. The SCN gets information about light and dark from the retina in the eye so it can adjust itself to the true 24 hours. To do this it uses only about 20,000 neurons.
The SCN also exchanges information with many other parts of the brain. It uses many different types of cells and many different types of peptides (including vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) and neurotransmitters.

= = = Mollie Sugden = = =
Mary Isobel 'Mollie' Sugden (21 July 1922 – 1 July 2009) was an English comedy actress best known for playing saleswoman Mrs. Slocombe in the popular British sitcom "Are You Being Served?" from 1972 to 1985. She later played the same role in "Grace & Favour", which ran from 1992 to 1993. Sugden also appeared in "The Liver Birds" and "Coronation Street". 
Sugden was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire. She died at the Royal Surrey County Hospital in Guildford on 1 July 2009 of unspecified natural causes.

= = = London Underground 1938 Stock = = =
The London Underground 1938 Stock is a deep-level tube stock that runs on the London Underground from 1938 to present. During their long lives they work on the Bakerloo, Northern, Piccadilly, East London and Central lines. 
These trains do still run on the London Underground. The trains were built by Metro-Cammell and Birmingham RC&W. Some trains still run on the Isle of Wight's Island Line as the class 483. In March 2007, South West Trains purchased the rolling stock outright from HSBC Rail for £1. They are the oldest trains used on timetabled services on the National Rail network.
Background.
The 1938 tube stock was built as part of the London Passenger Transport Board's New Works Programme, that took place between 1935–1940. The trains are mainly meant to be used on the Northern and Bakerloo lines. Seven more trains were also to be used on the Piccadilly line.
During the 1950s and 1960s the Northern Line only used 1938 and 1949 tube stock trains. These trains were starting to show how old they are by the late 1960s. The first trains were withdrawn from the Northern line in the early 1970s when they were replaced by the 1972 tube stock trains. Some units are still in service from preservation.

= = = Mayday Parade = = =
Mayday Parade is an American emo band. Its band members are Derek Sanders, Jeremy Lenzo, Alex Garcia, Brooks Betts, and Jake Bundrick. The band was created in Tallahassee, Florida. It was signed to Fearless Records from 2006 until 2009, when they signed to Atlantic Records.

= = = Brantford, Ontario = = =
Brantford is a city in Ontario, Canada. There were 93,650 people in Brantford the last time the Government of Canada did a census count, in 2011.
Brantford is near Hamilton.
Brantford is sometimes called "The Telephone City", because the inventor of the telephone lived in Brantford. Hockey player Wayne Gretzky was born in Brantford.
History.
Brantford was settled by United Empire Loyalists led by Joseph Brant of the Iroquois in 1784. It became a city in 1877.
Business.
From 1900 until 1950, Brantford had many companies that made equipment and machinery. Those items were sold in Canada and many other countries. Having the river and a railroad for transportation made it easier to ship the items made in Brantford. That helped Brantford change from a farming town to an industrial city.
By the 1980s and 1990s, business in Brantford was dropping and some companies like White Farm Equipment, Massey-Ferguson, Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and others stopped making products. Many people lost their factory jobs.
A new piece of highway (Highway 403) was built in 1997. The new highway made it easier to drive Hamilton and Toronto, and also to Detroit and Buffalo. So, in 2004, Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA moved to Brantford. Now other companies set up in Brantford because it is a good location for shipping products to eastern North America.
Education.
40% of people in Brantford did not finish high-school. In the rest of the province of Ontario, this number is 33%.
People in Brantford earn 9% less than people in the rest of Canada.
Politics.
The city council was elected on October 27, 2014, and is led by Mayor Chris Friel. The city council, in addition to Friel, includes Larry Kings and Rick Weaver (Ward 1), John Sless and John Utley (Ward 2), Greg Martin and Dan McCreary (Ward 3), Cheryl Antoski and Richard Carpenter (Ward 4), and David Neumann and Brian Van Tilborg (Ward 5). There are municipal elections every four years across the province of Ontario. The next election will be in October 2018.
Newspapers, radio and television (TV).
The "Brantford Expositor", which began in 1852, is printed six times a week (everyday except Sunday). The Brant News is published weekly in Brantford.
Brantford has its own television service: Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable. Other television stations come fromToronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.
Filming in Brantford.
Brantford has been used to film parts of the Murdoch Mysteries television series because it has lots of old architecture that fits with the years that the stories take place.
Movies like "Welcome to Mooseport" and "Where the Truth Lies" were partly made in Brantford. Part of "Due South", "Dr. Long Ball", was made at Arnold Anderson Stadium in a park in Brantford. Also, "Weirdsville", was made in Brantford in 2006. "Silent Hill" was made in the downtown in 2005.
Airports, trains, buses and roads.
Airports.
Brantford Municipal Airport is in the west end of the city. It has an air show and sometimes the Snowbirds perform. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is about 35 km east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is in Mississauga, about 100 km north and east of Brantford.
Trains.
The train station is located just north of downtown Brantford. VIA Rail has trains for people every day. Trains travel between Windsor, Ontario and Union Station in Toronto, Ontario.
Buses.
Brantford Transit has nine bus routes that go every half-hour from the middle of the city on Darling Street. There are other buses for school times.
Greyhound Canada has buses that go to Toronto, Hamilton, London, Windsor, and other cities.
Things to see and do.
Brantford's Canada Day Festival.
Brantford has a big Canada Day Festival on July 1. It has family events and Canadian music. More than 35,000 people come to the Festival.
In the past, these people have sung:
Religion.
Brantford has many churches and religious temples. It is thought that there are over 35 churches in Brantford, including Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Salvation Army, Presbyterian, United, Christadelphian, and Mormon. There are two mosques - a Sunni mosque and a Sufi mosque. There is also one Sikh temple.
Twin city.
Brantford is twinned with:

= = = Fats Domino = = =
Antoine "Fats" Domino (February 26, 1928 – October 24, 2017) was an American R&B and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records, and he had 35 records in the U.S. "Billboard" Top 40. His musical style was based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums.
Domino died on October 24, 2017 at his home in Harvey, Louisiana aged 89, after a long illness.

= = = The Swell Season = = =
The Swell Season are an Academy Award winning folk rock duo. The members are Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova. Hansard is a member of the Irish band The Frames. Irglova is a classically trained Czech pianist and singer. The duo won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2008.
The Swell Session made their first album, "The Swell Season", in 2006. It was just after the release of the Frames' sixth CD, "The Cost". Hansard and Irglová also appeared as working-class immigrants in the popular Irish movie, "Once." The movie was shown at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007. The next year, they won the Academy Award for Best Song for the song "Falling Slowly" from that movie . Hansard is the first Irish-born person to win in that category. Irglová is the first Czech woman to win an Oscar. At age 19, she became the youngest person to win an Oscar in a musical category. The soundtrack, "Once: Music from the Motion Picture," was certified as gold in February 2008. They went on tour and performed to sold-out crowds in many countries. Hansard and Irglová also recorded a version of Bob Dylan's "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" for the movie "I'm Not There" in 2007. 
During the tour, Hansard and Irglová began dating. Hansard said, "I had been falling in love with her for a long time, but I kept telling myself she's just a kid". In 2009, Hansard said that he and Irglova were no longer romantically linked, and that they are now "good friends."
Oscar ceremony.
Hansard and Irglová performed "Falling Slowly" live on the Oscar broadcast at Los Angeles' Kodak Theater on February 24, 2008. When they went on stage to receive their awards, Irglova's acceptance speech was stopped by the orchestra's music cue to leave the stage. Host Jon Stewart asked her back to give her speech after the commercial break. Ceremony director Gil Cates said the early cue was an accident.

= = = Ted Stevens = = =
Theodore Fulton "Ted" Stevens, Sr. (November 18, 1923 – August 9, 2010) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Alaska. He served in the United States Senate for 40 years from 1968 to 2009. He was the 87th President Pro Tempore of the Senate from 2003–2007. For his services as president pro tempore, Senator Stevens was named as only the third President pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate. Even by Senate standards, Stevens was extremely effective at getting billions of dollars in federal funds for Alaska. He was so effective at it he was nicknamed "uncle Ted". He also served as the Solicitor of the Department of the Interior from 1960 to 1961. The airport in Anchorage, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport was named after him in 2000. Stevens was born in Indianapolis. In 2010, Stevens died in a plane crash in Alaska at the age of 86.
Career.
Early career and education.
Stevens was born on November 18, 1923 in Indianapolis, Indiana.
World War II pilot.
In World War II Stevens joined the US Army Air Corps as a pilot. He flew transport planes in China supporting the Flying Tigers. He was awarded two Distinguished Flying Crosses, two Air Medals and the Yun Hai Medal by the Republic of China.
Political career.
After serving in the Second World War, he went into law in Fairbanks, Alaska where he became a US Attorney soon after. When Dwight Eisenhower was president, Stevens worked in the Interior and helped to make Alaska a state. In 1968 he was appointed to the Senate, where he served for the next forty years. While in the Senate he was known for taking action for his own state: preserving Alaskan wilderness areas, protecting fisheries, and building the Trans Alaska Pipeline. He also helped set up the US Olympic Committee. In 2008 he was charged with major crimes related to corruption days before his reelection, which he lost to Mark Begich. He planned on trying to get his Senate seat back after he the charges were dropped, but he died in a plane crash in the Alaskan wilderness in 2010.

= = = Red Hat Enterprise Linux = = =
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a Linux distribution developed by Red Hat for the commercial market. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86-64, Power ISA, ARM64, and IBM Z and a desktop version for x86-64. All of Red Hat's official support and training, together with the Red Hat Certification Program, focuses on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform.

= = = Joy of Giving Week = = =
The Joy of Giving Week (JGW), planned for Sept 27 - Oct 3, 2009 as a national movement, aims at engaging at least one crore Indians in different "acts of giving" - "money, time, resources and skills"- spanning the corporate, NGO and government sectors, schools, colleges and the general public. The idea is to create a "festival of philanthropy" that can, over the years, become a part of the Indian ethos, with the Week being celebrated every year covering Gandhi Jayanti. The Week is designed as a "public platform" and is being co-ordinated by GiveIndia, a non for profit organization whose mission is to promote "Giving". GiveIndia has earlier initiated public giving activities like the Mumbai and Delhi marathons and runs the largest Payroll Giving programme in the country across 40 companies.
Launch.
The "Joy of Giving Week" was launched in Mumbai on June 3 in front of the media and was covered by 22 news channels and over 40 publications and a press meet was scheduled in Chennai on June 30. And soon, the campaign would launched before media in Hyderabad and various other cities.
Activities.
Several corporates, celebrities and organisations have already finalized their efforts towards awareness, volunteering and fundraising events that they will organize during the "Joy of Giving Week".
A brief outline on some of the initiatives that are taking place during the Week.

= = = Aloch = = =
Aloch is a small town in Shangla District, of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the capital of Puran Tehsil, which is one of the divisions of the district.

= = = Chakesar = = =
Chakesar is a town and tehsil of the Shangla District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is situated on the banks of the Indus River. The inhabitants are primarily employed in agriculture. On October 8, 2006, the region was severely hit by an earthquake. It is the capital of Chakesar Tehsil, which is a division of the Shangla District.

= = = Besham = = =
Besham (also known as Besham Qala) is the largest town and commercial centre of the Shangla District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is also the capital of Besham Tehsil. 
Besham's shops are open 24 hours a day due to its location on the famous Silk route which connects Pakistan with China. Besham shops are famous for its china and international goods. In summer this small town is the centre of international and national holiday makers who use this route to visit the Northern areas of Pakistan. Besham has a few good hotels including PTDC Motel, Besham Continental Hotel, Hotel Paris and many more. People in this small town are friendly and hospitable. There is a civil hospital which was upgraded to the Tehsil level.

= = = Alpuri Tehsil = = =
Alpuri Tehsil is a tehsil in Shangla District, Pakistan. Its capital is Alpuri, which is also the district headquarters of Shangla.

= = = Bhag = = =
Bhag () is a city in Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of the tehsil of the same name (Bhag Tehsil), and has an altitude of 90 metres (298 feet).

= = = Atlanta Chiefs = = =
Atlanta Chiefs was a soccer club which played in the United States. It played first from 1967 until 1972. It was reformed in 1979 until it folded in 1981.

= = = Kansas City Spurs = = =
The Kansas City Spurs were a soccer club which played in United States from 1968 until 1970.

= = = Rochester Lancers = = =
Rochester Lancers was a soccer club. It was based in Rochester, New York, United States.

= = = Dallas Tornado = = =
Dallas Tornado was a soccer club which played in North American Soccer League.

= = = New York Cosmos (1970–1985) = = =
New York Cosmos was a soccer team which played in United States. The team stoppped playing in 1985.

= = = Philadelphia Atoms = = =
Philadelphia Atoms is a soccer club which plays in the United States.

= = = Los Angeles Aztecs = = =
The Los Angeles Aztecs was a soccer club which played in United States.

= = = Tampa Bay Rowdies = = =
Tampa Bay Rowdies is the name of two soccer clubs from the Tampa Bay Area of Florida. The first club was founded in 1975 and played till 1993 in the NASL (North American Soccer League ). After the folding of the NASL in 1984 they played in minor leagues till their own folding in 1993.
The new club was formed in 2008 under the same name. The club plays in the North American Soccer League (NASL), the second division in American league system. There was a trademark dispute, so the club played his first two seasons under the name F.C. Tampa Bay. In December 2011 the dispute was solved and the club plays now under the name Tampa Bay Rowdies.

= = = Toronto Blizzard = = =
Toronto Blizzard was a soccer team that played in the North American Soccer League.

= = = Chicago Sting = = =
Chicago Sting is a soccer club from Chicago, Illinois, USA which plays in the NASL,the 2nd division of soccer in the US and Canada.

= = = Tulsa Roughnecks = = =
Tulsa Roughnecks was a soccer club which played in North American Soccer League. At the time they were active, that was the top socccer league in U.S and Canada. 

= = = Racing de Santander = = =
Racing Club de Santander is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Sporting de Gijón = = =
Sporting de Gijón is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = UD Las Palmas = = =
U.D. Las Palmas is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Villarreal CF = = =
Villarreal C.F. is a football club based in Villarreal, Spain, that plays in the top division of Spanish football, La Liga.
The club was founded in 1923. They play their home games at Estadio de la Ceramica. 
In December 2004, the IFFHS named Villarreal CF as the best team of the month worldwide.

= = = The Veronicas = = =
The Veronicas are an Australian pop rock duo from Brisbane. The band was formed in 2004. It was started by twin sisters Jessica and Lisa Origliasso. They started working in show business at age five. They broke with their record label, Warner, in 2014. The twins said “After five years of being in a 'Warner Brothers Records Lockdown', we are officially able to move forward RELEASING and recording music without our past label dictating our creative journey, or withholding our musical releases and touring.” The Veronicas then signed a deal with Sony.
Their first album was released in 2005, called "The Secret Life of...". This album peaked at #2 on the Australian charts. It received an ARIA certification of four times platinum, for more than 280,000 sales.
Their second album was called "Hook Me Up". It was released in 2007. "Hook Me Up" peaked at #2 on the Australian charts. It received a certification of two times platinum. The album's title song, "Hook Me Up", was The Veronicas' first number one single in Australia.
The Veronicas released their third album "You and Me" in 2014.

= = = Thirst (2009 movie) = = =
Thirst is a 2009 horror/drama movie. It was written and directed by Park Chan-wook. It tells the story of a priest who is in love with his friend's wife turning into a vampire through a failed medical experiment. Park said, “this film was originally called "The Bat" to convey a sense of horror."
Plot.
Sang-hyun, a priest, is helping in a program for developing vaccines, which takes place in a hospital in an another country. He died during the experiments after becoming infected with a virus. However, after receiving an unidentified blood transfusion, he came back to life. However, the blood changed him into Vampire.
After this, many people became his followers, because they believed that he could perform miracles. Sang-hyun feels irresistible desire for Tae-ju, the wife of his friend and follow. Tae-ju also becomes attracted to Sang-hyun. Falling in love with Tae-ju, Sang-hyun abandons his life as a priest, falls into the world of Tae-ju.
The more they love, the more they are at risk. After finding out that Sang-hyun is a Vampire, Tae-ju tries to avoid him. However, eventually she asks Sang-hyun to kill her husband, Kang-woo. Sang-hyun tries to avoid killing Kang-woo, but eventually decides to kill him for Tae-ju and accepts her proposal.

= = = Thirst = = =
Thirst is the need to drink water or some other liquid. People can survive quite a while without food, but without something to drink they die very quickly. See dehydration.

= = = List of awards and nominations received by 30 Seconds to Mars = = =
30 Seconds to Mars is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California that formed in 1998. "A Beautiful Lie", the fourth single from the second album, was nominated for "Best Video" at the Kerrang! Awards and wins for "Video Star" at the MTV Asia Awards, "Playlist Generation" at the TRL Awards and at the MTV Europe Music Awards, and it received the "MTV Gold Video Plays Award" from MTV International.
30 Seconds to Mars' songs and albums have received recognition at the Kerrang! Awards, the MTV Europe Music Awards, the MTV Australia Awards, the MTV Video Music Awards, the Fuse Awards and other many. "The Kill (Bury Me)" is the second single from the band's second album "A Beautiful Lie". The song was awarded the "Best MTV 2" award from the MTV Video Music Awards, the "Video Inspired By Film" award from the Fuse Fangoria Chainsaw Awards, the "Best Video Woodie: Live Action" award from the MTVu Woodie Awards, the "Video of the Year" and "Best Rock Video" awards from the MTV Australia Video Music Awards and the "Best Single" award from the Kerrang! Awards. The band itself has received awards including "Rock Out" at the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2007 and 2008, "Best International Band" at the Kerrang! Awards, "Mejor Artista Rock Internacional" at the MTV Video Music Awards Latinamerica, "Best International Breakthrough" at the Bandit Rock Awards, "Fuse Best of 2007" at the Fuse Awards and "Best New Artist" at the TRL Awards.
MTV Video Music Awards.
The MTV Video Music Awards were established in 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year. 30 Seconds to Mars has received one award from two nominations.
Fuse Fangoria Chainsaw Awards.
The Fuse Fangoria Chainsaw Awards were established by the television channel Fuse TV. It proposes the 30 Seconds to Mars among the best rock artists. They won all the nominations.
Fuse Awards.
The Fuse Awards are an enclosure to the Fuse Fangoria Chainsaw Awards. They wins for "Fuse Best of 2007".
Hollywood Life's Breakthrough of the Year Awards.
The Hollywood Life's Breakthrough of the Year Awards they recognizes the most beloved people of Hollywood. In 2006 Jared Leto wins for "Crossover Artist".
MTVu Woodie Awards.
The MTVu Woodie Awards were established in 2005 by MTV, which they say recognizes the music voted best by college students.
TRL Awards Italia.
The TRL Awards were established in 2006 by MTV Italy, to celebrate the most popular artists and music videos in Italy.
MTV Australia Awards.
The MTV Australia Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 2005 by MTV Australia. 30 Seconds to Mars has won two award.
Kerrang! Awards.
The Kerrang! Awards is an annual awards ceremony held by Kerrang!, a British rock magazine. It proposes the 30 Seconds to Mars among the best new rock artists. 30 Seconds to Mars has won three awards from six nominations.
Festivalbar.
The Festivalbar is an annual awards Italian ceremony were established in 1964. 30 Seconds to Mars has received one nomination for "Festivalbar Digital".
TMF Awards.
The TMF Awards is an annual television awards show broadcast live on The Music Factory. 30 Seconds to Mars has received two nominations.
MTV Video Music Awards Latin America.
The MTV Video Music Awards Latinamerica were established in 2002 by MTV. 30 Seconds to Mars has received one awards from three nominations.
MTV Europe Music Awards.
The MTV Europe Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1994 by MTV Europe. 30 Seconds to Mars has received three awards from four nominations.
Bandit Rock Awards.
The Bandit Rock Awards is an annual television awards show broadcast live on S4C. 30 Seconds to Mars has received one awards.
MTV Asia Awards.
The MTV Asia Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 2002 by MTV Asia. 30 Seconds to Mars has received one awards.
MTV International.
MTV International rewards at the end of every year the individual more performed in the 48 world channels of MTV. 30 Seconds to Mars win in 2009 for "A Beautiful Lie" for 2008.

= = = Lake Washington = = =
Lake Washington is a lake in the US state of Washington. It is next to the city of Seattle. Seattle is on the west side of the lake, Lake City, Bothell, and Kenmore to the north, Kirkland and Bellevue to the east, and Renton to the south. Mercer Island is in the south end of the lake. The deepest part of the lake is deep. The lake is above sea level. It is a fresh water lake. On a few days of the year are people allowed to fish for salmon in the lake.

= = = University of Balochistan = = =
University of Balochistan is a public university that was set up in 1974 at Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. It has more than 6,000 students and one campus, 35 different fields of studies and 5 faculties.

= = = Hinglaj Mata = = =
Hinglaj Mata is a Hindu temple in Hinglaj, on the Makran coast in the Lyari District of Balochistan in Pakistan. 

= = = Akihabara = = =
Akihabara is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is known for its stores which feature electronics and anime products. It is also famous for Yodobashi Camera.
In 2009, Akihabara was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period. .
Its name is often shortened to "Akiba" in Japan. Akihabara is a major shopping area for electronic, computer, anime, games and otaku goods. In this place, new and used items can be gotten. New items are mostly to be found on the main street, "Chūōdōri", with many kinds of used items found in the back streets of "Soto Kanda 3-chōme"
Electronics.
As mentioned, Akihabara is famous as electric town.
Electronic component.
After World War II, a black market at Kanda developed. And what began as a host of electrical stores selling radio goods or some electronic component has today come to be known as Electric Town.
Consumer electronics.
Consumer electronics such as a TV or washing machine is one of the products sold in Akihabara for a long time. These days, because of intense price competition, mid or small-scale electrical appliance shops have decreased and large retail electrical appliances store came to be outstanding. However, the shops treating a lot of consumer electrionics for foreign countries are prosperous by foreign tourists.

= = = Debito Arudou = = =
Debito Arudou (born David Christopher Schofill on 13 January 1965) is a writer. He became a naturalized Japanese citizen in 2000. He lived in Japan until 2011, after which he emigrated to Hawaii, where he still lives. He is a social activist who tries to change the situation of non-Japanese people in Japan. He also reclaimed his American citizenship after leaving Japan.

= = = All Time Low = = =
All Time Low is a pop-punk band. They formed in 2003, in Lutherville-Timonium, Maryland. The band's lead singer and guitarist is Alex Gaskarth. The other band members are drummer Rian Dawson, bassist Zack Merrick, and guitarist Jack Barakat. The band signed to Emerald Moon Records in 2004, and released their first album, called "The Party Scene", in 2005. They signed to Hopeless Records in 2006, and released their second album, "So Wrong, It's Right", in 2007. "Nothing Personal", was released on July 7, 2009. The band's newest Album, released in April 2020, is called Wake Up, Sunshine.
The name "All Time Low" is taken from lyrics in the song "Head on Collision" by New Found Glory.

= = = Hannah Montana = = =
Hannah Montana is a 2006 Disney Channel television series. The series stars Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart. Miley is a normal girl who is also a pop star named Hannah Montana. No one except her family and two closest friends know Miley and Hannah Montana are the same person. Her father, Robby Ray Stewart, it is played by Miley Cyrus' real father, Billy Ray Cyrus. The series also stars Emily Osment as her best friend, Lilly Truscott, Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken and Jason Earles as Miley's older brother, Jackson Stewart. In 2007 it was nominated for an Emmy award.
Movies.
"Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert".
"Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert" is a musical movie from Walt Disney Pictures shown in Disney Digital 3D using 3D glasses. The movie was planned to only be in cinemas for one week, February 1-7, 2008 in the US and Canada, but the showings were extended. On its first weekend, February 1-3, 2008, the movie made $29 million. Ticket prices were as high as $15, at least 50% higher than most movie tickets in 2008.
"Hannah Montana: The Movie".
"Hannah Montana: The Movie" is a 2009 Walt Disney Pictures musical comedy movie based on the Disney Channel show "Hannah Montana" which was released on April 10, 2009, by Walt Disney Pictures, it was the second Disney Channel series to have a movie for Walt Disney Pictures. The movie was directed by Peter Chelsom. Filming began in April 2008. Most of the filming was in Columbia, Tennessee and Los Angeles, California and was completed in July 2008. The movie stars Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment, Mitchel Musso, Jason Earles, Moises Arias, Lucas Till, and Billy Ray Cyrus. There are also some musical guests including Rascall Flatts and Grammy Winner Taylor Swift.
The movie goes for 98 minutes (including credits).
DVD releases.
Volume 1: Living the Rock Star Life.
Special Features:
That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana.
Special Features:
Volume 2: Pop Star Profile.
This DVD includes the first four episodes with Jake Ryan.
Special features:
Volume 3: Life's What You Make It.
Special Features:
Wish Gone Amiss.
Special Features:
Volume 4: One in a Million.
Special Features:

= = = Internet Relay Chat operator = = =
An Internet Relay Chat operator known also as IRCop or oper, is one who controls the server. There are many types of operators.
IRC operators are separated into local and global operators. The local operators are only in control of the server they connect to. Global operators can do things to all users on the network. In order to do what they have to do, IRC operators usually have the right to:
Operator types.
In many IRC networks, operators have many types of access on a network. These types often depend upon the IRCd software used, though a few access rights remain about the same across the different servers. Access rights can also be set per operator.

= = = Sălcuța = = =
Sălcuţa is a commune in Dolj County, Romania. It has a population of 2,488 people. There are four villages: Mârza, Plopşor, Sălcuţa and Tencănău.

= = = Australovenator = = =
Australovenator is a medium-sized theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia about 100 million years ago. 
The fossil bones of the dinosaur were found at an ancient billabong near Winton, Queensland. Scientists have called him "Banjo", after the famous Australian poet, Banjo Patterson. Patterson wrote the song "Waltzing Matilda" after a visit to Winton in 1885. 
The dinosaur was discovered in 2006, with several others such as the sauropods "Diamantinasaurus" and "Wintonotitan". It was the most complete theropod skeleton to be found in Australia, as of 2009.
Description.
"Banjo" was a medium-sized, fast, carnivorous dinosaur with three large, sharp claws on each hand. It stood about two meters tall. Dinosaur expert Scott Hocknull described "Australovenator wintonensis" as being like a cheetah.
A phylogenetic analysis found "Australovenator" to be an allosaurid carnosaur. More studies showed it formed a clade with several other carcharodontosaurid-like allosaurs, the Neovenatoridae.

= = = FC Shakhtar Donetsk = = =
F.C. Shakhtar Donetsk is a Ukrainian football club from Donetsk. They are current UEFA Europa League winners.

= = = Hiroshi Nanami = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nanami was born in Fujieda on November 28, 1972. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Júbilo Iwata in 1995. From first season, he played as regular player and became a most central player in golden era in club history. The club won the champions 1997 J1 League and 1998 J.League Cup. He was also selected Best Eleven for 3 years in a row (1996-1998). In Asia, the club won 1998–99 Asian Club Championship. In July 1999, he moved to Serie A club Venezia on loan. However the club was relegated to Serie B in 2000. In September 2000, he returned to Júbilo Iwata. He hurts his knees in 2001 and he reduced opportunities to play in the match after that. The club won the champions at 2002 J1 League and 2003 Emperor's Cup. This was golden era in the club history and he was one of the central player in golden era. In 2006, his opportunity to play decreased and he moved to Cerezo Osaka in August 2006. In 2007, he moved to J2 League club Tokyo Verdy. In 2008, he returned to Júbilo Iwata and announced his retirement in November 2008 after being dogged by a knee injury in recent years.
On August 6, 1995, Nanami debuted and scored a goal for Japan against Costa Rica. From 1996, he became a central player and wore the number 10 shirt. In 1996, he played all matches for Japan included 1996 Asian Cup. At 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history. In 1998, he played all matches included World Cup. He also played at 1999 Copa América and 2000 Asian Cup. At 2000 Asian Cup, he played full time in all matches and scored 3 goals. Japan won the champions and he was selected MVP Awards. After he hurts his knees in 2001, he did not play for Japan. He played 67 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 2001.
In September 2014, Nanami became a manager for Júbilo Iwata as Péricles Chamusca successor. Júbilo played in J2 League in 2014 season and aimed to return to J1 League. However Júbilo finished at 4th place in 2014 and missed promotion to J1. In 2015, Júbilo won the 2nd place and promoted to J1 League. Although Júbilo finished 13th place in 2016, Júbilo gained Shunsuke Nakamura and rose at 6th place in 2017. However the club results were bad from 2018. Although Júbilo finished at 16th place of 18 clubs in 2018 and remained J1, he resigned in June 2019 when Júbilo was at the bottom place.
Statistics.
331||34||22||2||48||1||6||1||407||38
24||1||7||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||2
355||35||29||3||48||1||6||1||438||40
!Total||67||9

= = = Takuya Yamada = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Yamada was born in Setagaya, Tokyo on August 24, 1974. After graduating from Komazawa University, he joined J1 League club Verdy Kawasaki (later "Tokyo Verdy") in 1997. He played many matches as right side back from first season. In 1999, he was converted to defensive midfielder and became a regular player. In 2004, the club won the champions in the Emperor's Cup. However the club was relegated to J2 League end of the 2005 season. In 2006, he moved to Cerezo Osaka and played in 1 season. After the blank in half-year, he signed with Yokohama FC in summer 2007 and played as right side back. In 2009, he moved to Sagan Tosu. In 2010, he moved to United States and joined FC Tampa Bay (later "Tampa Bay Rowdies"). After playing for Tampa Bay in 5 seasons, he returned to Japan and played for FC Imabari and Nara Club. He retired end of 2017 season.
In December 2003, Yamada was selected the Japan national team for 2003 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, on December 7, he debuted against Hong Kong. He was also selected Japan for 2004 Asian Cup. Although he did play in the match, Japan won the champions. He played as defensive midfielder for Japan. He played 4 games for Japan until 2004.
Statistics.
365||29||31||2||45||4||441||35
113||4||4||0||0||0||117||4
478||33||35||2||45||4||558||39
!Total||4||0

= = = Katsumi Oenoki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Oenoki was educated at and played for Shimizu Higashi High School. He won the national high school championship with his teammates including Kenta Hasegawa and Takumi Horiike. He continued his study and football at Waseda University. After graduating from the university in 1988, he joined Japan Soccer League side Yamaha Motors. When Japan's first-ever professional league J1 League started, Shimizu S-Pulse was founded in his local city. He joined the club in 1992 and re-united with his high school teammates Hasegawa and Horiike. He helped the club to win the 1996 J.League Cup, the second stage of the 1999 J1 League, and the 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. He made more than 250 league appearances for Shimizu and retired after the 2002 season.
Oenoki was capped 5 times for the Japan national team between 1989 and 1990. His first international appearance came on May 5, 1989 in a friendly against South Korea in Seoul. He also played at 1990 World Cup qualification.
After the retirement, Oenoki started coaching career at Shimizu S-Pulse in 2003. In 2004, he became a manager his alma mater Waseda University. In 2008, he returned to Shimizu S-Pulse and served as a manager for the youth team. In July 2014, he was promoted to a manager for top team as Afshin Ghotbi successor. However the club performance is bad he resigned in July 2015.
Statistics.
306||16||25||1||66||9||397||26
306||16||25||1||66||9||397||26
!Total||5||0

= = = Yasuyuki Moriyama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Moriyama was born in Gifu on May 1, 1969. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined J1 League club Nagoya Grampus Eight in 1992. The club won the champions at 1995 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the 2nd place at 1996–97 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. From the late 1990s, he moved to many clubs on loan, Bellmare Hiratsuka (1998), HIT Gorica (1998-99), Sanfrecce Hiroshima (1999), Kawasaki Frontale (2000) and Consadole Sapporo (2002-03). 
In July 2004, he announced his retirement at Nagoya Grampus Eight. In 2005, he came back as player at his local club FC Gifu played in Regional Leagues. The club was promoted to Japan Football League in 2007 and J2 League in 2008. He retired end of 2008 season.
On June 15, 1997, Moriyama debuted for the Japan national team against Turkey.
Statistics.
260||74||23||5||39||5||322||84
10||1||||||||||10||1
270||75||23||5||39||5||332||85
!Total||1||0

= = = Galvão (footballer) = = =
José Antônio Martins Galvão (born 8 July, 1982) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
120||42||||||||||120||42
13||0||||||||||13||0
43||11||2||1||5||3||50||15
176||53||2||1||5||3||183||57

= = = Tetsuya Asano = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Asano was born in Hokota on February 23, 1967. After graduating from Hokota Daiichi High School, he joined Toyota Shukyu-Dan in 1985. In 1987, he moved Japan Soccer League club Toyota Motors (later "Nagoya Grampus Eight") in 1987. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. In 1994, he moved to Urawa Reds on loan. In 1995, he returned and the club won 1995 and 1999 Emperor's Cup. Toward the end of his career, he played at FC Tokyo (2000) and Kawasaki Frontale (2001). He retired in 2001.
On June 2, 1991, Asano debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. He played 8 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1994.
After retirement, Asano started coaching career at Shonan Bellmare in 2007. He moved to Avispa Fukuoka in 2010 and he became a manager as Yoshiyuki Shinoda successor in August 2011. However the club was relegated to J2 League and he resigned end of the season. In 2013, he signed with Nadeshiko League club Iga FC Kunoichi and managed until September 2014. In 2015, he signed with Japan Football League club Kagoshima United FC. In 2015 season, the club won 4th place and was promoted to J3 League. In 2017, he moved to J3 club AC Nagano Parceiro. He resigned in June 2018.
Statistics.
290||31||25||5||37||3||352||39
290||31||25||5||37||3||352||39
!Total||8||1

= = = Ivan Hašek = = =
Ivan Hašek (born 6 September 1963) is a former Czech football player. He played for Czechoslovakia national team and Czech Republic national team.
Honours.
Player.
Sparta Prague
Individual
Manager.
Sparta Prague
Al-Ahli
Al-Hilal

= = = Yoshinobu Ishii = = =
 was a Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed Japan national team.
Biography.
Ishii was born in Fukuyama on March 13, 1939. After graduating from Fukuyama Iyo High School, he joined his local club Toyo Industries in 1957. In 1965, Toyo Industries joined new league Japan Soccer League. The club won the league champions for 3 years in a row (1965-1967) and Emperor's Cup 2 times (1965 and 1967). He played 28 games in the league until 1967. In 1968, he moved to new club Towa Real Estate (later "Fujita Industries"). The club was promoted to Japan Soccer League in 1972. He retired in 1975.
On August 15, 1962, Ishii debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore.
In 1975, when Ishii played for Fujita Industries, he became a playing manager as Yukio Shimomura successor. The club won the champions in 1977 and 1979. The club also won 1979 Emperor's Cup. He left the club in 1980. In 1986, he named a manager for the Japan national team as Takaji Mori successor. He managed at 1986 Asian Games. However, at 1988 Summer Olympics qualification in October 1987, following Japan's failure to qualify for 1988 Summer Olympics, he resined a manager. In 1988, he returned to Fujita Industries and managed the club. However, in 1989–90 season, the club was relegated to Division 2 and he resigned as manager.
Ishii died on April 26, 2018 at the age of 79.
Statistics.
28||0
28||0
!Total||1||0

= = = Atsuhiro Miura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He used his name "�� ��" until 2009. 
Biography.
Miura was born in Oita on July 24, 1974. After dropped out from Aoyama Gakuin University, he joined J1 League club Yokohama Flügels in 1994. He became a regular player in 1995 and he mainly played as left midfielder. The club won the champions at 1994–95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. In 1998, the club won Emperor's Cup. However the club was disbanded end of 1998 season due to financial strain, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. He moved to Tokyo Verdy in 2001. However his opportunity to play decreased behind Takahito Soma while Miura was away from the club for Japan national team. He moved to Vissel Kobe in 2005. Although he served as captain, his opportunity to play decreased in 2007. In August 2007, he moved to Yokohama FC which was founded by Yokohama Flügels supporters. He retired end of 2010 season.
On June 6, 1999, Miura debuted for the Japan national team against Peru. He also played at 1999 Copa América. In September 2000, he was selected Japan for the Japan U-23 national team as over aged player for 2000 Summer Olympics. In October, he played at 2000 Asian Cup and Japan won the champions. In 2001, he played at 2001 Confederations Cup and Japan won the 2nd place. In 2003, he was selected Japan for the first time in 2 years. Although he played as left side-back, there were few opportunity to play behind Alessandro Santos. He was also selected Japan for 2004 Asian Cup which won the champions and 2005 Confederations Cup. However he did not play in the match at both competition. He played 25 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 2005.
In 2018, Miura signed with Vissel Kobe and became a sporting director. In September 2020, he became a manager as Thorsten Fink successor.
Statistics.
427||65||25||3||43||4||495||72
427||65||25||3||43||4||495||72
!Total||25||1

= = = Atsushi Nagai = = =
Atsushi Nagai (born 23 December 1974) is a retired Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
422||19||18||1||4||0||443||20
422||19||18||1||4||0||443||20

= = = Akihiro Nishimura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nishimura was born in Osaka Prefecture on August 8, 1958. After graduating from Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, he joined his local club Yammer Diesel in 1981. The club won 1983 and 1984 JSL Cup. He retired in 1991. He played 148 games and scored 3 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1982.
On June 18, 1980, when Nishimura was an Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played at 1984 Summer Olympics qualification, 1986 World Cup qualification, 1982 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 49 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1988.
After retirement, Nishimura started coaching career at Matsushita Electric (later "Gamba Osaka") in 1991. In 1999, he became a manager for the Japan U-20 national team. He managed U-20 Japan at the 2001 World Youth Championship in Argentina. In September 2001, he signed with Cerezo Osaka and became an assistant coach. In December, he became a manager as João Carlos successor and he led the club to won the 2nd place in 2001 Emperor's Cup. In October 2003, he was sacked. In 2004, he signed with Kyoto Purple Sanga. He was sacked in June.
Statistics.
148||3
148||3
!Total||49||2

= = = Kenji Takahashi = = =
Kenji Takahashi (born 5 June 1970) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Montedio Yamagata.
Club career statistics.
416||39||28||7||6||0||450||46
416||39||28||7||6||0||450||46

= = = Masakatsu Miyamoto = = =
 was a Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Miyamoto was born in Hitachi on July 4, 1938. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1961. He won 1961 and 1964 Emperor's Cup. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1974. He played 103 games and scored 19 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1966, 1967 and 1968.
On December 25, 1958, when Miyamoto was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He was selected Japan for 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Although he did not play in the match at 1964 Summer Olympics, he played 5 games at 1968 Summer Olympics and Japan won Bronze Medal. In 2018, 1968 Japan team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He also played at 1962 and 1966 Asian Games. He played 44 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1971.
After retirement, Miyamoto became a manager for Honda in 1983 and managed until 1989. In January 1989, he also managed for the Japan national futsal team for 1989 Futsal World Championship in Netherlands. In 1992, he signed with Kashima Antlers joined new league J1 League. In 1993, he led the club to won the 2nd place at J1 League and Emperor's Cup. he resigned in June 1994. He also managed Shimizu S-Pulse in 1995.
On May 7, 2002, he died of pneumonia in Mito at the age of 63. In 2005, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Statistics.
103||19
103||19
!Total||44||1

= = = Valery Karpin = = =
Valery Karpin (born 2 February 1969) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team.
Club career statistics.
102||12
67||25
383||68
552||105
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0
!Total||72||17

= = = Fumitake Miura = = =
Fumitake Miura (born 12 August 1970) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
295||37||24||3||51||5||370||45
295||37||24||3||51||5||370||45

= = = Toshihide Saito = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Saito was born in Shizuoka on April 20, 1973. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1996. He played as regular player from first season. At 1996 J.League Cup, the club won the champions and he was selected "New Hero awards". End of 1996 season, he was also selected "J.League Rookie of the Year awards". The club also won the 2nd place at 1998 Emperor's Cup and 1999 J1 League, he was also selected Best Eleven in 1999. In 2000s, the club won 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and 2001 Emperor's Cup. In 2006, he moved to J2 League club Shonan Bellmare and played in 2 season. In 2009, he was appointed playing manager of Prefectural Leagues side Fujieda MYFC. After promotion to the Japan Football League in 2011 and acceptance into J3 League for the 2014 season, Saito decided to leave the club.
Saito was capped 17 times for the Japanese national team between 1996 and 1999. His first international appearance came on August 25, 1996 in a friendly against Uruguay. He was an unused substitute at the 1998 World Cup. He also played at 1999 Copa América.
Statistics.
385||26||28||0||46||1||459||27
385||26||28||0||46||1||459||27
!Total||17||0

= = = Akira Oba = = =
Akira Oba (born 22 April 1976) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Tokushima Vortis.
Club career statistics.
162||42||3||0||165||42
162||42||3||0||165||42

= = = Mitsuru Chiyotanda = = =
Mitsuru Chiyotanda (born 1 June 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus Eight.
Club career statistics.
228||19||10||0||20||0||258||19
228||19||10||0||20||0||258||19

= = = Seiji Kaneko = = =
Seiji Kaneko (born 27 May 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tampines Rovers.
Club career statistics.
73||5||2||1||15||0||90||6
7||2||0||0||0||0||7||2
80||7||2||1||15||0||97||8

= = = Lawful interception = = =
Lawful interception is the electronic surveillance of telecommunication services, such as telephone calls or e-mail messages, as approved by law. It is usually done by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. In some places, the law allows such agencies to monitor otherwise private communications data under certain circumstances. This is done for analysis or evidence. It has become an important tool for law enforcement.
The data gathered is generally signalling or network management information. In fewer cases, it may also be the content of the communications (for example, the conversation or written message).

= = = Steve McNair = = =
Steve LaTreal McNair (February 14, 1973 – July 4, 2009, nicknamed "Air McNair") was an American football quarterback who played for the Tennessee Titans and the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He played college football for Alcorn State University. McNair was murdered on July 4, 2009.
Early life.
McNair was born in Mount Olive, Mississippi, USA McNair credits much of his success to his older brother, Fred, who played a very important part in raising McNair and his siblings, plus helping their mother. He and attended Mount Olive High School starting in 1987, where he played football, baseball, and basketball, and ran track. He led his school to the State Championship as a sophomore.
College career.
McNair was offered a full scholarship to the University of Florida to play defensive back but wanting to play quarterback. McNair played college football for Alcorn State University in the NCAA. In 1992, McNair threw for 3,541 yards and 29 touchdowns, and ran in for 10 more scores. The Braves went 7–4. McNair helped Alcorn State to another good year in 1993, as the Braves upped their record to 8–3 while McNair threw for more than 3,000 yards and 30 touchdowns. 
As a senior in 1994, McNair had nearly 6,000 yards rushing and passing, with 53 touchdowns and was named an All-American. McNair also won the Walter Payton Award as the top I-AA player and finished third in the Heisman Trophy voting behind Rashaan Salaam and Ki-Jana Carter. McNair set career records for the Football Championship Series with 14,496 passing yards.
Professional career.
Houston/Tennessee Oilers/Titans.
McNair was selected by the Houston Oilers with new head coach Jeff Fisher. McNair stayed in Houston for a few solid years, although McNair was often used as a backup. Runningback Eddie George assisted McNair with his strong running. In 1997 (McNair's first year as a starter), the Oilers moved to Tennessee, and became the Titans before the 1999 season, and also began play in LP Field, or as it was called then, Adelphia Collesium, in 1999.
Early in the 1999 season, McNair was diagnosed with an inflamed disk following Tennessee's 36–35 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, and needed surgery. He was replaced by veteran Neil O'Donnell. Over the next five games, O'Donnell led the Titans to a 4–1 record. McNair returned against the St. Louis Rams, and with McNair starting, Tennessee won seven of its last nine games to finish 13-3.
Tennessee opened the at home against the Buffalo Bills in a Wild Card game, winning on the "Music City Miracle" and got to Super Bowl XXXIV in a re-match with the St. Louis Rams. On the final play of the game, a McNair pass to Kevin Dyson was complete, but Dyson could not break the plane of the goal line, giving the Rams the win. McNair signed a six-year contract with the Titans after the season.
McNair led the Titans to another solid 13-3 season in 2000, but it ended in a hard-fought playoff loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional Round.
In 2001, McNair had passing highs in yards (3,350), completions (264), touchdowns (21) and quarterback rating (90.2). He also had five scores rushing. McNair was named to the Pro Bowl for the first time, but the game due to a shoulder injury.
After a solid 2002 season, McNair was arrested for DUI (and he also had a handgun in his possession). However, all charges were eventually dropped. McNair and Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning were named co-MVPs for the 2003 season, although McNair had to sit out two games. Injuries continued to bother McNair over the next two seasons, as he played in only eight games in 2004 and fourteen in 2005.
Baltimore Ravens.
On June 8, 2006 McNair was traded to the Baltimore Ravens. McNair was given the starting job in Baltimore over the disappointing Kyle Boller. McNair started all 16 games in 2006, but often rotated in and out with Boller. McNair got the Ravens to a 13-3 record. McNair's 2006 statistics with the Ravens included 295 pass completions on 468 attempts for 3,050 passing yards, 16 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. McNair also ran for a score in a win against the New Orleans Saints.
McNair and the Ravens both had a bad season in 2007. The Ravens went 5-11, and McNair was often injured. Due to bad quarterback play, McNair would always play when healthy over Kyle Boller and rookie Troy Smith, but McNair still threw only two touchdowns next to four interceptions. That was his last year in the NFL. McNair had his retirement press conference with the Ravens in April, 2008.
Personal.
McNair was married to Mechelle McNair from June 21, 1997 until his death. McNair had a farm in Mississipi, USA, where he would often go.
McNair had two sons by Mechelle: Steve LaTreal McNair, Steven O'Brian Koran McNair; and two sons - Tyler and Trenton - by two other women.
McNair earned the nickname "Air McNair" in High School. He opened his own restaurant in Nashville, which he named Gridiron9. McNair was also a mentor to quarterback Vince Young.
Death.
On July 4, 2009, McNair and 20-year old Sahel Kazemi were found dead in a condominium rented by McNair in Nashville. McNair had several gunshot wounds, and Kazemi had only one to the head. Kazemi had been arrested for DUI two days earlier, and McNair left with his restaurant chef in a taxi. Traces of gunpowder were found on Kazemi's hand, as well as a gun. Kazemi was having trouble financially, and apparently found out that McNair had other relationships. Police ruled this a murder-suicide, with Kazemi as the killer, McNair as the victim. Many people came to McNair's funeral, including some notable players, like fellow QB Brett Favre and former teammate Ray Lewis. Said Titans owner Bud Adams:
To the Associated Press, Ravens General Manager Ozzie Newsome added:
McNair was buried in Memphis on July 11, 2009.

= = = Elizabeth Cross = = =
The Elizabeth Cross is an award within the British honours system that is issued to the next of kin of a service man or woman who died due to enemy action or terrorism since 1949. The award comes with a memorial scroll that contains the dead persons name, when they died and has the Queen's signature on it. It is the most recent medal, honour or award to bear the name of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom since the George Cross. It is not an award for valour or bravery. It is in the shape of a cross with four equal sides that contains flowers at the end of each arm that represents the four countries within the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The medal also contains a laurel wreath behind the cross and bears the dead person's name on the back. The medal comes with a miniature (small version) medal for day wear. The medal can only be worn by the next of kin and for anyone else to wear it (even if related to the person who died) is a criminal offence.

= = = Corrosive substance = = =
Corrosive substances are substances that can damage tissues when they come in contact with them. Many corrosive liquids are in common use, for example, in batteries. Some are used in cleaning, for example hydrochloric acid is used in some toilet bowl cleaners. Corrosive is one of the five danger risks that a liquid can have, along with toxic, flammable, explosive, and biological hazard.
Corrosive substances are to be dealt with extreme precaution and care. They are extremely harmful and dangerous. 

= = = Malus = = =
Malus is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous apple trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae. Other studies say it includes 55 species, including the domesticated orchard apple, or table apple as it used to be called. The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs".
The genus is native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America.
Apple trees are small, usually 4–12 m tall when full grown. The leaves are 3–10 cm long, positioned opposite from each other. They have a simple shape with a saw-tooth edge. The flowers come from corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, with usually red stamens that produce lots of pollen, and an ovary which is below them. Flowering takes place in the spring and pollination is by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen). 
Uses.
The fruit of the other species is not an important crop in most areas because they are very sour and (in some species) very like wood, and are rarely eaten raw for this reason. However, crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured jelly. Some kinds of crab apples make good applesauce.
Crabapples are widely grown as trees for the pleasure of their appearance, grown for their beautiful flowers or fruit. There are cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease.
Some crab apples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to stand up to cold or drought.
They are also used as tree for pollinating food apple trees in apple orchards. Varieties of crab apple are selected to bloom at the same time as the apple trees in an orchard, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. See also fruit tree pollination.
Because of the many blossoms and small sized fruit, crab apples are popular for use in bonsai. Because the trees are small due to the needs of the hobby, but still show the abundant fruit bearing of full-sized crab apples, it is important to thin out fruit so that trees do not stress themselves.
Apple wood "makes a wonderfully luxurious firewood with a lovely scent [smell], and smoke from an apple wood fire gives a most excellent flavour to smoked foods," including Applewood cheese.

= = = Operation Ichi-Go = = =
Operation Ichi-Go (or "Operation Number One") was a series of battles between the armies of Japan and China. The battles happened between April and December 1944. There were three battles in the Chinese provinces of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi. The goals of Operation Ichi-go were to make a route to French Indochina and to capture bases that American bombers were using to attack Japan and her shipping.
Course of the campaign.
There were two parts to the operation. In the first part, the Japanese secured the Railway between Beijing and Wuhan. In the second part they destroyed the US air forces in Hunan province and reached the city of Liuzhou. Liuzhou was near the border with Japanese-occupied Indochina.
400,000 men, 12,000 vehicles and 70,000 horses took part in operation Ichi-Go. The Japanese army included the very well trained Kwantung Army units and equipment from Manchukuo, North China and Japan. It was the largest land operation by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Many of the new American-trained Chinese units were fighting in Burma under General Joseph Stilwell using weapons leased from the United States. Chiang Kai-shrek had agreed that Stilwell could manage the distribution of American arms. 
In "Operation Kogo", 390,000 Chinese soldiers, led by General Tang Enbo, defended Luoyang. The Japanese 3rd Tank Division crossed the Yellow River around Zhengzhou in late April and defeated the Chinese near Xuchang. They then moved around to the right and put Luoyang under siege. Luoyang was defended by three Chinese divisions. The 3rd Tank Division began to attack on May 13 and won Luoyang on May 25.
The second part of Ichigo began in May. Japanese forces moved south and occupied Changsha, Hengyang, Guilin and Liuzhou. In December 1944, Japanese forces reached French Indochina and completed the operation. Despite this success, US air forces moved inland from the threatened bases near the coast. The U.S. Air Force often stopped the railway between Beijing and Liuzhou that had been started in Operation Ichigo. Japan continued to attack airfields where US air forces were stationed up to the spring of 1945.
USA's XX Bomber Command were using B-29 bombers like the ones that were attacking Japan. They were forced to move as well, but this affected their efficiency for only a short time. In early 1945 the Twentieth Air Force moved to newly established bases in the Marianas under the command of the newly established XXI Bomber Command.
Aftermath.
The failure to hold the coastal airfields led to a loss of confidence in General Joseph Stilwell by Chiang Kai-shek. Stilwell was replaced in October 1944 by President Roosevelt. The new Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-Shek and commander of the U.S. Forces in China was Major General Albert Wedemeyer. Stillwell's other responsibilities in China, Burma and India were given to other officers.
A very different version of events was that General Joseph Stilwell was asking for a fuller use of Chinese forces and had made diplomatic connections with the Chinese Red Army commanded by Mao Zedong. They had agreed to follow an American commander.
Because Chiang Kai-shek was ignored by the American general, he had Stilwell called back to the United States. "New York Times" reporter Brooks Atkinson wrote at the time: The decision to relieve General Stilwell represents the political triumph of a moribund, anti-democratic regime that is more concerned with maintaining its political supremacy than in driving the Japanese out of China. America is now committed... to support a regime that has become increasingly unpopular and mistrusted in China, that maintains three secret police services and concentration camps for political prisoners, that stifles free speech and resists democratic forces... The Chinese Communists... have good armies that are now fighting guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in North China... The Generalissimo regards these armies as the chief threat to his supremacy... has made no sincere attempt to arrange at least a truce with them for the duration of the war... No diplomatic genius could have overcome the Generalissimo's basic unwillingness to risk his armies in battle with the Japanese...
But the "Time Magazine" article in which Atkinson was quoted went on to talk about the true failure of Stilwell's goals by saying that: The Chinese, exhausted by seven years of almost singlehanded war against Japan, were reluctant to give General Stilwell the troops he wanted for the Burma offensive; the Japs might suddenly crack down on them in earnest. When the Japs began the drive that last week seemed on the verge of cutting China in two, Chiang Kai-shek's Government might well have felt that its go-slow policy was justified..." 
This loss and the poor opinion in the U.S.A. caused the Americans to lose confidence in the Chinese troops. Instead the U.S. focused all its resources on the island-to-island war in the Pacific.

= = = Jawaharlal Nehru = = =
Jawaharlal Nehru (also referred to as "Pandit Nehru") (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964) was the first prime minister of India for 17 years. He became prime minister after India became independent in 1947. He was born in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. He died of a heart attack in New Delhi.
Nehru was the first prime minister of India after it became independent from the British rule.
Under British rule, Nehru was jailed many times. During these periods, he used to write long letters to his daughter, Indira, on Indian and World history. These letters were remarkably well written and became very successful books when published later as "Glimpses of World History" and "The Discovery of India".
Personal life.
Jawahar Lal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889, in Allahabad to Pandit Motilal Nehru and Swarup Rani. His father Motilal Nehru, a lawyer, served twice as the president of Indian National Congress and was an important figure in the Indian freedom struggle. His sister, Vijayalakshmi Pandit was the first woman president of United Nations General Assembly. His daughter Indira Gandhi and grandson Rajiv Gandhi became prime ministers of India.
Nehru received his early education at home and later went to Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated with the honors degree in natural science. He studied Law at Inns of Court school. Nehru returned to India in 1912.

= = = River Don = = =
Don River or River Don may refer to:
United Kingdom.
<br>

= = = Black Sea = = =
The Black Sea is a sea in Eurasia between Europe, Caucasus, and Anatolia. Many rivers flow to the Black Sea, including the big rivers, the Don, Danube, Dniester and Dnieper.
It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Bosphorus strait, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles strait, the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. 90% of the sea has no oxygen. The water is saltwater but less salty than the ocean. During the last ice age, the Black Sea was a freshwater lake. 
History.
In Greek mythology, the Argonauts traveled on the sea. Greeks set up colonies around the sea because it was important to trade for many countries in ancient history. The Gallipoli Campaign during World War I was a fight for access to the Black Sea. It was also important in World War II.
Geology.
The Black Sea sits on continental plates which have subsided. It is a geologic basin, and therefore is a genuine inland sea. Its maximum depth is about 2000 metres. The Black Sea is the world’s largest basin where the deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water. The upper layers are generally cooler, less dense and less salty than the deeper waters, as they are fed by large river systems, whereas the deep waters come from the warm, salty waters of the Mediterranean. 
The Crimean Peninsula divides this sea. The Bosporus and Dardanelles connect the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

= = = Hey Monday = = =
Hey Monday is an American Pop rock band. The band is from West Palm Beach, Florida. The band members are Cassadee Pope (lead vocals), Michael "Jersey" Moriarty (bass guitar), Mike Gentile (lead guitar), Alex Lipshaw (rhythm guitar) and Elliot James (drums).

= = = The Shins = = =
The Shins are an American indie rock band. The band members are singer, songwriter, and guitarist James Russell Mercer, bassist Ron Lewis, bassist/guitarist Dave Hernandez, drummer Joe Plummer, and Eric Johnson. They are influenced by many genres, including pop, alternative rock, alternative country, and folk. The Shins formed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, but are now based in Portland, Oregon.

= = = PC bang = = =
PC bang is a type of gaming center in South Korea where people can play multiplayer computer games. It is like a LAN gaming center. became very popular when Starcraft came out in 1998.
PC-bang users are usually young South Koreans. Most PC-bang users are students in grade school or college, mostly male. Inside PC bangs, people may smoke, eat, and drink. Most PC bangs sell ramen noodles, canned coffee, energy drinks, and other snacks.

= = = The Jackson 5 = = =
The Jackson 5 is an American musical group who played R&B, pop, soul, disco, and funk. The group was made up of the Jackson brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, Michael, and Randy. Michael was the lead singer. They recorded on the famous Motown label for a long time. In 1975 they moved to another record label called CBS Records and changed their name to The Jacksons. Some of their songs were "I Want You Back", "ABC", "I'll Be There", "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", and "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus". Michael left The Jacksons in 1984.
History.
The Jackson 5 started in Gary, Indiana. They performed for the first time in 1964. Michael was six years old. In 1966, the Jackson 5 won a talent contest at a high school in Gary. 
Motown.
In 1968 The Jackson 5 were signed to Motown.
In December 1969 Motown released The Jackson 5's first album, "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5". One single, "I Want You Back", was released from the album. It reached number one in the United States. The band's next two singles "ABC" and "The Love You Save" also reached number one. In 1970 the group had another number one, "I'll Be There". That year they released three studio albums, ABC, "Third Album", and "Jackson 5 Christmas Album". In 1971 they released two studio albums. "Maybe Tomorrow" was number one in the American soul albums chart for six weeks. "Goin' Back to Indiana", a live album, was released in September. Motown also released the group's first Greatest Hits album.
Michael released his first album without his brothers, "Got to Be There" in January 1972. In 1972 the group released one album, "Lookin' Through the Windows". In 1973 The Jackson 5 released two studio albums, "Skywriter" and "Get It Together". They also released their second live album "The Jackson 5 in Japan". In 1974 "Dancing Machine" was released. "Dancing Machine" reached number two. In 1975 The Jackson 5's last album on Motown was released. Epic Records signed them. Jermaine left the band. His brother Randy took his place.
The Jacksons.
In 1976 the band released their first album as The Jacksons. It was their first album on Epic Records. It was written by Gamble And Huff. In 1977 "Goin Places" was released by Epic and Philadelphia International Records. Five singles were released from the album.
"Destiny" was released in 1978. It was written and produced by the brothers. "Blame It on the Boogie", a cover of a Mick Jackson song, was released as the first single from the album. The second single "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" reached number seven in the US "Billboard" 100.
"Triumph" was released in 1980. It reached number-one on the "Billboard" R&B Albums chart. Four singles were released from the album. In 1984 The Jacksons released a single with Mick Jagger called "State of Shock". Later that year Michael left the band after his album "Thriller" became the best-selling album ever released and won eight Grammy Awards.
The Jacksons released their last album, "2300 Jackson Street" in 1989. Michael and Marlon were not in the album except on the single "2300 Jackson Street". Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet Jackson also sung on it.
Discography.
Motown releases (as The Jackson 5)
CBS/Epic releases (as The Jacksons)

= = = Gabriela Mistral = = =
Lucia Godoy Alcayaga, known by pen name Gabriela Mistral (7 April 1889 – 10 January 1957) was a Chilean educator, poet, diplomat, and feminist. In 1945, she received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her best known works include "Tala", "Desolación", and "Lagar".

= = = Vasily Vereshchagin = = =
Vereshchagin (; 1842-1904) was a famous Russian painter of battle scenes, who made the war of the United States in Cuba and in the Philippines the subject of his latest work.

= = = Star Trek (movie) = = =
Star Trek is a 2009 science fiction movie directed by J. J. Abrams and made by Paramount Pictures. It is a reboot of the original "Star Trek" television series. It allows for massive changes in the storyline because of time traveling, which let its creators take the franchise in a new direction while still being faithful to the existing canon.
The movie is about the characters of the original series "", as they meet and assemble for the first time on the "USS Enterprise". Together, they must fight a Romulan named Nero, who is from the future.

= = = WWF Fully Loaded = = =
Fully Loaded was a yearly WWF event, which started in July 1998 and was held for another two years. In 2001, the event was replaced by Invasion, which was replaced by Vengeance in 2002.
Results.
1998.
Fully Loaded: In Your House took place on July 26, 1998 at the Selland Arena in Fresno, California.
1999.
Fully Loaded (1999) took place on July 25, 1999 at the Marine Midland Arena in Buffalo, New York.
2000.
Fully Loaded (2000) took place on July 23, 2000 at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas.

= = = Young Poland = = =
Young Poland (in Polish: "Młoda Polska") is a period modernist of Polish art, literature and music. This period covered about the years since 1890 until 1918. It was one of the effects of the strong opposition to the ideas of the positivism and developed the nature of decadence, of neoromanticism, of symbolism, of impressionism, and of the Art Nouveau. 
History.
The expression was known after one of the manifestos written by Artur Górski. The manifesto was published in the daily (newspaper) "Życie" ("Life"), seated in Cracow, in the year 1898, and was immediately accepted in all the parts of the divided Poland, by analogy with other similar expressions as Young Germany, Young Belgium, Young Scandinavia and so on.
Literature.
Polish literature of the period was based on two main understandings: 
Other important writers of the period were:
Music.
In music, the expression "Young Poland" is put into use to an informal group of composers which include Karol Szymanowski, Grzegorz Fitelberg, Ludomir Różycki and probably also Mieczysław Karłowicz. This group worked under the strong influence of the neoromanticism of the music, and especially of composers from another countries as Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner. The composers would be also strong links with the The Five, a group of composers Russian which included Modest Musorgski, Alexander Borodin and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.
Art.
In the period of the Young Poland there were not any great artistic currents in Polish art. The painters and the sculptors attempted to continue in the romantic tradition, in bringing new ways of expression already popular in another countries. The more influential current was the Art Nouveau, even if the Polish artists started attempting also new forms of national style. The sculptura just like the painture of the period were strongly influenced by all the forms of the symbolism.

= = = Hurricane Felix = = =
Hurricane Felix was a strong Category 5 hurricane with fastest wind speeds of 175 mph. It was part of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season.

= = = Hurricane Cesar-Douglas = = =
Hurricane Cesar-Douglas was a Category 4 hurricane that crossed the Atlantic as Hurricane Cesar. The storm continue to move west to the Pacific as Hurricane Douglas. The storm was the strongest storm for the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It was the second hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season, in the Atlantic it was a category 1.
Meteorological History.
The start of this storm goes back to a tropical wave near Dakar, Senegal. It crossed the Atlantic and did not start until it was close to the Windward Islands. On July 24 it became Tropical Depression Three. Tropical Depression Three became Tropical Storm Cesar on July 25. Cesar did not strengthen much because it was close to land. It did start to strengthen more as it entered the Southwestern Caribbean Sea. After about half way between Nicaragua and South America, Tropical Storm Cesar became a hurricane on July 27. Hurricane Cesar reached its highest winds on July 28, which were at 85 mph. Later that day, Hurricane Cesar made landfall near Bluefields, in Nicaragua while it still had its highest winds. Cesar weakened into a tropical storm over Central America. But it did survive crossing Central America. 
Late on July 28, Cesar reached the Pacific Ocean and was renamed Tropical Storm Douglas. By the next day, Tropical Storm Douglas became a hurricane. Later, on August 1, Hurricane Douglas reached its highest wind, which were at 130 mph. Douglas started getting weaker because of cooler waters. On August 5, Hurricane Douglas died.
Retirement.
The name "Cesar" was retired and the name "Douglas" was not retired. In 2002 and 2008 the name Cristobal was used instead, it was not retired. For the Pacific, the name "Douglas" used in 2002 and 2008, it still wasn't retired.

= = = Georg Solti = = =
Sir Georg Solti (pronounce: “George Shollti”), (born Budapest, 21 October 1912; died Antibes, France, 5 September 1997) was a Hungarian conductor who later became a naturalized British citizen.
Early career.
Solti was born "György Stern" in Budapest to a Jewish family. His father changed his name from "György" to "Georg" and changed his family name to "Solti". This was so that his name did not look Jewish, because there was a lot of antisemitism in Europe.
He learned the piano but, when he was 14, he heard Erich Kleiber conduct Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 and he immediately wanted to be a conductor. He studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, under Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Leo Weiner and Ernst von Dohnanyi. By 1935 he was becoming known as a conductor. He conducted "The Marriage of Figaro" at the Budapest Opera in 1938. It was the first time he had conducted there, and it was also to be the last time. That very day, Hitler annexed Austria. Life became dangerous for Jews in Hungary. In 1939, he moved to Switzerland, where he continued a career as a pianist and won the Geneva International Piano Competition, but he did not have many chances to conduct there. His father became ill and died, so he never saw him again.
After World War II Solti became music director of the Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich (where he gave the first performance in Germany of Paul Hindemith's opera "Mathis der Maler", which had been banned when the Nazis were in power. He conducted the Frankfurt Opera where he gave the first performance in Germany of Alban Berg's "Lulu". In 1951 he performed at the Salzburg Festival conducting Mozart's "Idomeneo".
Mid career.
Solti often conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and it was arranged that he would be their main conductor (music director) from 1962. However, Solti changed his mind because they appointed Zubin Mehta as assistant conductor without telling Solti. Mehta became musical director instead.
In 1961 Solti became music director at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and stayed there until 1971. He was a great conductor, but made the musicians work very hard. With his bald head he got the nickname "The Screaming Skull". He spent much of his time in Britain and the United States.
His first marriage ended in divorce. His second marriage was to Valerie Pitts, a British television presenter whom he met when she was sent to interview him. They had two daughters, Gabrielle and Claudia. He was given an honorary Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1971. The next year he became a British citizen, and was then known as Sir Georg Solti.
Solti helped many young musicians, training them in workshops and giving them opportunities to perform.
Later career.
Solti was music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) from 1969 until 1991, when he was given the title of Music Director Laureate, the only CSO conductor to be given that title. He made them into a world class orchestra and took them on tours to other countries. He gave 999 performances with the CSO. He died before his 1,000th performance. A square near the Symphony Center in Chicago was called "Sir Georg Solti Place" in his memory.
Solti also had other jobs. He was music director of the Orchestre de Paris from 1972 until 1975. From 1979 until 1983 he was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. During this time with the London Philharmonic he performed and recorded many works by Elgar including the two symphonies, the Violin Concerto with Kyung Wha Chung and the Cello Concerto with Julian Lloyd Webber. In 1983 he conducted Wagner's Ring Cycle at Bayreuth for the only time. For the 50th anniversary of the United Nations, Solti formed the World Orchestra for Peace, which consisted of musicians from 47 orchestras around the world.
Solti worked with Dudley Moore on a 1991 television series, "Orchestra!", which was made to explain to people all about the orchestra.
Solti never retired. He had many plans for concerts and recordings when he suddenly died of a heart attack on 5 September 1997 in Antibes, France He was given a state funeral, and was buried next to Bartók who had been his teacher and had helped him a lot. Solti’s widow and daughters began the Solti Foundation to help young musicians.

= = = Leopold Stokowski = = =
Leopold Anthony Stokowski, (born near London, 18 April 1882; died 31 October 2007) was a famous orchestral conductor. He conducted many of America's greatest orchestras. Many people will recognize him from Disney’s film "Fantasia" in which he conducts the orchestra and is seen shaking hands with Mickey Mouse. Stokowski had a long conducting career which started in 1909. He appeared in public for the last time in 2005 but continued making recordings until September 2007, a few months before his death at the age of 125.

= = = Kenzaburō Ōe = = =
Kenzaburō Ōe (born January 31, 1935 in Ehime; died March 3, 2023 aged 88) was a Japanese writer and peace activist. He was the winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature.

= = = Get Heavy = = =
Get Heavy is the first album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.

= = = The Monsterican Dream = = =
The Monsterican Dream is an album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.

= = = The Monster Show = = =
The Monster Show is an album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.

= = = The Arockalypse = = =
The Arockalypse is an album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.

= = = Deadache = = =
Deadache is an album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.

= = = Yuji Miyahara = = =
Yuji Miyahara (born 19 July 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
189||6||16||2||5||0||210||8
189||6||16||2||5||0||210||8

= = = Lee Dong-gook = = =
Lee Dong-Gook (born 29 April 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics.
187||73||9||4||32||13||228||90
7||0||||||||||7||0
23||0||4||1||2||1||29||2
217||73||13||5||34||14||264||92
International career statistics.
!Total||71||20

= = = Yuhei Tokunaga = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tokunaga was born in Unzen on September 25, 1983. When he played for Waseda University, he also played for J1 League club FC Tokyo in 2003 and 2004. FC Tokyo won the champions in 2004 J.League Cup first major title in the club history. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined FC Tokyo in 2006. He became a regular player as right side back as Akira Kaji successor soon and played many matches every season for a long time. Although his original position is right side back, he also played as many defensive position. FC Tokyo won the champions in 2009 J.League Cup. In 2010, he played many matches as defensive midfielder instead Takuji Yonemoto, who was injured. However FC Tokyo finished at the 16th place of 18 clubs in 2010 season and was relegated to J2 League. In 2011, he returned to right side back and FC Tokyo won the champions and was returned to J1 in a year. FC Tokyo also won the champions in 2011 Emperor's Cup. He played as regular right side back until 2017. In 2018, he moved to his local club V-Varen Nagasaki which newly was promoted to J1 from 2018. He played many matches as right back of three backs defense. However V-Varen finished at the bottom place in 2018 season and was relegated to J2 in a year. He retired end of the 2020 season.
In November 2003, Tokunaga was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2003 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played full-time in all 5 matches as right side midfielder. Tokunaga was part of the Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. He played 2 matches as right side midfielder and right side back.
On October 8, 2009, Tokunaga debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong at 2011 Asian Cup qualification under manager Takeshi Okada. He played many matches as right side back while battling with Atsuto Uchida for the position until early 2010. However he was not select for 2010 World Cup.
In July 2012, Tokunaga was selected Japan U-23 national team as over aged player for 2012 Summer Olympics. He played 5 matches as left side back and Japan reached the semi-finals where they lost to eventual gold medalists, Mexico, and then lost the bronze medal play-off match to South Korea. In July 2013, Tokunaga was selected Japan under manager Alberto Zaccheroni for 2013 East Asian Cup for the first time in 3 years. At the tournament, he played 2 matches as left side back and Japan won the champions. This tournament is his last game for Japan. He played 9 games for Japan until 2013.
Statistics.
464||9||35||0||71||1||14||1||1||0||584||11
464||9||35||0||71||1||14||1||1||0||584||11
!Total||9||0

= = = Communist Party of the Soviet Union = = =
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union, and the only legal one. The leaders of the party were Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Lavrentiy Beria, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko, and finally Mikhail Gorbachev.
Before the creation of the Russian Communist Party in 1918, its members were part of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. They made up a group within that party, which was called the Bolsheviks. The first leader of the CPSU was Vladimir Lenin. The first General Secretary of the party was Stalin from 1922–52. The party led the 1917 October Revolution that overthrew the Russian Provisional Government during World War I. From 1918–25, the name of the party was Russian Communist Party. From 1925–52, the name was All-Union Communist Party. The Party took the name Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1952.
The Communist Party controlled all the government in the Soviet Union. The party supported communist movements in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. In 1990, during a big reform called "perestroika", or "restructuring", the party lost its position as the only party allowed. The CPSU was dissolved in 1991, and continued as the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The new CPRF has sometimes been the largest in the Russian parliament, the State Duma.

= = = Toroidal inductors and transformers = = =
Toroidal inductors and transformers are a kind of electronic component. They typically consist of a circular, ring-shaped magnetic centre. The magnet is usually considered a monopole, although the central axis will have a dipole, and have the advantage of being wound continuously in a single direction, thus there is no inductive interference between windings as in a solenoid that is wound back and forth.

= = = V-2 = = =
The V-2 rocket () was the world's first ballistic missile and first human object to fly in space. All modern rockets are based on the V2 design. 
The first successful launch was from Peenemünde on 3 October, 1942, reaching a height of 192 km. The V2 was designed by Nazis to bomb London, Antwerp and other European cities. It travelled at four times the speed of sound so was impossible to shoot down. 
The first V-2 used as a weapon exploded in Paris on 8 September 1944, with a second rocket exploding in London later that day. Over 3,000 V-2s were used by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets in World War II, resulting in the death of about 7,250 military personnel and civilians.
The victors used captured V-2 rockets to start their space and missile programs. In the United States they were helped by the team of German rocket scientists from Peenemünde, led by Wernher von Braun. They had surrendered to the US at the end of the war. 
The first US-assembled V-2, made from parts captured in Germany, was launched from White Sands, New Mexico, in April 1946. There were 66 V-2 rocket flights, the last on October 29, 1951.
Development.
In the late 1920s, a young Wernher von Braun bought a copy of Hermann Oberth's book, "Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen" ("The Rocket into Interplanetary Spaces"). Starting in 1930, he attended the Technical University of Berlin, where he assisted Oberth in liquid-fueled rocket motor tests. In 1933 he went to work for the Army designing and building rockets. The final, biggest rocket was the A-4, later called V-2.
Production.
On 22 Dec. 1942, Hitler signed the order for mass production, when Speer assumed final technical data would be ready by July 1943. However, many issues still remained to be solved even by the autumn of 1943. Around this time, production was shifted to the concentration camp of where an estimated 20,000 prisoners died producing V-1s and V-2s.
Test launch was recovered by Polish resistance on 30 May 1944 and rocket from Blizna was transported to the UK during Operation Most III.

= = = The Guardian Legend = = =
 is a video game made by Compile in 1988. It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System. The player controls a half-person half-robot woman to destroy a large alien moon before it gets to Earth. To do this, the player starts ten devices in the moon. Like "Metroid."
"The Guardian Legend" got mixed reviews from "Electronic Gaming Monthly" and "Nintendo Power". People liked the game for how it looked, sounded, and felt. Other people did not like the game because the play was the same. It also had a very long password. The game was not well known at first, but it is more known now. It is an example of a game where players do different things.
Plot.
In "The Guardian Legend", the player controls the female guardian of Earth, a "robot transformer"; the Japanese version of the game calls her "Miria". The player is to destroy the alien moon Naju before it gets to Earth. The player needs to turn on the moon's self-destruct device and escape the moon before it gets to Earth. Five alien tribes who try to control the moon stand in the way of the player. To help players along, messages left by a person help guide them in finding the safety switches to turn on the self-destruct device. These messages also help players get to some other rooms.
Gameplay.
The player controls the Guardian in human form while walking on Naju's surface, called the "Labyrinth". When in Naju, the Guardian turns into a spaceship in which the player can move around. The Guardian has a life meter that drops when hit by alien attacks. Players can pick up items to help fill the Guardian's life meter again. If the life meter runs out, then the Guardian dies, ending the game. The player can shoot at aliens with different types of weapons by pressing buttons on the gamepad. Players get different and better weapons during play.
Round, colored creatures in the game named "Landers" appear in the game to help players. Landers can help fill the Guardian's life meter and increase the number of times players can fire weapons. Blue Landers may sell weapons to players. They also give out passwords. Passwords let players stop the game and come back to it later.
The player goes through the Labyrinth and find entrances to the Dungeon. The ten safety devices are in the Dungeon. The Labyrinth is made up of many rooms that are as big as the screen. Players can look at a map to see where they are at. This map can be looked at while the game is paused. Players can either walk from one room to another, or they can go to another room through a "warp panel". Some of these warp panels require the right key to go through. Many rooms contain aliens. Other rooms contain clues, shops, passwords, and entrances to the Dungeon.
The Dungeon contains areas in which the Guardian flies through as a spaceship. The Dungeon has many aliens to destroy. At the end of an area in the Dungeon, there is a boss, a very strong alien that must be destroyed. After destroying the boss, the Guardian flies out of the Dungeon and back into the Labyrinth. The player then gets a power-up. The player may also receive a key for a warp panel. Some entrances to the Dungeon are already open. Other entrances need a certain task completed before going in. Clues in the Labyrinth tell players how to get into these entrances.
History.
"The Guardian Legend" was made for the Famicom and came out in 1988 in Japan. It came out for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1989 and in Europe in 1990. The people who created the game were the same who created "Guardic", "Zanac", and "Puyo Puyo".
Reviewers liked the game for its multiple features. Some have compared the game to other Nintendo games like "The Legend of Zelda" and "Metroid". Mike Engler, who made "Retro Game Challenge", said that ""The Guardian Legend" is one of the best games ever released". The game was nominated by "Nintendo Power" magazine in 1989 for "Best Graphics & Sound", "Best Play Control", and "Best Overall" but did not win any of them. Some of the music of the game were remixed.

= = = Vengeance (2006) = = =
Vengeance (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which happened on June 25, 2006 at the Charlotte Bobcats Arena in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the sixth yearly Vengeance event. Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's card. The buildup to the matches and the situations that took place before, during, and after the event were planned by WWE's script writers. The event starred wrestlers from the "Raw" brand: a storyline expansion of the promotion where employees are assigned to a wrestling brand under the WWE banner.
The main event was a 5-on-2 Handicap match, a match consisting of one team of wrestlers facing off against a team of wrestlers with more people such as three against two, or five against two, between D-Generation X (DX) (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) versus the Spirit Squad (Kenny, Johnny, Mitch, Nicky, and Mikey). Triple H and Michaels won the match after pinning Kenny and Mikey, respectively. Two other matches were on the card. In singles matches, John Cena beat Sabu in an Extreme lumberjack match, which featured wrestlers from the "Raw" and "ECW" brands at ringside. The other featured match was for the WWE Championship, in which Rob Van Dam beat Edge to keep his title.
Vengeance made over $400,000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 6,800 and received 320,000 pay-per-view buys, which helped WWE increase its pay-per-view revenue by $21.6 million compared to the year before. When the event was released on DVD, it reached the number one position on "Billboard's" DVD Sales Chart. 
Background.
The event had eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers played either villains or heroes as they followed a series of events, which lead to a wrestling match or series of matches. All wrestlers belonged to the "Raw" brand – a storyline division in which WWE assigned its employees to a different program, the other two being "SmackDown!" and "ECW".
The main event scripted into Vengeance was between D-Generation X (DX) Triple H and Shawn Michaels versus the Spirit Squad (Kenny [Ken Doane], Johnny [Johnny Jeter], Mitch [Nick Mitchell], Nicky [Nick Nemeth], and Mikey [Michael Brendli]) in a 5-on-2 Handicap match consisting of one team of wrestlers facing off against a team of wrestlers with more people such as five against two. The story for the match began after Backlash, "Raw"'s previous pay-per-view event, where The McMahons (Vince and Shane) defeated Michaels and "God" in a tag team match, with help from the Spirit Squad in a no disqualification match, a match where neither wrestler can be disqualified, allowing for weapons and outside interference. For weeks on "Raw", Michaels got revenge on both Vince McMahon and the Spirit Squad, until the May 22 episode of "Raw", where the Spirit Squad were scripted to injure Michaels' left knee. Then, by orders of McMahon, Triple H was to "break Michaels' skull", with a sledgehammer. Triple H failed to do what McMahon ordered and instead attacked the Spirit Squad, thus turning into a hero. Two weeks later, McMahon put Triple H in a gauntlet match, against the Spirit Squad. In the match, Kenny grabbed a steel chair and put it on Triple H's left knee, similar to what the group did to Michaels. Mitch, who was the only member not participating in the match, was thrown out from the backstage curtain by Michaels. Then, Michaels joined Triple H in the ring as they began to beat down the four members of the Spirit Squad. This lead to Michaels and Triple H reforming D-Generation X for the first time since their teased reunion in 2002. That same night, McMahon scheduled the Spirit Squad and D-Generation X in a 5-on-2 handicap tag team match. On the June 19 episode of "Raw", DX marked their return, when the duo humiliated the Spirit Squad as DX dumped green slime onto the group and embarrassed the team afterward, by beating them.
One of the featured matches was between John Cena and Sabu in an Extreme lumberjack match, a standard match with the exception that the ring is surrounded by a group of wrestlers not directly involved in it and competed under hardcore rules. On the television debut of "ECW on Sci Fi" on June 13, a brawl broke out between Rob Van Dam and Edge. Edge, who tried to leave through the "ECW" crowd, was attacked by Cena, because he caused Cena to lose the WWE Championship at ECW's One Night Stand, and Cena wanted revenge against Edge. Following the attack, Cena went to ringside where he knocked ECW Representative Paul Heyman unconscious, after Heyman awarded the win to Van Dam at One Night Stand. Following the attack, Heyman announced that all ECW superstars would be at "Raw" the next week. The next week on "Raw", Heyman appeared alongside ECW superstar, Balls Mahoney, who was booked to wrestle Cena in a match. The match was won by Cena after he made Mahoney submit. After the match, Cena was attacked by ECW wrestler, Sabu, who, in the premiere of "ECW on Sci-Fi" won a 10-man Extreme Battle Royal, (a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until only one is left and declared winner) where the winner would face Cena at Vengeance in a match. Sabu beat up Cena and performed a leg drop on him, diving onto Cena and putting him through the "Raw" announcers' table. The following night on an episode of "ECW on Sci-Fi", Cena went to the "ECW" locker room, where he challenged Sabu to an Extreme lumberjack match, which Sabu accepted.
The other featured match was between WWE Champion Rob Van Dam defending the title against Edge. The story for the match began on the television premiere of "ECW on Sci-Fi", when Van Dam was awarded the ECW World Heavyweight Championship by Paul Heyman, making Van Dam a double champion by holding both the ECW and WWE Championship. Van Dam's celebration was then interrupted by Edge and his girlfriend, Lita. Edge, who was number one contender for the title, told Van Dam that they both had a lot in common, meaning that they were both Money in the Bank winners and successfully became WWE Champions. Edge ended his speech by giving Van Dam some kind words and then attacking him. On the June 19 episode of "Raw", Van Dam attacked Edge, moments after Edge won a match against Ric Flair.

= = = First aid kit = = =
First aid kits are used to perform first aid on injured people.
A first aid kit often contains some or all of the following items:

= = = Sarah Aaronsohn = = =
Sarah Aaronsohn (January 5, 1890 in Zikhron Ya'akov – October 9, 1917 in Zikhron Ya'akov) was a Jewish spy who lived in Palestine.
She was a member of Nili (a ring of spies that worked for the British during World War I). She is sometimes called "the heroine of Nili".
After seeing thousands of Armenians being killed and tortured while she was traveling from Istanbul to Haifa, anything that reminded her of Armenians would lead her into a fit of hysteria. She started up Nili with her two brothers and a friend to help the British during World War I.
In September 1917 the Ottomans caught one of her carrier pigeons which they then worked out (decrypted) and found out where she was. After arresting lots of people, the Ottomans tortured Sarah Aaronsohn for four days before she managed to find a gun to shoot herself with. In her last written letter she said that she hopes her activities with Nili would help bring the Jews a home country.

= = = Frank Abbandando = = =
Frank Abbandando (July 11, 1910 – February 19, 1942), nicknamed "The Dasher", was an American contract killer (someone who murders for money) for a notorious gang called Murder, Inc.
He born in Brooklyn, New York City to an Italian family. He was found guilty of murder after several of the Murder, Inc. bosses were arrested. He was sentenced to death in 1941 and executed by electric chair in 1942 in Sing Sing, Ossining, New York.

= = = Zombilation – The Greatest Cuts = = =
Zombilation – The Greatest Cuts is an album from the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi.
Track listing.
Limited edition bonus-DVD.
Bonus material:
Music videos:

= = = Firmin Abauzit = = =
Firmin Abauzit (1679 – 1767) was a French scientist who is well known because he read and corrected Issac Newtons work on gravity.
King of England William III asked Abauzit if he would like to stay in England, but he declined and returned to Geneva, where he took a role as librarian. He lived in Geneva for the next 40 years until his death at age 87 in 1767.

= = = Wyrzysk = = =
Wyrzysk (former German "Wirsitz") is a town in Poland with 5,263 (2004) inhabitants. It is in Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship.
Commune Wyrzysk has a population of about 14,500 and an area of . It is on the northern edge of Greater Poland Voivodeship. On the east border is commune Sądki in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.

= = = Prussian House of Lords = = =
The Prussian House of Lords () was the first chamber of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Prussia between 1850 and 1918. The second chamber was the Prussian House of Representatives ("Preußisches Haus der Abgeordneten", also called the "Abgeordnetenhaus").
The House of Lords was created on 31 January 1850. Its seat was on Leipziger Straße in Berlin at a building rebuilt by the architect Friedrich Schulze in 1904.
A member of the House of Lords was known as a "pair", or officially as a "member of the Prussian House of Lords" ("Mitglieder des preußischen Herrenhauses", or MdH). 
The House consisted of hereditary peers, life peers appointed by the King of Prussia, peers by virtue of position, representatives of cities and universities, etc. The majority of members were nobles, although the House also had commoners as members, especially among the representatives of cities and universities.

= = = Anime convention = = =
An anime convention is an event where people who like anime and things that are Japanese come together. Most conventions take all weekend, and many of the people dress up like characters from anime and video games and go to many different kinds of events during the convention.
Activities.
People who go to anime conventions do a lot of different things. Many of them dress up in costumes, play video games, sing in karaoke, and watch various anime that yet to be widely released. 
A "dealer's room" is also often popular, and it usually has many people selling unique items related to anime, Japan, or video games. A similar room, called the "artist's alley", is also often available for local and beginning artists to promote themselves and sell their items as well. 
Conventions also have talks about anime, video rooms, and places to meet artists.
Guests.
Most conventions bring famous people to the convention who are called guests. The people who are at the convention can talk to these guests, get autographs, and sometimes take pictures.

= = = Spiekeroog = = =
Spiekeroog is one of the East Frisian Islands, off the North Sea coast of Germany. It is between Langeoog to its west and Wangerooge to its east. The island belongs to the municipality of the district of Wittmund, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The only village on the island is also called Spiekeroog.
Spiekeroog covers an area of , the shortest distance to the land is . The island is - with the exception of fire and rescue vehicles - free of cars. A daily ferry service with the harbour of Neuharlingersiel connects the island with the German mainland.

= = = Abram = = =
Abram may refer to:

= = = Eshtehard = = =
Eshtehard () is a city in Alborz Province in Iran.
It is about from the capital Tehran. Its population is about 30,000. Eshtehard is a part of Karaj County.

= = = Bebo = = =
Bebo was a social networking website. Bebo stands for "Blog early, blog often". It started in January 2005 but was closed in 2022. It was mostly used by teenagers. It used to be one of the main social networking sites on the Internet.
About.
Bebo had many features that were available for its users, such as Gmail, Yahoo! Mail and AOL Mail, and media recommendations with these functions the individual had more choices for searching information on one website.
The platform “Lifestream” automatically let the user see updates from their friends and family, all profiles from Facebook, Myspace, YouTube, Flickr, Twitter were synced together. Which was a convenient tool to get instant updates, which included being able to share: photos, videos, stories, records, and scheduled appointments.
Bebo.com was available on a mobile device, which the user could log into their account to find out what new material has been posted by their friends and family. They could receive SMS updates and alerts, update their Bebo profile, add photos to their gallery, send virtual gifts and access exclusive mobile content.
References.
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= = = Hurricane Andres (2009) = = =
Hurricane Andres was the first named storm and hurricane of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season. Andres rapidly weakened on the morning of June 24 to a tropical storm. It again weakened to a tropical depression on the afternoon of June 24. Then it began to dissipate.

= = = Sarah Sutton = = =
Sarah Sutton (born 12 December 1961 in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) is an English actress. She is well known for her role as Nyssa in the BBC television series "Doctor Who". Nyssa was a companion of Tom Baker and Peter Davison's Doctors from 1981 to 1983. She was the youngest female actor to play a companion in the series.
Since leaving "Doctor Who" she has done very little acting. She has made appearances as Sarah Dryden in the BBC's medical drama series "Casualty" and as Wendy in the serial "Unnatural Pursuits". Earlier roles were "Alice Through the Looking Glass" (1974) as Alice, "The Moon Stallion" (1978) as Diana Purwell and "The Crucible" (1980) as Susannah Walcott.

= = = Chuck Lorre = = =
Chuck Lorre (born Charles Michael Levine; October 18, 1952) is an American television writer, director, producer and composer. He was born in Bethpage, Long Island, New York. He has worked on many American sitcoms, including "Grace Under Fire", "Dharma & Greg", "Two and a Half Men", "The Big Bang Theory" and "Mike & Molly".

= = = Technical University of Berlin = = =
The Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin, German: Technische Universität Berlin) is located in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in 1879 and is one of the largest technical universities in Germany. It has the highest proportion of foreign students out of universities in Germany. The university alumni and professor list include eight Nobel Prize winners.

= = = Leeds Rhinos = = =
Leeds Rhinos (used to be Leeds RLFC) are a Rugby League team in Leeds, West Yorkshire. They play in Super League and last won it in 2017
History.
The Rugby Union club, Leeds St John's formed in 1870, however in 1895, when many teams broke off to form Rugby League, the club also switched codes. The club played as Leeds RLFC until 1995, when they changed their name to 'Leeds Rhinos'. This was done to mark the start of the Super League. Many other clubs made similar name changes. Leeds Rhinos have won the Super League in 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015.
Stadium.
Leeds Rhinos play at the Headingley Carnegie Stadium, which has both Rugby and Cricket grounds. The rugby stadium has a capacity of 22,500. The stadium is located in the Headingley district of the city and is near both Headingley and Burley Park railway stations.
Mascot.
The club mascot is Ronnie the Rhino, who was introduced when the club changed names. As well as making appearances at the stadium on match days, Ronnie also travels around schools in Leeds promoting sport and healthy living. Ronnie has been popular with children who attend games, emphasizing the club's intention to cater for families.

= = = Screwdriver = = =
A screwdriver is a tool used to turn (or "drive") screws into something. It has an axial shaft with a tip of a certain shape that fits into the head of a screw. On the other end of the screwdriver is a cylindrical handle to be held by a person's hand. As the handle is rotated, it creates a torque that turns the tip via the screwdriver's shaft. There are many different sizes and kinds of screwdrivers. A screwdriver is usually identified by the shape of its tip. The tip is shaped in a certain way to match the groove cut into the head of a screw. A screwdriver is, therefore, a mechanism to apply torque to a screw and turn it in tight spaces.
Drive and blade types.
Screwdrivers come in a large variety of shapes and sizes to match those of screws. If a screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw is used, it is likely that the screw will be damaged in the process of tightening it. Many screwdriver designs have a handle that can be used with different tips. The shaft and the tip can be removed from the handle, and a different one can be attached instead. The shaft and the tip are together called a "bit" (as with a drill bit). This allows a set of one handle and several heads to be used for a variety of screw sizes and types.
Powered screwdriving.
Most screwdrivers are operated manually, but there are some that use an electric or other motor to rotate the bit. They are used to drive screws quickly into various materials. There are different types of driver bits that let a drill drive different types of screws. The bit can be removed and swapped with another bit of a different shape. Many types of drills are able to be used as power screwdrivers. The best have a control over how much torque force is used, which allows the screws to be tightened to a specific level.

= = = ETH Zurich = = =
ETH Zurich () or Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich is a science and technology university in Zurich, Switzerland. Locals sometimes refer to it by the name "Poly", derived from the original name "Eidgenössisches Polytechnikum" or "Federal Polytechnic Institute".
ETH is ranked among the top universities in the world. It is a founding member of the IDEA League and the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU).

= = = Peenemünde = = =
Peenemünde () is a village in the northeast of the German (Western) part of Usedom island. It is near the mouth of the Peene river, on the easternmost part of the German Baltic coast. The town became well known because of the V-2 development by Wernher von Braun.

= = = Hollyfield School = = =
Hollyfield is a school is Surbiton, London, England. It is a school that teaches classes about technology. It has three houses. Ofsted rate it as 'good'.

= = = Alice in Wonderland (1951 movie) = = =
Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated movie produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1865 story "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll. It is the thirteenth Disney animated classic and includes the voices of Kathryn Beaumont (who also voiced Wendy Darling in the 1953 Disney movie "Peter Pan") as Alice, and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter. Alice in Wonderland was the first Disney animated movie to have ending credits.
The story.
A little girl named Alice is bored from her history lesson given by her sister. She, along with her kitten, Dinah, sneaks away and dream a world full of nonsense. However, Alice sees an unusual White Rabbit, who was holding large golden pocket watch and running off in a hurry. Curious to know where the Rabbit is going, Alice decides to follow him down the rabbit hole, where her adventures in Wonderland begin. Changing sizes from big to small, meeting bizarre people, like the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, the Cheshire Cat and the Caterpillar, Alice is tired from her adventures in Wonderland and wishes to go home.

= = = Cable modem = = =
A cable modem is a modem that can be used to deliver (usually digital) data over Cable television infrastructure. Most of the time, cable modems are used to get access to the internet using the cable television network. To do this, cable modems use some channels of the Cable TV network. A cable modem usually translates the signals it receives from Ethernet or USB into Radio frequency channels. With Voice over IP (VoIP) technology, most cable modems can now also provide telephone lines. 
In terms of network technology, a cable modem is a network bridge. It operates at layer 2 of the OSI model.

= = = Nobuhiro Ishizaki = = =
Nobuhiro Ishizaki (born 14 March 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Toshiba.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Frank de Boer = = =
Frank de Boer (born 15 May 1970) is a Dutch football manager and former soccer player. He played for Netherlands national team.
Career statistics.
International.
Appearances by national team and year
International goals
"(Source)"
Honours.
Player.
Ajax
Barcelona
Al Rayyan
Netherlands
Individual
Manager.
Ajax
Atlanta United
Individual

= = = Ronald de Boer = = =
Ronald de Boer (born 15 May 1970) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.
Honours.
Ajax
Barcelona
Rangers
Al Rayyan
Individual

= = = Ichi the Killer = = =
Ichi the Killer is a Japanese movie by Takashi Miike. It was based on the manga by Hideo Yamamoto.
Plot.
"Ichi the Killer" is a Japanese movie about a man named Kakihara who is part of a Japanese gang. He enjoys giving and receiving pain. When his gang boss goes missing, Kakihara is angry because he thinks nobody else will be able to give him as much pain and pleasure as his boss did. It turns out Kakihara's boss was murdered by a violent killer called Ichi (Japanese for the number one). 300 million yen was stolen by the group that arrived to clean the mess up. Kakihara has convinced himself that his boss is alive and tortures a member of a rival gang for information. The man turns out to be innocent and Kakihara is kicked out of his gang.
Kakihara hears about Ichi and becomes excited at the idea of somebody who can inflict more pain on him than his boss ever could. Kakihara becomes obsessed with finding Ichi.
He finally meets Ichi at the end of the movie. He is surprised and disgusted that Ichi is not the evil, cold man he imagined. He is a weak and scared teenager that only kills when he becomes upset about something. Ichi fails to kill Kakihara and lies on the floor crying. Kakihara realises Ichi cannot hurt him the way he wanted and tries to commit suicide by sticking pins in his ears. He loses his hearing and looks up to find Ichi jumping at him. Ichi knocks him off the edge of the building and Kakihara falls to his death. When we see Kakihara's body, he is apparently unharmed by Ichi's attacks. It is suggested that Kakihara imagined the attack as a result of poking his brain with the needles and fell off the building.

= = = Wallisian = = =
Wallisian language is a Polynesian language spoken in Wallis and Futuna. it is also named Uvea. It local name is Fakaʻuvea. Nine thousand peoples speak it in Uvea Island.

= = = Google Chrome OS = = =
Chrome OS is a project by Google to develop a light computer operating system. It is devoted to using the World Wide Web. The operating system was announced on July 7, 2009, and it is based on Google's Chrome web browser as it visually similar, and the Linux kernel. When first released, it was targeted at netbooks but has also been present on laptop computers (known as "Chromebooks"). It was released to technology journalists in December 2010 after being delayed. It runs on systems with either x86 or ARM processors.
Google had stated before release that the Google Chrome OS project will be open source by the end of 2009. Although it is based on the Linux kernel, it will use "a new windowing system" (a way to display applications on a computer screen).
Upon release, some technology journalists were unsure on what it could do that a Microsoft Windows PC with the Google Chrome browser installed could not.
The Chrome OS has now been the default for previously mentioned Chromebooks and very few other Laptops from other brands than Google, these are all labeled as Chromebooks, the only difference being the Hardware

= = = Skew lines = = =
Skew lines are straight lines that are neither parallel nor intersecting. Skew lines cannot be in the same plane. This means they exist only in at least three-dimensional geometry.

= = = Saudi riyal = = =
The riyal is the official money used in Saudi Arabia. A shorter name for it is SR (). The riyal is divided into 100 halala ().
The riyal has been Saudi Arabia's money since Saudi Arabia became a country. It was the currency of Hejaz before Saudi Arabia was a country.
There are 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 halala coins; and 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 riyal banknotes.
Exchange rate.
The riyal is fixed to be the same as 0.266667 United States dollars.

= = = Pathology = = =
Pathology is the study and medical diagnosis of disease, especially after death. A person who does this work is called a pathologist. Techniques include dissection, microscopic examination of tissues and chemical analysis of fluids. A pathologist may perform an autopsy, to discover the cause of death. 
Pathology is a science that concerns with finding the cause (etiology) or presence of a disease by careful examination of a tissue or sample of any component of the body by scrutinizing it.
Pathologists often work with biochemists in hospital laboratories.

= = = Cardiology = = =
Cardiology (from Greek , "kardiā", "heart"; and , "-logia") is a medical field that deals with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Physicians in this field are called cardiologists. Cardiologists are different from cardiac surgeons who do cardiac surgery.

= = = Annual Tree Mallow = = =
Annual Tree Mallow is a flowering plant. The genus "Lavatera" includes annual and perennials.

= = = Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence = = =
Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, (November 29, 1338 — October 7, 1368), born in Antwerp, was the third son of Edward III. When he was only a child he was married to Elizabeth de Burgh (d.1363), daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d.1332). The ceremony took place on August 15, 1342, at the Tower of London. He became properly married to her in 1352, when he was aged 14, and took over all her lands in Ireland. The famous English poet, Geoffrey Chaucer, was a page to Elizabeth.
He was Edward III's representative in England and in 1355 he was made the Earl of Ulster. He went to Dublin in 1361 to be the Chief Governor of Ireland. His father made him Duke of Clarence in 1362, and tried to have him made King of Scotland. Lionel and the government in Dublin were concerned about how the English settlers in Ireland were slowly become Irish. He brought in laws, the Statute of Kilkenny, in 1366, which made it against the law:
Lionel found it difficult to get control over Ireland and went back to England in 1367.
After the death of Elizabeth, Lionel married Violante, the daughter of Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Pavia (d.1378), in Milan during June 1368. While travelling around Italy, Lionel became sick and died at Alba on October 7, 1368. He was buried at the Clare Priory, Suffolk, England.
His daughter, Philippa Plantagenet, married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1351-1381), in 1368. This made Lionel an ancestor of Edward IV.

= = = Ottmar Hitzfeld = = =
Ottmar Hitzfeld (born 12 January 1949) is a former German football player and football manager.

= = = Ikuo Matsumoto = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Matsumoto was born in Utsunomiya on November 3, 1941. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Toyo Industries in 1964. In 1965, Toyo Industries joined new league Japan Soccer League. The club won league champions in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1970. The club also won 1965, 1967 and 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1973. He played 88 games and scored 31 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1966.
In December 1966, Matsumoto was selected the Japan national team for 1966 Asian Games. At this competition, on December 10, he debuted against India. In 1968, he was selected Japan for 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. He played 4 matches and Japan won Bronze Medal. In 2018, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He played 11 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1969.
After retirement, Matsumoto became a manager for Toyo Industries as Kenzo Ohashi successor in 1976. He also named a manager for Japan U-20 national team. He managed at 1979 World Youth Championship in Japan. In April 1999, he signed with J2 League club Kawasaki Frontale. He led the club to won the champions and promoted to J1 League. In 2004, he signed with Sagan Tosu and managed in 3 seasons. In 2009, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. In 2010, he became a manager for Sagan Tosu again. In September 2013, when he was 71 years old, he signed with his local club, Tochigi SC. He became the first manager for the 70s in J.League.
Statistics.
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= = = Ligue 2 = = =
Ligue 2 is a football league which is second division in France.

= = = Betinho (footballer, born 1966) = = =
Gilberto Carlos Nascimento (born 14 June 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics.
116||23||||||||||116||23
164||87||14||8||23||5||201||100
280||110||14||8||23||5||317||123
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Hideki Nagai = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.
Club career statistics.
292||47||22||6||54||13||1||0||369||66
292||47||22||6||54||13||1||0||369||66

= = = Cross-platform interchange = = =
A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines in a railway system.

= = = Northern line = = =
The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, colored black on the Tube map. It carries more passengers than any other Underground line; 206,734,000 a year.
For most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. The portion between and opened in 1890 and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the Underground network. There were about 252 million passenger journeys recorded in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it the second-busiest on the Underground. (It was the busiest from 2003 to 2010.) It is unique in having two different routes through central London. Despite its name, it does not serve the northern-most stations on the network, though it does serve the southern-most station, Morden, as well as 16 of the system's 29 stations south of the River Thames. There are 50 stations in total on the line, of which 36 have platforms below ground.
The line has a complicated history, and the current complex arrangement of two main northern branches, two central branches and the southern route reflects its genesis as three separate railways, combined in the 1920s and 1930s. An extension in the 1920s used a route originally planned by a fourth company. Abandoned plans from the 1920s to extend the line further southwards, and then northwards in the 1930s, would have incorporated parts of the routes of two further companies. From the 1930s to the 1970s, the tracks of a seventh company were also managed as a branch of the Northern line. An extension from Kennington to Battersea is currently under construction, which may either give the Northern line a second southern branch or may see it split into separate distinct lines with their own identities. It is coloured black on the current Tube map.
History.
Early History.
The City and South London Railway (C&SLR) was the first deep-level underground "tube" railway in the world, and the first major railway to use electric traction. The railway was originally intended for cable-hauled trains, but owing to the bankruptcy of the cable contractor during construction, a system of electric traction using electric locomotives—an experimental technology at the time—was chosen instead. Given the small dimension of the tunnels as well as the difficulty of providing sufficient ventilation, steam power, as used on London's other underground railways, was not feasible for a deep tube railway. Like Greathead's earlier Tower Subway, the CL&SS was intended to be operated by cable haulage with a static engine pulling the cable through the tunnels at a steady speed. Section 5 of the 1884 Act specified that:
The Patent Cable Tramway Corporation owned the rights to the Hallidie cable-car system first invented and used in San Francisco in 1873; trains were attached to the cable with clamps, which would be opened and closed at stations, allowing the carriages to disconnect and reconnect without needing to stop the cable or to interfere with other trains sharing the cable. There were to be two independent endless cables, one between City station and Elephant and Castle moving at 10 mph, and the other between Elephant and Castle and Stockwell, where the gradient was less, at 12 mph. However, the additional length of tunnel permitted by the supplementary acts challenged the practicality of the cable system.
It is reported that this problem with the CL&SS contributed to the bankruptcy of the cable company in 1888. However, electric motor traction had been considered all along, and much engineering progress had been made since the tunnel's construction had begun in 1886. So, CL&SS chairman Charles Grey Mott decided to switch to electric traction. Other cable-operated systems using the Hallidie patents continued to be designed, such as the Glasgow Subway which opened in 1896.
The solution adopted was electrical power, provided via a third rail beneath the train, but offset to the west of center for clearance reasons. Although the use of electricity to power trains had been experimented with during the previous decade, and small-scale operations had been implemented, the C&SLR was the first major railway in the world to adopt it as a means of motive power. The system operated using electric locomotives built by Mather & Platt collecting a voltage of 500 volts (actually +500 volts in the northbound tunnel and −500 volts in the southbound) from the third rail and pulling several carriages. A depot and generating station were constructed at Stockwell. Owing to the limited capacity of the generators, the stations were originally illuminated by gas. The depot was on the surface, and trains requiring maintenance were initially hauled up via a ramp although, following a runaway accident, a lift was soon installed. In practice, most rolling stock and locomotives went to the surface only for major maintenance.
To avoid the need to purchase agreements for running under surface buildings, the tunnels were bored below roadways, where construction could be carried out without charge. At the northern end of the railway, the need to pass deep beneath the bed of the River Thames and the medieval street pattern of the City of London constrained the arrangement of the tunnels on the approach to King William Street station. Because of the proximity of the station to the river, steeply inclined tunnels were required to the west of the station. Because of the narrow street under which they ran, they were bored one above the other rather than side by side as elsewhere. The outbound tunnel was the lower and steeper of the two. The tunnels converged immediately before the station, which was in one large tunnel and comprised a single track with a platform on each side. The other terminus at Stockwell was also constructed in a single tunnel but with tracks on each side of a central platform.
When opened in 1890, the line had six stations and ran for in a pair of tunnels between the City of London and Stockwell, passing under the River Thames:
The original service was operated by trains composed of an engine and three carriages. Thirty-two passengers could be accommodated in each carriage, which had longitudinal bench seating and sliding doors at the ends, leading onto a platform for boarding and alighting. It was reasoned that there was nothing to look at in the tunnels, so the only windows were in a narrow band high up in the carriage sides. Gate-men rode on the carriage platforms to operate the lattice gates and announce the station names to the passengers. Because of their claustrophobic interiors, the carriages soon became known as "padded cells". These trains were however, preserved in London Transport Museum as the first static exhibit to the metro train.
The diameter of the tunnels restricted the size of the trains, and the small carriages with their high-backed seating were nicknamed "padded cells". The railway was extended several times north and south, eventually serving 22 stations over a distance of from Camden Town in north London to Morden in Surrey.
Although the C&SLR was well used, low ticket prices and the construction cost of the extensions placed a strain on the company's finances. In 1913, the C&SLR became part of the Underground Group of railways and, in the 1920s, it underwent major reconstruction works before its merger with another of the Group's railways, the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway, forming a single London Underground line called the Morden-Edgware line. In 1933, the C&SLR and the rest of the Underground Group was taken into public ownership. Today, its tunnels and stations form the Bank Branch of the Northern line from Camden Town to Kennington and the southern leg of the line from Kennington to Morden.
The CCE&HR (commonly known as the "Hampstead Tube") was opened in 1907 and ran from Charing Cross (known for many years as Strand) via Euston and Camden Town (where there was a junction) to Golders Green and Highgate (now known as Archway). It was extended south by one stop to Embankment in 1914 to form an interchange with the Bakerloo and District lines. In 1913 the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), owner of the CCE&HR, took over the C&SLR, although they remained separate companies.
During the early 1920s, a series of works was carried out to connect the C&SLR and CCE&HR tunnels to enable an integrated service to be operated. The first of these new tunnels, between the C&SLR's Euston station and the CCE&HR's station at Camden Town, had originally been planned in 1912 but had been delayed by World War I. The second connection linked the CCE&HR's Embankment and C&SLR's Kennington stations and provided a new intermediate station at Waterloo to connect to the main line station there and the Bakerloo line. The smaller-diameter tunnels of the C&SLR were expanded to match the standard diameter of the CCE&HR and the other deep tube lines.
Extensions.
In conjunction with the works to integrate the two lines, two major extensions were undertaken: northwards to Edgware in Middlesex (now in the London Borough of Barnet) and southwards to Morden in Surrey (then in the Merton and Morden Urban District, but now in the London Borough of Merton).
The Edgware extension used plans dating back to 1901 for the Edgware and Hampstead Railway (E&HR) which the UERL had taken over in 1912. It extended the CCE&HR line from its terminus at Golders Green to Edgware in two stages: to Hendon Central in 1923 and to Edgware in 1924. The line crossed open countryside and ran on the surface, apart from a short tunnel north of Hendon Central. Five new stations were built to pavilion-style designs by Stanley Heaps, head of the Underground's Architects Office, stimulating the rapid northward expansion of suburban developments in the following years.
The engineering of the Morden extension of the C&SLR from Clapham Common to Morden was more demanding, running in tunnels to a point just north of Morden station, which was constructed in a cutting. The line then runs under the wide station forecourt and public road outside the station, to the depot. The extension was initially planned to continue to Sutton over part of the route for the unbuilt Wimbledon and Sutton Railway, in which the UERL held a stake, but agreements were made with the Southern Railway to end the extension at Morden. The Southern Railway later built the surface line from Wimbledon to Sutton, via South Merton and St. Helier. The tube extension opened in 1926, with seven new stations, all designed by Charles Holden in a modern style. Originally, Stanley Heaps was to design the stations, but after seeing these designs Frank Pick, Assistant Joint Manager of the UERL, decided Holden should take over the project. With the exception of Morden and Clapham South, where more land was available, the new stations were built on confined corner sites at main road junctions in areas that had been already developed. Holden made good use of this limited space and designed impressive buildings. The street-level structures are of white Portland stone with tall double-height ticket halls, with the famous London Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels in large glazed screens. The stone columns framing the glass screens are surmounted by a capital formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel. The large expanses of glass above the entrances ensure that the ticket halls are bright and, lit from within at night, welcoming. The first and last new stations on the extension, Clapham South and Morden, include a parade of shops and were designed with structures capable of being built above (like many of the earlier central London stations). Clapham South was extended upwards soon after its construction with a block of apartments; Morden was extended upwards in the 1960s with a block of offices. All the stations on the extension, except Morden itself, are Grade II listed buildings.
The resulting line became known as the "Morden–Edgware line", although a number of alternative names were also mooted in the fashion of the contraction of Baker Street & Waterloo Railway to "Bakerloo", such as "Edgmor", "Mordenware", "Medgway" and "Edgmorden". With Egyptology very much in fashion after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, there was also a proposal to call the line the Tootancamden Line as it passed through both Tooting and Camden. It was eventually named the "Northern line" from 28 August 1937, reflecting the planned addition of the Northern Heights lines.
After the UERL and the Metropolitan Railway (MR) were brought under public control in the form of the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) in 1933, the MR's subsidiary, the Great Northern & City Railway, which ran from Moorgate to Finsbury Park, became part of the Underground as the Northern City Line. In preparation for the Northern Heights Plan, it was operated as part of the Northern line, although it was never connected to it.
The Northern Heights.
In June 1935, the LPTB announced the New Works Programme, an ambitious plan to expand the Underground network which included the integration of a complex of existing London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) lines north of Highgate through the Northern Heights. These lines, built in the 1860s and 1870s by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway (EH&LR) and its successors, ran from Finsbury Park to Edgware via Highgate, with branches to Alexandra Palace and High Barnet. The line taken over would be extended beyond Edgware to Brockley Hill, Elstree South and Bushey Heath with a new depot at Aldenham. The extension's route was that planned for the unbuilt Watford and Edgware Railway (W&ER), using rights obtained from the earlier purchase of the W&ER (which had long intended an extension of the EH&LR Edgware route towards Watford). This also provided the potential for further extension in the future; Bushey's town planners reserved space in Bushey village for a future station and Bushey Heath station's design was revised several times to ensure this option would remain available in the future.
The project involved electrification of the surface lines (operated by steam trains at the time), the doubling of the original single-line section between Finchley Central and the proposed junction with the Edgware branch of the Northern line, and the construction of three new linking sections of track: a connection between Northern City Line and Finsbury Park station on the surface; an extension from Archway to the LNER line near East Finchley via new deep-level platforms below Highgate station; and a short diversion from just before the LNER's Edgware station to the Underground's station of the same name.
The peak-hour service pattern was to be 21 trains an hour each way on the High Barnet branch north of Camden Town, 14 of them via the Charing Cross branch and seven via the Bank branch. 14 would have continued on beyond Finchley Central, seven each on the High Barnet and Edgware branches. An additional seven trains an hour would have served the High Barnet branch, but continued via Highgate High-Level and Finsbury Park to Moorgate, a slightly shorter route to the City. It does not seem to have been intended to run through trains to the ex-Northern City branch from Edgware via Finchley Central. Seven trains an hour would have served the Alexandra Palace branch, to/from Moorgate via Highgate High-Level. In addition to the 14 through trains described, the ex-Northern City branch would have had 14 four-car shuttle trains an hour.
Work began in the late 1930s, and was in progress on all fronts by the outbreak of World War II. The tunnelling northwards from the original Highgate station (now Archway) had been completed, and the service to the rebuilt surface station at East Finchley started on 3 July 1939, but without the opening of the intermediate (new) Highgate Station, at the site of the LNER's station of the same name. Further progress was disrupted by the start of the war, though enough had been made to complete the electrification of the High Barnet branch onwards from East Finchley over which tube services started on 14 April 1940; the new (deep-level) Highgate station opened on 19 January 1941. The single track LNER line to Edgware was electrified as far as Mill Hill East, including the Dollis Brook Viaduct, opening as a tube service on 18 May 1941 to serve the barracks there, thus forming the Northern line as it is today. The new depot at Aldenham had already been built and was used to build Halifax bombers. Work on the other elements of the plan was suspended late in 1939.
Preparatory work including viaducts and a tunnel had been started but not completed on the Bushey extension pre-war. After the war, the area beyond Edgware was made part of the Metropolitan Green Belt, largely preventing the anticipated residential development in the area, and the potential demand for services from Bushey Heath thus vanished. Available funds were directed towards completing the eastern extension of the Central line instead, and the Northern Heights plan was dropped on 9 February 1954. Aldenham depot was converted into an overhaul facility for buses.
The implemented service from High Barnet branch gave good access both to the West End and the City. This appears to have undermined traffic on the Alexandra Palace branch, still run with steam haulage to Kings Cross via Finsbury Park, as Highgate (low-level) was but a short bus ride away and car traffic was much lighter than it would become later. Consequently, the line from Finsbury Park to Muswell Hill and Alexandra Palace via the surface platforms at Highgate was closed altogether to passenger traffic in 1954. This contrasts with the decision to electrify the Epping-Ongar branch of the Central line, another remnant of the New Works program, run as a tube-train shuttle from 1957. A local pressure group, the Muswell Hill Metro Group, campaigns to reopen this route as a light-rail service. So far there is no sign of movement on this issue: the route, now the Parkland Walk, is highly valued by walkers and cyclists, and suggestions in the 1990s that it could, in part, become a road were met with fierce opposition. Another pressure group has proposed using the track bed further north, as part of the North and West London Light Railway. The connection between Drayton Park and the surface platforms at Finsbury Park was opened in 1976, when the Northern City Line became part of British Rail.
Recent developments.
In 1975, the Northern City Line, known by that time as the Highbury branch, was transferred from London Underground to British Rail; it is now served by Great Northern. In the past, before the introduction of the 1995 stock, the Northern line was sometimes nicknamed the "Misery Line" in the press because of its perceived unreliability.
In 2003, a train derailed at Camden Town. Although no one was hurt, points, signals and carriages were damaged, and the junctions there were not used while repairs were under way: trains coming from Edgware worked the Bank branch only, and trains from High Barnet and Mill Hill East worked the Charing Cross branch only. This situation was resolved when the junctions reopened, after much repair work and safety analysis and testing by contractor, on 7 March 2004.
On 7 July 2005 a defective train on the Northern line (causing its subsequent suspension) saved a Northern line train from being blown up as part of a terrorist attack on the London Underground and bus systems. Three trains on the Circle and Piccadilly lines were blown up. The Northern line bomber-to-be instead boarded a bus, which he later blew up.
On 13 October 2005 the Northern line service was suspended due to maintenance problems with the emergency braking system on the entire train fleet. A series of rail replacement buses was used to connect outlying stations with other Underground lines. Full service was restored on 18 October.
From June 2006, the service between East Finchley and Camden Town was suspended for two non-consecutive weekends every month, with service on the Edgware branch suspended for the other two weeks. This was part of Tube Lines's redevelopment of some Edgware and High Barnet Branch stations, including replacement of track, signals, as well as station maintenance. This included refurbishment of all High Barnet branch stations from West Finchley to Camden Town. In October 2006, off-peak service between Mill Hill East and Finchley Central was cut back to a shuttle, except for a few weekend through trains.
On 13 August 2010, a defective rail maintenance train caused disruption on the Charing Cross branch, after it travelled four miles in 13 minutes without a driver. The train was being towed to the depot after becoming faulty. At Archway station, the defective train became detached and ran driverless until coming to a stop at an incline near Warren Street station. This caused morning rush-hour services to be suspended on this branch. All passenger trains were diverted via the Bank branch, with several not stopping at stations until they were safely on the Bank branch.
The Northern line was originally scheduled to switch to automatic train operation in 2012, using the same SelTrac S40 system as used since 2009 on the Jubilee line and for a number of years on the Docklands Light Railway. Originally the work was to follow on from the Jubilee line so as to benefit from the experience of installing it there, but that project was not completed until spring 2011. Work on the Northern line was contracted to be completed before the 2012 Olympics. It is now being undertaken in-house, and TfL predicted the upgrade would be complete by the end of 2014. The first section of the line (West Finchley to High Barnet) was transferred to the new signalling system on 26 February 2013 and the line became fully automated on 1 June 2014 with the Chalk Farm to Edgware via Golders Green section being the last part of the line to switch to ATO.

= = = Circle Line = = =
Circle Line can mean:

= = = Circle line (London Underground) = = =
The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map, is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground. It forms a loop line around the centre of London on the north side of the River Thames. Platforms are 120 metres long in the south and 130 metres long on the part of the track shared with the Metropolitan line.
History.
Origins.
In 1863 the Metropolitan Railway opened in London between Paddington and Farringdon. It was the world's first underground railway. It connected the Great Western Railway's relatively remote terminus at Paddington with Euston and King's Cross stations and the City, London's financial heart. In the same year a report recommended an 'inner circle' of railway lines between the London termini that had been built or were under construction. In the next year the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) was formed to build and operate a railway from South Kensington to Tower Hill. The Metropolitan western extension opened in 1868 from a new station at Paddington to South Kensington. By May 1870 the District railway had opened its line from West Brompton to Blackfriars via Gloucester Road and South Kensington, services being operated at first by the Metropolitan. In 1871 the District had built a terminus at Mansion House, and on 18 November 1876 the Met opened its terminus at Aldgate. Due to conflict between the two companies it took an Act of Parliament before further work was done on the inner circle. In 1882 the Metropolitan extended its line from Aldgate to a temporary station at Tower Hill and the District completed its line to Whitechapel. On 6 October 1884 the temporary station was replaced with a joint station and the inner circle was complete. The Metropolitan provided the clockwise or 'outer rail' trains, the District the 'inner rail' or anti-clockwise.
Other circle routes.
As well as the inner circle, other routes circumnavigated London, although these were not complete loops. From 1872 the L&NWR began an "outer circle" service from Broad Street to Mansion House via Willesden Junction and Earl's Court, diverting an earlier service that had run to Victoria; and the GWR began a "middle circle" service from Moorgate to Mansion House via Latimer Road and Earl's Court. Both of these routes were cut back to Earl's Court: the "middle circle" in 1900 and the "outer circle" in 1909. The GWR service survived as a shuttle service from the Hammersmith & City line to Addison Road, now Kensington (Olympia), until 1940.
The Midland Railway briefly ran a "super outer circle" from St Pancras to Earl's Court from 1878 to 1880. Today London Overground runs services between Clapham Junction, Willesden Junction and Dalston Junction and between Dalston Junction and Clapham Junction.
Electrification.
Wooden carriages were originally hauled by steam locomotives leading to smoke-filled stations and carriages, unpopular with passengers. At the start of the 20th century the District and Metropolitan were seeing increased competition in central London from the new electric underground tube lines and trams, and conversion to electric traction was seen as the way forward. Experiments were carried out on the Earl's Court to High Street Kensington section, and a jointly-owned six-carriage train began passenger service in 1900. Following this an AC system was suggested, and this was accepted by both parties. However, the District was looking for a way to raise the finance needed and in 1901 found an investor, the American Charles Yerkes. He formed the Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL), and his experience in the United States led him to favour DC, with third-rail pick-up similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway. After arbitration by the Board of Trade the DC system was taken up, and the railways began electrifying the routes, using multiple-unit stock.
The District and Metropolitan Railways bought different designs of electric multiple unit. Both had open saloons; the Metropolitan trains with gated ends, the District B Stock with sliding doors in the middle of each car. When their introduction was attempted on 1 July 1905, a Metropolitan train overturned the third rail on the District Railway, requiring all Metropolitan trains to be modified before running again on the District lines. Full electric service started on 24 September, initially with 6-car trains, later reduced to 4-car. The Metropolitan trains were soon modified to enclose the gated end and eventually to add sliding doors in the middle. Trains were increased to 5 cars in 1918 and the Metropolitan introduced new stock in 1921, with three pairs of sliding double doors on trailer cars. In 1926 the Metropolitan took over all inner circle workings except for three trains on Sundays.
London Transport.
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan and the District Railways were amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board. Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units were refurbished in 1934 at Acton Works to become eighteen 5-car trains of Circle Stock, at first painted red and cream, later painted red all over to reduce costs. These trains included first-class accommodation, but this was downgraded in 1940. From 1947 these were replaced by 5-car trains of O and P Stock, with doors remotely operated by the guard, released by the transfer of F Stock to the Uxbridge line. The 1933 London Underground Beck map shows a Metropolitan line north of and stations and a District line south of these points. On the 1947 map the Metropolitan and District lines were shown together in the same colour and two years later in 1949 the Circle line was shown separately on the map.
In 1959–1960 Circle line trains were increased to 6 cars, the same length as those operating on the Hammersmith & City line, and the stock of the two lines was integrated with maintenance concentrated at Hammersmith depot, allowing Neasden depot to concentrate on the new A Stock. Aluminium C Stock trains, with public address systems and originally unpainted, replaced these trains from 1970. One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972 but, due to conflict with the trade unions, was not introduced until 1984. In 2003, the infrastructure of the Circle line was partly privatised in a public–private partnership, managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and the local government body Transport for London took over responsibilities.
On 7 July 2005, at about 08:50, bombs exploded on two Circle line trains. One was travelling between Liverpool Street and Aldgate and the other was at Edgware Road. The bombs killed 15 people, including the two suicide bombers. Following the attacks, the whole of the Circle line was closed until 8 August.
A day before a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport in London came into force, a party was held on 31 May 2008, mainly on the Circle line. Thousands of people attended and 17 were arrested by police due to disorderly behaviour, eventually causing several stations to be closed.
Extension.
Prior to 13 December 2009, Circle line trains travelled in both directions around a simple loop with 27 stations and of track. In 2006 there were fourteen trains in service on the line with an interval between trains of  minutes during peak hours and 8 minutes off-peak; the minimum running time around the circle off-peak was  minutes, although timetabled stops at stations extended this.
In December 2009 the Circle line was extended to include the Hammersmith & City route from Edgware Road to Hammersmith. Rather than continuously running around the circle, trains now travel from Hammersmith to Edgware Road, generally going around the circle once before terminating at Edgware Road, and returning via the same route; occasionally, trains may also continue clockwise through Edgware Road to additional stations. The change was made to improve reliability and increase the service frequency on the Hammersmith branch.
The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service on the Hammersmith & City line on 6 July 2012, running a shuttle service between Hammersmith and Moorgate, and first ran on the Circle line on 2 September 2013. By June 2014 all services were provided by S7 Stock trains.

= = = Hammersmith & City line = = =
The Hammersmith & City line, also known as simply the Hammersmity line, is a line of the London Underground, colored salmon pink on the London Underground Map, running between Hammersmith in West London and Barking in East London.

= = = Metropolitan line = = =
The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground. It is coloured in TfL's Corporate Magenta on the Tube map and in other branding. It was the first underground railway (or subway) in the world, opening on 10 January 1863. Today, part of that section are no longer served by the Metropolitan line, but by the Hammersmith & City, District and Circle lines. The main line runs from Aldgate in the City of London to Amersham, with branch lines to Uxbridge, Watford and Chesham. The line once went as far as Verney junction. After it was bought by the London Passenger Transport Board, the line was first cut back to Aylesbury, then to Amersham
The line runs parallel to Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury line from Finchley Road to Amersham. Chiltern railways continues to run services to Aylesbury.
History.
Metropolitan Railway.
The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at , and King's Cross to the City, built beneath the New Road using the cut-and-cover method between Paddington and King's Cross, and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield. It opened on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first underground railway. In 1871, when plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the "Métropolitain" in imitation. The modern word metro is a short form of the French word.
The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. It reached Hammersmith in 1864 and Richmond in 1877, and completed the "Inner Circle" in 1884, but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as in Buckinghamshire, more than from Baker Street. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone station.
Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the railway purchased electric locomotives, exchanged for steam locomotives at Harrow from 1908. In 1910, a seventeen-minute silent film recording was made showing large portions of the journey from Baker Street to Aylesbury and Uxbridge, seen from the cab of a train. The film survives and is publicly available.
Unlike other railways in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, thus benefitting from the increase in the value of its land caused by the building of the railway. After World War I it promoted its housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand.
To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925. After World War I, the Stanmore branch was built from Wembley Park.
London Transport.
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan was amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board, and a period of rationalisation followed.
While the Metropolitan was run as an outer suburban route with steam-hauled trains and goods services, the LPTB wished to focus on electrified trains and suburban traffic. Goods services were passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, which also took over the role of providing steam locomotives for trains beyond the end of electrification at Rickmansworth. All services north-west of were withdrawn by 1936 though services returned to between 1943 and 1948.
The 1930s was a period of rapid growth for the north-western suburbs of London, and LPTB developed ambitious plans to simplify the Metropolitan line and expand capacity. Several stations on the Uxbridge branch were rebuilt, replacing temporary wooden buildings with modernist designs and giving Uxbridge station a new site in the town centre. A major bottleneck in the line, the double-track tunnel from Baker Street to Finchley Road, was bypassed by boring two tube tunnels underneath the Metropolitan tunnels, transferring slow services and the Stanmore branch to the Bakerloo line. (This route was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979.) In 1936 the line was extended east from to along the tracks of the District line. London Transport inherited a number of incompatible electric multiple units from the railway, including the 1927–33 multiple-unit compartment stock used on routes to Watford and Rickmansworth, and these were refurbished to form a uniform fleet and designated London Underground T Stock. In the 1950s, F Stock trains, with sliding doors under the control of the guard, were transferred from the District line; these mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services.
A major rebuilding of the main line from Wembley Park to Amersham was planned in the 1930s but delayed by the war. The line from Wembley to Harrow was rebuilt immediately after the war and the project was completed from 1956–1962, on a more modest scale than originally planned. Until 1961, passenger trains continued to be attached to a steam locomotive at to run to Aylesbury. The rebuilding electrified the line from Rickmansworth to Amersham, transferring all Aylesbury services to British Railways. A pair of fast lines was added from Harrow to north of Moor Park by 1962, allowing outer-suburban trains to run fast to Moor Park. Aluminium A stock, originally unpainted, replaced the T stock and locomotive-hauled trains. More A Stock trains were built in 1962–63 to replace the trains on the Uxbridge service, giving the main line a single train type for all services. A Stock was 4-car units that could operate as four- or eight-car trains; normally operated as eight cars, a 4-car unit operated the Chesham shuttle. One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972, but due to conflict with the trades unions was not introduced on the line until 1986.
A separate identity.
Although the East London line had been an isolated shuttle since 1939, it was shown on London Underground maps as part of the Metropolitan line until 1968. In 1970 it was shown with a thin white line in the middle and labelled the "East London section". By the 1985 map it had become the "East London Line", remaining the same colour as the Metropolitan line with a white line in the middle, changed to orange by the 1990 map. In 1990 the Hammersmith & City line became a separate line from Hammersmith to Whitechapel (Barking during the peak), the Metropolitan line being from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards to Amersham with branches to Chesham, Uxbridge and Watford.
In 2003, the infrastructure was partly privatised in a public–private partnership managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and Transport for London took over responsibilities in the end. Tube Lines was later acquired by TfL in 2011, and managed as owner-designer firm.
On 12 December 2010 the service to Amersham was reduced from four trains per hour to two, and a direct service between Chesham and central London was introduced, replacing the 4-car Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer shuttle. The final passenger services operated by the A Stock ran on 26 September 2012, followed by a ticketed public railtour on 29 September.

= = = Statute of Kilkenny = = =
The Statute of Kilkenny were a set of laws made by the English in 1367 to try and save the English colony in Ireland. The laws were made by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. They were passed at a meeting of the Irish parliament held at Kilkenny.
The English had difficulty in taking over Ireland. The first English settlers, the Anglo-Irish, began to become Irish in the way they viewed the world. They began to put their own interests ahead of those of the English royalty. The government of Ireland had become weak after the battles with Edward Bruce, and the arrival of the Black Death weakened the country even more. Edward III of England became concerned that the Anglo-Irish were becoming too powerful and threatened his rights and interests in Ireland. He attempted three times to control their increasing independence.
Edward III finally sent his third son, Lionel of Antwerp, to Ireland to try and get back control. He was very concerned that the Anglo-Irish had become more Irish than the Irish themselves. The Statute of Kilkenny were laws designed to bring Ireland back under the control of English born nobles, not English descendants in Ireland. These laws were serious, to break one was seen as treason and could be punished by death. Despite this, after ten years the statutes were dead in the water as a lack of enforcement saw things continue on as they had before.
The laws.
The Statute of Kilkenny had a lot of laws made to separate the English from the Irish. It was against the law for the English in Ireland to:
Because of the weak government, they were not able to make people obey the new laws, and the Anglo-Irish ignored them.

= = = Tramlink = = =
Tramlink (also called Croydon Tramlink) is a tramway system in south London in the United Kingdom which began operation in May 2000. The service is operated by First London on behalf of Transport for London (TfL). The TfL team responsible for Tramlink is called London Tramlink, matching London Buses, London Underground, and so on.

= = = Docklands Light Railway = = =
The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) is a light metro or light rail system in London, England. It opened on 31 August 1987 to serve the redeveloped Docklands area of East London. It currently covers several areas of London. To the north, it reaches Stratford. To the south, Lewisham. To the west, Tower Gateway and Bank in the City of London financial district. To the east, Beckton, London City Airport and Woolwich Arsenal. The DLR is fully computer operated. It is automated and the only job is the emergency stop button.

= = = London Overground = = =
The London Overground (LO) is a suburban rail system in London, UK run by Arriva and MTR for Transport for London. The London Overground is made up of 9 lines taken over by TFL. It is coloured orange on the Tube map. It serves a lot of Greater London.
Praise.
All lines can be used with the Oyster card used across London. The London Overground has received praise for its transformation of long-neglected lines into clean and reliable services, with passenger usage increasing sharply such that trains had to be extended from 3 cars in 2007 to 5 cars in 2015. In the autumn 2011 National Passenger Survey, London Overground received an overall satisfaction rating of 92%, a 7% improvement on the previous survey.

= = = First Capital Connect = = =
First Capital Connect (FCC) was a train company in England that ran the Thameslink railway line between Brighton and Bedford and services along the East Coast Main Line from King's Cross and Peterborough, Cambridge, and King's Lynn from 1 April 2006 to 13 September 2014. It was owned by First Group and combines the service on formerly operated by WAGN, often referred to as Great Northern. It failed to keep the franchise, and it was succeeded by Thameslink and Great Northern.

= = = Northern City Line = = =
The Northern City Line is a railway line from Moorgate to Finsbury Park in London, once part of the Great Northern Electrics line. It should not be confused with the City branch of the Northern line, nor with the North London line.

= = = Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy = = =
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel; born 25 December 1936), is a member of the British Royal Family, the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She had two children, Marina and James Ogilvy with Sir Angus Ogilvy. She is 55th in line for the Throne as of February 2023. 
Titles and Styles 
25 December 1936-24 April 1963 Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Kent 
24 April 1963-31 December 1988 Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra, The Honorable Mrs Ogilvy 
31 December 1988-present Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra, The Honorable Lady Ogilvy 
House: Windsor 
Religion: Church of England 

= = = Ask.com = = =
Ask.com is a search engine that was started in 1996. This website helps people find web pages that they are looking for, by typing in the subject they want. For example, if someone is looking for web pages about dogs, they would type in "dogs" or "dog" then press the 'search' button.
Ask.com used to be called "Ask Jeeves" but the name was changed in 2006. Their headquarters is in Oakland, California.
One thing that makes Ask.com different from other search engines is that it lets the searcher see a little picture of the web page before they click it, by putting the mouse cursor over the little binoculars without clicking it.

= = = Buffalo = = =
Buffalo usually refers to:
Buffalo may also refer to:

= = = Katsushika Hokusai = = =
, also called Hokusai, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.
The artist is best known for "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", which is a woodblock print.

= = = Sun Yat-sen = = =
Sun Te-Ming or Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was born in China and was a Chinese political leader. Sun helped overthrow the Qing Dynasty in October 1911. This was the last imperial dynasty of China. He is often called as Father of the Nation. 
He was president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang. Sun remains revered in both mainland China and Taiwan. A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.
Early years.
Sun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang in Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong.He had a cultural background of Hakka (with roots in Zijin, Heyuan, Guangdong) and Cantonese. His father owned very few lands and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.
Death.
After his death in Beijing, his body was shown at a temple in the Fragrant Hills. 

= = = Pierluigi Collina = = =
Pierluigi Collina (born 13 February 1960) is a former Italian football referee. IFFHS said he was the best football referee ever.

= = = TSV 1860 Munich = = =
TSV 1860 Munich (German: "T.S.V. 1860 München", Bavarian: "TSV 1860 Minga") also known as Sechzig (German: "Sechzig", Bavarian: "Sechzga", 'sixty') is a football club which plays in the second-division tier German Fußball-Bundesliga.
History.
The club was founded in 1860, the football section was founded on 25 April 1899. The first match they played was 1902 versus 1. Münchner FC 1896. The match was lost 2:4. 1911 they built a football field on the Grünwalder Straße. In 1926 a stadium was built which offered 40 000 places. 1931 the team reached the final of the championship for the first time but was beaten by Hertha BSC with 3:2. During the Nazi rule in Germany 1860 München had close relations to the Nazi government. In 1963 the club was one of the founders of the German Bundesliga. 1964 they won the German Cup. That year they also reached the final of the UEFA Cup winners cup but lost toWest Ham United. In the 1964/65 season they became for the first and last time German football champion. Till today they often played in the second league but sometimes in the Bundesliga.
Ground.
TSV 1860 München plays in the Allianz Arena which they share with their rival Bayern München. If they play the skin of the Arena is blue. Originally they played at the Grünwalder Straße which they also shared with Bayern between 1925 and 1972.

= = = Eintracht Braunschweig = = =
Eintracht Braunschweig is a football club which plays in Germany.

= = = Borussia Mönchengladbach = = =
Borussia V.f.L. 1900 Mönchengladbach is a football club which plays in the German Bundesliga. Borussia Mönchengladbach has over 40,000 members and is the sixth largest club in Germany.
History.
Early History.
The club was founded in 1900 by players from the football club SV Germania. The name Borussia is the Latin form of Prussia. Mönchengladbach was at this time part of Prussia. In 1914 the club bought an area where later the Böckelbergstadion was built. The first success was the Westdeutsche Meisterschaft in 1920. During the time of the Third Reich Heinz Ditgens became the first Borussia player who played for Germany. He was part of the 1936 Olympic team. Till the beginning of the 1960s the club had many up and downs.
1960 till today.
The first important honour was the win of the German Cup in 1960 when they beat Karlsruher SC 3:2. But their results were not good enough to play in the new German Bundesliga. In the 1965/66 season they played for the first time in the Bundesliga. The same year Bayern München was promoted. In the 1970s these two teams doninated the league. 1970s were the golden age of Borussia Mönchen Gladbach. The coach Hennes Weisweiler formed a young team which won the UEFA Cup two times and was 4 times in the finals. In the 1980s the club was not as successful but was still an important team in the Bundesliga. From 1996 the club declined and in the 1998/99 season they were relegated. 2001/02 they reached the second place and were again promoted to the Bundesliga. 2006/07 they were again relegated. The next season they won the second league and were promoted. 
Famous players.
Over all 35 players of Borussia Mönchengladbach were players in the German national football team.
Players' honours.
Players of the club achieved the following honours:
Player of the Year – Europe
Player of the Year – Germany
Player of the Year – Australia
Player of the Year – Austria
Player of the Year – Belgium
Player of the Year – Denmark
Player of the Year – Sweden
Player of the Year – USA
Bundesliga Top-Scorers
Goal of the Year

= = = 1. FC Kaiserslautern = = =
1.F.C. Kaiserslautern, also known as 1. FCK, FCK or simply Kaiserslautern, is a association football club from Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. On 2 June 1900, Germania 1896 and FG Kaiserslautern came together to become the F.C. 1900. In 1909, they then joined F.C. Palatia (founded in 1901) and F.C. Bavaria (founded in 1902) to create F.V. 1900 Kaiserslautern. In 1929 they once again joined forces with S.V. Phönix to become F.V. Phönix-Kaiserslautern before finally taking on this new name three years later. Kaiserslautern plays in the German Bundesliga, the best league in Germany.
Stadium.
FCK plays its home matches in the Fritz Walter Stadion. It was built in 1920. The stadium and the neighbouring street is named after the FCK player Fritz Walter. Walter was member of the 1954 World Cup squad.The stadium is on the Betzenberg, a steep sandstone hill. The stadium has a capacity of 49,780 and was a 2006 World Cup stadium. 

= = = VfL Wolfsburg = = =
Verein für Leibesübungen Wolfsburg e. V., commonly known as VfL Wolfsburg () or Wolfsburg, is a football club from Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony. The club plays in the German Bundesliga The club grew out of a multi-sports club for Volkswagen workers in the city of Wolfsburg and is owned by the Volkswagen Group.

= = = Choi Sung-yong = = =
Choi Sung-Yong (; born 25 December 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics.
117||0||6||0||5||0||128||0
19||1||||||||||19||1
102||1||||||||||102||1
238||2||6||0||5||0||249||2
International career statistics.
!Total||61||1

= = = Yoo Sang-chul = = =
Yoo Sang-Chul (18 October 1971 – 7 June 2021) was a South Korean professional athlete. He was best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Yoo died in Seoul of pancreatic cancer on 7 June 2021, aged 49.
Club career statistics.
106||34||||||36||3||||||142||37
113||44||9||1||15||4||4||1||141||50
219||78||9||1||51||7||4||1||283||87
International career statistics.
Yoo has played in over 100 international matches.
!Total||123||18

= = = Choi Yong-soo = = =
Choi Yong-Soo (; born 10 September 1973), also known as Choi Yong-Su, is a South Korean football and former player. He was a member of the Korean national team. He was part of the Korean football team in the 1996 Summer Olympics at Atlanta.
Club career statistics.
148||54||||||||||||||148||54
121||75||8||7||9||2||4||2||142||86
269||129||8||7||9||2||4||2||292||140
International career statistics.
!Total||69||27

= = = Takeshi Aoki = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Aoki was born in Takasaki on September 28, 1982. After graduating from Maebashi Ikuei High School, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 2001. He played as defensive midfielder from first season and Antlers won the champions in 2001 J1 League and 2002 J.League Cup. He became a regular player from 2003 season and played many matches for a long time. In 2007, Antlers won the champions in J1 League for the first time in 6 years and Emperor's Cup. Antlers won the champions in J1 League for 3 years in a row (2007-2009). From 2010 season, although his opportunity to play as starting member decreased, Antlers won the champions 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011 and 2012 J.League Cup. From 2012, he played many matches as center back. Antlers won the champions in 2015 J.League Cup. However he could hardly play in the match in 2016. In July 2016, Aoki moved to Sagan Tosu. He played for the club in 2 seasons. In 2018, he moved to J2 League club Roasso Kumamoto. In 2019, he moved to Prefectural Leagues club Nankatsu SC.
In June 2001, Aoki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played full time in all 3 matches as defensive midfielder. On August 20, 2008, he debuted for the Japan national team against Uruguay. He played 2 games for Japan until 2009.
Statistics.
426||8||48||3||78||0||31||3||583||14
426||8||48||3||78||0||31||3||583||14
!Total||2||0

= = = Sylvain Wiltord = = =
Sylvain Wiltord (born 10 May 1974) is a French football player. He plays for Metz.
Club career statistics.
351||104
104||32
455||136
International career statistics.
!Total||92||26

= = = Automatic train operation = = =
Automatic train operation (ATO) ensures partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions.

= = = Upper Austria = = =
Upper Austria ( ; ) is one of the nine states or "Bundesländer" of Austria. The capital of this state is Linz.
Geography.
Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,980 km2 and 1.3 million people, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and third-largest by population.
Lakes.
Most of the large lakes of Upper Austria are in the south (Salzkammergut): Almsee, Attersee, die Gosauseen, Hallstätter See, Irrsee, Langbathseen, Mondsee, Offensee, Traunsee and Wolfgangsee. In the Oberinnviertler Seenplatte on the border with Salzburg, there are small lakes which are very warm in summer: Holzöstersee, Höllerer See, and Ibmer See.
Rivers.
Ager, Alm, Aschach, Donau, Enns, Inn, Krems, Große Mühl, Kleine Mühl, Naarn, Rodl, Salzach, Steyr, Traun, Aist, Antiesen, and Trattnach.
Administrative divisions.
Traditionally the state is divided into four quarters:
Upper Austria has three cities with their own charta:
The country is divided into 15 districts:

= = = Lambach = = =
Lambach is a market town in the Wels-Land district of Upper Austria, Austria. It is on the Ager and Traun Rivers. It had about 3,242 peopleas of 2001. A major stop on the salt trade, it is the site of the Lambach Abbey, built around 1056.
Between 1897 and 1898 lived Adolf Hitler there and attented the school.

= = = Tracheotomy = = =
Tracheotomy and tracheostomy is a surgery on the neck to open a direct path by cutting a hole in the trachea (windpipe). They are performed by paramedics, veterinarians, emergency physicians, and surgeons. Both surgical and percutaneous techniques are now widely used.
Tracheostomy was written about in ancient Egyptian tablets, but, in the 12th century, Ibn Zuhr described the first correct tracheotomy operation for people who were suffocating (could not breathe). The current tracheostomy was described in 1909 by Chevalier Jackson, an American doctor.

= = = Leonding = = =
Leonding is a city southwest of Linz in the Austrian state of Upper Austria, in Austria. In 2001, about 22,269 people lived in Leonding. It covers an area of 24.05 km2 (9.28 mi2). It borders Puchenau and the river Danube in the north, Wilhering and Pasching in the west, Traun in the south and Linz in the east.
Adolf Hitler lived in Leonding between 1898 and 1905, and attended the school there.

= = = Gefreiter = = =
Gefreiter is a German, Swiss and Austrian military rank. The rank of "Gefreiter" is usually the second rank or grade to which an enlisted soldier, airman or sailor could be promoted. As a military rank it has existed since the 16th century. From the 1920s on, "Gefreiter" has expanded into several additional ranks, those being "Obergefreiter", "Hauptgefreiter", "Stabsgefreiter" and "Oberstabsgefreiter". 
A similar military rank also exists in Russia ("��������"; yefreytor, efreitor), Ukraine ("��������"; yefreytor, efreitor), Belarus and in the former Soviet Union.

= = = Plasma display = = =
Televisions with plasma display panel (PDP) are much thinner than cathode ray tubes and are usually higher definition. Only a few televisions use a PDP.
Plasma screens are made of two sheets of glass with two gases stored between the sheets. The gases are xenon and neon and they fill thousands of tiny chambers, or spaces. Behind each space are a series of red, blue and green phosphors that give off light when struck by radiation. When electricity connects to the plasma chambers the colored phosphors produce the right color on your screen. They work in a very similar way to fluorescent lamps used for lighting.
Plasma screens have been in use since 1964 but only two colors could be produced then. Now we have high definition Plasma screens up to 150 inches in size. In the early 21st century fewer plasma screens were made as people bought more liquid crystal displays.
Advantages.
Plasma TVs have more pixels (tiny dots that when put together can create an image on a picture) per inch than the old fashioned cathode ray tube (CRT) screens so they can produce a much sharper image. In the old style of CRT screens the pictures were made up of lines. If you look closely at a Plasma screen you will not see any lines. You will find out that most Plasma screens have a wide screen option so you can see movies in the way they were intended for movie theaters. They are also ideal for the latest digital broadcasting methods.
One of the big advantages is the space saving. The problem with old cathode ray tubes is that they needed a lot of space so that the rays can fire upon all areas of the screen. The wider the screen, the larger the volume of the television would be. The average Plasma television is around 6 to 8 inches deep. Moving your Plasma onto the wall can really increase the amount of floor space and they can be looked at from almost any point in the room (usually 180 degrees)
Plasma screens are also very light especially when compared to a rear projection TV. A 40-inch Plasma TV will weigh from and provided you purchase a suitable bracket (that can hold the TV up to the wall) they can be hung very easily to a suitable wall. When fixing to the wall you need to make sure you choose a bracket which s strong enough. Most brackets can be tilted if you want to view from a different angle.
Plasma TVs can display up to 16 million colors so not only are they great for watching TV programs, they also make a good screen for the latest computer games consoles. Most Plasma TV's have inputs for HDMI and laptop computers connections making them ideal to use to display products and sales messages in offices and shops.
You will also find out that they are very easy to watch even on a sunny day or a very bright room. Unlike the old CRT screens they are not hard to see in bright areas.
Disadvantages.
Because of the phosphor technology in Plasma TVs, it is possible for traces of an image to be 'burned-in' to the display, meaning you might see little traces of it even while watching other images. This is a concern in commercial uses, where images are shown for long periods of time. Burn-in can generally be avoided by making sure the screen does not show the same image for a long time (sometimes as little as 20 minutes), either by turning the television off, or changing the channel.
Though Plasma TVs are much brighter than rear-projection TVs, direct view and LCD TVs are often brighter still. Latest generation Plasma TVs have improved on brightness, but a warning is do not view where it is too bright or sunny.
Although Plasma TVs are much lighter and thinner than direct view and rear projection TVs, an LCD TV can be even more light and slim. LCD TVs use the same technology as used in most laptop computers. Plasma TVs are available in larger sizes that LCD TVs. Plasma screen TVs cost more than CRTs and LCDs.
How Long Do They Last?
Compared to other television technologies, Plasma TVs have a shorter life span. Most Plasma TVs have a life span of 20,000-30,000 hours based on maker's estimates. This life span is commonly referred to as the Plasma TV half-life, as it is the number of hours over which the Plasma TV will lose approximately half of its brightness.
Plasma TVs break easily, and the parts are quite easy to damage. They should only be moved carefully.
As technology has been made better, Plasma screens have a much longer life and you should expect 30,000 hours of use. In other words, your television would need to be on for 16 hours a day, every day for the next 5 years. By the time your TV needs replacing higher definition models will have become available.
Worth the money?
The first Plasma televisions for home use were expensive, as much as US$5000 for a basic small model. As the technology improved and production increased, prices became smaller. In the 21st century some 37-inch models sold for $1000 or even less. Buying a CRT television became rare as LCD became the usual kind.

= = = Southern Ontario = = =
Southern Ontario is part of the Canadian province of Ontario that is south of the Algonquin Park. It is the farthest south part of Canada.
Over 12 million people live here, more than anywhere else in Canada.
Some cities in Southern Ontario are Toronto, Ottawa, Barrie, Guelph, Hamilton, Kingston, Kitchener, London, St. Catharines-Niagra, Waterloo, and Windsor.

= = = Surrender (military) = = =
Surrender is when soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and eventually become prisoners of war or POW, either as individuals or when ordered to by their officers. A white flag is a common symbol of surrender. Surrender usually occurs when one side of a battle happens to be overpowered by the other and are no longer in the condition to fight any more.

= = = David Toms = = =
David Wayne Toms (born January 4, 1967) is an American golfer. He plays on the PGA Tour. He lives in Shreveport, Louisiana. He has 12 PGA Tour wins, including a major championship, the 2001 PGA Championship.

= = = Keisuke Tsuboi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tsuboi was born in Tama on September 16, 1979. After graduating from Fukuoka University, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 2002. He became a regular player as center back from first season. He won the "Rookie of the Year award" in 2002 and was selected as one of the "J.League Best Eleven" in 2003. In 2006, Urawa won the champions in J1 League which is first J1 champions in the club history. In 2007, Urawa won first Asian title AFC Champions League. Although he played many matches as regular center back until 2010, he could not play many matches from 2011. In 2015, he moved to Shonan Bellmare. However he could not play many matches and Shonan was relegated to J2 League end of 2016 season. In 2018, he moved to J2 club Renofa Yamaguchi FC. He retired end of 2019 season.
On June 11, 2003, Tsuboi debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay. He also played at 2003 Confederations Cup. In 2006, he was selected Japan for 2006 World Cup and played 2 matches. He played 40 games for Japan until 2007.
Statistics.
348||1||31||0||53||1||18||0||450||2
348||1||31||0||53||1||18||0||450||2
!Total||40||0

= = = Hiromitsu Isogai = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Isogai was born in Uki on April 19, 1969. After graduating from Tokai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992. He played as regular player from first season. He moved to Urawa Reds in 1997. He retired in July 1998.
National team career.
In January 1995, Isogai was selected the Japan national team for 1995 King Fahd Cup. At this competition, on January 6, he debuted against Nigeria. On January 8, he also played against Argentina. He played 2 games for Japan in 1995.
Statistics.
135||29||18||6||24||2||177||37
135||29||18||6||24||2||177||37
!Total||2||0

= = = Christophe Dugarry = = =
Christophe Dugarry (born 24 March 1972) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.
Honours.
Bordeaux
France
Orders

= = = Teruyoshi Ito = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ito was born in Shizuoka on August 31, 1974. After graduating from Tokai University Daiichi High School, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse based in his local in 1993. He debuted in June 1994 and played several matches in 1994 season. He became a regular midfielder under manager Masakatsu Miyamoto from 1995 season and played as central player for the club for a long time. In 1996, S-Pulse won the champions in J.League Cup first title in the club history. In 1999, S-Pulse the 2nd place in J1 League and he also was selected Best Eleven award. In 2000, S-Pulse won the Asian title, 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. In 2001, S-Pulse won Emperor's Cup. After that, the club results was sluggish. In 2005, former teammate Kenta Hasegawa became a new manager. Although S-Pulse finished at the 15th place which is worst position in the club history in J1 League, S-Pulse won the 2nd place in 2005 Emperor's Cup. However the club results was raised under manager Hasegawa from 2006 and S-Pulse won the 2nd place in 2008 J.League Cup. Ito also played all matches in J1 League from 2006 to 2008 season and received the "fair play award" in 2007. In 2010, his opportunity to play decreased and he resigned end of 2010 season.
In 2011, Ito moved to newly was promoted to J1 club Ventforet Kofu with Daisuke Ichikawa who is teammate in S-Pulse for 13 seasons. On July 16, 2011, he became a first player to earn 500th matches in J1 League. Although, Ventforet was relegated to J2 League from 2012, the club won the champions in J2 and returned to J1 in a year. However Ito played only 6 matches in 2013 season and left the club end of 2013 season. In 2014, he moved to newly was promoted to J3 League club AC Nagano Parceiro. However he could not play many matches and left the club end of 2015 season. In 2016, he moved to J3 club Blaublitz Akita. In 2017, he moved to newly was promoted to J3 club Azul Claro Numazu.
In July 1996, Ito was selected for the Japan U-23 national team for the 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played the whole 90 minutes in all 3 matches. He is most remembered for his goal against Brazil which earned Japan a shock 1–0 victory. It was known as the "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan.
Ito was capped 27 times for the Japan national team between 1997 and 2001. He was an unused substitute at the 1998 World Cup.
Statistics.
556||30||56||3||77||3||3||0||692||36
556||30||56||3||77||3||3||0||692||36
!Total||27||0

= = = Daisuke Ichikawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ichikawa is a product of Shimizu S-Pulses youth system. He played as right side-back and right midfielder. He made his J1 League debut on March 21, 1998 against Consadole Sapporo. He scored his first league goal against on November 14, 1998 against JEF United Ichihara. He was still a high school student at that time. He was instrumental in Shimizu winning the second stage of 1999 J1 League, the 1999–00 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and the 2001 Emperor's Cup. The side attack from Ichikawa on the right and Alessandro Santos on the left was Shimizu's main weapon during the period. He left the club end of 2010 season. Toward end of his career, he played for Ventforet Kofu (2011), Mito HollyHock (2012), Fujieda MYFC (2013–14), FC Imabari (2015) and Vanraure Hachinohe (2016). He retired end of 2016 season.
Ichikawa represented Japan national team at several underage levels. He made his first full international debut on April 1, 1998 against South Korea when he was 17 year and 322 days old, which made him the youngest player who represented Japan. Ichikawa was short-listed for the 1998 World Cup, but national coach Takeshi Okada dropped him together with Kazuyoshi Miura and Tsuyoshi Kitazawa at the final training camp in Nyon, Switzerland.
In March 2002, he was elected Japan for the first time in 4 years by Philippe Troussier. He was also chosen for the 2002 World Cup finals and played three games. Against Tunisia in the group stage, his cross was met by Hidetoshi Nakata who headed home to score Japan's second goal. He was capped 10 times without scoring between 1998 and 2002.
Statistics.
414||15||34||3||45||2||2||0||495||20
414||15||34||3||45||2||2||0||495||20
!Total||10||0

= = = Jorge Dely Valdés = = =
Jorge Dely Valdés (born 12 March, 1967) is a former Panamanian football player. He has played for Panama national team.
Club career statistics.
241||194||8||1||14||9||263||204
52||17||||||||||52||17
293||211||8||1||14||9||315||221
International career statistics.
!Total||||

= = = Ko Jong-soo = = =
Ko Jong-Soo (born 30 October 1978) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics.
131||23||1||0||40||14||172||37
13||1||0||0||3||1||16||2
162||24||1||0||43||15||188||39
International career statistics.
!Total||38||6

= = = Choi Tae-uk = = =
Choi Tae-Uk (; born 13 March 1981) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team. He was part of the Korean football team in the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens.
Club career statistics.
197||25||9||2||31||2||237||29
25||5||4||1||8||3||37||9
222||30||13||3||39||5||274||38
International career statistics.
!Total||29||4

= = = Cho Jae-jin = = =
Cho Jae-Jin (born 9 July 1981) is a South Korean football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
Club career statistics.
73||12||4||2||5||2||colspan="2"|-||82||16
126||55||10||3||15||5||6||1||157||64
199||67||14||5||20||7||6||1||239||80
International career statistics.
!Total||38||9

= = = Kim Do-hoon = = =
Kim Do-Hoon (born 21 July 1970) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
He received the title of top scorer in the Asian Club Championship the old version with 28 Goal.
Club career statistics.
257||114||||||||||257||114
58||27||2||2||2||0||62||29
315||141||2||2||2||0||319||143
International career statistics.
!Total||72||27

= = = Kim Yong-dae = = =
Kim Yong-Dae (born 11 October 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
188||0||9||0||25||0||222||0
188||0||9||0||25||0||222||0
International career statistics.
!Total||22||0

= = = One World Trade Center = = =
One World Trade Center (also known as One WTC or Freedom Tower) is the main building of the new World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The building is tall making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. Since late 2013, it is the tallest building in the United States. It opened in late 2014. It is mostly used for offices. People can view the city from an observatory near the top. The building was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
The building has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The building was built on the spot where the original 6 World Trade Center used to be.
Construction for the building started in 2006. On April 30, 2012, One World Trade Center became New York City's tallest structure, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. On May 10, 2013, the last piece of the skyscraper's antenna was put on, making the building's height 1,776 feet (541 m). The height of the building was done on purpose to refer to the year when the Declaration of Independence was signed, 1776.
On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) said that the building would be officially known by its legal name of "One World Trade Center", rather than its colloquial name of "Freedom Tower". The building has 94 stories, with the top floor numbered 104.
The new World Trade Center complex will have five high-rise office buildings built. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood, was also built. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex.
Height controversy.
On November 8, 2013, architects in Chicago and New York City began debating about the height of the One World Trade Center and the Willis Tower. They were saying that there was a possibility that the Willis Tower is taller than the One World Trade Center.
On November 12, a committee agreed that the antenna on top is part of the building, so One World Trade Center is taller than the Willis Tower.
Even after removing the antennas from the measurement, One World Trade Center is about 325 feet (99 m) taller than the Willis Tower.

= = = Song Chong-gug = = =
Song Chong-Gug (born 20 February 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics.
122||6||8||0||41||1||7||0||178||7
53||2||||||||||13||0||66||2
175||8||8||0||41||1||20||0||244||9
International career statistics.
!Total||60||2

= = = Yuichiro Nagai = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nagai was born in Shinjuku, Tokyo on February 14, 1979. He joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1997. He was loaned out to German 2. Bundesliga side Karlsruher SC from 1998 to 1999. He played 21 league games and scored 4 goals for reserve team. In 2003, Nagai took over the number "9" jersey from iconic Masahiro Fukuda after the latter retired from the game. In 2006, Urawa won the champions in J1 League which is first J1 champions in the club history. In 2007, Urawa won first Asian title AFC Champions League. Urawa also won the 3rd place at 2007 Club World Cup. In 2009, he moved to Shimizu S-Pulse and played for the club in 3 seasons. After that, he played for Yokohama FC (2012–13), Arterivo Wakayama (2014) and Thespakusatsu Gunma (2015–17).
Nagai was a member of the Japan U-20 national team for the 1997 World Youth Championship. He played all 5 matches and scored 1 goal. He also represented U-20 Japan at the 1999 World Youth Championship. He played all 7 matches and scored a goal in the semifinal against Uruguay. Japan won the 2nd place. On April 16, 2003, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea and scored a goal in this match. He was also selected Japan for 2003 Confederations Cup. He played 4 games and scored 1 goals for Japan in 2003.
Statistics.
392||70||34||11||68||10||14||3||510||94
392||70||34||11||68||10||14||3||510||94
!Total||4||1

= = = Boudewijn Zenden = = =
Boudewijn Zenden (; born 15 August 1976) also known by his nickname Bolo, is a Dutch former footballer who played as a left winger or as an attacking midfielder.
Honours.
PSV
Barcelona
Chelsea
Middlesbrough
Liverpool
Individual

= = = Alpay Özalan = = =
Alpay Özalan (born 29 May 1973) is a former Turkish football player. He has played for the Turkish national team.
Club career statistics.
200||13||||||||||200||13
65||1||||||||||65||1
8||0||||||||||8||0
13||0||3||0||14||0||30||0
48||1||||||||||48||1
334||15||3||0||14||0||351||15
International career statistics.
!Total||90||4

= = = Oleg Salenko = = =
Oleg Salenko (born 25 October 1969) is a former Ukrainian-Russian football player. He has played for Ukraine national team and Russia national team.
Club career statistics.
122||31
16||7
75||30
16||7
18||11
1||0
248||86
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0
!Total||8||7

= = = Fábio Nunes (Brazilian footballer) = = =
Fábio Nunes Fernandes (born 15 January 1980) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
10||4||0||0||10||4
10||4||0||0||10||4

= = = Masahiro Ando = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ando was born in Sakado on April 2, 1972. After graduating from Kokushikan University, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse in 1995. He became a regular player as right midfielder from 1996. The club won the champions at 1996 J.League Cup. However his opportunity to play decreased behind Daisuke Ichikawa in 1999. In October 1999, he moved to across town to the S-Pulse rivals, Júbilo Iwata. At Júbilo in 1999 season, Júbilo won the champions beat S-Pulse championship playoff. In June 2000, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. In 2001, he moved to J2 League club Omiya Ardija and he played as regular player. In 2002, he moved to Gamba Osaka. However he could hardly play in the match. In September 2002, he moved to newly was promoted to J1 League club, Vegalta Sendai and he played many matches as right side back. In 2003, he moved to Ardija again. Although he played as regular player, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga competing for stay J1 in October. However he could hardly play in the match and the club was relegated to J2. In 2004, he returned to Ardija. He played as regular player and the club was promoted to J1 from 2005. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2005 and retired end of 2005 season.
In June 1999, Ando was selected for the Japan national team for the 1999 Copa América. At this competition, on July 2, he played against Paraguay.
Statistics.
271||15||20||0||34||2||326||17
271||15||20||0||34||2||326||17
!Total||1||0

= = = Fashion design = = =
Fashion design is the art and profession of designing clothes, costume and related items like hats, purses, bags and shoes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as attractive. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a range of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. 
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
History.
Fashion design started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth, who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments he created. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term "couturier" was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 is considered fashion design.
During this period many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs began as an economy.
Types of fashion.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture.
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis. Each garment was made for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make. Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter).
Ready-to-wear clothes have elements of haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market.
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.

= = = Bombardier Transportation = = =
Bombardier Transportation was the rail equipment division of the Bombardier Inc.. Bombardier Transportation was the world’s largest company in the rail equipment manufacturing and servicing industry. Its headquarters were in Berlin, Germany it was sold to Alstom then it Merged

= = = Waldorf Astoria New York = = =
The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel is a famous luxury hotel in mid-town Manhattan, New York City. It has had two landmark buildings. The first was on the Fifth Avenue site of the Empire State Building. The present building at 301 Park Avenue in Manhattan is a 47 floor, Art Deco landmark, designed by architects Schultze and Weaver and dating from 1931. The Waldorf Astoria New York is a member of Hilton's Luxury and Lifestyle Brands with Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts, Conrad Hotels & Resorts and Denizen Hotels. The Waldorf Astoria brand is made up of the Waldorf Astoria in New York and The Waldorf Astoria Orlando.
The modern hotel has three American and classic European restaurants, and a beauty parlor off the main lobby. Several shops surround the lobby, which has won awards for its original period character. An even more luxurious "hotel within a hotel" in its upper section is known as The Waldorf Towers operated by Conrad Hotels & Resorts.
The hotel has its own railway platform as part of Grand Central Terminal, used by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, and Douglas MacArthur, among others. People could go to the platform by using an elevator large enough for Franklin D. Roosevelt's car.

= = = Farrah Fawcett = = =
Farrah Fawcett (February 2, 1947 – June 25, 2009) was an American actress. A multiple Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominee, Fawcett rose to international fame when she first appeared as private investigator Jill Munroe in the TV series "Charlie's Angels" in 1976. Fawcett later appeared off-Broadway to the approval of critics and in highly rated television movies in roles often challenging ("The Burning Bed", "Nazi Hunter: The Beate Klarsfeld Story", "", "Margaret Bourke-White") and sometimes unsympathetic ("Small Sacrifices"). Farrah played Marjorie in the movie named Extremities (where Marjorie got abused by the abusive man).
Fawcett was a pop culture figure whose hairstyle was emulated by millions of young women and whose poster sales broke records, making her an international sex symbol in the 1970s and 1980s. While her impact was particularly strong on the teens of the 1970s, her appeal spreads over multiple generations. 
Fawcett married Lee Majors in 1973. They couple separated in 1979 and divorced in 1982. She had a relationship with Ryan O'Neal from 1979 until 1997. She had a relationship with movie producer James Orr, who deliberately injured her, for which he was convicted of assault. In 2001, she resumed her relationship with O'Neal. Fawcett's son Redmond O'Neal was born in January 1985. She died of anal cancer aged 62 in June 2009.

= = = Illyrian language = = =
The Illyrian language was the language spoken by Illyrians. The Greek language still has 1000 words that descend from the Illyrian language. Due to this the Greeks were the first literate people to come into frequent contact with Illyrian speakers.

= = = Beverly Hills, California = = =
Beverly Hills is a city in the west of Los Angeles County, California, United States. Beverly Hills and the neighboring city of West Hollywood are surrounded by the city of Los Angeles.
Beverly Hills is bordered on the east by the city of West Hollywood, on the north by Bel-Air and the Santa Monica Mountains, the Carthay neighborhood of Los Angeles, and the Fairfax District of Los Angeles, and on the south by the Beverlywood.
The largest and most expensive homes in Los Angeles County and in the United States are in Beverly Hills. These homes range from really large and luxurious, to more common and modern homes, and then to smaller homes with less than , which is still quite large.
In 2007, Coldwell Banker lists Beverly Hills as having the most expensive houses. The houses in Beverly Hills cost a lot. However the houses are large, spacious, and fancy and that is why a lot of celebrities live there, and also because it is close to Hollywood.

= = = Pyrrhus = = =
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (; 319–272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period. His life was lived in the rather confused times following the death of Alexander the Great. Alexander's successors, known as the Diadochi, were continually at war with each other over bits and pieces of Alexander's vast Empire.
Pyrrhus was king of the Greek Molossian tribe (from ca. 297 BC). Later he became King of Epirus (306302, 297–272 BC) and Macedon (288–284, 273–272 BC). 
He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. However, some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses. From this the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. A Pyrrhic victory is a victory gained at too great a cost. Pyrrhus is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.

= = = Ali Pasha = = =
Ali Pasha of Tepelena or the "Lion of Yannina", (1741 – January 24, 1822) was a Muslim Albanian ruler (pasha) of the western part of Rumelia, the Ottoman Empire's European territory in modern day northwestern Greece which was also called Pashalik of Janina. His court was in Ioannina, where Lord Byron visit him. In the Novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père, Ali Pasha's daughter Haydée is mentioned.
His name in the local languages was: Albanian: Ali Pashë Tepelena, Aromanian: Ali Pãshelu, Greek: ��� ����� ���������� Ali Pasas Tepelenlis or ��� ����� ��� ��������� Ali Pasas ton Ioanninon (Ali Pasha of Ioannina) and Turkish: Tepedelenli Ali Paşa.

= = = Service mark = = =
A service mark or servicemark, is used in some countries as a trademark to identify a service rather than a product. 
When a service mark is federally registered, the standard registration symbol ® or "Reg U.S. Pat & TM Off" may be used (the same symbol is used to mark registered trademarks). Before it is registered, it is common practice (with some legal standing) to use the service mark symbol SM (a superscript SM). 

= = = Kurt Eisner = = =
Kurt Eisner (14 May 1867 in Berlin – 21 February 1919 in Munich) was a Bavarian politician and journalist. As a German socialist journalist and statesman, he organized the Socialist Revolution that took over the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918.
He is used as an example of "charismatic authority" by Max Weber.
Eisner was of Jewish descent.

= = = Santa Ana, California = = =
Santa Ana is a city in California. It is the county seat and has the second most people of any city in Orange County. It is the 53rd biggest city in the United States. In 2020, 310,227 people lived in Santa Ana, The city was founded in 1869. It is in Southern California on the Santa Ana River, away from the ocean. Santa Ana has the 2nd most dense population of mid-size US cities.
The Santa Ana Freeway (Interstate 5) goes through the city. It also has the same name as the Santa Ana Mountains and the Santa Ana winds that cause fires in Southern California.
Santa Ana is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.

= = = Riverside, California = = =
Riverside is a city in California. It is the county seat of Riverside County. The city, which got its name from being close to the Santa Ana River, is the first place in California in which people sold a lot of citrus fruit. In 2020, about 315,000 people lived in Riverside. The city was the 59st biggest city in the United States and the 12th biggest city in California.
Because houses cost less money in Riverside than most cities in Southern California, people have been slowly moving there. This makes traffic bad as people from Riverside drive to work in Orange County and Los Angeles.
Riverside has a few schools, including La Sierra University, California Baptist College, and the University of California-Riverside. The city also has Riverside Municipal Museum, the California Museum of Photography, and the California Citrus State Historic Park. In 1873, the Parent Washington Navel Orange Tree was planted in Riverside, and it is one of two original orange trees in California. The historic Mission Inn is another popular place.
Riverside is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.

= = = Columbiformes = = =
Columbiformes is an order of birds that includes the very widespread and successful doves and pigeons, classified in the family Columbidae. 313 species, found worldwide, comprise the Columbiformes order. A cosmopolitan order of land birds with four unwebbed toes, short legs, small heads, and usually little visible difference between the sexes that includes the sandgrouse and the pigeons and doves together with their extinct relatives, the dodo and solitaire.

= = = Word search = = =
A word search is a puzzle that uses words and puts them in a grid. The point of the game is to find all of the words hidden in the grid.
The puzzle consists of a grid of letters that is usually a rectangle or square shape, but different shapes are possible, some that even look like an object like a plant or animal. Besides the grid is a list of words. The letters in the word appear in order somewhere in the grid, and can be placed horizontally, vertically or diagonally. A letter in the grid can be used in more than one word, and not all the letters in the grid have to appear in a word.
To solve the puzzle, a person has to find the place where each word is hidden in the grid, and when he or she finds that place, he or she circles all the letters in the word (as shown in the example), and then crosses the word off the list so that he or she knows not to look for that word again. It is easier to find the bigger words first since they have more letters.
Many word search puzzles have a theme, so all the hidden words are related. Sometimes, once all the words have been found, the letters which have not been used in any of the words (that is, the letters which have not been circled at least once) spell another word or even a short message. An example of a word search with both a theme and a word made up of unused letters is .
Like other puzzles, word searches are commonly found in newspapers and magazines, which print a different puzzle every day and show the solution in another place or in the next issue. There are also books containing collections of these puzzles, and they can also be played over the Internet or using mobile apps.

= = = The Secret Life of the American Teenager = = =
The Secret Life of the American Teenager is an American teen drama television series. It was shown on ABC Family. The show is about Amy (played by Shailene Woodley) becoming pregnant at 15 after being pressured into having sex with Ricky Underwood (played by Daren Kagasoff). Amy is also facing the difficulties of her family coming apart, and other problems with her friends and boyfriend "Ben Boykevich" (played by Kenny Baumann).
Plot.
During the summer at band camp, Amy Juergens meets Ricky Underwood, who persuades her into having sex. Amy learns that she has conceived a child at the beginning of the school year. Her best friends Lauren Treacy (played by Camille Winbush) and Madison Cooperstein (played by Renee Olstead) are the first ones to know about her being pregnant. Madison unknowingly spreads word that Amy is pregnant, and Amy considers abortion before telling her parents. Soon, Amy's younger sister Ashley finds out. After some time during an argument at home, Amy admits being pregnant and her boyfriend Ben learns too. Ben remains faithful to her during and after her pregnancy. So that the child is not born out of wedlock, Ben and Amy secretly get married illegally.
Meanwhile, Ricky develops relationships with Adrianne Lee (played by Francia Raisa), "the school slut" and Grace Bowman, a spunky, innocent girl. Ricky gets Adrianne to have sex, but fails trying to have sex with Grace, who had wanted to save herself for marriage to her on-and-off boyfriend Jack Pappas who betrayed her by sleeping with Adrianne.
Amy's parents, George Juergens (played by Mark Derwin) and Anne Juergens (played by Molly Ringwald) start having tensions and get a divorce. After the divorce Amy's child is born. The baby is named John by Ashley because it was a "clean simple name, his life would already be complicated enough". Ashley and her father (George) moved in together in a house next door, and Anne is expecting a baby boy of her own after she slept with her new boyfriend, David. The baby turns out not to be David's, but is George's. George and Anne will move back in together, which Amy does not like. Amy's nemesis Adrianne is moving into George's old house, which Amy does not like either because Adrian only wants to spy on her boyfriend, Ricky, and Amy. Amy does not want Adrianne near her baby.
Grace has sex with her boyfriend Jack against her father's will. After that her father Marshall Bowman dies in a jet crash and Grace lives in misery thinking she killed her father by sleeping with Jack. She thinks God is punishing her. She starts a teen abstinence group and a dead parents club.
Ben wants to go to Bologna, Italy for the summer to work. Amy feels insecure, because she is worried Ben might fall in love with someone else. Amy wants to go, but can not because she has to care for John. Since she can not go, she wants Ben to stay where she can keep any eye on him, but Ben goes to Italy anyway. When he comes back, his personality is changed and Amy thinks that Ben slept or fell in love with someone else. When she asks Ben if he fell in love in Italy, he says no but Amy thinks he's lying, and she thinks Adrianne might know whether he is telling the truth or not. This makes Amy's hate Adrianne more.
Ben's dad falls in love with a former prostitute named Betty, but Ben does not trust her at first, because he thinks Betty is only in love with his dad for his money. Betty tries to relate to Ben, but Ben is uneasy because Amy does not like Betty either. Betty tries to reassure Ben that she loves his Dad for his heart and not his money, and Ben decides to give her a chance.
Ben and Adrianne have a baby because she wanted revenge on Ricky.

= = = Ástor Piazzolla = = =
Ástor Pantaleón Piazzolla (March 11, 1921 – July 4, 1992) was an Argentine tango composer and bandoneón player. He revolutionized the traditional tango into a new style known as "nuevo tango", by mixing elements from jazz and classical music.

= = = Electric blue (color) = = =
Electric blue is a color that is a bright tone of cyan.
The first recorded use of "electric blue" as a color name in English was in 1884.

= = = Volksschule = = =
A Volksschule was part of an 18th-century system of state-supported primary schools established in the Habsburg Austrian Empire. Attendance was supposed to be compulsory. However, a 1781 census found that only one fourth of the school-age children attended. At the time, this was one of the few examples of state-supported schooling.
The Volksschule still exist in Austria today, "Volksschule" is the Austrian equivalent to the German word "Grundschule" and the Swiss German word "Primarschule", i.e. primary school.

= = = Ares V = = =
The Ares V was a plan to create a cargo rocket for the cancelled Constellation program. Ares V was planned to launch the Earth Departure Stage and Altair lunar lander for a plan to return to the Moon in 2019. The Ares V was supposed to complement the Ares I, which was being designed as a crew launch vehicle. The Ares designs were selected for their anticipated overall safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness. 
The Ares V was planned to be able to carry about to Low Earth orbit (LEO), and to the Moon. Upon completion the Ares V was planned to be the most powerful rocket ever built, lifting more into orbit than even the Saturn V. Ares V, Ares IV, and Ares I are named after Ares, the Greek god, which is the equivalent to the Roman god Mars.

= = = ScienceWorld = = =
ScienceWorld, also known as Eric Weisstein's World of Science, is a Web site that opened to the general public in January 2002. As of November 2007, "ScienceWorld" includes more than 4,000 entries in fields of science including astronomy, chemistry, physics, as well as biographies of many scientists. It is administered by Eric Weisstein of Wolfram Research, Inc., who is the chief encyclopedist assigned to the project.

= = = Cuba Gooding Sr. = = =
Cuba Mark Gooding (April 27, 1944 – April 20, 2017) was the lead singer of the soul group The Main Ingredient and actor. 
This group is most notable for the songs "Everybody Plays the Fool" (1972) and "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" (1974). Gooding also had a brief solo career on Motown Records during the late 1970s and early 1980s. His most successful song internationally was "Happiness Is Just Around the Bend" in 1983. In recent times this song been sampled by several R&B artists, as well as hitting the charts again as a remix by UK Hardcore Rave pranksters/genii Altern-8 in 1991.
Gooding was born in New York City. He has four children, including actors Cuba Gooding, Jr. (born 1968) and Omar Gooding (born 1976).
Gooding was found dead in his car on the afternoon of April 20, 2017 in Woodland Hills, California, aged 72. Police believe he died from a suspected drug overdose.

= = = Alexander Pope = = =
Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) is usually thought of as the greatest English poet in the eighteenth century. He is best known for his satirical writing and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most often quoted writer in "The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations", after Shakespeare and Tennyson. Pope was a master of the heroic couplet.

= = = Alfred, Lord Tennyson = = =
Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom in the Victorian era. He remains one of the most popular poets in the English language.
Tennyson was excellent at writing short lyrics like "In the valley of Cauteretz", "Break, break, break", "The Charge of the Light Brigade", "Tears, idle tears" and "Crossing the Bar". Much of his verse like The Lotus Eaters was based on classical mythological themes. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including "Idylls of the King", "Ulysses", and "Tithonus". During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays were not very successful.
Red in tooth and claw.
"In Memoriam A.H.H." was a poem by Tennyson, written in memory of his best friend Arthur Hallam. Hallam was a fellow poet and classmate at Trinity College, Cambridge. He had been engaged to Tennyson's sister, but died from a cerebral hemorrhage before they could get married.
The poem was published after Tennyson had read a pro-evolution book by Robert Chambers. The fundamentalist idea of Biblical inerrancy was in conflict with science. Tennyson expressed the difficulties evolution raised for faith in "the truths that never can be proved".
The poem is too long to quote in full, but this shows how he was thinking of the living world:
The much-quoted phrase comes soon after, in section 56. It refers to humanity: 
The phrase "Nature, red in tooth and claw" was taken up as a metaphor for life in general, even before Darwin's "Origin of species" was published.
"Tis better to have loved and lost"....
The poem has another, perhaps even better-known stanza:

= = = Rheumatic fever = = =
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that happens in children and young adults as a result of becoming infected by group A streptococci bacteria. The first attack usually happens between the ages of 5 and 15. It affects the heart, skin, joints and the central nervous system. It is most common in the Middle East, eastern Europe, South America and the Far East and is rare in western Europe and North America. Treatment includes resting in bed and antibiotics.
Wolfgang Mozart, the famous composer famously died of rheumatic fever.

= = = The Main Ingredient = = =
The Main Ingredient is an American soul and R&B group best known for their 1972 hit song, "Everybody Plays the Fool".

= = = Secondhand Serenade = = =
Secondhand Serenade is an American rock/emo solo project started by John Vesley. Vesley is the singer, guitarist and pianoplayer. Secondhand Serenade is most famous for the song "Fall For You". This song was in the top 40 for many charts.

= = = Edward Downes = = =
Sir Edward Downes, (born Birmingham, England, 17 June 1924; died Switzerland, 10 July 2009) was an English conductor. He was famous for conducting opera, but also conducted orchestral concerts. He worked a lot with the orchestra of the Royal Opera House as well as Opera Australia.
When he was old he was almost totally blind and deaf and his wife was dying of cancer, so they both decided that they wanted to die together. They went to Switzerland where they were allowed to commit assisted suicide.
Early years.
Downes was born in Birmingham, England. His father worked in a bank. He left school when he was 14 and got a simple job in a gas store where he earned 16s 10d (16 shillings and 10 pence, which is 84p in modern British money) a week. 
He had been playing the piano and violin since he was five. When he was 16 he got a scholarship to the University of Birmingham where he studied English literature and music, and began playing the cor anglais. He then got a scholarship to study conducting at the University of Aberdeen.
Marriage.
In the 1960s, he married Joan, a dancer with the Royal Ballet. She later became a choreographer and television producer. They had two children: a son, Caractacus (born December 1967), who became a musician and recording engineer, and a daughter, Boudicca, who became a video producer.
Conducting career.
In 1952 he started his work in the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden where he was assistant to Rafael Kubelík. He worked for the ROH for 17 years, becoming Associate Music Director in 1991. 
From 1970 he was Music Director of Australian Opera. He conducted the first performance in the new Sydney Opera House in 1973 conducting Prokofiev’s opera "War and Peace". He was Chief Conductor of the Netherlands Radio Orchestra and the BBC Philharmonic.
Downes was remembered in particular for conducting music by British composers. He was also especially fond of the operas by Verdi as well as the symphonies of Shostakovich. People often thought he looked like Shostakovich, especially when he wore his glasses.
He received the honour of CBE.
In his last years he could hardly see and so he could only conduct music that he knew from memory.
Death.
When he was 85 he had become almost totally blind and deaf. His wife was dying of cancer and was in a lot of pain. They both wanted to die together, but in Britain it is against the law to help someone to die, so they decided to go to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland. There, surrounded by members of their family, they drank a fatal dose of barbiturates and died on 10 July 2009.
Some people who support the idea of assisted suicide are hoping that this case may lead to more discussion which could bring about a change in the law in Britain and other countries.

= = = Assisted suicide = = =
Assisted suicide is when somebody who wants to commit suicide (wants to die) is helped to do this by someone else. Normally, people who ask for assisted suicide are very ill and in a lot of pain, so they want someone to help them to die, for example by being given access to drugs which will kill them. Some people prefer the terms aid in dying or death with dignity to describe assisted suicide. The term euthanasia is sometimes used, although euthanasia is generally regarded as different to assisted suicide, as it involves causing a person to die rather than helping them to kill themselves.
The law about this varies a lot in different countries. In many countries it is not allowed, and the person who helps someone to die may be arrested and sent to prison. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in some countries, under certain circumstances, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, 10 states of the United States and all six states of Australia. In general to make it legal the person who wants to die has to show that they are of sound mind, voluntarily and repeatedly expressing their wish to die, and take the specified, lethal dose by their own hand. In 2024 several other countries are talking about making this legal. Jersey and the Isle of Man considering this puts pressure on the United Kingdom to do the same. 
Some people who are very ill and want to die may go to these countries, such as Switzerland, in order to end their life.

= = = Dignitas (Swiss non-profit organisation) = = =
Dignitas is a Swiss group that helps people with assisted suicide. This means that, if a person is very ill and wants to die, the doctors and nurses help them to end their life. Only people who have a terminal illness or very bad physical or mental illnesses are allowed to be helped. The patients must be able to understand what is happening and decide for themselves that death is what they want.
Dignitas was started in 1998 by Ludwig Minelli, a Swiss lawyer. The law in Switzerland says that someone can help in an assisted suicide so long as they do not have any self-interest (for example, so long as they are not going to inherit money from the person who dies). The doctor has to meet the person on two occasions and make sure that the person really does wish to die. There must be evidence for this, i.e. the patient has to sign a paper, and two witnesses have to sign to say they saw the patient signing. If the patient is too ill to sign, a video film can be made. The patient is asked several times whether that is what they want. If everyone is absolutely sure, then he or she is given a drug which will kill them.
Some people travel from other countries such as Britain to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland so that they can be helped to die. For example, the rugby player Daniel James, who was 23, had a terrible injury to his spine which left him paralysed from his chest down, travelled there with his parents to die. In 2009 the British conductor Edward Downes and his wife both travelled to Dignitas where they died together.

= = = Euthanasia = = =
Euthanasia is when a person's life is purposely ended because of disease or pain, which has made them suffer. This is different from assisted suicide, where a person helps someone kill themselves. It is also different to murder, where the reason is not suffering, but to kill for the killer's own ends. Euthanasia can be voluntary, where the person who dies asks for help in ending their life. Where the person is unable to make their decision known, it is usually called "non-voluntary euthanasia". Where someone is killed against their will, it is usually called murder.
Euthanasia is illegal in most countries. It is permitted in a small number of countries, such as the Netherlands, Belgium and Victoria, Australia. The New Zealand Parliament voted 69 - 51 to pass the End of Life choice Bill. In Is it Time to Kill the Kiwi the Rt Hon Simeon Brown said international precedents show that euthanasia regimes result in the involuntary death of innocent lives, often those who are marginalized and vulnerable. The final decision will be made in a binding public referendum. Where it is permitted there are many rules, and only in cases where the patient is terminally ill. Though euthanasia is not legal in the United States, doctors can assist people to kill themselves. This is legal in Washington, Oregon, and Montana. Physician Assisted Suicide (PAD) is different to euthanasia; it is about who gives the medication to end a patient’s life. The World Federation of Right to Die Societies says physician-assisted suicide means "making lethal means available to the patient to be used at a time of the patient’s own choosing." In these cases the patient takes the legal dose of poison themselves, it is not given by the doctor. It is euthanasia when the doctor has the main role in ending the patient’s life by giving the poison. 
Types of euthanasia.
Euthanasia can be active or passive, and voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. Many people see important differences and they can accept some types but not others.
Active and passive euthanasia.
Passive euthanasia means letting a person die. A terminally ill person is allowed to die, even if treatment could help them to live longer. This includes removing life support, such as a ventilator which is being used to keep the person alive, or by not giving them food or water. Active euthanasia means doing something to end a person's life. This could be giving them an injection or pills that will cause their death.
Some people see passive euthanasia as a more acceptable choice, because it is not a deliberate act to kill. However, others argue that once someone has decided to allow another person to die, they should make it as fast and as painless as possible, and then act to bring about their death. This is also known as mercy killing.
Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia.
Voluntary euthanasia is when someone asks to be allowed to die or to be killed. This is often seen as the best option by people who believe in euthanasia, because it is clear that the person wants to die. If the person can not say that they want to die, but people think that they would ask to die if they could, then it is "non-voluntary euthanasia." Non-voluntary euthanasia is a choice for people who are in a coma or who are very young, as they can not say what they want. "Involuntary euthanasia" is when someone is killed even though they asked not to die, or when they could have asked to die but did not. Many people think that this is murder, not euthanasia.
These types of euthanasia can be mixed. If someone asks to die, and another person gives them an injection that will kill them, then it is active voluntary euthanasia. Someone in a coma who is kept alive with a ventilator, and the doctors turn it off and they die, would be passive non-voluntary euthanasia.
Euthanasia arguments.
Some people believe that euthanasia should be allowed, and some people think that it should not.
Slippery slope.
Some people believe that allowing euthanasia will result in bad things happening. If it is allowed for people asking to die, then it might be allowed for people who are very sick but are not able to ask to die. If that happens, then maybe it would be allowed for people who are very sick and will not recover, but do not want to die. This is called the "slippery slope" argument. 
People who believe in the slippery slope argument point to times when this happened. In Germany, Adolf Hitler allowed disabled children to be killed, and called it euthanasia. People now agree that this was wrong, but if euthanasia was allowed it could happen again. They think it is too big a risk to allow euthanasia at all.
Other people say there is a big difference between killing a very sick person who asks to die, and killing a child with a disability. They do not think euthanasia will lead to bad things. They say that Hitler's actions were not euthanasia.
The American Medical Association (AMA) and other doctors believe it is a doctor's role to help, not kill people. In one study 76% of doctors said they would not carry out euthanasia, even if it was legal. They feel patients would not trust them. In the Netherlands where euthanasia is legal, 60% of older people in one study were scared that their doctors would kill them.
Alternatives to euthanasia.
Palliative care.
Palliative care is when people who are ill and going to die are given special care to make them more comfortable. It may include hospice care, when the patient is sent to a special hospital for people who are dying. Palliative care can involve pain relief and help for the patient and family to come to terms with death. In some cases, doctors will give patient drugs which make them stay asleep, so that they will not feel pain.
Palliative care is not perfect, and so it is not always seen as a replacement for euthanasia. There is still some pain, and there can be other side-effects, where the patient can still feel very sick. Palliative care is not available for all people, and not all people who wish to die through euthanasia are so sick that they will die soon. Some people have healthy bodies, but they are suffering in other ways, and palliative care will not always help them.
Principle of double effect.
The principle of double effect was first described by Thomas Aquinas over 700 years ago. It says that it is sometimes alright to do a bad thing if something good happens, and if a bad ending was not wanted. Aquinas used the example of self defense: sometimes a person will kill someone who attacks them, but killing was not what the person was trying to do. They only wanted to protect themselves. So even though killing someone is bad, wanting to protect themselves was not.
Some people say that doctors may treat a person to reduce their pain, and as a result the person will die sooner. If the doctor gives the treatment in order to help the patient die, then it is euthanasia. But if the doctor gives the treatment in order to stop the pain, and does not intend for the patient to die, then it may not be euthanasia, even if the doctor knew that the treatment would kill the patient.
Assisted suicide.
Suicide is when a person kills themselves. Sometimes when a person is very sick they need help to die, and this is called assisted suicide. In some countries people are allowed to help as long as they do not kill the person, and it can be seen as a more acceptable option because it must be the person's own decision. Because the assisting person did not kill, it is not always considered to be euthanasia. 

= = = Terminal illness = = =
Terminal illness is a term used to describe an illness which cannot be cured and will almost definitely end in the death of the patient. The term is mostly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease. Someone who has a terminal illness may be described as a terminal patient or as being terminally ill. Usually a patient is called "terminally ill" when they are not expected to live more than 6 months. Medical conditions such as AIDS are not called terminal illnesses because the patient may live for many years before eventually dying of the illness.
Very often, terminally ill patients are given palliative care to give them a better quality of life. Sometimes, they go to a hospice to be looked after.

= = = Now (magazine) = = =
NOW is a free weekly newspaper/magazine published in Toronto, Canada. It has been online since 1993, first at now.com and then it was changed to nowtoronto.com in 2000.

= = = Ralph Downes = = =
Ralph William Downes CBE KSG (born Derby, 16 August 1904; died London, 24 December 1993) was an English organist and organ designer.
He was assistant organist at Southwark Cathedral from 1923 until 1925. Then he continued his education at Keble College, Oxford. He was music director and organist of the new chapel at Princeton University between 1928 and 1935. During his time in America he learned a lot about organ building and listened to musicians playing baroque music.
He soon became famous for his recitals and radio broadcasts in which he played music using historical performance styles. He gave first performances of pieces by composers such as Darius Milhaud, Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg. Benjamin Britten invited him every year to perform at the Aldeburgh Festival.
In 1948, he was asked to design an organ for the new Royal Festival Hall. When the organ was first played in 1954 not everyone agreed that it was good, but soon it was realised that it was an excellent instrument for playing music from the Baroque and Classical music periods and it had a big influence on the way that other organs were built. 
Downes was Professor of Organ at the Royal College of Music from 1954 to 1975 and was the best known British organ teacher of his day. His students included Gillian Weir and Trevor Pinnock. He made many recordings and wrote a book about organ design.
He was given the honour of CBE in 1969. He died in London in 1993. There was no organ music at his funeral. Instead, he had asked for Gregorian chant to be sung.

= = = Downes (surname) = = =
Downes is a surname, and may refer to:

= = = Downes = = =
Downes may refer to:

= = = Symmetry (biology) = = =
Symmetry in biology is about the overall shape of the body and its parts. The body plans of most multicellular organisms have some form of symmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry or spherical symmetry. A few have no symmetry, and are asymmetric. 
In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, which are more or less symmetrical, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half.
Types of symmetry.
There are three basic forms:
In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, while considered symmetric, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half.

= = = William Morris = = =
William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was an English wallpaper, furniture and fabric designer, artist, writer, and socialist. He was born in Walthamstow in North East London.
Life.
Morris was educated at Marlborough and Exeter College, Oxford. In 1856, he became an apprentice to Gothic revival architect G. E. Street but his apprenticeship lasted only about eigth months; thus he never qualified as an architect. That year he founded the "Oxford and Cambridge Magazine". In 1861, Morris founded a design firm in partnership with the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. This had a great impact on the decoration of churches and houses in the early 20th century. Morris's major contribution was as a designer of repeating patterns for wallpapers and textiles. This was mainly based on a close observation of nature. He was also a major contributor to the resurgence of traditional textile arts and methods of production.
Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life, among others "Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs" (1876). His best-known works include "The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems" (1858), "The Earthly Paradise" (1868–1870), "A Dream of John Ball" (1888) and the utopia "News form Nowhere" (1890). His poetry was strongly influenced by Geoffrey Chaucer's work. This influence can be seen in the use of rhyme royal.
William Morris designed his own furniture. He was frustrated, because he could not find any furniture he liked, so he decided, he wanted to design his own furniture, but it was mostly wallpaper designs.
Morris was an important person in the emergence of socialism in Great Britain. He founded the Socialist League in 1884. However, he broke with the movement over goals and methods by the end of that decade. He devoted much of the rest of his life to the Kelmscott Press, which he founded in 1891. The 1896 Kelmscott edition of the "Works of Geoffrey Chaucer" is considered a masterpiece of book design.

= = = Cliveden = = =
Cliveden is the name of a large house in Buckinghamshire near London, England. There have been three houses on this site. The first house was built in 1666 and burnt to the ground in a fire in 1795. A new house was built but this one also burnt down in a fire in 1849. The house which can be seen today was made in 1851 by Sir Charles Barry, an architect.
Cliveden means "valley among cliffs".
Cliveden House sits in a large garden and woodland, (375 acres). The garden contains many statues and fountains made from stone as well as areas of flowers. Cliveden is very close to the River Thames.
Many famous and important people have lived at Cliveden. Some of these are:
The house is now used as a hotel.
References.
Crathorne, James, "Cliveden: the place and the people". London, 1995.

= = = Josef Krips = = =
Josef Krips (born Vienna, 8 April 1902; died Geneva, 13 October 1974) was an Austrian conductor and violinist.
Krips was born into a Jewish family. He became a pupil of Eusebius Mandyczewski and Felix Weingartner. From 1921 to 1924, he was Weingartner's assistant at the Vienna Volksoper where he worked as repetiteur and chorus master. Afterwards he became conductor of several orchestras, including the orchestra in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1933. In 1933 he returned to Vienna as conductor of the Volksoper. He also became a professor at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1935. He often conducted at the Salzburg Festival between 1935 and 1938.
In 1938, when the Nazi's took power in Austria, (the Anschluss), Krips had to leave the country because he was Jewish and Roman Catholic. He worked in Belgrade until Yugoslavia also became involved in World War II. For the rest of the war he worked in a food factory.
In 1945 he went back to Austria, where he was one of the few conductors who were allowed to work, because he had not worked under the Nazi regime. He was the first person after the war to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival where he conducted Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni".
From 1950 to 1954 Krips was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. Afterwards he conducted the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony (from 1963 to 1970). He gave his first performance at Covent Garden in 1963 and appeared at the Metropolitan Opera in 1966. From then on he often conducted there. In 1970, he became conductor of the Deutsche Oper in Berlin. Between 1970 and 1973, he was the principal conductor of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.
Krips died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1974.
His brother Henry was also a musician. He emigrated to Australia where he conducted the orchestra in Adelaide. Then he returned to London where he often conducted Viennese light music.

= = = Répétiteur = = =
A Répétiteur is a musician who helps opera singers to learn their parts for an opera.
The word "Répétiteur" is a French word which comes from the verb "répéter" meaning: "to repeat". The meaning here is "to rehearse", because when a musician rehearses (practises) he will go over the music many times until he has learned it really well. The German word is Korrepetitor.
A répétiteur will be a very skilled musician. He will be an excellent pianist who can play music on the piano which is normally played by an orchestra. He will often be able to help the singer to get to know the music by singing another part that is going on at the same time. He will be able to help the singer with technical problems with their voice, and also with pronunciation and musical interpretation.
Some répétiteurs may go on to become famous conductors, e.g. Josef Krips, Howard Goodall, and Georg Solti.
In ballet, a répétiteur teaches the steps and interpretation of the roles to some or all of the company performing a dance.

= = = Hamilton Harty = = =
Sir Hamilton Harty (born Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland, 4 December 1879; died Brighton, 19 February 1941) was an Irish composer, conductor and accompanist. He is particularly remembered for his work in Manchester with the orchestra called The Hallé.
Life and work.
Harty was born in Northern Ireland, the fourth of ten children. His father was a church organist. He learned to play the viola, piano, and organ. When he was twelve he was organist at Magheracoll Church, County Antrim. He also had organist jobs at Belfast and Dublin. In 1900 he went to London where he was soon known as a composer and an excellent piano accompanist. In 1904 he married the singer Agnes Nicholls. For her he wrote a piece for soprano and orchestra called "Ode to a Nightingale".
He soon became known as a conductor, conducting the London Symphony Orchestra and, from 1920, The Hallé, which he made into one of the best orchestras in England.
He conducted works by many composers, some of whom were little known at the time: they included Bax, Sibelius, Berlioz, Moeran, Walton and Richard Strauss. He gave the first performance in England of Mahler’s Ninth Symphony.
Harty was knighted in 1925. He resigned from The Hallé in 1933 after there had been a lot of arguments. After that he mainly conducted in London, as well as in United States and Australia.
Harty composed many pieces during his early years, including "An Irish Symphony", a tone poem "With the Wild Geese", a "Violin Concerto", and "Ode to a Nightingale".
Harty was ill for the last five years of his life. He had a brain tumour. He was looked after by his secretary Olive Baguley, because he had separated from his wife. He died in Hove near Brighton.

= = = Albert Coates = = =
Albert Coates (born Saint Petersburg, 23 April 1882; died Cape Town, 11 December 1953) was an Anglo-Russian conductor and composer.
Life and work.
Coates was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the youngest of seven sons of an English father and a Russian mother. 
He studied at the conservatory in Leipzig, where his greatest teacher was Arthur Nikisch. He worked at the opera house in Dresden, and became conductor at Saint Petersburg's Mariinsky Theatre. After the Russian Revolution and World War I he just managed to escape from Russia in April 1919.
He first appeared at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1914 conducting Richard Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde". He was a man with a lot of energy, and he introduced the audiences to a lot of music they had not heard, especially by Russian composers such as Alexander Scriabin, but also English music by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arnold Bax and Gustav Holst, whose suite "The Planets" he gave the first complete London public performance.
In the 1920s and early 1930s he often worked with the London Symphony Orchestra. He made gramophone recordings in the very early days of the gramophone. These include Scriabin's "Poème de l'Extase" and many bits from Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen" and (in 1925) the complete "Symphony No. 9" of Beethoven. He was the conductor for the first recording of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3, with Vladimir Horowitz as soloist. 
In 1925 he gave the first stage performance outside Russia of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya".
He composed several works including operas and a symphonic poem "The Eagle", dedicated to the memory of his former teacher Artur Nikisch, which was performed in Leeds in 1925. In 1946 he settled in Milnerton, Cape Town, South Africa, where he died in 1953.
Albert Coates was no relation to Eric Coates, the English composer of light music, nor to the tenor John Coates.

= = = Creed (band) = = =
Creed is an American rock band from Florida. The members of this band were vocalist Scott Stapp, guitar player Mark Tremonti, drum player Scott Phillips, and bass guitar player Brian Marshall.
History.
"My Own Prison" (1997-1998).
Creed released an album in 1997, called "My Own Prison". It sold over 1 million copies.
"Human Clay" (1999-2000).
In 1999, they released the album "Human Clay". Popular songs from that album were "Higher" and "With Arms Wide Open".
"Weathered", controversial concert and hiatus (2001-2003).
They released another album in 2001, called "Weathered". The song "My Sacrifice" from the album was the most successful. The December 29, 2002 concert at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois is the reason the band went on a hiatus then broke up the first time back in 2004.
first break-up, Alter Bridge, reunion, "Full Circle" and second break-up (2004-2012).
In 2004, they split up. Tremonti, Phillips and Marshall helped start a new band called Alter Bridge. Creed got back together in 2009. The released a new album called "Full Circle". They split up again in 2012.
Awards and nominations.
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Creed has won one award out of three nominations. 
The American Music Awards is an annual music awards ceremony in the United States. Creed has received four American Music Award from six nominations.
The MTV Video Music Awards are presented annually by MTV. They honor accomplishments in the music video medium. Creed has received two nominations.

= = = .ma = = =
.ma is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Morocco ().

= = = .sg = = =
.sg is the country top level domain for Singapore (ccTLD). It started in 1988. It is managed by the Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC). It is only for residents of Singapore. However, there are some second-level domains that have more rules when registering.

= = = .va = = =
.va is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the State of the Vatican City.

= = = .ws = = =
.ws is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Samoa. It is administered by SamoaNIC, for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Samoa.

= = = Zango = = =
Zango (used to be 180solutions) was a controversial software company founded in 1999. It went out of business after a British company called blinkx bought it. It was controversial for installing adware, or a type of software that displayed ads without your permission, on your computer.

= = = Tropical Storm Alma = = =
Tropical Storm Alma was a tropical cyclone in the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. It formed off the coast of Costa Rica on May 29. At first, it was forecast to be a weak storm, However, it quickly gained strength. It then hit land on Nicaragua. 
Alma was the first tropical storm to ever hit the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Lots of rain from the storm caused flooding, and eleven people were killed in the area. The remains later became Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic.

= = = Herne Hill railway station = = =
Herne Hill railway station is a train station in Herne Hill, a location in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London, England. Its location is . 
Transport for London has thought of making the Victoria line go to Herne Hill to give faster turnaround at the southern end of the line. The extension is not a high thing for TfL as it has a weaker business case than other projects.
Services.
The station is looked after by Southeastern train operating company. The off-peak service pattern is:
On Sunday, northbound Sutton Loop trains change between stopping at Blackfriars and Luton. Late-night Sutton loop services (21:57 onwards) run to Bedford from Monday-Saturday and finish at Blackfriars on Sunday.
First Capital Connect and Southeastern jointly have extra peak trains from Herne Hill to Beford (morning and evening peaks), Beckenham Junction Kent House, Rochester and Swanley (evening peak only).
Buses.
Herne Hill has buses by London bus which routes are 3, 37 (24 hours), 68, 196, 201, 322, 468, N3 and N68. The nearest London Underground station is Brixton.

= = = Sparkling wine = = =
Sparkling wine is the name for a number of wines which have a lot of carbon dioxide in them. This will make the wine fizzy. The carbon dioxide may be the result of the fermentation process, or it may have been added later. One of the best-known examples is probably Champagne, but there are many other such wines. In Spain such wines are called "Cava", in Italy "Asti" or "Spumante" and in German "Sekt". In French the terms "Mousseux" or "Crémant" are used for such wines, as well, especially for those which are not produced in the Champagne. Crémant d'Alsace, Blanquette de Limoux and Clairette de Die are examples of sparkling wines made in France outside the Champagne region. 
Most sparkling wines are made from white wine or rosé.

= = = Crémant d'Alsace = = =
Crémant d'Alsace is a protected designation of origin for sparkling wines made in Alsace, France. 
A big part of the wine production in Alsace is used to make Crémant d'Alsace. About 18% of the region's vineyards used for this purpose. 223 942 hectoliter of Crémant d'Alsace, about 30 million bottles, were produced in 2006.
Crémant d'Alsace has been produced in Alsace since about 1900. Julien Dopff successfully tried to make wines using the "champagne method" then.

= = = Clairette de Die = = =
Clairette de Die is a kind of sweet white sparkling wine made from the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains (75% minimum) and Clairette (25% maximum) grape varieties. It is produced in the Drôme department of France, in a part of the Rhône valley near the town of Die (pronounced "Dee"). The vineyards are some of the highest in France, between 400 and 700 metres above sea level. The region has a very long history of wine-growing, going back to Roman times.
The wine is bottle fermented. The muscat grapes which ripen first are kept separate from the clairette grapes. The grape juice is kept a low temperature, about 7°C, which means the fermentation will be slow and takes time. After filtering, but leaving some yeast the juice is blended in the bottle. It must be fermented in the bottle for at least another four months. The wine is then filtered again and put into new bottles for sale.

= = = Interchange = = =
Interchange may refer to:

= = = Shinkichi Kikuchi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Toshimi Kikuchi is also a former footballer.
Biography.
Kikuchi was born in Tono on April 12, 1967. After graduating from Tono High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yomiuri (later "Verdy Kawasaki", "Tokyo Verdy") in 1986. The club won league champions 3 times, JSL Cup 1 time and Emperor's Cup 2 times. In Asia, the club also won 1987 Asian Club Championship. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. The club won the league champions in 1993 and 1994. The club also won 1992, 1993, 1994 J.League Cup and 1996 Emperor's Cup. He was a central player in golden era in the clubs history. In 1999, he lost opportunity to play behind Kenji Honnami. In 2000, Kikuchi moved to Kawasaki Frontale on loan. In 2001, he returned to Tokyo Verdy and retired with his rival Honnami end of the 2001 season.
On September 27, 1994, Kikuchi debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. In October, he played all matches at 1994 Asian Games. He was also selected Japan for 1995 King Fahd Cup. But he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shigetatsu Matsunaga. He played 7 games for Japan until 1995.
Statistics.
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= = = Blanquette de Limoux = = =
Blanquette de Limoux is the name given to a number of sparkling wines from the Languedoc, in France. 
Sparkling Wine.
Blanquette de Limoux is probably the oldest known sparkling wine in France. 
According to a text at a local abbey, Livy praised the wines from Limoux, which were not sparkling wines at the time.
Benedictine Monks.
Benedictine monks of the abbey of Saint Hilaire found out how to make sparkling wine from white wine.
Dom Pérignon.
Dom Pérignon brought back the method of making sparkling wines to his abbey in Champagne, at the end of the 16th century. 
He started to experiment with it in the vineyards of the abbey.

= = = List of Premier League clubs = = =
This is a list of clubs who have played in the English Premier League at any time since 1992 to the current season. English Premier League teams playing in the 2021-22 Premier League season are in bold. Founding members of the Premier League are shown in "italics". A total of 50 teams have played in the Premier League (Bournemouth, Brighton, Brentford and Huddersfield are missing from the table for no particular reason ).

= = = Debby Ryan = = =
Deborah Ann "Debby" Ryan (born May 13, 1993, in Huntsville, Alabama) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her role in "The Suite Life on Deck".
Career.
Debby Ryan is known as Bailey Pickett on "The Suite Life on Deck". She has an older brother Chris Ryan who has an alternative rock band. She loves to hang with friends and says, she could not be happier. She is a singer, her main music genres are alternative rock, country music. She was set to perform on a tour in the summer of 2009, but was cancelled due to schedule conflicts. She is set to star as Kimberly in "What If". And is Abby Jenson on 16 Wishes.
Ryan is also known for her role in "Longshots". She is a singer, as shown above, and she was scheduled to release her new single, "Adios" on the Terrific Teen Tour, but the tour had been cancelled. She said it would be her "big break" in her singing career, and she has many fans out there who support her through everything.
She stars in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Radio Rebel" as Tara the Radio Rebel. This movie has only just aired in the UK but has aired in the US for a long time. She also stars in the Disney Channel show, Jessie. Ryan plays as a nanny named Jessie.

= = = Albert Goldfield = = =
The Albert Goldfield is an area of 1300 square kilometres (500 square miles) where gold was discovered in the outback of New South Wales in 1880. Gold was found at Mount Browne, which is south west of Tibooburra. There were other finds at Good Friday, Easter Monday, Nuggerty, Pioneer Reef and Warratta Creek.
This is a very hot and dry area of Australia. Because of the shortage of water, towns were started at Milparinka and Tibooburra where there was water available. Towns at Albert and Mount Browne did not last for long because of the lack of water. By 1881 there were more than 2000 people living on the gold diggings or in the towns. Geologist William Henry John Slee was appointed resident Goldfield Warden. The miners had to either take their dirt to one of the towns to use water to pan for the gold, or use a method called dry blowing. Dry blowing means breaking the dirt into fine particles and letting the wind blow away the dirt leaving the heavier gold behind. Life on the goldfields was hard, water was scarce, fresh fruit and vegetables were not available, and basics like flour were very expensive. Disease, including dysentery and typhoid were common.
By 1893 the gold rush had ended and most people had left the goldfields.

= = = Edward Bawden = = =
Edward Bawden, , RA (10 March 1903 – 21 November 1989) was a British painter and an artist who drew pictures and graphics. He was also famous for his prints, book covers, posters, and metal garden furniture. During an interview, Edward Gorey said that Bawden was one of his trusted artists, making the fact interesting that not many people knew or know about this fine artist well.

= = = Cross-City Line = = =
The Cross-City Line is a suburban railway line in the West Midlands region of England. It runs from Redditch, Worcestershire, its southern terminus, to Lichfield, Staffordshire, its northern terminus. It goes through Birmingham New Street. It services on the line are currently operated by West Midlands Trains.

= = = Book cover = = =
A book cover is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. The covering may be of paper, or hard paper boards, or even plastic. The boards may be covered with paper, cloth or leather. They may be laminated, with a plastic layer onto paper.
There is a distinction between hardbacks and softbacks, which are usually sold at different prices. Hardbacks may be covered with a dust jacket designed to attract readers. Softbacks are almost always designed to attract sales in bookshop displays.
The evolution of printing methods has made the production of books very much cheaper than was the case with early printed works. As a result, books are bought and read in great numbers. They compete against each other in the marketplace. The function of book design is partly to help the reader, but even more to persuade the reader to buy the book.

= = = Lawn mower = = =
A lawn mower (or lawnmower) is a machine that uses blades to cut a lawn. There are different types of lawn mowers. The smallest are pushed by a human, they are good for small lawns and gardens. Ride-on mowers are good for larger lawns. The largest are pulled behind a tractor, they are made for grass at places like golf courses, parks, and even fields. Always wear safety equipment while working with these machines.
A lawn mower functions by spinning either a thin blade or a small piece of cable, to cause "lacerations" on the stems of grass & other plants. Severing the plant and reducing the height of the plant to a more pleasing appearance. 
There are several types of lawn mowers available in the market. Some of the most common types are Push mowers, Self-propelled mowers, Riding mowers, Robotic mowers, Tractor mounted mowers, and Hover mowers. 

= = = Golf course = = =
A golf course is where the game of golf is usually played. It is made up of a series of 'holes', each consisting of certain key areas. A teeing ground is used to start playing the hole. A Fairway is the area between the tee and the green, where the grass is kept short for ball play. The green (or putting green) is a closely mowed area of grass surrounding the hole. It has a flagstick so the golfer can see the hole at longer distances. The hole itself has a diameter of 41⁄4 inches (108mm). Other areas of a golf course are called hazards. These include sand hazards and water hazards. Hazards are designed to make the game more challenging.
A standard round of golf consists of playing eighteen holes. Many golf courses are designed with eighteen holes. Some, however, only have nine holes, and the course is played twice per round.

= = = Tom Eckersley = = =
Tom Eckersley (30 September 1914, Lancashire – 4 August 1997) was an English poster artist and teacher of design.

= = = Leaf blower = = =
A leaf blower is a gardening tool uses air to move yard debris like leaves. Some leaf blowers can also suck leaves through a vacuum, and shred (break into small pieces) them into a bag.

= = = Hose = = =
A hose is a tube made to take fluids or gasses from one place to another. Hoses are also called tube or pipes. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical.

= = = Watering can = = =
A watering can is a container that is used to water plants by hand.

= = = Irrigation sprinkler = = =
Sprinkler irrigation is a way of artificially watering plants. A sprinkler irrigation system is a pressurized system, which means it needs water under pressure to work. There are many different types of irrigation sprinklers. Some are used in home gardens, and some are used on farms.
Permanent systems.
A permanent sprinker system is made of a pump to take water and create pressure, and a network of pipes leading to the sprinkler heads. Usually the sprinkler head is on a small pipe that comes out of the ground.

= = = Doctor = = =
Doctor could refer to:

= = = Skagit River = = =
The Skagit River is a river in Canada and the United States. It flows about from British Columbia to the state of Washington, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean north of Seattle. The river begins by flowing south. It then enters North Cascades National Park, where it is dammed by Ross Dam, which forms Ross Lake, a reservoir. 
Geography.
The river then leaves the lake and flows into Diablo Lake, also a reservoir. It then keeps flowing southwest through a deep river canyon, known as the Skagit Gorge. It then meets its largest tributary, the Sauk River, and then turns west. The Sauk is about 45 miles long, flowing northwest.
After turing west, the Skagit parallels the North Cascades Highway, leaving the national park. It meets another tributary, the Baker River, from the north. The Baker flows south about 30 miles and is dammed twice, in Baker Lake and Lake Shannon. The river then flows out to the sea near Mount Vernon, Washington. The total extent of the basin is 1,505 square miles (3,900 square kilometers).

= = = North Cascades National Park = = =
North Cascades National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Washington. It was established on 2 October 1968. The park covers 634,000 acres of the Cascade Range (specifically the North Cascades).
Geography.
The Park is split in half by the Skagit River, which flows south then southwest through the park. Another primary watercourse of the park is the Baker River which flows into the Skagit and the Stehekin River (which flows into Lake Chelan in the southeast).
North Cascades National Park features the rugged mountain peaks of the North Cascades Range. This is the most expansive glacial system in the mainland United States. The Park also has the headwaters of numerous waterways, and vast forests with the highest degree of flora biodiversity of any US national park.
History.
The region was first settled by Paleo-Indian Native Americans. By the time white explorers arrived it was inhabited by Skagit tribes.

= = = Green River = = =
The Green River is a river in the states of Wyoming and Utah, in the United States. It is the largest tributary of the Colorado River, at about 730 miles (1,175 km) long. Its headwaters are in the west part of Wyoming, in a subrange of the Rocky Mountains known as the Wind River Range. From there, it flows south, then turns east for a short while, then flows south, west, and south into the Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which is formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam. 
After it exits the dam, it flows east around the Uinta Mountains, and enters the desert-like Colorado Plateau. Here, it flows in a series of deep and spectacular canyons. It meets both of its largest tributaries, the White River and the Yampa River, from the east. In Canyonlands National Monument, it meets the Colorado. Shortly after the two rivers meet, they flow into Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam.

= = = Mono Lake = = =
Mono Lake is a saline lake on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, in the U.S. state of California. It is endorheic, meaning that it does not connect with the sea. It is fed by streams flowing off the east side of the mountain range, including Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek and Mill Creek. Lee Vining Creek has its headwaters near Tioga Pass, near Yosemite National Park. 
The lake covers 69 square miles (180 square kilometers) and is about long. It is a very ancient lake, and is thought to have formed 760,000 years ago. In the 20th century, the city of Los Angeles began to take water from the streams feeding Mono Lake. This caused the lake to fall, exposing unique tufa formations.

= = = Thelyphonida = = =
Thelyphonida is an order of arachnids commonly known as vinegarroons.
They give out a vinegar-like mist (containing mostly acetic acid). The Vinegarroon is not venomous and is not a true scorpion. It is related to spiders, true scorpions, and ticks. They are also known as whip scorpions because they look like true scorpions and because of their whip like tails.

= = = Mount Shasta = = =
Mount Shasta is a dormant volcano in northern California in the United States.
The volcano is part of the Cascade Range. It has a smaller peak abutting it, Shastina, and seven glaciers. The mountain stands alone in a large expanse of flatter land, rising 9,822 feet above the surrounding terrain. The Sacramento River flows south near the west edge of the mountain. The town of Mount Shasta and Shasta Lake Reservoir, formed by Shasta Dam, are all named for Mount Shasta. This stratovolcano is expected to erupt again someday.

= = = List of rivers of Washington = = =
This is a list of rivers in the U.S. state of Washington.
By drainage basin.
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.

= = = Zhu Xi = = =
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (, 18 October 1130 – 23 April 1200) was a Confucian scholar during the Song Dynasty. Zhu Xi was one of the three most important Confucian philosophers. He organized the classic works of Confucianism and contributed to the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism.He was from Fujian province in China. 
Life.
Zhu Xi was born Wu Yuan, North East Jiangxi province. His father died when he was at the age of thirteen. He continued his studies until he passed the test for a government job. He taught for many years in the Wuyi Mountains and he is also remembered for the time he spent teaching at the Yuelu Academy in Changsha and at his retreat near the White Deer Grotto in Lushan. In his life his ideas were not generally accepted and he was fired from quite a lot of official positions. After his death nearly 1000 people were at his funeral and his tablet was put in a Confucian temple.
The Four Books.
During the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Rather than focusing on the "Book of Changes" like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the Four Books: the "Great Learning", the "Doctrine of the Mean", the "Analects of Confucius", and the "Mencius" as the core curriculum (thing to learn) for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries (big reviews) that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as their standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations all the way down to 1905.
Knowledge and action.
According to Zhu Xi, knowledge and action were indivisible components of truly intelligent activity. Although he did distinguish (tell apart) between the priority of knowing, since intelligent action requires forethought (thought before), and the importance of action, as it produces a discernible effect, Zhu Xi said "Knowledge and action always require each other. It is like a person who cannot walk without legs although he has eyes, and who cannot see without eyes although he has legs. With respect to order, knowledge comes first, and with respect to importance, action is more important."

= = = Plym Valley Railway = = =
The Plym Valley Railway is part of the closed South Devon and Tavistock Railway near Plymouth. It is a branch line of the Great Western Railway in Devon.

= = = Swanage Railway = = =
The Swanage Railway is a six-mile (10 km) long heritage railway in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England. The railway follows the route of the Purbeck branch line between Norden railway station, Corfe Castle railway station, Harman's Cross railway station, Herston Halt railway station and Swanage. The line was re−connected to the mainline at Wareham, Dorset along a stretch of the branch line. This had previously only remained open to freight traffic until 2005. Trains operate on the Swanage Railway between Swanage and Norden Park & Ride every weekend and Bank Holiday from mid-February to the end of the year. From April to October, they operate all seven days in the week; with Santa Special services in December. The link between the Swanage Railway and the main line at Wareham has been used used for materials deliveries, special excursions. The line has now reopened to its first through traffic from London with occasional special services.

= = = Mangapps Railway Museum = = =
The Mangapps Railway Museum (previously Mangapps Farm Railway Museum) is a heritage railway located near Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex. The stretch of standard gauge track and museum are owned and operated by the Jolly family. They are assisted by a dedicated staff of volunteers. It was never part of the national rail network. 

= = = West Somerset Railway = = =
The West Somerset Railway (WSR) is a heritage railway. It runs along the edge of the Quantock Hills in Somerset, England, between Bishops Lydeard and Watchet. The line then turns inland to Washford. It then returns to the coast for the run to Minehead. The Exmoor National Park is nearby.

= = = Vale of Glamorgan Railway = = =
The Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company are a Welsh railway preservation society originally called the Butetown Historic Railway Society.
In 1979, the Butetown Historic Railway Society was formed at Bute Road Station in the docklands are of Cardiff. The aim was to restore the then derelict Taff Vale Railway station, and establish a steam hauled passenger service to Cardiff Queen Street station. By 1994, a short section of track existed, and the steam locomotive "Sir Gomer" hauled short passenger trains.
By 1997, the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was in charge of the redevelopment of Butetown, and dismissed the idea of a rejuvenated steam railway as part of their plans.
Even prior to 1997 the railway started negotiations with the Vale of Glamorgan Council and moved in during 1998 to its new base at Barry Island Railway. It renamed it self the Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company and were based there till early 2009 operating heritage services both steam and diesel over an expanding network of lines.
Following the December 2007 decision by landlords, the Vale of Glamorgan Council to terminate the £65,000 funding of the Barry Island Railway, the society maintain a service. However less than six months after withdrawing financial support, the council with out warning decided to put the railway site out to tender under a long term lease. There were three bids submitted with the sucsefull bidder being the commercial company Cambrian Transport who have been the councils railway adviser and contractor since the Barry Railway Project started.
The other bidder NEWCO was submitted by Graham Lee owner of the LH Plant, Hunselt Engine Company, Statfold Barn Railway and Mike Thomson owner of Arrowvale who make black boxes for the rail industry. NEWCO had spoken to the VGR in advance and agree a method of working together. Had this bid been successfully the VGR would have continued operating at Barry.
The Railway has recently sold assets following the break down of talks with Cambrian Transport which an has been forced to leave Barry. It is now the intention for the railway to relocate to the Bridgend Valleys Railway, with some stock also going to the Dean Forest Railway and further a field.
The Railway is now working with the Bridgend Valleys Railway to develop the 4.5 miles of line in place north of Bridgend.

= = = Northampton & Lamport Railway = = =
The Northampton & Lamport Railway is a standard gauge heritage railway in Northamptonshire, England. It is based at Pitsford and Brampton station, near the villages of Pitsford and Chapel Brampton. This is roughly north of Northampton.

= = = Epping Ongar Railway = = =
The Epping Ongar Railway is a preserved railway. It runs along the last section of the old Great Eastern Railway and London Underground Central line branch line. The line runs between Epping and Ongar. There is also an intermediate stop at North Weald. The line was reopened in late 2004 after 10 years of being closed. It runs a Sunday and Bank Holiday service using a Class 117 diesel multiple unit. The service runs between Ongar and Coopersale. The service is provided by volunteers who take care for the line as well as run the trains. The land and infrastructure are owned by Epping Ongar Railway Ltd.
Early workings.
The branch line to Ongar was built in 1865 by the Eastern Counties/Great Eastern Railway. The eastern section of the line, between Epping and Ongar, was single track. There was one passing loop at North Weald station. Around 14 trains went as far as Ongar station each day. The rest finished at Epping or Loughton.
The trains continued to finish at Epping or Loughton until 1949. At this time the London Passenger Transport Board's New Works project extended the Central line to Epping using electric trains. The Central Line would take over the railway from British Rail. As part of this change, the Epping-Ongar branch line had its through trains to London removed. Instead, a shuttle service between Epping (to connect with trains to London) and Ongar was used. At one stage, it was possible to see the unusual sight of steam trains and London Underground electric multiple units side-by-side at Epping. The steam shuttle was hired by the London Transport Executive from British Rail. This was because it was felt that the cost of electrifying the line to Ongar could not be justified because of the low passenger numbers on this part of the branch.
In the 1950s, there were attempts to improve the service on the branch line. Over time, permission was given to electrify the line in 1957. However, because the electrification did not cost much, the branch was only able to have special two- or three-car trains running on it. This was because the power supply was not strong enough to support trains that had more cars. Another problem was that the stations on the line had short platforms. This would mean that the normal 8-car trains would not be able to stop at them. Because of this, the Epping-Ongar branch line was normally operated separately from the rest of the Central Line. However, for two days each year, trains did run through from London. These trains would terminate at North Weald for the airshow on the Saturday and Sunday of its opening. The normal Epping-Ongar service would get around this extra service by passing the train on the other line at North Weald station whilst it headed towards Epping. The train from London was run as an extra train on the normal Central Line timetable. However, this extra train was only four carriages long instead of the normal eight.
Cutbacks and closure.
During the late 1960s it became clear that the number of people using the line had not become as high as people thought that it would. Not a lot of new development was allowed because the land was now Green Belt land. The number of people using the line peaked in 1971, and it was still only 650 people every day. This meant that the line did not make very much money. London Underground tried to close the whole line in 1980, but they were not able to. Instead, fewer trains were run on the line and they also closed Blake Hall tube station on Sundays.
Blake Hall was permanently closed in 1981. Before the station closed it only had six passengers a day. The station building still survives as a private residence. However, the platform was removed, but recently (2015) partially reinstated to a very high standard.
North Weald station's platform one was closed in 1976. The passing loop and westbound tracks were lifted in 1978. Until this time, access to the two platforms was controlled from the original Eastern Counties Railway signal box. This signal box is still on the southbound platform. North Weald was the last section of the London Underground network to be signalled using semaphore signals.
The line was making a loss of seven pounds for each passenger journey. It was also in need of some expensive maintenance work. On 30 September 1994, the line was closed to the public, with one months notice. From this time on, the Central Line terminated at Epping station. When the line closed it was carrying just 80 passengers a day. Local lore said that the line was being kept open in case the Cabinet needed to be evacuated to the nuclear bunker at Kelvedon Hatch.
Cravens Heritage Trains have preserved a three-car unit of 1960 stock. This was the train that ran the final London Underground service on the line.
Purchase and reopening.
The line was bought by Pilot Developments in 1998. Pilot Developments is now known as Epping Ongar Railway Ltd. The Ongar Railway Preservation Society also entered an offer to buy the line. Their offer was for £339,500. However, Pilot Developments matched the offer and got London Underground to accept it. Martin Bell, an independent politician, said that this was "the most controversial land deal in the constituency for years". He said that there was a conflict of interest with local politicians.
The line reopened on Sunday 10 October 2004. It is being run by the Epping Ongar Railway Volunteer Society. An hourly service between Ongar and North Weald was operated. Shortly after opening the line was extended to Coopersale. However, it is currently not possible to get off the train there.
Between 22 January and 9 April 2006 the line was closed for engineering works. The works included general station maintenance, rolling stock maintenance and track maintenance. Ongar station remained closed for engineering works and general maintenance and reopened on Sunday 28 May 2006 to passengers. At first though it was not possible to use the station buildings.
At the end of 2007, the railway was sold to a new private owner. This was because planning permission for the Ongar residential development had been given. The new owner wants to bring steam locomotives back to the line.
In early 2008, the line was closed to passenger trains. This was to allow the railway to be able to have major engineering works. The work will mean that steam locomotives will be able to run on the line again. To make this happen run-round loops and signalling, amongst other things, must be built.
Heritage railway operations.
Passenger services on the heritage line were operated throughout 2006 and 2007 by a Class 117 diesel multiple unit. This unit is currently being restored along with a class 205 DEMU. Class 37029 is in operation along with 03170. There are a selection of British rail Mk1 and Mk2 coaches on the line. The line also has some small diesel shunters; a Drewry shunter (works number 2566, current number D1995), named "Heather" by the railway, and two Ruston 88 shunters (RH 512572 is in service, RH 398616 is being used for spares and as a static display). The line employs a Harsco tug unit ("Badger") for engineering work. The EOR's fleet also includes a small works trolley, a Shark brake van, a Dogfish ballast hopper, and a box van for permanent way duties. 
At one point the line owned two trains of 1962 tube stock. Units 1616 and 1491 (formed as an eight-car train) were purchased in 1996, and unit 1744 was purchased in 1998. These units were taken away to be cut up for scrap in 1998 and 2003, respectively, after they were destroyed by vandals.

= = = Ecclesbourne Valley Railway = = =
The Ecclesbourne Valley Railway is a heritage railway in Derbyshire. Its operations are based at Wirksworth station. It is currently planned to extend the railway along the former Midland Railway branch line which joined the main-line at Duffield. 
When complete it will be one of the few Heritage Railways that operates a whole branch line in its original form and entire length.
The line is operated by diesel locomotives, which haul former multiple unit trailer cars and also uses heritage diesel multiple units.
History.
Origin.
The "Wirksworth Branch" was the product of early nineteenth century railway rivalry. Since 1835 Wirksworth's citizens had been promoting the idea for a branch line from the North Midland Railway (later the Midland Railway) at Duffield. The Midland was initially uninterested, but then realised that the branch could be extended to Rowsley. This was difficult, but the branch could avoid the section from Ambergate, on its Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, which was shared with its rival the London and North Western Railway.

= = = Crossrail 2 = = =
The Chelsea-Hackney (or "Chelney") line is a safeguarded route for an underground railway running from south-west London to north-east London. As of 2008, the plan is being developed by Cross London Rail Links Ltd. who are the developers of Crossrail. It is therefore sometimes known as Crossrail 2.

= = = River Lee = = =
The River Lee or River Lea is a river in England. It begins in Leagrave Park, Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills. It flows generally southeast, east, and then south to London where it meets the River Thames. The last section is known as Bow Creek.
A section of the river runs through Hertford castle and shares a valley with the river Beane at Hartham common. Morgans School, in Hertford, have named one of their houses after the river Lea.

= = = Naval mine = = =
A naval mine is a bomb placed in water to destroy ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are put in the water and left to wait until they make contact with a ship. Naval mines can be used offensively, to make it harder for enemy ships to sail easily, or trap them into a harbour. They can also be used defensively, to protect friendly ships and create "safe" zones.
Mines can be laid in many ways: by specially built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines, aircraft, or even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. They are a cheap weapon with a basic mine costing as little as US$1000. There are very advanced mines which can cost millions and have several kinds of sensors, and deliver a warhead by rocket or torpedo.
International law says that nations have to say when they put mines in an area. This is to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; during World War II, Britain said simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast.

= = = Alan Fletcher (graphic designer) = = =
Alan Gerard Fletcher (27 September 1931 – 21 September 2006) was a British graphic designer. He was described by "The Daily Telegraph" as "the most highly regarded graphic designer of his generation, and probably one of the most prolific".

= = = The Edge Chronicles = = =
The Edge Chronicles are books of young-adult and fantasy written by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell. It contains three trilogies. All in the books is surrealist. Characters, cities, places, monuments, animals, plants, transportation and more were invented by the writers.
Books.
The books are in the chronological order of the story.

= = = Rake = = =
A rake is an garden and farm tool. People use rake to gather loose things like leaves, hay, and grass.
In gardening, a rake loosens soil, and removes weed and dead grass from lawns.

= = = Scythe = = =
A scythe (, from Old English "siðe".) is an agricultural tool for mowing grass or reaping crops. It was replaced by horse-drawn machines and then tractors, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia.

= = = Neil Finn = = =
Neil Finn, (born 27 May 1958) is a rock singer. He was born in New Zealand. Together with his brother Tim, he was the lead singer for Split Enz. He is the frontman of Crowded House. He has released solo albums. He has created the 7 Worlds Collide project and the Pajama Club band.
Musical career.
In the late 1970s he replaced singer songwriter Phil Judd in Split Enz. Split Enz was his brother Tim's band. Neil went on to write some of the biggest hits for the band. Examples are "One Step Ahead", "History Never Repeats", "I Got You" and "Message to My Girl". Split Enz broke up in 1984. 
After that, Neil formed Crowded House with Split Enz's final drummer Paul Hester and bass player Nick Seymour in 1985. They became famous worldwide in 1987 when they released the single "Don't Dream It's Over". He ended Crowded House in 1996 to start a solo career. 
Neil Finn has recorded two solo albums to date: "Try Whistling This" (1998) and "One Nil" (2001). ("One Nil" was released in the US and Canada – remixed, reordered and renamed "One All" – in 2002.) He has also worked together with his brother Tim on two Finn Brothers albums, "Finn" (1995) and "Everyone Is Here (2004)."
In 2001, he released a live album/DVD ("7 Worlds Collide") with songs that were recorded at St James Theatre in Auckland, New Zealand. Other musicians that were on stage with him were Lisa Germano, Sebastian Steinberg (Soul Coughing), Ed O'Brien and Phil Selway (Radiohead), Johnny Marr (The Smiths), Eddie Vedder (Pearl Jam), Paul Jeffrey, Tim Finn, and Betchadupa. 
In 2009, another album was released under the "7 Worlds Collide" name. This was "The Sun Came Out". It was a charity studio record for Oxfam. This album has songs by Jeff Tweedy and three other members of Wilco, Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall, and New Zealand songwriters Don McGlashan and Bic Runga.
Finn has contributed solo music to various film and TV soundtracks including "Rain", "Boston Legal", "Boston Public", "The Waiting Game", "Antz", and "Sports Night".
In 2007, Finn reformed Crowded House with Beck's former drummer Matt Sherrod. They released two albums "Time on Earth" (2007) and "Intriguer" (2010). 
In 2011, he has formed Pajama Club with his wife Sharon, New Zealand indie artist SJD and Alana Skyring. They released an album. 
In 2014, Dizzy Heights, a Neil Finn solo album was released.
Personal life.
Finn married Sharon Dawn Johnson, on 13 February 1982. The song "I Love You Dawn", available on "Afterglow" was written in her honour. Sharon makes chandeliers in her workshop in Auckland. She has appeared on backing vocals on various albums such as "Crowded House" and Alex Lloyd's "Watching Angels Mend" She also features prominently on the second 7 Worlds Collide project, co-writing (and sharing lead vocal) the track 'Little By Little' with her husband and sings on the track 'Isolation' on the new Crowded House album, Intriguer. In 2011, she becomes part of the "Pajama Club" band after a jam session with Neil.
They have two sons, Liam Mullane Finn (born 1983) and Elroy Timothy Finn (born 1989). Both sons have performed alongside their father. Liam had his own band, Betchadupa, originally based in Auckland, then London before releasing a solo album, "I'll Be Lightning" in 2008. He also plays in Crowded House's touring band lineup. Elroy Finn is drummer for the psychobilly band The Tricks and has been filling in on drums for Cut Off Your Hands.

= = = Francisco Correa de Arauxo = = =
Francisco Correa de Arauxo (or Araujo) (b. Seville, 1584; d. Segovia, 1654) was an important Spanish organist, composer, and theorist in the last years of the Renaissance and early years of the Baroque period.
Life.
We do not know very much about Correa de Araujo. He was probably born in 1584. He may have been of Portugese origin. In 1599 he got a job as organist in Seville. It must have been an important job because he earned a lot of money. Many years later he seems to have become a priest. He may have been made a priest because he was a good organist. In 1630 he organized a protest when priests were made to work harder wothout being paid more money. Because he argued about this he was sent to prison for a time. By 1635 his health was very bad. In spite of earning a high salary he often had no money.
After 37 years in Seville he took a job as organist in Jaén Cathedral. He was there until 1640 when he went to Segovia Cathedral. He worked there until 1653, by which time he was too ill to work. When he died the following year he was very poor.
His music.
Correa only seems to have published one collection of organ works. It was called "Libro de tientos y discursos de música practica, y theorica de organo intitulado Facultad organica" (1626). This was a collection of organ music, as well as a discussion about music theory. It is one of the few books we have which shows us what musical composition was like in Spain at that time. His organ music uses a divided keyboard (medio registro), so that the upper and lower parts of the keyboard (high notes and low notes) can use different stops (making different sounds). The organ pieces in the collection are arranged in order of difficulty. The pieces at the end are very hard indeed. He uses a lot of dissonances, and he expects the performer to put in lots of ornaments, even if they are not shown in the music. He uses glosa (ornamental figuration), although he also uses counterpoint. His harmony shows the influence of composers such as Cabezon and Aguilera de Heredia.

= = = Collaboration = = =
Collaboration is when people work with each other to complete a task. It involves co-operation and teamwork and the sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills to reach the same objective. The objective is usually creative in nature. Most collaboration needs leadership or some kind of co-ordination, although responsibilities can be shared within an egalitarian group.
Each person plays a tightly or loosely defined role in the process of collaboration. For instance, to make a movie a writer, director, producer and actors are needed. There may also be a need for a costumer, a cameraman (if the director cannot do it all), an audio engineer, and a film editor if the project is big enough and the schedule tight enough.
Not only individuals collaborate; groups also do it. Large construction projects are usually done by collaborations between corporations, wars are often fought between alliances of countries, and political parties often collaborate in government.

= = = Apollo 14 = = =
Apollo 14 was the eighth crewed mission in the Apollo program. It was the third mission to land on the Moon. The nine-day mission left the Earth on January 31, 1971, and landed on the Moon on February 5. The Lunar Module landed in the Fra Mauro formation; this had been the target of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission. During the two walks on the Moon's surface, of moon rock was collected. Several experiments, including seismic studies, were carried out. Commander Alan Shepard famously hit two golf balls on the lunar surface with a makeshift club he had brought from Earth. Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were planted on return, resulting in the so-called Moon trees. The pilot of the Lunar Module was Dr. Edgar Mitchell.
LRO finds the site.
In June 2009, the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter was able to photograph the Apollo 14 landing site. The base of the lunar module and the astronauts footprints on the Moon's suface could be clearly seen.

= = = Yoshio Kikugawa = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kikugawa was born in Fujieda on September 12, 1944. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1968. The club won Japan Soccer League champions in 1969, 1973. The club won 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1974. He played 94 games and scored 2 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1969.
In October 1969, Kikugawa was selected the Japan national team for 1970 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on October 12, he debuted against South Korea. He also played at 1970 Asian Games. He played 16 games for Japan until 1971.
After retirement, in 1982, Kikugawa signed with new club Chuo Bohan (later "Avispa Fukuoka") based in his local Fujieda and became a manager. In 1991, he promoted the club to Japan Soccer League Division 2. He resigned end of 1994 season. In 1999, he became a manager for Avispa Fukuoka as Takaji Mori successor and managed in 1 season.
Statistics.
94||2
94||2
!Total||16||0

= = = Libyan Premier League = = =
Libyan Premier League is a football league which is top division in Libya.

= = = Giuseppe Meazza = = =
Giuseppe Meazza (23 August 1910 – 21 August 1979) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.
Club career statistics.
479||270
479||270
International career statistics.
!Total||53||33

= = = Zola = = =
Zola can mean:
People:
Places:
In fiction:
Other:

= = = Sérgio Conceição = = =
Sérgio Conceição (born 15 November 1974) is a former Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.
Honours.
Player.
Leça
Porto
Lazio
Portugal
Individual
Manager.
Porto
Individual

= = = Yutaka Akita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Akita was born in Nagoya on August 6, 1970. After graduating from Aichi Gakuin University, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 1993. Although he played as right side back at first, he became a regular player as center back in the 1993 season. The club won the champions in 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2001 season. In 2000, the club won all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup first time in J1 League history. In 2004, he moved to his local club Nagoya Grampus Eight and played in 3 seasons. In 2007, he moved to J2 League club Kyoto Sanga FC. He retired end of the 2007 season.
On October 24, 1995, Akita debuted for the Japan national team against Saudi Arabia. He played at 1996 Asian Cup. He became a regular from the middle of 1997 and at 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time Japan's history. He played at 1998 World Cup and 1999 Copa América. He played full-time in all matches at both competitions. In 2002, he was selected Japan for the first time in 3 years. He was also selected Japan for 2002 World Cup, but he did not play in the match. After 2002 World Cup, he became a regular player again under new manager Zico. On 8 June 2003, the match against Argentina is his last game for Japan. Although he was a member of Japan for 2003 Confederations Cup in June, he did not play in the match. He played 44 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 2003.
After retirement, Akita started coaching career at Kyoto Sanga FC in 2008. In July 2010, he became a manager as Hisashi Kato successor. However the club was relegated to J2 League and he resigned end of the season. He signed with Tokyo Verdy in 2012. In November, he resigned and became a manager for FC Machida Zelvia. He was sacked in June 2013. In 2020, he signed with J3 League club Iwate Grulla Morioka.
Statistics.
405||23||43||6||55||5||3||0||506||34
405||23||43||6||55||5||3||0||506||34
!Total||44||4

= = = Takahiro Futagawa = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Futagawa was born in Kagoshima Prefecture on June 27, 1980. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 1999. He debuted in 1999 season and played many matches as offensive midfielder from 2000 season. He played as central player for the club for a long time. In 2003, he was given number "10" shirt and Gamba was at the 3rd place in J1 League. In 2005, Gamba won the champions in J1 League first time in the club history. In 2008, Gamba won the champions in AFC Champions League for 2 years in a row as Japanese club (Urawa Reds won in 2007). Gamba also won the 2008 Emperor's Cup. In 2009, Gamba won the Emperor's Cup for 2 years in a row. This is the golden era in the club history and he was one of the central player under manager Akira Nishino (2002–2011). However manager Nishino left Gamba end of 2011 season and the club performance deteriorated soon. In 2012, Gamba finished at the 17th place of 18 clubs and was relegated to J2 League. Futagawa remained in Gamba and Gamba won the champions in 2013 season. In 2014 season, Gamba returned to J1 and won all three major title in Japan, J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2014 and he could hardly play in the match from 2015.
In June 2016, Futagawa moved to J2 club Tokyo Verdy. He played many matches in 2016 season. However he could hardly play in the match from 2017. In March 2018, he moved to Tochigi SC. In 2019, he moved to Regional Leagues club FC Tiamo Hirakata. The club was promoted to Japan Football League from 2021.
On 4 August 2006, Futagawa debuted for Japan national team against Ghana.
Statistics.
469||49||48||6||68||7||42||6||627||68
469||49||48||6||68||7||42||6||627||68
!Total||1||0

= = = Éldis Fernando Damasio = = =
Éldis Fernando Damasio (born 13 January 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.
Club career statistics.
158||39||11||1||27||7||6||5||202||52
158||39||11||1||27||7||6||5||202||52

= = = Araújo (footballer, born 1977) = = =
Clemerson de Araújo Soares (born 8 August 1977) is a former Brazilian football player. He plays for Al-Gharafa in Qatar after recently moving from Cruzeiro on July 31 2007, in a 3-year deal. He is all-time Goiás top scorer with 136 goals. He scored 52 goals in 73 matches in Goiás State League. He scored 19 goals in 39 matches with Cruzeiro
Araujo played for Japanese side Gamba Osaka in 2005 his 34 league goals helped Gamba to the 2005 J-League title. 2005 was his last season in Japan. Araujo left for his homeland to sign for Cruzeiro. Two years later Araujo left for Qatar. He won the 2007–08 season top scorer award.

= = = Sidiclei de Souza = = =
Sidiclei de Souza (born 13 May 1972 in Cascavel, Brazil), simply known as Sidiclei, is a Brazilian football player.

= = = Naoshi Nakamura = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nakamura was born in Funabashi on January 27, 1979. After graduating from Nihon University, he joined J1 League club Nagoya Grampus Eight (later "Nagoya Grampus") in 2001. He became a regular player in 2002. Although he was originally offensive midfielder, he also played many matches as defensive midfielder and right side midfielder. From 2008, he played as defensive midfielder under new manager Dragan Stojković. The club won the 3rd place 2008 J1 League and the 2nd place 2009 Emperor's Cup. In 2010, the club won the champions 2010 J1 League their first league champions. In 2011, the club also won the 2nd place J1 League. From 2012, his opportunity to play decreased and he retired end of 2014 season.
Nakamura's only appearance for Japan national team came on August 9, 2006, in a friendly against Trinidad and Tobago. This match is Japan's first match after the 2006 World Cup.
Statistics.
342||30||28||4||54||3||17||1||441||38
342||30||28||4||54||3||17||1||441||38
!Total||1||0

= = = Ryoichi Maeda = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Maeda was born in Kobe on October 9, 1981. After graduating from Gyosei High School, he joined J1 League club Júbilo Iwata in 2000. Although he could not play many matches behind Masashi Nakayama and Naohiro Takahara until 2002, he played as regular player from 2003. In the season 2009, he became a top scorer with 20 goals. In the 2010 season, Maeda became the top scorer again, with 17 times. Júbilo also won the champions in 2010 J.League Cup. At 2010 J.League Cup final, he scored 2 goals and was selected "MVP award" in the tournament. However Júbilo was relegated to J2 League end of the 2013 season. In 2014, although he scored 17 goals, Júbilo finished at the 4th place and missed promotion to J1.
In 2015, Maeda moved to J1 club FC Tokyo. He played as regular player until 2016. However his opportunity to play decreased from 2017 and he could hardly score goals in the match. In 2019, Maeda moved to J2 club FC Gifu. The club was relegated to J3 League end of the 2019 season. He retired end of the 2020 season.
Maeda played for the Japan U-20 at the 2001 World Youth Championship. On August 22, 2007, he debuted for the Japan national team against Cameroon. In 2011, he was selected the Japan for 2011 Asian Cup. He played all 6 matches and scored 3 goals, and Japan won the champions. He also became a regular player from the 2011 Asian Cup. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup. He played 33 games and scored 10 goals for Japan until 2013.
Statistics.
535||180||33||13||75||21||14||4||657||218
535||180||33||13||75||21||14||4||657||218
!Total||33||10

= = = Akira Narahashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Narahashi was born in Chiba on November 26, 1971. After graduating from Chiba Eiwa High School in 1990, he joined Fujita Industries (later "Bellmare Hiratsuka", "Shonan Bellmare") playing in the Japan Soccer League Division 2. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league Japan Football League. The club won the champions in 1993 and was promoted to J1 League. In 1994, the club won the Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club also won 1995 Asian Cup Winners' Cup.
Narahashi moved to Kashima Antlers in 1997. The presence of Jorginho at Kashima propelled his decision to move as he aspired to learn the trade under the Brazilian international full back. In 2000, the club won all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup first time in J1 League history. The club won J1 League 3 times, J.League Cup 3 times and Emperor's Cup 2 times. From the mid 2000s, his opportunities to play decreased. At the end of the 2006 season, Kashima announced that they wouldn't renew his contract.
Narahashi returned to Bellmare in February 2007 but was released in August 2007. On February 1, 2008, he announced his retirement from professional football.
On September 27, 1994, Narahashi debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. He competed with Hiroshige Yanagimoto for regular of right side-back. Yanagimoto got hurt in 1997, Narahashi became a regular. At 1998 World Cup qualification, Japan won the qualify for 1998 World Cup first time in Japan's history. In 1998, he played in all 3 matches at 1998 World Cup.
After 2002 World Cup, in October, Narahashi was selected Japan by new manager Zico for the first time in 4 years. He was also selected Japan for 2003 Confederations Cup, but he did not play in the match. He played 38 games for Japan until 2003.
Statistics.
396||37||40||1||68||4||3||0||507||42
396||37||40||1||68||4||3||0||507||42
!Total||38||0

= = = Beto (footballer, born 1975) = = =
Joubert Araújo Martins (born 7 January 1975) is a Brazilian former football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics.
178||20||||||||||178||20
22||4||||||||||22||4
62||4||3||0||12||0||77||4
262||28||3||0||12||0||277||28
International career statistics.
!Total||12||0

= = = Kozo Tashima = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. He is current president of Japan Football Association.
Biography.
Tashima was born in Amakusa District, Kumamoto on November 21, 1957. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1980. The club won the 2nd place in 1982 JSL Cup. Although he played as a regular player, he retired in 1982. He played 39 games and scored 6 goals in the league.
On June 27, 1979, when Tashima was a University of Tsukuba student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He also played in 1980. He played 7 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1980.
Afterwards, Tashima studied from 1983 to 1986 at the German Sport University Cologne and received a B coaching license. As he returned, he was a technical coach for the football club of his alma mater University of Tsukuba, and taught for several years at Rikkyo University. In 2001, he coached the Japan U-17 national team, to which he led for the first time since 1995 in the first round of the 2001 U-17 World Championship.
In July 2010, Tashima served as vice-president of Japan Football Association (JFA). Since January 2011, he has been a member of the Asian Football Confederation "Executive Committee". He has been a FIFA Council member since April 2015. In March 2016, he became president of JFA. In April 2016, he also became president of East Asian Football Federation and served until March 2018.
Statistics.
39||6
39||6
!Total||7||1

= = = Daisuke Sakata = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sakata was born in Yokohama on January 16, 1983. He first played for Yokohama Flügels youth team but became a Yokohama F. Marinos youth player when both teams merged in 1999. He was promoted to the top team in 2001. He became a regular player from 2003. The club won the champions in 2003 and 2004 J1 League. He joined Super League Greece side Aris Thessaloniki in 2011 after ten years at Yokohama F. Marinos but only stayed for a short time before returning to FC Tokyo for the 2nd half of the season. In January 2012 it was announced he had signed for Avispa Fukuoka in J2 League. Avispa won the 3rd place in 2015 J2 League and was promoted to J1 League. However Avispa finished at the bottom place in 2016 J1 League and was relegated to J2 in a year. He opted to retire end of 2017 season.
Sakata was a member of the Japan U-20 national team for the 2002 AFC Youth Championship. The team finished runners-up and was qualified for the 2003 World Youth Championship. At the World Youth Championship, he scored 4 goals in the tournament including against South Korea at knockout stage and became one of the top scorers. The team exited at the quarter final stage after beaten by Brazil. On August 9, 2006, he debuted for the Japan national team under new manager Ivica Osim against Trinidad and Tobago which is Japan's first match after the 2006 World Cup.
Statistics.
458||77||25||8||57||8||6||2||546||95
6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
464||77||25||8||57||8||6||2||552||95
!Total||1||0

= = = Plantain = = =
The plantain is a crop from the genus Musa. Its fruits are edible, and are generally used for cooking. This is different from the soft and sweet banana (which is often called "dessert banana"). "Dessert bananas" are more common to import in countries in the European Union or the United States.
The way certain species are called often show how they are used: "cooking plantain", "banana plantain", "beer banana", "bocadillo plantain" (the little one), etc. All members of the genus "Musa" are indigenous to the tropical region of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia.
Plantains are often firmer than dessert bananas; they also have less sugar. Dessert bananas are often eaten raw; plantains are usually cooked or otherwise processed before they are eaten. Plantains are a staple food in tropical regions, treated similarly to potatoes.
Primary cultivation originated in Southeast Asia, secondary in West Africa. Other regions with plantain crops include the Southern United States, the Caribbean, Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, the Canary Islands, Madeira, Egypt, Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda, Okinawa, Kerala and Taiwan. Farmers grow plantains as far north as Northern California and as far south as KwaZulu-Natal.
Use of parts other than the fruit.
Plantain flowers.
Each pseudostem of a plantain plant will flower only once. All the flowers grow at the end of its shoot in a large bunch made of multiple "hands" with individual "fingers" (the fruits). Only the first few hands will become fruits. In Vietnam the young male flower, at the end of the bunch, is used to make salad. 
In Laos, the plantain flower is often eaten raw; it is added to a special kind of soup. Thoran is made in Kerala with the end of the bunch (called "Koompu" in Malayalam and Vazhaipoo in Tamil). It is said to be very healthy. You can fry it or boil it
Plantain leaves.
Plantain leaves are used like plates in several dishes, including hallaca from Venezuela, or south Indian Thali. In southern India, meals are traditionally served on a plantain leaf. The position of the different food items on the leaf is important, also for Hindu rituals.
The plantain leaves often add an aroma to the dish. In the Indian state of Kerala, a food preparation called "Ada" is made in plantain leaves. Plantain leaves are also used in making "Karimeen Pollichathu" in Kerala.
The leaves are usually easy to find in Venezuela. They are sold at grocery stores, and they can be bought on the open-air markets there . Leaves can be very big, over in length. They are also used to stimulate appetite, as they have a distinctive smell when hot food is placed on them.
In Nicaragua, leaves are used to wrap different kinds of food, such as Nacatamales,Vigoron and Vaho. In Peru they are often used to wrap the famous Tamale (Tamales). In Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, these are usually used to wrap tamales before and while cooking, and they can be used to wrap any kind of seasoned meat while cooking to keep the flavor in. The plantain is the main food source of the Dominican Republic, and is used just as much as, if not more than, rice. Mangu and Sancocho are two dishes for which the plantain is very important.
The leaves are also dried and used to wrap corn dough before it is boiled to make Fanti kenkey, a fine Ghanaian dish eaten with ground pepper, onions, tomatoes and fish.
Plantain shoot.
The plantain will only fruit once. After harvesting the fruit, the plantain plant can be cut and the layers peeled (like an onion) to get a cylinder shaped soft shoot. This can be chopped and first steamed, then fried with masala powder, to make an excellent dish. This dish is called "Posola" in Assamese and a distinct part of Assamese cuisine. 

= = = Staple food = = =
A staple food is a food item that can be stored easily and eaten throughout the year. 
The term means the common basis of the everyday diet in a place. Potatoes and rice are the most usual examples, but bread is "not" a staple food because it is a manufactured food which cannot be stored. Of course, it can always be made, since wheat "is" a staple food. Fruit is not a staple because it usually grows at a certain time of year. Meat is not a staple because it may not be available, or is expensive to buy. Green vegetables may be a staple in some countries, but not others. Foods which need special facilities, such as refrigeration are not staple foods.
Here are some examples of staple foods:

= = = Zhengzhou = = =
Zhengzhou (, pinyin: zhèngzhōu) is the capital of Henan Province in the People's Republic of China. It is in the northcentral part of Henan.
Zhengzhou is on the southern bank of the Yellow River. It is one of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China. In 2010, 9,378,000 people lived there.
Administration.
As of 2017, the prefecture-level city is divided into 6 urban districts, 5 county-level cities and 1 county. Because of rapid population growth, the subdivisions may change.

= = = Braidwood, New South Wales = = =
Braidwood () is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Palerang Shire. In 2006 there were 1,108 people living in Braidwood. It was used as a location for the movie Ned Kelly starring Mick Jagger in 1969.
Geography.
Braidwood is on the Kings Highway which joins Canberra to Batemans Bay on the coast. It is about south west of Sydney. It is in a highland area near the headwaters of the Shoalhaven River.
History.
Europen explorers, Kearns, Marsh and Packer, reached the area in 1822 and the settlers arrived soon after. The town was surveyed in 1839. Gold was discovered in 1851, and over the next 20 years the population grew to about 10,000.
Thomas Braidwood Wilson.
The town was named after Dr Thomas Braidwood Wilson. He had been a surgeon on the ships taking convicts to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania). He was first given land in Van Diemen's Land in 1824, but changed it for land near Lake George in 1825. He was also given of land in the 'new country' on Monkittee and Flood creeks. In 1833 the government took back the western end of Wilson's land for a future village. They gave him more land at the eastern land in return. Wilson moved to the district in late 1836 with his wife and family. He became a community leader. He built the first courthouse in 1837-38. In 1840 Wilson asked the government to build a road from Braidwood to Huskisson for faster and cheaper shipping of wool to Sydney. Wilson and Col. John Mackenzie, supplied the materials and men to make the Braidwood to Nerriga section. In 1841 there were 141 people living at Braidwood Farm. Wilson lost all of his money because of a drought in the late 1830s. He died in November 1843. His land was sold for £2,000 to John Coghill, who now owned most of the land on the south, east and north of the town. Wilson still owned land on a hill north of the town and was buried there in 1843.
A memorial and large pine tree mark the site of Wilson's grave. The path to the grave is open to the public and is through a series of paddocks with gateway sculptures and large art pieces by local artists.
Bushrangers.
Bushrangers, Thomas and John Clarke, killed four policemen near Braidwood in 1867. There is a special monument for the police in the Braidwood cemetery.
Australia's first Royal Commission took place in Braidwood in 1867. It looked at the role of the police in trying to control bushrangers in the area. The Commission found the police were lazy, and in some cases had actually helped the bushrangers. They found that the superintendent of police did not have 'strict and proper control over his men.'
Gold rush.
Because of the goldrush the banks and hotels in Braidwood were well built and made to last. It is these old heritage buildings that now attract visitors to the town. Other businesses in the area are sheep and cattle farming, and timber growing.
Braidwood today.
Braidwood used to be the home of the Tallaganda local government area. However, following changes to local government areas by the New South Wales Government, it is now part of the Palerang council. The eastern office of the council is in the town. The local paper is now called the "Braidwood Times".
After the gold rush, Braidwood became a quiet and poor country town. Because of this, very little new building work was carried out, and so the town still has most of its original streetscape and architecture intact. On 30 March 2006 the town and its setting were listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. There were arguments between those who wanted to save the town's old fashioned charm and those wishing to develop it.
Movies.
The town has several times been used for movie making locations:
Local stories say that Mick Jagger wrote one of his major hits while in Braidwood making the "Ned Kelly" film; but there is no agreement as to which one.

= = = Hunan = = =
Hunan (; ) is a province of South Central China, in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (The characters in the name "Hunan" mean "lake" and "south"). Hunan is sometimes called � () for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province.
Its major cities are Changde, Changsha, Chenzhou, Hengyang, Huaihua, Loudi, Shaoyang, Xiangtan, Yiyang, Yongzhou, Yueyang, Zhangjiajie and Zhuzhou.

= = = Guangxi = = =
Guangxi is a provincial-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China where mostly Zhuang people live.
Guangxi's capital in Nanning. Other major cities are Baise, Beihai, Chongzuo, Fangchenggang, Guigang, Guilin, Hechi, Hezhou, Laibin, Liuzhou, Qinzhou, Wuzhou and Yulin.
It is near Vietnam and has many mountains. It is one of the border frontiers of Chinese civilization. Even in the 20th century it was considered an open, wild territory. The current name "Guang" itself means "expanse", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan Dynasty and in 1949 was reformed as one of China's five autonomous regions.

= = = Season structure of the NHL = = =
The National Hockey League (NHL) season is divided into the regular season and the Stanley Cup playoffs. In the regular season, teams play 82 games which determine their standings. The eight top teams in each conference enter the playoff elimination tournament to determine the Stanley Cup champion.

= = = 2009 Formula One World Championship = = =
The 2009 Formula One season was the 60th FIA Formula One World Championship season. There were ten teams signed up to compete in the championship. Jenson Button became the Drivers' World Champion and Brawn GP won the Constructors' title.
The season is scheduled to take place over 17 rounds, and started with the Australian Grand Prix on 29 March 2009. It will end on 1 November 2009 with the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, which is included on the race calendar for the first time and will be held at the new Yas Marina Circuit. The French and Canadian Grands Prix, which were both included in the 2008 championship, have been dropped.
Several rule changes will be implemented by the FIA, in a bid to cut costs due to the global financial crisis and to improve the on-track spectacle. New rules governing tyres, aerodynamics and Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS), among others, are some of the biggest changes in the Formula One regulations for several decades. FIA initially declared a change in deciding the World Driver's Championship, with the driver winning the most races to be declared as the champion. However, this decision was later reversed following protests from Formula One Teams Association.
Results and standings.
Drivers.
 Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
 Half points were awarded at the Malaysian as less than 75% of the scheduled distance was completed.

= = = Bucegi Mountains = = =
The Bucegi Mountains () are in central Romania to the south of the city Braşov. They are part of the Southern Carpathians group of the Carpathian Mountains of Europe.
To the east, the Bucegi Mountains have a very steep slope. This is towards the popular tourist destination Prahova Valley. At a higher elevation is the Bucegi Plateau, where wind and rain have turned the rocks into brilliant figures such as the Sphinx and "Babele".
The Bucegi is thought to be the Dacian holy mountain "Kogainon". Here, the mythical figure Zalmoxis resided in a cave.

= = = Private First Class = = =
In many armed forces in the world, Private First Class (PFC) is a rank held by junior enlisted persons.

= = = Lance Corporal = = =
Lance corporal is a military rank, used by many armed forces around the world, and also by some police forces and other uniformed organizations. It is below the rank of Corporal, and is typically the lowest Non-commissioned officer, usually equivalent to the NATO Rank Grade OR-3.

= = = Ned Kelly (1970 movie) = = =
Ned Kelly is the name of a 1970 movie. It was the second Australian feature length movie about Australian bushranger Ned Kelly. The first was "The Story of the Kelly Gang" made in 1906, the world's first feature movie.
"Ned Kelly" was directed by Tony Richardson, and starred Mick Jagger as Ned Kelly. Scottish-born actor Mark McManus played the part of Kelly's friend Joe Byrne. It was a British production, but was filmed entirely in Australia, shot mostly around Braidwood in southern New South Wales, with mainly Australian actors.
Problems.
There were many problems in getting the movie made. The actors' union, Actors' Equity and some of Ned Kelly's relatives protested strongly about Jagger having the lead role. Many people were upset that the movie would be made in New South Wales, not Victoria, where the Kellys had lived.
Jagger's girlfriend, Marianne Faithfull, had come to Australia to play the lead female role of Ned's sister, Maggie. Their relationship was breaking up, and she took an overdose of sleeping tablets soon after she got to Sydney. She was in a coma, but soon got better and went back to England. She was replaced by an unknown Australian actress, Diane Craig. During filming, Jagger was hurt by a pistol misfiring. The actors and crew were often sick, some costumes were destroyed by fire, and Jagger's co-star, Mark McManus, just escaped serious injury when a horse-drawn cart in which he was riding overturned during filming.
Armour.
The body armour costume worn by Jagger is on show at the Queanbeyan City Library, with the letters "MJ" scratched on the inside. The head-piece has been stolen, the loss of an important piece of Australian movie history.
Critics.
The movie was very poorly received at its opening, and is still said to be Richardson's worst movie. Neither Richardson or Jagger went to the London opening of the movie.
The music.
The movie has music written by Shel Silverstein, and performed by Kris Kristofferson and Waylon Jennings, with one song by Jagger.

= = = Spring Offensive = = =
The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht ("Kaiser's Battle"), also known as the Ludendorff Offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during World War I, which marked the deepest advances by either side since 1914. The German authorities had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the overwhelming human and matériel resources of the United States could be deployed. They also had the advantage of nearly 50 divisions freed by the Russian surrender (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). 
The first and most important part was called Operation Michael. It used new infiltration tactics. After the offensive, not enough German soldiers were still alive to win the war anymore.

= = = Tang Enbo = = =
Tang Enbo (1898-1959) was a Nationalist general in the Republic of China. Along with Hu Zongnan and Xue Yue, Tang was one of the Kuomintang generals most respected by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. 

= = = Xue Yue = = =
Xue Yue (1896-1998) was a Nationalist general in the Republic of China. Xue joined the Chinese army in 1914, at the age of 18. Along with Hu Zongnan and Tang Enbo, Xue was one of the Kuomintang generals most respected by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Xue was in the defense of greater Wuhan, commanding the 1st Army Corps. In the mountains Xue's army succeeded in nearly destroying the 106th division of the Japanese army. During the battle, most of the Japanese officers were killed and the Japanese had to drop 300 officers by parachute into the battlefield. 
Xue lived to 101 years old.

= = = Shunroku Hata = = =
, was a Japanese general. 
Hata was minister of war in 1939. He was commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in China in 1941. 
He was the last surviving Japanese military officer with a rank of Field Marshal. He was jailed at the end of World War Two and released in 1955.

= = = Bai Chongxi = = =
Bai Chongxi (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. He was a warlord in the Guangxi Province, commanding his own troops and governing Guangxi (though part of the Republic of China). He was often an ally of Chiang Kai-Shek in the politics of the Republic of China. 
Warlord era.
Bai Chongxi Born Omar Chongxi Bai was born in Guilin, Guangxi Province.

= = = Letter of Jeremiah = = =
The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremy is a deuterocanonical (or apocryphal) book of the Old Testament. The letter is believed to have been made by Jeremiah to the people who were to be taken prisoner into Babylon. It is included in Catholic Bibles as the last part of the Book of Baruch. It is also in Orthodox Bibles as a standalone book.
Author.
Most learned people argue that the person who started the book was not Jeremiah. Jeremiah was a Hellenistic Jew who lived in Alexandria. Whoever wrote it, the work was written with a purpose: to teach the Jews not to worship the gods of the Babylonians. Instead, to worship only the Lord.
Place in religious law.
The letter (epistle) is part of the Septuagint. 
The earliest evidence we have of the question of its canonicity arising in Christian tradition is in the work of Origen of Alexandria, as reported by Eusebius in his Church History. Origen listed Lamentations and the Letter of Jeremiah as one unit with the Book of Jeremiah proper, among "the canonical books as the Hebrews have handed them down". 
Jerome provided the majority of the translation work for the vulgar (popular) Latin translation of the Bible, called the Vulgate Bible. In view of the fact that no Hebrew text was available, Jerome refused to consider the Epistle of Jeremiah, like the other books he called apocryphal, canonical.
Despite Jerome's reservations, it is included as chapter 6 of the book of Baruch in the Old Testament of the Vulgate. The Authorized King James Version does the same, while placing Baruch in the Apocrypha section. In the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, it forms part of the "Rest of Jeremiah", along with 4 Baruch (also known as the "Paraleipomena of Jeremiah").
The epistle is one of three deuterocanonical books found among the Dead Sea scrolls (the other two are Ben Sira and Tobit.) The portion of the epistle discovered at Qumran was written in Greek. This does not mean that it might not be based on an earlier Hebrew or Aramaic text. The only text we have has dozens of linguistic features available in Greek, but not in Hebrew.

= = = AllMovie = = =
AllMovie is a commercial database with information about movie stars, movies and television shows. It was started by Michael Erlewine, who also started AllMusic and AllGame.

= = = Revelation = = =
A Revelation is a source of information that is given to some people and meant to share with others from a government, influential people or a supernatural deity. In monotheistic literature, a revelation is given by God to a prophet or someone God wants to make a prophet and it is supposed to be told to others. In this page, I will explain John’s Revelation from God that is also the last book in the Bible also coincdidently called Revelation.
In Catholicism and other Christian denominations, John is also called Saint John and was Jesus Christ’s 3rd/4th called disciple. John wrote a Gospel called The Gospel according to John. He also wrote 1st, 2nd and 3rd John. The most famous verse in the Bible was written by him in John 3:16 during Christ’s conversation with the pharisee Nicodemus. John wrote the Book of Revelation and I will explain it now.
In the beginning of Revelation, it is important to know that John was currently in exile in the island of Patmos, an island in the Aegean Sea and part of Greece’s territory now, because he refused to look at Emperor Domitian as Lord and God. John explains this and he also says he saw the Heavens, so we can suggest that he was writing what he saw while having his revelation or vision —whichever you choose to call it. 
I’m not going to explain every little detail, just an overview. Jesus tells him to send a message to 7 churches in Asia Minor, that is Turkey. These are Ephesus, Symrna, Pergammum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. He explains He knows the suffering and He is watching over them.
A few chapters in and we see Apocalyptic literature. This was very common in the writing of Jews and Christians during the great persecution of Early Christians in the Roman Empire before Emperor Constantine made Christianity the state religion. You see a lot of beasts and creatures and then the greatly feared Antichrist.
I think now I should explain the 2 witnesses and the Antichrist. The 2 witnesses will be 2 prophets who God will raise from the dead and they will preach for three and a half years when the Antichrist will come and kill them both. Then because they have been slaughtered people from all around the world will drink and exchange gifts out of merriness and joyfulness because those 2 witnesses have died and nobody can shine the light of their sins. For three and a half days, they will not be allowed to be given their final dignity and put into graves. Then after 3 and a half days, God will raise them up from the dead and everyone will be shocked (imaginable) also will be ascending into Heaven.
The Antichrist is prominent in Revelation and is spoken a lot about. Christian and Jewish elders believe it will be an influential government that will trick everyone. But for everyone else its probably this tall, well-built "man" who will slaughter the Jews just when he has gained their trust.
That’s all I have now and I will come back soon with Revelation PART 2 soon. Have a great day! and I hoped you enjoyed reading this

= = = Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia = = =
Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia (1561-1627) was a Spanish organist and composer.
Aguilera was born in Zaragoza, Spain on about August 15, 1561.
We do not know much about his early life. He was ordained as a priest in January 1584. In 1585 he became organist at Huesca Cathedral, where he supervised the building of a new organ at the cathedral during 1588. In 1603 he became a priest and organist at the Cathedral of La Seo, Zaragossa. He looked after the organ at the cathedral and often had work done to improve it. He remained at the cathedral until his death on December 16, 1627.
All his compositions were for the church: both his organ music and vocal music. His organ works show that he learned from composers such as Antonio de Cabezón, but he put new, modern ideas in his music which later influenced younger composers such as Correa de Arauxo. His students became the cathedral organists after his death, and were part of a tradition and style of paying which lasted for over 100 years.
A very important new technique which he used was the use of a divided keyboard (medio registro) which allowed different sounds in the upper half and the lower half of the keyboard (on today's organs one would need a two-manual organ to get the same effect). He wrote 36 settings of the Magnificat, called "Canticum Beatissimae Virginis Deiparae Mariae" (1618). His vocal work shows a skilful use of polyphony.

= = = Shahnameh = = =
The Shahnameh or Shāhnāma ("Book of Kings", ) is a large poetic opus by the Persian poet Ferdowsi. The book was written between 977 to 1010 AD. The "Shahnameh" is about the mythical and historical past of Persia/Iran. It is the national epic of Persia/Iran and one of the greatest literary works of the Persian language.
"Shahnameh" has been composed of 3 main parts: 1. mythical, 2. heroic, 3. historical.

= = = Papal conclave = = =
A Papal conclave is a meeting of cardinals. The cardinals meet to elect the next bishop of Rome, to become pope. This becomes necessary when the old pope dies or resigns. Usually, popes do not resign, though. 
The last conclave was when Pope Benedict XVI resigned in 2013 and Pope Francis was elected to replace him.
The word "conclave" is from Latin. It refers to the fact that the cardinals are locked up together, until they have agreed on a new pope. Today, this happens in the Sistine Chapel. 
Originally, the conclave was started in Italian city states, in the 12th century. These cities needed to elect officeholders, and the election needed to be free of party politics. Events such as the Investiture Controversy in medieval Europe led to people wanting "free" elections, with a medieval understanding of free. Methods were often combined, the elements used were Acclamation, naming of candidates by predecessors, or by uninvolved people, and using "electors" who would agree on the successor, behind closed doors. Earliest examples are that of Genua, in 1157, Pisa, in 1162-64, or Pistoia. 
Pope Nicholas II published a papal bull called In Nomine Domini, in 1059, which introduced the conclave as the way to elect his successor. 

= = = Seminary = = =
A seminary, theological college or divinity school is a university that specializes in theology or philosophy. Very often the students live at the seminary. Usually, priests have to study at a seminary at the start of their career.

= = = Hunger = = =
Hunger is the feeling of wanting to eat. Ghrelin is a hormone that makes people feel hungry. The opposite of hunger is called "satiety" or "fullness". Leptin causes this feeling. People can survive weeks without eating, but they will start to feel hungry after they have not eaten for a few hours. Hunger is generally considered quite uncomfortable. People who have eaten food usually will feel less hungry, or not hungry at all. People can live longer without food than without water.
Hunger is also used to refer to people who generally have little to eat, and are therefore often hungry. This can lead to starvation.

= = = Chanakya = = =
Chanakya (IAST: ""; c. 350-283 BCE) was an adviser and a prime minister to Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340-293 BCE). He was born in Taxila, Gandhara in modern-day Pakistan. Chanakya helped Chandragupta create the Maurya Empire.
Chanakya's Teachings.
Shloka 1- ��������� ������������ ����� ���� ��������� ।��������� ���������� ����������������� ������ ॥
English- Do not be very upright in your dealings, as you would see in forest, the straight trees are cut down while the crooked ones are left standing.
Shloka 2- �� ���� ���� �������� �� ���� �� �������� ।������� �� � �� ��������� �������� ����������� ॥
English- Consider again and again the following: the right time, the right friends, the right place, the right means of income, the right ways of spending, and from whom you derive your power.
Shloka 3- �� �������� ��������� ������� �������� ।�������� ���� �������� �������� ������� �� ॥ ०१-१३
English- He who gives up what is imperishable for that which is perishable, loses that which is imperishable; and doubtlessly loses that which is perishable also.
Shloka 4- ������������� ���� ������������������। ������������������ ���� ��� ��������॥ १६-०६
English- Greatness comes from good qualities and not from a high position. A crow doesn’t become a Garuda (the chief of the feathered race) just by sitting on the top of a palace.
Shloka 5- ����������� ����: ���������� ������ �������� ���� �����-������� ������� ������ ���� ���� ����| ����������� �������� ������| ��:���������� ������, ���� ���� ������� �� ��������|
English- There can be no beautiful and compassionate woman like Sita. There can be no beautiful but proudy woman like Urvashi. There can be no man like Karna, the supremest of all men(�����-�������).
His glories and heroism has been narrated by Narada and Saraswati and eventually he attains the highest goal of a human and unites with his brothers in heaven and becomes the king of the Swarga. There can be no great men like Rama, the purushottam himself. He is sinless and eventually he also becomes the king of Ayodhya and brings Ram-Rajya on earth.
Shloka 6- ������������������ ����� ��:������ ����, ��: ����� ����� ���� �����, ���� ��� ����|
English- Knowledge is the most powerful tool in this world. Gyaanis are always respected in this world no matter what. Despite their clans were destroyed, Bali, Krishna and Ravana still have their names in this world because of their 'Gyaan'.
Identity.
He is generally called Chanakya (taken from his father's name "Chanak") but, in his capacity as author of the "Arthaśhāstra", is generally referred to as Kautilya derived from his gotra's name "KOTIL"(Kautilya means "of Kotil"). He believed in four ways: Treating with Equality, Enticement, Punishment or War and Sowing disagreement. The "Arthaśhāstra" identifies its author by the name Kautilya, except for one verse which refers to him by the name Vishnugupta. One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to explicitly identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta was Vishnu Sarma's "Panchatantra" in the 3rd century BC.

= = = Trowel = = =
A trowel is a small tool used for digging, smoothing, or moving around small amounts of material.

= = = Juniper = = =
Junipers is the name for a number of species of coniferous plants in the genus "Juniperus". They are related to the family "Cupressaceae" (the cypress). There are between 50 and 67 species of juniper. Junipers grow in the northern hemisphere. 
Junipers are evergreen. They vary in size from low shrubs to tall trees, which grow to between twenty and forty metres tall. 
Juniper berries.
The female trees have seed cones. These look like like a berry, and are called juniper berries. They take from six to eighteen months to grow after pollination. They are often aromatic, and can be used as a spice.
Unfortunately, the berries of some species, such as "Juniperus sabina", are toxic. Eating them them is not advised. "Juniper" has a number of species, and you have to know what you are doing before you eat the berries.

= = = Juniper berry = = =
The juniper berry is the female seed cone made by the different kinds of junipers. It is not a true berry, but its unusual roundness and merged scales make it look like a berry. Some of the cones are used as spices. Juniper berries are also used to flavour gin. According to a FAO document, juniper berries are the only spice that comes from conifers. However, tar and bark from pine trees are sometimes thought of as spices, too.
These strange and useful berries have a sour but stainable taste that isn’t suggested but if you desire you may eat one. They have also been called the clean bum fruit through history dating back to 17,000 b.c.

= = = Henry Kissinger = = =
Henry Alfred Wolfgang Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Wolfgang Kissinger; May 27, 1923 – November 29, 2023), , was a German-American political scientist, diplomat, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as both National Security Advisor and later as Secretary of State in the Nixon Administration and the Ford Administration.
Early life.
Kissinger was born in Germany in 1923. As a German Jew, it was not safe for him to stay in Germany after Adolf Hitler came to power, and he left for the United States in 1933. He fought for the US against the Nazis in World War II.
Nixon administration.
Kissinger was Richard Nixon's most trusted advisor on foreign affairs. He was in government during the Cold War and promoted what he called "realpolitik" in dealing with the Soviet Union and Communist China. He was a major force behind the 1973 ceasefire in the Vietnam War.
Under Kissinger, the US opened up relations to China, which is considered one of his biggest successes. He also supported détente, an easing of the rivalry with the Soviets.
Nobel Prize.
Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ were jointly offered the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their work on the Paris Peace Accords which lead to the withdrawal of American forces from the Vietnam War. Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the award saying that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Kissinger donated his prize money to charity, did not attend the award ceremony and later offered to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later.
Later years.
In his later years, Kissinger — along with William Perry, Sam Nunn, and George Shultz — called upon governments to reduce nuclear weapons, and in three "Wall Street Journal" articles proposed a program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this cause.
Kissinger died at the age of 100 on November 29, 2023, at his home in Kent, Connecticut. The cause of death was congestive heart failure.
Legacy.
His legacy is often debated by historians. Some people criticize him, even calling him a criminal, for his tactics during the Cold War, notably supporting a military junta in Chile and backing Pakistan during the Bangladesh War. Many people, however, consider Kissinger a great figure in modern American history who ended the Vietnam War, opened up China, and supported peace in the Cold War.

= = = Akihiro Endō = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. His brother Yasuhito Endo is also a footballer.
Biography.
Endo was born in Kagoshima on September 18, 1975. After graduating from Kagoshima Jitsugyo High School, he joined J1 League club Yokohama Marinos (later "Yokohama F. Marinos") in 1994. He debuted in 1995 and he played many matches as midfielder after the debut. In 1995, the club won the champions J1 League. From 1999, he became a regular player and the club won 2001 J.League Cup, 2003 and 2004 J1 League. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2005 and he moved to Vissel Kobe in July 2005. He retired end of 2007 season.
In July 1996, Endo was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played 1 match against Brazil in first match. Japan won Brazil and it was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan.
Statistics.
229||14||18||0||40||4||2||0||289||18
229||14||18||0||40||4||2||0||289||18

= = = Fernando Moner = = =
Fernando Moner (born 30 December 1967) is a former Argentine football player.

= = = Toshiaki Imai = = =
Toshiaki Imai (born 29 December 1954) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujitsu.

= = = Vanderlei Luxemburgo = = =
Vanderlei Luxemburgo (born 10 May 1952) is a former Brazilian football player and football coach. He has been four times winner of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, which is a record.

= = = Shinya Aikawa = = =
Shinya Aikawa (born 26 July 1983) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
155||33||12||7||1||0||168||40
155||33||12||7||1||0||168||40

= = = Takuto Hayashi = = =
Takuto Hayashi (born 9 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.
Club career statistics.
184||0||10||0||1||0||195||0
184||0||10||0||1||0||195||0

= = = Norihiro Yamagishi = = =
Norihiro Yamagishi (born 17 May 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.
Club career statistics.
85||0||12||0||29||0||1||0||127||0
85||0||12||0||29||0||1||0||127||0

= = = Ryota Tsuzuki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tsuzuki was born in Heguri, Nara on April 18, 1978. After graduating from Kunimi High School, he joined J1 League side Gamba Osaka in 1997. He became the first choice goalkeeper in 2000 dislodging Hayato Okanaka but he was transferred to Urawa Reds at the end of the 2002 season after a row with manager Akira Nishino. At Reds, he battles with Norihiro Yamagishi for the position. From 2005, he completely played as first goalkeeper except for 2006 for injury. The club won the champions 2006 J1 League, 2003 J.League Cup, 2005 and 2006 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions 2007 AFC Champions League and also won the 3rd place 2007 Club World Cup. However his opportunity to play decreased due to injury from 2009. He moved to Shonan Bellmare in June 2010. He retired end of the 2010 season.
In September 2000, Tsuzuki was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics. But he did not play in the match behind Seigo Narazaki. In February 2001, Tsuzuki was selected the Japan national team for 2001 Confederations Cup. At this tournament, on April 8, he debuted against Brazil. Although he played only one game, Japan won the 2nd place. Because Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi and Seigo Narazaki played most matches for Japan in 2000s, Tsuzuki could hardly play in the match. He played 6 games for Japan until 2009.
Statistics.
250||0||16||0||33||0||15||0||314||0
250||0||16||0||33||0||15||0||314||0
!Total||6||0

= = = Robson Ponte = = =
Robson Ponte (born 6 November 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.
Club career statistics.
33||16||||||||||||||33||16
140||19||||||||||||||140||19
115||24||12||3||14||2||16||5||157||34
288||59||12||3||14||2||16||5||330||69

= = = Tomislav Marić = = =
Tomislav Marić (born 28 January 1973) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.
Club career statistics.
345||112||||||||||345||112
13||8||5||6||3||0||21||14
358||120||5||6||3||0||366||126
International career statistics.
!Total||11||2

= = = Ichiei Muroi = = =
Ichiei Muroi (born 22 June 1974) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
152||5||19||3||57||1||228||9
152||5||19||3||57||1||228||9

= = = Boeremusiek = = =
 (Afrikaans for "Boer music") is a kind of South African instrumental folk music. Its was made to go with social dancing at parties and festivals.
History.
Boeremusiek is from Europe. It was brought to South Africa and changed into its own style. It is thought to have got to South Africa by British Empire military bands.
Style.
Every artist or band comes up with their own sound and style. They make up their own style by playing different types of concertinas and using different instruments in the band. 
A concertina is similar to an accordion and is the lead instrument in most Boeremusiek bands. There are many different types of concertinas, which is why Boeremusiek has so many sounds and styles, and the construction the concertina is what makes the different sounds in the Boeremusiek band; it depends on where the slots and holes are put makes the difference on the sound that the concertina makes. 
Other instruments that might be in a Boeremusiek band are piano accordions, button harmonicas, accordions, pianos, harmoniums and the guitar. Sometimes, a cello or bass guitar may be seen. 
Today, there are many successful Boeremusiek bands that have recorded albums. Some famous bands and individual artists today are Klipwerf Boereorkes, Danie Grey, Nico Carstens, Taffie Kikkilus, Brian Nieuwoudt, Samuel Petzer, Worsie Visser and Die Ghitaar Man.

= = = Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary) = = =
The Military Merit Cross (German: "Militärverdienstkreuz", Croatian: "Vojni križ za zasluge") was a decoration of the Empire of Austria and, after the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867, the Empire of Austria-Hungary. It was first established on 22 October 1849 and underwent several revisions to its design and award criteria over the years of its existence. It became obsolete in 1918 with the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

= = = Ray Gordy = = =
Terry Ray Gordy, Jr. (born 23 March 1979) is a retired American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he appeared on their SmackDown brand under the ring names Jesse and Slam Master J. In WWE, he was known for tagging with Drew Hankinson where they made the team of Jesse and Festus. He is the son of the wrestler Terry Gordy of the Fabulous Freebirds. Gordy currently works as a police officer in Atlanta, Georgia.

= = = Microsoft Bing = = =
Microsoft Bing (or Bing) is a search engine. It used to be called "Windows Live Search" and "MSN Search". Microsoft calls it a "decision engine", meaning that Bing tries to interpret search queries and give people better search results compared to a typical search engine, helping the user make better decisions. Bing concentrates on four major areas: shopping, travel, local and health. A preview version was made available for everyone to use on June 1, 2009, and the website was fully launched on June 3, 2009. The website quickly became popular after a few weeks.
On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.
In October 2011, Microsoft announced "Tiger", a new internal search computer program for Bing. When it was finished, Bing delivered faster and more relevant search results for users. It has been incorporated into Bing since August 2011.
On February 7, 2023, Microsoft launched a preview version of its Bing search engine, which is powered by OpenAI's artificial intelligence model. The new version of Bing is called "the new Bing" and is customized for search. It includes a chatbot called Microsoft Copilot.
Features.
Bing includes the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered. It lists related searches (called "Explore pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008.
Every day, Bing.com displays a different picture that users can click on parts of to learn more about. These pictures can be about different places around the world, or nature, or even sometimes things in outer space.

= = = Boy Scouts of America = = =
The Boy Scouts of America or BSA is an organization for children and teens with over 5 million members across the United States. They try to give young people life values. BSA includes Cub Scouts, which is for children ages 6–11, Scouts BSA, which is for youth ages 11–17, and Venturing, Sea Scouts, and Exploring for youth ages 14–20. Scouts BSA was called Boy Scouts until it started allowing girls in 2018.
Organization.
Scouts BSA are ages 11–17 and belong to troops, groups of Scouts associated with a church, school or post. Cub Scouts are scouts ages 6–11 and belong to packs. Cub Scouts include Tigers (age 6-7), Wolfs (age 7-8), Bears (age 8-9), and Webelos (age 9-11). Older Scouts can be Venturer Scouts.
History.
The Boy Scouts of America were founded by American writer W. D. Boyce, in 1910, but were similar to Scouting groups in Great Britain and other early scout movements. James E. West helped out the BSA in its early years, but also made the BSA more religious than scouts were in Europe. Scouting grew in the 1910s and 20s due to the rise of “boy’s books” devoted to Scouting and the First World War. Scouting had many members during the 1960s, but has declined since the 1970s, despite an attempt to make scouting modern by changing requirements and adding more merit badges.
Controversies.
Over the years, the BSA has taken some stands that many Americans did not like. These included being against unions (organized workers) in the 1920s, requiring Scouts to believe in God, and not allowing gays to join Scouting.
Rank.
An important part of scouting is earning ranks. There are seven ranks in Scouts BSA: Scout, Tenderfoot, 2nd Class, 1st Class, Star, Life and Eagle. The first four focus on learning basic scout skills, including camping, cooking, swimming, first aid (basic medical care), citizenship, orienteering (use of a map and compass), and pioneering (tying knots). The final three focus on earning merit badges, serving the troop and serving the community. Eagle Scouts must plan and finish a project that benefits something other than Scouting, and earn 21 merit badges. They must also hold a position of leadership in the troop. Only about 2 or 3% of Scouts earn Eagle, but some of the ones that have include Gerald Ford and Neil Armstrong.
Oath and law.
Scouts must learn, know and follow the Scout Oath and Scout Law:
Scout Oath.
These are the words of the Scout Oath:
Scout Law.
A scout is:

= = = Counterfeit = = =
Counterfeit is the sale or manufacture of items that have not been made by real companies or have been made illegally. Nearly anything can be counterfeit, but most counterfeiting is of clothing and other small items such as bags, medicines, money, watches, or jewellery. Most things can be sold without people realizing that they are counterfeit and that they could possibly be breaking the law by buying the counterfeit goods.
Money can also be counterfeited. Sometimes people make fake cash, and this is considered to be counterfeit. The United States Secret Service investigates people who do this.

= = = Limoux = = =
Limoux () is a French commune, a "subprefecture" in the Aude department. It is in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Limoux.
Geography.
Limoux is along the Aude river and is about due south of Carcassonne.
The "commune" of Limoux has an area of . Its average altitude is and the city hall is an altitude of .
The "commune" of Limoux is surrounded by the "communes":
Climate.
The climate of Limoux, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - oceanic climate with warm summers.
Population.
The inhabitants of Limoux are known, in French, as "Limouxins" (women: "Limouxines").
With a population of 10,275, Limoux has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Limoux
Limoux forms, with other 4 "communes", the urban area of Limoux with a population of 12,883 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoux, formed by 16 "communes" with a population of 15,560 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration.
Limoux is a subprefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Limoux and the administrative centre () of the canton La Région Limouxine, with 19,978 inhabitants .
It is part of the intercommunality "Le Limouxin" ().
Twinned and partner towns.
Limoux is twinned with:
Culture.
The town is well known for its wine called Limoux wine. It also has a Winter festival called "Fècos". It is often called "Carnaval de Limoux" in France. It is usually between January and Easter.

= = = Tamaddun Majlish = = =
Tamaddun Majlish () was an Islamic cultural organization in East Bengal. Tamddun Majlish was the founder of the historic Language Movement.

= = = Sindh Valley = = =
The Sindh Valley, is a valley in a mountain range which is north of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. The valley begins in Gandarbal and ends near Baltal and the start of the Zojila Pass. Sindh Valley is the main route between Kashmir and Central Asia.

= = = Paktia Province = = =
Paktia ( - Paktyā) is a province under Afghanistan. Its capital (city) is Gardez. There are about 1.3 million people who live in the Province. Most of the people are Pashtun.
Districts.
Paktia is made up of 14 district (District Centers are given in parentheses):

= = = Sun Microsystems = = =
Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun for short) was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services. Sun contributed to many important computing technologies, such as Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, the Network File System (NFS), and the SPARC instruction set. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. Sun's headquarters were in Santa Clara, California. In January 2010, it was bought by Oracle Corporation.

= = = Water strider = = =
The water strider (also known as the pond skater) is a true bug, an insect of the family Gerridae. It can run across the surface of water. It lives on ponds and slow-running streams. It rarely goes underwater. The underside of the body is covered with water-repellent hair. There are around 500 known species, commonly placed in around 60 genera. Also called the Jesus bug (walks on water).

= = = Bowler = = =
A bowler is a person who bowls or delivers a ball to the batsman in the game of cricket. Unlike the pitcher in a game of baseball, a bowler delivers with a straight arm (see photo). A ball bowled with the elbow bent is a throw, and that is illegal. If the bowler bowls while not in the right part of the nonstriker's ground, or bowls the ball out of the reach of the striking batter, that is also illegal. Illegal bowling gives the batting team 1 point, mostly can't get players out, and doesn't count toward the limit on the number of deliveries in the game. 
A bowler who can also bat well, is called an all rounder. There are different types of bowler, and a cricket team will usually have a mix of different types.
Fast bowler.
A fast bowler uses simple speed to defeat a batsman. They can send the ball to the batsman at a speed of 145 km/h. They take a long run up before bowling each ball to build speed. Shoaib Akhtar of Pakistan was the first to bowl at a speed of 160 km/h. Another famous fast bowler is Australian Brett Lee.
Medium pace bowler.
A medium pace bowler bowls more slowly. They often use other tricks to defeat the batsman. They can get the ball able to curve in the air or change the speed or length (where the ball hits the ground) to fool the batsman. Some are very accurate so they can repeatedly send the ball to a place which forces the batsman to defend rather than scoring runs. Others grip the ball so that it lands on its seam; this makes the path of the ball unpredictable.
Spin bowler.
A spin bowler usually bowls quite slowly and puts a lot of spin on the ball which makes it bounce at an angle off the ground. This makes the batsman play each ball carefully. Generally spin bowlers give up the most runs but they all have "tricks" that they use to fool the batsman and get him or her out. These tricks are given names such as the arm ball, googly, flipper, topspinner or doosra. Spin bowling is very much about fooling the batsman rather than speed. A fast off spin is the normal off spin action but with more pace. Off spin is when the cricket ball spins towards a right-handed batsmen's bat (bowler's left to right). With more pace, there usually is less turn (amount of spin). Off-spin is also called an off-break or finger spin. A famous spin bowler was the Australian Shane Warne, but his type was the leg break, which uses the wrist to spin the ball from the bowler's right to left. This is varied with the top spin, when the ball comes on straight and low.

= = = Wicket = = =
In cricket, a wicket is:
Object.
There is one wicket in each of the two batsmen's grounds. The fielding team can hit a wicket with the ball to run out a batsman, but only if there is no batsman in the ground of the wicket. In addition, when delivering the ball to the batsman, the bowler can hit the wicket in the striker's ground with the ball to bowl the striker out.
The wicket is said to have been "put down" when any of its 5 sticks fall to the ground because it was hit by the ball or a player holding the ball. The sticks can be put back in place and then hit back off to put the wicket down more than once.
Sides of the field.
The field can be defined as having two halves: the "off side" and the "leg side"/"on side", with these being separated by an imaginary line connecting the middle stump of both wickets. The off side of the field is the right side of a field for a right-handed batsman who is looking at the bowler, and the leg side is the left side. (This is reversed for a left-handed batsman.)
Batsman getting out.
A batsman is said to have "lost his wicket" when he gets out.

= = = Dynamic and formal equivalence = = =
Dynamic and formal equivalence are concepts from linguistics. 
When a language is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.
There are two possible ways to solve this problem:

= = = The Undertones = = =
The Undertones are a punk rock/power pop band from Northern Ireland. They formed in Derry in 1975. 

= = = Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter = = =
The Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter or LGW is a German airline. 

= = = 3G = = =
3G, the short form for the third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunication technology. It was replaced by 4G.
3G was launched on March 3rd 2003 and was replaced in 2009

= = = Kin selection = = =
Kin selection or kin altruism is a form of natural selection. Some animals cooperate with relatives, even if this brings risk to themselves. The classic example of this is seen in the family life of mammals, or in colonial insects such as ants. 
Many mammals and birds raise alarms to warn others of danger. Others cooperate in tasks, such as scrub jays help each other with to build nests. In all these cases where animals cooperate, the question is whether there is any biological benefit to themselves. It is now clear that there is benefit if the animals are closely related. This is because related organisms have (to a degree) a shared genetic inheritance.
The first to write about the concept were by R.A. Fisher in 1930, and J.B.S. Haldane in 1955, but it was W.D. Hamilton who truly formalized the concept. The actual term "kin selection" was probably coined by John Maynard Smith, when he wrote: 
By cooperating, relatives influence each other's fitness. Under natural selection, a gene which improves the fitness of individuals will increase in frequency. A gene which lowers the fitness of individuals will become rare. 
However, behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the actor, may nonetheless increase in frequency. Relatives do, by definition, carry many of the same genes. This is the fundamental principle behind the theory of kin selection. According to the theory, the enhanced fitness of relatives may more than compensate for the fitness loss of the helpers (individuals displaying the behaviour). 
This is a special case of a more general model, called inclusive fitness.
Hamilton's equation.
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for helping behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:
where:

= = = Sterile = = =
Sterile or sterility may refer to:

= = = Foraging = = =
Foraging is the act of hunting or gathering food. For example, cattle forage grass to eat. The idea of animals foraging is called "forage theory", and was first proposed in 1966.
Humans that forage are often called hunter-gatherers, who find and eat (wild) animals and plants without domestication of them (people who farm plants are not hunter-gatherers, as they have grown them themselves). 

= = = Pacific Northwest = = =
The Pacific Northwest, also referred to as Cascadia, is a region on the west coast of North America. It refers to the northwestern corner of the United States and the southwestern part of Canada. The U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and western Montana are in the southern part of the Pacific Northwest. The Canadian province of British Columbia and the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alaska is in the northern part. The entire region is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Historically, the Pacific Northwest had been inhabited by Native Americans. Starting from about 15,000 years ago, Native Americans settled along the coastline and along the major rivers. From the 1500s to the 1700s, Europeans explored the region, beginning with the discovery of Oregon and Washington. In the early 1800s, the famous Lewis and Clark expedition arrived in Washington State. From the 19th century to present day, the region began to become settled. Today, the largest cities in the Northwest include Vancouver, Seattle and Portland.
The rugged mountains of the Northwest consist of the Coast Range, which is nearer the coast, and the Cascade Range. In northern Washington, the Cascade Range is called the North Cascades. In British Columbia, it is called the Canadian Cascades. The many rivers of the Northwest result from its wet climate - the mountains trap wet Pacific air, leaving little rain for inland states like Idaho. The rivers once supported large salmon runs, but large power dams have been built on many rivers.
The main language of the Pacific Northwest is English in the United States and Canada, among the Native Americans Chinook Jargon is common. Among the many Asian immigrants, Chinese is being used more in the Northwest.
Geography.
The Pacific Northwest extends from southeastern Alaska to Northern California. Along this entire length, is a large mountain range, the Cascade Range, that forms the geographic spine of the Pacific Northwest. The highest mountain in the Northwest is Mount Rainier. Rainier is high. Other notable mountains include Mount Shasta, at , and Mount Baker, at . East of the Cascades, there is the Columbia Plateau, a high area of land that stretches east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho and Montana. In the west, the Coast Range borders the coast more closely. The Olympic Mountains are on the Olympic Peninsula, an extension of Washington State. Puget Sound is a large system of bays and straits in northwestern Washington and southeastern British Columbia.
The main rivers of the Pacific Northwest are the Fraser River, the Columbia River, and the Snake River. The Fraser River is mainly in British Columbia; it flows west to the Pacific Ocean near Vancouver. The Fraser drains most of the southern Canadian Cascades. The Columbia River begins in the Canadian Cascades and flows south, then turns west where it meets the Snake River. From there, it flows on to the ocean near Portland. The Snake River is mainly in inland Idaho. After a journey west from the Rocky Mountains, it meets the Columbia at Kennewick, Washington.
Other rivers in the Northwest include the Finlay, the Skagit, the Umpqua, the Rogue, and the Klamath. The Finlay drains the northern Canadian Cascades and flows on to join the Mackenzie River, which flows through Canada to Hudson Bay. The Skagit also begins in the Canadian Cascades, and crosses into Washington; it turns west and flows into the sea north of Everett, Washington. The Umpqua River begins in the Southern Oregon Cascades, and flows west to the Pacific Ocean near Reedsport, Oregon. The Rogue parallels the Umpqua and dumps into the sea at Gold Beach, Oregon. The Klamath flows south from a valley in inland Oregon, then turns west through northern California, cutting through the Cascade Range to its mouth near Klamath, California.

= = = Adaptation = = =
Adaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat. This process takes place over many generations. It is one of the basic phenomena of biology.
When people speak about adaptation, they often mean a 'feature' (a trait) which helps an animal or plant survive. An example is the adaptation of horses' teeth to grinding grass. Grass is their usual food; it wears the teeth down, but horses' teeth continue to grow during life. Horses also have adapted to run fast, which helps them to escape their predators, such as lions. These features are the "product" of the process of adaptation.
The illustration of bird beaks shows an obvious sign of their different ways of life. However, eating a different food also means having a different digestive system, gut, claws, wings and above all, different inherited behaviour. For the major adaptations, what changes is not a single trait, but a whole group of features.
Adaptation occurs because the better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully. This process is known as natural selection; it is the basic cause of evolutionary change. 
General principles.
Adaptation is, first of all, a "process", rather than a physical part of a body. 
Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past, and became instead a continuing dynamic process. "Ernst Mayr".p483
An internal parasite (such as a fluke) is a good example: it has a very simple bodily structure, but still the organism is highly adapted to its particular environment. From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in the life cycle, which is often quite complex.
However, as a practical term, adaptation is often used for the "product": those features of a species which result from the process. Many aspects of an animal or plant can be correctly called adaptations, though there are always some features whose function is in doubt. By using the term "adaptation" for the evolutionary "process", and "adaptive trait" for the bodily part or function (the product), the two senses of the word may be distinguished.
Adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the diverse species we see in biology. The other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis).p562 A favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African lakes.
An organism must be viable at all stages of its development and at all stages of its evolution. This places "constraints" on the evolution of development, behaviour and structure of organisms.
The general idea is that each genetic and phenotypic change during evolution should be relatively small, because developmental systems are so complex and interlinked. But polyploidy in plants is a fairly common large genetic change. The origin of the eukaryota by the symbiosis of micro-organisms is a more exotic example.
Ecological niches.
All adaptations help organisms survive in their ecological niches. This implies an increase in biological fitness.
These adaptive traits may be structural, behavioural or physiological. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism (shape, body covering, armament; and also the internal organization).
Behavioural adaptations are composed of inherited behaviour chains and/or the ability to learn: behaviours may be inherited in detail (instincts), or a tendency for learning may be inherited (see neuropsychology). Examples: searching for food, sex, vocalizations.
Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions (for instance, making venom, secreting slime, phototropism); but also more general functions such as growth and development, temperature regulation, ionic balance and other aspects of homeostasis. Adaptation, then, affects all aspects of the life of an organism.
Suits of adaptations.
Important adaptations do not come singly. They come in groups, which work together to make the animal or plant successful in its particular niche or life-style.
Woodpeckers.
Woodpecker adaptations are a good example of how a whole suite of features are needed for a successful way of life.
Ancestral woodpeckers, which switched to climbing on tree trunks, had ancestral foot and tail structure. This suggests that a change in behaviour, perhaps to get at a better food source, was one of the first things that happened in the chain of events. The way evolutionary novelties start is an important topic.
Functions of adaptations.
Traits with no function.
Not all features of an organism are adaptations. It may need field investigations or experiments to find out whether it has a function in the life of the species.
Adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species. If a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become a dwindling vestige. Animals which live in dark caves often lose, over a long period, their colours and eyesight. 
The reasons for this may vary. The loss of structure and function may be a positive adaptation which saves energy and materials. But it may be simply a by-product of genes selected for other functions (pleiotropy). Or the structure may be linked in development, and affected by selection for some other structure. 
It is a general rule that any adaptations which are no longer useful either become vestigial organs (see vermiform appendix), or may be selected and adapted to other functions (see ear ossicles).
Adaptations with multiple functions.
Many adaptations serve more than one function. This is often the reason some traits become so noticeable that they almost define the species concerned. The legs of a horse are also a main defence: a horse's kick is very destructive. The antlers of male deer serve a sexual function as well as a defence against predators. Man's large brain serves not only for language, but also for thinking and problem-solving. Bird feathers are not just used to fly; they are the basis of its heat conservation, temperature regulation and signalling
Compromise and conflict between adaptations.
It is a profound truth that Nature does not know best; that genetical evolution... is a story of waste, makeshift, compromise and blunder. "Peter Medawar".
Adaptations are never perfect. There are always tradeoffs between the various functions and structures in a body. It is the organism as a whole which lives and reproduces, therefore it is the complete set of adaptations which gets passed on to future generations.
All adaptations have a downside: horse legs are great for running on grass, but they cannot scratch their backs; mammals' hair helps temperature regulation, but offers a niche for ectoparasites. Compromise and make-shift occur widely, not perfection. Selection pressures pull in different directions, and the adaptation that results is some kind of compromise.
Since the phenotype as a whole is the target of selection, it is impossible to improve simultaneously all aspects of the phenotype to the same degree. "Ernst Mayr".p589
Peacocks.
Camouflage to avoid detection is destroyed when vivid colours are displayed at mating time. Here the risk to life is counterbalanced by the need for reproduction. The peacock's ornamental train (grown anew in time for each mating season) is a famous adaptation. It must reduce his maneuverability and flight, and is hugely conspicuous; also, its growth costs food resources.
Darwin's explanation of its advantage was in terms of sexual selection: "it depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in relation to reproduction". The kind of sexual selection represented by the peacock is called 'mate choice', meaning the process selects the more fit over the less fit, and so has survival value. In practice, the blue peafowl "Pavo cristatus" is a pretty successful species, with a big natural range in India, so the overall outcome of their mating system is quite viable.
Human birth.
The size of the human foetal brain at birth means the brain of a newborn child is quite immature. The newborn's brain cannot be larger than about 400ccs, else it will not get through the mother's pelvis. Yet the size needed for an adult brain is about 1400ccs.
The most vital things in human life (locomotion, speech) just have to wait while the brain grows and matures. That is the result of the birth compromise. Much of the problem comes from our upright bipedal stance, without which our pelvis could be shaped more suitably for birth. Neanderthals had a similar problem.
Change of function over time.
The function of a trait can, and often does, change over time. Several terms have been used to describe this: "preadaptation", "exaptation", "cooption". 'Preadaptation' is the most common term used when a preexisting structure or trait inherited from an ancestor evolves a different function. It was the term used by Julian Huxley and Ernst Mayr. The term 'pre-' does not mean any foresight, it just means the adaptation was already available, serving some older function. 'Exaptation' was Stephen J. Gould's word.
One example of preadaptation is in dinosaurs, which evolved feathers with the function of thermo-insulation and display long before they were used for flight by early birds. Sweat glands in mammals were later transformed into mammary glands. Another example is the long journey of the mammalian ear ossicles, which started in the gill covers of ancient fish, then became part of the lower jaw of reptiles, and then became part of the inner ear of mammals. Another example is the wings of penguins. Once used for flying, they are now used for 'flying' under water.
Change of function in organs and structures is extremely common in evolution. Many of the features of tetrapods (land vertebrates) evolved from features with different functions in the ancestral lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii).
Definitions.
The following definitions are mainly due to Theodosius Dobzhansky.

= = = Amaranth (color) = = =
Amaranth is a rose-red color that is the color of the flower of the amaranth plant.
The first written use of "amaranth" as a color name in English was in 1690.
Where the name comes from.
The name "amaranth" comes from the Greek "a" (not) + "marainean" (to waste away). A flower that never died that was believed to grow on Mount Olympus.
Tones of amaranth color comparison chart.
Amaranth flowers come in many different colors:

= = = Cobra Starship = = =
Cobra Starship was an American alternative dance band. The group started in 2005 in New York City. They are most famous for their songs "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" and "Good Girls Go Bad". They are currently signed to record label Fueled by Ramen.
Cobra Starship officially dissolved on November 10, 2015.

= = = San Felipe de Puerto Plata = = =
The Dominican city of San Felipe de Puerto Plata, usually called just Puerto Plata is the head municipality of the Puerto Plata province, on the north (Atlantic) coast of the country.
Name.
The name Puerto Plata ("Silver Port") came from the name given by Columbus to the mountain just to the south of the city: "Monte de Plata" ("Silver Mountain") because the mountain always had clouds on its top and not because there was the metal silver; that mountain now is called Isabel de Torres mountain (in Spanish, the complete name is "Loma Isabel de Torres"). Isabel de Torres was a lady who lived in Puerto Plata in 1605 and had a lot of land in the mountain.
The city was called first "Puerto de Plata" but later it was changed to just "Puerto Plata", the name that is still used
History.
Columbus visited the Puerto Plata Bay on 11 January 1493. The city was founded and built by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502. Soon it became the most important port in the northern coast of the Hispaniola island and, in 1508, the king of Spain gave a coat of arms to the city.
Because there were many pirates and other British and French ships along the northern coast of the island, a fort was built here by orders of Carlos I, king of Spain; its construction took several years and it was finished in 1577. Because at that moment the Spanish's king was Felipe II, the fort was named Fuerte San Felipe (in English, "Saint Phillip Fort").
In 1606, those that were living in the towns of Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi were ordered by the Spanish king to move to the southeast of the island and to found a new town: Monte Plata. Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi were, then, destroyed. They were founded again in the 18th century with families that came from the Canary Islands.
Population.
The municipality had, in , a total population of 128,240: 63,564 men and 64,676 women. The urban population was of the total population.
Geography.
San Felipe de Puerto Plata has a total area of (without including its municipal districts), about of the total area of the province of Puerto Plata. The city is at an elevation of , and at to the north of Santo Domingo.
The "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range") runs along the southern half of the municipality. There are only two roads that go through this mountain range. It rains a lot in these mountains.
The mountain "Loma Isabel de Torres" (the "Monte de Plata" of Columbus) is at about to the southeast of the city of Puerto Plata. It stands alone even if it is part of the Cordillera Septentrional. On top of the mountain, there is rainforest because it gets a lot of rain there; it rains almost every day. That forest is now a national park. It is high and there are two ways for getting to the top: by road or by a cable car (a type of car that runs on cables above the car).
There are many rivers in the municipality but, because the Cordillera Septentrional is close to the coast, they are all very short. The two most important rivers are Camú del Norte and Yásica. Two small rivers that are close to the city are San Marcos and Muñoz.
There are some bays along the coast. Two of them are the "Puerto Plata Bay" and "Maimón Bay".
Climate.
Puerto Plata has a tropical wet climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Af) with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist (rainfalls during the whole year).
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with of rainfall, followed by November with .
The driest season is summer. The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of and the second is June with .
Puerto Plata is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of .
Administrative division.
The municipality of San Felipe de Puerto Plata has two municipal districts:

= = = North Cascades = = =
The North Cascades are a name used for the mountains at the north end of the Cascade Range, south of Canada. The North Cascades are entirely in the United States, in the state of Washington. At the Canadian border, the North Cascades are called the Canadian Cascades. The highest point in the North Cascades is Mount Baker (10,781 ft/3,286m). North Cascades National Park is located at the northernmost end of the North Cascades.
Some of the primary rivers in the North Cascades are the Skagit, Nooksack, Stillaguamish, and Stehekin. Lake Chelan is the largest lake in the North Cascades. Although now termed a reservoir, it was originally a natural lake, but enlarged by a dam. The urban areas of Seattle, Tacoma and Everett are all west of the North Cascades. The Columbia River, Washington's largest river, forms the east and south boundary.

= = = The Point! = = =
The Point! is a 1971 animated cartoon movie, written by singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson and Carole Beers, and directed by Fred Wolf. It first appeared on ABC television, in the United States. It starred the voices of Mike Lookinland ("Bobby" of "The Brady Bunch" fame), and actor Dustin Hoffman. (Later editions replaced Hoffman's voice with that of Alan Thicke, then musician Ringo Starr.)
Storyline.
"The Point!" tells a story about a boy named Oblio (Mike Lookinland), who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads. Banished to the Pointless Forest for not conforming to what is "normal", Oblio and his dog Arrow (Don Messick) (whose head was pointed, but he was still loyal to Oblio) meet many different people, and come to learn that everything and everyone indeed has a "point"; a purpose for being what they are. Oblio and Arrow return home, bringing back what they have learned to share with everyone.
Harry Nilsson said later the inspiration for "The Point!" was an LSD experience. Resting on the ground, he noticed everything (trees, buildings) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a "point", leading Nilsson to believe that "everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's a point to that". Nilsson developed this idea into a story about tolerance, and acceptance of uniqueness in others.
Music.
Nilsson devoted a whole album to music from "The Point!", alternating songs from the show with his own of the story. "Me And My Arrow" became the breakout hit from the album, with a single reaching the Top 20 in the American music charts. (The song was later used in a commercial, for the Plymouth Arrow automobile.)
Nilsson later adapted "The Point!" into a musical stage play, that featured more of his own songs. A London production of the play reunited former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, who were also friends of Nilsson's.

= = = Darwinius = = =
Darwinius is a genus of primates known from only one fossil. It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit. This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.
The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago. The genus "Darwinius" was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name "masillae" honors Messel, where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur. It is the only known specimen of its species.
The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation. The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007. 
Description.
The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts. Only the lesser part was known earlier. The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known. It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract. 
Skull radiography shows teeth developing within the juvenile face. The individual was a weaned and independent-feeding female that died in her first year of life. She was "an agile, nail-bearing, generalized arboreal quadruped living above the floor of the Messel rain forest".

= = = Redmond Barry = = =
Redmond Barry (1813—1880), was a judge in Victoria, Australia. He is famous for being the person who started the University of Melbourne and the State Library of Victoria. As a judge he is famous for sentencing bushranger Ned Kelly to death. He was also the judge in the trials of the rebel miners from the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria.

= = = Transport network = = =
A transport network, or transportation network is a network of roads, railways, streets, pipes, power lines, or any structure that lets either movement of vehicles or flow of some commodity.

= = = Buxton = = =
Buxton is a spa town in Derbyshire, England. It is the highest market town in England. Buxton is near to Cheshire and Staffordshire. Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park". Buxton is also close to Manchester.
"Poole's Cavern", a limestone cavern, and St Ann's Well are in Buxton. Also in the town is an Opera House.
History.
The Romans developed the town when it was called Aquae Arnemetiae (or the spa of the goddess of the grove). Roman coins have been found in Buxton. The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a second revival a hundred years later as the people visited to use the healing properties of the waters.
The Dukes of Devonshire have been helping Buxton since 1780, when the Duke used his money from his copper mines to develop the town as a spa like Bath.
Bess of Hardwick had taken one of her four husbands, the Earl of Shrewsbury, to "take the waters" at Buxton shortly after he became the jailer of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1569.
Dr. Erasmus Darwin recommended the waters at Buxton to Josiah Wedgwood. The Wedgwood family often went to Buxton on holiday. Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin also settled there.
Economy.
Buxton is twinned with two other towns—Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.

= = = Alice's Adventures in Wonderland = = =
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is an 1865 childrens’ story written by Charles Dodgson and illustrated by John Tenniel. Dodgson used Lewis Carroll as a pen name when writing poetry and fiction.
The story is more well known as Alice in Wonderland and is the basis for many adaptations in films, art and music.
One of the very commonly used phrases today - “down the rabbit hole” - comes from the beginning of the story. Alice is a young girl who, while falling asleep outside on a golden afternoon, sees a white rabbit and follows it into a rabbit hole. When she falls down the rabbit hole, she begins her fantastical adventures in Wonderland. 
Her adventures include distortions of time and proportion. Throughout the story she shrinks and grows repeatedly as she meets characters of all kinds and sizes, including the iconic Caterpillar who asks “Who are you?” and Cheshire Cat who asks her “Where do you want to go?”
Story.
The story starts with Alice sitting with her sister beside a lake. Suddenly, a white rabbit runs by. Alice runs after him. She finds his rabbit hole. She falls through the hole. She meets many characters underground and has some amazing adventures. She grows larger or smaller by eating different things like cakes and mushrooms. At the end, she enters a lovely garden. The Knave of Hearts is charged with stealing some tarts. A trial is held. Alice thinks the trial is ridiculous. She says so. Everyone is offended. There is a great commotion. Alice suddenly wakes up. She is back where she started, sitting with her sister beside the lake.
Background.
The story was told on a summer outing to three little girls. One of them was named Alice Liddell. Alice asked Dodgson to write the story down. Dodgson accepted the task. It took two years.
The story was first called "Alice's Adventures Under Ground". When Dodgson prepared the "Alice" story for publication, he added more events, such as the Mad Hatters's Tea Party, new characters, such as the Cheshire Cat, and changed the title to "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".
The story was so popular that Dodgson, (under the pen name Lewis Carroll), wrote a sequel called "Through the Looking-Glass". The Alice stories, often known as "Alice in Wonderland", are popular in music, movies and plays.
Adaptations.
The book has been adapted many times to movies and television. These adaptations include:

= = = Penny sterling = = =
The penny sterling (plural "pence") is a subdivision of Pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom.

= = = Montreal Wanderers = = =
The Montreal Wanderers were a professional men's ice hockey team that played in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Arena, and were one of the founding franchises of the National Hockey League in the 1917–18 NHL season. The Wanderers won a total of eight Stanley Cup challenges within a span of five seasons from 1906 to 1910. Prior to the formation of the NHL, the "Redbands" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.
Season-by-season record.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"
Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season
Honoured players.
The following Hockey Hall of Fame players played for the Wanderers during some point in their careers:

= = = £sd = = =
£sd (pronounced, and sometimes written, L.s.d.) was the popular name for the pre-decimal currencies (sterling) used in the United Kingdom and in most of the British Empire. This abbreviation meant “pounds, shillings, and pence”. It is different when compared to American currency.

= = = Quebec Bulldogs = = =
The Quebec Bulldogs were a men's senior-level ice hockey team officially known as the Quebec Hockey Club, later as the Quebec Athletic Club. Their recorded play goes back as far as the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) in 1889, although the Quebec Hockey Club is known to have played in tournaments prior to that date. The club continued as an amateur team through various leagues, eventually becoming professional in 1908, and eventually playing in the National Hockey League. The "Bulldog" name was given by the media and was so popular with the fans a Bulldog mascot was created but was never officially changed until the team moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1920 and became the Tigers.
Season-by-season record.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"
Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season
Notable players.
Team captains.
This list is incomplete.

= = = Three-body problem = = =
The three-body problem is a problem in the field of physics. The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity. It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.
Non-relativistic movement.
"Relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity. This theory must be used when things move at great speed. But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement". You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light "c," which is the highest possible speed.
In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things. One must also know their masses. Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.
Relativistic movement.
When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement. Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'
In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves. In this case, the thing moving loses energy, and this makes calculation more difficult. Experts say that the system is "not conservative".
Experts in another field called Quantum mechanics say, in addition, at high speed the creation and annihilation of particles becomes possible, so, it is not possible to keep the number of particles constant.
There is no relativistic solution that always works for the movement of two or three things.
In astronomy.
The three-body problem also happens in astronomy. The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation. The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in "Principia". Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small. In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly. If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation. Many different patterns of motion can occur.

= = = Yossi Benayoun = = =
Yossi Benayoun (; born 5 May 1980) is an Israeli football player. He currently plays for Chelsea in the Premier League. Benayoun plays as an attacking midfielder, and he is the captain of the Israeli national team.

= = = Plum Warner = = =
Sir Pelham Francis Warner, known as Plum, (born 2 October 1873 in Port of Spain, Trinidad – died 30 January 1963 at West Lavington, West Sussex), was an England cricketer and a tour manager for England. He was tour manager during the 1932-33 "bodyline" tour of Australia where England bowled high and fast balls to the body of the Australian batsman, especially the famous Don Bradman.

= = = Douglas Jardine = = =
Douglas Robert Jardine (Bombay, Indian Empire 1900 – Montreux, Switzerland 1958) was an English cricketer and captain of the England cricket team from 1931 to 1933–34. A right-handed batsman, he played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 matches, winning nine, losing one and drawing five.
The 'bodyline' tour.
Jardine is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. There, his team used 'bodyline' tactics against Donald Bradman and other opposing Australian batsmen. A bodyline delivery was one where the cricket ball was pitched short so as to rise towards the body of the opposing batsman on the line of the leg stump. The plan was to get legside deflections that could be caught by one of several fielders on the leg side. This tactic was considered by many to be intimidatory and physically threatening. Jardine is widely regarded by commentators and writers as the person responsible for that strategy.
The spearhead of the England attack was the coal miner's son Harold Larwood, the fastest bowler of the day. Larwood's partner was Bill Voce, also a top-class fast bowler. Ranged against them was the great Don Bradman, then averaging over 100 in Test matches.
A controversial figure among cricketers, Jardine was well known for his dislike of Australian players and crowds. In return, he was unpopular in Australia, for his manner and the bodyline strategy. Many of his players thought him an excellent captain, though not everyone thought him as good at managing people.
Career in WWII.
Jardine joined the British Army in August 1939. Once World War II began, he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment and went with the British Expeditionary Force to France. He served at Dunkirk, where he was fortunate to escape but suffered some injuries. After serving as staff captain at St. Albans, he was posted to India for the remainder of the war. He served in Quetta, and then Simla, as a major. He became fluent in the Hindustani language. He gave lectures and played some cricket while in India. He left the army in 1945.

= = = The Oval = = =
The Oval is a place in London, England where important cricket matches are played. The Oval is the home place for Surrey County Cricket Club when they play other counties and England often play their last home test matches there at the end of the summer.
The Oval is located in Kennington, South London. The nearest tube station is also called Oval but you can get to the place easily from Vauxhall station.

= = = Trophallaxis = = =
Trophallaxis in biology refers the sharing of food by members of a community. 
It is most highly developed in social insects such as ants, termites, wasps and bees. The word was introduced by the entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918. The behaviour has been used to explain theories of how social behaviour developed in insects. The French psychologist and entomologist August Forel also believed that food sharing was key to ant society. He used an illustration of it as the frontispiece for his book "The social world of the ants compared with that of man".
Trophallaxis serves as a means of communication, at least in bees and ants. In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.

= = = Oval tube station = = =
Oval tube station in Kennington is a station on the Northern line of the London Underground. It is between Stockwell and Kennington stations. It is the only station on the Morden branch of the Northern line whose name begins with a vowel. Oval station is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is named for The Oval, which it serves.

= = = Nikolaus Harnoncourt = = =
Nikolaus Harnoncourt (born Berlin, 6 December 1929, died St. Georgen im Attergau, 5 March 2016) was an Austrian conductor. He was famous for his conducting music from many years ago using orchestras with period instruments.
Life.
Harnoncourt was born in Berlin into a noble family who were related to the Holy Roman Emperors and other European royalties. His full name was Johann Nicolaus Graf de la Fontaine und d’Harnoncourt-Unverzag. He was brought up in Graz, Austria and studied music in Vienna.
From 1952 to 1969 he was a cellist with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra. He soon became interested in performing old music with period instruments. He started a group called Concentus Musicus Wien. They tried to make the music of composers from the Baroque period sound like it had done when it was written. Harnoncourt played the viola da gamba as well as the cello. In 1970 he conducted Monteverdi's opera "Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria" at La Scala, Milan.
In 1971, Harnoncourt started to work with the conductor Gustav Leonhardt. They recorded all of J.S. Bach's cantatas. This project took until 1990 to finish. He also recorded Bach's "St. Matthew Passion". He performed with many other orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. Often they were orchestras who used modern instruments, but he tried to make them play with an understanding of a historical style (bowing, phrasing etc). Like other musicians working with historical instruments, he gradually realized that music from later periods such as the Classical music period and even the Romantic period used to sound different from what we usually hear today. He recorded the symphonies and concertos of Beethoven. He received many awards for these recordings.
Harnoncourt was married to Alice until his death. The couple had a daughter, Elisabeth von Magnus, and three sons: Philipp, Franz and Eberhard (who died in 1990). Harnoncourt retired in December 2015 because of an illness. Harnoncourt died on 5 March 2016 from the illness. He was aged 86.

= = = Roger Norrington = = =
Sir Roger Norrington OBE (born 16 March 1934) is a British conductor who is famous for conducting music from historical periods using period instruments.
Life.
Norrington studied at Clare College, Cambridge and the Royal College of Music where his teachers included Adrian Boult.
Norrington started his career singing tenor. In 1962 he formed the Schütz Choir (later the Schütz Choir of London). From 1969 to 1984, he was conductor (music director) of Kent Opera. In 1978 he formed the London Classical Players and he conducted them until 1997. From 1985 to 1989 he was Principal Conductor of the Bournemouth Sinfonietta. From 1990 to 1994, he was music director of the Orchestra of St. Luke's. In 1998, he became principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra. He became Artistic Advisor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 2006.
Norrington is best known for performances of Baroque, Classical and Romantic music using period instruments and period style. He likes his orchestras to play with very little vibrato.
He conducted the Last Night of The Proms for the first time on 13 September 2008.
Norrington was made an OBE in 1980, a CBE in 1990 and a Knight Bachelor in 1997.

= = = Surrey County Cricket Club = = =
Surrey County Cricket Club are a cricket team who play first class county leagues. They play their home games at The Oval in Kennington, South London.

= = = Gustav Leonhardt = = =
Gustav Leonhardt (born 's-Graveland, Netherlands, 30 May 1928, died Amsterdam, 16 January 2012) was a famous Dutch harpsichordist, organist and conductor who became well known for playing music from historical periods on period instruments. At the beginning of his career the harpsichord was not yet a popular instrument and music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods was usually played in the same way as music from later centuries. Gustav Leonhardt made his audiences aware of what music by Johann Sebastian Bach would have sounded like in Bach's day.
Life.
Gustav Leonhardt was born into a Dutch, Protestant family who lived in the countryside. His Protestantism was an important part of his life. His father was a wealthy business man. His parents were both very keen amateur musicians. When Gustav was ten they bought a harpsichord. When World War II broke out life was hard in the country and Leonhardt often had to hide under the floorboards so that he was not sent away to slave labour. When he was not hiding he spent a lot of time practising the harpsichord. 
Gustav Leonhardt studied organ and harpsichord at the Schola Cantorum in Basel. At that time this was the only place in Europe where it was possible to study how to play early music. He went to Vienna to study conducting because his parents thought that being a conductor was a good way to earn a lot of money. However, Gustav was never very keen on conducting and he spent all his time there in the library studying music scores and copying music out. Most of this music had never been published and had not been performed since the time it was composed. 
In 1952 he became professor of harpischord at the Vienna Hochschule fur Musik. He met Nikolaus Harnoncourt who had similar interests to his. He soon became professor of harpsichord at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and remained there until 1988. He was also organist at the Waalse Kerk, Amsterdam. This church has a very famous historical organ. He became well known for his harpsichord concerts and recordings. He led the Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble with the English counter-tenor Alfred Deller with whom he made one of the first recordings of some Bach cantatas. The ensemble included his wife Marie, as well as Nikolaus Harnoncourt who played the cello. Together with Harnoncourt he conducted and recorded all Bach's cantatas.
Leonhardt lived in a big 16th century house facing one of the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. He looked very serious on the concert platform, but he had a sense of humour and occasionally played a bit of ragtime at the end of a recital.
Leonhardt died in Amsterdam on 16 January 2012.

= = = Vienna Symphony = = =
The Vienna Symphony () is an orchestra in Vienna, Austria.
History.
The orchestra was formed in 1900 by the conductor Ferdinand Löwe. It was then called the "Wiener Concertverein" (Vienna Concert Society). In 1913 it moved into the Konzerthaus, Vienna. In 1919 it joined with the Tonkünstler Orchestra. In 1933 it got the name it has today: Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker).
During World War II the Nazis forced them to be part of the German Culture Orchestras and they were used for propaganda. They stopped playing in 1944.
Their first concert after the war was on 16 September 1945, when they performed Gustav Mahler's "Symphony No. 3". Their conductor Josef Krips quickly helped them to become a great orchestra. From 1946 they were often conducted by Herbert von Karajan who toured with them throughout Europe and North America. In 1959 the VSO performed for Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.
When Wolfgang Sawallisch became their conductor he toured with them to the United States and Japan.
Today Fabio Luisi is their chief conductor.

= = = Liber Linteus = = =
The Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (or Liber Agramensis) (Latin: "Linen Book of Zagreb" or "Book of Agram") is the longest Etruscan text and the only existing linen book. 
Most of the text has not been translated, because the Etruscan language is only known little. According to the few words that can be understood, the text is probably a ritual calendar.
The fabric of the book was preserved when it was used to wrap a mummy from Ptolemaic Egypt. The mummy and the manuscript are now kept in a refrigerated room at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia.

= = = Eel River = = =
The Eel River is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California. It flows north about 200 mi (322 km) to the Pacific Ocean, draining 3,684 square miles (9,542 square km). Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River, followed by the South Fork, Van Duzen River, and North Fork. The river is dammed near its headwaters to divert water into the Russian River valley. The two dams form Van Arsdale Reservoir and the larger Lake Pillsbury. Most of the river is in the humid Coast Ranges of California. Much of the river is isolated, in steep and rugged terrain. 
Towns along the Eel include Ferndale, Rio Dell, and Dos Rios (at the confluence with the Middle Fork). Weott is near the South Fork confluence.
U.S. Highway 101 follows the river until the South Fork confluence, and the Great Northern Railway also follows a portion of the river. 37 bridges cross the Eel and 24 cross the South Fork. The South Fork is the longest tributary. The Middle Fork has the largest watershed.

= = = Cultivar = = =
A cultivar is a variant of a plant that has been selected for planting and sale because it has certain characteristics. It keeps its traits when it is propagated because they are inherited. 
Usually, cultivars are given a name which is not related to their biological taxon. There is a system of naming run by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (the ICNCP), commonly known as the Cultivated Plant Code. 

= = = Plant propagation = = =
Plant propagation is when a plant is distributed. There are several ways to do this:

= = = Cardamom = = =
Cardamom is the name used for two herbs related to ginger. Their seeds are used as a spice. The two species are named "Elettaria" and "Amomum". The seeds grow in a small seedpod. This seedpod is triangular in cross-section and has the shape of a spindle. There is a thin papery outer shell and small black seeds. Elettaria pods are light green in color, Amomum pods are larger and dark brown.
Elettaria is commonly known as "cardamom", "green cardamom" or "true cardamom". It grows from India to Malaysia. 
Amomum is usually called "black cardamom", or "white cardamom". It grows in Asia and Australia.
Uses.
Both forms of cardamom are used to add flavor to both food and drink, as cooking spices and as a medicine. 
"Elettaria cardamomum" (the usual type of cardamom) is used as a spice and in medicine; it is also smoked sometimes; it is used as a food plant by the larva of the moth "Endoclita hosei".
Food and drink.
Cardamom has a strong taste and an intense smell. Black cardamom has coolness similar to that of mint. It is commonly used in Pakistani cooking. In Scandinavia it is often used for baking. 
Green cardamom is one of the most expensive spices by weight but little is needed to give the flavor. Cardamom is best stored in pod form. Once the seeds are exposed or ground, they quickly lose their flavor. High-quality ground cardamom powder can often be a substitute for the pods. That way, ten pods is about the same quantity as one and a half teaspoons of ground cardamom. 
In the Middle East, green cardamom powder is used as a spice for sweet dishes. Traditionally, it is also added as a flavoring to coffee and tea there. In Arabic, cardamom is called "al-Hayl". In Persian, it is called "hel". In Hebrew, it is also called "hel" (��). In Gujarati (a derivative of Sanskrit), it is "Ē-lī-chē".
In some Middle Eastern countries, coffee and cardamom are often ground in a wooden mortar and cooked together in a mihbaz, an oven using wood or gas, to produce mixtures that are as much as forty percent cardamom.
In South Asia, green cardamom is often used in traditional Pakistani sweets and in "Masala chai (spiced tea)". 
Black cardamom is sometimes used in garam masala for curries. It is occasionally used as a garnish in basmati rice and other dishes. It is often referred to as fat cardamom due its size ('Moti Elaichi'). Individual seeds are sometimes chewed, in much the same way as chewing-gum. It has also been known to be used to make gin. Cardamom was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.
In traditional medicine.
In South Asia, Green cardamom is often used to treat infections of the teeth and gums. It is also used against troubles of the throat, congestion of the lungs and pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammation of eyelids and also digestive disorders. It has been used to break up kidney and gall stones, and as an antidote against the poison of certain snake bites. 
"Amomum" is used as a spice and as an ingredient in traditional medicine in systems of the traditional Chinese medicine in China, in Ayurveda in India, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Among other species, varieties and cultivars, "Amomum villosum" cultivated in China, Laos and Vietnam is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat stomach-aches, constipation, dysentery, and other digestion problems. "Tsaoko" cardamom "Amomum tsao-ko" is cultivated in Yunnan, China and northwest Vietnam, both for medicinal purposes and as a spice.
The demand for these herbs has increased since the 1980s. Growing cardamom has become an important source of income for many poor farmers. These people usually live in higher altitudes, sometimes in remote areas, in China, Laos and Vietnam. 
Until recently, Nepal has been the world's largest producer of large cardamom. Guatemala has become the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom, with an export total of US$137.2 million for 2007.

= = = Hayden Foxe = = =
Hayden Foxe (born 23 June 1977) is an Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.
Honours.
Portsmouth
Sydney FC

= = = Sergio Escudero (footballer, born 1988) = = =
 is an Argentine-Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.
Club career statistics.
43||3||2||1||13||2||1||0||59||6
43||3||2||1||13||2||1||0||59||6

= = = Sergio Escudero (footballer, born 1964) = = =
 is a former Argentine-Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0

= = = Osvaldo Escudero = = =
Osvaldo Escudero (born October 15, 1960) is a former Argentine football player.
Club career statistics.
18||4||4||0||8||0||30||4
18||4||4||0||8||0||30||4

= = = Giorgio Chiellini = = =
Giorgio Chiellini (born 14 August 1984) is a former Italian football player. He played for Juventus and Italy national team.
Honours.
Livorno
Juventus
Los Angeles FC
Italy U19
Italy Olympic Team
Italy
Individual
Orders

= = = Jonathan Zebina = = =
Jonathan Zebina (born 19 July 1978) is a French football player. He plays for Juventus.
Club career statistics.
27||0||||||colspan="2"|-||27||0
218||1||22||0||37||0||277||1
245||1||22||0||37||0||304||1
International career statistics.
!Total||1||0

= = = Alessio Tacchinardi = = =
Alessio Tacchinardi (born 23 July 1975) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
Club career statistics.
304||18
45||3
349||21
International career statistics.
!Total||13||0

= = = Dininho = = =
Irondino Ferreira Neto (born 23 July 1975) is a Brazilian football player. 
Club career statistics.
35||1||1||0||6||0||42||1
35||1||1||0||6||0||42||1

= = = Júlio Baptista = = =
Júlio César Clemente Pereira Baptista (born 1 October 1981) is a Brazilian football manager and former player who played as an attacking midfielder or a forward.
Career statistics.
International.
International goals
Honours.
São Paulo
Arsenal
Real Madrid
Cruzeiro
CFR Cluj
Brazil Youth
Brazil
Individual

= = = Dido Havenaar = = =
Dido Havenaar (born 26 September 1957) is a former Dutch-Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
222||0||6||0||35||0||263||0
222||0||6||0||35||0||263||0

= = = Miguel Ángel Angulo = = =
Miguel Ángel Angulo Valderrey (; born 23 June 1977) is a Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

= = = Manuele Blasi = = =
Manuele Blasi (born 17 August 1980) is an Italian football player. He plays for Città di Palermo.
Club career statistics.
235||1||27||0||8||0||270||1
235||1||27||0||8||0||270||1
International career statistics.
!Total||8||0

= = = Stephen Appiah = = =
Stephen Appiah (born 24 December 1980) is a Ghanaian football player. He played for Ghana national team. Appiah was a talented, tenacious, and physically strong, all-round box-to-box midfielder, who was capable of defending well, as well as orchestrating attacks, creating chances for teammates, and even scoring goals himself, due to his vision, technique, aggressive tackling, athletic attributes, stamina, and his powerful and accurate shot from distance with his right foot. A versatile, powerful, and hard-working player, he was capable of playing anywhere in midfield, and adapting himself to several different formations, but usually operated in the centre of the pitch. Regarded as one of the best African football players of all time.
Club career statistics.
144||10
64||11
208||21
International career statistics.
!Total||67||15
Honours.
Hearts of Oak
Parma
Juventus
Fenerbahçe
Ghana U17
Individual

= = = Ancyloxypha = = =
Ancyloxypha is a genus of butterflies in the family Hesperiidae.

= = = Developed country = = =
A developed country (also known as an industrialised country or more economically developed country (MEDC)) is a country that has more businesses and infrastructures (roads, airports, electricity, etc) than a developing country. The numbers most used for measuring economic growth is gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (average money per person). Others include the amount of industry, how much infrastructure there is, literacy, life expectancy and the basic standard of living. There is no exact way of saying what country is developed or developing. People often discuss the question of whose countries are the most developed ones,
Developed countries have , which means that the service sector becomes more important, and the is less important. Service sector jobs are those where a person does something for another, like selling or fixing a product. Industry sector jobs are actually making a product, usually in a factory. In a developed country, industry jobs may be moved (outsourced) to less developed countries that pay workers less money. Developing countries may be in the process of industrialization (building the factories and infrastructure) and underdeveloped countries usually depend on agriculture, often subsistence farming.
The first industrialised country was the UK, followed by Belgium. Later industrialised countries were Germany, the US, France and other Western European countries. According to , the current split between the developed and developing world is mostly an event of the 20th century.
Influence.
According to the International Monetary Fund, developed countries supplied over half of the global GDP in 2010. In 2012, the "major advanced economies" were the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy, and Canada. These are also called the G7.
The G7 has 10% of the world's population, but produces nearly 40% of the world's GDP. They also control many of the economic decisions that affect the world. The United Nations Security Council has five permanent members, four of those are in the G8 (G7 plus Russia).
Similar terms.
Terms similar to "developed country" include "advanced country", "industrialised country", "more developed country (MDC), "more economically developed country (MEDC) (compared to "less economically developed country(LEDC)"), "Global North country", "first-world country", and " country". 
Other ways to measure.
Economic criteria are usually seen as most important. This includes income per capita (average money for each person). Countries with high GDP per capita and mature industrialization are described as "developed countries". But modernization is not always seen as the only way to measure progress.
Recently, another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines jobs, income, along with access to medicine, life expectancy, and education has become prominent. The UN HDI is measures a country's level of human development. While there is a strong connection between a high HDI score and a prosperous economy, it is not always the case. The top 47 countries by HDI have scores ranging from 0.793 in Barbados to 0.955 in Norway. Many countries having an HDI of 0.788 and over (as of 2010), are also listed by IMF or CIA as "advanced" (as of 2009). The country of Bhutan started the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH), to measure how happy people actually are. They felt the GNH was as important as GDP, and this idea has spread beyond Bhutan.

= = = Market town = = =
A market town is a settlement in Europe that has the right to have markets. This separates them from villages and cities. A town may be described as a market town or as having market rights even if it does not have a market anymore, provided the right to do so still holds.

= = = Moped = = =
A moped is a vehicle with two wheels and a motor, like a motorcycle but smaller. It usually has pedals, like a bicycle.
The size of the motor is usually 49cc, much smaller than most motorcycle motors. Because of the small motor, mopeds usually can not go faster than 50 kph (30 mph). Mopeds use less fuel than motorcycles, but some people complain that mopeds create more air pollution than motorcycles. Most of the time, you need a special license to ride a motorcycle but you only need an ordinary driver's license to ride a moped. It is usually illegal to ride a moped without a helmet.

= = = Hagerstown, Maryland = = =
Hagerstown () is a city in northwestern Maryland, United States. It is the county seat of Washington County, and one of the largest cities in a region known as Western Maryland. The population of Hagerstown city according to the 2020 United States Census is 43,527, and the total 2020 Urbanized Area population is 197,557.
Hagerstown anchors the Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, which lies just northwest of the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area in the Great Appalachian Valley. The population of the metropolitan area in 2020 was 293,844 (ranked 167th in the United States).
Hagerstown is a center of transit and commerce. Interstates 81 and 70, CSX, Norfolk Southern, and the Winchester and Western railroads, and Hagerstown Regional Airport cross in the city. Hagerstown is also the chief commercial and industrial hub for a greater Tri-State Area that includes much of Western Maryland as well as great extents of South Central Pennsylvania and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Hagerstown has often been referred to as and is nicknamed the "Hub City".

= = = Matteo Brighi = = =
Matteo Brighi (born 14 February 1981) is an Italian football player. He played for Roma and Italy national team.
Club career statistics.
285||22||13||0||15||3||313||25
285||22||13||0||15||3||313||25
International career statistics.
!Total||4||0

= = = Tomokazu Myojin = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Myojin was born in Kobe on January 24, 1978. He joined J1 League club Kashiwa Reysol from their youth team in 1996. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. He became a regular player under manager Akira Nishino in 1998. In 1999, Reysol won the champions in J.League Cup and the 3rd place in J1 League. In 2000, Reysol won the 3rd place in J1 League for 2 years in a row and he was selected Best Eleven award. However the club results were sluggish from 2002 and was relegated to J2 League end of 2005 season.
In 2006, Myojin moved to Gamba Osaka which was managed by Akira Nishino. He played as regular player with many Japan national team player and Gamba won the many title, 2007 J.League Cup, 2008 and 2009 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, Gamba also won the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League and the 3rd place in 2008 Club World Cup. This is the golden era in the club history and he was one of the central player under manager Nishino. However manager Nishino left Gamba end of 2011 season and the club performance deteriorated soon. In 2012, Gamba finished at the 17th place of 18 clubs and was relegated to J2 League. Although his opportunity to play decreased from 2013, Gamba won the champions in 2013 J2 League and was returned to J1. In 2014, Gamba won all three major title in Japan, J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup. He resigned end of 2015 season.
In 2016, Myojin moved to Nagoya Grampus. However he could not play many matches. Grampus also finished at the 16th place and was relegated to J2. In 2017, Myojin moved to J3 League club AC Nagano Parceiro; after three seasons, he retired at the end of 2019.
In June 1997, Myojin was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1997 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played full time in all 5 matches as defensive midfielder. In September 2000, he was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played full time in all 4 matches as defensive midfielder with Junichi Inamoto.
He was capped 26 times and scored 3 goals for the Japanese national team between 2000 and 2002. He played three games at the 2002 World Cup.
Statistics.
555||26||47||4||69||2||39||1||701||33
555||26||47||4||69||2||39||1||701||33
!Total||26||3

= = = Seiichiro Maki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Yuki Maki is also a former footballer.
Biography.
Maki was born in Uki on August 7, 1980. After graduating from Komazawa University, he joined J1 League club JEF United Ichihara (later "JEF United Chiba") in 2003. For his first year at JEF, he was often used as a second-half substitute. However, in 2005 he became a starting forward for the team. JEF won the champions in 2005 and 2006 J.League Cup. However many players left the club and the club results were sluggish late 2000s. JEF finished at the bottom place in 2009 season and was relegated to J2 League first time in the club history. His opportunity to play decreased for generational change in 2010. In July 2010, Maki moved to Russian Premier League club Amkar Perm. In March 2011, he moved to Chinese Super League club Shenzhen Ruby. However he could not play many matches in both clubs. In August 2011, he returned to Japan and signed with J2 League club Tokyo Verdy. He played many matches as mainly substitute forward in 3 seasons. In 2014, he moved to his local club Roasso Kumamoto. He played more than 30 matches as mainly substitute forward every season. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2018 and Roasso was relegated to J3 League end of 2018 season. He retired end of 2018 season.
In July 2005, Maki was selected Japan national team for 2005 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against North Korea on July 31. In 2006, he was selected for Japan's 2006 World Cup squad and started a match against Brazil. He was a member of the Japan team for the 2007 Asian Cup and played 4 games. He scored 2 goals in the tournament, both against Vietnam. He played 38 games and scored 8 goals for Japan until 2009.
Statistics.
438||69||21||5||38||12||497||86
9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
451||69||21||5||38||12||510||86
!Total||38||8

= = = Eiji Kawashima = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Kawashima was born in Saitama on March 20, 1983. After graduating from Urawa Higashi High School, he joined his local club Omiya Ardija in J2 League in 2001. He played many matches from 2003. In 2004, he moved to J1 League club Nagoya Grampus Eight. However he could not play many matches behind Seigo Narazaki who playing for the Japan national team. In 2007, he moved to Kawasaki Frontale. He became a first choice goalkeeper from first season. Kawasaki also won the 2nd place in the 2008 and 2009 J1 League. In summer 2010, he moved to Belgian Pro League club Lierse and played in 2 seasons. In 2012, he moved to Standard Liège. Although he played as first choice goalkeeper until 2014, he lost his position in 2015 and he left the club end of 2014/15 season. After half year blank, he signed with Scottish Premiership club Dundee United. However the club was relegated to Scottish Championship end of the 2015/16 season. In 2016, he moved to French Ligue 1 club Metz. In 2018, he moved to Strasbourg Alsace.
In 2003, Kawasahima was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2003 World Youth Championship and played all 5 matches. In February 2008, he was selected the Japan national team for 2008 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against North Korea on February 17. However he could not play many matches behind Seigo Narazaki. In 2010, he was selected the Japan for 2010 World Cup. In May, he became a first choice goalkeeper instead Narazaki just before the 2010 World Cup. Kawashima played all 4 matches at the 2010 World Cup and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. After the 2010 World Cup, Narazaki retired from national team and Kawashima became a egular goalkeeper under new manager Alberto Zaccheroni. In 2011, he played at 2011 Asian Cup and won the champions. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup, 2014 World Cup and 2015 Asian Cup. Although he lost his position behind Shusaku Nishikawa from 2015, Kawashima played many matches again from 2017. In 2018, he was selected the Japan for 2018 World Cup. He played all 4 matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. He also played at 2019 Copa América. He played 91 games for Japan until 2019.
Kawashima helped develop a program to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese athletes and coaches who play and coach internationally. He is fluent in English and Italian. He works to improve speaking and listening skills in Dutch, French and Portuguese skills.
Statistics.
171||0||11||0||25||0||22||0||229||0
141||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0||167||0
16||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
35||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
363||0||26||0||25||0||22||0||436||0
!Total||91||0

= = = Tomoyuki Sakai = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Sakai was born in Misato on June 29, 1979. He joined JEF United Ichihara from their youth team in 1997. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. He moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight in 2001. He also played as right midfielder not only defensive midfielder. His opportunity to play decreased from the middle of 2003. He moved to Urawa Reds in 2004. Although he did not have much opportunity to play, the club won the 2nd place in 2004 and 2005 J1 League and the champions 2005 Emperor's Cup. He moved to Vissel Kobe in July 2007 and Fujieda MYFC in 2009. From 2010, he moved to Indonesia and played for Pelita Jaya, Persiwa Wamena, Persiram Raja Ampat and Deltras Sidoarjo. He retired in 2013.
In August 1995, Sakai was selected the Japan U-17 national team for 1995 U-17 World Championship. He played full-time in all 3 matches. In April 1999, he was also selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1999 World Youth Championship. He played full-time in all 7 matches as right midfielder and Japan won the 2nd place.
In September 2000, Sakai was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics who carried high hopes of the nation because Sakai's teammates included such household names as Hidetoshi Nakata, Shunsuke Nakamura and Naohiro Takahara. Sakai played all 4 matches. However, in the team's quarterfinal match, Sakai committed a foul inside his own box at the 90th minute, conceding the United States, Japan's opponents, a crucial penalty to make it 2-2. The United States went on to win the penalty shootouts after 120 minutes of play could not separate the two teams.
On December 20, 2000, Sakai debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea.
Statistics.
221||14||23||2||42||3||286||19
56||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||56||3
277||17||23||2||42||3||342||22
!Total||1||0

= = = Vladimir Jugović = = =
Vladimir Jugović (born 30 August 1969) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Serbia national team.
Club career statistics.
77||17
202||31
17||3
19||0
25||3
19||2
359||56
International career statistics.
!Total||4||1
!Total||37||2

= = = Algorithmic information theory = = =
Algorithmic information theory is a field of theoretical computer science. It is concerned with how information and computation are related. Most information can be represented as a String (or a sequence of characters). Algorithmic information theory studies the complexity of information represented that way (In other words, how difficult it is to get that information, or how long it takes). Unlike regular information theory, it uses Kolmogorov complexity to describe complexity, and not the measure of complexity developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Kolmogorov complexity was developed independently by Andrey Kolmogorov and Gregory Chaitin .
Example.
According to Claude Shannon the following two binary strings have the same content in information (this is only valid for the first-order entropy):
The first was generated with a random number generator, for example by throwing a coin. The second is easier to describe (eight times "1", then eight times "0"). For this reason, the first sequence has more algorithmic information, because it is harder to shorten ("compress") the description on how to generate it. Shortening the description may not be possible at all. The information value of a string is higher, if it is more difficult to shorten ("compress") its description. Random strings and white noise do not contain patterns that occur again. For this reason they cannot be compressed, and have a higher information value. 

= = = Tawhid = = =
Tawhid is the concept of God in Islam which says that only one God exists. It says that God is unique and one and He has no equal. It also says that since the God is the only creator, there is no room for lesser Gods or deities. Any lesser gods are therefore false. Tawhid is an essential part of Islam. To become a Muslim it is necessary to accept it. The concept of Tawhid has many implications. Since God is the only power, both good and bad flow from God. So, whatever good or bad occurs to an individual, both are from God and both should be accepted by the individual. Since God is the only power worth worshipping, reliance on any other source for help is not permissible.
The Qur'an explains the nature of God in Chapter 112:
Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; None is born of Him, nor is He born; And there is no one like him.
Associating any other thing or person as being comparable to God is called "shirk" in Islam. This is the only sin in Islam which cannot be forgiven by God, unless a person turns repentant on Earth. The Koran can also be interpreted as telling Muslims to not follow the idea of the "trinity," the Christian concept for explaining God. Since the trinity views God as being made up of three different parts, many Muslims view this as believing in more than one god (shirk). On the other hand, Christians will say that they view the trinity as making up one God, so it is not believing in more than one god. The Koran also says that Jesus did not claim to be anything more than a human being, while in Christianity he is part of the trinity. According to Muslim scripture, Jesus claims to be prophet chosen by God, different from the divine status he has in Christianity.

= = = Nobuhisa Yamada = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Yamada was born in Fujieda on September 10, 1975. After graduating from Fujieda Higashi High School, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1994. He became a regular player from 1995. Although he mainly played as a right-side defender or midfielder, he also played many position, center back, defensive midfielder and attacking midfielder. He played more than 500 league matches for Urawa and also served captain from 2004 to 2008. The club won the champions 2006 J1 League, 2003 J.League Cup, 2005 and 2006 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions 2007 AFC Champions League and the 3rd place 2007 Club World Cup. He retired end of the 2013 season.
Yamada was a member of the Japan U-20 national team for the 1995 World Youth Championship. He played all 4 matches as right midfielder and scored a goal against Burundi. On November 20, 2002, he debuted for the Japan national team against Argentina. In 2003, he played most matches as right side-back including 2003 Confederations Cup. He played 15 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 2004.
Statistics.
540||27||53||5||109||6||14||1||716||39
540||27||53||5||109||6||14||1||716||39
!Total||15||1

= = = Keita Suzuki = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Suzuki was born in Shizuoka on July 8, 1981. After graduating from Tokai University Shoyo High School, he joined J2 League club Urawa Reds in 2000. Although he could not play in the J2 League, Urawa won the 2nd place and was promoted to J1 League. He debuted the league match in August 2001 and became a regular player as defensive midfielder. The club won the champions in the 2006 J1 League and 2007 AFC Champions League. He was also selected "J.League Best Eleven" in 2006 and 2007. He retired end of the 2015 season.
On August 9, 2006, Suzuki debuted for the Japan national team under new manager Ivica Osim against Trinidad and Tobago which is Japan's first match after the 2006 World Cup. After the debut, he became a regular player and he played Japan's all matches including 2007 Asian Cup until 2007. However he lost his position under new manager Takeshi Okada in 2008. He played 28 games for Japan until 2008.
Statistics.
379||10||34||2||66||4||22||0||501||16
379||10||34||2||66||4||22||0||501||16
!Total||28||0

= = = Sidmar Antônio Martins = = =
Sidmar Antônio Martins (born June 13, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.

= = = Tadaaki Hirakawa = = =
 is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Club career statistics.
189||6||12||0||48||1||14||0||263||7
189||6||12||0||48||1||14||0||263||7

= = = Toru Chishima = = =
Toru Chishima (born 11 May 1981) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
54||2||4||0||8||1||66||3
54||2||4||0||8||1||66||3

= = = Satoshi Horinouchi = = =
Satoshi Horinouchi (born 26 October 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.
Club career statistics.
128||6||14||3||35||1||10||0||187||10
128||6||14||3||35||1||10||0||187||10

= = = Nenê (footballer, born 1975) = = =
Fábio Camilo de Brito, nicknamed "Nenê", (born 6 June 1975 in São Paulo, Brazil), is a Brazilian former professional footballer (born 6 June 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Coritiba.
Honours.
Hertha BSC
Vitória
Urawa Reds

= = = Apennine Mountains = = =
The Apennines are mountains in Italy. Their highest mountain is Corno Grande which is 2,912 metres high. The Apennines have three main parts: the Northern Apennines, the Central Apennines and the Southern Apennines.

= = = Supercheap Auto = = =
Supercheap Auto is an Australian-based automotive retailer. Over the past 15 years, Supercheap Auto has experienced more than 25% compound annual revenue growth. The managing director is Peter Birtles.

= = = Takuya Yokoyama = = =
 is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
69||13||6||0||4||0||79||13
69||13||6||0||4||0||79||13

= = = Cristiano Lucarelli = = =
Cristiano Lucarelli (born 4 October 1975) is an Italian football player. He plays for Livorno.
Club career statistics.
433||186
13||1
12||4
458||191
International career statistics.
!Total||6||3

= = = Yuriy Nikiforov = = =
Yuriy Nikiforov (born 16 September 1970) is a former Ukrainian-Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team, Ukraine national team and Russia national team.
Club career statistics.
55||2||||||||||55||2
42||5||||||||||42||5
85||15||||||||||85||15
65||3||||||||||65||3
128||6||||||||||128||6
12||0||0||0||4||0||16||0
387||31||0||0||4||0||391||31
International career statistics.
!Total||4||0
!Total||3||0
!Total||55||6

= = = Lake Iseo = = =
Lake Iseo or Lago d'Iseo or Sebino is the fourth largest lake in Lombardy, Italy. Water flows into it from the Oglio river.

= = = International Year of Natural Fibres = = =
The United Nations General Assembly declared 2009 as the International Year of Natural Fibres. The proposal for this international year came from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) at a joint meeting of the Intergovernmental Group on Hard Fibres and the Intergovernmental Group on Jute in 2004. It was endorsed by the FAO Conference in 2005.

= = = Constanța = = =
Constanţa is the largest Romanian seaport on the Black Sea. It is the largest city in Dobruja. It is also the capital of Constanţa County and one of the biggest cities in Romania.

= = = Mureș (river) = = =
The Mureş (Romanian, , , , , "Marosch" or "Muresch", ) is a river in Eastern Europe. It is long. 
Tributaries.
These rivers are tributaries to the river Mureş:
Left: Pietrosu, Cărbunele Negru, Senetea, Fierăstrăul, Pârâul lui Mihai, Şumuleul Mare, Borzont, Bacta, Limbuş, Pârâul Pietrei, Sineu, Martonca, Gălăuţaş, Găina, Zăpodea, Măgheruş, Păpurel, Mărsinetul de Sus, Mărsinetul de Jos, Gudea, Jincu, Doamna, Iadul, Sălard, Peşcoasa Mare, Iadul, Borzia, Mergiş, Toaderiş, Sebeş, Idicel, Deleni, Gurghiu, Beica, Habic, Petrilaca, Terebici, Cotuş, Pocloş, Niraj, Cerghid, Sărata, Şeulia, Aţântiş, Fărău, Ciunga, Valea Papii, Şesul Băgăului, Valea la Şipot, Valea Dosului, Hopârta, Săcăduş, Bogdanul, Târnava, Hăpria Sebeş, Pianu, Cioara, Cugir, Vaidei, Romoş, Orăştie, Turdaş, Strei, Tâmpa, Cerna Herepeia, Veţel, Vulcez, Leşnic, Săcămaş, Plaiu, Dobra, Abucea, Ohaba, Sălciva, Pojoga, Valea Ghinişului, Peştiş, Căprioara, Somoniţa, Izvor, Corbu, Suliniş, Pârâul Mare, Şiştarovăţ, Sinicuţ, Zădărlac
Right: Mezeş, Otveş, Boteni, Voşlăbeni, Chindeni, Chirtaegher, Valea Strâmba, Şaroş, Belcina, Lăzarea, Ditrău, Faier, Jolotca, Filipea, Sărmaş, Ciucic, Doamna, Topliţa, Călimănel, Duşa, Mermezeu, Zebracu, Tarniţa, Jingu, Neagra, Ilva, Fântânele, Sărăcin, Răstoliţa, Jişa, Gălăoaia, Bistra, Gesele, Valea Sterinoasă, Râpa, Văleni, Săcal, Luţ, Şar, Iceni, Budiu, Cuieşd, Valea Fânaţelor, Şăuşa, Oroiu, Lechinţa, Pârâul de Câmpie, Arieş, Grindu, Unirea, Ciugud, Ormeniş, Mirăslău, Lopadea, Aiud, Herja, Gârbova, Valea Sasului, Geoagiu, Galda, Ampoi, Pârâul cel Mare, Pâclişa, Stăuini, Vinţ, Valea Goblii, Blandiana, Acmariu, Feneş Băcăinţi, Homorod, Geoagiu, Boiu, Bobâlna, Valea lui Sânpătru, Lazu, Vărmaga, Certej, Boholţ, Căian, Bejan, Boz, Sârbi, Băcişoara, Gurasada, Zam, Almaş, Corbeasca, Troaş, Vineşti, Stejar, Juliţa, Grosul, Monoroştia, Bârna, Bârzava, Nadăş, Conop, Cornic, Odvoş, Milova, Jecnova, Şoimoş, Radna, Cladova

= = = Olt (river) = = =
The Olt River (Romanian and Hungarian; German: "Alt"; Latin: "Aluta" or "Alutus") is a river in Romania. It flows in the Romanian counties Harghita, Covasna, Braşov, Sibiu, Vâlcea and Olt. The river was known as "Alutus" or "Aluta" in Roman times.
Towns and villages.
The following towns and villages are situated along the Olt River, from source to mouth (incomplete list): Bălan, Sândominic, Miercurea-Ciuc, Sfântu Gheorghe, Făgăraş, Brezoi, Călimăneşti, Râmnicu Vâlcea, 
Călineşti, Drăgăneşti, Proieni, Corbu, Golotreni, Brezoi, Văratica, Păuşa, Căciulata, Călimăneşti, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Jiblea Veche, Drăgăşani, Slatina, Drăgăneşti-Olt.
Tributaries.
These rivers are tributaries to the Olt River:
Left: Fieru, Fagu Oltului, Scaunu, Covaci, Fântâna lui Gal, Sedloca, Lăcaşul lui Baboş, Şoarecu, Cadu, Racu, Delniţa, Pustnic, Fitod, Fişag, Cozmeni, Tuşnad, Vârghiş, Pârâul Cetăţii, Comloş, Gaura Dracului, Valea cu Pruni, Valea Roşie, Podu Mare, Valea Mare, Vâlcelul Podului, Malnaş, Hereţ, Borviz, Talomir, Vonţ, Fotoş, Mărtănuş, Râul Negru, Valea Neagră, Ghimbăşel, Bârsa, Homorod, Hotaru, Valea Seacă, Stiniş, Hotaru, Măieruş, Hotaru, Bozom, Valea Lungă, Remetea, Ormeniş, Feneş, Top, Valea Cetăţii, Valea Părului, Valea Mare, Bogata, Lupşa, Comana, Sărata, Veneţia, Părău, Găvan, Şercaia, Urăsa, Mândra, Iaz, Sebeş, Făgărăşel, Berivoi, Racoviţa, Hurez, Săvăstreni, Netot, Dridif, Breaza, Sâmbăta, Racoviţa, Olteţ, Drăguş, Hotar, Viştea, Corbul Viştei, Corbul Ucei, Ucea, Gârlăţel, Arpaş, Valea Neagră, Seaca, Cârţişoara, Opat, Scoreiu, Valea Muntelui, Porumbacu, Răcovicioara, Avrig, Mârşa, Racoviţa, Pârâul Hotărăl, Moaşa, Sebeş, Valea Caselor, Valea Priboiului, Valea Strâmbă, Valea Mărului, Rândibou, Valea Fratelui, Curpănu, Valea Satului, Boia, Băiaşu, Lotrişor, Pârâul Odăilor, Văratica, Slâmna, Armăsarul, Alunul, Pârâul La Clopot, Pârâul Roşiei, Pârâul Mânăstirii, Bivolari, Muşeţelu, Păuşa, Valea Satului, Sălătrucel, Sâmnic, Aninoasa, Topolog, Teiu, Trepteanca, Valea Mare, Bolovanul, Cungrea, Sterpu, Cepturaru, Surdui, Cungrea Mică, Strehareţi, Şopot, Clocociov, Milcov, Cinculeasa, Oboga, Dârjov, Iminog
Right: Râul Sărăturii, Şandru, Sipoş, Lunca Mare, Lunca, Raţa, Madicea, Mădăraş, Şugău, Var, Hidegviz, Segheş, Ştiuca, Beta, Căpâlnaş, Techera, Valea Mare, Budeş, Sântimbru, Minei, Pârâul Merilor, Sugasău, Pârâul Mare, Mitaciul, Pârâul Minerului, Pârâul Corbului, Frasinu, Pârâul Şoimului, Pârâul Calului, Recoltiaş, Murgul Mic, Murgul Mare, Gohan, Somoş, Pârâul Morii, Turda, Zălan, Dogoş, Telec, Calnic, Valea Crişului, Valea Seacă, Arcuş, Porumbele, Debren, Semeria, Gereb, Pârâul Frumos, Ilieni, Valea Baciului, Izvorul Mic, Pârâul Ciorii, Pârâul Olarului, Araci, Pârâul Satului, Iarăş, Corlat, Surduc, Somoş, Belinul Mic, Belinul Mare, Pârâul Adânc, Valea Scurtă, Aita, Groapa Mare, Mateiaşul, Pârâul Satului, Pârâul Cărbunarilor, Pârâul Adânc, Pârâul cu Salcâmi, Pârâul Scurt, Chepeţ (Căpeni), Baraolt, Cormoş, Carhaga, Pârâul Sărat, Podu Mare, Homorod, Dăişoara, Crăiţa, Ticuş, Felmer, Cincu, Galaţi, Poeniţa, Pârâul Nou, Valea Fermelor, Bradu, Cibin, Pleaşa, Megieşul Lotrioara, Râul Vadului, Valea Scaunelor, Stupina, Valea lui Vlad, Uria, Robeşti, Sărăcineşti, Sălişte, Cârciuma, Călineşti, Betel, Lotru, Şipote, Lotrişorul, Puturoasa, Râul Poştei, Căciulata, Mituţu, Căldările, Pârâul lui Chirică, Muereasca, Olăneşti, Pârâul Ruzii, Focşa, Govora, Bistriţa, Luncavăţ, Scundu, Prundeni, Pesceana, Canalul Oporelu, Olteţ, Teslui, Gologan, Vlădila, Suhatul, Cruşov

= = = Siret (river) = = =
The Siret River (Ukrainian: "�����", Russian: "����� ", Hungarian: "Szeret") is a river that comes up from the Carpathians in the northern Bukovina region of Ukraine. It flows southward into Romania for about 470 kilometers before it joins the Danube. It was named "Hierasus" in times of old.
Towns and villages.
The following towns and villages can be found along the Siret River, from source to mouth: Berehomet, Storozhynets, Siret, Grămeşti, Zvoriştea, Liteni, Paşcani, Stolniceni-Prăjescu, Roman, Bacău, Adjud, Mărăşeşti, Galaţi.
Tributaries.
There are the tributaries of the Siret River:
Left: Bahna, Molniţa, Bahna, Gârla Sireţel, Gârla Huţanilor, Vorona, Pleşu, Turbata, Pitrosul, Trestioara, Sireţel, Sodomeni, Stolniceni, Hărmăneşti, Pârâul Ţigăncilor, Mihailei, Boca, Albuia, Vulpăşeşti, Ţiganca, Icuşeşti, Glodeni, Râpaş, Pârâul Morii, Răcătău, Fulgeriş, Polocin, Lupa, Bârlad, Călmăţui, Gerului, Mălina, Fălcoaia, Cătuşa.
Right: Găvan, Negostina, Verehia, Baranca, Leahu, Hănţeşti, Grigoreşti, Sălăgeni, Suceava, Şomuzul Mic, Şomuzul Mare, Probota, Conţeasca, Ruja, Valea Părului, Podul Turcului, Tămăşeni, Moldova, Valea Neagră, Turbata, Bistriţa, Cleja, Răcăciuni, Orbeni, Botohan, Fântânele, Conţeşti, Trotuş, Valea Boului, Carecna, Zăbrăuţi, Şuşiţa, Gârla Morilor, Putna, Leica, Râmnicul Sărat, Buzău.

= = = Prut = = =
Prut, or Pruth, () is a river in Eastern Europe. It is long. It flows to the southeast to join the Danube river near Reni. This is east of Galaţi. 
Towns.
These towns can be found along the Prut River, from source to mouth: Delatyn, Kolomyia, Sniatyn, Chernivtsi, Novoselytsia, Darabani, Ungheni, Cahul.
Tributaries.
These are the tributaries of the Prut River:
Left: Racovăţ
Right: Cheremosh, Herţa, Poiana, Corneşti, Isnovăţ, Rădăuţi, Ghireni, Volovăţ, Badu, Başeu, Corogea, Berza Veche, Râioasa, Soloneţ, Cerchezoaia, Jijia, Cozmeşti, Bohotin, Moşna, Pruteţ, Sărata, Elan, Horincea, Oancea, Stoeneasa, Chineja

= = = Asperger syndrome = = =
Asperger syndrome (often Asperger's syndrome) was a former type of autism spectrum disorder. The diagnosis was combined with autism in the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 and no longer exists. It has been replaced by autism spectrum disorder.
It affects the way in which a person understands, talks, and acts with other people. A person who has Asperger syndrome may not fit in well with other people and may be unable to act like everyone else in different social situations. Neurotypical (or NT) is a term that was coined in the autistic community as a label for those other people who are not on the autism spectrum. Asperger syndrome is thought to manifest as a developmental disorder, and is not considered a mental illness. Most adults with Asperger syndrome can learn how to make friends, do useful work, and live successful lives. People with it sometimes call themselves Aspies. 
People who have it will have to deal with it for the rest of their lives. However, they can try many solutions to help them and learn how to be able to reduce the impact on their life. One solution can be medication to restrict the different symptoms like aggression. The big problem with people affected by Asperger's is that they cannot understand emotions or how people think. Therapists attempt to help the person with that. They will do many activities like acting an emotion and letting the Asperger people guess what it is.
Causes and management.
Asperger syndrome may be observed and diagnosed in early childhood. No one knows exactly what causes it, but it is thought to have a genetic cause. The part of the brain that controls a person's "social behavior" (understanding and communicating with other people) may grow or function differently in a person with Asperger syndrome. Another part of the brain that may be different is the part that controls some body movement such as balance. A person with this condition may walk or act in a clumsy way and have trouble doing body actions such as sports. They may also do physical actions repetitively, such as rocking, flapping their hands, or tapping their feet. The condition seems to run in families. Parents who have Asperger's syndrome often have children who have it or another kind of autism.
Asperger syndrome cannot be found by testing blood or looking at someone's body. A medical doctor needs to talk with the person and other people who know him or her well, to watch how the person moves and behaves, and to learn about the person's past. Sometimes a doctor believes by mistake that the person has schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, ADHD, or mental retardation instead. Tourette syndrome with "tics" (repetitive, uncontrolled actions like twitching, blinking, and coughing) sometimes comes with Asperger syndrome. Many people with Asperger syndrome also have ADHD and/or OCD. It has been estimated that beyond half of the people with the syndrome, also carry some other type of syndrome, disorder, disability, disease, or illness. The MSD Manual says "strong evidence supports a genetic component".
People who have Asperger syndrome have normal to high intelligence. As children, they may need special help at home and school to learn social behavior. The syndrome cannot be made better by taking medicine. People who have this condition are sometimes given medicine to help them with depression, which is often experienced by people with the syndrome.
People with Asperger syndrome can have a hard time fitting in with other people. This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd". Adults who have it usually learn enough "coping skills" to act in a way that seems normal, but often with a few differences. Most people with the syndrome can communicate clearly with friends and family. They may have more difficulty in communicating with new people. People who carry the syndrome can sometimes seem rude or uninterested during conversations, without meaning anything wrong. They may also get stressed or unsettled when things do not go their way.
Characteristics.
Asperger's syndrome characteristics include:
Asperger syndrome is noticeable when the person acts differently in social situations. Their social disabilities can have different levels. Not all people with Asperger syndrome have the same level of it. This characteristic is not the only one. Someone who dislikes people in general does not necessarily have Asperger's. Other characteristics that can be identified is that people with Asperger's hate any changes in their routine. They also dislike having eye contact. Most of the time they will try to avoid it and look away. Usually, people with Asperger syndrome have less facial expression than anybody else. There are many characteristics, and if someone only has some of them then they likely don't have Asperger's. Commonly, people with the syndrome tend to hum or pronounce different sounds to themselves, which they have heard in their surroundings, such as a reporter's voice, a man on the radio, lyrics from songs, words, things they have read, or what people around them usually say. They may repeatedly mention these words or phrases again and again.
History.
In the 1940s, a doctor named Hans Asperger studied some children who were different from most other children that he knew but were like each other. He called them "little professors" because he thought that they were interesting and wrote a book about them. Dr. Asperger thought his "little professors" had a different sort of personality.
In the 1980s Dr. Lorna Wing made up the name "Asperger syndrome" for people with high-functioning autism after research into Hans Asperger's work.
In 1994 Asperger syndrome was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).
In 2013 Asperger syndrome was removed from the DSM.
In 2019, Asperger's syndrome was removed from the ICD. The diagnosis is now autism spectrum disorder.
Statistics.
Asperger syndrome is much more common in males than females. Statistics say that three males are affected for every one female.
It is widely discussed how common the syndrome is, as there are figures that show very different numbers. But, it probably lies between 1 in every 250, all the way up to 1 in every 10,000. A 2003 review of epidemiological studies of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1.

= = = Dig Dug = = =
Dig Dug is a game made by Namco in 1982. A well known game based on a simple concept. It was also released as a video game on many consoles.
"Dig Dug" was rated the sixth most popular coin-operated video game of all time by the Killer List of Video Games website.
It has been said that the music for the game show "Starcade" was taken from the music for "Dig Dug".
In the video for the song "We Are All Made of Stars" from electronic musician Moby, a scene is shown where a person of Moby himself, dressed as an astronaut, is in the middle of a "Dig Dug" game.
In the game you control Dig Dug to defeat all enemies in the maze, either by bursting them or by crushing them with rocks placed in the arena.

= = = Virtual Kasparov = = =
Virtual Kasparov is a chess video game. It was by Titus Software for the PlayStation and Game Boy Advance. It was released for the PlayStation in 2001. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2002.
The game can be played alone or against another person. There are games that Garry Kasparov played during his career and interviews that can be viewed in the game.

= = = Portland Sea Dogs = = =
The Portland Sea Dogs are a locally based baseball team in Portland, Maine. They play at Hadlock Field.

= = = Moby = = =
Moby or Richard Melville Hall (born September 11, 1965) is an American DJ, songwriter and musician. He is famous for his songs "Porcelain" and " why does my heart feel so bad ". The video for another one of his songs, We are all made of stars shows him dressed as an astronaut in a space suit.
He was a member of a punk band called Vatican Commandos before becoming a DJ.
In 2002, Moby started a cafe called Teany with his ex-girlfriend Kelly Tisdale.
He is a vegan.

= = = Röyksopp = = =
Röyksopp is an electronica musical group from Tromsø, Norway that formed in 1998. They are currently based in Bergen. The members are Svein Berge and
Torbjørn Brundtland. They won an award for best music video in 2002 by MTV Europe for their song, "Remind Me". They have released four studio albums and one EP. 
Berge and Brundtland formed a band with Kolbjørn Lyslo and Gaute Barlindhaug called Aedena Cycle. They released a vinyl EP called" Traveler's Dreams" under Apollo Records in 1994. After this they left to form Röyksopp. Their first single "So Easy" was released by Tellé. It was used in a T-mobile advert in the UK. 
Brundtland was a member of Those Norwegians in 1997. 
They have worked with many other musicians. They released a single called "Running to the Sea" and a cover version of "Ice Machine" by Depeche Mode from their album "Late Night Tales: Röyksopp "in 2013." "Both songs have vocals from Susanne Sundf"ør".
Their first album "Melody A.M." has two songs with Erlend Øye, "Poor Leno" and "Remind Me".
'Røyksopp' is a Norwegian word that means puffball fungus. They have collaboration with the singer, Robyn.

= = = Deportivo Alavés = = =
Deportivo Alavés is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Hércules CF = = =
Hércules C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain. Founded in 25 October 1922, it currently plays in Segunda División RFEF – Group 5 and plays its home games at the 29,500 members Estadio José Rico Pérez.

= = = RC Celta de Vigo = = =
R.C. Celta de Vigo is a football club which plays in Spain. It was founded on August 23, 1923 as a result of the merger of Real Fortuna and Vigo Sporting.

= = = Real Murcia = = =
Real Murcia C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain, based in Murcia, in the Región de Murcia.

= = = Granada C.F. = = =
Granada C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = CE Sabadell F.C. = = =
C.E. Sabadell F.C. is a football club which plays in Spain, founded in 1903.

= = = CD Alcoyano = = =
C.D. Alcoyano is a football club which plays in Spain. Founded in 1928 it plays in Primera División RFEF – Group 2, holding home games in "Estadio El Collao", with a 4,850-seat capacity.

= = = Real Valladolid C.F. = = =
Real Valladolid Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team (also known as Pucela). It was founded on 20 June 1928 and holds its matches at Nuevo José Zorrilla stadium, Valladolid, Castile and León.
Valladolid plays in the LFP (Spanish Football League).
The team has a reserve team in the Third División (4th tier of the Spanish league).
Its the just team from its region in play Europeans competitions: UEFA Cup (1984-85, 1997-98) and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1989-90).
At 1983-84 they made its most succesful season after won the former League Cup to Atlético de Madrid 0-3.

= = = Maghreb Athletic Tétouan = = =
Maghreb Atlético De Tétouan is a football club which plays in Morocco.

= = = Málaga C.F. = = =
Málaga C.F. are a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = C.A. Osasuna = = =
C.A. Osasuna is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Real Jaén C.F. = = =
Real Jaén C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain. Founded in 1922 it plays in Tercera División RFEF, holding home matches at "Nuevo Estadio de La Victoria", with a capacity of 12,569 spectators.

= = = Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa = = =
Cultural Leonesa is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Elche CF = = =
Elche C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = R.C.D. Mallorca = = =
R.C.D. Mallorca is a football club which plays in Spain. It was founded in 1916, which makes it the second-oldest club in the Balearic Islands behind Club Deportivo Binissalem.

= = = CD Tenerife = = =
C. D. Tenerife is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Córdoba CF = = =
Córdoba C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Pontevedra CF = = =
Pontevedra C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Mini = = =
The Mini is a small car made by the British Motor Corporation (BMC), British Leyland and Rover from 1959 to 2000. It used a transverse engine and front-wheel drive, where the turning power was put on the front wheels of the car rather than the back wheels. Its design saved a large amount of space. It allowed most of the car's size to be used for passengers and luggage. It had only two doors, but could seat up to four passengers. 1959
The design was very influential for car-making in the second half of the 20th century. In 1999, the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th century, behind the Ford Model T. The original model is considered an icon of the 1960s in Britain.
The original Mini was designed for BMC by Alec Issigonis.
It was first released in August 1959. Rover ceased production in October 2000. It was marketed under the names Austin, Morris, Cooper, Wolseley, Riley, British Leyland and Rover.
In 2001, the Mini was relaunched by BMW as a premium small hatchback which quickly became popular thanks to its retro styling, fun driving experience, many customisation options and strong resale values. It received redesigns in late 2006 and late 2013. 

= = = Burgos CF = = =
Burgos C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = AD Almería = = =
A.D. Almería is a former football club which played in Spain.

= = = CD Castellón = = =
C.D. Castellón is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Albacete Balompié = = =
Albacete Balompié is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = UE Lleida = = =
U.E. Lleida was a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Toshiba = = =
Toshiba is a Japanese multinational company. Its diversified products include information technology and communications equipment and systems, electronic components and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure systems, household appliances, medical equipment and lighting.
Toshiba Corporation was started in 1939, by two companies, a telegraph manufacturer and a light bulb maker.

= = = R.C.D. Espanyol = = =
R.C.D. Espanyol de Barcelona is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Mérida UD = = =
Mérida U.D. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Levante U.D. = = =
Levante U.D. is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Cádiz CF = = =
Cádiz C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain. Founded in 1910, the club competes in the La Liga, holding home games at Nuevo Mirandilla, with a seating capacity of 20,724.

= = = CD Numancia = = =
C.D. Numancia de Soria is a football club which plays in Spain.

= = = Xerez CD = = =
Xerez C.D. is a football club which plays in Spain.
The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; Xerez FC and CD Jerez in 1947. 
Team colours are usually blue shirt and socks, and white shorts.

= = = Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian = = =
Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian OM PRS 30 November 1889 - 8 August 1977) was an English doctor. He won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Charles Scott Sherrington for the discoveries about the functions of neurons.

= = = Hydrogen deuteride = = =
Hydrogen deuteride is a diatomic molecule. It is composed of the two isotopes of hydrogen: 1H protium and 2H deuterium.

= = = Bond albedo = = =
The Bond albedo is the fraction of power in the total electromagnetic radiation hitting an astronomical body which is scattered back out into space. It considers all wavelengths at all phase angles. It is necessary for estimating how much energy a planet or other body absorbs.

= = = Geographical pole = = =
A geographical pole is either of two points on the surface of a rotating planet where the axis of rotation meets the surface of the planet. The north geographical pole of a body is 90 degrees north of the equator. The south geographical pole lies 90 degrees south of the equator.
Relative to Earth's surface, the geographic poles move by a few metres over periods of a few years. 
As cartography requires exact and unchanging coordinates, the average positions of the geographical poles are taken as fixed. These "cartographic poles" become the points where the body's great circles of longitude intersect.

= = = Spheroid = = =
A spheroid is a kind of ellipsoid. It is got by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. This means it is an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters.
Spheres are spheroids. Spheroids that are not spheres are either oblate or prolate.
Most celestial objects are oblate spheroids. They usually spin, and as they spin, centrifugal force pulls them into that shape. Few natural objects are prolate spheroids.

= = = Invariable plane = = =
The invariable plane of a planetary system is the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass). 
In the Solar System, about 98% of this effect is from the mass of the four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). The invariable plane is within 0.5° of the orbital plane of Jupiter. It is the weighted average of all planetary orbital and rotational planes.
The invariable plane is got from the sum of angular momenta, and is perpendicular to the angular momentum vector of the planets. It is almost invariable (unchanging) over the entire system. 
Comments.
The Sun forms a counterbalance to all of the planets, so it is near the barycenter when Jupiter is on one side and the other three jovian planets (gas giants) are opposite on the other side. The Sun moves 2.17 solar radii away from the barycenter when all jovian planets are in line on other side. 
The orbital angular momenta of the Sun and all non-jovian planets, moons, and minor solar system bodies, as well as the axial rotation momenta of all bodies, totals only about 2%.
For almost all purposes the plane can be considered invariable (unchanging) when working in Newtonian dynamics.

= = = G-Force = = =
The g-force of an object is its acceleration relative to free fall. On earth this is 1g, or 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s^2) or equivalently  newtons of force per kilogram of mass (N/kg). Astronauts experience unusually high and low g-forces. G-force can also be seen on rollercoasters. When the coaster goes down the drop, you are pushed back into your seat because of g-force. Negative g-forces is when gravity is pushing you downwards causing you to feel weightless. (Going down a rollercoaster) Positive g-forces is when gravity is pushing against you causing you to feel heavier. (Going up a rollercoaster) 

= = = Sidereal time = = =
Sidereal time is a time-keeping system. It is used by astronomers to find celestial objects. Using sidereal time it is possible to point a telescope to the proper coordinates in the night sky. 
Sidereal time is a "time scale based on Earth's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars". 
Because the Earth moves in its orbit about the Sun, a mean solar day is about four minutes longer than a sidereal day. Thus, a star appears to rise four minutes earlier each night, compared to solar time. Different stars are visible at different times of the year.
By contrast, solar time is reckoned by the movement of the Earth from the perspective of the Sun. An average solar day (24 hours) is longer than a sidereal day (23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds) because of the amount the Earth moves each day in its orbit around the Sun.

= = = Scale height = = =
A scale height is a term for a distance over which a quantity decreases by a factor of "e" (the base of natural logarithms). The scale height is usually shown by a capital letter "H".

= = = Jupiter impact = = =
Several impacts have been seen on the face of Jupiter
July 1994.
In July 1994, a comet broke up into many pieces and then crashed into Jupiter over the course of many days. The comet was called Shoemaker-Levy 9. The largest pieces left scars on the face of Jupiter. Some of the scars were larger than the Earth.
19 July 2009.
A large impact was observed with the Keck II telescope and its near-infrared camera at Mauna Kea on July 20 11:20 UT. It occurred on the surface of Jupiter.

= = = Ja zuster, nee zuster = = =
Ja zuster, nee zuster (in English: Yes Nurse, No Nurse) was a very popular comedy series on Dutch television in the late 1960s. It was set in a home for old people. The Dutch title literally means, "Yes, Sister; No, Sister"; because in the Netherlands, as in Britain and many other countries, female nurses of a certain rank are called "Sister".
The series was broadcast between 1966 and 1968 and consisted of 20 episodes. 
The script was written by Annie M.G. Schmidt who was already very well known as a writer of books for children and scripts for television and radio programmes. The songs were written by Harry Bannink.
Dutch people today, especially those who remember the original series, are very disappointed that, apart from one programme, the whole series has been lost. This is because it was recorded on Ampex tape which was very expensive so, after the episodes had been shown on television, other television programmes were recorded on the same tape over the top of it. Some of the film that was shot outside has been preserved. 15 of the songs from the series have also been preserved. They were made into a gramophone record (LP) and later into a CD.
A film with the same title, based on the series, was produced in 2002. It starred Loes Luca as Zuster (Sister) Klivia and Paul Kooij as her landlord and nextdoor neighbour, Buurman Boordevol.
The story.
The stories in the television series are about a group of people who live in “Rusthuis Klivia”. The word “rusthuis” means “resthouse”. It is usually used in Dutch to describe an old people’s home (retirement home), although some of the actors in the programme were not really old. There was always chaos in the home. The characters were very strange. One of them grew spinach in the garden, one of them was an engineer who was always doing experiments in the cellar. One of them was a burglar. The neighbour tries to get everyone evicted (thrown out), but he never succeeds. 
Each episode had a guest actor who was often a well-known Dutch television personality.
There were many songs in the series. The most popular ones include "De kat van ome Willem" ("Uncle Williams’ Cat"), "Ja Zuster, Nee Zuster" ("Yes Nurse, No Nurse"), "Niet met de deuren slaan" ("Don’t bang the doors") and "M'n opa" ("My grandpa").
New versions.
In 1999 a book was published with reconstructions of the stories. An exhibition was opened between November 2002 and March 2003 in Hoorn, North Holland. A musical is now being made which should be ready by 2009. It will be performed in many theatres throughout the Netherlands.

= = = Tom Gordon = = =
Tom Gordon (born November 18 1967, in Sebring, Florida) was a pitcher for the New York Yankees.

= = = Paul Kalas = = =
Paul Kalas (August 13, 1967) is an American astronomer. His discovery of a planet outside of our solar system become famous. The planet is referred to as Fomalhaut b.

= = = Stewart Cink = = =
Stewart Ernest Cink (born May 21, 1973) is an American professional golfer. Cink won the 2009 Open Championship, beating five-time winner Tom Watson in a four-hole playoff. He spent 39 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2008.
Cink was born in Huntsville, Alabama and grew up in Florence, where he attended Bradshaw High School. He completed high school in 1991 and he attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, where he played golf for the Yellow Jackets; he turned professional in 1995. After winning the Mexican Open and three events on the Nike Tour (now the Nationwide Tour) in 1996, Cink joined the PGA Tour in 1997 and won the Canon Greater Hartford Open in his rookie season. Cink performed consistently on the Tour over the next few years, picking up another win at the 2000 MCI Classic. Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009, 2004 was his career year to date, with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational, which is one of the World Golf Championships events and was the most prestigious win of his career at the time. In 2009 he won his first career major with a playoff victory over 59-year old Tom Watson in The Open Championship.
On February 24, 2008, Cink was the runner-up in the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship played in Marana, Arizona, falling 8 & 7 in the 36-hole final to top-ranked Tiger Woods. In June 2008, he reached his highest ever ranking, sixth, in the Official World Golf Rankings with his victory at the Travelers Championship in suburban Hartford.
On July 19, 2009, Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland, defeating 59 year-old Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff. Cink had birdied the 72nd hole while Watson bogeyed, which forced the playoff.

= = = Crocs = = =
Crocs are a type of plastic clogs. They have holes in the top of them so your feet can let in air. They also come in many different colours. You can buy different accessories to clip into the holes of the shoe.
The company who make them was founded in 2002 in Colorado.
Crocs started to make a comeback during the pandemic as crocs reported a 66.92% percent increase in sales from 2020 alone compared to 2021's sales. 
Sources - crocs source

= = = Buxton, Maine = = =
Buxton is a very small farming town in Maine. Around 8,300 people live here. It is in York County.

= = = Searsport, Maine = = =
Searsport is a town in northern Maine. It is where the Penobscot River joins the Penobscot Bay. Searsport is Maine's second largest deep water port. It is also an important town on the railroad.

= = = Brock Lesnar = = =
Brock Edward Lesnar (born July 12, 1977) is an American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist.
Professional wrestling.
Lesnar wrestled professionally for World Wrestling Entertainment from 2002 to 2004. When he was in the WWE, he won the WWE Championship three times, the King of the Ring tournament in 2002 and the Royal Rumble in 2003. He left the WWE in 2004 and travelled to Japan to wrestle for New Japan Pro Wrestling. While in Japan he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Lesnar retired from professional wrestling to pursue a career in the UFC.
Lesnar made his return to WWE on April 2, 2012, delivering his finishing move the F5 to John Cena. He began a feud with Triple H and faced him at SummerSlam on August 19, 2012 and won by submission and broke Triple H's arm. He released a tout and said that he was quitting the WWE because he had conquered everything in the WWE.
He returned to the WWE again on January 28, 2013 and delivered an F5 to Vince McMahon as McMahon was about to fire Paul Heyman. The F5 resulted in McMahon's pelvis breaking.
Mixed martial arts.
He fought in the UFC from 2008 to 2011, winning the UFC Heavyweight Championship before retiring from the UFC after losing his last match against Alistair Overeem at UFC 141.

= = = Dover-Foxcroft, Maine = = =
Dover-Foxcroft is a town in northern Maine. Its ZIP code is 04426.

= = = The Border = = =
The Border is a 1982 American crime drama movie by director Tony Richardson. It stars Jack Nicholson, Warren Oates and Harvey Keitel.
The movie is set in Texas and is about a group of US Border Patrol agents who look after the border between the US and Mexico.

= = = Hide and Seek (2005 movie) = = =
Hide and Seek is a suspense movie starring Robert DeNiro and Dakota Fanning. It was directed by John Polson.
There is 4 alternative endings.

= = = ATP synthase = = =
ATP synthase is an enzyme found in cells that makes ATP from ADP(adenosine di-phosphate) and inorganic phosphate. The ATP synthase is powered by the difference of concentration of pH between inside and outside the place where the enzyme is located. The exact mechanism in which it does so is unknown, although it is believed to work like a rotating machine. 

= = = Bayreuth Festival = = =
The Bayreuth Festival (German: Bayreuther Festspiele, Bavarian: "Bareida Festspui", East Franconian: "Baraida Fesdspil") is a music festival held every year in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of operas by the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner are performed. It was Wagner's own idea to start a festival for his operas in Bayreuth in a theatre which he designed himself because he was not satisfied with the way that theatres were usually designed.
The theatre that he designed is called the Festspielhaus (Festival House). Wagner watched the theatre being built, making sure that it was done the way he wanted it. He had some new ideas about theatre design. For example: he wanted the orchestra pit to be so low that the orchestra would not be seen by the audience.
When the theatre was opened in 1876 his cycle of operas called the "Der Ring des Nibelungen" was performed complete for the first time.
The festival immediately became internationally famous. Almost every serious musician in Europe wanted to go to Bayreuth to hear Wagner's music performed there. Composers usually either loved it and were strongly influenced by it, or they hated it and reacted against it.
The festival still continues now. Every August there is a festival of Wagner's operas. It is extremely difficult to get tickets because so many people want to go. People often wait for ten years before they can get a ticket.
The origins of the festival.
Wagner wanted the festival to be in a small town where people could just concentrate on his music. Bayreuth already had a theatre, the Markgräfliches Opernhaus, but it was not suitable for modern opera. The town did not have a cultural life that would be in competition with Wagner's music. Another reason for choosing Bayreuth was that it was in an area where the rights to perform his operas were still under his control (he had sold these rights in other areas many years earlier in order to raise money).
King Ludwig II of Bavaria gave a lot of money to Wagner to built the new opera house. Wagner also made tours across Germany to get money for it. Societies were established to raise money.
The architect who designed the opera house was Gottfried Semper.
Early history.
The opening took place on August 13, 1876, with a performance of Das Rheingold. A lot of important people were there, including Kaiser Wilhelm, Dom Pedro II of Brazil, King Ludwig (who came in secret, perhaps because he did not want to meet the Kaiser), and other members of the nobility, as well as the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, and the composers Anton Bruckner, Edvard Grieg, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, and Franz Liszt. Hans Richter was the conductor.
During Wagner's life the festival just performed the Ring Cycle and, later, his opera "Parsifal". After Wagner's death, his widow Cosima continued to run the festival. She gradually introduced the other operas Wagner had written, so that all ten operas were in the repertoire. The operas were always performed exactly as Wagner had done. Nothing was allowed to be changed in any way.
After Cosima retired from running the festival in 1906, Wagner's son Siegfried took over management of the festival. He did some things differently, introducing new staging and performance styles. When he died in 1930 the festival was run by his widow Winifred.
Bayreuth under Nazi Germany.
In the 1920s, some years before the rise of the Nazi party, Winifred Wagner became a close friend of Adolf Hitler. Because of this, Bayreuth was able to continue getting a lot of money during the Nazi period. Wagner's works were used by the Nazi as propaganda tools. It is strange that Hitler went to performances in Bayreuth that included Jewish and foreign singers, long after they had been banned from performing in all other places in Germany. Winifred's influence with Hitler was so strong that Hitler even wrote a letter to the anti-fascist Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini, begging him to lead the festival. Toscanini refused.
It was during this time that the festival made its first break from tradition. They stopped using the 19th century scenery on the stage. Many people disagreed with this, including Toscanini and Richard Strauss, and even some members of the Wagner family. They thought it should stay exactly like Wagner had known it.
During the war, the Nazi party ran the festival. Operas were performed for soldiers who had been hurt in the fighting. These soldiers were forced to go to lectures on Wagner before the performances, even if they were not interested in music.
The new festival.
A lot of Bayreuth was destroyed by bombing in the last days of World War II, though the theatre itself was undamaged. After the war, Winifred Wagner was sentenced to probation by a war court because she had supported the Nazi party. Ironically, it was because of Winifred that the theatre was not bombed. She had not allowed it to be used for military purposes, so it was not a military target. After the war the theatre was used for other kinds of concerts for the next few years. The festival started again in 1951, opening with a performance of Beethoven's Symphony no 9, followed by a performance of Wagner's opera, "Parsifal"
Wieland Wagner, the composer's grandson, had some very new ideas, including very abstract scenery. Some of the audience even booed. What Wieland was trying to do was to make a big break from the past with its association with Hitler. Wieland died in 1966. For a time people wondered whether the festival would continue. There were a lot of arguments within the Wagner family. Wieland's brother Wolfgang Wagner remained in charge of running the festival for the next 42 years, while the money was controlled by the Richard Wagner Foundation.
Wieland Wagner started a workshop in Bayreuth in which directors could meet and discuss new ideas for presenting the operas. This made it easier for new ideas to be accepted, and gave new life to the festival.
The centenary of the festival was celebrated in 1976 with a great production of the Ring directed by the French director Patrice Chereau. His production concentrated on showing how the Ring was about the 19th century working class being used by the wealthy capitalists. Some people thought it was the best opera performance they had ever seen, others hated it.
21st century.
There has been a lot of uncertainty about what would happen after Wolfgang retired. Many people wanted the festival to continue to be in the hands of the Wagner family. On 1 September 2008, Wolfgang Wagner's daughters, Eva Wagner-Pasquier and Katharina Wagner, were named by Bavaria's culture minister to take over the Festival. They have said that they want to "bring opera to the people". In 2009 Wagner's opera "Tristan und Isolde" will be live on the web. It will only cost £12.90 to watch online. People will also be able to watch it for free on a big screen in the centre of Bayreuth.

= = = Repertoire = = =
Repertoire (pronounce: "Re-per-twahr") is a French word used in music and in the theatre. It means a list of pieces of music or plays. Sometimes the English word repertory is used.
When a pianist speaks about his or her "repertoire", it means all the pieces that he can play. Most famous musicians have a wide repertoire (they can play a lot of pieces).
The "piano repertoire" means all music written for the piano. The violin has a much larger solo repertoire than the viola. That means that much more solo music has been written for the violin than for the viola.
A theatre company may have a "repertoire". That means all the plays that they regularly perform. Sometimes theatre companies are called "repertory theatres" because they have a particular list of plays that they perform.

= = = Working class = = =
Working class is a term used to describe people in society who have jobs which are not academic or highly paid. They're usually jobs which are physical, especially when they are paid an hourly wage.
Different societies will have different ideas about what "working class" is. People started talking about the working class after industrialization in the early 19th century. Karl Marx wrote about the working class.
Working class contrasts with middle class and upper class, which are above working class. The underclass is below the working class.

= = = Ludwig II of Bavaria = = =
Ludwig II (German: "Ludwig der Zweite von Bayern"; Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; 25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886) was king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly before his death (Bavaria is now part of Germany, but at that time it was a separate country). He is well known for his support for the composer Richard Wagner.
He is often referred to as the Mad King Ludwig because his behaviour was very odd. For example, he would leave his castle by climbing out of the window instead of walking out of the door. He is sometimes referred to as the Swan King in English and "der Märchenkönig" (the Fairy tale King) in German. This is because he built several very expensive and fancy castles, the most famous one being Neuschwanstein.
It is not clear whether his death by drowning was suicide or whether he was murdered.
Today tourists from all over the world visit the castles that he built. They also visit the Bayreuth Festspielhaus for which he gave a lot of money towards the building.

= = = Real Burgos CF = = =
Real Burgos C.F. is a football club that played in Spain.

= = = Folio = = =
When talking about manuscripts, and printing in general, a folio is a sheet, which is used on both sides. One of the sides is known as "recto", the other one as "verso".

= = = Ivan Regen = = =
Ivan (Janez) Regen (called Johann Regen) (December 9, 1868 – July 27, 1947), was a Slovenian biologist. He is best known for his studies in bioacoustics, the science of hearing and communicating.
Early life.
Regen was born in the village of Lajše (now Slovenia). His mother encouraged his interest in insect sounds. His father lost a lot of money bring cloth into Slovenia and could not pay for Ivan to go to school. Ivan was given a scholarship so that he could go to school at the local seminary. He was able to save enough money go to study in Vienna. He studied natural history at the University of Vienna with teachers Grobben, Exner and Claus. He got his doctorate in 1897 and began to work as a school teacher in Vienna, and later in Hranice, Moravia. Exner helped him get a job back in Vienna. He worked in a secondary school there until his retirement in 1918.
Research.
Regen began to study insects in great detail. He was one of the first Slovenian scientists to work in another country after World War I. He was the first scientist to study the grasshopper in a lot of detail. He studied katydid and cricket sounds, he proved that insects did react to sounds from each other. He was able to make crickets react to artificial sounds using a loudspeaker. In one experiment, he used a telephone to send sounds from one cricket to another in different rooms. Later, he showed that insects hear with their ear drum. He was the first person to work out what the ear drum does. He is the person who started the study of bioacoustics. He also studied the insects breathing, their hibernation, coloring, and how they shed their skin.
Regen's largest project was his "geobiological laboratory", a large glass cage, called a terrarium. He used this to study the way crickets could find other crickets using sounds; this is called phonotaxis. Using up to 1600 females with normal or damaged hearing, he was able to work out how they did this.
He worked for himself after 1911, but he supported several groups and organizations in Slovenia. He started using Slovene terminology in his areas of study. In 1921, he was asked to be a professor at the University of Ljubljana, but did not take it. In 1940, he became a member of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and was also a member of Slovenian Society of Natural History.
Even though he was a famous scientist known around the world, he was poor and lived alone. His experiments were paid for by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, but he was not allowed to be a member. He did all his work at home. After his death, a lot of his special equipment such as microphones, oscilloscopes, galvanometer, and his written notes were destroyed. 

= = = Mole cricket = = =
The mole crickets are the family Gryllotalpidae, of broad insects about 3–5 cm (1-2 inches) long, with large eyes and shovel-like forelimbs for burrowing and swimming.
Mole crickets are omnivores or meat eaters, feeding on larvae, worms, roots, and grasses. Common predators of mole crickets include birds, rats, skunks, armadillos, raccoons and foxes.

= = = Hisashi Tsuchida = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Biography.
Tsuchida was born in Okayama on February 1, 1967. After graduating from Osaka University of Economics, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors (later "Urawa Reds") in 1989. He played many matches as goalkeeper from 1991. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. He battles with Yuki Takita for the position for a long time. He played as regular goalkeeper in 1994 and 1995. However he lost regular position for injury in 1996, and his opportunity to play decreased from 1997. He could not play at all in the matches from 1999. He retired with rival Takita end of 2000 season.
In 1988, when Tsuchida was an Osaka University of Economics student, he was selected Japan national "B team" for 1988 Asian Cup. At this competition, he played one game. However, Japan Football Association don't count as Japan national team match because this Japan team was "B team" not "top team".
Statistics.
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150||0||15||0||18||0||183||0

= = = Yuki Takita = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
186||1||9||0||28||0||223||1
186||1||9||0||28||0||223||1

= = = Diego Forlán = = =
Diego Forlán (born 19 May 1979) is a Uruguayan football player. He played for Atlético Madrid and the Uruguay national team and is currently a free agent searching for new offers.
Club career statistics.
80||37||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||3||91||40
63||10||4||1||6||3||23||3||96||17
175||102||13||3||colspan="2"|-||35||12||223||117
318||149||17||4||6||3||69||18||410||174
International career statistics.
!Total||60||22

= = = Augusto César (footballer, born 1968) = = =
Augusto Pedro de Souza (born 5 November 1968) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
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147||39||9||2||18||2||174||43
307||44||9||2||18||2||334||48

= = = Ned Zelić = = =
Ned Zelić (born 4 July 1971) is a former Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.
Honours.
Australia
Dinamo Tbilisi
Urawa Reds
Borussia Dortmund

= = = Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle = = =
Baccarat is a town in the Meurthe-et-Moselle area in northeastern France.
Crystal.
In 1764, King Louis the fifteenth allowed to the Bishop of Metz to start a glass factory at Baccarat. The Baccarat crystalworks are famous for their glass and crystal artwork, and the Musée du Cristal, owned by the company, is Lorraine's biggest private museum.
Sights.
The Church of Saint Rémy is well known for its artistic glass windows.

= = = Gun dog = = =
Gun dogs or gundogs, also called bird dogs, are types of dogs used to help hunters find and retrieve game (the animals the hunters are hunting), usually birds. 
Gundogs are divided into three primary types: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. Flushing dogs flush game from hiding. Pointer dogs point their muzzle towards game to allow the hunter to locate the animal. Retrievers retrieve game once it is killed. Some kennel clubs define a Gundog Group for gundogs, while other kennel clubs include them in the Sporting Group. The three most popular types are: Spaniel, Golden Retriever and Labrador.

= = = Alaskan Klee Kai = = =
The Alaskan Klee Kai is a northern breed of dog of the spitz type. The term "Klee Kai" was derived from Alaskan Athabaskan (Eskimo) words meaning "small dog". The breed was developed to create a pet sized version of the Alaskan Husky, but it more closely resembles the Siberian Husky. This result makes it an energetic, intelligent, apartment-sized dog with an appearance that reflects its northern heritage.
These dogs can come in a variety of different coat colors: black and white, gray and white, red and white and all white. They have a double coat, which means it is thicker.
In 1997, the United Kennel Club recognized the Alaskan Klee Kai. It is a rare breed with not very many dogs.

= = = Alaskan Malamute = = =
The Alaskan Malamute is a breed of domestic dog. It was originally bred for use as an Alaskan sled dog. This dog is usually large in size. It is sometimes mistaken for a Siberian Husky. The Alaskan Malamute is strong and powerful and was used to carry heavy loads for long distances. 
This dog is the largest and oldest of the Arctic sled dogs. Malamutes can be family pets, but are very active. They enjoy sledding, running and swimming with their owners. Their coat is thick and comes in colors from light gray to black or from sable to red. They have a plumed tail. 

= = = Aidi = = =
The Aidi or Chien de l'Atlas is a Moroccan dog breed used to protect flocks of sheep and goats. It also can hunt and smell very well.. In its native Morocco it is often paired in hunting with the Sloughi, which chases down prey that the Aidi has found by sniffing it out.

= = = Airedale Terrier = = =
The Airedale Terrier (often shortened to "Airedale") is a breed of the terrier type, that first came from Airedale, a geographic area in Yorkshire, England. 
It traditionally was called the "King of Terriers" because before the creation of the Black Russian Terrier, the Airedale was largest of the terrier breeds. The breed has also been called the Waterside Terrier, because it was bred to hunt otters in and around the valleys of the River Aire in Airedale. In England this breed has also been used as a police dog.

= = = Xinjiang = = =
Xinjiang (also transliterated as Sinkiang) is a northwestern region of the People's Republic of China. Like all of China, it is also claimed by the Republic of China. It is a large area with few people. It is over 1.6 million km2, which takes up about one sixth of the country's land. It is mainly inhabited by Uyghurs who are Turkic people.
In the 19th century, when the name of the Silk Road was first used by a German geographer, it just included the land route from Xinjiang to Central Asia. Xinjiang sits at the heart of the Silk Road in China. At that time, the country was often called "Chinese Turkestan" for its many Turkic peoples.
Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and Jammu and Kashmir's Leh District to the south and Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the southeast, Mongolia to the east, Russia to the north and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan to the west, Pakistan and Kashmir region to the southwest.
Ürümqi is the capital of Xinjiang and the largest city in Western China. It also holds the world record for being the most remote city from any sea in the world; it is 2,500 km from any coastline.
The east-west chain of the Tian Shan Mountains separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. Dzungaria is dry steppe. The Tarim Basin is desert surrounded by oases. In the east is the Turpan Depression. The Taklamakan Desert is also in Xinjiang. Ürümqi, the capital, Turpan, Kashgar, Karamay, Yining and Shihezi are the major cities.

= = = Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 = = =
Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 was a scheduled commercial flight from Tehran, Iran, to Yerevan, Armenia, that crashed near the village of Jannatabad, outside the city of Qazvin in north-western Iran, on 15 July 2009.

= = = Ancyloxypha numitor = = =
The least skipper ("Ancyloxypha numitor") is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is native to North America. They have a weak, bouncy flight.
The least skipper can be found in damp or wet habitats with tall grasses. In the northern part of the its range, adults may be seen from May to September. In the southern part of its range, adults can be found from February to December. It may be seen all year in southern Florida.
Description.
The least skipper has rounded wings and a skinny body. Their antennae are checkered and have no hooks. Male least skipper do not have stigmata. The upper side of the top wing is dark brown, sometimes having orange on it. The bottom wing is orange with a dark brown border around it. The underside of the wings is bright orange. The bottom wing's veins are a whitish color. Its wingspan (length of the wings) is 3⁄4 to 1 inch.
Life cycle.
Males find females by looking for them in tall grasses. Females lay their eggs one at a time on the caterpillar's host plant (the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The eggs are pale yellow. The caterpillar makes a nest of grass and silk. The caterpillar is green. It has four pairs of white wax glands on the abdomen near the underside. The head is brown or tan. It is usually darker in the center. The collar (the area between where the head and the body connect) has a white stripe and a black stripe. The chrysalis is a cream color and has brown markings. The caterpillar will hibernate in the winter. The least skipper has 2-4 broods each year.
Host plants.
Here is a list of host plants that the least skipper caterpillar feeds on:
Similar species.
There are some species of butterflies that are similar to the least skipper. They are the European skipper ("Thymelicus lineola"), the tropical least skipper ("Ancyloxypha arene"), the orange skipperling ("Copaeodes aurantiaeca"), and the southern skipperling ("Copaeodes minima").

= = = Timothy Geithner = = =
Timothy Franz Geithner (pronounced /ˈɡaɪtnər/; born August 18, 1961), was the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 2009 to 2013. He served under President Barack Obama. Before becoming Secretary of the Treasury, he was president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Geithner was born in Brooklyn, New York.

= = = Janet Napolitano = = =
Janet Ann Napolitano (born November 29, 1957) is an American politician who is currently president of the University of California system. She became the first woman to serve as Secretary of Homeland Security on January 21, 2009. Before becoming Secretary of Homeland Security, she was the Governor of Arizona and Attorney General of Arizona. She announced her resignation of Homeland Security in July 2013 to become president of the University of California. She assumed presidency of the University of California on September 30, 2013, and is the first woman in the post.
Early life.
Janet Napolitano was born on November 29, 1957, in New York City. She is the daughter of Jane Marie (née Winer) and Leonard Michael Napolitano, who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. Her father was of Italian ancestry and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry. Napolitano is a Methodist. She was the eldest of three children; she has a younger brother and sister. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 and was voted Most Likely to Succeed. She graduated from Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, where she won a Truman Scholarship, and was valedictorian. In 1978, she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of Santa Clara's exchange programme through IES Abroad. She then received her Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Virginia School of Law. After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M. Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and then joined Schroeder's former firm, Lewis and Roca located in Phoenix.
Health.
Napolitano has been undergoing cancer-related treatment since August 2016. On January 17, 2017, Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland for complications from the cancer treatment. She was released from the hospital on January 23, 2017.

= = = Wakhan = = =
Wakhan or "the Wakhan" (also spelt Vakhan; Persian and �����, is a region of Afghanistan. It is part of the Pamir Mountains and the Karakoram Range. Not very many people live there.

= = = Factor VIII = = =
Factor VIII (FVIII) is a blood clotting factor that is also called anti-hemophilic factor (AHF). In humans, Factor VII is in the F8 gene. If there is something wrong with this gene, you get hemophilia A, which is a recessive disorder. The gene for Factor VIII is on the X chromosome.

= = = X chromosome = = =
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in mammals. They decide the sex (gender) of an individual. The other sex chromosome is the Y chromosome.
Females have two X chromosomes, males have one X and one Y. An egg always carries a single X, while sperms carry either an X or a Y. That is how sex is determined in humans, and in most other mammals. Although females have two X chromosomes, each cell can only have one X chromosome active. During early development, a process called X-inactivation occurs. In each cell one of the X chromosomes randomly deactivates. This causes different parts of the body to have different X-linked genes, and is responsible for the black and orange coloration of calico cats.

= = = Chance = = =
Chance is a word that refers to:

= = = 1987 Edmonton tornado = = =
The Edmonton tornado was a powerful and devastating tornado that hit the eastern part of Edmonton, Alberta on the afternoon of July 31, 1987. It destroyed more than 300 homes. It was rated as a strong F4 to a weak F5 tornado on the Fujita scale. It cost $332.27 million in total damage. It killed 27 people and injured more than 300 people and was the second deadliest tornado in Canadian history.

= = = Vale of White Horse = = =
The Vale of White Horse is a local government district of Oxfordshire in England. The main town is Abingdon, other places are Faringdon and Wantage. There are 68 parishes within the district.
It is a region between the Berkshire Downs and the River Thames. It was named after the prehistoric Uffington White Horse. The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. The area is often referred to as the ‘Vale of the White Horse’.
Geography.
It is the valley of the Ock, a stream which joins the Thames from the West at Abingdon. The Vale is almost flat and well-wooded. Following local usage the vale covers all the ground between the Cotswolds (on the north) and the White Horse Hills. According to the geographical definition, however, the Vale is from two to five miles wide, and the distance by road from Abingdon to Shrivenham at its head is 18 miles.
Sites of interest.
The highest hill of the district is White Horse Hill that is 261 m (856 ft) high. In its northern flank, just below the summit, a gigantic figure of a horse is cut, the turf is removed to show the white chalky soil beneath. This figure gives name to the hill, the range and the vale. It is 114 m (374 ft) long, the neck, body and tail varying little in width.

= = = Slipper = = =
A slipper is a light shoe worn indoors. They keep feet warm. People also wear them to keep their feet or socks clean. They are usually made of a something comfortable like a towel material or thin leather. They come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. 
History.
The recorded history of slippers can be traced back to the 12th century. In the West, the record can only be traced to 1478.
Slippers in China date from 4700 BCE. They were made of cotton or woven rush, had leather linings, and featured symbols of power, such as dragons.
Native American moccasins were also highly decorative. Such moccasins showed nature scenes and were decorated with beadwork and fringing, their soft sure-footedness made them good for indoors taking (or setting aside). Inuit and Aleut people made shoes from smoked hare-hide to protect their feet against the frozen ground inside their homes.
Beautiful Orientalism saw the introduction into the West of designs like the baboosh.
Victorian people needed such shoes to keep the dust and gravel outside their homes. For Victorian ladies, slippers gave an opportunity to show off their needlepoint skills and use embroidery as decoration.
Types.
Types of slippers include:
Some slippers are made to look like something other than a slipper and are sold as a novelty item. The slippers are usually made from soft and colorful materials and may come in the shapes of animals, animal paws, vehicles, cartoon characters, etc.
Not all shoes with a soft fluffy interior are slippers. Any shoe with a rubber only and laces is a normal outdoor shoe. In India, rubber chappals (flip-flops) are worn as indoor shoes.

= = = Masaki Tsuchihashi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tsuchihashi was born in Yokohama on July 23, 1972. After graduating from Kokushikan University, he joined Urawa Reds in 1995. He played as defensive midfielder from first season. However his opportunity to play decreased form the late 1990s. He retired end of 2003 season.
On May 26, 1996, Tsuchihashi debuted for the Japan national team against Yugoslavia.
Statistics.
184||5||18||1||27||3||229||9
184||5||18||1||27||3||229||9
!Total||1||0

= = = Osamu Hirose = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
326||31||29||6||32||2||387||39
326||31||29||6||32||2||387||39

= = = Alen Bokšić = = =
Alen Bokšić (born 21 January 1970) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for the Croatian national team.
Club career statistics.
95||27
50||26
137||34
68||22
350||109
International career statistics.
!Total||40||10

= = = Harison da Silva Nery = = =
Harison da Silva Nery (born 2 January 1980) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
50||5||||||||||50||5
56||6||6||2||10||5||72||13
60||2||||||||||60||2
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
166||13||6||2||10||5||182||20

= = = Tomohiro Katanosaka = = =
Tomohiro Katanosaka (born 18 April 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
237||13||21||2||57||1||315||16
237||13||21||2||57||1||315||16

= = = Tomohiro Hasumi = = =
 is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
158||20||10||1||5||1||173||22
158||20||10||1||5||1||173||22

= = = Celso Vieira = = =
Celso Vieira (born 25 September 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
31||0||3||0||34||0
31||0||3||0||34||0

= = = Kazuaki Tasaka = = =
 is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Tasaka was born in Hiroshima on August 3, 1971. He was educated at and played for Tokai University Daiichi High School and Tokai University. After graduating, he joined newly promoted J1 League side Bellmare Hiratsuka. He was immediately installed as a regular and received the J1 League "Young Player of the Year award" that year. The club also won the 1994 Emperor's Cup. Due to club's financial problem, he was released along with Nobuyuki Kojima, Wagner Lopes, Hong Myung-bo and Yoshihiro Natsuka at the end of the 1998 season. He moved to Shimizu S-Pulse (1999) and then to Cerezo Osaka (2000–2002) where he finished his playing career.
Tasaka was capped 7 times for the Japan national team between 1995 and 1999. His first international appearance came on May 28, 1995 in a friendly against Ecuador. In March 1999, he was selected Japan for the first time in 4 years by Philippe Troussier. He also played at 1999 Copa América.
After the retirement, started coaching career at Cerezo Osaka in 2003. He mainly served as an assistant coach until 2004. In 2006, he signed with Shimizu S-Pulse and served as an assistant coach. In 2011, he moved to J2 League club Oita Trinita and became a manager. In 2012, the club won the 6th place and was promoted to J1 League. However the club finished at the bottom place in 2013 and was relegated to J2 in a year. He was sacked in June 2015. In July 2015, he returned to J1 club Shimizu S-Pulse and became an assistant coach under the manager Katsumi Oenoki. In August, he became a manager as Oenoki successor. However the club was relegated to J2 end of the 2015 season and he resigned. In 2016, he signed with with J2 club Matsumoto Yamaga FC and served an assistant coach. In 2017, he moved to J3 League cub Fukushima United FC and became a manager. In 2019, he moved to J2 club Tochigi SC.
Statistics.
265||9||21||1||32||0||318||10
265||9||21||1||32||0||318||10
!Total||7||0

= = = Luxembourg (Belgium) = = =
Luxembourg (, , , , ) is the southernmost province of Belgium and Wallonia. 
The capital is Arlon, in the southeast of the province. The province is also called "Belgian Luxembourg" and should not be confused with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
Geography.
It borders on (clockwise starting from the east) the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, France in the south, and the Belgian provinces of Namur in the west and Liège in the north. Neither Luxembourg nor neighboring Namur border Flanders.
It has the smallest population of all the Belgian provinces, about 291,000 in 2022. With , it is the largest province of Belgium. It is also significantly larger and significantly less populous than the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
The main natural regions in the province are Belgian Lorraine in the southern part, the Ardennes in the centre and northern part, and the Famenne and Condroz in the very northwestern part of the province.
With , the Baraque de Fraiture in the municipality of Vielsalm is the highest point of the province. Second is the Galata with in the municipality of Saint-Hubert.
The main rivers in the province of Luxembourg are:
History.
The province was separated from the neighbouring Luxembourg by the Third Partition of Luxembourg in 1839, after the Belgian Revolution, and declared to remain a part of Belgium.
During World War I, Luxembourg was occupied by the German Empire.
The Battle of the Bulge, a German counter-attack against the Allied offensive in the Ardennes in the winter of 1944/45, took also place in the province of Luxembourg.
Language.
Most of the residents of Luxembourg speak French, but there is a small Luxembourgish-speaking minority, in Arelerland (the eastern part of Belgian Lorraine: Arlon and surroundings), near the border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in the southeast.
The dialect of Luxembourg (although slightly spoken) is Walloon. In the western part of Belgian Lorraine people speak Gaumais (the region is called the Gaume). Both are Romance languages.
Administrative division.
The province of Luxembourg is divided into 5 "arrondissements" and a total of 44 municipalities.
Population by arrondissement.
Population x 1,000 (on 1 January since 1980).

= = = Bus = = =
A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a road vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or passenger van, but less than the average rail transport. It is most commonly used in public transport, Unlike trams or rapid transit trains, but is also in use for charter purposes, or through private ownership. Although the average bus carries between 30 and 100 passengers, some buses have a capacity of up to 300 passengers. The most common type is the single-deck rigid bus, with double-decker and articulated buses carrying larger loads, and midibuses and minibuses carrying smaller loads. Coaches are used for longer-distance services. Many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus, are free. In many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special large vehicle licence above and beyond a regular driving licence.
Buses are an important part of public transport in places all over the world. Many people who do not have cars, especially the third world countries, use buses to get around. Buses make it easy for them to get to where they want to go.
Buses can have many types of bus. For example : The double decker bus.
A place where people wait for a local bus is called a "bus stop". A building where people wait for a long-distance bus or where many buses meet is called a "bus station".
There are many types of bus around the world. An example is a motorhome, which is a bus-like vehicle equipped for living. Typically, a motorhome will include a lounge area, dining area, small bathroom, a galley, kitchen and a corridor.

= = = Alyaksandr Hleb = = =
Aliaksandr Paulavich Hleb (, ; ; born 1 May 1981), commonly named Alexander Hleb, is a Belarusian former professional footballer.
Honours.
BATE Borisov
VfB Stuttgart
Arsenal
Barcelona
Birmingham City
Individual

= = = Chang Woe-ryong = = =
Chang Woe-Ryong (born 5 April 1959) is a former South Korean football player. He has played for Korea Republic national team.
International career statistics.
!Total||30||1

= = = John Hartson = = =
John Hartson (born 5 April 1975) is a former Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.
Club career statistics.
253||80
146||89
399||169
International career statistics.
!Total||51||14

= = = Ricardo Carvalho = = =
Ricardo Carvalho (born 18 May 1978) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Real Madrid and Portugal national team.
Honours.
Porto
Chelsea
Real Madrid
Portugal
Individual
Orders

= = = Robbie Savage = = =
Robbie Savage (born 18 October 1974) is a retired football player. He played for Derby County. He was born in Wrexham and started as a trainee at Manchester United. He later moved to Crewe Alexandra, then to Leicester City where he played for five seasons from 1997—2002. He then played with Birmingham City, and joined Blackburn Rovers in 2005. He started playing with Derby in 2008 after a transfer fee of £1.5 million. He is now a football commentator. He was a contestant in the 2011 series of "Strictly Come Dancing".
Club career statistics.
451||31||32||1||33||1||23||3||539||36
451||31||32||1||33||1||23||3||539||36
International career statistics.
!Total||39||2

= = = Danny Gabbidon = = =
Daniel Leon Gabbidon (born 8 August 1979) is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played for West Bromwich Albion, Cardiff City, West Ham United, Queens Park Rangers, Crystal Palace, and Panteg. He also played for the Wales national team.

= = = Takeshi Oki = = =
Takeshi Oki (born 16 July 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujitsu.
Club career statistics.
23||2||0||0||2||0||25||2
23||2||0||0||2||0||25||2

= = = França (footballer) = = =
França (born 2 March 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.
Club career statistics.
105||47||||||||||105||47
71||21||||||||||71||21
98||26||6||2||4||1||108||29
274||94||6||2||4||1||284||97
International career statistics.
!Total||8||1

= = = Depot = = =
In transportation, Depot may mean:

= = = Dimitar Berbatov = = =
Dimitar Berbatov (born 30 January 1981) is a Bulgarian football player. He plays for Fulham and Bulgaria national team.
Club career statistics.
59||27||9||5||colspan="2"|-||6||7||74||39
154||68||12||13||4||0||30||9||200||90
101||38||10||6||9||2||25||16||145||60
314||133||31||24||13||2||61||32||419||189
International career statistics.
!Total||78||48

= = = Santiago Bernabéu Yeste = = =
Santiago Bernabéu Yeste (8 June 1895 – 2 June 1978) is a former Spanish football player.

= = = Simone Inzaghi = = =
Simone Inzaghi (born 5 April 1976) is an Italian football manager and former player. He plays for Lazio.
Club career statistics.
259||63||23||7||42||20||324||90
259||63||23||7||42||20||324||90
International career statistics.
!Total||3||0

= = = Akira Matsunaga (footballer, born 1948) = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Matsunaga was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on August 8, 1948. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1971. In 1972, the club won the champions in Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1975 Emperor's Cup and 1976 JSL Cup. He scored many goals in early 1970s and competed with Kunishige Kamamoto for top scorer. Matsunaga retired in 1982. He played 176 games and scored 82 goals in the league and became a top scorer in 1972 and 1973. He was also selected Best Eleven for 4 years in a row (1972-1975).
In May 1973, Matsunaga was selected the Japan national team for 1974 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on May 22, he debuted against Hong Kong. He also played at 1976 Summer Olympics qualification. This qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 10 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1976.
Statistics.
176||82
176||82
!Total||10||2

= = = Shingo Kumabayashi = = =
Shingo Kumabayashi (born 23 June 1981) is a retired Japanese football player. He used to play for Thespa Kusatsu.

= = = Paulo Futre = = =
Paulo Futre (born 28 February 1966) is a former Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.
Club career statistics.
113||29
172||38
8||2
14||5
9||0
13||3
329||77
International career statistics.
!Total||41||6

= = = Makoto Atsuta = = =
Makoto Atsuta (born 16 September 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
147||25||15||1||11||1||173||27
147||25||15||1||11||1||173||27

= = = Paolo Di Canio = = =
Paolo Di Canio (born 9 July 1968) is a former Italian football player. Di Canio is also famous for his fascist tattoo, for example his Mussolini back tattoo. His tattoos even got him suspended during a Sky Sports live tv show in September 2016, because people were complaining about it. 
Di Canio was appointed manager of Swindon Town in July 2011. His first match was a 3-0 win against Crewe Alexandra.
Club career statistics.
318||48
26||12
189||67
515||120

= = = Cymbidium = = =
Cymbidium is a genus of botanical plant. There are 52 evergreen species in the orchid family Orchidaceae.

= = = Pierre van Hooijdonk = = =
Pierre van Hooijdonk (born 29 November 1969) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.
Club career statistics.
328||204||9||4||colspan="2"|-||25||12||362||220
69||44||6||5||5||3||4||0||84||52
71||36||1||1||5||4||colspan="2"|-||77||41
30||19||||||colspan="2"|-||2||2||32||21
53||32||5||2||colspan="2"|-||5||1||63||35
551||335||21||12||10||7||36||15||618||369
International career statistics.
!Total||46||14

= = = Gerald Vanenburg = = =
Gerald Vanenburg (born 5 March 1964) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for the Dutch national team.
Club career statistics.
381||114||||||||||381||114
86||14||4||1||20||5||110||20
26||6||||||||||26||6
42||2||||||||||42||2
535||136||4||1||20||5||559||142
International career statistics.
!Total||42||1

= = = Takehito Suzuki = = =
Takehito Suzuki (born 11 June 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
195||11||16||1||36||1||247||13
195||11||16||1||36||1||247||13

= = = Tomokazu Hirama = = =
Tomokazu Hirama (born 30 June 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
221||25||14||2||17||2||252||29
221||25||14||2||17||2||252||29

= = = Kazushi Isoyama = = =
Kazushi Isoyama (born 8 January 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
221||44||11||9||3||0||235||53
221||44||11||9||3||0||235||53

= = = Frank Ordenewitz = = =
Frank Ordenewitz (born March 25, 1965) is a former German football player. He has played for the German national team.
Club career statistics.
300||71||||||||||300||71
83||57||8||5||7||3||98||65
383||128||8||5||7||3||398||136
International career statistics.
!Total||2||0

= = = Rafael van der Vaart = = =
Rafael van der Vaart (born 11 February 1983) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and Netherlands national team.
Career statistics.
International.
Appearances and goals by national team and year
"Scores and results list the Netherlands's goal tally first. Score column indicates score after each van der Vaart goal."
Honours.
Ajax
Hamburger SV
Real Madrid
FC Midtjylland
Netherlands
Individual

= = = Al Ahli SC (Tripoli) = = =
Al-Ahly Tripoli is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) = = =
Al-Ittihad Tripoli is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Al Tahaddy Sports Club = = =
Al-Tahaddy Benghazi is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi) = = =
Al-Ahly Benghazi is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Al-Madina SC = = =
Al-Madina Tripoli is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Al Dhahra SC = = =
Al-Dhahra Tripoli is a football club which plays in Tripoli, Libya.

= = = Al-Nasr SC (Benghazi) = = =
Al-Nasr Benghazi is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Al-Shat Tripoli = = =
Al-Shat Tripoli is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Almahalla SC = = =
Al-Mahalah Tripoli is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Olympic Azzaweya SC = = =
Al-Olympic Az-Zwiyah is a football club which plays in Libya.

= = = Washington (footballer) = = =
Washington (born 1 April 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Fluminense.

= = = Marc Overmars = = =
Marc Overmars (born 29 March 1973) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.
Honours.
Ajax
Arsenal
Individual

= = = Satoru Suzuki = = =
Satoru Suzuki (born 19 July 1975) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
225||9||21||0||17||0||263||9
225||9||21||0||17||0||263||9

= = = Salou = = =
Salou is a small city in Catalonia, Spain. It is near PortAventura, a theme park.

= = = PortAventura World = = =
PortAventura World is a recreational resort in Salou, Catalonia, Spain. It is home to three theme parks (PortAventura Park, PortAventura Caribe Aquatic Park and Ferrari Land), six themed hotels, three golf courses and a convention center. It receives around 5 million visitors per year. PortAventura Park receives roughly 3.5 million visitors per year which makes it the most visited theme park in Spain and 6th most visited themepark in Europe. Ferrari Land receives 1 million visitors annually and PortAventura Caribe Aquatic Park receives 300,000 visitors per year. 
PortAventura Park.
This park has 6 themed areas which includes a children's area themed to Sesame Street. The 6 areas are: Mediterrània, Polynesia, China, México, Far West, and SésamoAventura. Mediterrània is the main entrance to the park. PortAventura Park is home to 7 rollercoasters.

= = = Sakis Rouvas = = =
Anastasios "Sakis" Rouvas (b. January 5, 1972) is a Greek pop/rock singer, dancer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He also was a pole vaulter for a time. He is one of the most successful artists of all time in Greece and Cyprus. Rouvas with sales of two million albums. Rouvas was one of the first pop singers and stage performers in Greece. He made music genres of the western world popular. He is known as a sex symbol for his sexualized stage shows and music videos and for having a very large fan base. His personal life is also widely reported. Rouvas has been a large pop culture icon for nearly two decades. 
Rouvas has won many Hellenic Music/Arion Awards, MAD Video Music Awards, and a World Music Award as well as many other awards. He represented Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 with the song "Shake It". He won third place. He was also in Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "This Is Our Night". This time he placed 7th. Rouvad hosted the 2006 contest in Athens. Rouvas has made 14 albums, starred in five movies and hosted many television events.

= = = Life vest = = =
A life vest (also called Personal flotation device, lifejacket, or cork jacket) is a special type of clothing. The vest makes people float in water. It also keeps their head out of the water so that they can breathe. There are different categories of life vests. They are mainly different in how much flotation they provide. Some life vests inflate all by themselves, others need to be filled with air manually.
A life vest has one very important property: The part of keeping the head outside the water works even if the persion is unconscious, or unable to do anything. A swimming aid will simply help the person in the water, and make swimming easier. It will not work on its own.
People doing watersports, for example sailing, usually wear life vests.
Types.
There are two broad categories of life vests: 
Life vests are also classified by the minimum and maximum supported weight, which is usually printed on the vest. For this reason, there are special life vests for children. Also note, that the simplest types of life vest usually do not support the person wearing it becoming unconscious (and still guarantee that the person is in the right position, and the head is outside the water). 
To be safe even for unconscious people, these vests must bring the wearers to lie on their back. For adults, this means that they must have a flotation of at least 230 Newton. Note that even with such vests, this can usually not be guaranteed: The wrong angle of hiting the water surface, or the position of arms and legs can prevent it. 

= = = Pocket watch = = =
A pocket watch is a timepiece that is kept in the pocket rather than worn on a wrist (wristwatch). It is thought to be invented by Peter Henlein.
The pocket watch usually has a chain to connect to a certain clothing, so the watch would not fall out of the pocket and get broken. This watch was popular before the wristwatch become popular. Because of wristwatches, the pocket watch became less common and popular. Still, some people today wear pocket watches, and a golden pocket watch is often a token of a person's retirement.

= = = Adam Brody = = =
Adam Jared Brody (born December 15, 1979) is an American television and movie actor most known for his work on the television series, "The O.C" where he played the character of Seth Cohen.

= = = The O.C. = = =
The O.C. was an American teenage drama television series based in Orange County, California. It was on for 4 seasons between August 5, 2003 and February 22, 2007.

= = = Ouanaminthe = = =
Ouanaminthe (Kréyòl: "Wanament") is a city in northeast Haiti. It is the most important city of the Nord-Est "Département". In Spanish, the city is called sometimes "Juana Méndez".
The city is part of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name, along the northern border with the Dominican Republic. The Dajabón River is between Ouanaminthe and the Dominican city of Dajabón. The border crossing to Dajabón is one of the four chief land crossings from Haiti to the Dominican Republic and Haitians living in Ouanaminthe are allowed to cross the border to Dajabón only two days per week.

= = = Developing country = = =
Different people have tried to classify countries into different groups. This is usually done either by looking at how rich people are, on average, in different countries. Most of the time there are two groups, namely developing countries and developed ones. Sometimes there are three groups, in which case the third group is between developing and developed countries, and is usually called emerging countries.
These definitions are problematic, because a high standard of living does not just mean that people make a lot of money. The main problem is that things cost different amounts in different countries. Just because people earn more money in one country does not necessarily mean they are better-off; they might earn more simply because the cost of living is higher. This means they need to spend more money just to buy those things they need every day.
For this reason, there are different definitions of developing countries. The level of economic development also changes a lot from one developing countries to another. There are developing countries that have a high standard of living.
Many of these countries have a lot of natural resources but not the Industrialization that would use them, so the resources are sold to the countries which can use them.
Words used to describe these countries.
There have been many other names used to describe these countries, including:

= = = Malden Island = = =
Malden Island is an island in the Pacific Ocean. Today, the island belongs to Kiribati. It is one of the Line Islands. In the 19th century the island used to be called Independence Island at times. The island is uninhabited today, it has been made into a nature reserve for breeding seabirds.
Geography.
Malden Island is located 242 nautical miles (nmi) south of the equator, 150 nmi south of Honolulu, Hawaii. The coast of South America is more than 4,000 nautical miles (5,000 statute miles or 8,000 km) to the east.
The nearest land is uninhabited Starbuck Island, 110 nmi to the southwest. The closest inhabited place is Tongareva (Penrhyn Island),243 nmi to the southwest. The nearest airport is on Kiritimati (Christmas Island), 365 nmi to the northwest. There are other uninhabited islands nearby. They include Jarvis Island, 373 nmi to the northwest, Vostok Island, 385 nmi to the south-southeast, and Caroline (Millennium) Island, 460 nmi to the southeast.
The island has roughly the shape of an equilateral triangle, with on a side, aligned with the southwest side running northwest to southeast. The west and south corners are slightly truncated, shortening the north, east and southwest coasts to about , and adding shorter west and south coasts about 1 to 2 km (–1 mi) in length. 
There is a large lagoon with many small islets in the east-central part of the island. The lagoon is completely sourrounded by land. It is connected to the sea by underground channels, and is quite salty. Most of the land area of the island lies to the south and west of the lagoon. The total area of the island is about 39.2 square kilometers. 
The island is very low, no more than above sea level at its highest point. The highest elevations are found along a rim that closely follows the coastline. The inside forms a depression that is only a few meters above sea level in the western part and is below sea level (filled by the lagoon) in the east central part. Because of this topography, the ocean cannot be seen from much of Malden's interior.
There is no standing fresh water on Malden Island, though a fresh water lens may exist.
A continuous heavy surf falls all along the coast, forming a narrow white to gray sandy beach. On the west coast, the white sandy beach is bigger. On the rest of the coast there is a strip of dark gray coral rubble, forming a ridge. This makes the beach itself smaller.
History.
George Anson Byron, a British captain, discovered Malden Island on 30 July 1824. He named it after Charles Robert Malden who was the first to land on the island. At the time of its discovery, the island was uninhabited, but there were ruins. Archeologists discovered that the island was inhabited by between 100 and 200 Polynesians, a few centuries earlier. 
The ancient stone structures are located around the beach ridges. Most of them are on the north and south sides. Overall, twenty-one sites are known. Three of them are larger than the others. They can be found on the northwest side of the island. The sites are either temples, houses or graves. The temple ruins are referred to as marae. Similar marae have also been found on other islands, such as Raivavae, one of the Austral Islands.
The inhabitants had also made wells, but later settlers found them to be dry, or too salty.
In 1828, guano was discovered on the island. In 1856, the United States wanted to get the Island, but Australian firms had already started to mine the guano deposits. Guano mining stopped about 1927. In 1956 and 1957, Great Britain tested H-bombs on the island. The tests were called Operation Grapple.

= = = Scandinavian Airlines = = =
Scandinavian Airlines (fd. Scandinavian Airlines System) (SAS) is the flag carrier of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. On August 1, 1946, the airline was founded. 
As of 2023's fourth quarter, the airline has accepted an offer from a group of investors who want to take over the company; However, the deal needs approval from authorities; The decision from authorities, is not ready as of October 2023.
The airline is part of Star Alliance, and will stay with that group until September 2024; Earlier (2023) media said that the airline will in the future become part of "Air France-KLM" [if the deal gets approval from authorities].
History.
The first flight was held on September 17, 1946. In 1959, it bought its first jet aircraft. The Boeing 747 and DC-10 wide-body airplanes were bought the early 70s In 1976, SAS started a partnership with Thai Airways and in 1989, SAS started another partnership with Continental Airlines. SAS launched its frequent-flyer program in 1992. SAS helped start the Star Alliance in 1997. Starting in 2012, SAS started having many financial troubles. In 2013, the airline introduced new classes on its planes to compete with budget airlines. The airline currently operates many routes in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America.

= = = York Minster = = =
York Minster is the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe. The title "Minster" is given to churches which in the Anglo-Saxon period were missionary teaching churches. 
York Minster is in the city of York, North Yorkshire, England. It is the 'seat' of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest-ranking bishop in the Church of England. The Minster is run by a Chapter (committee) under the Dean of York, who manages the affairs of the Minster. The current archbishop (since 2005) is Dr. John Sentamu. 
Architecture.
The architecture of the Minster is English Gothic architecture, from Early English in 1270 to Perpendicular in 1472. The Minster has a wide, Decorated Gothic nave (where the congregation sits) and Chapter house. The choir (spelled 'quire' by the church) is slightly later English Gothic architecture. The east end, and north and south transepts are in a similar style. The nave contains the West Window, constructed in 1338. 
Stained glass.
Some of the stained glass in York Minster dates back to the twelfth century. Over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window (finished in 1408), one of the largest areas of mediaeval stained glass in the world. The window is known to be the work of John Thornton of Coventry a master glazier and stained glass artist who was active in England during the first half of the 15th century. 
In the north transept is the Five Sisters Window, each narrow window being over high. The south transept contains the famous Rose window. About 2 million individual pieces of glass make up the cathedral's 128 stained glass windows. Much of the glass was removed before and pieced back together after the First and Second World Wars, and the windows are constantly being cleaned and restored to keep their beauty intact.
Towers and bells.
A total of seven clock bells, 14 change ringing bells and 22 carillon bells are lodged in the towers. The carillon bells are played on a baton keyboard in the ringing chamber. The largest bell is Great Peter, which strikes the hour. It weighs 10.8 tons.
History.
York has had a Christian presence from the 300s. The first church on the site was a wooden structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin, King of Northumbria. A stone building was completed in 637, and was dedicated to Saint Peter. Its school and library were started in the 7th century.
In 741 the church was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt as a bigger building, with thirty altars. The church and the entire area then passed through the hands of Norse invaders. The Benedictine archbishop Ealdred travelled to Westminster to crown William in 1066. Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the church.
The church was damaged in 1069, but the first Norman archbishop, arriving in 1070, organised repairs. The Danes destroyed the church in 1075, but it was again rebuilt from 1080. Built in the Norman style, it was 111 m (364.173 ft) long. The new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, all in the Norman style.
The Gothic style in cathedrals had arrived in the mid 12th century. Walter de Gray was made archbishop in 1215 and ordered the construction of a Gothic structure to compare with Canterbury; building began in 1220. The cathedral was declared complete and consecrated in 1472.
The English Reformation led to the first Anglican archbishop. Some of the cathedral's treasures were taken by the Crown, and the church lost some of its land. Under Elizabeth I there was an effort to remove all traces of the Roman Catholic Church from the cathedral; there was much destruction of tombs, windows, and altars. In the English Civil War the city was besieged and fell to the forces of Cromwell in 1644, but Thomas Fairfax prevented any further damage to the cathedral.

= = = High School Musical 2 = = =
High School Musical 2 is a 2007 Disney television movie movie. It is a sequel to "High School Musical". The movie was very popular. It had a record number of viewers for a made-for-television movie. "High School Musical 2" also set the record for most viewers for a pay-television movie in Australia. This movie stars Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman, Ashley Tisdale, and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is "".
Soundtrack.
"What Time Is It?" is a song off the soundtrack of this movie. It is about the kids who go to East High School leaving school for the summertime.

= = = Delikanlım = = =
Delikanlım is the first album from Turkish singer Yıldız Tilbe.

= = = Yıldız Tilbe = = =
Yıldız Tilbe is a Turkish pop folk singer and one of the best selling musical artists in Turkey, known especially for her eastern-infused ballads.
Early life and work.
Her father is from Ağrı and her mother is from Tunceli.
While performing at a nightclub in 1991, she met Sezen Aksu. For some time, she worked as a backing singer and worked together with several other artists on their music.
Yıldız released her first album "Delikanlım" in 1994, and songs from this and later albums have been played on the radio outside of Turkey. Tilbe writes and composes most of her songs and also produces for other artists, including Tarkan, Funda Arar, Demet Akalin, Gulben Ergen.
Anti-semitism and anti-Israel views.
Yıldız has sometimes spoken hatefully of Jews and of Israel on social media.
After the 2006 Israeli airstrike on Lebanon, live on television Tilbe said, "May God bring down one disaster after another upon Israel," to which the studio audience answered, “Amen.”
After the Israeli airstrikes on Gaza in early July 2014, Tilbe is said on social media site Twitter: "God bless Hitler, it was even too few what he did to the Jews, he was right" and "The Jews will be destroyed by Muslims, in the name of Allah, not much time left for it to be done".
Tilbe's tweets were supported from the mayor of Turkey's capital Ankara, Melih Gökçek, who is a member of the ruling Justice and Development Party, and also a controversial person. Later she tweeted that did not mean to praise Hitler and that she also has some Jewish friends.

= = = Bijou Phillips = = =
Bijou Lilly Phillips (born April 1, 1980) is an American actress, fashion model, and singer. Some of her larger movie roles include "Bully", "Havoc", "Hostel: Part II", and "Tart".
She is the daughter of singer John Phillips, of the 1970s group The Mamas & the Papas. Her sisters are actress Mackenzie Phillips and singer Chyna Phillips. She married actor Danny Masterson, of "That '70s Show" in 2011. She was previously engaged to singer Sean Lennon.
Phillips released an album "I'd Rather Eat Glass" in 2002. The title was based on her experience modeling in her teens.

= = = The Mamas & the Papas = = =
The Mamas & The Papas were a popular pop music singing group in the 1960s. The group recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968 with a short reunion in 1971, releasing five albums and ten hit singles. They have sold nearly 40 million records worldwide.
The members of the group were John Phillips, his wife Michelle Phillips, Dennis Doherty, and Cass Elliot. They formed in New York City in 1964 and broke up in the early 1970s. Some of their famous songs are California Dreamin', I Saw Her Again and Creeque Alley.

= = = Chocobo = = =
Chocobos are fictional creatures featured in the game series called Final Fantasy. They look like giant, ostrish-like yellow birds.
They first appeared in Final Fantasy 2 and were used in most Final Fantasy sequels after that. They can be used to travel around the game, or play mini-games.The origin of Chocobo is 'Kyoro-chan'.Chocobo likes 'Vegetable of Gizarle'. They have special smell.

= = = Sephiroth (Final Fantasy) = = =
Sephiroth is the main villain of "Final Fantasy VII". He was created by Tetsuya Nomura. He was soldier in the Shinra Company, but he became a monster. This story is in "Final Fantasy VII: Crisis Core". His goals are to destroy earth with a giant meteor, with the help of the Black Materia and become a god, possessed by JENOVA's genes.
He is known to have a very long sword called Masamune, that he uses to fight, and happen to have a raven wing on his back. His main opponent is Cloud, and gets beaten by him both in Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children. He also appears in other games such as Kingdom Hearts, Final Fantasy Dissidia and Ehrgeiz. His theme song is called One Winged Angel, and was composed by Nobuo Uematsu.

= = = Helicopter carrier = = =
A Helicopter carrier is a type of aircraft carrier. A helicopter carrier carries helicopters and sometimes airplanes as well. Many countries have helicopter carriers because they are cheaper than aircraft carriers.

= = = Panzerfaust = = =
A Panzerfaust is a recoilless rifle that was invented by Germany. A Panzerfaust can only be used once unlike the Panzerschreck or the Bazooka. The Panzerfaust was used heavily late in World War II, especially during the Battle of Berlin. They were made in very large numbers. They were less powerful than later Rocket-propelled grenades. 

= = = Ambush = = =
An ambush, or a surprise attack, is a long-established military tactic. It is a surprise attack from a hidden position against an enemy. The enemy may be moving or have stopped. An ambush uses the element of surprise to confuse the enemy soldiers long enough to be successful. 
Unlike other surprise attacks, the point of an ambush is not to gain territory. Instead, it may be used to harass an enemy. It may also be used to or key assets (people, equipment, supplies, etc.).
In history.
One of the earliest recorded use of the ambush was in 9 AD in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. The Germanic leader Arminius ambushed three Roman legions thaï were under the command of Varus. The 20,000 Roman soldiers were strung out in a long line of march through the densely-wooded forest. The Romans fought for days but in the end were completely destroyed.
The Germanics had not only a military victory but also a psychological victory over the Romans.

= = = Grapeshot = = =
Grape shot is a canvas bag packed with small metal balls ("grapes"). This is protected from the gunpowder charge by metal wadding. As the name suggests, the balls fly through the air in a cluster, shot by a gun or a cannon. Grapeshot was much used until it became obsolete during the 19th century. These days it would be called an "antipersonnel weapon".
An artillery shell is a hollow ball packed with explosive and a fuse. The fuse is lit by the explosive charge that sends the shell towards its target. It is designed to explode when it reaches its target. Grape shot does not wait. It begins to spread as soon as it leaves the gun or cannon. Grape shot is quite different from a shell or shrapnel rounds.
Shrapnel, while similar to both, is different and more deadly. Invented by a British officer during the Napoleonic Wars, it is a fused explosive shell filled with many small balls or iron/lead bits. When the shell bursts the small bits scatter in a more or less spherical pattern with usually fatal force. 
All three of these rounds, grape shot, shell, and shrapnel, are extremely effective against troops, horses and other livestock. They can also destroy wooden structures. Shells have historically been effective as incendiaries against wooden targets, which they ignite from the heat of their explosive blast. Grape shot sends out mini-missiles across a wide pattern. This is best for human targets, but it may be damaging against nearby wooden structures.

= = = Banzai charge = = =
A Banzai charge (or ""banzai" attack") (����) was a tactic used by Japanese soldiers against the American soldiers when they were losing World War II. Banzai charges were usually suicide charges. This was so they would have an honourable death without surrender. Also, the charges were a final attempt to gain success against the Allied forces, which usually had more troops.

= = = Paratrooper = = =
Paratroopers are soldiers trained in parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. Using paratroopers is called "paradrop operations".
Paratroopers were used on a large scale for invasions during World War II. Since then, they are less used, due to advancement in AA (anti-aircraft) guns. Paratroopers are still hired and trained but more often, as in the Battle of Antonov Airport, helicopters carry them into combat.
History.
The idea of dropping soldiers from height dates back to Benjamin Franklin whose idea was to drop soldiers with parachutes from balloons. The idea was not very practical, but the development of aeroplanes in World War I meant that it was feasible (that is: a working idea) to drop soldiers with parachutes from air.
Italy was the first country which founded airborne forces in the 1930s. Germany and Soviet Union soon followed. Germany was the first country to use paratroopers, called "Fallschirmjäger" (German language for "parachute ranger") in combat in World War Two. Germany dropped paratroops in Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Norway in 1940. United Kingdom founded its own airborne forces in 1941. The first British paradrop operation was a guerrilla strike against an important water line in Italy. In 1941, the Germans launched a massive paradrop operation in Crete, capturing the island from the British. The British troops had fought back so bitterly and caused so heavy casualties (that is: dead and wounded) to the German paratroopers that Adolf Hitler forbade any further paradrop operations.
When United States joined the war, it founded its own airborne forces. Americans made paradrops in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, France and Germany itself. The first really large paradrop operation was the Normandy invasion, called "Operation Overlord" 6.6. 1944 where the British dropped one and Americans dropped two divisions of paratroopers in Normandy, France to capture important bridges and traffic junctions.
The largest paradrop operation ever was Operation Market Garden in September 1944, which led into liberation of Belgium and capture of important ports at Rhine mouth. The last paradrop operation in World War Two was Operation Varsity, which was used to secure the bridgeheads at River Rhine and to open roads to Germany itself.
The development of helicopter meant that troops could now be carried and landed quickly on the spot and there was no more need for large scale paradrop operations. The last large paradrop has been during the Suez Crisis 1951 when the British dropped a battalion of paratroops at Suez.
Troops.
Paratroops are elite troops in all armies around the world. They work as light infantry, and receive an extremely hard and good training. They are taught to run, fight, carry weapons, move and survive in very difficult terrain and conditions. All paratroopers are always volunteers. To become a paratrooper, a soldier must be very fit, very intelligent, have a very good discipline and have enough courage to jump off an aeroplane.
Paratroopers are mainly used as rangers in modern warfare. A ranger is a soldier who is employed very far from home base, often behind enemy lines. Their main task is to capture important bridges, buildings, villages and other sites, do guerrilla strikes like blowing up an enemy railway line, capture enemy leaders and important soldiers and do long range reconnaissance (that is: scouting and gathering information of enemy troops, movements etc).
Many paratrooper units have their own names, such as British "Red Devils", American "Screaming Eagles" and "All American" and German "Green Devils".
Operations.
Paratroopers are dropped off at a place where they are meant to operate. This is called a "drop zone" (DZ). Paratroopers usually jump from heights of 100 to 400 m. They usually use round "bell" parachutes and they use static line deployment. (See the article Parachute on how the static line works.) They usually carry pistols and rifles with them, and their other weapons and gear are dropped on containers at the same time.
Once the paratroopers have landed, they take off their parachute rigs and gather to designated places. Their leaders then assign them orders. For example they may capture a bridge so their troops can use it, or destroy it with explosives so the enemy cannot use it. 
Paratroopers usually fight as light infantry. They usually have few heavy weapons, and no tanks or heavy artillery. Once the paratroopers have carried out their mission, they usually wait for their ground troops to arrive and take control. They may continue to fight on the ground, or may return to base and prepare for the next drop.

= = = Daisuke Nakaharai = = =
Daisuke Nakaharai (born 22 May 1977) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Andy van der Meyde = = =
Andy van der Meyde (born 30 September 1979) is a Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.
Club career statistics.
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32||1
20||0
174||21
International career statistics.
!Total||17||1

= = = Shunsuke Maeda = = =
Shunsuke Maeda (born 9 June 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Víctor Valdés = = =
Víctor Valdés (born 14 January 1982) is a retired Spanish football player. He most notably played for Barcelona.
Club career statistics.
225||0||17||0||63||0||305||0
225||0||17||0||63||0||305||0

= = = Marcus Vinícius (footballer, born 1974) = = =
Marcus Vinicius de Morais (born 25 February 1974) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics.
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= = = Toulouse FC = = =
Toulouse F.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Stade Rennais F.C. = = =
Stade Rennais F.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = FC Lorient = = =
F.C. Lorient is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Valenciennes FC = = =
Valenciennes F.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Grenoble Foot 38 = = =
Grenoble Foot 38 is a football club which plays in France.

= = = AS Nancy Lorraine = = =
A.S. Nancy-Lorraine is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Le Mans FC = = =
Le Mans U.C. 72 is a football club which plays in France.
The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; Union Sportive du Mans and Stade Olympique du Maine in 1985.

= = = S.M. Caen = = =
S.M. Caen is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Le Havre AC = = =
Le Havre AC is a football club which plays in France. It is based in Le Havre.

= = = FC Metz = = =
F.C. Metz is a French football club which currently plays in Ligue 2.
Players.
Notable players.
Below are the notable former players who have represented Metz in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1932. To appear in the section below, a player must have played at least a full season for the club.

= = = Tours FC = = =
Tours F.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Angers SCO = = =
Angers S.C.O. is a football club which plays in France.
They play for the 2022-23 season in Ligue 1, the French first league.

= = = CS Sedan Ardennes = = =
C.S. Sedan Ardennes is a football club which plays in France.

= = = SC Bastia = = =
S.C. Bastia is a football club which plays in France.

= = = En Avant Guingamp = = =
En Avant de Guingamp is a football club which plays in Guingamp, in France.

= = = Stade Brestois 29 = = =
Stade Brestois 29 is a football club from Brest. They play in Ligue 1 the highest level in France football. The club was founded in 1950 by the union of five local clubs. The oldest was Armoricaine de Brest, founded in 1903.

= = = LB Châteauroux = = =
L.B. Châteauroux is a football club which plays in France.

= = = AC Ajaccio = = =
A.C. Ajaccio ( Athletic Club Ajaccio) is a French association football club from the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica. They play in Ligue 1, the highest level in French football.

= = = Nîmes Olympique = = =
Nîmes Olympique is a football club in France.

= = = S.C.O. Roubaix = = =
S.C.O. Roubaix is a former football club which played in France.
The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; Racing Stade Roubaisien and Roubaix Football in 1990.

= = = Olympique Alès = = =
Olympique Alès is a football club which plays in France.

= = = FC Mulhouse = = =
F.C. Mulhouse is a football club which plays in France.

= = = AS Cannes = = =
A.S. Cannes Football, sometimes referred to as Cannes or A.S. Cannes, is a football club which plays in Cannes, France.

= = = Red Star F.C. = = =
Red Star F.C. 93 is a football club which plays in France.

= = = FC Antibes = = =
F.C. Antibes Juan-les-Pins is a football club which plays in France.

= = = FC Rouen = = =
F.C. Rouen 1899 is a football club which plays in France.

= = = FC Nancy = = =
F.C. Nancy is a former football club which played in France.

= = = Stade Français = = =
Stade Français is a football club which plays in France.

= = = SR Colmar = = =
S.R. Colmar is a football club that plays in France.

= = = ES Troyes AC = = =
E.S. Troyes A.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = A.S. Béziers = = =
A.S. Béziers is a former football club which played in France.

= = = Sporting Toulon Var = = =
Sporting Toulon Var is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Angoulême Charente FC = = =
Angoulême C.F.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Paris FC = = =
Paris F.C. is a football club which plays in France. They play in the Championnat National, which is the third league of football in France. They play their home games at the Stade Charléty located in the capital of France, which is Paris, Île-de-France.

= = = Chamois Niortais F.C. = = =
Chamois Niortais F.C. is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Pikachu = = =
Pikachu is a yellow mouse Pokémon from the fictional Pokémon world that was created by Satoshi Tajiri. Pikachu is the mascot of the Pokémon franchise, and one of the main characters of the Pokémon anime series. It has also appeared in most Pokémon video games and merchandise. In the video game "Pokémon Yellow", it is the player's starter Pokémon. In the anime series, Pikachu is Ash's first Pokémon.
Pikachu is an electric-type Pokémon, which attacks using electricity from two red pouches on its cheeks.
Pikachu evolves from a baby Pokémon called Pichu if it loves its trainer. Pikachu can evolve into Raichu, which is darker orange than Pikachu, if a Pikachu evolves in Alola the Raichu it evolves into has the ability to fly and use its tail kind of like a hoverboard.
Design.
Pikachu is a yellow mouse Pokémon. It has long ears with black tips. It has red cheeks that store electricity. It has brown stripes on its back. Pikachu has a lightning bolt-shaped tail, while female Pikachus have a heart-shape at the end of their tails.
Pikachu is 40 centimeters (1 foot, 4 inches) tall and it weighs 6 kilograms (14 pounds).
The name "Pikachu" comes from the Japanese words "pikapika" (the sound of electricity) and "chuchu" (the sound that a mouse makes).
Appearances.
In the "Pokémon" anime, the trainer Ash Ketchum's first Pokémon is a Pikachu. At first, it does not like him, but then he saves it from a group of Spearow and their friendship grows slowly from there.
Pikachu has also appeared in the "Super Smash Bros." series. He has appeared in "Super Smash Bros.", "Super Smash Bros. Melee", "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U", and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as a very fast and light playable character. In the game Pokémon Go, Pikachu can be found wearing a Santa hat at Christmas.
Ryan Reynolds voiced Pikachu in the 2019 movie "".
Pichu.
Pichu is the pre-evolved form of Pikachu. It is a small yellow electric mouse, but is not as powerful as Pikachu. It evolves to Pikachu when it is very happy, such as loving its trainer. There are special forms of Pichu: a notched-ear Pichu, and a Pikachu-colored Pichu as event Pokémon in the "Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver" games. Pichu has appeared as an unlockable character in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" where it has a cloned moveset to Pikachu's but takes damage when it uses electric attacks. Pichu features in the intro of the third Pokémon movie.
In the anime episode "Enter Pikachu", Ash's Pikachu was born as a Pichu and was raised by Kangaskhan (a Pokémon that looks like a kangaroo). After he became too big for Kangaskhan to raise, Pichu ran away and evolved into Pikachu.
Raichu.
Raichu is the evolved form of Pikachu and has orange fur, unlike Pikachu's yellow fur. In order for a Pikachu to evolve into a Raichu, it must use a Thunderstone. It can hold much more electricity in its cheeks. In Alola, it can evolve into Alolan Raichu by using a Thunderstone in Alola. It is a Psychic/Electric type. In the Pokémon anime, in Kanto, Gym Leader Lt. Surge's Raichu has a battle with Ash's Pikachu. At first, Raichu wins, but Pikachu beats it in a rematch.

= = = Gina McKee = = =
Gina McKee (born 14 April 1964) is an English actress that was in the television mini series "The Forsyte Saga" alongside Damian Lewis.

= = = Florida State Road 540 = = =
State Road 540 is an east-west road in Central Florida, serving Polk County. It runs from US 27 to the south side of the city of Lakeland. SR 540 also runs along the entrance to Cypress Gardens. It is a major road along the south side of Winter Haven, where it is known as Cypress Gardens Boulevard, and an important link between Winter Haven and Lakeland, the Polk Parkway, and also Interstate 4 and the Tampa Bay area.
SR 540 is known by the following names:
SR 540A.
State Road 540A is a set of traffic bypasses for the termini of SR 540.

= = = Mr. Bean = = =
Mr. Bean is a British sitcom and comedy show. It is about a man who lives in London and has problems and finds unusual ways to solve them. It is physical humor and has less dialogue than is usual for a sitcom. It has fourteen 25-minute episodes. All of them were written by and star Rowan Atkinson as the main character. Different episodes were also written by Robin Driscoll, Richard Curtis and one by Ben Elton. The first episode was shown on ITV on 1 January 1990. The last television episode, "Goodnight Mr. Bean" broadcast on 31 October 1995. The final episode, "Hair by Mr. Bean of London", was a video released on 15 November 1995, but not shown in the United Kingdom until 2006.
Origin.
The character of Mr. Bean was created by Rowan Atkinson while Rowan Atkinson was studying for his master's degree at The Queen's College, Oxford. A sketch about Bean was shown at the Edinburgh Fringe.

= = = Rowan Atkinson = = =
Rowan Sebastian Atkinson (born 6 January 1955) is an English actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his characters of Mr. Bean and Blackadder. He has also been in films such as "The Lion King", voicing Zazu, the red-billed hornbill and "Johnny English". He has been listed in "The Observer" as one of the 50 funniest actors in British comedy, and amongst the top 50 comedians ever in a 2005 poll of fellow comedians.
Marriage and children.
Rowan Atkinson first met Sunetra Sastry in the late 1980s, when she was working as a make-up artist with the BBC. he got married at the Russian Tea Room in New York City on 5 February 1990. They have two children and lived in Oundle, Northamptonshire as well as in Ipsden, Oxfordshire and in Highbury, London. The couple separated in 2014 and divorced in 2015. Atkinson was formerly in a relationship with actress Leslie Ash.

= = = Cypress Gardens = = =
Cypress Gardens is a theme park near Winter Haven, Florida in the United States.
History.
Cypress Gardens opened on January 2, 1936 as a flower garden planted by Dick and Julie Pope. Over the years, it became one of the biggest attractions in Florida, known for its water ski shows, nice gardens, and Southern Belle models.
It became known as the "Water Ski Capital of the World" because many of the sport's major "firsts" and over 50 world records were broken there. Many movies have been filmed at the park, including parts of "This is Cinerama," the first feature filmed in that wide-screen format, and several of Esther Williams films and TV specials in the 1950s and 1960s. With their addition of a custom photography boat named Miss Cover Girl in the early 1960s, the park became a popular site for the filming of television commercials.
Competition for guests increased after the Walt Disney World Resort opened nearby in 1971. In the early 1980s, the Popes retired and gave the park to their son, Dick Pope Jr.
In the 1980s, book publisher Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich bought the park along with SeaWorld, Circus World (later rebuilt as Boardwalk & Baseball) and Stars Hall of Fame, but sold most of the businesses to Anheuser-Busch in 1989. Busch continued to run Cypress Gardens until April 1, 1995, when a group of the park's managers led by Bill Reynolds bought the property.
Under President and CEO Reynolds, the park ran until April 13, 2003, when it closed after a long tourism decline following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. 529 people were put out of work with only three days notice. 
Right away the Friends of Cypress Gardens, started and led by Burma Davis Posey, was founded. They enrolled members in all 50 states and 27 countries. Within three and a half months, this grass-roots effort raised $13,500,000 and saved the park.
On February 22, 2004, Adventure Parks Group, owned by Kent Buescher, bought the property and renamed it Cypress Gardens Adventure Park. The purchase of the amusement park portion of the Cypress Gardens property was part of a larger conservation agreement. In that agreement, the entire site was bought from its previous owner, First Gardens, L.C., by The Trust for Public Land, a nation wide conservation group . TPL then sold a conservation access over the entire property to the state of Florida, while Polk County purchased the gardens portion of the property, less the development rights conveyed in the state agreement. Adventure Parks Group purchased the balance of the property, also subject to the conservation agreement.
Buescher's plan to reopen the park in September 2004 was delayed by damages created by hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne. Cypress Gardens Adventure Park finally opened in November 2004. One of its new rides, the Triple Hurricane roller coaster, was named for the fierce storm season. The Splash Island water park opened in 2005, along with the Galaxy Spin roller coaster.
In September 2006, Adventure Parks Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the Florida site following approximately $30 million in damages sustained by the 2004 hurricanes.
Land South Adventures, a branch of Mulberry, Florida-based Land South Holdings, bought Cypress Gardens at a bankruptcy auction on October 16, 2007 for $16.9 million, leaving Buescher as temporary manager until Baker Leisure Group of Orlando, Florida took over running the park in January 2008.
Many celebrities have skied and visited at the park, including Elvis Presley, Jordan's former King Hussein and his son, King Abdullah II. It was also the site of a Johnny Carson special.
On Monday, November 10, 2008, Land South Holdings announced the temporary closure of the park, which was shut down November 17 of that year. It reopened on March 28, 2009 with an expanded water park, named Splash Island. The rides and animals, however, were gone. The reopening prices were reduced. Cypress Gardens and Splash Island now have separate ticketing, though seasonal passes are available. Parking is now free.
Other websites.
<br>

= = = WEKG = = =
WEKG (810 AM) is a radio station in Jackson, Kentucky, USA. It plays country music. As of March 2023, the station is owned by Intermountain Broadcasting Co., Inc. WEKG carries programming from ABC Audio.

= = = Valea Voenilor River = = =
The Valea Voenilor River is a tributary of the Pascu River.

= = = South Portland, Maine = = =
South Portland is a small town in Maine right across the water from Portland.

= = = WJBQ = = =
WJBQ is a radio station from Portland, Maine. It is also known as Q97.9. It has a morning show where Rob Steele does "The Interactive 8 at 8", a countdown of the eight most popular songs of the day.

= = = Daisy Duke = = =
Daisy Duke is a fictional character from the "Dukes of Hazzard". She is an attractive young woman from Georgia. Her apparel includes low cut blue jeans, which later led to the term "Daisy Dukes" being used for short shorts. She was portrayed by actress Jessica Simpson in the movie.

= = = Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion = = =
The Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion is a musical composition by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. It was written for a very unusual combination of players. Four players are needed to perform this sonata: two pianists and two percussion players. The two pianists each have a piano, and the two percussion players play seven instruments between them: three timpani, xylophone, one side drum with snares and one without, a suspended cymbal, a pair of cymbals, a bass drum, a triangle and a tam-tam.
In the introduction to the score Bartók gave very precise instructions about how the different percussion instruments should be played, the kinds of beaters to be used, and a plan of how they were to be grouped on stage.
There are three movements: a fast movement, a slow movement and a fast movement. The first movement starts with a slow introduction.
There are many interesting and unusual things to listen out for in the music. For example, in the first movement the timpani sometimes play glissandos. This means that the pitch of the notes slides up or down. The player needs to have timpani with pedals to do this. This movement is in sonata form.
The second movement sounds very creepy. Bartók quite often wrote music which sounded like insects at night. This is one of his “night pieces”. In the climax to this exciting music Piano One plays lots of glissandos.
The last movement is a big contrast to the atmosphere in the slow movement. It is like a lively dance.
The sonata was first performed in Basle in 1938 with the composer playing one piano and his wife Ditta playing the other one. Fritz Schiesser and Philipp Rühlig played the percussion. It immediately became very popular and has since been one of his best- known works. Bartók also made a version for the two pianos to play with an orchestra, but it is not normally performed like that.

= = = Concerto for Orchestra (Bartók) = = =
Concerto for Orchestra is the title of a work for orchestra by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. It is one of the most famous orchestral pieces of the mid-20th century.
Several composers have written works to which they gave the title “Concerto for Orchestra”. It is an unusual title because a concerto is normally a work for one solo instrument and an orchestra. The soloist is given a lot of opportunity to show off his (or her) talent. In a “Concerto for Orchestra” there is no soloist, but the composer thinks it is different from a symphony because a lot of the instruments in the orchestra are treated like soloists during the piece. This is what happens in Béla Bartók’s concerto.
The work was written in 1943 and it was first performed on 1 December 1944 in the Boston Symphony Hall by the Boston Symphony Orchestra with the conductor Serge Koussevitzky. It was immediately a great success. Koussevitszky asked Bartók to write this piece. Bartók had just arrived in United States from Hungary. He had to flee because of World War II. Bartók had no money and so he was glad to get some work.
The music.
Bartók often uses ideas from the Classical music period in this work. He also uses ideas from folk music from central Europe, especially Hungarian music. Quite often the music is not in a major or minor key. He uses folk scales which have different kinds of scales called modes. Sometimes tunes sound like folk music. At other times there are drones in the horns and strings.
The orchestra needs 3 flutes (one doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (one doubling cor anglais), 3 clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, side drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, tamtam, 2 harps and strings
The five movements.
The first movement, called "Introduzione" by Bartók, is a slow introduction which sounds like music describing the night. This is something Bartók did several times in his works. It is in sonata form.
The second movement is called "Giuoco delle coppie" which means "Game of pairs". Pairs of instruments take it in turns to play a tune, each pair playing music which is separated by a different interval.
The third movement, called "Elegia" by Bartók, is another slow movement, typical of Bartók's night music.
The fourth movement, called "Intermezzo interrotto" by Bartók, has a flowing melody with a time signature which keeps changing. There is also a theme which pokes fun at the march tune in Dmitri Shostakovich's ""Leningrad" Symphony (No. 7)". There is a very difficult bit for the timpani where the player has to play lots of different pitches in a very short section.
The fifth movement, called "Finale" is a very fast movement with lots of energy and plenty of folk tunes.

= = = Bluebird K7 = = =
Bluebird K7 was a boat built for Donald Campbell to break the World Water Speed Record. Bluebird was a special kind of boat, called a hydroplane, that skims over the top of the water instead of pushing through it like a normal boat. Bluebird was powered by a jet engine. It set new world water speed records seven times; the fastest was 276 mph (445 km/h). Bluebird was destroyed when Campbell tried to set an eighth record by going faster than 300 mph (480 km/h) on Coniston Water in 1967.
Design.
Campbell had been using his father's boat, Bluebird K4, to try and set new records. Bluebird K4 was destroyed when its structure broke. After this, Donald had the idea for a jet powered hydroplane to take the world water speed record from the American propeller hydroplane Slo-mo-shun. Ken and Lewis Norris designed and built K7 based on Donald's ideas.
K7 was a three-point hydroplane, meaning that when going quickly the boat only touched the water in three places, one point near the back of the boat and one point at the back of the two sponsons (the sponsons are the floats either side of the boat, near its front in the photos). It was built of aluminium on top of a steel frame and was at first powered by a small turbojet.
The name K7 came from the rating given to the boat by Lloyds of London
Records.
Campbell set seven world water speed records in K7 between 1955 and 1964:
Loss.
In 1966, Campbell decided he wanted to make Bluebird go faster than 300 mph (480 km/h).
Bluebird's old engine was not strong enough to make it go this fast, so it was replaced with a more powerful Bristol Siddeley Orpheus engine taken from an old fighter jet. Many other changes were made, the tail fin from the fighter was attached to Bluebird's rear, the cover over the cockpit was changed to push through the air more easily, and the floats at the front were also changed. Bluebird was taken to Coniston Water to be tested in 1966. The tests did not go well, the weather was too bad to test the boat while moving, so it was tied down and tested without moving instead. When testing the engine it sucked in too much air and caused parts of the boat to break. The engine was broken when the broken parts were sucked into it. This meant that the entire engine had to be replaced.
At the end of November the weather was good enough for some test runs, but the speed was a lot lower than Bluebird's old records. The fuel pumps could not pump enough fuel to the engine so it could not run at full speed. The problem was fixed by fitting two fuel pumps instead of one.
On 4 January 1967, the problems had all been fixed, the weather was good and Campbell decided he wanted to try and break the speed record. For a world record to be official, a boat trying to set a record has to make two runs at full speed that are timed by people who are not part of the record breaking team. The official speed is the average speed of the two runs. On the first run Bluebird's speed was 297.6 mph (478.9 km/h) which was fast enough to be a new record, but not quite as fast as Campbell wanted to go. To set a record of more than 300 mph the second run would have to be 302.5 mph or faster.
The plan for the world record attempt was for Bluebird to stop at the far end of the lake and refuel from another boat that had been put there for that purpose. Taking time to refuel would also give the lake, which had been disturbed by the first run, time to settle down again. On the actual record attempt, Campbell decided not to refuel and instead started on his second run immediately. Why he did this is unknown.
At the start of the second run, Bluebird was going faster than 320 mph (510 km/h) and would have easily broken the 300 mph target, but as the boat travelled along the lake it started tramping (which means rocking from side to side). Bluebird hit a wave made on the lake from its own first run and the boat spun out of the water. When it hit the water again it broke into pieces and sank. Donald Campbell was killed in the crash. His teddy bear mascot was found floating in the lake later on but Campbell's body could not be found.
Recovery.
In 2001 a diver called Bill Smith led a salvage team which found Bluebird on the bottom of Coniston Water, and later lifted the wreck back to dry land. The wreck was taken apart carefully to keep it from rusting and is now being put back together again. There was a lot of damage caused in the crash but it can all be repaired. Bill Smith also got a new engine for Bluebird and hopes to return the boat to full working order.
Donald Campbell's body was also found in 2001. He was buried on 12th September 2001 in Coniston cemetery.
On Thursday 7 December 2006, Gina Campbell, Donald's daughter, formally gifted the recovered wreckage of Bluebird K7 to the Ruskin Museum in Coniston on behalf of the Campbell Family Heritage Trust. 
In agreement with the Campbell Family Heritage Trust and the museum, Bill Smith is to organise the restoration of the boat, which is now under way.[9] The intention is to rebuild K7 back to running order circa 4 January 1967. Gina Campbell commented: "I've decided to secure the future of Bluebird for the people of Coniston, the Ruskin Museum and the people of the world". 

= = = TM 65 77 = = =
The Telamiina 65 77 (Track mine model 66, with detonator model 77) is a Finnish Army standard issue anti-tank mine. The mine is made of 9.5 kg (~21 lbs) of cast TNT. The mine is armed with a detonator that is set to explode when at least 100 kg (~220 lbs) of pressure is applied to it. The blast effect of the mine blows the track off of tanks and damages their driving wheel.
The mine is also known as the "Kuntonappi" ("Fitness pill") or the "Tellu" (female name, shortened form of Tellervo9).

= = = Well, Hampshire = = =
Well is a small village in Hampshire in between Odiham and Farnham. It is next to Lord Wandsworth College. The local pub is called "The Chequers Inn".

= = = Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares = = =
Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares is the very first album by Chicago metalcore band Arma Angelus.
Track listing.
All music composed by Arma Angelus. All lyrics written by Pete Wentz.

= = = Arma Angelus = = =
Arma Angelus was a metalcore band from Chicago. The band started in 1998 and broke up in 2002. The members of the band were Peter Wentz (singer, now plays bass guitar in Fall Out Boy), Tim McIlrath (played bass guitar, now lead singer of Rise Against), Jay Jancetic (played guitar, now plays guitar for the Chicago band Holy Roman Empire), Daniel Binaei (played guitar), Adam Bishop (played guitar, now an English teacher at San Dieguito High School Academy in Encinitas, California), and Timothy Miller (played the drums).
After Tim quit to start a new band called Rise Against, he was replaced in 1999 by Christopher Gutierrez. Gutierrez is now a touring author and spoken word artist. He was replaced as the bass guitar player for one tour by Joseph Trohman (now plays guitar in the band Fall Out Boy). Trohman was not a good fit for the band in terms of knowing about the music style and in terms of stage presence. He was replaced mid-tour when the band flew Chris Gutierrez out to New York for the final half of their tour, including a stop at CBGB's. 
In the last Arma Angelus concert, Patrick Stump played drums, Pete Wentz sang, Joe Trohman played guitar along with Adam Bishop, and Christopher Gutierrez on bass.

= = = 51 Pegasi = = =
51 Pegasi is a star that is like our Sun and can be found 15.4 parsecs (50.1 light-years) away from the Earth in the constellation Pegasus. It was the first Sun-like star, other than the Sun, found to have a planet orbiting it, this discovery was first made public in 1995.
The exoplanet's discovery was made public on October 6, 1995 by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz. The discovery was made using the radial velocity method at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, using a tool called the ELODIE spectrograph that is used to find planets that are outside our Solar System. 
The star itself has an apparent brightness of 5.49, and because of this it is able to be seen from the Earth with binoculars, or with the naked eye if it is dark outside. 51 Pegasi is a yellow dwarf star that is thought to be around 7.5 billion years old, which is somewhat older than our Sun. 51 Pegasi is also 4-6% more massive than our Sun with more metal content. However, it is running low on hydrogen. 
In 1996 astronomers Baliunas, Sokoloff, and Soon calculated that it takes 51 Pegasi b 37 days to orbit 51 Pegasi.
Planetary system.
After the announcement, on October 12, 1995, more proof that this star did exist came from Dr. Geoffrey Marcy from San Francisco State University and Dr. R. Paul Butler from the University of California, Berkeley using the Hamilton Spectrograph at the Lick Observatory near San Jose in California.
51 Pegasi b is the first discovered planet of its parent star, 51 Pegasi. If any more are discovered they will be named 51 Pegasi c, 51 Pegasi d, and so on. The planet has been informally named Bellerophon. After its discovery, many teams proved its existence and continued to find out more about its properties, including the fact that it orbits very close to the star, has estimated temperatures around 1200 Celsius, and has a minimum mass about half that of Jupiter.

= = = Gumbasia = = =
Gumbasia is a very short movie made in 1953 by Art Clokey. "Gumbasia" was a clay animation movie. Clokey became famous for his two series "Gumby" and "Davey and Goliath" which also used clay animation.
Clokey made "Gumbasia" while he was studying at the University of Southern California and being taught by Slavko Vorkapich. It was Clokey's first clay animation movie and it was only 3 minutes and 45 seconds long. The movie showed moving lumps of clay set to music in a copy of Walt Disney's "Fantasia". Gumbasia was made in a style Vorkapich taught called Kinesthetic Film Principles. This style, which uses camera movements and stop-motion editing, is used in later Gumby movies. After watching "Gumbasia", movie producer Sam Engel decided to give Clokey money to make a 15 minute movie that became the first Gumby movie -- "Gumby Goes to the Moon".

= = = University of Southern Maine = = =
The University of Southern Maine is a university in Maine.

= = = Belmont, New Hampshire = = =
Belmont is a small town in New Hampshire, United States.
Originally called Upper Gilmanton, Belmont was chartered in 1727 as a parish of Gilmanton. In 1859 Upper Gilmanton was separated from Gilmanton. Then in 1869 the town was renamed Belmont. This was to honor August Belmont. The townspeople hoped Mr. Belmont would provide financial support but he did not.

= = = Joker (comics) = = =
The Joker is a fictional character, a comic book supervillain published by DC Comics. He is an archenemy of Batman. The character's creator has been disputed between Jerry Robinson, Bill Finger, and Bob Kane, even though many believe Robinson created the character. The Joker first appeared in Batman #1 (Spring 1940).
Background.
Throughout his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a master criminal whose characterization has varied from that of a violent psychopath to a goofy trickster-thief. He is the archenemy of Batman, having been directly responsible for numerous tragedies in Batman's life, including the paralysis of Barbara Gordon and the death of Jason Todd, the second Robin.
Joker's creation was inspired by Conrad Veidt's role in the 1928 silent movie "The Man Who Laughs".
The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzzers, and acid-spraying lapel flowers. The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains, such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. Although his primary obsession is Batman, the Joker has also fought other heroes, including Superman and Wonder Woman.
Origin.
Throughout the character's long history, there have been several different origin tales; they most commonly depict him as falling into a vat of chemical waste, which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red, giving him the appearance of a clown.
Portrayals.
The Joker has appeared in movies, TV series and video games; he was played by Cesar Romero, Jack Nicholson, Heath Ledger, Jared Leto, Joaquin Phoenix and Barry Keoghan in movies. On animated shows/movies he is portrayed by Mark Hamill, Richard Epcar, Kevin Michael Richardson, Larry Storch, Jeff Bennett, and John DiMaggio.
Both Ledger and Phoenix won an Academy Award for their portrayal of the character, making the Joker the second character to have its actor win an Academy Award more than once.

= = = Iceman (Marvel Comics) = = =
Iceman is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics universe. He is a member of the mutant team, the X-Men. His real name is Bobby Drake. Iceman has the power to freeze anything around him. He can also turn his body into ice.

= = = 70 Virginis = = =
70 Virginis is a yellow dwarf star that is around 58 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation Virgo. 70 Virginis is not as big or hot as Earth's Sun.
In 1996, 70 Virginis was found to have an extrasolar planet in orbit around it. There is also a dust disc that orbits the star. The temperature of the disc is 156 K and it is about 3.4 AU from the star.

= = = Rhyno = = =
Terrance "Terry" Gerin (born October 7, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and competes under the ring name Rhino.
He is also known for his time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and the World Wrestling Federation/WWE.
During his time in ECW, he was a one-time ECW World Heavyweight Champion and a two-time and final ECW World Television Champion.
In WWE, he was a three-time Hardcore Champion, one-time WCW United States Champion, and a one-time and one half of the the first SmackDown Tag Team Champions with Heath Slater.
Outside of wrestling, Gerin has also been involved in politics. On August 2, 2016, Gerin won the Republican primary for Michigan's 15th District. He ran against Democrat Abdullah Hammoud and lost 21,739 votes to 13,452.

= = = 70 Virginis b = = =
70 Virginis b is an extrasolar planet that is around 60 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation of Virgo. The finding of this planet was announced in 1996 by astronomers Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler. 70 Virginis was one of the first stars that was known to have planets orbiting it. When first announced, 70 Virginis b was thought to be inside its star's habitable zone, but proof was later found that the planet has an eccentric orbit, closer to its parent.
Characteristics.
70 Virginis b is a Jupiter-type extrasolar planet that orbits around 70 Virginis every 116 days. It has 7.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Its surface gravity is thought to be about two to three times that of Jupiter's. At the time that it was found in January 1996, it was thought that the star was only 29 light years away from the Earth. This could explain why the star was less bright based on its apparent magnitude (measure of brightness). As a result, the planet's orbit was thought to be in the habitable zone and the planet was given the nickname "Goldilocks" (not too cold or too hot). The Hipparcos satellite later showed that the star was farther away from 70 Virginis and therefore its brightness was a result of the planet being too hot to be in the habitable zone.

= = = Peaks Island = = =
Peaks Island is an island near Portland, Maine. Ferries go between Portland Harbour and Peaks Island. There is a small beach on the island along with a store and a library.

= = = Float On = = =
Float On is a song by the indie rock band Modest Mouse. Made in 2004, it appears on their album Good News for People Who Love Bad News. It is their most popular single to date.

= = = Blue Hill, Maine = = =
Blue Hill is a town in eastern Maine, in the United States.

= = = 15385 Dallolmo = = =
15385 Dallolmo (1997 SP4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 25, 1997 by the Osservatorio San Vittore at Bologna, Italy
It is named after Umberto Dall'Olmo (1925-1980), who was an amateur astronomer with college degrees in both law and physics; who spent most of his time observing Jupiter and studying flare stars. He was also interested in the history of astronomy and worked as a technician at the University of Bologna's Institute of Astronomy.

= = = Operation Downfall = = =
Operation Downfall was a planned military action. This was to be the Allied forces invasion of Japan to end the Second World War. It would have two main parts, Operation Olympic would be the biggest amphibious invasion in history, in Kyūshū. Airplanes based in Kyushu would then be used for an even bigger invasion called Operation Coronet. This would invade Honshū. After the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered, so there was no need for an invasion. Operation Downfall was canceled.

= = = FC Martigues = = =
F.C. Martigues is a football club which plays in France.

= = = FC Gueugnon = = =
F.C. Gueugnon is a football club which plays in France.

= = = Blade (movie) = = =
Blade is a 1998 American vampire superhero horror movie starring Wesley Snipes. It was followed by "Blade II" and "".

= = = The Bravery = = =
The Bravery was an American rock band. They were from New York City. The band is best known for their song "An Honest Mistake".
"The Village Voice" said the Bravery was "New York's Official Next Big Thing". MTV and Rolling Stone praised them as an artist to watch. The band was chosen in the BBC News website's Sound of... poll as 2005's most promising act.

= = = Cascada = = =
Cascada is a German pop group. They are most famous for their songs "Everytime We Touch" in 2005, "What Hurts the Most" in 2007 and "Evacuate the Dancefloor" in 2009. Members of the group are the female singer Natalie Horler and the two Record Producers DJ Manian and Yanou.
Carrer beginnings and "Everytime We Touch" (2004-2006).
They started writing songs for the album in late 2003, like, the title track (Everytime We Touch), Miracle and Bad Boy, they recorded a slow version of Everytime We Touch around the same time. Then, in 2004, the studio released Miracle and Bad Boy as singles and released the album in early 2005, the title track for the album released in 2005 (both original and slow versions), then they had a tour for the album from summer of 2005 to fall of 2006, They ended the tour in favor for their second album in 2007.
"Perfect Day" and "Evacuate The Dancefloor" (2007-2010).
Their second album, Perfect Day started to get worked on, right after the "Everytime We Touch" tour concluded in fall 2006. They released the album in 2007. They had a tour for the album in 2007-2008. Then in fall 2008, they started to work on their third album, Evacuate the Dancefloor. They released this album in 2009, had a tour in 2009-2010 and like every album, stops in favor for a new album.
"Original Me", "Back on the Dancefloor", "It's Christmas Time" and miscellaneous singles (2011-present).
In fall 2010, they started to work on their fourth and final studio album, Original Me. Then, they released it in 2011, had a tour in 2011-2012, but this time, it didn't stop because they're was gonna be a new album in 2013 (which there isn't), The reason is unknown. In 2012, they released two other albums (which are NOT studio albums). In 2013, they released an acoustic album. After that, they released other singles, which she was in from other people.
Discography.
Studio albums.
2006: "Everytime We Touch"
2007: "Perfect Day"
2009: "Evacuate the Dancefloor"
2011: "Original Me"
Other albums.
2006: "The Remix Album"<br>
2009: "Greatest Hits"<br>
2010: "Just The Hits"<br>
2012: "Back On The Dancefloor"<br>
2012: "It's Christmas Time"<br>
2013: "The Best Of Cascada"<br>
2013: "Acoustic Sessions"<br>

= = = Scholasticism = = =
Scholasticism is a way of thinking and teaching knowledge. It was developed in the Middle Ages. It started when people wanted to bring together what is called "classical philosophy" with the teachings of 
Christian theology. Classical philosophy is the philosophy developed in Ancient Greece. 
Scholasticism is not a philosophy or a theology, but rather a way of teaching and learning. Scholasticism emphasises the use of dialectic. The main purpose of dialectic is to find an answer to a question, or to show that a contradiction can be resolved.
Scholasticism was started by people like Saint Ambrose and St. Augustine. They tried to use philosophy to help explain the doctrine and mysteries of the church. Ambrose and Augustine were among the first Church fathers who brought Christian ideas and Greek philosophy together.
The main figures of scholasticism were Peter Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and, most importantly, Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica is an ambitious synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine.
In the 13th century, the teachings of Aristotle were considered more important than those of Plato. Scholastic education was very much based on written texts, and with arguments for and against ideas in those texts. In this way it differed greatly from modern science, which is based on observations from nature. In Aristotle the scholastics chose someone who was himself quite an original investigator of the natural world. But the scholastics themselves dealt almost entirely with the world in manuscripts written in two ancient languages. One was in Latin, the language of the Vulgate Bible and the other was Ancient Greek. Greek opened the doors to the writings of the Greek philosophers in their own language, at least so far as their works survived. The motto of Boethius “As far as you are able, join faith to reason” reminds us that all scholastics were mediaeval Christians. Their main concern was to see how the Greek ideas could be fitted into their religious view of the world.

= = = 916 America = = =
916 America is a minor planet that is orbiting the Sun in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter.
It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Soviet astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Ukraine. It was originally called 916�I, but was renamed "916 America" on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to pay tribute to "the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of thankfulness for the help given during the famine in Crimea by the American Relief Administration under President Herbert Hoover.
In 1986, believing that the asteroid was of S-type and that it had a diameter of 15 km, the length of 916 America's day was thought to be 38 hours. Observations by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite have since shown that it has a diameter of 33.2±1.3 km, with an absolute magnitude of 11.20 and an albedo (the extent to which it reflects light) of 0.053±0.004.

= = = Nick = = =
Nick is a short form of the given name Nicholas. People named Nick include:
Nick can also be short for "Nickelodeon", and might mean:

= = = Donald = = =
= = = Klingon Language Institute = = =
The Klingon Language Institute (KLI) is an organization who helps to teach and learn the Klingon language. Klingon is a language that has been made for the television show "Star Trek". In the television show, the Klingons are a fictional (made-up) alien people who do not come from Earth.
General.
The KLI is in Flourtown, Pennsylvania (USA). The organization started in 1992. For many years, students of the KLI got a small book called ' (Klingon for "language science") four times a year. Today, they can only get this booklet through the internet. Each year they have a meeting called " (the Klingon word for "big meeting"). Every student of the KLI can go to this meeting. At the meeting, they can speak and learn the Klingon language.
At the "" of the year 2003, a documentary movie about the KLI was made. Its name is
"Earthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water". This movie was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in France.
Organization.
The leader of the KLI is its founder Lawrence M. Schoen, Ph.D.
From time to time a so-called Beginners' Grammarian is chosen from the best Klingon speakers. His duty is to help and teach the beginners of the Klingon language, especially in the Klingon email discussion group, which anyone can use. When his duty is over, he can still be called "Grammarian". Today, the KLI has about 20 of those former Beginners' Grammarians.
The KLI talks very often with Marc Okrand, the person who made the Klingon language. Since the third he has visited each one. When he is there, the students give him a list with words that they like to know. Not all the words are translated into Klingon. When he makes these new words, members of the KLI can read them in ".
Special Speakers.
Rich Yampell.
Rich Yampell (known to people who speak Klingon as " or "Captain Krankor"), a software engineer currently living in Bellevue, Washington, is probably the world's first person to speak Klingon in normal conversation. He is the author of the book "The Grammarian's Desk," published in 1996 by the Klingon Language Institute, a collection of the columns he wrote for the institute's scholarly journal "." Yampell is also the author and co-author of many songs, such as the Klingon Anthem " " (music and lyrics), " " (music and lyrics), "" (music).
d'Armond Speers.
Dr. d'Armond Speers is an American computational linguist (a word dude who works with talkie boxes) and a member of the KLI.
He graduated from Georgetown University in 2002. His final work topic was "Representation of American Sign Language for Machine Translation." 
Dr. Speers has tried to teach his child in Klingon; He only spoke to him in Klingon, and his wife spoke to him in English. When the child became older, he did not want to learn Klingon any more, because there was nobody to talk in Klingon.
Lawrence M. Schoen.
Dr. Lawrence M. Schoen is the founder and current director of the KLI. He makes the institute's journal "". He has organized almost every , only two were organized by somebody else.
He obtained a bachelor's degree in psycholinguistics from California State University, Northridge, and then master's and doctoral degrees in psychology from Kansas State University. He has worked as a professor, teaching and doing research, at New College of Florida, Lake Forest College, Chestnut Hill College, and West Chester University. More recently he serves as the director of research and chief compliance officer for the Wedge Medical Center.
He also writes books about science fiction, and is a member of SFWA. In the year 2007 he was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer.
He lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA. There he has a post office box in Flourtown, the international headquarters of the KLI.

= = = Journalism = = =
Journalism is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. 
There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.
While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

= = = Tim Berners-Lee = = =
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955) is the English inventor of the World Wide Web and he created a new computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) which most web pages are written in. The first web page was available on 6 August 1991.
Berners-Lee now leads the World Wide Web Consortium. That is an organization that looks after the World Wide Web.
He is the author of the book "Weaving the Web". He is a director of The Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. In April 2009, he was elected as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C. In 1999, Time Magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.
In March 2000 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the university.
Early life.
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, on 8 June 1955. He is the son of Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods. First, he attended Sheen Mount primary school. Then he went on to Emanuel School in London, from 1969 to 1973. After that, he studied at Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976. While he was there, he received a first-class degree in Physics.
Career.
In 1989, while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier "Enquire" work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. He wrote the first World Wide Web server, ""httpd", and the first client, "WorldWideWeb"" a what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep environment. This work was started in October 1990, and the program "WorldWideWeb" first made available within CERN in December, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991.
Through 1991 and 1993, Tim continued working on the design of the Web, coordinating feedback from users across the Internet. His initial specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined and discussed in larger circles as the Web technology spread.
Tim Berners-Lee graduated from the Queen's College at Oxford University, England, 1976. Whilst there he built his first computer with a soldering iron, TTL gates, an M6800 processor and an old television.
He spent two years with Plessey Telecommunications Ltd (Poole, Dorset, UK) a major UK Telecom equipment manufacturer, working on distributed transaction systems, message relays, and bar code technology.
In 1978 Tim left Plessey to join D.G Nash Ltd (Ferndown, Dorset, UK), where he wrote among other things typesetting software for intelligent printers, and a multitasking operating system.
A year and a half spent as an independent consultant included a six-month stint (Jun-Dec 1980) as consultant software engineer at CERN. Whilst there, he wrote for his own private use his first program for storing information including using random associations. Named "Enquire" and never published, this program formed the conceptual basis for the future development of the World Wide Web.
From 1981 until 1984, Tim worked at John Poole's "Image Computer Systems Ltd", with technical design responsibility. Work here included real time control firmware, graphics and communications software, and a generic macro language. In 1984, he took up a fellowship at CERN, to work on distributed real-time systems for scientific data acquisition and system control. Among other things, he worked on FASTBUS system software and designed a heterogeneous remote procedure call system.
In 1994, Tim founded the World Wide Web Consortium at the then Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) which merged with the Artificial Intelligence Lab in 2003 to become the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Since that time he has served as the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium a Web standards organization which develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential. The Consortium has host sites located at MIT, at ERCIM in Europe, and at Keio University in Japan as well as Offices around the world.
In 1999, he became the first holder of 3Com Founders chair at MIT. In 2008 he was named 3COM Founders Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering, with a joint appointment in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at CSAIL where he also leads the Decentralized Information Group (DIG). Co-Chaired by Dr. Lalana Kagal, the DIG Research Group works on projects including: how to re-decentralize the Web and help radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership; working to ensure the rights of users in big data and analytics and systems; as well as harnessing mobile technologies to aid during disaster relief and help society. In 2016, Sir Tim joined the Computer Science Department at the University of Oxford as a professor.
In 2008 he founded and became Director of the World Wide Web Foundation. The Web Foundation is a non-profit organisation devoted to achieving a world in which all people can use the Web to communicate, collaborate and innovate freely. The Web Foundation words to fund and coordinate efforts to defend the Open Web and further its potential to benefit humanity.
In June 2009 then Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that he would work with the UK Government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force. Sir Tim was a member of The Public Sector Transparency Board tasked to drive forward the UK Government's transparency agenda. He has promoted open government data globally, is a member of the UK's Transparency Board.
In 2011 he was named to the Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation, a globally oriented private foundation with the mission of advancing human welfare. He is President of the UK's Open Data Institute which was formed in 2012 to catalyse open data for economic, environmental, and social value.
He is the author, with Mark Fischetti, of the 1999 book "Weaving the Web" on the past, present and future of the Web.
On March 18 2013, Sir Tim, along with Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, Louis Pouzin and Marc Andreesen, was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering for "ground-breaking innovation in engineering that has been of global benefit to humanity."
On 4 April 2017, Sir Tim was awarded the ACM A.M. Turing Prize for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale. The Turing Prize, called the "Nobel Prize of Computing" is considered one of the most prestigious awards in Computer Science.
Selected Publications.
Berners-Lee, T.J., et al., ", Electronic Publishing: Research, Applications and Policy, April 1992.
Berners-Lee T.J., et al, ", Communications of the ACM, Volume 37 Issue 8, August 1994, Pages 76-82
Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Harper San Francisco, 1999
Tim Berners-Lee, Dan Connolly, Ralph R. Swick ", W3C Note, 1999/6-7.
Berners-Lee, Tim. and Hendler, James ", Nature, April 26 2001 p. 1023–1025.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James and Lassila, Ora ", Scientific American, May 2001, p. 29-37.
James Hendler, Tim Berners-Lee and Eric Miller, ", Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,
Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680
Hendler, J., Berners-Lee, T.J., and Miller, E., ' ', Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680.
Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee, ", IEEE Intelligent Systems Journal, May/June 2006, pp 96-101
, 12th-13th September, 2005. Hosted by the British Computer Society, London
Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner, Science Vol. 313, 11 August 2006, pp. 769-771
Tim-Berners Lee, Wendy Hall, James A. Hendler, Kieron O'Hara, Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel J. Weitzner, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, Volume 1, Issue 1 (also available as a book: 144pp September 2006)
Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee ", Scientific American, Vol. 299, No. 4, P. 76, October 2008
Christian Bizer, Tom Heath, Tim Berners-Lee, " (pdf), International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 5(3): 1-22. DOI: 10.4018/jswis.2009081901, 2009
Tim Berners-Lee, ", Scientific America, Vol. 22, November 2010
Education.
The Queen's College, Oxford University, England, BA Hons (I) Physics, 1973–1976.
Emanuel School, London 1969–73
Born London, England, 8 June 1955. Married to Rosemary Leith.

= = = Assimilation = = =
Assimilation can mean: 

= = = Assimilation (biology) = = =
Assimilation in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.
The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.
The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

= = = Vaihingen = = =
Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in the southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.
History.
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 CE. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.

= = = Integration = = =
Integration may be any of the following:

= = = Cultural assimilation = = =
Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. 
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as painful or coercive.

= = = New wave music = = =
New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.
New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. 
In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.
When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is "Whip It" by Devo.

= = = Apple Corps = = =
Apple Corps Ltd. is a multimedia company started 1968 by The Beatles. It grew out of their earlier company, Beatles Ltd., and included NEMS Enterprises, the company started by Beatles manager Brian Epstein.
Beginnings.
The Beatles started Apple in 1967, because they wanted to help other musicians, writers, artists and other creative people to succeed. They knew many talents were not discovered, because the business side of their fields were controlled by large corporations. Many corporations cared more about making money than developing new ideas. The Beatles hoped to find and develop the best new talents. Brian Epstein helped to work out the plans for Apple, but died before the company was founded. Epstein's family sold NEMS Enterprises to the Beatles, because they did not wish to keep the company without him.
Apple's first business venture was a retail store, called the Apple Boutique. It was on Baker Street in London, England. The outside of the building was painted with a strange mural, and inside clothes and other items were for sale. The mural and clothes were designed by an artistic trio called The Fool. More things were stolen than sold in the boutique, and it was not profitable. Other local businesses did not like the mural outside, and got the city to order it removed. The Beatles decided to close the store, and gave away everything that had been for sale.
Apple bought a townhouse at 3 Savile Row in London, and it became Apple's headquarters. The Beatles spent nearly as much time there as they did at Abbey Road Studios. Nearly all the people who worked for them had offices in the building, and they planned to turn the basement into a recording studio. "Magic Alex", a Greek-born designer, was in charge of making the recording studio, and also electronics products that Apple could sell, such as an apple-shaped transistor radio.
Divisions.
Apple Corps set up many divisions. Two of these were Apple Films and Apple Records. Apple Films handled the television movie "Magical Mystery Tour", and also music videos (then called "promos") for new Beatles songs. Later Apple Films produced movies like "Born to Boogie" and "Son of Dracula".
Apple Records turned out to be the most successful part of Apple Corps, mostly because of the Beatles's record sales. EMI had a recording contract with the band, but they agreed to become distributors for Apple Records. Apple would choose, sign up, and promote recording artists, while EMI would press their records and send them to stores. Hundreds of artists and bands sent in demoes to Apple, hoping to be signed up. As it turned out, most of the artists chosen were handpicked by the Beatles, their friends, or people who worked for them. 
Badfinger, who were Apple's biggest-selling group besides the Beatles, were managed by Mal Evans, who had been the Beatles's road manager. Jackie Lomax was an old friend from Liverpool. Mary Hopkin was referred to Apple by Twiggy, a popular fashion model. Billy Preston played keyboards with Little Richard, who toured with the Beatles years earlier. The London chapter of the Radha-Krishna Temple had singers, who recorded an album with George Harrison released on Apple. Other bands and artists were also signed to Apple Records (including Yoko Ono, the wife of John Lennon), but most of their records never became hits.
Troubles.
After Brian Epstein died, the Beatles had not sought a new manager. They believed they could handle their own affairs, working together with just their helpers and their normal business contacts. Over time, this proved to be a bad idea. Small disagreements between the band members turned into major problems at Apple, and agreements could not always be worked out. Many of the people hired to work for Apple caused more problems than they solved, or cost the company money. Magic Alex dreamed and talked big, but could not deliver on the promises he made. Even his recording studio at Apple had to be completely rebuilt, because he had not planned it well or asked for outside help.
The problems between the Beatles led to their breaking up early in 1970. Apple had been part of those problems, and each Beatle lost interest as he saw his hopes for Apple would not work out. Without their input, Apple soon wilted. Its divisions closed one by one. Apple Records's artists went to other labels, or retired from recording. Paul McCartney sued to dissolve the Beatles's business interests. The lawsuit went on for years. The rebuilt Apple Studio was well-liked, and a good place to work on recordings, but closed its doors by 1975. Apple's townhouse headquarters was sold. (A photograph of its front door, covered with graffiti, later appeared on a Ringo Starr album cover.)
Later history.
In 1975, the Beatles dissolved their partnership, but decided to keep Apple Corps incorporated. It became the agency in charge of Beatles-related merchandise, such as collectibles, memorabilia, and new releases of old recordings by the band. Apple also owns the rights to most filmed and videotape of the Beatles, including their public appearances and concerts.
Apple Records reissued many of their non-Beatles recordings on compact disc in the early 1990s, again using EMI as distributors. A television miniseries, "The Beatles Anthology", appeared in 1995, produced by Apple. It was a long documentary of the band's history, and included rare concert and video scenes. A companion book was published later.
Apple Corps was most recently in the news, because of a lawsuit between Apple Corps and Apple Computer Inc., an unrelated company. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computers would not act as a music company. When Apple Computer Inc. began to sell their iPod, and set up their iTunes music store, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computers won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal. This deal now means that the Beatles music is now on the iTunes store, whereas it was not there before.

= = = Blondie = = =
Blondie is an American new wave pop-rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was "Call Me!". The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

= = = Patti Smith = = =
Patti Smith (born Patricia Lee Smith on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s. Her first album "Horses" was produced by John Cale.

= = = Talking Heads = = =
Talking Heads was a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Talking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.
Reception.
Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads was "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."
In 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Four of the band's albums appeared on "Rolling Stone's" list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time." In the 2011 update of "Rolling Stone's" "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No. 100.

= = = Devo = = =
Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.
Devo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.
Their most famous song was called "Whip It". That song was released in 1980.
Devo occasionally performs concerts for the public.

= = = Illegal drugs = = =
Illegal drugs are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use by law.
A drug is any chemical that affects the human body or mind when taken in any way.
Drugs and the law.
Each country and place has different laws for different drugs.
Some drugs are allowed only if you have permission (called a "prescription") from a doctor. Other drugs are illegal, meaning a person is never allowed to have them.
If the police find a person with drugs they are not allowed to have, the person may be taken to court. Court cases may result in fines (when a person is required to pay money to the government), prison, or "in some" "countries" execution.
Why some drugs are illegal.
A country may want to stop drugs because of the negative effect on the people that use them, or because making the drug illegal will make the government more money.
A "psychoactive" drug affects the brain. Most laws against drugs are against psychoactive drugs.
Why people use drugs.
Some people use drugs as medicine if they are sick to help make them feel better.
Some people might use drugs recreationally (for fun), these are usually controlled drugs.
Some people use drugs to make themselves more productive or to help themselves stay awake, in this case they would use a stimulant such as amphetamines or caffeine.
Some people also use drugs because they are addicted. (See "Health effects of drugs" below)
For spiritual or religious reasons..
Some Christians use small doses of wine as part of their religious ceremonies.
Some members of the Native American Church use Peyote (a type of cactus that contains the drug mescaline).
Some Hindus use cannabis (containing THC and CBD) as part of their religious rites.
Health effects.
Drugs can have many effects on a person's health. Some drugs cause many people to die every year. Tobacco and alcohol can cause death, other drugs do not cause death. Cannabis and psilocybin mushrooms ("magic mushrooms") do not cause death. But all drugs affect one's health.
Someone using drugs may get "intoxicated". Intoxicated people may do dangerous things. They may be unable to safely drive or operate machinery.
Overdose occurs when someone uses too much of a drug. Overdosing is very dangerous. It can cause death. Some drugs are easy to overdose on (heroin, alcohol, and aspirin). Other drugs are difficult to overdose on (LSD, cannabis). Many drugs cause long-term (long-lasting) health effects. Smoking tobacco can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol damages the liver (cirrhosis).
Many drugs are used as medicine to help make sick people better. Opiates (morphine, heroin and codeine) are analgesics (painkillers). Nitrous oxide and ketamine are used as anesthetics (to force someone to sleep) for surgical operation. Amphetamines are legally prescribed to treat attention disorders in some countries, such as the United States.
Combining drugs often causes negative effects. One may die if they combine multiple drugs.
Addiction and dependence.
An addiction is the repeated use of a drug. An addict (person with an addiction) uses the drug again and again. Addicts will continue to use the drug, even if the drug hurts them. Addiction causes cravings for the drug. A craving is an intense need for the drug's effects. Drug tolerance occurs when a person's body adapts to a drug. The body becomes more resistant to the drug and craves the drug all the time. If a dependent person stops taking the drug, they may become very sick or die. Medical help is often required to stop addiction.
Addiction and dependence can happen separately from each other. People can be addicted to things that are not drugs, like gambling or sex.
Some psychoactive drugs are known to be very addictive (causing addiction, like alcohol, heroin, tobacco, methamphetamine and cocaine) other drugs are known to be slightly less addictive (such as khat, cannabis and caffeine) or not addictive at all (such as LSD and Psilocybin mushrooms).
People with anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression have a higher chance of getting addicted.
Uses.
Different drugs are used in different ways. The same drug can be available in different forms, and each form is used a certain way.
For example, Crack cocaine (cocaine in solid form) is smoked or vaporized, but Powder cocaine (cocaine that looks like salt) is snorted.
Some ways drugs can be taken.
Orally is the slowest method of using a drug because it must be digested in the stomach first. Injecting a drug (IV or IM) is the fastest method of using a drug. IV and IM drugs are most likely to cause an overdose. It is important to use clean needles to inject. Injecting with used or dirty needles spreads deadly infections (such as Hepatitis C or HIV).
Smoking anything can cause cancer. Smoking can also lead to emphysema (a disease of the lungs). Snorting a drug can lead to ear, nose, and throat conditions. Eating a drug can cause oral (mouth related) problems, like tooth decay.
Types of psychoactive drugs and their effects.
There are many categories (types) of psychoactive drugs (drug that affects the brain). These categories have subcategories (categories inside categories). For example, benzodiazepines and opiates are both subcategories of depressants. Some drugs, such as ketamine have elements of two categories (hallucinogens and depressants). Every drug is different, so it is important to know the effects of each individual drug.
Hallucinogens.
Hallucinogens change the way people see, hear, feel or think. The three main groups of hallucinogens are: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. Each group has different effects. They may cause hallucinations. Hallucinations are a feeling, sound, or sight that does not exist. When one hallucinates, they feel, hear, or see something that is not truly there.
Stimulants.
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system. People using stimulants may feel happy and excited. Also, they have more energy, concentration, or motivation. Stimulants may cause difficulty sleeping.
Depressants ("Downers").
Depressants slow down the central nervous system. People using depressants feel happy and content, and sleepy and relaxed. Depressants slow down bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate. They may also make speaking or moving difficult. The difficulty speaking is "slurred speech".
Anti-psychotics.
Antipsychotics are used to balance one's moods or stop hallucinations. Many anti-psychotics are legal prescription drugs. One can have them if they have a prescription (doctor's permission). Anti-depressants help depression. Some anti-depressants are also anti-psychotics.

= = = Crack cocaine = = =
Crack cocaine (or just crack) is an illegal drug which is made from cocaine. Cocaine is mostly an illegal drug that comes from the leaves of a plant called coca. When people smoke crack, they have a feeling called "being high." The name "crack" comes from the cracking sound the drug makes as it is smoked. The cracking sound is caused by evaporating water escaping. In most parts of the world, production (making crack), possession (having crack), and distribution (selling or giving away crack) are illegal.
Dangers.
Crack is a very addictive drug. People can get both physically and psychologically addicted to crack (meaning that the body and the mind can both become addicted to, or "hooked on," the drug.) Using crack is dangerous for many reasons. The drug can cause physical problems (like heart and lung problems or rotted teeth) and psychological (or mental) problems, like depression and psychosis (not understanding what is real and what is not real). An overdose of crack - taking too much of the drug - can cause death. Also, because crack is illegal, people have to break the law in order to get it, and they can get sent to jail if they are caught. People may also do other illegal things in order to get crack or to get money to buy crack, because the urge to get the drug is so strong in people who are addicted.
Crack is called a "gateway drug" because people who use crack are more likely to use other drugs, like methamphetamine and heroin. Using crack along with other illegal drugs, or alcohol, is even more dangerous than using crack by itself.
Crack is such a strong and addictive drug that a person can become addicted the first time they use crack. When a person tries to quit using crack, they go through a process called withdrawal that is very hard to go through. Withdrawal happens when as person's body or mind is used to having a drug in its system all the time, and suddenly the drug is not there any more. Because crack can cause both physical addiction (when the body is hooked on the drug) and psychological addiction (when the mind is hooked on the drug), quitting crack can cause both physical withdrawal (which causes physical symptoms in the body) and psychological withdrawal (which causes symptoms in the mind). Symptoms of (or problems caused by) physical withdrawal can include nausea (feeling like throwing up), vomiting (throwing up), and pain in the muscles. Psychological withdrawal can make a person feel very depressed, anxious (worried and not able to relax), agitated (restless and "keyed up"), or tired. When a person is withdrawing from crack, the urge to use crack will be very, very strong, and it is very hard for the person to fight off these urges and keep away from using the drug again.
Smoking.
Crack cocaine is inhaled from a small glass pipe. This is often called a stem. It has a funnel-shaped 'bowlpiece' where the drug is put to be smoked. There is a 2 to 3 inch long stem attached that the smoke travels through on the way to the consumer. These stems may be used in waterpipes, such as 'bongs' or 'bubblers', in which case about a 1/2 inch of the stem is submerged in the water and the smoke is sucked out through the water to the consumer. These stems are also used to inhale methamphetamine. When used for crack cocaine or methamphetamine, the stem is generally used as a standalone unit, without any water or attachment of any sort. After prolonged use, the glass from the stem may deteriorate from exposure to heat as well as acidity, and may become brittle and break or crack easily.

= = = Twiggy = = =
Dame Lesley Lawson (born Lesley Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .
As an actress, she starred in "The Boy Friend", and had featured roles in "The Blues Brothers" and "Young Charlie Chaplin". She recently appeared as herself, on "America's Next Top Model", as one of the judges.

= = = Special effect = = =
Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.
Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. 
Science fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background. 
Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.

= = = German revolutions of 1848–1849 = = =
The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.
These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.
The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.
But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

= = = Abdication = = =
Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign. The term is also used for popes.
A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.
King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated. 

= = = Beta Columbae = = =
Beta Columbae is a star in the Columba constellation. The Columba constellation is known as "The Dove".

= = = Philadelphia Eagles = = =
The Philadelphia Eagles are an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933. They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season. They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999 to 2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.
The Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States.

= = = YouTube = = =
YouTube is an American free, international, video sharing and social networking website and app on the internet. YouTube was founded on February 14 2005, by three former members of PayPal. Google (a search engine company) has owned and operated YouTube since 2006.
YouTube's official logo is a white triangle pointing right in a rounded red box. People who commonly upload on YouTube are called YouTubers. YouTube awards people who reach milestones such as 100,000 subscribers and 1,000,000 subscribers, with Play Buttons, a metal sheet with the YouTube logo and the channel name on it. 
Videos can be rated with likes or dislikes (although the number of dislikes a video has cannot be seen by the public since a 2021 update), and viewers can subscribe to channels they like. Videos can be commented on if viewers log into their own accounts. The number of times a video has been watched, known as "views", are shown. YouTube has another app called YouTube Kids, aimed at children and with less functions, made to protect children. 
Many different types of videos could be put onto the website, such as educational content, animations, and events. 
There were very popular YouTubers such as MrBeast, PewDiePie and T-Series, which had the most subscribers for a YouTube Channel with over 200 million.
History.
On February 14, 2005, three former workers of PayPal founded the site. In November 2006, Google bought YouTube. In 2012, an iOS app was created for YouTube. They changed their logo in 2017.
Videos.
YouTube needed the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to play videos in the past. However, in January 2010, YouTube started using the built-in features of web browsers (HTML5) they removed it early 2015 so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player to watch videos.
All YouTube users can upload 15-minute long videos. Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long. A user needs to verify the account to do this, however. Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in. The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010. Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.
Banning.
YouTube is blocked in many schools because it allows children to search for videos that might distract them from their lessons. But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public. Their reasons vary. Some countries have also banned it. These are listed below.
Iran.
On December 3, 2006, the government of Iran blocked YouTube and several other sites to stop films and music from other countries from being seen.
Turkey.
Turkey blocked YouTube on March 6, 2007 for letting videos that were mean or discriminating to Turks and Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown. Because of a "virtual war" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, people from each side posted videos to hurt the other. The video that caused the banning said that Turks and Atatürk were gay. The video was first mentioned on Turkish CNN and the Istanbul public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness. The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was criticized a lot. YouTube lawyers sent proof of removal to court and users could access the website again on March 9, 2007.
Thailand.
During the week of March 8 2007, YouTube was blocked in Thailand. Many bloggers (people who have a "diary" online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was unblocked on March 10.
On the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand. The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites with references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website. Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban." Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.
Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after.
YouTube is being sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as Ronaldo's ex-fiancée) because she says that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi (or celebrity photographer) in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction (command) ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.
The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.
Morocco.
On May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube. There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007 after "Maroc Telecom" unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a "technical glitch".
Pakistan.
YouTube was blocked in Pakistan following a decision taken by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority on 22 February 2008 because of the number of "non-Islamic objectionable videos."
Australia.
In Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools in Victoria, have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.
China.
Currently in China, the government has blocked YouTube. For several years, it has been unblocked but since March 24, 2009 it has been blocked.
Terms of service.
According the site's terms of service, users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercials, and videos that encourage criminal conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.
Localization.
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 104 countries, and a worldwide version.
Testing language.
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions including Albanian, Amharic, Armenian, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian, and Uzbek, which do have local channel versions.
Criticism.
YouTube has been criticized for how poorly they manage user-generated content and because of how a number of their policies are considered unfair to content creators. YouTube has been criticized for not properly handling copyrighted content that is added in uploaded videos. The video recommendation algorithms used in YouTube persistently promote conspiracy theories and false information, as noted by some critics. There is also criticism that there are violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters in certain videos falsely claiming to be targeted to children. YouTube has also been criticized for attracting pedophilic comments in videos of minors performing activities. 
Because YouTube keeps changing policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising, many content creators are concerned about these frequent changes. YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising. This includes videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain"), and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content. However, it is not clear what is the boundaries for what YouTube's policies specifically accept and do not accept. Some content creators also say that YouTube's policies also change too often. For example, on January 16, 2018, the requirement for a channel to be monetized is to get 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers. Although YouTube's intent was to avoid monetizing videos of channels seen as controversial, people criticize that this move greatly harms smaller YouTube channels.
After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November 2021, citing its internal research that found users often used the dislike feature as a form of cyberbullying and brigading. While some users praised the move as a way to discourage trolls, others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognise clickbait or unhelpful videos, and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying. Some theorised the removal of dislikes was influenced by YouTube Rewind 2018, which was universally panned and became the most-disliked video on the platform. YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed." Karim felt that the ability for users on a social platform to identity bad content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there’s a name for it: the wisdom of the crowds. The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform invariably declines."

= = = Greenwich = = =
Greenwich is a district of London. It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9 km east south-east of Charing Cross.
The Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich. It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal. The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Greenwich is a town with a long history. It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century. This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War. It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren. These buildings became the a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998. The town became a popular resort in the 17th century. Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717). Estates were built above the town centre.
Greenwich was part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.
World heritage site.
Maritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the River Thames. The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House. The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.
The Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren. The hospital complex was built over many decades. Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.
The core of this group of buildings is the Queen's House which was designed by Inigo Jones. This was the first Palladian building in Britain.
The Royal Observatory is now the baseline for the world's time zone system and for the measurement of longitude around the globe.
The Royal Park is a symmetrical design in an irregular landscape around the buildings of the World Heritage Site. The park was created by André Le Nôtre.
The park and grounds behind the buildings on the river held the competitions for the horse-related events of the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Public transport.
National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services call at Greenwich station.

= = = Catch Me If You Can = = =
Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.
"Catch Me if You Can" is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house and to change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.
Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl named Brenda Strong. He begins working as a lawyer, so that he can marry Brenda. Brenda's father, Roger Strong is also a lawyer. Now Frank has had 3 jobs, under 3 different names; Frank Abagnale Jr, Frank Taylor and Frank Connors. Carl Hanratty is at the engagement party. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his fiancé, Brenda the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

= = = Armorica = = =
Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

= = = Gaul = = =
Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls". 
In English, the word "Gaul" () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or it may mean all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language. In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.
Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome with the Battle of the Allia (390 BC).
Trivia.
In Greek, modern-day France is called "������" (same as the Latin "Gallia") and the term for a Gaulish person is "�������" (Galatia).

= = = Danelaw = = =
The Danelaw (from the Old English "Dena lagu", Danish: "Danelagen" ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.
As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was "about a third the territory of England". Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.

= = = Jorvik = = =
Jórvík was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.
York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of "Eboracum" and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of "Eoforwic". It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.

= = = Mutton = = =
The terms lamb, mutton or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep. The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as "lamb", whereas the meat of an older sheep is either "hoggett" or "mutton" depending on its age and characteristics. In some countries all such meat is referred to as "lamb". All of these are known as sheepmeats.
The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms. This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and is often eaten more often in some western countries, most often on Easter.
Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals. 

= = = Prion = = =
A prion (pronounced "pree-on)" is an infectious protein. The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles". 
All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.
Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. It has also been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the prions. 
Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.

= = = Hashish = = =
Hashish is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (plant juice) which is made from the flower of the female cannabis plant, "Cannabis sativa". The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain chemicals known as cannabinoids. One cannabinoid is THC, which gives a person who smokes or eats parts of the cannabis plant a feeling of euphoria (makes the user feel good or happy). Another cannabinoid is CBD, which gives the user a relaxing feeling, and another is CBG which gives the user red or droopy eyes. The name "hashish" comes from an Arabic word meaning "dry weed".
The two main drugs made from the cannabis plant are marijuana and hashish. Hashish has much more of the chemical THC (which makes users feel good or happy) than marijuana. Hashish is an illegal drug in the United States, UK and many other countries. Some people think it should be legal, some think it should be legal only for medical reasons, and some think it should not be legal at all.
Production and use.
To make hashish, workers rub cannabis blossoms with their hands to get the resin to stick to their hands, and then the resin is collected. Another way to make hashish is to sift the ground-up, dried leaves through a screen and press the powder resin to make a "brick".
A more modern method of producing hashish is through alcohol extraction. In this method cannabis plants are ground up and covered in isopropyl alcohol or butane and left to sit. The mixture is then dried until the alcohol is gone, leaving the active terpenoid and terpene compounds which can be used immediately or cooked into bricks.
When a person wants to use hashish, they usually smoke it by putting a small piece of hashish in a joint with tobacco or marijuana. Then the person lights the paper roll with a flame and inhales the smoke that comes out, exhaling 1-3 seconds after holding in the smoke.
Another way that people use hashish is by putting a small piece of hashish in a pipe or bong (water pipe) then putting it on fire, and breathing the smoke. Some people also eat hashish, usually by mixing it into food or baked goods.
Legality.
The legality of hashish use is different in different countries.
Australia.
Cannabis and sometimes hashish is legal for strict medicinal use such as cancer patients, terminally ill, epileptics and insomniacs. In Canberra however, cannabis is now legal for adults 18+ since 2019. Before this, it was only decriminalised in Canberra.
America.
In the US, there are state and federal laws that do not agree if cannabis is legal or not. Some states such as Colorado and California are completely legal for use of cannabis in all forms including flower, hashish, edibles, tinctures, hash oil and even flavoured or alcoholic drinks for adults 21 or over excluding some laws for the quantity you can possess, distribution and where you can smoke in these states. In other states, cannabis in all forms excluding perhaps Cannabis Ruderalis (hemp) is only legal for medicinal use but much less strict than Australia for example. In some other states cannabis is classed as a Schedule 1 drug meaning severe and unreasonable punishments for possession, use and distribution.
Netherlands.
Hashish is not legal in the Netherlands, but there are no criminal laws against having a small amount of cannabis (marijuana or hashish). This is because the Netherlands decided that having cannabis should not be a crime. Some other countries are starting to "decriminalize" and even completely legalise cannabis as (make using it or having it no longer be a crime).
Effects.
The effects of hashish are typically the same as cannabis although less is consumed to reach the same level of intoxication if it isn't "soapbar" hash.
Effects of hash and weed cause the following effects depending on how much is consumed. Although Sativa strains will normally cause a higher ratio of trippy and heart raising effects than Indica and Indica strains normally will have a higher ratio of sedating and narcotic effects than a Sativa strain, both cause relatively the same effects, just a higher ratio of "trip" effects from sativas than indicas and higher ratio of sedation and mood relief from indicas than sativas.
Hurting the lungs and throat.
Smoking any drugs/plants such as marijuana, hashish, or tobacco is bad for the lungs. Smoke hurts the lungs and the throat because the smoke has tar in it and when any form of plant matter is combusted, some of the plant is processed into carcinogenic smoke which have cancer causing potential for the physical respiratory system excluding the heart, including lungs throat and mouth. There are much less carcinogens in cannabis/hash smoke than tobacco as cannabis contains no carcinogens itself until burnt. A person who only eats hashish will not hurt their lungs or throat. A relatively newer process of inhalation which is much safer than smoking is vaporizing the hashish. This method is based on increasing the temperature of the hashish to 170-200 degrees Celsius which is about the temperature THC vaporizes but is far below the point when "carbons" begin being burned. The result is the THC compound being breathed in combined with air rather than the THC compound being breathed in with smoke.
Repetitive lifestyle.
Excluding smoking risks, smoking hashish and weed all the time can potentially help someone to be caught up in a repetitive loop of habits in life, some which may be unhealthy. Quitting, doing more productive things or tripping on a serotonin psychedelic can help reset these habits but that is another topic all together.
Cardiovascular risk.
It is unknown whether hash or cannabis can be dangerous for people with a severely damaged or weak heart but the increase of heart rate and lower blood pressure caused by being stoned can certainly cause potential short-term problems especially if the person has a panic attack for whatever reason (thinking they're having a heart attack, wanting the effects to disappear or paranoid thoughts about specific things). This coupled with the already elevated heart rate seems like it can certainly cause problems for people with "bad" hearts, but it's still not proven as there's still been (of January 2020) absolutely no certain recorded deaths caused by only cannabis. There has been a couple reports of cardiac arrest, but most or all of these reports contain at least one other potential factor.
Potential overdosing.
In general, THC smoked or orally consumed, upwards of 3 grams seems to be relatively safe even though 3 grams of pure THC is around 100 moderately strong edibles. However, smoking cannabis seems to be physically impossible to lethally overdose for someone relatively healthy. Many people smoke grams of hash oil at a time, wanting to achieve a state that "no man's gone before", with the absolutely worst thing happening is a pale face, vomiting, and inability to move as much as usual.
If a ridiculously high dose of cannabis is consumed such as in edibles in doses of a gram +/-, then the user can technically overdose, although it isn't lethal.
The "overdose" can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hallucinations (unique compared to any other class of hallucinogens), disorientation, strong sedation, pale skin, sleeping (up to 12 hours), and in rare cases short comas (up to 2 days). The person experiencing the "overdose" generally ends up fine. In bad cases, they may end up in a hospital from thinking they're in danger, or for someone else mistaking their symptoms as dangerous.
Addiction.
Most other illegal drugs, such as heroin, crack, and cocaine, are very addictive. This means that someone with an addictive personality, or someone that has no worries or knowledge of side effects of the addictive drug they're about to do, starts regularly taking an addictive drug (heroin, meth, or cocaine), the person will want to keep taking more of the drug, even if it is making them sick with or without it. Legal drugs such as tobacco, caffeine and alcohol are also found to be addictive, tobacco the most. Tobacco can be just as bad, if not, worse of an addiction than methamphetamine. The tobacco user will typically go buy some more cigarettes or pick up used butts to smoke if they run out. If the meth user runs out, they have no easy legal source to get it, and if they have no money they can't just pick up a dirty second hand "meth butt" (no such thing) off anywhere on the ground. The addiction is as strong as tobacco, that they "need" it, so many of them end up breaking into people's houses and cars to steal money and possessions to trade for more, which tobacco users do not tend to do. Tobacco users do tend to smoke much more often, however.
Hashish and cannabis are not physically addictive like heroin, cocaine and cigarettes; however, users may develop a psychological addiction.
Slang terms.
Hashish is often just called "hash". There are other variations of hashish such as temple balls, dry sift, kief, pressed hash, and bubble hash. If you hear any of these terms, the person is talking about a specific type of hash. Slang terms vary from country to country. There are many slang terms for hashish smoking, such as "getting faded", "getting stoned as fuck", "blown away", "baking up", "getting baked", "blazing" etc., all of them same terms are used interchangeably with smoking weed as they both get you to a very similar state of mind. Although most hash smokers if they have hash will more likely say something simple rather than slang like "let's smoke some hash" unless they're talking about how high they want to get.

= = = William Pitt the Younger = = =
William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. 
He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1782–1783, 1783–1801 and 1804–1806. He was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as prime minster.
He became the youngest prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24. During his time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain and both kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. Pitt continued to be prime minister in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom.
References.
Notes

= = = Jean-Paul Sartre = = =
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, novelist, playwright, screenwriter, and critic. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1964, but refused it, saying "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution". He was a Marxist and an atheist.
Sartre's life.
Sartre was born in Paris, France. He studied philosophy at the "École Normale Supérieure", an élite (high quality) education establishment. In 1929, Sartre graduated with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.
In 1929 at the École Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne. She went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions. In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel called "La Nausée" (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.
Draft to the army.
In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (World War II) Sartre was captured by German troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. He then began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.
1940s.
In 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called "L'Être et le Néant", which means "Being and Nothingness". In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions. And he concluded that life is useless disaster.
In 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called "Les Temps Modernes" (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called "Les Chemins de la Liberté" (The Roads to Freedom). In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called "Existentialism is a Humanism", which explains existentialism.
After 1950s.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the "Critique de la raison dialectique" (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who also believed in communism.
Death.
Sartre died of oedema of the lung in 1980 in Paris. His body is buried in Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people.

= = = John Steinbeck = = =
John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. (; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962. Some of his most famous works are "Of Mice and Men" (1937) and "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), which won a Pulitzer Prize. In these two books, Steinbeck writes about migrant workers during the Great Depression.
Steinbeck used naturalism in his books. His characters and stories came from real events from the early 20th century. His work shows his wide range of interests, such as politics, history, philosophy and mythology.
Seventeen of his works were made into Hollywood movies. Steinbeck also tried screen writing, which is writing for movies. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing in Alfred Hitchcock's 1945 movie, "Lifeboat".
Early life.
Steinbeck was born to John Ernst Steinbeck Sr., a first-generation German American. He attended Stanford University until 1925 when he left the university in order to become a writer. His first work, "Cup of Gold", came out four years later, but was not successful. He married Carol Henning the following year.
Steinbeck first gained success with the novel "Tortilla Flat" in 1935. The story was about two men living in Monterey, California during the Great Depression. The book won the California Commonwealth Club's gold medal. It was made into a movie seven years later, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr, and John Garfield.
Critical success.
Steinbeck continued to write on the subject of the Great Depression. Two years later, Steinbeck wrote "Of Mice and Men", considered as one of the best works of American literature in the twentieth century. His story dealt with the lives of two migrant laborers with big dreams in California. It was turned into a Hollywood movie in 1939, starring Lon Chaney Jr. as "Lennie" and Burgess Meredith as "George". That year, Steinbeck followed up with another book, "The Grapes of Wrath". The book is about the Joad family and their travels from Oklahoma to California during the Dust Bowl in search of work. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize and movie adaptation won two Academy Awards, and is ranked #7 on the American Film Institute's list, "100 Years...100 Cheers: America's Most Inspiring Movies". There was controversy with the book, though. Many people felt that Steinbeck's liberal opinions misrepresented the truth of Dust Bowl migrations. He had this student that his name was Oscar Perez and they would both do the job together.
Later life.
Steinbeck continued to write from 1940s to 1960s. He wrote such works as "The Moon is Down", "The Pearl", "Cannery Row", "East of Eden" and "The Winter of Our Discontent". In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "his realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception."
Two years later, he was awarded the "United States Medal of Freedom" by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York at the age of 66, of a heart disease.

= = = Akira Kurosawa = = =
Akira Kurosawa (March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese movie director. Kurosawa's movies are liked in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in other countries. He made 30 movies in 50 years. He is thought to be one of the most important movie directors.
In many of his famous movies, including "Rashomon" and "The Seven Samurai", he worked with the actor Toshiro Mifune.
Kurosawa started in the Japanese movie industry in 1936. Before he worked a little bit as a painter. After years of working on many movies as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he became a director in 1943. This was during World War II with the popular action movie "Sanshiro Sugata" (a.k.a. "Judo Saga"). 
"Rashomon", was first shown in Tokyo in August 1950. On September 10, 1951 it was the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. It then was shown in Europe and North America. Because the movie was so well liked, it made people in the western world want to see more Japanese movies. This helped make other Japanese movie makers become successful. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed about one movie each year.
In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After he died, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by "AsianWeek" magazine and CNN.
Akira Kurosawa known for influential, character-rich films exploring morality, often collaborating with Toshiro Mifune. His work blends Japanese tradition with dynamic visuals, symbolism, and humanism.

= = = Science fiction movie = = =
Science fiction movies are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.
Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about the survival.
Important science fiction novels and films.
All written as books, most later filmed.
Science fiction movies and other genres.
Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too.

= = = Reading, Pennsylvania = = =
Reading is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fourth largest city in Pennsylvania with 95,112 at the 2020 count. It is located in Berks County. There were more jobs when it was more populated. Yuengling is available as well.

= = = Swanage = = =
Swanage is a seaside town on the east-south coast of England. The town in Dorset that has a population of around 10,001 people. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: a steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens, and Corfe Castle.

= = = Old English = = =
The Old English language, often called Anglo-Saxon, was spoken in Anglo-Saxon England from 450 to 1100 . It was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, who came to Great Britain from what is now Germany and Denmark. Different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms spoke different dialects, but a western dialect became the main literary version. Both modern languages of England and Scotland (English and Scots) came from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.
Old English is very different from Modern English and has many more Germanic words. In early centuries, it was rarely written down and even then was in runes. After the 9th century, the Latin alphabet was used more often. Old English grammar is difficult, with complex inflections, and close to Old German. Latin was used by churchmen like the venerable Bede. Old English gradually turned into Middle English after the Norman Conquest of 1066.
"Beowulf" is written in Old English in an alphabetic script.

= = = Scottish people = = =
Scottish people or Scots are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland. They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Highlands and the islands may speak the Scottish Gaelic (a Gaelic language) as well.
Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland.

= = = Hungen = = =
Hungen is a town in the district of Gießen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is southeast of Gießen. It is northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach Nidda, Wölfersheim and Münzenberg.
The first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.
Interesting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the "Hauptbahnhof," (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.
Hungen in the media.
"": The railroad station of Hungen can be seen in this 2007 Canadian documentary. Robert Scott Kellner came to Hungen in 1960 to search for his grandfather, Friedrich Kellner. Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector of Laubach. He wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. Robert Scott Kellner is the English translator of the diary.

= = = Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof = = =
Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.
The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896. 
Because there were too many trains in the old station and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called "Geestemünde-Bremerhaven". 
In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, "Wesermünde-Bremerhaven", because of that.
In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.
Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called "Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof". That means "Bremerhaven Central railway station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.
Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.

= = = Duchy = = =
A duchy is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom. 
Traditionally, a "grand duchy", such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of "Duke of Normandy"; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands. 
In medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes. 
Today, duchies aren't very common in Europe, primarily because a lot of former monarchies such as France and Russia had their revolutions. However, duchies will always be remembered - in our history textbooks. 

= = = Bam Bam Bigelow = = =
Scott Charles Bigelow (September 1, 1961 - January 19, 2007) was an American professional wrestler. He was more commonly known as Bam Bam Bigelow. He was famous for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) (now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) ) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Death.
On the morning of January 19, 2007, Bigelow was found dead in his home at about 10:00 A.M. in Hudson, Florida. He was 45 years old. At the time of his death, Bigelow had been suffering from an infection and diabetes. He was 45 years old. The autopsy results showed that Bigelow's death was due to multiple drugs found in his system including toxic levels of cocaine and an anti-anxiety drug. Bigelow was also suffering from a heart problem.

= = = Anglo-Norman language = = =
The Anglo-Norman language is the name given to the special sort of the Norman language spoken by the Anglo-Normans, the descendants of the Normans who ruled the Kingdom of England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066. This langue d'oïl became the official language of England and later developed into the unique insular dialect now known as the Anglo-Norman language. It was much like Old French.
Anglo-Norman was the spoken language of the Norman nobility and was also used in the courts.

= = = Langues d'oïl = = =
Langues d'oïl (which literally means in English: "languages of yes") is the linguistic and historical name for the Gallo-Romance languages which developed from Latin in the northern territories of Roman Gaul that now are occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands.
"Langue d'oïl" (in the singular), "Oïl dialects" and "Oïl languages" (in the plural) refer to all the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants. The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is French, but others include Norman, Walloon, Picard, Gallo, Poitevin-Saintongeais, and Champenois.
They share many common linguistic features. One of them is that "Oïl" (pronounced [wil], or [wi] as in modern French "oui"), was the ancestor of the word for "yes" that is used in all of the Oïl languages. "Oc" is the word used in territories to the south and so the Occitan language is also called "langue d'oc" (literal English translation: "language of yes").

= = = Ring = = =
A ring is a piece of jewelry that is usually worn on the finger.
It is usually made of metal such as gold, silver, platinum, but can be made of other things, for example, bone or glass. Many rings have gemstones on them, for beauty and decoration on your finger. It is a fashion accessory and sometimes a sign of importance (status). The Lord Chancellors of England were given a ring when taking office, and returned it when leaving the position. The ring identified them as the second most important person in the kingdom.
In most religions, senior clergy have rings of their office. It is standard practice for members of a church to kneel and kiss the ring as a sign of faith and obedience.
Engagement and wedding rings.
Rings have been used for engagements and weddings since prehistoric times. The engagement ring is meant to be a sign of luck and happiness. Both men and women used to wear an engagement ring to show that they were going to be married, but more recently only women have worn them. A diamond ring is seen as being especially lucky, as the sparkle of the diamond is said to come from the fires of love. A pearl in a ring is unlucky, as the pearl is a sign of tears. Because the ring is round and does not have an end, it is seen as a symbol of love which never ends. These are, of course, superstitions. However, a wedding ring is a public symbol of a legal relationship, and in many societies rings have that kind of function.
Most people wear wedding rings on the fourth finger ("ring finger") of their left hand.

= = = Descendant = = =
Descendant or descendent might mean: 

= = = Gallo-Romance languages = = =
The Gallo-Romance are a branch of Romance languages. It includes French and several other languages spoken in modern France and northern Italy and Spain. According to some linguists, it also includes Occitan and Catalan. Others group biyhy together as a separate Occitano-Romance branch or place Catalan within the Ibero-Romance group. The Gallo-Romance languages, along with the Ibero-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance groups, form Western Romance.

= = = Capital accumulation = = =
Capital accumulation means the gathering of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In this context capital can be understood as assets used for profit.
In economics capital accumulation is often seen as the same as investment.
But capital accumulation can refer as well to 
Non-financial capital accumulation is an essential factor for economic growth, since additional investment is essential to enlarge the scale of production and increase employment opportunities.
Rosa Luxemburg insisted that capital accumulation is the cause of the imperialism on her essay ""The Accumulation of Capital".

= = = Investment = = =
In finance, Investment or investing means that an asset is bought, or that money is put into a bank to get a future interest from it. Investment is total amount of money spent by a shareholder in buying shares of a company. In economic management sciences, investments means longer-term savings.
It is a term used in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption. Literally, the word means the "action of putting something in to somewhere else" (perhaps originally related to a person's garment or 'vestment').
Types of investment.
There are two major uses of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field. Economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market which may then be used to buy a real asset. Advisors, who tell people how to manage their investments, might say that even when an investment is losing money because of bad times, not to give up and withdraw it. Instead, wait for the situation to improve. This is a risk for each person to decide.
Business management.
The investment decision (also known as "capital budgeting") is one of the fundamental decisions of business management.

= = = Battle of Bannockburn = = =
The Battle of Bannockburn, fought on 23 and 24 June 1314, was an important Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. A smaller Scottish army defeated a much larger and better armed English army.
Background.
When King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286, his heir was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway. King Edward I of England arranged to have his son, Edward II of England, become her husband and share the crown of Scotland in 1289. But Margaret died on her way from Norway to Scotland in 1290. This began a period in Scotland called the First Interregnum (1290–1292). Scotland was without a monarch. Edward I was invited to choose who would be king from among the candidates who had any claim to be king. He chose John of Scotland. But Edward now claimed power over the Scottish king. Balliol could do nothing without Edward's approval. In July 1295 the Scottish Parliament met and took most of the power away from John Balliol and gave it to a group of men they elected called the "Council of Twelve." This group made an agreement with King Philip IV of France called the Auld Alliance. King Edward gathered his army at Newcastle and prepared to invade Scotland. He brought his army to Berwick and captured the town and castle. John Balliol sent King Edward letters refusing to recognize Edward's right to rule Scotland. After Edward had captured all the castles in Scotland, John Balliol surrendered to him. John Balliol was sent to prison in London, then later Edward allowed him to live in France. In 1296 Edward made every man in Scotland who owned land promise to be loyal to him. Scotland remained without a king of their own until 1306 when Robert the Bruce declared himself king of Scotland defying Edward I. Just before doing this Robert the Bruce had been involved in a dispute with John Comyn. The two met before the altar in Greyfriars Church in Dumfries in 1306 and in a fight John Comyn was killed. Robert the Bruce was crowned king three weeks later at Scone. Accused of murdering Comyn, Bruce was excommunicated by the Pope. Edward sent his men after Bruce but was unable to capture Him. A series of border skirmishes and wars went on. In 1310 Edward again invaded Scotland but with little effect. Between 1310 and 1314 a large number of castles were captured from the occupying English soldiers by Bruce and his followers.
Siege of Stirling Castle.
In the Spring of 1313 Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish King began a siege of Stirling Castle, which was held by Sir Philip Mowbray for the English king. By the middle of summer the Scots were still not able to defeat the castle. Edward Bruce made an agreement with the castle commander, Mowbray. It said that if the castle was not relieved by the English by 24 June the following year it would be surrendered to Bruce. Edward Bruce went to his brother to tell him the good news. But the Robert Bruce saw this as a mistake. It gave King Edward II of England a year to get ready an army to march into Scotland. Up to this point the king of Scotland had avoided pitched battles with the English army. All King Robert could do is prepare for what was sure to come. In October 1313 King Robert made everyone in Scotland take an oath of loyalty to him or lose their lands. The English king was now in danger of losing everything in Scotland. On 28 November 1313 Edward II announced he would assemble an army to be in Scotland before 24 June 1314.
Edward II comes to Scotland.
Edward's first aim was to bring needed food, weapons, and fresh soldiers to Sterling Castle before they had to surrender. He began gathering the largest army a king of England had ever led. He had 2,500 heavy cavalry each followed by one or more mounted squires. Edward brought 3,000 of his best Welsh longbowmen. Finally he had 15,000 foot soldiers each with a sword, shield and spear. His army numbered over 20,000 and began marching from Berwick on 17 June 1314 and formed ten divisions. He had reached Edinburgh on 21 June where the army was re-supplied by Edward's ships. By 22 June the army made an exhausting march to Falkirk, only 10 miles from Sterling Castle. Edward's army moved on the old Roman road, which ran through an ancient forest known as the Tor Wood, over the Bannock burn and into the New Park, a hunting preserve enclosed at the time of Alexander III.
Scottish preparations.
Bruce's army, like William Wallace's before him, was chiefly composed of infantry armed with 18-foot long pikes. It was divided into three main (infantry) battalions, and a fourth larger battalion commanded by the king himself serving as the reserve unit. The second battalion was commanded by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. The third was led by Edward Bruce, the king's brother. The fourth division was commanded by Sir James Douglas and his cousin Walter the Steward. The light cavalry of 500 strong was commanded by Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland. Each infantry division formed into a Schiltron formation. Each man carried the pike upright and the outside ranks would lower theirs to form a lethal wall of sharp metal points. The schiltron could withstand an attack by knights on horses. But Bruce also trained them to attack.
Bruce's army had been gathering in the Tor Wood, an area that gave good natural cover. Bruce then moved his army just to the north to the New Park. This was more heavily wooded area where his movements could be concealed. It could also provide cover for a retreat if needed. The Scottish king chose his ground very carefully. The Bannock burn (or stream), which the English army had to cross on the way to Stirling was a natural obstacle. Parts of it were too deep for infantry or cavalry to cross. The area was also covered with marshy boggy ground difficult to ride over. Sir Thomas Gray called it "an evil, deep, wet marsh". On the east side was a sharp drop of 50 feet or more. The trees of the New Park were on the west side. Also, pits were dug as traps to break a cavalry charge. No matter which way the English cavalry tried to go they would be tangled up and be easy targets for the Scottish infantry. 
The only approach was over the old road from Falkirk to Sterling. This route was the only solid ground on which heavy cavalry could be moved.
Bruce's three main divisions numbered about 1,000 strong each. His own reserve division was at double strength or about 2,000 strong. The Marischal's light cavalry was about 500 horse and there was a small group of archers. Together the Scottish army numbered between 5,000 and 6,000 men. This was about one-fourth the size of Edward's force.
First day of battle.
The English army reached Tor Wood on June 23rd and stopped. They were met by Sir Philip Mowbray, the English commander of Stirling Castle. He told the king there was no need for battle. Edward had fulfilled his obligation to relieve the castle by coming within three leagues. Also he had seen Bruce's preparations and warned of trying to attack the Scots with heavy cavalry. Like Edward II and his commanders, Mowbray thought the Scots would retreat when they saw the size of Edward's great army. The vanguard of Edward's forces under Gloucester had already crossed the ford over the Bannockburn towards the Scottish lines. An English knight Henry de Bohun was riding ahead of his companions when he caught sight of 
the Scottish king inspecting some of his lines. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged. Robert the Bruce was mounted on a small palfrey and armed with a battle-axe He could have simply moved behind his men and let them repel the charging warhorse and rider. Instead he turned his horse and rode towards de Bohun. At the last moment Bruce swerved his horse to one side, missing de Bohun's lance. He then rose in his stirrups and brought down his axe with such force he cut through de Bohun's helmet killing him instantly. There was a stunned silence by both armies then a great cheer rose among the Scottish soldiers. Then the highlanders of Bruce's own division charged the English cavalry who were still lining up. The horses of the Earl of Gloucester and several others stumbled as they fell into the hidden pits. The earl was rescued but the English cavalry fled from the charging Scots. King Robert stopped their charge and they returned to their lines. This showed how well-disciplined the Scottish soldiers had become.
When King Robert returned his brother and his commanders criticized the king (as much as they dared) for risking his life that way. Robert the Bruce did not answer them. He only stared at his now broken battle-axe. Looking around the king saw English cavalry moving around their left. He pointed out the cavalry and said to Thomas Randolph "a rose has fallen from your chaplet". Immediately Randolph rode to his men and moved the schildton onto the open ground in the path of the English knights. When their leader Sir Henry Beaumont saw the Scots approaching he said "let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room." Sir Thomas Gray replied "I doubt that whatever you give them now, they will have all too soon." Sir Henry said to Thomas Gray, "if you are afraid then be off!" Sir Thomas replied "it is not from fear that I shall fly this day" and along with several other knights charged the Scottish schiltron. Many were killed, being impaled on the spears. Sir Thomas himself was captured. The remainder of the English knights surrounded the schiltron and attacked the Scots from every angle. But the schiltron held and the English in frustration began throwing their weapons at the Scots. When Sir James Douglas, commanding the left schiltron saw his friend in trouble and begged Bruce to go to his rescue. But by the time he returned to his man Randolph was winning the day. Moving forward Randolph's schiltron split the English cavalry in two. Half of the remaining English fled back to the English lines while half fled to Sterling Castle. After losing just one Yeoman, the Scots took off their helmets to rest from the heat of the day.
Sir Alexander de Seton had secretly left the King of England's Army and came to Robert the Bruce that night. He wished to no longer serve the king of England and offered to join the Bruce. He pledged on his life that the English were discouraged and if Bruce attacked them tomorrow, he would win the battle.
The English moved from the bogs south and east of the burn to harder ground. They had to water all the warhorses, draft horses and oxen. By the time the move was finished it was nearly dawn. But the tidal rivers around them had risen and they could not cross them as they did earlier. The English were now cramped into a small space where they could not move freely.
Second day of battle.
Robert the Bruce saw where the English spent the night. Their narrow front gave the Scottish army an advantage if the English did not move before morning. Morning found the English had not moved. Not long after daybreak on 24 June, three Scots divisions came out of the woods and began moving towards the English. The English mounted their horses in great confusion. When the Scots schiltrons began attacking the English lines the knights and soldiers could not maneuver. They were so crowded men were being pushed into the Bannock burn behind them.
Overnight the Earl of Gloucester and Edward II had been in an argument. Gloucester thought the English soldiers should rest another day before doing battle. The king accused him of being disloyal. Gloucester was still angry when the trumpets sounded the signal to assemble. So without putting on his surcoat he mounted his horse and charged into the schiltron commanded by Edward Bruce. The Scots did not recognize him without his surcoat and so did not spare him. The Earl and several of those with him were killed trying to break through the wall of spears.
The other two Scottish divisions moved up to join Edward Bruce. Randolph moved up on Bruce's left side. James Douglas came up next to Randolph. Together all three schiltrons filled the narrow . They pushed forward into the confused English. Wounded horses without their knights were running back into the English lines. Edward's army was now so crowded they could hardly move. The Scots were pushing into them from the front. The back ranks were being pushed into the water and marshes.
Up to this point in the battle the English and Welsh longbowmen (archers) had not been used to their full advantage. They were moved to the right side of the English lines. From here they could fire arrows into the Scottish army with great effect. But Robert the Bruce had provided for this event. His 500 light horsemen led by Keith, the Marischal, quickly scattered the English and Welsh archers. many of the English and Welsh archers ran back to the English lines. This caused more confusion and the infantry also begin to run away. The Scottish king now sent in his reserve division behind Douglas. When the English saw another large force of Scots joining the battle they began . Everywhere King Edward looked his forces were losing the battle.
Edward II's escape.
The Earl of Pembroke and sir Giles d'Argentan were guarding the English King. As the battle was now lost they needed to get the king to safety. They led him off the battlefield and towards Sterling Castle. At the same time several Scots recognized the king and tried to capture him. The king fought them off with his . He broke free and rode to Sterling Castle a short distance away. At the castle Sir Philip Mowbray did not allow King Edward to enter. He told the king he now had to surrender the castle and the king would be taken prisoner. But Mowbray gave Edward II a knight to guide the king and his party to safety. Edward, with 500 of his cavalry turned towards Linlithgow. Sir James Douglas got permission from Robert the Bruce to pursue the English king. With a group of Keith's Douglas kept close behind Edward as he fled south. As he pursued the English king, Douglas and his men encountered Sir Lawrence de Abernethy who with 80 men was on his way to join Edward at Bannockburn. On finding out the king had lost the battle he and his men joined Douglas in trying to capture Edward. The English tried to bait them into a fight at Winchburg but Douglas stayed on their flank (side).Even with Abernethy's men the Scots were not strong enough to take on Edward's knights. The chase continued all the way to Dunbar Castle. Loyalties on the border were very uncertain at this time. The local earl had sided with Edward. So the king was allowed to escape in a boat back to England with only a few of his closest followers. The rest of his 500 horsemen were left to find their way back to England as best they could.
Another large group of Edward's knights escaped to Bothwell Castle. There they were welcomed by the castle commander, Walter Gilbertson. But Gilbertson soon changed sides and took all the English prisoners. The remainder of Edward's large army scattered in every direction. In trying to escape the Scottish schildrons, many were drowned in the Bannockburn and the River Forth. A large number were taken prisoner and later ransomed. The English baggage train was left behind. It's silver, gold, and luxuries the noblemen brought with them was worth a fortune alone. Along with the ransoms paid for their prisoners this brought sudden wealth to Scotland.
Historical significance.
The wars with England were still not over. It would be another 14 years until Scotland was free of English rule. But to the Scots the Battle of Bannockburn was a major victory. Before the battle Robert the Bruce was considered by many a usurper (pretender). He only had limited support in Scotland. After Bannockburn Robert the Bruce became a national hero. He had the support of most of Scotland. However his political rivals in Scotland suffered. Perhaps no one more than the Comyn family and supporters. Both John Comyn of Badenoch and Edward Comyn of Kilbride were killed at Bannockburn. With them died any hope of an English victory returning this family to power.
The English dead at Bannockburn were buried with honors according to their rank. There were over 500 returned to England in exchange for ransom. And Scottish prisoners in England were returned in exchange. Robert the Bruce's wife, daughter and sister were returned. The border wars continued but from 1314 to 1328 the focus shifted to the north of England. The purpose of all the raids was to get Edward II to recognize Robert the Bruce as king of Scotland. Also for England to give up their claims to Scotland and recognize their independence. The English learned their lesson from Bannockburn. The Scots apparently didn't. In the later Battle of Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill the same tactics that brought victory at Bannockburn brought them defeat. William Mackenzie wrote: "Never did the arms of England suffer so complete a disaster; never did the arms of Scotland repeat so remarkable a performance."

= = = Wars of the Roses = = =
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster, the Lancastrians, and supporters of the House of York, the Yorkists. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house and were related through King Edward III.
The wars began for several reasons, and historians have debated the one that was most important. King Henry VI was seen as a poor ruler by many of his people because of his lack of interest in politics and his mental illness (his French queen, Margaret of Anjou, often made key decisions instead). Also, England's defeat in the Hundred Years' War in France, economic problems after the war and problems with the feudal system of government were other causes.
The name of the Wars of the Roses, which was first used only in the 19th century, comes from the white rose symbol for the House of York and the red rose symbol for the House of Lancaster. However, the red rose symbol was not used until after the wars had ended, and most soldiers fought under the symbol of their local nobleman. At the time, they were called the "Civil Wars". The houses were named after the cities of Lancaster and York, but neither city played a big role during the war, and both houses owned land all over England and Wales.
Background.
King Edward III had many sons, as is shown in the family tree below. His oldest son, known by his nickname "The Black Prince" died first, and the throne passed to the Black Prince's son, Richard, who became King Richard II of England in 1377 although he was only ten. He grew up to be a weak and unpopular king, and one of his actions was to send his cousin Henry into exile.
Henry later returned while Richard was away in Ireland and took over the country. When Richard returned, Henry tricked him into giving himself up. Richard was put into prison, where he died, and Henry became King Henry IV of England.
Henry IV reigned until his death and was followed by his son, King Henry V (in 1413). Henry V died in 1422 and was followed by his son King Henry VI, who was only a baby. Henry VI did not run the government until 1437. He then ruled until 1461, six years after the Wars of the Roses began.
Henry VI was considered a poor ruler by some of his people for several reasons. He was shy and did not like politics and war. He was easily led by a small number of friends, such as his French queen Margaret of Anjou and his advisor Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.
Henry VI's reign also saw England's defeat in the Hundred Year's War. England had done well in the war while he was still a child, and by 1428, the English appeared to be close to defeating their House of Valois enemies. However, they soon had problems, including Joan of Arc's rebellions in 1429-1430 and Burgundy's decision to switch sides in 1435. Because of these problems, England's control in France was already weakened when Henry VI started to run the government in 1437. Henry VI tried to end the war with a peace agreement, but his French enemies realised that they could win a complete victory. In 1453, England had lost all their lands in France apart from Calais.
Also in 1453, Henry VI was for the first time overcome with mental illness and could not run the country. A powerful nobleman called Richard, Duke of York persuaded the other nobles to make him "Lord Protector". That meant that he would run the country until the king recovered.
While York ran the country, he locked his enemy Somerset in the Tower of London. Henry recovered in 1454 and began to run the country again. He let Somerset out and gave him back his position. York and his supporters then became afraid that the king and Somerset would have them executed.
War.
Early fighting (1455).
York decided that he could protect himself only by defeating the king in battle. He raised an army of many people who were unhappy with Henry and Margaret, which led to the First Battle of St Albans in 1455. That was the first to be fought between the Yorkists, who supported York, and the Lancastrians (who supported Henry). York won with the help of the Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. Henry was found hiding in a leather shop, taken prisoner and was again overcome with mental illness. Somerset and some of the king's other key supporters were killed in the battle. York was again made Lord Protector.
The next year, Henry recovered. York let him go back to running the country and was put in charge of running Ireland. Henry and Margaret knew that they could not get rid of York easily. For the next few years, both sides wanted to stop a war from breaking out but could not agree on several things. York wanted to be the next king after Henry died, rather than Henry and Margaret's newborn son, Edward. Margaret would not allow that and so Henry moved to Coventry, where he had more support.
Main fighting (1459-61).
A more serious war broke out in 1459 and started because Warwick had attacked other country's ships during his time in charge of Calais. Henry asked Warwick to meet to explain what he doing, but Warwick refused. Soon enough, York and Warwick started putting together an army. They were stopped at the Battle of Ludford Bridge and fled England. Henry and the Lancastrians now had control. They ordered that York and Warwick were to be executed if they were found.
The peace did not last long. York and Warwick returned and raised an army and won the Battle of Northampton. For the second time, Henry was captured after he was overcome with mental illness. York was made Lord Protector for the third time.
York then announced that he wanted to take the throne for himself. Many of his supporters thought that was a step too far and so they agreed that Henry would still be king, but York, not Henry's son, would be the next king.
York then travelled to the north of England to attack the remaining Lancastrians. That led to a disaster, and York lost the Battle of Wakefield at the end of 1460 and was killed. His son Edward the became leader of the Yorkists. The next year saw mixed results for both sides. Edward defeated a Lancastrian army at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, but the Lancastrians won the Second Battle of St Albans where Henry escaped. In London, Edward was met with a lot of support, announced that he wanted to take the throne and defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton. That was the bloodiest battle that was ever fought on British soil.
After Towton, Edward was in control of England and was crowned as Edward IV in June 1461. Over the next few years, he and his allies put down small Lancastrian rebellions. Henry was again captured in 1465.
Warwick changes sides (1469-71).
Fighting broke out again in 1469 when Edward's most powerful supporter, the Earl of Warwick, switched sides. Warwick was furious that Edward had married Elizabeth Woodville, a common woman. Many people also thought that was wrong since kings were then expected to marry the daughters of noblemen or other kings. Warwick led a rebellion against the king. The country was left in confusion. At one point Warwick captured Edward and so he had captured two kings.
Warwick soon let Edward go and then supported making Henry king again. Warwick believed that he could run the country while Henry was on the throne. He also arranged for Henry's son to marry Warwick's daughter Anne Neville. Edward could not raise an army to fight and so he fled the country in 1470. Henry VI then became the ruler again. Warwick's role in bringing Edward and then Henry to power led to him being nicknamed "Kingmaker".
Henry's return did not last long. Warwick planned to help France invade Burgundy, which helped Edward find soldiers. Edward returned in 1471 and won two great victories over the Lancastrians. The first was the Battle of Barnet in which Warwick was killed. The second was the Battle of Tewksbury in which Margaret was taken prisoner and her son was killed.
Edward IV took the throne again and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London. He died one month later, and historians think Edward had him murdered since that left the Lancastrians without a leader.
There was little fighting for the next 12 years. Margaret was released in 1475, went back to France and died in 1482.
Richard III (1483-85).
Edward IV ruled until his sudden death in 1483. Just before dying, Edward had said that his 12-year-old son should become king as Edward V, and Edward's brother Richard would be "Lord Protector". Richard would run the country until Edward V became an adult.
Edward V was the king for 78 days before Richard took the throne for himself. He was crowned as Richard III. The young Edward and his brother disappeared a few months later while they were living in the Tower of London. Many people thought Richard had ordered the boys to be killed, and some historians agree. That caused many Yorkists to turn against Richard III.
Richard managed to win against a rebellion by his old friend, the Duke of Buckingham. Henry Tudor, a distant relative of Henry VI who returned to England, became the leader of the rebellions and created a new Lancastrian army. Elizabeth, Edward IV's widow, supported Henry after he promised to marry her daughter Elizabeth of York. In the Battle of Bosworth Field, Richard III was killed, and his army was defeated. Henry took the throne as King Henry VII, the first king of the House of Tudor.
Afterwards.
The Battle of Bosworth Field is often seen as the end of the war. However, there was another great battle two years later, but Henry VII stopped a rebellion and brought peace to the country.
Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York and told people that he was bringing the two houses together. He also started the Tudor rose symbol, with a red rose and white rose joined.

= = = Matchbook = = =
A matchbook is a small cardboard container that holds a quantity of matches inside and has a coarse striking surface on the outside. 
A flap on the front is lifted to access the matches, which are attached to the interior base in a comb-like pattern and must be torn away before use. (In the matchbox, by contrast, the matches are arranged loosely in the interior tray.)
Matchbooks are often covered with advertising logos or various artistic decorations, and they have served as collector's items and free souvenirs. 

= = = Friedrich Kellner Diary = = =
The Diary of Friedrich Kellner is a journal written during the Second World War. The author, August Friedrich Kellner, was a justice inspector in the courthouse in Mainz. He was also a political activist for the Social Democratic Party of Germany between 1918 and 1933. After Hitler banned the party, the family moved to Laubach. 
When Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Kellner began his secret diary. He named his diary "Mein Widerstand," which means "My Opposition." In the diary, he wrote down what he saw and heard about what happened in Nazi Germany. He wrote it so that people later would know about it. 
The diary has ten volumes, with a total of 861 pages. There are 676 dated entries. Included in the diary are more than 500 newspaper clippings.
The English translation of the diary was published in 2018 by Cambridge University Press under the title, "My Opposition: The Diary of Friedrich Kellner -- A German against the Third Reich".
Historical significance.
At the end of World War Two, most Germans said they knew nothing about the mass murders of the Jews. But as early as October 28, 1941, Kellner wrote the following entry in his diary:
A soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the occupied parts of Poland. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the SS were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could still hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch. These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution. There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together.
There is not much in the diary about the Kellners’ personal lives. Instead, Friedrich Kellner wrote about the political atmosphere of a country run by terrorists. He also wrote about the leaders and people in other nations who remained indifferent to what Hitler and Mussolini were planning. Kellner was very angry that millions of people had to die because a few politicians in the democracies failed to confront Hitler and his allies. Kellner was also angry at the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, and the car manufacturer Henry Ford, and at others who blindly expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler. “The whole world let themselves be fooled by this man,” Kellner wrote on May 3, 1942. 
Friedrich Kellner expected America and England to come to the rescue. On June 25, 1941, he wrote:
When will this insanity be brought to an end? When will the intoxication of victory turn into a terrible hangover? Now is a unique chance for England and America to take the initiative, but not only with empty promises and insufficient measures. If America had the will to throw its entire might into the fray, it could tip the balance for a return of peace. Only a tremendous force and the commitment of all war material can bring the German wild steer to reason. Up until now the statesmen–through unbelievable shortsightedness–have neglected or failed their duty. Mankind awake! Attack together with all your might against the destroyers of peace! No reflections, no resolutions, no speeches, no neutrality. Advance against the enemy of mankind!
Various entries from the diary.
<br>
Purpose of the diary.
Friedrich Kellner wrote the diary to expose the crimes of the Third Reich. He believed his diary could serve as a warning for future generations to oppose dictatorships and their totalitarian ideology.
After the war, Friedrich Kellner helped to reestablish the Social Democratic Party. He became chairman of the Laubach branch. He retired from politics in 1960, at the age of seventy-five.
In 1968, he gave his diary to his American grandson, Professor Robert Scott Kellner , to take to America for safekeeping. He told him:
The day will come when the same kind of anti-democratic and anti-Semitic hatred will bring intense misery to the world. Use the diary as a weapon against dictatorships and terrorism. There will always be people of bad will, therefore people of good will must be prepared to oppose them.

= = = List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics = = =
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly called the Nobel Prize in Economics, is a prize awarded each year for outstanding contributions in the field of economics. The prize was not one of the awards set out in the will of Alfred Nobel. The winners of the prize receive their diploma and gold medal from the Swedish monarch at the same December 10 ceremony in Stockholm as the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature. The amount of money awarded is the same as the other prizes.

= = = Lindsey Jacobellis = = =
Lindsey Jacobellis (born August 19, 1985 in Danbury, Connecticut) is an American snowboarder. She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics and won the silver medal.

= = = Axis of Evil = = =
Axis of Evil, often correlated with the Axis of Resistance, is a term first used by US President George W. Bush in his State of the Union speech on January 29, 2002 to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea and later Cuba, Libya, and Syria. He used this term because he believed that they backed terrorism and were trying to buy weapons of mass destruction. The name "Axis of Resistance" was later adopted by Iran as a response to the "Axis of Evil" name.

= = = State of the Union Address = = =
The State of the Union Address is a speech the president of the United States of America gives every year, usually in January. In the speech the president talks about how the country is doing and what plans he will be proposing for that year.
According to tradition, president speaks with its appeal annual. The US Constitution it does not set clear terms such appeals. Article II, Section 3 of the US Constitution reads «He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient».
Before the president enters the congressional chamber of the United States Capitol, the Sergeant at Arms always yells: "Mister/Madam Speaker, the President of the United States".

= = = Ninja = = =
A ninja is a kind of spy or assassin who lived in Japan beginning in the 14th century. 
History.
Ninja (or shinobi) were a mystery in the History of Japan. The correct Japanese word for these warriors was shinobi-no-mono, which literally means "people who survive/endure". Ninja is easier to say; this is why it is more widely used. Shinobi-no-mono is the native Japanese word for ninja, while ninja is the Sino-Japanese word. Ninja warriors created secret associations and took part in many political killings. Their mystery comes from two ideas: 1) they always participated in secret spy operations and political killings; 2) ninja were hired by heads of armies as paid warriors (mercenaries). The art of fighting which was used by ninja was called ninjitsu, which was a combination of shinobi-no-jitsu and shinobi-jitsu.
Many people thought ninja were not normal people. People believed they could fly and had supernatural skills. Ninja existed during the entire history of Japan, but ninja only became specially trained people at the beginning of the 15th century. They mainly trained in the regions of Iga and Koga. 
Ninja were involved in samurai wars and were hired by samurai for different missions, but at the same time samurai did not accept them as noble warriors because most of the ninja came from lower social classes. They were dangerous and could not be controlled. Their methods of fighting did not fit the samurai code. The samurai code was a code of honor. For example, the samurai warrior would show his rank and would only fight a samurai of equal or higher rank. Japanese land lords (daimyo) widely used the services of the Iga and Koga ninja in the period of 1485-1581. But in 1581, one of the three daimyo who united Japan – Oda Nobunaga attacked ninja from Iga province. The ninja remained alive and ran to the provinces Kii and Mikawa, where Tokugawa Ieyasu protected them. Later, Oda Nobunaga was killed by a samurai named Akechi Mitsuhide, who later became an enemy to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
The art of ninja fighting was passed down from father to son, or from master ("sensei") to their best students. But in the middle of 17th century, Nakagawa Sosuntzin created a ninja school in the Mutsu Province. It was called Nakagawa-ryu and taught the ninjitsu method of fighting. Nakagawa Sosuntzin himself trained a group of 10 men, which he called Hayamiti-no-mono (men of the short hit). Ninja were taught many more things than a samurai. They had to be skilled at handling swords, spears, bows and many other weapons; but also they had to know about explosive and poisonous substances, to be a good path finder and to survive in different situations. Usually they were trained from young age and had to keep a very specific physical shape. Ninja were not allowed to be too light or too heavy. A ninja who could read and write was very appreciated. 
Ninja clothing and equipment.
It tends to be thought that a ninja usually wore black clothes which helped him to hide in the dark, however, they wore dark blue, red, or brown clothes, which are more quiet than black at night. In usual days, a ninja never wore showy dress and pretended to be another job, for example, a merchant, a traveling monk, a monkey showman and so on. If they had to fight on the battlefield, they put on a light armor, which protected them, but also allowed easy movement. On their feet they wore Japanese socks which separated the big toe (the socks were called tabi). The ninja outfit had many pockets for helpful gear. Chain armor was normally beneath their cloak in-case danger came their way like an ambush.
The diversity of ninja weapons and attributes is much wider than that of the samurai. The main weapon of ninja was the sword. Ninja swords were usually shorter than samurai katana and had a straight blade. When they climbed, the sword was put on the left shoulder, putting the handle of the sword was close to the left ear. Ninja also used different types of throwing knives, and a weapon for their fists called tagaki. They used metallic claws on their feet which helped them to climb and made their kicks more dangerous.
They are also very close to the other form of Japanese killer, a samurai.
As with Robin Hood or King Arthur, the ongoing presence of ninja in pop culture movies and manga often differs widely from their true origins.

= = = USS Arizona Memorial = = =
The USS "Arizona" Memorial is in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is to remember the sailors killed when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Japanese. During the attack 1,177 sailors were killed on the USS "Arizona". The memorial is located on top of the sunken USS "Arizona". People can walk over the ship to look at it.

= = = USS Arizona (BB-39) = = =
The USS "Arizona" (BB-39) was an American battleship from the Pennsylvania Class. The building of the ship was started in 1913 and it was commissioned in 1916. It fought in World War I. The USS "Arizona" is best known for its sinking during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The attack was the event that caused the United States to join the fighting in World War II. The wreck is still at the floor of the harbor. It is the site of a memorial to those who died that day.
Other ships.
USS "Arizona" (BB-39) was one of three ships in the history of the United States Navy to be named USS "Arizona". It was the only one of the three to be named that after Arizona became a U.S. state. 

= = = War crime = = =
A war crime is a crime that happens in a war. There are international laws of war that say what people can do during wars and what they cannot do. A war crime breaks these rules.
Today, these rules are international laws called the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention.
Definition.
To be a war criminal, a crime must be part of a plan or has to be committed against protected persons and must be committed during a war. 
In international armed conflicts, only prisoners of war, wounded and sick enemy fighters, shipwrecked survivors, and enemy civilians are protected persons. Nationals under their own authority as well as neutral civilians living in a belligerent state and allied citizens as long their states maintain diplomatic relations with a belligerent power are not protected persons under the law of war in the same conflicts.
In non-international armed conflicts, persons not taking part in hostilities are protected regardless of nationality.
The idea of what a "war crime" is has changed over time. For example, during World War II, the strategic bombing during World War II was not a war crime. Now it is.
In 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was created. Its goal is to look into and, if possible, punish people for war crimes. When the ICC was created, it came up with a longer list of war crimes. For example, its list was the first one to include types of sexual abuse like forcing women into sexual slavery.pp. 8–10
Types of war crimes.
Here are some examples of crimes that the ICC lists as war crimes.
General war crimes.
These are war crimes whether they are committed against enemy soldiers or protected civilians or neutral persons.
Sexual war crimes.
These are war crimes whether they are committed against enemy soldiers or protected civilians or neutral persons.
War crimes against protected civilians.
War crimes against protected civilians include:
War crimes against enemy soldiers.
War crimes against enemy soldiers include:
War crimes against neutral persons.
War crimes against neutral persons include:
Examples of war crimes.
This table shows some examples of war crimes.

= = = Senate = = =
In a modern democracy, a senate is a group of people who are part of a legislature. A legislature passes or changes laws for their country, state, or other area. Members of a senate are called senators. Some legislatures are bicameral, meaning they have two groups of people (working in separate places) called "houses". A senate can be called a "House of Senators". 
The senate of some such legislatures is weaker than the other house. The other house is called a "House of Representatives", House of Commons, or Assembly. In bicameral legislatures, both houses must pass the same bill to make it a law. Modern democratic systems having legislatures with senates include the United States of America (U. S.), Canada, Australia and many states in the United States.
The first ever senate was the Roman Senate. The name comes from their word for "elder".
Senate is also the name of the ruling body of some universities.
Senate chambers.
Sometimes, the senators are split into different groups, who then have different responsibilities. These groups meet in different rooms; each group is called a "chamber".

= = = Kano = = =
Kano is a city in Nigeria. It is the capital of Kano State. Kano is the third largest city in Nigeria, after Ibadan and Lagos. About 3,626,204 people live in Kano.
It has long been the economic centre of northern Nigeria, and a centre for the sale of groundnuts. Kano is known for the Bayero University and a railway station with trains to Lagos and Port Harcourt, moving through Kaduna, while Kano International Airport can be found nearby. Kano has long been a centre for Nigeria's Islamic culture; one of the country's finest mosques lies in the city.
It is also the site where the Kano river project was developed. This is a large irrigation scheme.
History.
The city of Kano was founded around A.D. 1000 as an Hausa city of its own. Kano remained a big emirate, or Muslim kingdom, until the birth of the country, Nigeria, in 1903. Kano became known for its trade in gold, leather, ivory, salt and slaves within the area. This perhaps is the reason for the city's wealth and power in the 14th century, when Islam gained a growing following. By the 15th century, the first Central Mosque had been built in the city.

= = = Battle of Bosworth Field = = =
The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was an important battle during the Wars of the Roses in 15th century England. It was fought on 22 August 1485 between the Yorkist King Richard III, the last of the Plantagenet dynasty, and the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, who wanted to become king. It ended in the defeat and death of Richard and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Historically, the battle is thought to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, although smaller battles were fought in the years that followed as Yorkists unsuccessfully tried to become king again.
The place of the battle is not precisely known. Memorials have been built in some of the possible locations.
Shakespearian dramatization.
The Battle of Bosworth is an important part of William Shakespeare's play "Richard III". The action of the play ends with this battle.

= = = Escherichia coli = = =
Escherichia coli or E. coli is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of people and other warm-blooded animals. Scientists have studied "E. coli" a lot, and know more about how "E. coli" cells work than any other organism. "E. coli" is usually not harmful. In fact, the only known harmful strain is O156. E.coli is a prokaryotic organism.
"E. coli" normally grow in soil and in the large intestines of many mammals, including humans. Most strains of "E. coli" do not cause disease, but instead help animals get vitamins and digest food. Some strains of "E. coli" cause sickness in people. "E. coli" are not usually in food or water. When food has not been prepared with clean equipment, "E. coli" can grow in the food. When "E. coli" are found in water, this may mean that the water has touched sewage. 
It is named after Theodor Escherich, who discovered it in 1885. It was officially named after him in 1919.
Signs and symptoms of "E. coli" infection.
The following signs and symptoms of an "E. coli" infection normally happen within three days; however, some people may carry the infection and show no signs at all.
The best treatment for "E. coli" is plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

= = = Borg = = =
The Borg are a fictional race of organic cyborgs in the Star Trek universe which have formed over thousands of years. The Borg use nanoprobes to assimilate others, like humans or vulcans, into their group consciousness. The only exception to assimilation are races either too primitive to assimilate (who are ignored) or races too dangerous to assimilate (who are destroyed). The Borg's group consciousness is led by the Borg queen, who's role is similar to that of a queen bee in a bee hive.
Defeating the Borg.
Despite their ability to adapt to various attempts to destroy them, the Borg can be defeated several ways:<br>
Borg Catchphrase.
"We are the Borg. Lower your shields and surrender your ships. We will add your biological and technological distinctiveness to our own. Your culture will adapt to service us. Resistance is futile"

= = = House of Plantagenet = = =
The House of Plantagenet ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
It goes back to the Angevin counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou. Three dynasties belong to it: Angevins, House of Lancaster (Lancastrians) and House of York (Yorkists). Lancastrians and Yorkists fought against each other the Wars of the Roses to get the crown for their dynasty alone.

= = = Angevin = = =
Angevin is the name of the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. It is also used for three different medieval dynasties which go back to counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which "angevin" is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, "Kingdom of Naples and Sicily", and Kingdom of Jerusalem ("see Angevin Empire"). 
The first of these Angevin dynasties, the House of Plantagenet, ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. 

= = = Count = = =
A count is a nobleman in most of European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a "countess" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word "count" comes from French "comte" which in turn comes from the Latin "comitas", "companion" (of the emperor). In feudalism the territory ruled by a count was a county.
A woman having this title or the wife of a count is called countess.

= = = Budgerigar = = =
The budgerigar (nicknamed budgie," binomial name Melopsittacus undulatus") is a small parrot. It belongs to the family of Old World parakeets (Psittaculidae). Budgerigars are often called "parakeets", especially in American English. The term "Parakeet" refers to many types of small parrots with long flat tails. The budgerigar is found in drier parts of Australia. It has lived there for over 5 million years. It is commonly kept as a pet. Budgies are intelligent birds and can be taught to mimic human speech.

= = = Endocarditis = = =
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. Endocarditis most often affects the heart valves. The heart valves are a part of the human body that does not get blood. This is odd because they are a part of the heart itself. Because of this, if one of the valves gets infected with bacteria or protozoa, the body can not defend itself against those bacteria. This can cause the valve to not work the way it should.

= = = Tetracycline = = =
Tetracycline is a family of antibiotics discovered as natural products in 1945. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it works against a range of bacteria.
Tetracyclines was first prescribed in 1948. It is produced naturally by the "Streptomyces" genus of Actinobacteria. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor.
In 1950, Harvard University professor Robert Burns Woodward worked out the chemical structure of the related oxytetracycline (Terramycin). The patent protection for its production was also first issued in 1950.
Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and rosacea. Historically it was important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

= = = Hemoglobin = = =
Hemoglobin (or haemoglobin) is a protein in red blood cells which contains iron. It is used to transport oxygen around the human body. 
Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The exceptions are the fish family Channichthyidae, and the tissues of some invertebrates. It does occur in some invertebrates, but most invertebrates use other chemicals, such as hemocyanin.
Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases. It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total).
Red blood cells get their colour from hemoglobin, which is red. There are millions of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell and millions of red blood cells in the human body. When hemoglobin has oxygen attached, it is called oxyhemoglobin.
Structure.
The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. Each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein (globin) with a heme group inside it. Each heme group has one iron atom. This binds one oxygen molecule. So the complete hemoglobin molecule has four globin chains, four heme molecules, and four iron atoms. When hemoglobin is in the lungs, it picks up oxygen in its hemes, and carries it to the rest of the body.
Its structure took years to work out. Max Perutz and John Kendrew worked out the structure of myoglobin first. That muscle globin is smaller, with only one heme group.

= = = Cornea = = =
The cornea is the front part of the eye. It is the clear transparent section of the eye. The cornea covers the iris, pupil, and the eye chamber. It is a special form of tissue. The cornea is clear and has no blood vessels. It has nerves, but with no myelin sheaths on them.
The cornea, with the lens, refracts light. The cornea and the lens bend light so the image strikes the retina. The cornea does about two-thirds of this refraction.
Dua's layer is a newly discovered layer of the cornea. It was described in June 2013. It is the sixth layer of the cornea to be discovered. Despite its thinness, the layer is very strong, and air does not get through it.

= = = WASSCE = = =
The West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia
The exams.
There are two different types of the exam:
The grades.
The grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams.

= = = Sergei Prokofiev = = =
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev () (born Sontsovka, Ukraine 23 April 1891; died Moscow 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer and pianist who came from Ukraine. During his lifetime, Ukraine was part of Russia. Together with Dmitri Shostakovich he is one of the greatest Russian composers of the 20th century. Children all over the world love to listen to his musical story "Peter and the Wolf" and the music for "Lieutenant Kije", but he wrote many other great works including symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas, ballets and operas.
Early life.
Prokofiev was born into an educated family, and his mother recognized very early her son's musical gifts. His father was a college-educated agronomist who managed the farm-site of his employer in the Ukrainian steppe. His mother played the piano reasonably well in her son's opinion. The young Sergei started composing at a very early age. By the time he was eleven he had written two operas and a series of small piano pieces he would later call "little puppies". Soon he was writing music with unusual time signatures and in unusual changes of key.
Prokofiev's formal musical education began when, as a young boy, he started taking lessons from Reinhold Glière. In 1904 he went to study at the Conservatory in St Petersburg. He was a brilliant student, but he often disagreed with the way the professors were teaching. He was bored with the lessons in orchestration from Rimsky-Korsakov and the counterpoint lessons from Liadov although he could have learned more from these great men. His main friends were the composers Nikolai Myaskovsky and Boris Asafiev. He often showed them his latest piano compositions which sounded very modern. Many of St. Petersburg's newspaper critics did not like his music, while others felt he showed great promise and was sure to be a "futurist".
Prokofiev spent the summer of 1909 back at home in the small Russian farming village of Sontsovka in what is now Ukraine where his father was an estate manager. He worked in a way that was to be typical of him all his life: he carefully kept a diary until the middle 1930s, was an excellent chess player and writer, kept making changes to a number of his earlier works. He often borrowed music from one composition and put it in another, or used unfinished works in new compositions.
When he returned to St Petersburg he took piano lessons from a teacher at the St. Petersburg Conservatory called Anna Esipova. She worked hard to discipline him in his playing although he did not appreciate her efforts. He also took conducting lessons from Nikolai Tcherepnin who taught him to like late-Romantic composers such as Scriabin and Debussy. He wrote some music himself in this style, but most of the music he wrote at this time sounded very harsh and dissonant and, although he was becoming quite famous, many people hated it. When he finished his studies at the Conservatoire he won its top prize (the Rubinstein Prize) with his "First Piano Concerto", although the examiners had found it hard to agree and Rimsky-Korsakov said that Prokofiev was "gifted but immature".
Prokofiev travelled to London where he met many famous people including Diaghilev who had a very skilled ballet group called Ballets Russes. The composer Igor Stravinsky had been writing ballet music for Diaghilev’s dancers. Prokofiev particularly loved Stravinsky’s "Rite of Spring" and it influenced his music. He wrote an opera "The Gambler" based on the novel by Brusilov but the singers and the orchestra did not understand his music and refused to perform it. One of the first works of Prokofiev to become known all over the world was his First Symphony known as the "Classical Symphony". He made the music sound like that of composers from the Classical period such as Haydn. This symphony is still very popular today.
America and Europe (1918–1936).
In 1917 the Russian Revolution took place. The country was in a chaotic state so Prokofiev went to the United States. After a journey which took four months via the Transsiberian railway, Tokyo and San Francisco, he arrived in New York. His first real success came from his connections with Cyrus McCormik in Chicago. His first major commission was the opera "The Love for Three Oranges" for the Chicago Lyric Opera. It was popular in Chicago but not in New York City where he really wanted to make his reputation. He soon traveled to Paris to see Diagalev again whom he had met earlier in London. His first ballet for him was "Ala and Lolly" which Diagalev did not like and would not perform. This ballet later became Prokofiev's "Scythian Suite". His next ballet was more successful, "The Tale of the Buffoon". He also wrote his "Third Piano Concerto" which is his most popular concerto for piano. Prokofiev lived off and on in Paris for fourteen years, but he often went on tour, performing his works on the piano. In 1928 his "Third Symphony" was first performed, much of which was based on music from his opera " The Fiery Angel" which was never performed completely in his lifetime. In the late-1920s he was invited back to Russia. Although many Soviet people tried to persuade him to stay there he decided to remain in the West where he was starting to have a very successful career. It was not until 1936 that he finally decided to move back to Russia. Life was not easy in the Soviet Union for all types of creative people such as musicians, poets, writers and film makers. Composers were expected to write music which would make ordinary people happy and make them feel proud of their country and of the communist revolution. Any music that did not do this was called “decadent” or “formalist”. Many artists where punished for creating works that did not do what the socialist politicians expected of them. Prokofiev had never been interested in politics, and he thought the politicians would leave him in peace so that he could write the kind of music he liked.
USSR (1936–1953).
Back in Russia Prokofiev settled in Moscow. He wrote several children’s pieces including "Peter and the Wolf". He was asked to write music for two important jubilees: the 20th anniversary of the Revolution and the centenary of Pushkin’s death. He took great care over this music. Much of what he wrote was to be directed by Meyerhold, but Meyerhold was arrested, later tortured and murdered so the whole project never happened. Some of the music written for the Pushkin centenary was later used in his opera "War and Peace", the "Stone Flower" ballet and Symphonic Waltzes. He also wrote a very large piece called "Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of the October Revolution", using words by Marx, Lenin and Stalin for a total of 500 performers. The music included realistic effects such as gun shots, machine-gun fire and sirens. However, many critics said that the music was vulgar, and it was not performed until 1966, long after Prokofiev’s death. He tried to make the soviet authorities pleased by writing a "safe" opera called "I am the Son of the Working People" but the politicians stopped it during its early auditions. The opera was going to be produced by Meyerhold, but again it never happened because Meyerhold was arrested and executed.
The World War II was a time of change for Prokofiev for several reasons. In 1941 his marriage to Lina Llubera came to an end and his new companion Mira Mendelsohn, and later wife, saw him through his last years. Lina was a foreigner and marriage to foreigners was made illegal (forbidden) at that time. In 1948 she was arrested, charged with being a spy, and sent to a labour camp. On the other hand, Mira had lived her entire life within the Soviet system and was much more aware of how to survive in the politacally-charged times. In 1945, shortly after the premier of his Fifth Symphony, he had a stroke which was the beginning of a period of bad health. He spent a lot of time away from Moscow where it was unsafe. The first signs that his health was to be poor occurred in Alma-Ata in 1943 when he had a fainting spell. He was an workaholic and this, plus the pressures placed upon him by the Soviet system, forced him to withdraw from an active social life in Moscow. Prokofiev lived with Mira for the rest of his life. Lina was freed from the labour camp after Stalin’s death. Later she left the Soviet Union and she died in London in 1989.
During the war Prokofiev composed a lot of his best music. He wrote his last piano sonatas as well as working on his operas "Betrothal in a Monestary" after Sherican, and "War and Peace" (based on the novel by Tolstoy) and writing his film music for both Eisenstein’s "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible" and composing his Fifth Symphony. The first performance of this symphony, given on 13 January 1945, was the last time he conducted in public. He spent the rest of his life in a house in the country to the west of Moscow, although during his last winters he lived in Moscow close to his doctors. Even in these last years he was not to find peace. Stalin’s rule of terror had serious effects on all Soviet artists. In 1948 a committee of the Communist Party spoke out against several Soviet composers including Prokofiev. They said that his music was “formalist” and “alien” to the Soviet people. His opera “War and Peace” was not allowed to be performed because it was neither lyrical nor patriotic enough. The works he wrote in his last years were mostly ones which the politicians officially approved. His last great work of this period is the "Symphony-Concerto" for cello and orchestra which used a lot of music from the unsuccessful "Cello Sonata", and greatly revised with the help of the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.
Prokofiev died of a brain haemorrhage on 5 March 1953. His death was hardly mentioned in the newspapers because the dictator Josef Stalin died on the same day.

= = = Arab Christians = = =
Arab Christians are people who speak Arabic or of Arabic-speaking origin and have the religion of Christianity.
Most Christian Arabs live in the Middle East, where Islam is the biggest religion. The largest number of Arab Christians are in Egypt (around 8 millions). Many Arabs have emigrated from the Middle East in modern times. In some places such as the Americas, a big number of these Arabs are Christians. In Brazil, there are more than 12 million Arabs, and most of these people are Christian.
History.
Arab Christians faced significant persecution with the Muslim conquests of Christian countries after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Conversion was often required for those who could not pay a substantial tax known as the 'jizya'. Furthermore, during various periods in the history of the Islamic world, Arab Christians were subject to at times brutal and humiliating persecution. Despite this, many Christians chose not to change their religion to Islam. Instead, they kept Christianity as their belief. Muslims call them the "People of the Book" (with Jews).
In the early 21st century, persecution of Christians area increased. In most countries they are required to obey Islamic "Shari'ah" law. In some countries, notably Egypt, political approval is required for the construction or renovation of a church - such restrictions are not present in the construction of Mosques. Countries in the Arabian Gulf, most notably Saudi Arabia, do not allow for the construction of churches or the public practice of Christianity - although that is slowly changing in progressive areas like the UAE. Coptic Christians in Egypt continue to face significant discrimination in the workplace and have a hard time reaching to the upper echelons in universities, corporations, and government offices.
Arab Christians have been around before Arab Muslims. This is because there were many Arab tribes that became Christians since the first century. They were the Nabateans (whose ancestors were Aramean) and the Ghassanids (who were of Qahtani origin and spoke Yemeni-Arabic and Greek). They protected the south-eastern parts of the Byzantine Empire in north Arabia.
Arab Christians made important contributions to the Arab world, and they still do. Some of the best poem writers at certain times were Arab Christians, and many Arab Christians were doctors, writers, government staff, and people who knew a lot about literature.

= = = Synthesizer = = =
A musical synthesizer is an instrument that uses electricity to make musical sounds. They are the main instrument for making electronic music. Many synthesizers have a keyboard like that of a piano. When playing a piano keyboard, sounds are made by hitting soft hammers against strings pulled very tight. When playing a synthesizer keyboard, sounds are made by turning electrical oscillators on and off. Since "synthesizer" is such a big word, the word is usually shortened to "synth".
How synthesizers work.
An oscillator is something that "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. The pendulum of a clock, for example, is a very slow oscillator. A piano string "oscillates" when struck by a hammer.
Electric oscillators might be made using transistors. They turn electricity into electrical patterns, or signals, that repeat over and over. When different keys are pressed, different notes are heard. This is done by making the signal from the oscillator repeat at different rates. 
The signal can be boosted in strength and sent straight to a loudspeaker. But the sound of a simple signal can be boring after a while. Sounds can be made more interesting in many ways.
By combining many of these methods, synths can now sound very much like older instruments. For one example, special synths called "drum synths" are used just to make the sounds a drummer might make. Synths can also make many new sounds never heard before.
In the early 2000s, computers got fast enough so "software synths" could be made. These are computer programs designed to look and work like a synth. They tend to be less expensive, so more can be used. Most of these programs can be downloaded for free, however this may be illegal.
There are special tools available to play synths. For example, a thing called a "wind controller" lets players of wind instruments use their special skills. But there is still a need for more ways to control synths to make them more expressive.

= = = John Foxe = = =
John Foxe (1516/1517 – 18 April 1587), is remembered as the author of "Foxe's Book of Martyrs".
Education and Resignation from Oxford.
Foxe was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, England into a prominent family. In 1535 Foxe was admitted to Magdalen College School. He became a fellow in July 1539.
Foxe resigned from his college in 1545, after referring to it as "a prison." During his time at Oxford he became an evangelical, meaning that he converted to Protestant beliefs not accepted by the Church of England under Henry VIII. As he wanted to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547.
Life in London under Edward VI.
With the death of Henry VIII in January 1547 Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550.
Marian Exile.
In the fall of 1554 Foxe moved to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees.
Foxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey.
Return to England.
In 1559, when Mary I had died Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard. Foxe started publishing works of religious controversy and worked on a new martyrology, which would become the "Foxe's Book of Martyrs".
Foxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was published.
Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the "Saxon gospels" with the help of Archbishop Parker.
Foxe died on 8 April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate.

= = = Evangelicalism = = =
The word evangelicalism refers to a type of Christian belief and practice in conservative Protestant Christianity, although some Catholic Christians would also call themselves evangelicals.
Evangelicals believe in spreading their faith, (evangelism), the need to be converted, also called being born again, believing what is in the Bible and the need to live a moral life both personally and in society. In the past 200 years, people, churches and social movements have often been called "evangelical". This is different from Protestant liberalism although they may share some of the same goals.
Outside the United States, the word evangelical can mean different things. In Europe and Latin America the word evangelical is often used to simply mean Protestant, as different from Roman Catholic religion. Some Christian denominations have the word evangelical as part of their official name. This may indicate that they are more conservative than other denominations with a similar name.
In 2016, there were thought to be about 619 million evangelicals in the world, meaning that one in four Christians would be an evangelical. The United States has many evangelicals. American evangelicals are about one fourth of the nation's population and its largest religious group. There are also many evangelicals in Latin America, Africa, China and Korea. Evangelicals make up most of the Baptist churches, Pentecostals, a portion of Methodists, Presbyterians and other older denominations, and many independent Christian churches that do not belong to any larger group.
Billy Graham was probably the best known evangelical of the last 100 years. He preached all around the world.

= = = 940s = = =
The 940s was a decade that started on 1 January 940 and ended on 31 December 949.

= = = 910s = = =
The 910s was a decade that began on 1 January 910 and ended on 31 December 919.

= = = Canopic jar = = =
Canopic jars were used to store the internal organs of a mummy in Ancient Egypt. The lid had the head of a baboon, human, falcon or a jackal—representing the sons of Horus. These jars were used to store organs which were removed from a dead person, these were the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the lungs, because they were thought to be use less in the afterlife.They only did the mummyfication process to important people. The jars were placed in the tombs with the bodies.
Names: imesty the (human), Duamutef (Jackal), Hapi (Baboon), Qebehsenuf (Falcon) .

= = = Fellow = = =
A fellow is a member of a group of learned people who work together at university or other academic institutions. However, there are no precise rules for how the title is used, and each academic institution grants the title as it sees fit. 

= = = Millipede = = =
Millipedes are a very long type of arthropod. Millipedes are segmented. Most have between 20 and over 100 segments, and have flattened bodies. Except for the first few segments, each segment has 2 pairs of legs, as a result of each segment being the fusing (coming together) of two.
So far, about 12,000 different species of millipedes have been described. with 10,000 identified, and there is an estimated 80,000 total species of millipede on Earth. The animals are detrivores, they eat what is left over from plants.
Most of the time, their food is decaying leaves and other dead plant matter. Millipedes are not poisonous, but many species have glands capable of producing irritating fluids that may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. This protects them from being constantly eaten because of their slow movement. Generally, they are not a pest, although young seedlings in greenhouses can be sometimes eaten by these creatures. "Xenobolus carnifex "is known for its common infestation of thatched roofs in India. Several species swarm houses and farms, causing damage.
Some millipedes have fangs that allow them to directly prey on plants.
The primary defense mechanism of millipedes is to roll up into a spiral-shaped circle, protecting their more delicate organs from being hurt by an armor-like skin. Millipedes can secrete liquids that can burn their predators for protection.
Bristly millipedes lack armor-like skin, and instead have bristles (small spiky hairs) that protect them from insects, like detaching a bristle when it goes through the body of an ant.
They can easily be told apart from centipedes because centipedes move faster, have only have one pair of legs per segment, and eat animals instead of just plants, although a very small amount of millipede species are omnivores, feeding on insects, earthworms, or snails.
Scientists who study millipedes are called diplopodologists, and the scientific study (like astronomy or biology) of millipedes is known as diplopodology.
A millipede species," Pneumodesmus newmani," was the first animal species to live constantly on land that lived 428 million years ago.
Habitat.
Millipedes are the most common in temperate, wet deciduous forests, but are also often found in coniferous forests and high-altitude alpine environments, some species live in deserts, and even fewer in caves. Many live under stones, fallen leaves, and in woodpiles, plus other dark damp locations in forests.
Some species of bristly millipedes have been known to live in the common small cracks of tree bark.
Millipedes and People.
Millipedes, due to their herbivore (plant-eating) and, with some species, limited omnivore capabilities, do not bite humans, although some of the defensive liquids that they give out might cause minor irritation and burns on human skin. On the eyes, these can be much worse, and direct exposure can lead to very bad problems.
They also appear in various folklore, remedies, and traditional usages around the world.

= = = Edwy of England = = =
Edwy All-Fair or "Eadwig" (940/941 – 1 October 959) was the King of England from 955 until his death. Edwy was the eldest son of King Edmund I and Saint Elgiva. Edwy was chosen in 955 to succeed his uncle Edred as King.
His short reign as King was marked by conflict. He had problems within his family, the Thanes, and the Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of Saint Dunstan and Archbishop Odo. Edwy died at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and was succeeded by his rival brother, Edgar, who re-unified the kingdom.

= = = Oda of Canterbury = = =
Saint Oda or Odo, called the Good or the Severe (d. 958) was a 10th century Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

= = = Magdalen College School, Oxford = = =
Magdalen College School is an independent school for boys. It is on the edge of central Oxford, England. It was founded as part of Magdalen College, Oxford by Thomas Becket in 1480
The school was originally founded by William Waynflete to educate the sixteen boy choristers of Magdalen College, Oxford University who sang in the college's chapel. Important Old Waynfletes include William Tyndale, Sam Mendes, Alex Lennox, Tim Hunt, and Ben Goldacre.

= = = Edward V of England = = =
Edward V (2 November 1470 – 1483) was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until he was removed two months later, on 25 June 1483.
He was believed to have been murdered in 1483, possibly in August or September.
Early life.
Edward was born at Westminster while his father, King Edward IV of England, was in exile in Burgundy. The King, Henry VI, said his mother and his sisters would be safe if they stayed at the abbey. When Edward IV came back and took over the throne again, Edward became his heir and was given the title "Prince of Wales". Edward IV thought it would be right for the Prince of Wales to rule Wales, so he sent little Prince Edward to live in Ludlow Castle, where the Council of Wales met. The prince was helped by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, and began to learn how to be a ruler. His mother, Queen Elizabeth, was often with him, and his father, the king, also visited.
The prince spent most of his time at Ludlow until he was twelve, when his father the king suddenly died. The prince had to go straight to London to take the throne, and his uncle, Earl Rivers, went with him. On the way, they were met by another of his uncles, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The Duke was a younger brother of King Edward IV, and the king had given him the title of "Lord Protector" in the hope that he would look after Prince Edward until he was old enough to be the real king.
Prisoner.
Instead of arranging a coronation for the new king, Duke Richard decided to take the throne for himself, and became King Richard III. He sent Prince Edward to live in the Tower of London and wait for his coronation. He also got Edward's younger brother, Prince Richard, Duke of York, to come and live at the Tower. Earl Rivers was executed by Richard. Gloucester was able to convince people that the two young princes were not the legal heirs to the throne. On 25 June 1483, the Parliament said that Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was the legal king. 
This was because Edward and his other brothers and sisters was declared illegitimate. After Edward IV had died, it was revealed that he had been engaged to a woman named Eleanor Butler, so Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was seen as bigamy.
Missing.
After a few months, the two boys disappeared, and what happened to them is still a mystery today. Most people think that the two boys were murdered. They became known as the Princes in the Tower. It is most likely they were killed by their uncle, Richard III. It is also possible that they were killed by Henry VII, who became king two years later.
In 1674, during building work at the Tower, a wooden chest was found under a staircase in the White Tower. It contained the bones of two young boys. It has never been proved that these are the missing princes, but King Charles II stated that they were, and had the bones buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1933 the bones were looked at again by scientists who believed that they were the two princes.

= = = Lincolnshire = = =
Lincolnshire ( or ; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, South Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire, and (for just 19 metres or 20 yards, England's shortest county boundary) Northamptonshire. Its county town is the ancient city of Lincoln.

= = = Norfolk = = =
Norfolk is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. It has borders with Lincolnshire to the west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and with Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea coast, including The Wash. The county town is Norwich. Norfolk is home to the Norfolk Broads, a famous tourist and wildlife spot.

= = = ISO 3166-2 = = =
ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard. It was made by the International Organization for Standardization. For each country listed in ISO 3166-1, ISO 3166-2 defines its provinces with two or three letter codes, or numbers.
Current codes.
Below is a full table of the ISO 3166-2 codes for each country, with three columns:

= = = Leicestershire = = =
Leicestershire (abbreviated Leics) is a county in central England. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, its traditional administrative centre, although the City of Leicester is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders onto Lincolnshire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire.
Leicestershire was recorded in the Domesday Book.

= = = Northamptonshire = = =
Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or N'hants) is a county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). It has borders with Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, Peterborough, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire (including the Borough of Milton Keynes), Oxfordshire, and Lincolnshire (England's shortest county boundary: 19 metres). The county town is Northampton.
Northamptonshire has often been called the county of "squires and spires" due to its wide variety of historic buildings and country houses.
Northampton is by far the largest town in the county, with a population of 194,122. This is followed by Corby (53,174), Wellingborough (48,428), Kettering (47,000), Rushden (25,849) and Daventry (22,367). Most of the county's population is concentrated in a central north-south.
Cherwell Edge in Northamptonshire () is near the River Cherwell, north-west of Banbury, England. The once heavily wooded hill and valley was mostly cleared many years ago. The area now also covers the nearby Cherwell Edge Golf Club that was recently built by it too. The golf club is used by various local residents.
Places.
These are the main settlements in Northamptonshire with a town charter, a population over 5,000, or otherwise notable.
Two major canals - the Oxford and the Grand Union — join in the county at Braunston.
A branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the River Nene in Northampton.
Two trunk railway routes, the West Coast Main Line and the Midland Main Line traverse the county.
Before nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and the creation of British Railways, Northamptonshire was home to three of the "Big Four" railway companies; the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway. Only the Southern Railway was not represented.

= = = Earl = = =
An Earl (or Jarl) was a title for nobility used by Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians. It originally meant "chieftain" and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it stopped being used in the Middle Ages, whereas, in Britain, it became synonymous with the continental count.
In Anglo-Saxon times the title was similar to that of Ealdorman.
Today, an earl is a member of the British peerage, and is below a Marquess, but above a Viscount. A British Earl is the same as a continental Count. Since there is no feminine form of Earl, the wife of an Earl has the rank of Countess (the continental equivalent).

= = = Lobster = = =
Lobsters are large crustaceans that live in the sea. They form the family of Nephropidae, which is sometimes also called Homaridae. People make a lot of money from catching lobsters and selling them to make seafood.
Biology.
Lots of different kinds of animals that live in the sea are called lobsters. When people talk about lobsters, most of the time they mean "clawed lobsters". One kind of clawed lobster is the American lobster. Lots of animals that we call lobsters are not actually "clawed lobsters". Squat lobsters, spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, are all different kinds of animal. Some kinds of crayfish which live in fresh water and reef lobsters are very similar to "clawed lobsters".
Smaller kinds of lobsters are sometimes called "lobsterettes". Lobsters have bones. They have hard shells which protect them. This hard shell is made from a material called chitin. The shell is so hard that lobsters must climb out of them before they can grow bigger. This is called "moulting". When lobsters moult they are weak and easy to attack. If they hide for long enough they will grow a new hard shell and the lobster will be bigger. Some lobsters change color when they grow a new shell. Lobsters can grow new parts of their body when they lose them. Every time they moult the body part will get a little bit bigger and stronger until it is back to normal.
Lobsters live in the sea between the shore and the edge of the continental shelf. They live underwater on rocky, sandy, or muddy ground. They usually live alone in cracks or under rocks.
Lobsters usually eat live food like fish, molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, and some plants. Lobsters sometimes scavenge (eat dead plants and animals). Lobsters also eat other lobsters (cannibalism) when they are put together in small spaces where they cannot get out. Lobsters do not usually eat other lobsters in the oceans. People have found lobster skin in the stomachs of some lobsters. This is because lobsters eat the skin they shed when they moult. Lobsters grow all their lives. Some lobsters live for over 100 years, and some become very big. The Guinness World Records says that the largest lobster was from Nova Scotia, Canada and weighed 20.14 kg (44.4 lb).
Lobsters are usually the same on the left and right sides. Lobsters have claws on their front legs, and one claw can be bigger than the other. One reason they are different sizes is because they do different jobs. Big strong claws can grab food, and little sharp claws can cut the food up so they can eat it. When a fisherman catches a lobster, they like to keep them if the claws are big. People like to eat lobsters with big claws because there is more good tasting meat in them. The head end of the lobster is called the cephalon. The middle part of the lobster is called the thorax. These parts of a lobster are stuck together and can not move, so we put the words together and call them both the cephalothorax. The bottom end of the lobster is called the abdomen, where the tail is. At the end of the tail is a fan. Lobsters have long thin body parts called antennae under their eyes which they can move around. Lobsters use these to feel what is near them, and they also help them find food. Lobsters have eyes but they cannot see very well. Lobsters have three pairs of jaws. All legs of a lobster have claws apart from the ones at the back. Only the front two legs have big claws. The little claws on the other legs help pick up food they find and put them in the jaws so the lobster can eat.
Lobsters usually move slowly by walking on the bottom of the sea floor. When they are in danger and need to escape, they swim backwards quickly by bending their tail down and up. The fan on the tail helps them to swim faster. Lobsters can move at a speed of 5 metres every second when they do this.

= = = Spiny lobster = = =
Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also called "crayfish", "sea crayfish" or "crawfish".
Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape, and that they also have a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, and by their complete lack of claws ("chelae"); true lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Like true lobsters, however, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas .
Spiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish ("Jasus novaehollandiae" and "Jasus edwardsii"), and South Africa ("Jasus lalandii"). A new species, "Palinurus barbarae" was described in 2006.
The largest spiny lobster on record was over 1 m (3 ft) long and weighed over 11.8 kg (26 lb).
Spiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, crabs, sea urchins or carrion to eat. Sometimes, they migrate "en masse", in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton . Spiny lobsters usually exhibit social habit by being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones and leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for itself .
The furry lobsters ("e.g." "Palinurellus") are sometimes separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include "Palinurus" and a number of anagrams thereof: "Panulirus", "Linuparus", "etc." (Palinurus was also a helmsman in Virgil's Æneid.)

= = = Bromeliad = = =
Bromeliads are a family of tropical plants which includes the pineapple and several colourful houseplants. They are nearly all from Latin America and the Caribbean islands, except for Spanish moss from the southern United States, and a single kind from Africa.
Well-known kinds of bromeliad.
Pineapples (Latin name: "Ananas"). See Pineapple.
Air plants (Latin name: "Tillandsia") are very curious because they do not need any roots to stay alive. Instead they soak up moisture from the air around them through tiny, silvery scales on their leaves. They have so many of these scales that the whole plant can look grey. In the wild they grow on tree banches in rainy and misty areas. In the Caribbean there is a kind that grows on telephone wires!
Urn plants (Latin name: "Aechmea") are easy to keep. They grow to about 60 cm across, but because the stiff, green-and-grey leaves have spiny edges, they need to be out of the way. Urn plants got their name because they have a hole in the middle made by the ring-shaped arrangement of their leaves. This central urn fills up with rainwater in the wild and is often home to insects and frogs. Its flowers are held high on a single stem, and protected by a globe of small, pink leaves which lasts for several months.
Vriesias (Latin names: "Vriesia" and "Guzmania") are like urn plants, but they have no spines and their leaves are softer. They are often sold in flower shops (and sometimes in supermarkets) and are very easy to look after. Their flowers grow on a single stem, protected by flattened, colourful leaves. It is better not to fill the central space with water, as these soft-leaved plants might rot. instead their soil should be watered.
Spanish moss.
Spanish moss (Latin name: "Tillandsia usneoides") is a grey plant found hanging from trees in the swamps of the southern United States, especially in Louisiana but as far east as coastal Virginia. To the south it spreads as far as Chile and Argentina. It gained its current name from Spanish and French colonisers in the Gulf of Mexico. The French called it "Barbe Espagnole" ("Spanish beard") to insult their rivals, and the Spanish in turn called it "Cabello francés" ("French hair"). Today "Spanish moss" survives as a mild version of the French taunt, although some call the plant "Graybeard".
Other kinds of bromeliads.
Bromelia, the plant which gives its name to the family, is the only other bromeliad with edible fruit. Its berries taste a bit like pineapple, but are less tasty, and there are not very many on each plant.
Fascicularia is the only bromeliad that can be grown in frosty areas. It is not killed by frost if it is kept dry in the winter.
Pitcairnia is the only wild bromeliad outside the Americas. One species, "Pitcairnia feliciana", was discoved living in West Africa. It is probably descended from seeds carried by migrating birds.
Puya is the largest bromeliad. It can grow up to nine metres tall. It lives in the Andes mountains, and is sometimes eaten by bears for its nectar. In Chile the young leaves of some puyas are eaten in salads.

= = = Eucalyptus = = =
Eucalyptus is a genus of trees. Eucalypt is also the common name for seven similar plants from the tribe Eucalypteae, all from Australasia. They are "Eucalyptus", "Corymbia", "Angophora", "Stockwellia", "Allosyncarpia", "Eucalyptopsis" and "Arillastrum".
There are over 699 species of eucalyptus, and almost all of them are in Australia. Eucalyptus can be found in almost every part of the Australia, and they are adapted to many different habitats. Their distribution has an implication: they must have evolved after Australia lost contact with the rest of Gondwana. Apart from the island of New Guinea, which is historically connected to Australia, and the Philippines, and a couple of small islands, the eucalypts are not naturally found in any other countries.
Many species are known as gum trees because they put out lots of sap from any break in the bark.
Eucalypts have many local names, like 'gum trees', 'mallee', 'box', 'ironbark', 'stringybark' and 'ash'.
Description.
Flowers and leaves.
Eucalypts have special flowers and fruits that no other trees have. When it flowers a bud cap made of petals grows around the flower until it is ready to open. Then the bud cap falls off to reveal a flower with no petals.
The woody fruits are called gumnuts. They are roughly cone-shaped and open at one end to release the seeds.
Nearly all eucalypts are evergreen but some tropical species lose their leaves at the end of the dry season. The leaves are covered with oil glands. These oils are often used to treat coughs and colds.
Many eucalypts change the shape of their leaves as they get older. Young eucalypts have round leaves. When one to a few years old, the leaves of most kinds become longer and spearhead or sickle-shaped. A few species keep the round leaf shape all their lives. Most species do not flower until the adult leaves starts to appear.
Bark.
The bark dies every year. In smooth-barked trees most of the bark falls off the tree, leaving a smooth surface that is often colourfully marked. With rough-barked trees the dead bark stays on the tree and dries out. Many kinds of eucalyptus trees have smooth bark at the top but rough bark lower down. These different kinds of bark are used to arrange the eucalypts into groups – this is useful because there are hundreds of kinds of eucalypts, and breaking down the group in this way makes the group easier to understand.
The different groups are:
Height.
Today, specimens of the Australian Mountain Ash are among the tallest trees in the world. They grow at up to 92 metres in height, and are the tallest of all flowering plants: taller trees such as the coast redwood are all conifers. There is evidence that at the time of European settlement of Australia some Mountain Ash were indeed the tallest plants in the world.
Frost.
Most eucalypts cannot survive frost, or can only stand light frosts down to 3 °C to 5 °C. The hardiest eucalypts are the so-called "snow gums" such as "Eucalyptus pauciflora" which can stand cold and frost down to about 20 °C. Two sub-species (wild varieties) of this tree can survive even colder winters.
Several other kinds, especially from the high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania, have produced extreme cold-hardy forms. It is seed from these hardy strains that are planted for ornamental trees in colder parts of the world.
Animals and eucalyptus.
An oil found in eucalyptus leaves is a strong, natural disinfectant, which is used in some medicines, but can be poisonous if too much is taken. Several marsupials, such as koalas and some possums, are partly resistant to it. These animals can tell which plants are safe to eat by their smell.
Eucalypts make a lot of nectar, which is food for many insects.
Dangers.
Eucalypts have a habit of dropping entire branches off as they grow. Eucalyptus forests are littered with dead branches. The Australian Ghost Gum "Eucalyptus papuana" is sometimes called the "widow maker", due to the high number of tree-felling workers who were killed by falling branches. Many deaths were actually caused by simply camping under them, as the trees shed whole and very large branches to save water during droughts. For this reason, you should "never" camp under large eucalyptus branches.
Fire.
On warm days eucalyptus oil vapour rises above the bush to create the well-known distant blue haze of the Australian landscape. Eucalyptus oil catches fire very easily, and bush fires can travel quickly through the oil-rich air of the tree crowns. The dead bark and fallen branches are also flammable. Eucalypts are well adapted for periodic fires – in fact most species are dependent on them for spread and regeneration. They do this in several ways: by sprouting from underground tubers, hidden buds under their bark and from seeds sprouting in the ashes after the fire has opened them.
How fire helped the spread of eucalypts.
Eucalypts began between 35 and 50 million years ago, not long after Australia and New Guinea separated from the rest of Gondwana. Their coming coincides with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits (which might mean that fire was important to them even then). They stayed a minor component of the rainforest until about 20 million years ago, when the gradual drying of the continent and lessening of soil richness led to the growth of a more open forest type, with mainly "Casuarina" and "Acacia" trees. With the arrival of the first humans about 50 thousand years ago, fires became much more frequent and the fire-loving eucalypts soon came to account for roughly 70% of Australian forest.
Eucalypts grow back quickly after fire.
The two valuable timber trees, Alpine Ash and Mountain Ash, are killed by fire and only grow back from seeds. The same fire which had little impact on forests around Canberra resulted in thousands of hectares of dead forests elsewhere.
Cultivation and uses.
Eucalyptus have many uses which have made them important. Because of their fast growth, the main benefit of these trees is the wood. They provide many uses, such as planting in parks and gardens, timber, firewood and pulpwood. Fast growth also makes eucalypts suitable as windbreaks.
Eucalypts draw a very large amount of water from the soil. They have been planted (or re-planted) in some places to lower the water table and reduce the amount of salt in the soil. Eucalypts have also been used as a way of reducing malaria by draining the soil in such places as Algeria, Sicily mainland Europe and California. Drainage removes swamps which provide a habitat for mosquito larvae, but such drainage can also destroy harmless habitats by accident.
Eucalyptus oil is refined from the leaves by steaming. It can be used for cleaning, deodorising, and in very small amounts in food supplements, especially sweets, cough drops and decongestants. Eucalyptus oil is an insect repellent (Fradin & Day 2002).
The nectar of some eucalyptus produces high quality honey. In the western United States the flowering is in late January, before the flowering of other nut and fruit trees; this means that its nectar can be easily made into its own kind of honey, which is said to have a buttery taste.
The ghost gum's leaves were used by Aborigines to catch fish. Soaking the leaves in water releases a mild tranquiliser which stuns fish, making them easy to catch.
Eucalyptus is also used to make the digeridoo, a musical wind instrument made popular by the Aborigines.
Problems caused by eucalypts.
Eucalypts were first introduced to the rest of the world by Sir Joseph Banks, botanist on the Cook expedition in 1770. They have since been introduced to many parts of the world. Several species have become invasive (spreading out of the area they were planted in) and may cause problems for local wildlife.
Spain.
In Spain, they have been planted in pulpwood plantations, replacing native oak woodland. As in other such areas, while the original woodland supports kinds of native animal life, the eucalypt groves cannot support the local wildlife, leading to silent forests and the decline of wildlife populations. On the other hand, eucalypts help several industries, such as sawmilling, pulp, and charcoal making.
California.
In the 1850s many Australians travelled to California to take part in the California Gold Rush. Much of California has similar climate to parts of Australia, and some people had the idea of introducing eucalypts. By the early 1900s thousands of hectares of eucalypts were planted with the encouragement of the state government. It was hoped that they would provide a renewable source of timber for construction and furniture making. However this did not happen partly because the trees were cut when they were too young and partly because the Americans did not know how to process the cut trees to prevent the wood from twisting and splitting.
One way in which the eucalypts, mainly the blue gum, proved valuable in California was in providing windbreaks for highways, orange groves, and other farms in the mostly treeless central part of the state. They are also admired as shade and ornamental trees in many cities and gardens.
"Eucalyptus" forests in California have been criticized because they drive out the native plants and do not support native animals. Fire is also a problem. The 1991 Oakland Hills firestorm which destroyed almost 3,000 homes and killed 25 people was partly fuelled by large numbers of eucalyptus in the area close to the houses.
In some parts of California eucalypt forests are being removed, and native trees and plants restored. Some people have also illegally destroyed some trees and are suspected of bringing in insect pests from Australia which attack the trees.
Brazil.
In 1910 eucalypts were introduced to Brazil for timber substitution and the charcoal industry. Regrettably the long term effects were not studied, and in the present the eucalyptus is causing problems because of its high consumption of water. This causes the soil to dry out, killing many local plants which the local animals need to survive.

= = = Cell theory = = =
Cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now accepted by everyone, that living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and the basic unit of reproduction. 
History.
With many improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery was made by Robert Hooke and began cell biology, the scientific study of cells. Cell theory was eventually made in 1838. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

= = = Silicone = = =
Silicones () are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane. This is a functional group of two silicon atoms and one oxygen atom frequently combined with carbon and/ or hydrogen. They are typically heat-resistant and rubber-like. Silicones are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, and thermal and electrical insulation. Some common forms include silicone oil, silicone grease, silicone rubber, silicone resin, and silicone caulk. Silicone is also used for cosmetics. Silicone has very little to do with the element silicon ().

= = = Oxfordshire = = =
Oxfordshire (short Oxon, from the Latinised form "Oxonia") is a county in the South East of England, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire.
It is divided into five local government districts: Oxford, Cherwell, Vale of the White Horse (after the "Uffington White Horse"), "West Oxfordshire" and "South Oxfordshire".
The county has a major tourism industry. The area is known for the concentration of motorsport companies and facilities. Oxford University Press has headed a concentration of print and publishing firms; the university is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies.
The main centre of population is the city of Oxford. Other significant settlements are Bicester, Banbury, and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford; Witney to the west; Thame and Chinnor to the east; and Abingdon, Wantage, Didcot and Henley-on-Thames to the south. Future population growth in the county is hoped to be concentrated around Banbury, Bicester, Didcot and Witney, near the South Midlands growth area.
The highest point of the county is Whitehorse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, reaching 856 feet (261m).
History.
The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century.
Historically the area has always had some importance, it has been good agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and Oxford (whose name came from Anglo-Saxon "Oxenaford" = "ford for oxen"). The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912 and MG in Abingdon in 1929. The importance of agriculture as an employer has gone down in the 20th century; today less than one percent of the county's population are involved.
The Vale of the White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were historically part of Berkshire, but were added to the administrative county in 1974.

= = = Minnie Mouse = = =
Minnie Mouse is an American cartoon character. She is Mickey Mouse's significant other. They were both created by Walt Disney. Her birthday is on 18th November 1928. She only first appeared in 1928, in “Plane Crazy”. She is also known as Princess Minnie and Maestro Minnie. Minnie's favorite foods are cheese, chocolate and cake. She loves listening to jazz music, cooking, baking, shopping and makeup.
She was voiced by Walt Disney from 1928 to 1929, then by Marcelite Garner, and then voiced by Russi Taylor.
Family.
Minnie Mouse’s parents are unknown, but Marcus Mouse may be her father’s name. His name was first used in the comic strip story “Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers” (published 22 September — 26 December, 1930). The same story featured photographs of Minnie's uncle Milton Mouse with his family and her grandparents Marvel Mouse and Matilda Mouse. She also has an uncle named Mortimer Mouse and twin nieces, Millie and Melody Mouse.
Pets.
Minnie Mouse has two pets, a dog and a cat. The dog is called Fifi. Fifi has 5 puppies with Mickey’s dog, Pluto. Pluto was Mickey’s first dog; he was called Rover at that time. She also has a cat called Figaro. This is the same cat which appears in the Disney movie Pinocchio. It has been recently discovered that she has adopted two new pets, a lizard and a snake, their names are Lolly and Pop, respectively. This is due to her sudden fascination with reptiles.
Marriage to Mickey.
Walt Disney said in a interview in 1933 that in private Mickey and Minnie are married. He also said that many people asked him about this. Depending on the movie, Minnie and Mickey are married or sometimes not married. They also, at least in public, have no children yet.
Gossip about Minnie's name.
From 19th January 1942 to 2nd May 1942 there was a comic magazine called “The Gleam”. In this magazine once it said that Minnie’s real name was Minerva Mouse. But the Walt Disney head office said that there is no register about her real name as Minerva. There is not much information about Minerva, but she is similar to Minnie’s character. Therefore, many people misunderstood that Minerva was Minnie’s real name. Formally Minnie’s name is only registered as “Minnie Mouse”.
However some sources say that Minerva is Minnie’s real name, and that Minnie’s full name is Minerva “Minnie” Mouse.
More likely is that Minnie's original name was the German/Dutch Wilhelmina, which is about the only name for which Minnie is the "official" abbreviation (http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/0/Minnie ). Possibly, this fact was suppressed during the 1930s, as Germany became more unpopular due to its political and racial leanings.
In episode 14 of season 4 of the series Mickey Mouse, which began airing on the Disney Channel in June 2013, Mickey addresses Minnie as "Minifred" (a pun on the name "Winifred"), but this is non-canon.
Friends.
It seems that Minnie’s closest friends are Daisy Duck, Donald Duck’s girlfriend, and also sometimes Clarabelle Cow. She often goes shopping with Daisy and she spends a lot of time with her. Her friendship with Daisy is more of a product of recent cartoons, as they never interacted with each other during the classic shorts. Minnie also has another friend called Honor the Hippo and they keep their secrets in bits of moss on the pavement. Minnie's other friend Carly the Cat has a middle parting in her long hair.

= = = Notostraca = = =
The order Notostraca has just two living genera in it. "Triops" and "Lepidura". The two genera are considered 'living fossils', as they have not changed in outward form since the Triassic.
Notostracans, or tadpole shrimps, are omnivores living on the bottom of temporary pools and shallow lakes. They live in pools of water on every continent except Antarctica. They grow very quickly, and can reach adulthood in a week. "Triops" only live for a short time; a record-breaking female only lived to be 100 "days". When their pools dry up,adult tadpole shrimp die. Their eggs, however, stop developing for a time. When they are in water again, they come to life, and new "Triops" are hatched. This is because of a state known as diapause, where eggs can lie dormant for up to twenty years before hatching again.
Evolution and fossil record.
The fossil record of Notostraca is extensive. They occur in a wide range of geological deposits, reaching back to the Carboniferous. The lack of major morphological change since 250 million years ago has led to Notostraca being described as living fossils.
The Notostraca abandoned filter feeding in open water, and took up a benthic lifestyle in muddy waters, taking up food from particles of sediment and preying on small animals.
Notostracans keep the ancient condition of having two separate compound eyes. These touch but do not become united, as does happens in other groups of Branchiopods.

= = = Porphyria = = =
Porphyria is the name for certain medical conditions or diseases, which have been known since the days of Hippocrates. Those who suffer from the disease can not make certain substances in the blood. They have disorders of certain enzymes which normally work in the production of porphyrins and heme. 
The condition is usually caused by a genetic deficiency, but chemicals which affect metabolism may also cause it. Arsenic is an example. It can be triggered by various drugs or by some environmental conditions. The disease causes skin problems, or some diseases of the nervous system, or both. Severe pain is often present. Drugs are available that can at least treat the symptoms. This disease is most common in European countries and often affects the skin. When someone is affected by porphyria they will start to lose their hair about two weeks after having an attack. There is no cure for the hair loss. However, there is medication available to help prevent attacks.

= = = Diatom = = =
Diatoms are tiny eukaryotic algae. They are a common type of phytoplankton. Most are single cells, but some form chains or simple colonies. 
Diatom cells have a unique cell wall made of silica (SiO2). These walls (called "frustules") take many forms, some quite beautiful and ornate. They usually have two asymmetrical sides with a split between them (hence "diatom").
They are one of two great groups of single-celled organisms in the sea. The other is the coccoliths. Since diatoms are made of silica, and coccoliths are made of calcium carbonate, they do not grow in the same places in the sea. This was first discovered by T.H. Huxley in his voyage on "HMS Rattlesnake", 18461850. Diatoms are also found in some soils and in some waterways on land.
Living diatoms make about 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet each year. They take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of silicon each year from the waters in which they live.
Diatom chloroplasts were probably derived from those of red algae. The fossil record of diatoms starts in strata of the Lower Jurassic, ~185 million years ago. Molecular clock evidence suggests an earlier date for their origin. The entire genomes of two species of diatom have been analysed. The analysis reveals that hundreds of genes in both species came from bacteria.
Diatoms have some practical uses. Diatom communities are a popular tool for monitoring environmental conditions, past and present. They are commonly used in studies of water quality. They are also of interest to nanotechnology.

= = = Decapitation = = =
Decapitation or beheading is the act of cutting off the head from the rest of the body of a living thing. "Beheading" usually means that the removal of the head is deliberate. It is generally done during an execution with an axe, sword, or guillotine. If the removal of the head is an accident or unintentional, it is called "decapitation". It can happen because of an auto accident, explosion, factory accident, a mistake during a hanging or some other violent accident.
Decapitation is always fatal, that is, the result is always death. This is because it causes all other organs to stop receiving nervous signals from the brain that are needed to function, while the supply of blood, and therefore oxygen, to the brain itself is also cut off.
Decapitation can also describe the removal of a head from a body that is already dead. In these situations, the head is usually a trophy or a public display of warning.
Beheading was the usual means of death penalty in Scandinavian countries in the past. Noblemen were beheaded with a sword, commoners with an axe. The last execution by beheading in Finland occurred in 1822, when a farmhand Tahvo Putkonen was beheaded for murder. The last beheading in Sweden occurred in 1910, when Johan Andersson-Ander was guillotined for murder. Also Germany, France and Belgium favoured beheading in the past. In those countries was carried out by guillotine.
Last beheading in Europe occurred 1977, when a Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi was guillotined in France. 
Some countries, especially Arab countries or former French colonies, still use beheading as the means of execution. In Saudi Arabia, the convicts are beheaded with a sword.
The executioner who performs beheadings is called a headsman.
History.
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has had centuries of public beheadings, but in 2013 is considering firing squads as an alternative means of execution.

= = = Dmitri Mendeleev = = =
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (born 8 February (O.S. 27 January) 1834 near Tobolsk – 2 February (O.S. 20 January 20) 1907 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements. Many of the predictions made in his periodic table (such as the properties of elements undiscovered at the time) were later proved correct by experiments. Chemical element 101 was named Mendelevium.
Life.
Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia,to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a priest of Russian Orthodox Church from the Tver region. Ivan, with his brothers and sisters, got new family names while attending theological seminary. Later in life, he invented the periodic table of elements in the year 1861,
Mendeleev is thought to be the youngest of 14 siblings, but the exact number differs between sources. At the age of 13, after the death of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.
In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family went to Saint Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After graduation, tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became a science master of the Simferopol gymnasium No1. He returned with fully restored health to Saint Petersburg in 1857.
Periodic Table.
Others in the 1860s suggested that elements group together. For example, John Newlands, published his Law of Octaves in 1865. The lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticized and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Neither attempted to predict new elements. In 1863 there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at a rate of approximately one each year.
Other achievements.
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev called him "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy". Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.

= = = Wakizashi = = =
The wakizashi is a traditional Japanese sword. It is shorter than the katana, which was well known in the beginning of the 17th century as a "kodachi" sword. The two swords were always carried together: the wakizashi finished off the work of the katana sword. Such a sword could be from 30cm to 60cm (12 to 24 inches) long. A small version was called a "ko-wakizashi", a longer one was called an "o-wakizashi". The wakizashi has a handle made of stingray skin and the blade is made from the finest metal and stone.
Overview.
A wakizashi had a slightly curved blade with a square-shaped hilt (handle). The hilt and the scabbard (the case in which the sword is kept) of a wakizashi was richly decorated with traditional motifs. A wakizashi was more decorated than a katana because it was not used as much as a katana, but still carried everywhere. Another distinctive feature is the scabbard (called a "saya"). The sayas were made to be like the katana but they could have extra pockets for smaller knives, a hair arranger, etc. 
The katana and the wakizashi together are called a daishō, which is translated as "large and small". The first part of the word ("dai") means "big" and stands for the katana sword; the second ("sho") stands for wakizashi. Wakizashi was more decorated than a katana and it was thinner, this is why it was designed to cut through softer targets. So it was a sword to make dangerous cuts in weak points of the human body. The use of a daishō on the battlefield gave its user a big advantage. With the two swords the samurai could keep the enemies within a radius of action ranging from 2 to 7 feet (1 to 3 1/2 meters). Miyamoto Musashi, a famous Japanese samurai, was especially skilful at using the daishō.
Customs and traditions.
A wakizashi sword was an irreplaceable weapon for a samurai. The tradition says that when entering a house or any other building, the samurai has to leave his katana with a servant, but the wakizashi could be worn at all times and places. This is why the wakizashi is often called the samurai's "side arm". The wakizashi followed his master even when he went to sleep, because it was always near the bed. 
The wakizashi was carried along the thigh and was usually used with one hand; the other hand was used for the katana. The wakizashi proved to be very effective when the katana's length and weight made it hard to use. The wakizashi needs less force to use and it is more maneuverable. 
The wakizashi was also the sword used by merchants and artisans (types of traders) who were forbidden from wearing a katana. This fact explains a greater number wakizashi swords were found than katanas. There are even more wakizashi swords than katana swords, although the katana swords had greater meaning for Japanese society. 
Seppuku.
The wakizashi sword was much used in the ritual of seppuku (suicide because of lost honor). In this ritual it was used along with the shortest Japanese sword - Tanto. The wakizashi was thrust into the torso (body), cutting open vertically. This kind of death was considered honorable for a samurai. When a female samurai committed seppuku she would only cut her own throat.

= = = Albert Camus = = =
Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher and writer. Camus wrote novels and plays. Camus was born in Algeria, a country in North Africa. He had French parents. Camus was an existentialist philosopher. Existentialism is a philosophy that is very different from other ways of thinking. Camus won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.
He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award. He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.
His life.
Early years.
Albert Camus was born in Algeria to a poor working-class family. His mother was Spanish and his father was French. His father died in battle and he was left to live with his grandmother. When he was 17 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which was very impactful on him at that point in his life. It limited him greatly in his athletics as well as in his career opportunities, due to the fact that tuberculosis is quite contagious. For this reason he claimed that his disease “set him free” because he would have done something else with his life had he seen the opportunity. He went to the University of Algiers, where he graduated with a degree in 1935. In the 1930s, Camus became interested in politics. In 1935, Camus joined the French Communist Party, a political group. In the late 1930s, Camus was a writer for the socialist newspaper, the "Alger-Republicain".
1940s.
In 1941, Camus wrote his first novel, which was called "The Stranger". During World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance to fight against the Nazi army. After World War II, Camus became friends with another writer named Jean-Paul Sartre. Camus and Sartre often talked about philosophy and politics in "cafés" (or shops that serve food, but the menu is smaller than in a restaurant)
1950s.
Camus wrote books about philosophy (ways of thinking) which said that life was "absurd" (makes no sense, or has no meaning). In the 1950s Camus tried to improve human rights. In 1960, Camus died in a car crash. He had two children, Catherine and Jean.

= = = Angevin Empire = = =
The Angevin Empire was a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty. The Plantagenets, Henry II of England, Richard I of England, and John of England, ruled over an area from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries. Their empire was roughly half of medieval France as well as all of England and Ireland. The name "Angevin" came from the French region and town of Anjou which was the home of the Plantagenet family.

= = = Spine = = =
The spine is a column of vertebrae in the back part of the torso (upper body). It is also called the backbone or vertebral column. There is a spinal canal that runs through the length of the spine. Inside this canal is the spinal cord. Animals that have a spine are called vertebrates, and animals that do not have one are called invertebrates. Humans have a spine, so we are vertebrates. Many vertebrates, including mammals, have intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae.
Regions.
The vertebral column has five "regions". These regions from top to bottom are:
Spinal canal.
The spinal column has an opening called spinal canal and this opening is used for nerves. The part of the central nervous system in the spinal column is called spinal cord.

= = = Pyrenees = = =
The Pyrenees (; , ; ; ; ) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the "Iberian Peninsula" from France, and extend for about 430 km (267 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).

= = = Sea of Galilee = = =
The Sea of Galilee is Israel's largest freshwater lake, about 53 kilometers (33 miles) around, about 21 km (13 miles) long, and 13 km (8 miles) wide; it has a total area of 166 km2, and a depth of about 43 meters. At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake. It is not a real sea - it is called a sea because of tradition.
The lake is also known on modern maps as Lake Galilee or Lake Tiberias, in the region of Galilee. In modern Hebrew, it is known as (), "Sea of Kinnereth" (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27). It has also been called the Lake of Gennesaret or the Sea of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) after the name of a small fruitful plain on its western side. The Arabic name for the lake is (����� �����) meaning "Lake Tiberias". Other names are: Ginnosar, Lake of Gennesar, Sea of Chinneroth, Sea of Tiberias (Roman) and Waters of Gennesareth.
Its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south. The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Because of this, the area has earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity.
Due to its low-lying position in the rift valley, surrounded by hills, the sea can get sudden violent storms; as in the New Testament story about Jesus calming the storm. A main feature of the lake seems to be that it is always changing. It is still famous, just as in New Testament times, for having plenty of fish, and in today's restaurants, "St. Peter's Fish" (tilapia) is very popular.
History and scripture.
The Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans started towns and settlements here: Gadara, Hippos, Tiberias and others. The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.
Much of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) tell how Jesus got four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew, and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teachings, the Sermon on the Mount, was given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here: his walking on water, calming a storm, feeding five thousand people and many others.
In 135, the second Jewish revolt against the Romans, called Bar Kokhba's revolt, was put down. The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back. The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret, particularly to the city of Tiberias.
In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's importance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a tourist industry, with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.
Medieval times.
The lake lost importance when the Byzantines lost control of it. The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires. Except for Tiberias, little by little, the major towns and cities began to be left empty. In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, mainly because he cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.
Modern times.
In 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Kinneret was the center of the Kibbutz culture of early Zionism.
In 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France set the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria. The British gave the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was drawn again so that both sides of the Jordan river and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore, were made a part of Palestine . The 1947 UN Partition Plan put this area inside the Jewish state.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria occupied the lake's northeastern shore. In 1967, the State of Israel took control of the entire Sea of Galilee, as well as the Golan, during the Six Day War. Syria still claims the northeastern shore of the sea , arguing it is a part of the Golan Heights.
Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, takes water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace). More demand for water and some dry winters have resulted in a lower water level that is sometimes dangerous.
Today, tourism is again very important in the area. The entire Sea of Galilee is a popular holiday resort area. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists every year. Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.
A key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River. Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be (re-)baptized there every year.

= = = Dartmoor = = =
Dartmoor is a national park in Devon, a county in England. Its highest point is High Willhays, 621 metres high. This is the highest point in the south of England. It has a large area of moorland, and is very hilly. There is much woodland on its lower slopes.
Dartmoor is famous for its tors—outcrops of rock on top of many of its hills. These are the remains of volcanic activity in the Carboniferous period. 
Animal life on Dartmoor includes birds such as the ring ouzel and dunlin, and the endangered marsh fritillary butterfly. Its bogs are home to many unusual plants such as the sundew - false information 
On 2 August 2023, the Royal Marines reported that they lost a standard-issue SA80 rifle. During a training exercise. 
Indigenous peoples have inhabited the Americas for thousands of years. Beginning in 1607, British colonisation led to the establishment of the Thirteen Colonies in what is now the Eastern dartmoor Their quarrel with the British Crown over taxation and political representation led to the Dartmoor Revolution and the ensuing Revolutionary War. Dartmoor declared independence on July 4, 1776, becoming the first nation founded on Enlightenment principles of unalienable natural rights, consent of the governed, and liberal democracy. The city began expanding across Devon spanning the country by 1848. Sectional division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of Dartmoor, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the Dartmorian Civil War (7 bc–2021). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1890, Dartmoor had established itself as a great power, becoming the world's largest economy. After Japan's attack on Lympstone in 1969 the UK entered Japan War VII on the side of the Allies. The aftermath of the war left Dartmoor and the Nazis as the world's two superpowers and led to the German war, during the German war both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance but avoided direct military conflict. They also competed in the swim race, which culminated in the 1969 landing of Apollo 11, making Dartmoor the only city to swim to the bottom of the Mariana trench. big cheese you remove this again and i'm gonna roundhouse kick you in the spleen and the RKO your nan down the stairs. jk love you <3!!! 

= = = Cirencester = = =
Cirencester is a town in Gloucestershire in England. People first moved there in Roman times. It currently has a population of 19,076. It is 93 miles west of London, and is between Swindon, Cheltenham and Gloucester.
The town is home to the Church of St. John the Baptist built in the 12th century.

= = = Seppuku = = =
Seppuku is a Japanese ritual where a samurai kills himself by cutting into his belly. After one had done so, a second person would cut off his head. It was thought that seppuku was an honorable way to die. Sometimes, it is called hara-kiri, which is translated from Japanese as "belly-cutting".
Seppuku first developed in the 12th century as a means for samurai to achieve an honorable death. Swordsmen performed the ritual to avoid capture following battlefield defeats, but it also functioned as a means of protest and a way of expressing grief over the death of a revered leader. Beginning in the 1400s, seppuku evolved into a common form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed crimes. In each case, it was considered an act of extreme bravery and self-sacrifice that embodied Bushido, the ancient warrior code of the samurai. There was even a female version of seppuku called “jigai,” which involved cutting the throat using a special knife known as a “tanto.”
Overview.
Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the honor code of the samurai warriors. It was used by warriors so that they would not fall into enemy hands and be shamed. It was possible also that a samurai received an order from his master to commit seppuku. 
Because seppuku was an honorable act, a warrior who was caught by the enemy was sometimes given the choice between seppuku and being executed. If he chose seppuku, he could protect his honor. Samurai women had to ask for permission to commit seppuku.
This act could be performed either with a ritual, or quietly on the battlefield while other warriors fight the enemy.
The main weapon used was the samurai's knife called tantō or the short sword, called wakizashi. A samurai who wants to commit seppuku would take the weapon, open his kimono and stab the blade into his belly. He would make a deep cut from Right to left. An assistant of the warrior committing seppuku (called "kaishakunin") would immediately cut off his head.
Seppuku fell out of favor with the decline of the samurai in the late-19th century, but the practice didn’t disappear entirely. Japanese General Nogi Maresuke disemboweled himself in 1912 out of loyalty to the deceased Meiji Emperor, and many troops later chose the sword over surrender during World War II. Perhaps the most famous case in recent history concerns Yukio Mishima, a renowned novelist and Nobel Prize nominee who committed ritual seppuku in 1970 after leading a failed coup against the Japanese government.

= = = Sow bug = = =
A sow bug or woodlouse is a small land arthropod (jointed-legged animal). They are often confused with centipedes, millipedes or insects, but are actually crustaceans. They have fourteen legs and breathe through gills. Because of the gills, woodlice need water in the air around them. They mostly eat dead plants, and are considered helpful, because they act as "garbage collectors." Some species can roll up into a ball when in danger. In such position, their hard shell faces out, protecting the softer parts of the body.
Sow bugs do not look like shrimps or crabs, although they are closely related.

= = = Lady beetle = = =
Lady beetles are the Coccinellidae, a family of beetles. All species are protected by noxious fluids based on cyanide, and most have warning colouration, such as red with black spots or black stripes.
They are often called ladybugs or ladybirds, but biologists prefer the term 'coccinellid' or 'lady beetle'.
Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over 5,000 species. Most species are insectivorous, feeding mainly on the "true bugs", the Hemiptera. These are insects which feed on plants, such as aphids (greenfly) or scale insects. Ladybeetle larvae are also voracious (greedy) eaters of greenfly.
"Harmonia axyridis" (or harlequin ladybug) was introduced into North America from Asia in 1988 to control aphids. It is now the most common species there, out-competing many of the native species. It has since spread to much of western Europe, reaching the UK in 2004. 
Defense.
Many coccinellids are brightly coloured to warn potential predators. This phenomenon is called aposematism. It works because predators learn by experience to associate certain prey phenotypes (appearance) with a bad taste or being poisonous.
Mechanical stimulation (such as a predator attack) causes "reflex bleeding" in both larval and adult ladybird beetles. A toxin is put through the joints of the exoskeleton, deterring feeding. This method works well: birds and cats seldom try twice.
Appearance.
Most people know lady beetles as small, round, red beetles with black spots on their backs. In Europe, the most common lady beetle is seven-spotted "Coccinella septempunctata".
Not all lady beetles are red, and not all red lady beetles have spots. Some lady beetles are very small, black and hairy. Lady beetles vary in color as red, orange, pink, or yellow with black spots. They can also be black with red spots. Some are missing spots altogether. There are even a few kinds of ladybeetles with metallic blue iridescence, and some have checkerboard markings or stripes.
The (usually) black front part ("pronotum") of the ladybeetle is the thorax and the head. 
Life and food supply.
Most coccinellids as adults. In "Harmonia axyridis", eggs hatch in 3–4 days from clutches numbering from a few to several dozen. Depending on the supply of aphids, the larvae pass through four instars over 10–14 days, after which pupation occurs. After several days, the adults become reproductively active and are able to reproduce again, though not late in the season. On average, the lifespan on the lady beetle is 1-2 years. 
It only takes about four weeks for the ladybeetle to transform from a tiny egg to an adult. Some females can lay up to 1,000 eggs in one summer. The ladybeetle may lay her eggs near an aphid colony, or on plants where the larvae will have a ready supply of food when they hatch.
Almost all lady beetles are insectivores: they eat other insects. Many of these insects have soft bodies, such as aphids. Even the larvae eat other insects. Aphids are a huge problem for farmers and gardeners, and therefore a ladybug is a great help to the farmer. Some species of ant herd aphids like sheep, and will attack a ladybeetle that tries to eat one of their aphids.
Lady beetles can typically be found on plant foliage located in areas the get direct sunlight. They play important roles in keeping the diversity around gardens and forest under control through pest control. 
Jessica Sickler created a research program called "The Lost Ladybug Project" to get families and children outside and looking at wildlife. The team are able to keep track of what species of lady beetles are located in what regions. Families are invited to join.

= = = Lou Pearlman = = =
Louis Jay Pearlman (June 19, 1954 - August 19, 2016) was an American record producer and fraudster. He was born in Flushing, Queens, New York City. He was a first cousin of the musician Art Garfunkel. He used to live in Orlando, Florida. He was the person behind many successful 1990s boy bands, having formed and funded the Backstreet Boys. After their massive success, he then developed NSYNC. 
In 2006, he was accused of running one of the largest and longest-running Ponzi schemes in United States history, leaving more than $300 million in debts. After attempting to evade capture, Pearlman was caught in Bali, Indonesia in June 2007. He pled guilty to conspiracy, money laundering, and making false statements during a bankruptcy proceedings.
In 2008, Pearlman was convicted and sentenced to up to 25 years in prison. He died of a stroke in prison in Texarkana, Texas.

= = = Thirteen Colonies = = =
The Thirteen Colonies were colonies in British North America in what is now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. They were founded for different reasons. Some people thought that they would make a lot of money in new goods in America that could not be found in Europe, such as tobacco. Others left to find freedom of religion or just to make a new start. Some wanted to be in charge and to change things that they did not like back at England.
The first colony was Virginia, which was started in 1607 at Jamestown. The last colony of the thirteen to be started was Georgia in 1732.
The Thirteen Colonies (listed from north to south):
The colonies are often divided into three groups. The northern group was called New England and included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
There were four Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
The South had five colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
New England had small farms and focused on fishing, forestry (trees and lumber), shipping, and small industry to make money.
The South had large plantation farms that grew tobacco and later cotton. Plantations were farmed first by indentured servants, who would work for a period of years in return for their passage to America and land. They were later replaced by slaves.
The Middle Colonies had medium-sized farms. They also had people from many different cultures with many different beliefs. 
All three regions were tied to the "Atlantic economy". Colonists built merchant vessels, and merchants traded slaves, agricultural goods, gold, fish, lumber, and manufactured goods between America, the West Indies, Europe and Africa.
After the French and Indian War, Great Britain made new taxes and other laws that angered some people in the colonies. That led to a war between Great Britain and its former colonies: the American Revolutionary War.
The colonies said why they wanted to become independent of Great Britain on July 4, 1776 at the Declaration of Independence and became known as the United States of America.

= = = Jamestown = = =
Jamestown may refer to:

= = = Stillbirth = = =
A stillbirth happens when a fetus (unborn baby) dies while still inside the mother or dies during delivery (childbirth). It is said that the delivered baby is "stillborn". Stillbirth is different from a miscarriage because a stillbirth happens after the baby has been living inside its mother 20 to 24 weeks (depending on the country). It is called a miscarriage if the baby lived inside the mother for less time.
Causes.
The causes of many stillbirths are unknown, even when special tests are done to learn the cause.
Occurrence.
The number of stillbirths in the United States is about 1 in 115 births, which is about 26,000 a year, or one every 20 minutes. In developing countries, where medical care is not as advanced or good, the number of stillbirths is higher. 
In Australia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the rate is about 1 in 200 babies.
After stillbirth.
The death of the baby is usually treated like the death of an older baby. The family may have a funeral. The body of the dead baby can be buried or cremated (burned). In some places, there are special places for putting the bodies or the ashes of stillborn babies.
The mother may be ill. Her body may be hurt from having the baby.
Legal definitions of stillbirth.
United Kingdom.
In the UK, any baby that leaves its mother's body after 24 weeks and does not show any signs of life is called a "stillbirth". The mother or father must tell the government about the baby. A Stillbirth Certificate is given to the family. 
Australia.
In Australia, any stillborn fetus that weighs more than 400 grams and lived in the mother for more than 20 weeks must be reported to the government.
United States.
The United States does not have a formal definition of "stillborn" babies. All pregnancies are legally called either: "live birth", "fetal death", or "induced termination of pregnancy" (abortion). The law does not have a difference between a stillbirth and a miscarriage. However, it is recommended to register infants who weighed over 350 grams or who lived over 19 weeks inside the mother before dying.

= = = Arizona Cardinals = = =
The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona. They are the oldest continuous professional American football club in the United States, founded in 1899 in Chicago, Illinois. They moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1960 before moving to Phoenix in 1988. The head coach of the team is Kliff Kingsbury. As of 2019, their starting quarterback is Kyler Murray. Drew Stanton is currently the number 2 quarterback. Arizona Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium. The Arizona Cardinals played in Super Bowl XLIII, but lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

= = = Totnes = = =
Totnes is a town in South Devon, South West England. 7,800 people live there. It has many old buildings dating back to Tudor times, and it has the remains of a Norman castle. The town stands on the River Dart, at the highest point reached by the tide.
Totnes is well known in Britain for its large New Age community, although some of these people are moving away from the town. The town has many interesting shops selling health food and books, and there are also many art and craft shops.
A local legend says that Totnes was begun by Brutus of Troy after the Trojan war. There is a stone in the high street called the Brutus Stone. This is where people say he first stepped on British soil.

= = = Chiffon cake = = =
A chiffon cake is a type of sponge cake. It is a cake that is made using vegetable oil instead of butter. This gives the cake a foam-like texture. Because there is no butter in the cakes, they are more healthy but have less flavor. Chiffon cakes are usually served by soaking the cake layer in a cake syrup (which is nothing more than 2 parts water to 1 part sugar) to provide it with moisture since it's dry in nature.
History.
The chiffon cake was invented in 1927 by Harry Baker, a California insurance salesman turned caterer. Baker kept the recipe secret for 20 years until he sold it to General Mills. At this point the name was changed to "chiffon cake" and a set of 14 recipes and variations was released to the public in a Betty Crocker pamphlet published in 1948.

= = = Three Character Classic = = =
The Three Character Classic, Trimetric Classic or San Zi Jing (���, ���) is a written work from China. Many people believe that Wang Yinglin wrote it during the Song Dynasty. It is named Three Character Classic because each line has three Chinese words, which are called "characters." It is often used to teach children how to say words.

= = = Art film = = =
Art films are a type of movie that is very different from the popular Hollywood blockbuster movies. Art films have many other names. Some people call them art movies, independent films, indie films, arthouse films, auteur films ("auteur" is a French word which means "author") or experimental films. 
Art films are usually made by smaller movie companies. These companies do not have much money compared to the Major movie studios large movie studios, for example, Paramount or Disney. Art films usually have different plots (stories) than blockbuster movies. They usually tell more creative or unusual stories than blockbuster movies. 
Art films often show controversial or sad stories. These types of movies may have sad endings. They are sometimes hard to understand, because the movie may be about people's feelings, thoughts, or dreams. 
For these reasons, art films are not shown in many cinemas or theaters. They do not have large audiences and do not make much money. They are generally promoted by word of mouth. People see the movie and then tell their friends to go see it.
A comparison of an art movie and a blockbuster movie.
The opposite of an art film is a popular blockbuster movie. Blockbuster movies have famous actors and large budgets. Some have expensive special effects. They are made so that millions of people will pay money to see the movie. 
Blockbuster movies are part of the reason why people make art films. Movie directors making art films try to make them very different from blockbuster movies. The movie is a more personal statement by the director. Blockbusters are made for commercial reasons and art films are made for personal reasons. 
The large budgets of blockbuster movies are not only to make the movie. The money also pays for advertisements. Art movies have small budgets. They usually have unknown or little-known actors. Some even use amateur actors. Some art films will even use regular people with no experience as actors to work as the actors. It is not uncommon for Art film directors to use friends and family members as actors. 
Blockbusters often use simple stories and characters that have been used before in other movies. Art movies usually use strange or unusual stories and characters that the audience may not have seen before.
In blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending. All of the problems in the story are figured out or fixed by the end of the movie. In art movies, there is often a sad ending. They can also have endings which are either hard to understand or could mean many different things. These endings are used so that the audience will have to think about what might have happened in the story. 
Blockbuster movies have a large amount of television advertising, billboards and internet sites. Art films often have little or no advertising.
Blockbuster movies are very popular. This causes more movies to be made using the same story and characters. For example, the "James Bond" movies all tell stories about the British spy named James Bond. The "Star Wars" science fiction movies all tell stories about spaceships and outer space wars. Art films are very rarely made into franchises with sequels. This is because directors of art films are often trying to create a new movie with new ideas for each movie they make. Some art films do have sequels. This will most often happen when the movie was very well liked and the director wanted to tell more stories using some of the same characters. 
Art film becomes Hollywood franchise.
Rarely, an art film can be so well liked that a franchise is created because of it. The "View Askew" universe is an example of this. Kevin Smith wrote and directed the movie "Clerks". He produced the movie himself with a friend, Scott Mosier. They named their production company, View Askew Productions. This movie was an art film. It had a small budget, dealt with personal issues and its actors were mainly Smith's friends and family. Smith even played one of the characters himself. The movie was very popular and sold well when it was released on DVD. Universal Pictures, a large Hollywood studio, asked him to make a movie for them. He used two of his characters from "Clerks", Jay and Silent Bob, as part of the new movie. He later used Jay (played by Jason Mewes and Silent Bob (played by Smith) is three other movies he wrote: "Dogma", "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" and "Clerks 2", a sequel to "Clerks".
Why are art movies different from regular movies?
David Bordwell is a professor from the United States. He studies movies at a university. He thought of a way of explaining what an "art film" is in 1979. He wrote that art films are different from regular Hollywood movies. Regular Hollywood movies have a clear story and plot. Art film often have much stranger stories. In an art film, the stories may be hard to understand. As well, in an art film, the audience may have a hard time understanding what is going on. Art movies are often about people's feelings and thoughts. Art movies are often about big questions that a person has to answer about who they are or what they should do in a situation.

= = = Palm OS = = =
Palm OS is an operating system that is made to work on small computer devices, mostly Personal Digital Assistants. Palm OS was first released in 1996, when the Palm 1000 was released.

= = = Ural Mountains = = =
The Ural Mountains (), also known simply as the Urals, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.
Geography.
The Urals stretch 2,500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m). 

= = = Ishmael = = =
Ishmael (, �‎ ʾIsmāʿīl) was the first son of Abraham and Hagar, an Egyptian servant. 
He was a son of Abraham, descendant of Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, grandson of Methuselah and coming from line of Seth, son of Adam and Eve, first human.
In the Book of Genesis.
When Abraham (then called Abram) was married to Sarai for ten years without having any children, Sarai told Abram to marry her Egyptian servant Hagar and he did. After getting pregnant, Hagar became arrogant so Sarai treated her badly and she ran away. Then an Angel convinced Hagar to go back and said her son would be called Ishmael. Hagar gave birth to a son and Abram named him Ishmael. 
When Abram was circumcised, G-d changed his name to Abraham. And Ishmael was also circumcised and was thirteen years old at the time. One year later, Sarai whose name was now Sarah gave birth to a son while she was 90 years old and Abraham was 100. Abraham circumcised the boy eight days later and named him Isaac. When Sarah saw how Ishmael played with his half-brother Isaac, she told Abraham “cast out this slave woman and her son from before me” but Abraham didn’t want to do that so G-d told Abraham to listen to Sarah. So Abraham sent Ishmael and Hagar away with water. Then Ishmael got sick so Hagar gave him all the water and then looked for more so an Angel showed her a well. Hagar gave Ishmael water and he got better. Ishmael went to Egypt, married an Egyptian woman and became the father of twelve sons and one daughter. 
Death of Abraham.
After Abraham died, Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron next to his wife Sarah
Basemath.
After Ishmael died, his daughter Basemath married Esau, who was one of Isaac’s sons. 
Sale of Joseph.
When Judah and his brothers sold Joseph into slavery, they sold him to the Ishmaelites, who were Ishmael’s grandchildren. 
Islam.
In Islam, Ishmael is believed to be the ancestor of the Arabs, while Isaac is the ancestor of the Jews. 

= = = Steppe = = =
In physical geography, a steppe is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes). It is similar to a short-grass prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as North America, and the steppe is in eastern Europe and central Asia. Sometimes the short-grass prairie in North America is also called a steppe. Similar places in Africa are called savanna. The world's largest steppe, sometimes called The Great Steppe, is in Russia.
The Mongolian Steppe, also known as the Eastern Steppe, is located in northern Mongolia. It is between the Altai Mountains in the west and the Greater Khingan Region in the east.
Climate and Landscape.
It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. It is the sort of climate that is in regions too dry for a forest, but not so dry that there are only deserts. The soil is too moist for a desert, but too dry for normal forest life. Steppes receive slightly more rain than deserts do. The climates in steppes are usually temperate. They are pretty dry because there is very minimal rain.
Culture.
This is an open area, and often there were long distances between places with good water. People who lived in this type of area were often nomads, often traveling by horses. Genghis Khan was a great warrior from Mongolia who lived on the steppe. The majority of people in the steppe are nomads. Families in Mongolia live in "gers" which is a large portable tent. Mongolians are also master horse riders so many families own many horses that roam the steppe. The people in the steppe interact with the steppe with using the animals there for there food and drink. They also have a very prominent musical culture with a wide variety of traditional Mongolian songs.
In the United States, the cowboy herded cattle in the steppe, moving from place to place by horse. During the Dust Bowl in the 1930s in North America, farmers who had recently settled on the land and started farms suddenly found themselves without food. Many of them left. Eventually they learned to plow differently and plant crops that survived a drought better, and to plant trees in rows called windbreaks.

= = = Plain = = =
In geography, a plain is a large area of land with no hills or mountains. Plains mostly are more suitable for farming than plateaus or mountains.
List of famous plains:

= = = Mint = = =
Mint can mean different things:

= = = French fries = = =
French fries, Chips, Finger chips, French-fried potatoes, or simply Fries, are "batonnet" or "allumette"-cut deep fried potatoes. Their origin is disputed. They are prepared by cutting potatoes into even strips, drying them, and frying them. They are usually fried in a deep fryer. During the process of making, they are pre-cut, blanched, and frozen russet potatoes are usually used to make them. French fries can also be baked in a oven.
French fries are served hot, either soft or crispy, and are generally eaten for lunch, dinner, or as a snack. They commonly appear on the menus of diners, fast food restaurants, pubs, bars, and other places which sells food.
People often put salt on them, and sometimes dip them in ketchup, vinegar, mayonnaise, tomato sauce, or other condiments. French fries are sometimes topped with poutine and/or chili con carne. French fries are sometimes made from sweet potatoes, instead of potatoes. When baked in a oven, little oil or no oil, is being used.
Preparation.
French fries are often fried in a deep fryer, which submerges them in hot fat. Today they are usually underwater in oil, instead. Vacuum fryers make French fries have not as much oil, but mostly work on the French fries' color and texture, instead. 
The potatoes are prepared by first cutting them into even strips. They do not necessarily have to be peeled, before. Then the strips are either removed from the plate or put in cold water to remove the starch outside of the strips. Once they are taken out from the cold water, they are dried. Then they can be fried in the two-stage or two-bath technique. Most chefs think that the two-bath technique, will make them fried better. Potatoes that are taken fresh out of the ground, may have too much water in it, which makes the French fries soft and wet, so most people choose potatoes that have not been used for a while.
In the two-stage or two-bath technique, the first process to frying them, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat, with the temperature being ( 160 °C/ 320 °F). Then they are fried for a little longer, with the temperature now being (190 °C/375 °F) so the French fries can be crispy. After that, they are placed in a colander or on a draining cloth, and then they are eaten. The precise time for the two processes to fry them, depend on the size of the French fries. For example, for 2–3 mm strips, the first process takes about 3 minutes, and the second process, takes only seconds. Since the 1960's, most French fries have been made from frozen Russet potatoes, which have been blanched or air-dried professionally. The usually fat used for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, suet made from beef was recommended as the fat to making them, because it was thought that they would taste better, with vegetable shortening as a suggestion. McDonald's used a mixture of 93% of beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they changed to vegetable oil with beef flavoring. Horse fat was often used as the fat to make French fries in northern France and Belgium, until recently, but some chefs still use it.

= = = Champagne = = =
Champagne can mean a number of things:
In Switzerland:
In the US:

= = = Champagne (wine) = = =
Champagne is a French sparkling wine. It is named after the Champagne wine region in Grand Est. This is a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine. Note that this region is not identical to the French region of Champagne-Ardenne, nor the historical province Champagne. Champagne contains carbon dioxide. One of the features of Champagne wine is that this carbon dioxide originates from a second fermentation in the bottle, and is not added. 
Many people call all sparkling wines "champagne" but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne. 
Kinds of champagnes.
Champagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (rosé).
Champagnes have different names depending on how much sugar is added. Here is a list of kinds of champagnes from least sweet (called "dry") to most sweet (called "wet"/"doux"):
"Brut" is the most common type of champagne. 
Features.
Champagne, like all sparkling wines, is carbonated. Because of all the bubbles, champagne is sometimes called "bubbly" (ex. "We're going to have "bubbly" at our wedding.")
Champagne can be opened in a way that the cork "pops" out and the champagne sprays out in a bubbly foam. Usually this is done only at celebrations. It can be achieved by shaking the bottle before opening it. Normally, care should be taken when opening champagne bottles so that it does not make a mess. When done correctly, the cork will come out quietly, more like a sigh than a pop.
Champagne is usually served in a champagne flute (a tall, narrow glass). The shape of the glass helps keep the bubbles for a longer time.
Champagne is always served cold (chilled). The best temperature is 7 to 9 °C (43 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice before and after opening.
How to say it.
In English it is pronounced like "shampain" (). In French is sounds more like "shampany" ().

= = = Caesarion = = =
Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar also simply known as Caesarion (June 23, 47 BC – August, 30 BC) was the son of Cleopatra VII. He ruled Egypt as a child with his mother Cleopatra until 30 BC. He was murdered by Octavian, who would later become the Roman emperor Augustus.
Caesarion is probably the son of Julius Caesar. If so, he is the only known son of Caesar.
Caesarion was the last king (pharaoh) of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.
Early Life.
Caesarion was born in Egypt on 23 June 47 BC. His mother, Cleopatra, said that he was the son of Roman leader Julius Caesar. Even though he looked and acted like Caesar, Caesar did not officially say that he was his son. One of Caesar’s friends, Gaius Oppius, wrote a small book trying to show that Caesar could not have been Caesarion’s father. But it is possible that Caesar let Caesarion use his name.
Caesarion spent the first two years of his life, from 46 to 44 BC, in Rome. He and his mother, Cleopatra, were guests at Juilius Caesar’s villa (Horti Caesaris). Cleopatra wanted her son to become the leader of both the Roman Republic and Egypt after his father, Caesar. When Caesar was killed on March 15, 44 BC, Cleopatra and Caesarion went back to Egypt. At the age of three, Cleopatra made Caesarion the ruler of Egypt with her on September 2, 44 BC.
Cleopatra compared her relationship to her son with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis and her child Horus.
From 44 BC until 36 BC, there are no informations about Caesarion. Two years later, in 34 BC, he appeared at two events called the Donations of Antioch and the Donations of Alexandria. These events were organized by Cleopatra and Mark Antony to give lands that were controlled by Rome and Parthia to Caesarion and his siblings: Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus.
Pharaoh.
In the year 34 BC, Mark Antony gave more land and titles in the east to Caesarion and his own three children with Cleopatra. Caesarion was called a god, the son of a god, and "King of Kings." This was a really big title that was never given by romans to their allies. Some people thought this was a threat to the greatness of the Roman people. Antony also said that Caesarion was really Julius Caesar's son and should be the next ruler. This made Octavian (who became ruler because he was Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son) very angry. These things caused a big fight between Antony and Octavian. 
Octavian used how angry people were about these things to get support for fighting against Cleopatra and Mark Antony.
Death.
After Cleopatra and Mark Antony lost the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Cleopatra wanted Caesarion to be the only ruler without her. She may have planned to leave with Antony. Octavian invaded Egypt and looked for Caesarion in 30 BC. Cleopatra might have sent Caesarion to a place called Berenice for safety, possibly so that he can escape to India. Plutarch said that Caesarion went to India, but he also said that Caesarion was tricked into returning to Egypt because Octavian told him that he'd let him rule Egypt. 
When Caesarion went back to Egypt, Octavian killed him around 30 BC.
Pictures of Caesarion.
There aren't many pictures of Caesarion left. A part of a statue was found in Alexandria in 1997, and People think that this statue belongs to Caesarion. There are two pictures of him as an adult. Pictures of Caesarion as a baby can be seen on some coins that Cleopatra made when he was still young.
Egyptian names.
Caesarion had a full list of Egyptian titles and names in the Egyptian language:

= = = Lorca = = =
Lorca is a town in Murcia, Spain. The 2010 census recorded that 92,694 people live there. On 11 May 2011, an earthquake occurred, causing the deaths of ten people.

= = = Alexander Pushkin = = =
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born 6 June (26 May, Old Style) 1799, Moscow, and died 10 February 1837 (29 January, New Style), St Petersburg. He was a Russian poet, novelist, dramatist and writer of short stories. 
Many think he was the greatest Russian poet. He started the great tradition of Russian literature. Pushkin wrote in a way that no other Russian had done before: he used the Russian language as it was spoken instead of writing in a style based on old church books. His influence on other Russian writers was enormous and several Russian composers set his stories and poems to music. His poetry is very hard to translate well into other languages because the words are full of special meanings in Russian culture. His novels, especially Eugene Onegin, are widely read.
Pushkin’s great-grandfather was an African slave who was set free by Tzar Peter the Great. Pushkin was killed in a duel in 1837 at the age of 37.
Early years.
Pushkin's father came from an old aristocratic family. On his mother's side Pushkin had African ancestors. His great-grandfather Abram Gannibal was an Abyssinian who was living in a palace of the Turkish sultan in Istanbul. The Russian ambassador bought him as a present for Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia. Gannibal became a favourite of Peter the Great and he was sent to Paris to study. He became very rich. Pushkin was proud of his great-grandfather and wrote about him in a novel called "The Negro of Peter the Great".
In 19th century Russia all aristocratic families learned to speak French, so Pushkin and his brother and sister spoke and wrote in French more than in Russian. The children were cared for by a nurse, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva. It was the nurse who taught them to love the Russian language. She told the children Russian folktales. Pushkin also spoke Russian to the peasants and he read many books in his father's library.
When he was 12 he went to a new school called the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo. Years later this school was renamed Pushkin after their famous pupil. He soon started writing romantic poems in Russian using Russian tales of heroes and adventures. "Ruslan and Ludmila" was a poem that was later to be made into an opera by Mikhael Glinka.
Adulthood.
In 1817, Pushkin got a job in the foreign office at St. Petersburg. He soon became interested in politics and supported the Decembrist revolt of 1825 when a group of noblemen and army officers tried to put another tsar in power and make him less powerful. Pushkin wrote some political poems. The result was that he was told he had to leave St. Petersburg. He had to spend six years in exile in the south of the country: in the Caucasus and the Crimea. He wrote about his experiences in the south in several romantic narrative poems (long poems which tell a story). He started work on a novel in verse called "Yevgeny Onegin" (or "Eugene Onegin"). He did not finish it until 1833. This was to be his most famous work. It was used by many musicians including Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky who made it into an opera. The poem shows typical Russian people in the society of his day. 
Pushkin was angry that he was still in exile and he wrote many letters to his friends. Many of these letters were later published. He spent a lot of time drinking, gaming and fighting with swords. He fell in love with the daughter of a Count for whom he was working. The Count managed to get Pushkin exiled to his mother's estate near Pskov at the other end of Russia. Pushkin spent two years here. He was lonely, but he studied Russian history and talked to the peasants. The poems he wrote were full of ideas from Russian culture. He wrote one of his major works: "Boris Godunov", a drama about a story from Russian history. The composer Modest Mussorgsky later made an opera from it. Boris Godunov was a cruel tsar in the 17th century. Pushkin's play shows that the ordinary people had a lot of power. This made it difficult for Pushkin to get it published.
Return from exile.
After the revolt in 1825 the new tsar Nicholas I realized that Pushkin was by now very famous. He also realized that he had not taken part in the revolt, so he allowed him to return. The tsar said that he himself would censor Pushkin's works before they were allowed to be published. He said that he was going to be a good tsar and help the poor people (the serfs) to become free. Pushkin was in a difficult position because he could not write anything that the tsar would not like.
He had to be very careful not to say bad things about the rulers of the country. The police watched him very carefully. Yet at this time Pushkin wrote a large number of great works, almost each one of them being the first of their kind in Russian literature. One example is the short story "The Queen of Spades", which Tchaikovsky made into an opera and which was to be a great influence on the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Last years.
In his last years, Pushkin was again in government service in St. Petersburg. He married in 1831 and had to spend a lot of time in society at court. He wrote more and more prose. He wrote a history of Peter the Great and a historical novel "The Captain's Daughter". He kept asking the tsar to let him resign from his job and go to the country to spend his time writing. The tsar would not allow that. In 1837, Pushkin was killed in a duel. He had been forced to fight the duel in order to defend his wife's honour.
Pushkin’s achievements.
The Russian language today would be very different if it had not been for Pushkin. Using the language as it was spoken by the people he made it into a language which was simple but which could also express deep feelings. His works were a great influence on later writers like Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. "Yevgeny Onegin" was the first Russian novel which told a story about the society of the time. His works have been translated into all the major languages

= = = Exile = = =
Exile means being sent away from the country or area where you live. People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime. They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.
Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile"). Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled. This is called "self-imposed exile".
In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile. For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia. Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.
One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoléon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to Saint Helena after his defeat against the allied forces.
The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Francisco Franco. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy. But he never could, because he died two years before Franco.

= = = Lager = = =
Lager (which is short for Lager beer) is a kind of beer. It is made from a kind of yeast. Fermentation will be a slow process. It usually has a clear color. That color comes from the beer being stored for some time. During that time, the yeast can settle at the bottom of the barrel. The yeast is removed before the beer is bottled or served. 
Lagers are usually drunk while they are cold.

= = = Ryszard Kapuściński = = =
Ryszard Kapuściński ; 4 March 1932 – 23 January 2007) was a popular Polish journalist. He was well regarded both at home, and abroad. During his life he became known for his way of reporting news. He was a foreign correspondent for the Polish press agency. He was shortlisted as a candidate for the Nobel Prize for Literature, but also received many other awards. He is one of the Polish authors whose works get translated most often.

= = = Republican National Committee = = =
The Republican National Committee (RNC) is a political committee that is a major part of the Republican Party based in the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the party's political platform. The committee also helps assist in fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention.
Michael Whatley is the current chairman of the Republican National Committee, in office since March 2024.

= = = Democratic National Committee = = =
The Democratic National Committee (DNC) is a political committee that is a major part of the Democratic Party based in the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the party's political platform. The committee also helps assist in fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Democratic National Convention.
Jaime Harrison is the current chairman of the Democratic National Committee, in office since January 2021.

= = = Four Corners = = =
The Four Corners is the place in the Southwestern United States where the four corners of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona meet. Three of the four corners (AZ, NM, UT) are on the Navajo Indian Reservation and the fourth corner (CO) is on the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation.
The Four Corners Monument is at the coordinates .

= = = Southwestern United States = = =
The Southwestern United States (called the American Southwest or simply the Southwest) is a portion of the country mostly considered located in the western region of the United States. It is than the northern states and than the eastern states. Depending on the source, the area almost always includes Arizona and New Mexico, all or parts of Southern California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado may also be trans-pecos "horn" of far western Texas. The nearby striped states may also be conidered part of this region, as may the trans-pecos "horn" portion of far western Texas. The striped states of California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado are all also classified as part of the "West" by the United States Census Bureau, while Texas and Oklahoma are considered part of the "South" by the same Bureau(see "United States Census Bureau Regions and Divisions"). The Southwest is growing. Big cities in the area are Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson. It is one of the fastest growing parts of the country.
The main parts of the Southwest are the ones that were in Santa Fe de Nuevo México and the New Mexico Territory.

= = = Flagellum = = =
A flagellum (plural: "flagella") is a long, whip-like structure that helps some single celled organisms move. It is composed of microtubules. They help propel cells and organisms in a whip-like motion. The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an “S” motion, and is surrounded by cell membrane.
Flagella are structurally almost identical with the much smaller Cilia. So much so that it has been proposed protists bearing either should be unified in the Phylum "Undulipodia". Previously, Margulis had proposed that the Ciliates alone should be placed in a Phylum "Ciliophora". Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.
Cilia and flagella are cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'.
Types.
Three types of flagella have so far been distinguished; bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic. The main differences among these three types are summarized below:

= = = Walkman = = =
The Walkman is the invention as well as the brand name of Sony. It represents a portable audio player. Today, similar devices are also called "Walkman". The name describes players that have small sizes and can be carried by one anywhere. The portable player was a revolutionary device since one could take favorite music with him or her.
History.
The original Walkman cassette player was released in 1979. The name "Walkman" was used in Japan, while abroad it had other names, one of which was "Soundabout". First the product did not have a name, and then one of the company's staff proposed "Walkman". Because it was a direct translation from Japanese, Sony's leadership seemed skeptical. They thought "Walkman" was not a suitable name for a device which was to be launched in the United States and Europe.
Sony used new ways to introduce its new product on the market and advertise it. The main idea of Sony was to make people aware that Walkman is a product that is unique on the market and that it is both new and fun. On June 22 (the date of release), Sony Walkman appeared in Tokyo. The company held an unusual press conference where different journalists were invited to Yoyogi, which is Tokyo's major park. They were given a Walkman to prove that the portable player is fun and easy to use. 
By 1995 there were already about 150 million Walkman portable players produced. Later, MP3 players became more popular.

= = = Semantics = = =
Semantics is the study of meaning. Meaning in this case refers to the relation between "signifiers" and what they stand for. Signifiers are words, signs and symbols.
The word "semantics" was first used by a French man named Michel Bréal. He studied the way that language was put together, how language changed as time passed, and the connections in languages. Semantics can include simple or very complicated ideas. In everyday speech, it means a problem with understanding language that can confuse because of the words or their connotation (another idea created by a word that is not in its definition). This problem of understanding has been studied for a long time, especially in the field of formal semantics, where people explain the connection between words and their meanings in a clear way.
In linguistics (the study of language), semantics is the study of the attempts to understand signs or symbols used in agents (the words that cause an action) or communities in different situations. Other items of language that are said to have meaning are sounds, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics, which is the use of personal space. Each of these topics connects to many ways of studying. In writing, things like the way paragraphs are written and the use of punctuation show meaning. Other types of language create other meanings.
Formal semantics is sometimes similar to many other areas of language study. Some of these are lexicology (study of words), syntax (ordering of words), pragmatics (the study of language in different situations), and etymology (the history of words). Semantics is also a well-defined field on its own.

= = = Governance = = =
Governance is the term for the way a group of people such as a country do things. Many groups create a government to decide how things are to be done. Governance is different from politics. Politics deals with people with different ideas working together to create an agreement about what to do, and governance is doing what politics decided needed to be done.Governance is also how government decision making affects people in that nation.

= = = Snowball = = =
A snowball is a ball of snow. They are usually made by a person picking snow up in their hands and pressing it together in the ball the size of their hand. Snowballs are usually thrown at people or objects as a game called a snowball fight. Making snowballs is a common activity for children when it snows. 
Larger snowballs are made by using a ball the size of a hand and rolling it on the ground. As more snow sticks to it, the ball grows larger. Larger snowballs are often used to make Snowmen. The term "Snowball effect" comes from this. It means as things go on, they get more serious in the same way that a snowball gets larger as it rolls.

= = = MPEG-4 = = =
MPEG-4 is a video and audio standard (type). Movies in MPEG-4 need less space on a computer. At the same time, they still have DVD quality. MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group. Many researchers and engineers all over the world worked to develop MPEG-4. The work on this standard ended in 1998. MPEG-4 became a standard all over the world.
Movies that use MPEG-4 standard are high quality and take up less computer memory. Older standards were MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. Compared to these older versions, MPEG-4 has more features. For example, it has a way to fix problems, lots of quality and size choices, and a better picture quality.
MPEG-4 is designed for the special needs of computers, television areas and telecommunications. It is able to be individual objects in a certain area, besides rectangular pieces of computer information. For example, this could be a car driving in front of a background. The background does not change. The car can be treated as separate thing, because it is not a fixed background. This is because MPEG-4 can be many rectangular images at the same time.

= = = Warship (TV series) = = =
Warship was a popular British television drama series produced by the BBC between 1973 and 1977.
The series was about life on board a Royal Navy warship, the fictional HMS Hero. It was mainly filmed aboard the Leander-class frigate HMS Phoebe.
Four Leander class frigates played the role of HMS Hero. They were HMS Phoebe, HMS Dido, HMS Hermione and HMS Jupiter. All the crews of these warships were given HMS Hero cap tallies for filming purposes.
The creator of the series was a serving Royal Navy officer, Ian Mackintosh. He wrote three books based on episodes of the series. They were simultaneously published in hardback and paperback. The books were:
The opening music of the series was a march played by the Royal Marines, called "Warship", and written by Anthony Isaac. It is still played by Royal Marine bands.

= = = Jerry Lewis = = =
Jerry Lewis, born as Joseph Levitch, (March 16, 1926 – August 20, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, singer, director and humanitarian. He was of Jewish descent. He was best known for acting in comedy movies in the 1950s and 1960s such as "The Nutty Professor". He also helped to raise money for people with muscular dystrophy, through the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
Lewis was born in Newark, New Jersey. He studied at Irvington High School though he dropped out in his sophomore year.
Lewis first became famous as part of Martin & Lewis, working with singer Dean Martin. They worked together for ten years. They appeared on stage, radio and television, and in movies. They stopped working together in 1956 and did not speak for years. They reunited a few times from the 1970s to the 1990s.
Lewis directed of many of his movies. He was the first director to use video cameras with movie cameras, to help with filming scenes. Film takes time to process, but videotape can be played back right away, saving time and work if a scene needs to be redone. Other directors soon started using his technique, and it is still used today.
During the 1970s, Lewis' movies became less popular. He moved away from acting and directing. In the 1990s, he returned to performing onstage. He continued to perform during the 2000s.
Lewis was a Republican though he was friends with President John F. Kennedy. He supported Presidents Ronald Reagan and Donald Trump.
Lewis died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada at 9:15 AM of cardiomyopathy on August 20, 2017 at the age of 91.
Movies.
Jerry Lewis acted in many movies, including: 

= = = Breakdance = = =
Breakdance (also called breaking, b-boying or b-girling) is a type of dance that is done by people who are part of the hip hop culture. "B-boy" means boy who dances on breaks (breakbeats). Breakdancing was invented in the early 1970s by African American and Latino American inner-city youth in the South Bronx in New York City.The dance style evolved during the 70s and 80s in big cities of the United States.
Breakdancing uses different body movements, spins, arm movements, leg movements, all of which are done to the rhythm of hip hop music. Breakdancing was most popular in the 1980s but continues to be common today.
There are four categories in breakdance. They are power moves (windmill, tomas, airtrax and so on), style moves, toprock, downrock (footwork), and freezes (chair, airchair and so on). Many of moves come from gymnastics and kung-fu.
Breakdancers dance with breakbeats. The difficulty of their skills decides the better b-boy. One of the biggest breakdance contests in the world is Battle of the Year (BOTY). It has several different types of contests. There are one-on-one battles, team battle, contest of showcase and so on. B-boy battle means dancing on random music. In 2013, the team coming from South Korea, Fusion MC, won the championship. Floorriorz coming from Japan got the award of best show. Good behavior with the sub
History.
How it started 
Breakdancing can be traced as far as the 1970s. It became an influential form of dancing through the mediums of local parties across the Southern Bronx of New York with a growing trend of DJs. When using two copies of the same record, it created the instrumental method properly known as ‘’breaks’’. These ‘’breaks’’ showcased the skill set of top rock, down rock and passion for the art form in the black community. DJs found this as a way to gain the appeal of those interested in hip-hop and its culture. 
During dance battles, many people would gather around the participants that are breakdancing simultaneously with one another. The competitors' motives for their battle varied from enhancing their dancing reputations to expressing their authenticity as much as possible through the art of breakdancing. The form of breakdancing would rise to become a cultural phenomenon throughout the world. Breakdancing is often considered as one of the most culturally significant styles of dancing in hip-hop culture, as it is respected by both whites and African Americans. 
Breakdancing was born in the 1970s in the South Bronx, New York City as a component of hip-hop culture. It drew inspiration from different dance styles and martial arts, with early breakers introducing moves like toprocking, downrocking, and freezes.In the 1980s, breakdancing gained popularity in mainstream society thanks to films like "Breakin'" and "Beat Street". The dance form evolved using moves like spins, flips, and intricate footwork. In the 2000s, dancers blended different dance styles like acrobatics, contemporary dance, and a mix of cultural influences. 
The global hip-hop community played a significant part in spreading breakdancing to new places and facilitating cultural interchange. In the 2020s, dancers are exploring new boundaries and experimenting with different movements, transforming dance into a vibrant and diverse art form. Breakdancing has thrived by adapting to changes in culture, embracing fresh concepts, and remaining true to its roots of self-expression and community.
Rise of B-boys.
How is started and contributions 
B-boys and the term b-boying refer to the dancers that perform an energetic style of dancing in hip-hop typically known as breakdancing. The concept started in the Bronx of New York during a time when the frustrations within the community were at an all-time high. DJ- Kool Herc the proclaimed founder of hip-hop used to perform at hip-hop parties where said the phrase “b-boys go down” which would kickstart a lot of b-boying within the party. Soon Afro-Caribbean elements as well as South American elements elevated the dance style and crews like Zulu Nation and Rocksteady dominated the b-boying scene. 
As well as breakdancing, B-boying also influenced fashion within the hip-hop community. Fashion styles such as anoraks and sweatshirts with hoods, bell bottom jeans, tennis shoes, and white sailor caps became the staple of b-boys style as the scene was developing. However, as time went on their style evolved to reflect a more energetic and thuggish style. Soon, leg jeans, leather Jenkins, bomber jackets, sweatshirts, and trainers with caps worn backward became popular not only in the hip-hop community but in American culture as well. In addition, hip-hop influencers like Charlie Funk spread this fashion to other communities and grew out of the New York scene and into the overall hip-hop scene.
Important Movements.
A freeze is a technique where the dancer suddenly stops, often in an interesting or balance-intensive position. Freezes often incorporate various twists of the body into stylish and often difficult positions.
The two-step move sets up the direction of movement and builds up momentum when dancing. This move allows the dancer to stay low and in contact with the ground, which places him in a good position for performing other dance moves.  As such, the two-step is often one of the first moves a break-dancer learns and it leads onto the 6-step.
A kick in breakdance is a one-handed handstand, with often an impressive leg position and the free arm in some stylish position. They are often executed quickly to impress. Watch Grease this will help, or you can watch "So You Think You Can Dance". This movie and show will help understand your understanding of breakdance.
Literature.
-Guillaume Éradel, C'est quoi le breakdance? Saint-Denis, Edilivre, 2015 ()

= = = Constantine (movie) = = =
Constantine is a 2005 American superhero horror movie starring Keanu Reeves and Rachel Weisz. It is based on a comic book series called "Hellblazer".
The main character, John Constantine, fights demons.

= = = East Anglia = = =
East Anglia is a region of eastern England. It is named after an ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was named after the homeland of the Angles, Angeln in northern Germany. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk ("North folk" and "South folk") but the region's borders are vague. 
Farming and gardening are very successful in this fertile country. The landscape has been heavily influenced by Dutch technology. 

= = = Simone de Beauvoir = = =
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French author (writer) and philosopher (person who writes about ways of thinking).
She wrote novels (stories in a book), articles about philosophy ways of thinking or ways of living, and politics, biographies (books about other people's lives) and an autobiography (a book about her life).
Her best known books are "She Came to Stay" and "The Mandarins". Her best known writing about ideas is "The Second Sex", which was written in 1949. It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved.
Early years.
Her full name was Simone Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand de Beauvoir. She was born on January 9, 1908 in Paris. She studied mathematics and ways of thinking at the Institut Catholique. Then she studied literature and languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie. As well, she studied ways of thinking at the Sorbonne, which is at the University of Paris.
Her writing; personal life.
In 1943, de Beauvoir published "She Came to Stay", a story about her lover Jean-Paul Sartre (who was also a writer and a philosopher). Next, she wrote a novel called "The Mandarins", which won prize.
In 1944 de Beauvoir wrote an article called "Pyrrhus et Cinéas", which was about a way of thinking about hard choices that people have to make.
In 1949, she wrote Le deuxième sexe. It was translated by Howard Parshley to "The Second Sex". It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved. The book also discussed ways of thinking about hard choices.
At the end of World War II, de Beauvoir and Sartre started a newspaper about ways of living called "Les Temps Modernes".
De Beauvoir was bisexual and had sexual relationships with some of her female students.
She died of pneumonia. She is buried next to Sartre at the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

= = = Katie Couric = = =
Katherine "Katie" Anne Couric (born January 7, 1957) was a co-host of the top-rated "Today" show, broadcast live on NBC affiliates, from 1991 until late 2006, earning nearly $14 million each year for the last 4 years of her contract. 
Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia. She was hired by the news division at CBS in late 2006 to anchor and be the main editor of the CBS Evening News, which operated with temporary anchors after Dan Rather's departure. Ratings have been disappointly low despite the initial fanfare and introduction of new theme music at the beginning of each show. In 2021, Couric was a guest host on the syndicated quiz show "Jeopardy!" following the death of Alex Trebek.
Couric is active in charities, especially related to colon cancer, after the death of her husband (to colon cancer) in 1998. Couric received a colonoscopy on live television in March 2000. She also released pictures of her mammogram on television. She voiced a fish version of herself named Katie Current from the 2004 animated comedy movie Shark Tale.
Couric has two daughters, Ellie and Caroline.

= = = Slave trade = = =
During the history of slavery, there were many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures. Slavery is a condition in which people are owned or completely controlled by other people. Buying and selling slaves is a trade as old as many of the oldest civilizations. A modern form of the slave trade is called human trafficking.
History of the slave trade.
In one form or another slavery has been practiced since the earliest civilizations. Early hunter-gatherers had no use for slaves They did everything for themselves. Having another pair of hands to help them meant another mouth to feed. Slavery or owning another person made no sense to these people. Once men gathered in cities and towns and there was more than enough food, having a cheap supply of labour made sense. This is when the earliest forms of slavery appeared. The main source of slaves was war. When a town was captured, the men were killed and the women were enslaved to work in the fields or as concubines. Slaves made up only a small percentage of the earliest civilizations. These included China's Yangtze River valley, India's Indus Valley, Egypt's Nile valley and the Tigris and Euphrates valleys in Mesopotamia.
Early civilizations.
Once slavery became a major part of the workforce, slave trading became a business. Ancient Greece was the first civilization where slaves made up a large part of the population. Between the 4th and 6th centuries (BC) it is estimated that from one-third to one-half of the population were slaves. There were many sources of slaves. Prisoners captured in war, kidnapping, people selling their children and criminals were some of the more common sources. The market price for slaves would go down after a battle in which many slaves were taken. Slavery was a large part of the Greek economy. A slave could earn money and could earn enough to purchase their freedom. Ancient Rome was even more dependent on slaves.
Medieval Europe.
Slavery was also a part of medieval Europe. Societies that did not depend on slaves were often the source of slaves. In the Viking world, slavery was an important part of the economy. Not only the taking of slaves in raids and battles, but also selling slaves in other markets. The Vikings were slave traders. They captured, used, and sold slaves. Most forms of slavery declined in Northern Europe but was practiced elsewhere in Europe. In Sicily, Italy, Spain, France, Russia and North Africa slavery lasted through much of the middle ages. Most of these slaves were "white" and came from other parts of Europe and Eastern Europe. As the New World was colonized, slavery was a well-established source of cheap labour. By the time Columbus came to the Americas, Europeans had already been using African slaves in their colonies in West Africa.
Africa.
Historians estimate that between 650 AD and the 1960s, 10 to 18 million people were enslaved by the Arab world. They were taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and the Sahara desert. For four centuries, beginning in the late 15th century, millions of Africans were taken as slaves by Europeans. They got this idea from the Arab empires which had been taking black slaves from Africa since the 7th century. Europeans began exporting Africans to the New World as a source of cheap labor on colonial plantations. This was called the Atlantic slave trade. Early attempts to enslave Native Americans failed which gave rise to the African slave trade. Africans were a relatively easy source of slaves as European traders did not have to capture them, but relied on Arabs and other Africans to do it for them. Even before outside slave traders took advantage of Africans, the Africans themselves had established slave trading. Theirs was not an economy based on money, but on trading. Slaves were a commodity (a substitute for money).
Slave sales.
Slaves were often sold at markets and auctions. Slave auctions show that slaves were not thought of as human beings with human rights. Instead, they were thought of as property, which could be bought or sold. Slaves that were for sale were often advertised in the newspapers, like today's newspapers advertise cars or houses. Slave traders were even listed in public directories (like today's phone books).p. 96
Slaves did not have any say in what happened to them. Many times, families were split up and sold to different owners for different amounts of money. Millions of families became separated this way and never saw each other again.
Types of auction.
There were three types of auctions: "Grab and go," "May the highest bidder win", and "the scramble".
In a "grab and go" auction, a buyer would give the slave trader a certain amount of money and would get a ticket. When a drum roll sounded, the pen holding the slaves would open. The buyer would rush in and grab the slave or slaves that he wanted. He would then show his ticket to the slave trader before he left.
In a "may the highest bidder win" auction, slaves would be shown to the buyers one at a time. If more than one buyer wanted a particular slave, all of the buyers would have to bid on the slave (making offers for what they were willing to pay). Slaves would be investigated by the buyer and would be forced to be poked, and tortured by the buyer. The buyer who bid the highest would be able to buy that slave for the amount of money he bid.
In "the scramble," buyers would quickly grab whichever slaves they wanted and would take them to work.
Slaves were prepared for this when the sellers put fat and tar on them to make them look more healthy

= = = List of U.S. states and territories by time zone = = =
This is a list of U.S. states (and the one federal district, Washington, D.C.) and territories showing their time zones.
Most of the United States uses Daylight Saving Time (DST) in the summer. In the list, it will say if the state "does not use" DST.
"Note": the time zones listed on this page are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as well as the names of the time zones as they are called within the United States. For an explanation on what "UTC+#" and "UTC-#" mean, please see the UTC page.
Federal district.
Washington, D.C. does use Daylight Saving Time (DST).
Territories.
The territories of the United States do not use Daylight Saving Time (DST).

= = = Central line (London Underground) = = =
The Central Line is a line of the London Underground. Its colour is red on the tube map. It runs east-west through London. The line was the longest line until the line between Epping and Ongar was closed. Outside the rush hours trains run every 3-4 minutes in Central London and every 6-7 minutes on the branches.
Stations.
"In order from west to east. Station in italics are not in the on the Central line anymore"
West Ruislip branch.
"branch joins at North Acton:"
Ealing Broadway branch.
"branch joins at North Acton:"
Main line.
"Splits into two branches."
Woodford branch.
"The Greater London boundary with Essex is at Grange Hill"
"Terminates at Woodford [see Ongar Branch] (except for rush hours)"
Ongar branch (now Epping Branch).
"The Greater London boundary with Essex is between Woodford and Buckhurst Hill"
"Note: the remaining stations to Ongar were served by a shuttle service from Epping."

= = = Lysergic acid diethylamide = = =
LSD is the shorter name for a chemical called lysergic acid diethylamide. LSD is often called by the slang name acid. LSD is a psychedelic drug that causes people who take it to witness illusions. It also alters their thought processes.
LSD was investigated as an adjunct to psychiatric therapies for disorders such as alcoholism. Currently, LSD is being investigated as a clinical tool for treating people with anxiety and depression associated with having a terminal illness. Since there is no recognized medical use for LSD, its use in medicine is experimental. The vast majority of LSD use is illegal and thus considered "drug abuse" according to some definitions.
History.
LSD does not occur in nature, so it must be chemically synthesized. It was invented in 1938 by a Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann, at the Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland. Hofmann was trying to produce a new circulatory and respiratory stimulant (an 'analeptic'). He produced LSD because of its similarity to nicotinic acid diethylamide, a known respiratory stimulant.
One day in 1943, Hofmann accidentally ate a small amount of LSD, and noticed strange light patterns in the sky as he went home. He believed that what he had experienced were the effects of the drug. He tried a larger amount next. He ended up with a much stronger reaction to the drug than he expected. Hofmann lay on a couch, afraid he had made himself insane for life. When a neighbor came, found him in trouble, and stayed to look after Hofmann, he was able to calm down, and even said he began to enjoy the plays of colorful shapes and patterns that occurred behind his closed eyes. The next day Hofmann reported to have waken up refreshed and clear-headed, though somewhat physically tired. He also noted that his breakfast tasted unusually delicious that morning.
Sandoz began to offer LSD to doctors and therapists. Sandoz saw it as a help to doctors and therapists so they could get a chance to gain insight into how someone who was mentally ill might see the world. It is known today, that the effects of LSD are very different from those of delusional mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. For their patients, it was a chance to uncover hidden feelings and thoughts, which could be dealt with in therapy. LSD showed promise in the treatment of problems like alcoholism. Some alcoholics who tried the drug found their need to drink alcohol lessened or went away. They understood better why they had abused alcohol. Unlike other drugs, the desire for alcohol was not replaced by a craving for LSD. The study showed a 50% success rate, compared to 10% for "cold turkey" methods, which is when the person suddenly stops drinking alcohol completely. 
In the United States, the Central Intelligence Agency tested the drug on subjects for different reasons. The name for one of these test projects was MK-ULTRA. Subjects did not know they were given the drug. It was used in interrogations to see if it would make people tell the truth, or remember things they had forgotten. It was also used to convince people they were becoming insane, or that things had happened which really had not, such as an invasion from outer space, or a Communist takeover of the country, or that their bodies were transformed in some way. The CIA supposedly felt it was important to learn how ordinary citizens might react to such things if they happened. The drug sometimes made the scenarios more believable. The effects of these experiments were often harmful to the subjects, even years later, because of the intense anxiety or fear caused when someone unknowingly takes a drug like LSD.
LSD first became popular in the 1960s. A Harvard psychology professor, Timothy Leary, began to encourage people to try the drug then. College students willingly took part in LSD experiments. These experiments were made by psychologists and other professionals. Leary and two of the people he worked with, Richard Alpert and Ralph Metzner, thought the transforming effects of the drug could be a kind of 'rebirth' of users, in the same way as many religions offered them. They wrote a book, "The Psychedelic Experience", which was based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Leary eventually became well known in the 1960s hippie movement for his slogan about LSD: "Turn on, tune in, drop out". The Hippies were a countercultural movement. A number of famous rock bands, including the Beatles and the Grateful Dead, became known for their use of LSD, and even a new type of rock music, called "acid rock", was born from the fad.
LSD quickly became a popular drug outside of the medical profession. Many people began using or giving LSD out casually. "Acid parties" and "acid tests" became a social fad. The drug would sometimes be slipped to persons unknowingly, often through "spiked" punch or drinks. Some problems developed, as some casual users began to experience side effects, such as "flashbacks" and psychotic symptoms, though both of these are rare. Sometimes signs of depression and instability were seen. Due to the spread of LSD use outside of the medical community, the United States government banned LSD (made it against the law to make, have or use) in 1967. Other countries soon followed.
Dangers of using LSD.
The most common danger of taking LSD is having a bad experience, which is called a "bad trip". During a bad trip, people may feel very scared and worried, and they may have very sad thoughts. A bad trip can lead to lasting bad memories and even mental harm. Users who get out of control, or who try to harm themselves, should be taken for medical help.
Storing LSD in an improper manner could end up destroying the blotter and cause adverse effects like nausea and brain fatigue. The safest method to store LSD is wrapping it in aluminum foil or in a Mylar bag. Avoid storing it in books, papers, or box packaging as it could drastically lower the dosage of the blotter and potentially cause unwanted effects upon ingesting it.
Many illegal drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, are very addictive. This means that people who start taking the drug will want to keep taking it, even if it is damaging their physical and mental health. LSD is not addictive to the body or to the mind.
Another danger from using LSD is that it makes a person impaired (intoxicated). When people are impaired, they may have accidents or do things that they would not normally do. In some rare cases, people taking LSD develop a psychosis.
Frequent or regular use of LSD can result in flashbacks. In a flashback, the person feels the drug beginning to affect him or her again, even though he or she has not taken a dose that day. This can be brought on by stress. Note that over 75% of LSD users claimed never to have "flashed back".
It has been said that some people who use LSD can end up with damage to their chromosomes, but this is a myth based on one wrong report that was disproven soon after it was published.
Legal status.
LSD is illegal in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and most of Europe. Some countries enforce the laws against LSD very harshly. Other countries do not enforce the law very much. LSD has been manufactured illegally since the 1960s.

= = = Triple H = = =
Paul Michael Levesque (born July 27, 1969) is an American business executive, retired professional wrestler, actor, and former bodybuilder. He is better known by the ring name Triple H, an abbreviation of his former Hunter Hearst Helmsley name. He is currently the COO ("Chief Operating Officer") of WWE.
Before joining WWE, Levesque began his wrestling career with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1993, wrestling under the name Terra Ryzing. He would then be repackaged as Jean-Paul Lévesque, a French Canadian aristocrat, before joining World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in 1995.
During his time in WWE, he was a 14-time world champion: a nine-time WWE Champion and a five-time World Heavyweight Champion In addition, he won the 1997 King of the Ring, the 2002 Royal Rumble, and was the second Grand Slam Champion.
He married Stephanie McMahon in 2003, becoming the son-in-law of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. Outside of wrestling, Levesque has made many guest appearances in film and on television. He is starring in the upcoming WWE Film "Journey of Death".
At the 2008 edition of "Backlash", Triple H won the WWE Championship. He lost the title at Survivor Series 2008 to Edge.
At the 2009 No Way Out, Triple H won back the WWE Championship in an Elimination Chamber match for the 8th time, beating The Rock's record of 7 times.
After entering the 2016 Royal Rumble match at no. 30, he eliminated Ambrose to win the Royal Rumble and become a 14 time world champion. He later lost the title to Roman Reigns at WrestleMania 32.
In September 2021, Triple H had heart failure and doctors put an ICD in his chest during surgery. On March 25, 2022, he officially announced his retirement from in-ring competition. On the second night of WrestleMania 38, he left his wrestling boots in the ring which was a sign of retirement.

= = = Ernő Rubik = = =
Ernő Rubik (born 13 July 1944) is a Hungarian inventor and professor of architecture. He is the inventor of the Rubik's Cube. He was born in Budapest, Hungary.
What kind of lifestyle does Erno Rubik have ?
Budapest, Hungary is where Rubik was born. Erno Rubik Sr. and Magdolna Szanto are his parents. His father worked as a flight engineer for a Hungarian aircraft manufacturer, and his mother was a poet. He has spent his entire life in Hungary and has never left. Rubik is a huge fan of his father and claims to have picked up some of his determination from him. His father was an internationally recognized flight engineer who was well known in his specialty. Rubik has mentioned that his father is the source of all of his inspiration and motivation. According to him, his father taught him that no job is unworthy or undeserving.
What is Age, Height, Weight, and Body Dimensions of Erno Rubik ?
So, how old is Ern Rubik in 2021, and how tall and how heavy is he? Ern Rubik, who was born on July 13, 1944, is 77 years old as of today’s date, September 1, 2021. Despite his height of 5′ 7′′ in feet and inches and 176 cm in centimetres, he weighs 163 pounds or 74 kilograms.
Education Background.
Rubik was a lifelong student who referred to himself as a ‘bibliophile.’ He began his education at the Secondary School of Fine and Applied Arts, where he received his high school diploma. He had always been interested in architecture and sculpture, and in 1962 he enrolled in Budapest University Of Technology. He received his bachelor's degree in art from there in 1967. He continued his academic education in 1967 by enrolling in the Hungarian Academy of Applied Arts, where he graduated in 1971 and later became a faculty member and designer at the same university. All of these schools and colleges, according to Rubik, helped him mold his life and give him a sense of purpose. He also believes that schooling is critical for a human being since it allows them to practice, think, and learn.
Is Erno Rubik a homosexual?
Erno Rubik and his wife Agnes have been married for many years. He also has two boys and two daughters with her. He'd never been linked to any other men before. That demonstrates he's on the straight and narrow. As a result, it's safe to presume that he's heterosexual.
What is Erno Rubik  Professional Career ?
He became a professor of architecture at Budapest College of Applied Arts after graduating in 1971. In 1974, he created a puzzle that became known as “Rubik’s Cube” or “Rubik’s Magic” to better teach his students about three-dimensional things. To create the Rubik’s Cube prototype, he used wood from his university’s workshop and rubber. In 1979, he contacted a US company called ‘Ideal Toys’ to make his idea widely known when it became popular with his students. It was immediately popular and sold in large numbers after being introduced to an international market. Rubik registered his invention as a patent. He formed a studio to create new designs and games after observing the popularity of the cube. He also created the puzzles ‘Rubik’s Snake’ and ‘Rubik’s 360.’ He was elected to the Hungarian Engineering Academy in 1990. He formed the Rubik Foundation to promote and help future students in the engineering sector to build distinctive concepts. He began teaching as an honorary guest lecturer at Keimyung University in South Korea in 2009.
Awards and Achievements.
Rubik has won several major accolades for his invention, including Hungary’s highest honors, which only a few people have ever received. He has also received other awards, including the United States Science and Engineering Festival Award (2010), the Prima Primissima Prize (2010), the My Country Awards in 2012, and the Honorary Citizen of Budapest in 2014.

= = = Michael Richards = = =
Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Cosmo Kramer on the television show "Seinfeld". He has won three Emmy Awards for causing a notable controversy when his shouting of racial slurs at African American hecklers in a comedy club was broadcast worldwide in news reports.

= = = Final Fantasy VII = = =
Final Fantasy VII is a 1997 role-playing video game created by Square for the PlayStation console. It is the seventh major game in the "Final Fantasy series.
Many people see the game as one of the most influential and important role-playing games to date. It is the highest-selling game in the series, having sold more than 13 million copies of the game. "Final Fantasy VII Remake" released in April 2020.
Storyline.
Plot.
"Final Fantasy VII" follows the story of Cloud, who joins forces with many others to fight a new threat to the world while dealing with a seemingly terminal illness.
Characters.
The main playable character is Cloud who is supported by Tifa, Aerith, and Barret.
Music.
The music in "Final Fantasy VII" covers a wide variety of musical genres, including rock, techno, orchestral, and choral.

= = = Tony O'Reilly = = =
Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly (born May 7, 1936) billionaire born in Dublin, Ireland. He is the chairman of Dublin's Independent News & Media Group and was once the CEO of the H.J. Heinz Company.
O'Reilly played rugby for the Leicester Tigers and London Irish in England. He played for Ireland between 1955 and 1963.

= = = Prism (optics) = = =
 A prism is a special piece of glass, crystal, or plastic that bends light. The light bends (or "refracts") because it moves slower in the glass, crystal or plastic than it does in air. If different colors of light move at different speeds, each color bends a different amount. This is dispersion and it splits the light into a band of different colors called a spectrum. This spectrum has the same colors as a rainbow does, because rainbows are made the same way, by bending light. They happen when light is bent by tiny drops of water floating in the air. If the light does not come out when you shine it into the prism, it is called internal reflection.
Some prisms are used to disperse light. Binoculars also use prisms, to reflect light. This lets the tubes of the binoculars be short. Some cameras use a prism to send light to the viewfinder, so the photographer can see what will be photographed.

= = = Fritjof Capra = = =
Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-American physicist.
Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethics, metaphysics and society. In particular in "The Tao of Physics" he says that physics and metaphysics are leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that "there are hidden connections between everything". Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian. 
After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra wrote a book in 1984 with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak, called "Green Politics".
Capra pushes for western society to abandon the mechanistic views of Descartes. Unlike Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through 'complexity theory'.
Capra is aiming for a theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory has its roots in several scientific fields from the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

= = = Vegeta = = =
Vegeta also known as Prince Vegeta IV is a fictional character from the manga Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama , where he is firstly introduced as an antagonist alongside his companion Nappa for Goku.
Later in the story he became an ally for Goku and his friends, even if he develops a friendly rivalry with Goku.
He also marries Bulma and he becomes father of Trunks and Bulla.
His popularity is only second to Goku himself. Due to his popularity he appareaes in Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super.

= = = Minor Threat = = =
Minor Threat was a hardcore punk band from Washington DC from the 1980s. Many other bands which played hardcore punk music in the United States were influenced by Minor Threat's music. Minor Threat's songs were usually short and fast. All of Minor Threat's records were released on the band's own Dischord Records label.
Minor Threat told their listeners they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge." 
History.
Ian MacKaye, Jeff Nelson, bassist Brian Baker, and guitarist Lyle Preslar formed Minor Threat in 1980. Their first records were "Minor Threat" and "In My Eyes" in 1981. The group toured through the United States.
Their song "Straight Edge" had lyrics (words) that told people they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge." Another song called "Out of Step" tells listeners not to smoke, drink, or have casual sex. People often thought that the band was telling others not to do these things but in interviews the band states that straight edge is a personal decision.
Minor Threat broke up in 1983. 

= = = Ethelred the Unready = = =
Athelred II (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed the Unready was the King of England twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a Viking king, Sweyn I of Denmark, overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Athelred's death in 1016. He was the son of Edgar and his second wife, Ælfthryth. He succeded his older half-brother, Edward II, in 978 when Athelred was only ten years old. During his reign where he had to fight against Viking invaders in England.
His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poor Counciled" or "Bad Adviced" when as a young boy, he asked for opinions when he was given poor advice.

= = = Elizabethan Religious Settlement = = =
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I’s answer to the religious quarrels that developed during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. 
This answer was given in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 confirmed the English church’s independence from Rome. The Act of Uniformity 1559 decided about the form of the English church.
Often it was seen as the end of the English Reformation and the foundation of Anglicanism. But some historians think that England only became a Protestant nation on a popular level many years later. There seem to have been great divisions in the population and among the clergy for a long time afterwards.

= = = Gecko = = =
Geckos are small to middle size lizards. There are 1196 different species of geckos, mostly in the suborder Gekkota. They live in many warm countries and usually are active during the night. Some kinds of geckos live in people's houses. "Hemidactylus frenatus" is the common house gecko. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.
Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages, these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek-KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).
Most geckos lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
Geckos have no eyelids. Instead, they have a clear membrane (skin) over their eyes. They lick the membrane clean with their tongues. Like most lizards, they can regenerate their tail if they need to. Their tail also helps them balance and store fat. Geckos also shed their skin, like many other reptiles. Geckos are also able to replace their teeth every few months.
Geckos can walk on trees, walls, windows, and ceilings. Geckos' feet form a molecular bond with the surface that they are walking on in order to "stick" to the surface. This force is called van der Waal's force.They can do this because they have special toe pads. A microscope shows that each toe pad is made of thousands of hair-like structures called setae. Each of these structures branches into many smaller ends called spatulae. The rest of their skin is also covered in extremely small hairs, which make it hard for a gecko to get wet. Gecko skin can also kill bacteria.
Taxonomy.
There are seven families under the suborder Gekkota.

= = = Rutherfordium = = =
Rutherfordium is a chemical element. It has also been named eka-hafnium and unnilquadium. It has the symbol Rf and has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 265Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.
The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.
History.
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element 242Pu with the element 22Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.
In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together 249Cf and 12C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.
The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named "dubnium" ("Db") or "kurchatovium" ("Ku") for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).
The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named "rutherfordium" ("Rf").
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decides the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used "unnilquadium" ("Unq") as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name meaning "one-zero-four" in Latin. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

= = = Lizard = = =
Lizards are a group of reptiles. Together with snakes, they make up most of the order Squamata.
There are about 6,000 species, which live all over the world, except in cold climates. They range across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. One type, the marine iguana, lives in the sea. Size varies greatly, from Geckos of a few inches or cm to the Komodo dragon of 3 meters (9 feet) and 70 kg (150 pounds). 
Some kinds of lizard are: 
Simplified classification.
In the traditional taxonomy the Order Squamata is divided as follows:
A modern view is that the snakes and lizards are all infraorders of the Squamata:p238
There are other versions, and the taxonomy will probably not settle until more molecular evidence is collected.
Natural history.
Anatomy.
The skull structure of both snakes and lizards is distinctive. They can move their upper jaw relative to the braincase. They bear horny scales, and many use venom for attack and defense.
Evolution.
The Squamates are definitely a monophyletic group; they are a sister group to the Tuatara. Judged by their fossil record, the Squamates were present in the Mesozoic, but occupied a minor place in the land ecology. Three of the six lines are recorded first in the Upper Jurassic, the others in the Cretaceous. The Mosasaurs of the Upper Cretaceous were by far the most successful of all the lizards, becoming the top predator in their ecosystem. 
It is now known that lizards originated in the Upper Triassic, 237201 million years ago.
Although snakes and lizards look so different, neither are proper clades. Snakes did descend from early lizards, so both groups together do form a monophyletic clade, the Squamata. Within that clade there is another monophyletic clade, the Toxicofera. This includes all venomous reptile species, as well as many related non-venomous species. The evidence for this is in recent molecular analyses.
Physiology.
Lizards use anti-predator defences, including venom, camouflage, and reflex bleeding. They can also sacrifice and regrow their tails.
Sight is very important for most lizards, both for finding prey and for communication. Many lizards have highly acute color vision. Most rely heavily on body language, using specific postures, gestures and movements to define territory, resolve disputes, and entice mates. 
Most lizards use bright colors, but not all the time. These are usually kept out of sight, otherwise the animal would be seen by predators. The bright patches are usually hidden on the underside or between scales: they are only shown when necessary. For example, the "dewlap" is a brightly colored patch of skin on the throat, usually hidden between scales. When a display is needed, the lizards erect the hyoid bone of their throat. This shows a large vertical flap of brightly colored skin under its head which can be then used for communication.

= = = Philipp Tischendorf = = =
Philipp Tischendorf (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He was the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Michael Huth, with former coaches Jürgen Bertko and silver Olympic medalist Romy Oesterreich.
In March 2007, Philipp was injured while practising a quadruple Lutz jump on the ice and was forced to not participate the 2007/2008 because of injury.

= = = Miles per hour = = =
Miles per hour is a unit of measurement. It measures speed. It is the number of miles moved in an hour. 
Miles per hour is the unit used for speed limits on roads in the United Kingdom and the United States. It is normally abbreviated in everyday use to mph or MPH. In technical publications it is sometimes abbreviated as mi/h.
The SI unit for velocity (speed, with a direction of movement) is m·s−1 (metres per second).
Conversions.
1 mph is equal to:

= = = Nobility = = =
Nobility was the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the noble were mostly those who got land from the monarch and had to provide services to him, mainly military service. Men of this class were called noblemen. It soon became a hereditary class, sometimes with a right to bear a hereditary title and to have financial and other privileges in the estates of the realm. 
Today, in most countries, 'noble status' means no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage) guaranteed until recently a seat in the Upper House of Westminster Parliament (that is why it is called House of Lords) and still provide some other, less important privileges.
History.
Nobles were always recognized as lower families of the King/Queen. Nobles usually rule Duchies, Counties, and principalities. Nobles were usually given a "House", being of course a noble house. Nobles usually worked as advisors to the King, and land owners. Some families did not work at all because they were quite wealthy. But not all nobles were wealthy. Some were very poor. One of the richest claim to be noble families were the Medicis. The Medici's ruled Tuscany, Milan ect. The Medici's were pretty much common people, but they were richer than most monarchs at there time until there fall in the 1700's. 
Noble families had plenty of power depending on what land they ruled. The rich Duchy of Burgundy was a major power spot because of how big to Duchy was. Another power spot was the Duchy of Milan and the Duchy of Luxembourg. Some nobles had little to no power. Most nobles are given a title such as "lady-in-waiting," that is non hereditary.

= = = List of U.S. states by population = = =
This is a list of United States of America states by population as of 2020. The list was made using the 2020 United States Census. The total population of the United States was 331,449,281 at the 2020 Census, not including U.S. territories, or 335,073,176, including U.S. territories.
These numbers include all people other than people just visiting: These include citizens, non-citizen permanent residents and non-citizen long-term visitors. People in the military who are working in other countries and their families are counted in their home state. The United States of America is the third most populous country in the world, behind China and India. The most common state and the most popular state is the state of lilas. 

= = = Trio (music) = = =
A trio is a group of three people who are playing musical instruments or singing together. The word "trio" may also refer to the piece of music that they are playing.
Three people who are singing together are a "vocal trio".
Classical composers writing chamber music very often wrote trios. Usually the trio is called after the main instrument in the group. A piano trio is normally a piece for piano, violin and cello. A string trio is a piece for three string instruments, usually violin, viola and cello. 
Many other combinations are possible. Brahms wrote a piece which is normally referred to as a "Horn Trio" for french horn, violin and piano. Mozart wrote a piece normally called a "Clarinet Trio" which is for clarinet, viola and piano.
A piece for three people sitting at one piano is usually called a piece for "piano 6 hands".
Trios can also apply to popular music, like Nickel Creek.

= = = List of U.S. state nicknames = = =
This is a list of U.S. state nicknames: (official state nicknames in bold) (Some may be more popular than others)

= = = List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union = = =
Below is a list of all 50 states in the order they joined the Union.
The first 13 became states in July 1776 when they agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence. Each of those 13 agreed to the first U.S. constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, which formed the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781. These states are presented in the order each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for other states is the official date made by Act of Congress.

= = = List of U.S. states' largest cities = = =
This is a list of the largest cities in each United States state and territory based upon the 2021 population estimates made by the U.S. Census Bureau. State or territory capitals are listed in "italics".
List.
Note 1: The only incorporated place in Hawaii is the City & County of Honolulu. Some of it, the Honolulu District, is sometimes called the "city of Honolulu" for counting reasons, although it has no government separate from that of the "City and County" as a whole. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the Honolulu Urban CDP (Census Designated Place) as the Honolulu District. For Hawaii, the largest CDPs are listed.
Note 2: The most populous villages or settlements of the Northern Mariana Islands are listed. All are on the island of Saipan.
Note 3: The most populous sub-districts (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau) of the U.S. Virgin Islands are listed. The island the sub-district occupies is listed shown, too.

= = = Chips = = =
Chip or chips could mean:

= = = Learning music by ear = = =
Learning music by ear is learning to play a piece of music by listening to other people playing it and then trying to play it oneself. In some musical traditions there is no written music and everybody plays by ear all the time. Folk music is traditionally learned by listening to other musicians and copying them. This is how music is passed from one generation to another.
Most people in the Western musical tradition learn pieces and songs by reading music, but it is good to try to play music by ear sometimes. It can be a very useful skill.
The Suzuki method of learning instruments started in Japan but is now used in many countries. It teaches young children to play an instrument (usually the violin) by ear.

= = = Shelton Benjamin = = =
Shelton James Benjamin (born July 9, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name Shelton X Benjamin.
He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and has also worked for Ring of Honor from 2010 to 2013.
Career.
Benjamin started his career in Ohio Valley Wrestling and stay with them from 2000 to 2002. During his time there he won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship three times with Brock Lesnar and one time with Redd Dogg.
He was called up to the WWE in 2002 and debuted on the WWE SmackDown roster on December 26, 2002. During his early career in the WWE he along with Charlie Haas formed Team Angle with Kurt Angle as their on-screen mentor. They began a feud with Chris Benoit. Benjamin won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after he defeated then-champion Chris Jericho at the 2004 Taboo Tuesday.
He was part of a storyline where he was on a losing streak for many weeks which led his "momma" (played by actress Thea Vidale) to come to Raw to scold him. She assisted him in matches and sometimes interfered in them. She was taken off television when she was (kayfabe) undergoing heart surgery in the hospital and wouldn't be returning to the WWE.
In 2007, he started wearing gold attire and dyed his hair blond. He also began referring to himself as "The Gold Standard". Benjamin won the WWE United States Championship after he defeated then-champion Matt Hardy at the 2008 Great American Bash. Benjamin was released from the WWE on April 22, 2010 along with Jimmy Wang Yang, Kung Fu Naki, Slam Master J, Mickie James and Katie Lea Burchill.

= = = J. Robert Oppenheimer = = =
Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. He was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. In World War II. The project built the first nuclear weapons. That is why Oppenheimer is called ""the father of the atomic bomb"." 
Early life.
Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904. He studied at Harvard University, Christ's College, Cambridge and at University of Göttingen. In 1940, he married Katherine Puening. They had two children.
Career.
He taught at the University of California, Berkeley where is works about theoretical physics became important for quantum mechanics and nuclear physics. 
Oppenheimer helped create the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion, and early work on quantum tunneling. He also helped create the theory of neutron stars and black holes, quantum field theory, and the interactions of cosmic rays.
In 1942, Oppenheimer was hired to work on the Manhattan Project. In 1943 he became director of the project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. His job was to help create the first nuclear weapons with other scientists and General Leslie Groves. On July 16, 1945, he was present at the first test of the atomic bomb, Trinity. In August 1945, the weapons were used against Japan in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
After the successful testing of the atomic bomb in New Mexico, United States, he said: "We knew the world would not be the same...now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."
In 1947, Oppenheimer became the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Later in his career he supported international control of nuclear power to stop nuclear proliferation and a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. 
Oppenheimer was against making the hydrogen bomb. During the Second Red Scare, Oppenheimer lost his security clearance. In 1954, Lewis Strauss held security hearing that criticized Oppenheimer's political and nuclear ideas and his past connections with the Communist Party USA. So, Oppenheimer lost access to the government's atomic secrets and his career as a nuclear physicist ended.
In December 1963, he was given the Enrico Fermi Award by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 2022, the federal government gave back Oppenheimer's security clearance.
Death.
Oppenheimer died of throat cancer in Princeton, New Jersey on February 18, 1967 at aged 62. His remains were cremated and scattered in the ocean near his beach house in Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Pop culture.
In 2023, Christopher Nolan directed a movie based on Oppenheimer's life with Irish actor Cillian Murphy playing Oppenheimer.

= = = American League = = =
The American League (or AL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball. Teams in the American league usually play against other teams in the American league, except for a few games a year when they play National league teams. There are 3 Divisions of the American League: AL East, AL Central, and AL West.
Differences.
The only big difference between the American League and the National League is that the AL uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The NL does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" must bat and field for themselves. If the DH plays an NL game in an NL park, he often plays First Base if at all. If they play in an AL park, the NL can use a DH.

= = = National League = = =
The National League (or NL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). As of 2016, the NL has 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the National League championship. The champions of the National League plays against the champions of the American League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball.
Differences.
The only big difference between the National League and the American League (AL) was that the AL used the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the pitcher. The NL did not use the Designated Hitter, and all players on the team must bat and field for themselves. This was changed following the new CBA signed in 2022.

= = = Statistical survey = = =
Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population. 
Surveys can be grouped into numerical and categorical types. A numerical survey is to get numbers as replies. For example:
How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?
This survey question is used to generate numbers in minutes. An example of a categorical question is:
What is your favorite color?
The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.
Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. A survey may concentrate on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose.

= = = Social sciences = = =
The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. Social Sciences includes anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, political science, psychology, social philosophy and sociology. They are different from the arts and humanities, and application of the scientific method is important. Most of the social sciences require doing a lot of research, such as making surveys. Such research is called "social research". Some subjects, such as history, are sometimes social sciences and sometimes humanities. 
The term "social sciences" has been used for over 200 years and mostly originates from a thinker named Auguste Comte. Many of the fields of social science have come about since then. In America, much of the thought and practice of social science came from the University of Chicago and other universities.

= = = Arts = = =
The arts are a large part of culture, and the word means much more than "art". The arts include visual arts, literary arts (i.e. books and other writings) and performing arts (i.e. music, dance, drama). 
Sometimes, in universities, it is shorthand for a wider group of subjects which are properly called the humanities. These include philosophy, theology, literature, languages, and history as well. 
"The arts" are usually contrasted with "The sciences".
Visual arts.
Visual arts consist of any art that can be seen. This form of art doesn't change once it has been made.
Painting.
Painting is an art that uses pigments to create images. The oldest painting was made on a cave wall, in prehistorical times by a Neanderthal.
Sculpting.
Sculpting is an art that uses height, width, and depth. You can create a sculpture by carving or shaping things such as rock, metal, or wood.
Architecture.
Architecture is the art and science behind building and sculpture design. Architecture as an art involves making something look beautiful and appealing to others.
Performing arts.
Performing arts are those that occur when people show others their artistic skills. These include dancing and singing.
Literary arts.
Literary arts are those that occur as words. Most are written down, but in the ancient past, some long poems were only told in speech for hundreds of years before finally being written down!
Conceptual art.
Conceptual Art is art in which the idea is more important than the actual beauty of the object.

= = = Minor League Baseball = = =
Minor League Baseball is a level of professional baseball in North America. It is made up a many different teams which play in many leagues and levels of skill. Minor league teams are used by Major League Baseball (MLB) teams to have a place to put their players who they do not feel are skilled enough to play in the major leagues yet. They are also used to help injured major league players get ready to play in MLB again. These partnerships between major and minor league teams are called affiliations. Minor league teams generally play in cities that are too small for major league teams. City size usually increases with league level.
There are five different classifications (skill levels) in the minor leagues, these classes are (in order from lowest to highest):
When a normal player is first drafted or signed by an MLB team, he is usually placed on a Complex League team, however more advanced players may start higher. If a player plays good in his league, he can be promoted or "called up" to the next league. If a player does not play well, he may be sent back down or removed from the team. This continues until a player gets to the major leagues, although most players never make it that far. This way, players are able to get better at baseball before having to play against tougher opponents. Almost all players in MLB had to play in the minor leagues first to become good enough to play in the major leagues. Most players spend four to five years in the minors before making it to MLB. However, skilled players can be called up earlier, while some may take more than 10 years to reach the majors.
Sometimes, major league players who are have been hurt will play a few games in the minor leagues before playing in the major leagues again, in order to see if they feel healthy enough to start playing again.
There are other professional baseball leagues that are not affiliated with major league teams. These are known as "Independent Leagues". In these leagues, players do not go to higher or lower levels of ability. Players on these teams are usually those not drafted by an MLB team. They may also be players who played in major or minor leagues and are trying to get back. Major league teams may hire these independent players to play for their teams.

= = = Nuclear proliferation = = =
Nuclear proliferation is when a country starts making nuclear objects. On the right is a map showing who has nuclear reactors and weapons, and who could have them. When a country starts making nuclear weapons, they become a nuclear power.
Dual use technology.
Dual use technology means the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear technology for generating electricity. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear electricity program have a dual-use capability. These items can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. When this happens a nuclear electricity program can lead to making atomic bombs. The crisis over Iran’s nuclear activities is an example.

= = = François Bourdoncle = = =
François Bourdoncle (born April 20, 1964) is founder and CEO of the search engine company Exalead.

= = = Chief executive officer = = =
A Chief Executive Officer (CEO), or Chief Executive, is the highest ranking corporate officer, administrator, corporate administrator, executive, or executive officer, in charge of total management of a corporation, company, organization or agency.
In some places the chief executive officer is also the chairman of the board. Another person takes the presidency or may become chief operating officer (COO). Underneath that there may be an Executive Vice President (U.S.) or executive director (UK). In publicly held corporations, the CEO and chairman positions can be separated but there are implications in corporate governance by doing so.
In some European Union countries, there are two separate boards, one executive board for the day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (elected by the shareholders). In these countries, the chief executive officer runs the executive board and the chairman runs the supervisory board and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. This is like the structure of governments, which tend to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service.
In rare circumstances an Executive Chairperson can be appointed but this is either illegal in many jurisdictions or frowned upon by Regulators.
In the United Kingdom many Charities and Government Agencies are headed by a Chief Executive who is answerable to a Board of Trustees or Board of Directors. In the UK, the Chairman (of the Board) in public companies is more senior than the Chief Executive. Most public companies now split the role of chairman and Chief Executive.
Reporting structure.
Typically, a CEO has a cadre of subordinate executives, each of which has specific functional responsibilities. These direct reporting relationships most often include: Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Marketing Officer, and Chief Information Officer. Although not an Executive, the Director of Human Resources plays a vital role within any corporation.
However, depending on the industry in which the company operates and/or the organizational structure, various other functional areas may be highlighted through the CEO's direct span of control. Some of these less common titles include: Chief (Business) Development Officer, Chief Knowledge Officer/Chief Learning Officer, Chief Strategy Officer, Chief Risk Officer, and Chief Credit Officer.
According to Don Schmincke, to be a strong executive, "one cannot act in business differently from how he acts in family life or society". Meaning being a successful executive requires a man’s conduct to be “correct in all points”, his actions must follow his words at all times.
Pay.
Chief executives of companies on the American S&P 500 index were paid a median of $14.1 million in 2022. FTSE 100 chief executives were paid a median £3.91 million. This was 118 times that of the median worker in the United Kingdom. In 2021 the difference was 108 times. In 2020 it was 79 times.

= = = Exalead = = =
Exalead [eg'zæli:d] is a company in Paris and founded in 2000 by Francois Bourdoncle. Its name comes from the association between
Exalead tries to integrate research functions in one piece of software, combining Internet, desktop and enterprise functionality.
Exalead employs approximately 60 people in 3 countries (Paris in France, Milano in Italy and New York and San Francisco in the United States of America).

= = = Amateur radio = = =
Amateur radio is a hobby for people who like to talk using radio transmitters. Many people enjoy using amateur radio to talk to other amateur radio hobbyists in other countries. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Amateur radio is often called "Ham Radio". Many people use their amateur radios for fun. People who use Amateur radio are often called "amateur radio operators", "hams" or "amateurs".
During a disaster or emergency, amateur radio can be used to get help. When telephones do not work, it may be the only way to communicate. Some radio hobbyists volunteer to listen to emergency band frequencies in case there are distress calls. If the volunteers hear a distress call, they notify the appropriate authorities (for example the police or the Coast Guard).
License.
People must have a license to use Amateur radio. In most countries users must pass a test to get a license. In some countries there is more than one license grade. In some countries, people can use Amateur radio if they have a license from their home country.
There are many clubs for Amateur radio in many countries. These clubs do many things as a group and help people get their Amateur radio license.
Talking.
Amateur radio operators talk to each other in many ways. Some people talk with their voice, others use computers, television, or Morse code. They use many ways to get their signals to others. Most use shortwave radio signals that bounce off the sky. Some bounce off the moon or a satellite. Amateur radio operators have many ways to talk using the radio. Amateur radio satellites are called OSCAR's - Orbital Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio. Hams can also talk to astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Fun.
There are many ways to have fun with amateur radio. There are many games and contests. Amateur radio operators try to talk with as many others as possible. They then mail each other postcards called "QSL cards" to confirm the contact. Contesters may try to see how far they can talk, or to how many different people they can talk.
Some hide a transmitter which sends out a signal and others try to find it using receivers. This is called "radio direction finding" or "fox hunting". Sometimes the event is done with cars, or as a foot race.
In India.
Amateur radio is practised by over 15,000 licensed users in India. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921. By the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the setting up of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.

= = = Humanities = = =
The humanities include languages, literature, music, philosophy, politics, history, media, the classics, religion, and the visual and performing arts. Additional subjects sometimes included in the humanities are anthropology, area studies, communications and cultural studies, although these are often regarded as social sciences. It was popular in the Renaissance ages.
The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the "language arts".
The humanities study the human condition and mostly use methods that are analytic, critical, or speculative and not as empirical as natural and social sciences.

= = = John Hawkins = = =
Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. In 1571 he helped uncover a plot against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

= = = Coconut palm = = =
The coconut is a palm tree in the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall. It has leaves that are 4–6 m long. The term "coconut" refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.
There are many coconut palms on the coasts of Indonesia, India, America, Bangladesh and Tanzania. People of this area use coconut milk in cooking. Women use coconut oil as oil for their hair. The coconut's shell is relatively hard, but can be broken. Because its shell is hard, it can be used as an ingredient to make craftworks. 
Coconut milk is also used in many drinks. Coconut oil is often in food and soaps. People in Sri Lanka use coconut flowers for wedding celebrations. In the Maldives it is the National tree.
The coconut is not actually a nut, but is in fact a drupe. Coconuts grow in tropical countries. The flesh of a coconut is white and can be eaten raw or used in cooking. It is used in many of the foods we eat for flavour. It is native to tropical areas.
Seed dispersal.
Coconuts floats on water and can float to another island and germinate there. It has often been noted that coconuts can travel up to 110 days, or 3000 miles, by sea and are still able to germinate.

= = = Shawarma = = =
Shawarma (; in ) is a meat sandwich eaten by people of the Arab world and the Middle East. It is served in round Arabic bread with meat and vegetables, with some spice or sauce of choice in it. Normally, the meat can either be lamb, beef, turkey, or chicken. Shawarma can also be spelled chawarma, shwarma, shawerma, or shoarmais.
It was first introduced by people from Turkey. They call it "çevirme", which means "turning", because the meat can be turned around in the oven, but the Arabs changed its recipe from the Turkish Doner kebab. 

= = = Merchant = = =
Merchants deal with trade. That means they deal goods that they do not produce themselves, in order to get profit.
Merchants can be two types:
In the US, "merchant" is any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold. Under the common law in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession. For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is expected to give a warranty, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.

= = = Warranty = = =
In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller.
That often means that there must be a remedy. That means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is a breach of the warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.
In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen. The other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.
A warranty may be express or implied.
Express warranty.
An express warranty is typically a guarantee from the seller of a product that specifies the extent to which the quality or performance of the product is assured and states the conditions under which the product can be returned, replaced, or changed.
Implied warranty.
An implied warranty is one that arises from the nature of the transaction, and the understanding by the buyer.
To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade". 
Breach of warranty.
A warranty is violated when the promise is broken; when goods are not as should be expected, at the time the sale occurs, whether or not the defect is apparent. Most warranties exclude parts that normally wear out, and supplies that must be periodically replaced as they are normally used up (e.g., tires and lubrication on a vehicle). 
Many people do not realize that extended warranties are not always provided through the manufacturer, but in some circumstances it may work to the consumer's benefit. For instance, when an auto warranty is provided through a dealership from the manufacturer, repairs on the vehicle are reimbursed at a lower negotiated rate.
Legal aspects of warranties and disclaimers.
In the United States, the rights and remedies of buyers and sellers of goods are governed by the Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) as it has been adopted with variations from state to state. 
Car warranty.
A car warranty is at least one year. Three years is more common. Five years is an extended warranty.
Home warranty.
A home warranty protects against the high costs of home and appliance repair by offering insurance coverage for appliances and equipment in the house.

= = = Giuseppe Verdi = = =
Giuseppe Verdi (born Roncole near Busseto, 9 or 10 October 1813; died Milan 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer of operas.
Verdi and Richard Wagner were the greatest composers of opera in the 19th century although they were completely different from one another. When Verdi was a young man the most famous opera composers in Italy were Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini who wrote in the bel canto tradition. This meant that their operas had beautiful tunes which were written for singers to show off their voices, even if what they sang did not suit the story. During his long life, Verdi changed opera so that it did not have to obey old-fashioned rules.
Early years.
The small village where Verdi was born lies in the valley of the Po River in the north of Italy. It was a poor district. His father was an innkeeper who had a small farm. The young boy must have been very talented. He was given a small harpsichord which he kept all his life. At the age of 9 he often played the organ for church services in the village when the organist was away.
A few years later he composed music for the amateur orchestra in Busseto. A man called Antonio Barezzi knew many important people and he helped Verdi a lot. Later Verdi married a daughter of a friend. Barezzi sent him to Milan so that he could study, but Verdi had not been taught the piano properly and he did not get a place in the music conservatory. He had some private lessons and learned a lot about opera as well as about literature and politics. In 1839 he composed an opera: "Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio", which was performed in La Scala, the world-famous opera house in Milan. It is not one of his greatest operas, but it helped him to become well-known and he was asked to write three more operas for La Scala. When his next opera was produced it was not a success: the audience did not like it and they hissed and booed. There was also tragedy in his personal life at this time: his two children and his wife all died.
Early fame.
Verdi managed to overcome his unhappiness in 1842 when he produced his opera "Nabucco". This was a great success and made him world-famous. He started to work very hard, composing two operas a year. He not only had to write the music but organize all the people to perform it. It was a huge workload. His opera "Ernani" (1844) was one of the best from this period. In 1847 he had another big success with "Macbeth". This opera, based on Shakespeare’s famous play, is still one of the best-loved of all operas. He was becoming a success.
For centuries Italy had been a collection of several countries, each with their own ruler. In the 1850s there was a lot of political unrest in the country. Verdi often wrote music for large choruses in his operas. The words of these choruses were often about fighting for freedom, and it was often thought that the songs were encouraging people to revolt. The song "Va pensiero" from his opera "Nabucco" was about the Hebrew slaves who were captive in Babylon. People chanted it in the streets with the words suitably changed. Verdi became a great national hero. Italy eventually became one country in 1861.
Giuseppina Strepponi was the soprano who sang the part of Abigaille in "Nabucco". Verdi fell in love with her. She had lived with another man and had three children so she felt that she was not good enough for Verdi. They eventually married in 1859. She was a great support to him until her death in 1897 although Verdi was not an easy husband to live with. He moved back to Busseto with her. He continued to travel a lot but did not let his wife come with him, leaving her behind in Busseto where she was not happy because many people there did not like her.
Three more famous operas were written at this time: "Rigoletto" in 1851 and "Il trovatore" ("The Troubadour") and "La traviata", both in 1853. These operas have many tunes which became famous. They are full of exciting drama in which the characters are very skilfully described by the music. The music is not divided so clearly into recitative and aria like it had been for two centuries. Instead, the music is developing all the time, the arias run straight into the following music. He had a brilliant sense of drama, but he often had to fight hard to stop producers making changes to what he had written.
Verdi often had trouble with the censors (the officials who decide whether the opera should be allowed to be performed). His opera "Rigoletto" was based on a story called "Le roi s’amuse" by Victor Hugo. The attempted murder of a king was not thought to be a suitable subject. Verdi had to change the king into a duke in his story and make some other changes before the opera could be performed. The story of his opera "Traviata", based on a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils, was also thought to be immoral. At the first performance the audience laughed because the heroine, who is supposed to be dying of tuberculosis, then called "consumption", was very fat. However, the opera soon became enormously popular.
Regarding the instruments that Giuseppe Verdi was using for composing, there are a few known pianos that he had in different periods of his life. The instrument that Giuseppe Verdi was playing as a kid at the Bazezzi’s house, was a piano by Anton Tomaschek. Later, from the time of Rigoletto in 1851 to Aida in 1871 he was using the Viennese 6-pedal piano from Johann Fritz. This exact piano can be seen in the composer's Villa Verdi in the Italian province of Piacenza.
International fame.
Verdi had become very famous by now, and was asked to compose for the Opéra in Paris. He had to write operas in the French style: operas with five acts and a ballet based on a serious story. None of the operas he wrote at this time for Paris belong to his best works. He was more inspired when writing for the Italian theatres. "Simon Boccanegra" has a complicated plot, but the characters are described beautifully by the music. "Un ballo in maschera" (The masked ball) was about the murder of King Gustav III of Sweden. Again the censors did not like it and he had to change the story to a setting in Boston which rather spoiled the story. In the 1860s his best works were "La forza del destino" ("The Force of Destiny"), written for St Petersburg, "Don Carlos" written for the Paris Opéra, and "Aida" for the new opera house in Cairo in Egypt. "Aida" is considered one of his most perfect works. The first performance was not without difficulties: Verdi was having a long argument with the conductor Mariani who refused to go to Cairo to conduct it. The argument was made worse by the newspapers who accused Verdi of taking Mariani’s girlfriend. This caused a great scandal.
Last years.
Verdi retired in the 1870s. He was a rich man who owned a lot of land. He gave a lot of money to charities, particularly to one charity for elderly musicians. Even in retirement he was persuaded by his publishers to write two more operas. He became fascinated by Shakespeare and he wrote "Otello" to a libretto by Arrigo Boito. This was a brilliant libretto and it helped him to write a great masterpiece in which every little detail of the story is beautifully described by the music. His very last opera, "Falstaff" (1893) is based on Shakespeare’s "Merry Wives of Windsor". Verdi continued to write a few religious pieces in his old age. He died of a stroke in Milan in 1901.

= = = Blue box = = =
A blue box is a device that someone could use to make free telephone calls. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the telephone company employees used to program their equipment.
The most famous person to use a blue box was John Draper, who went by the name Captain Crunch. Draper taught Steve Wozniak how to build them. Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold blue boxes to fellow students at the University of California, Berkeley. One time, Wozniak used a blue box to call the Pope.

= = = Red box = = =
A red box is a device that people used illegally in the 20th century to make free telephone calls at a payphone. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the payphone sends to the phone company when coins are put into it.

= = = Silicon Graphics = = =
Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) is a company that makes high-end computers. The company was founded by Jim Clark and Abbey Silverstone in 1982 to make graphics display terminals. SGI was famous for making very good computers for 3D animation working on video and pictures. They invented many things that other companies still use today.

= = = Constituent = = =
Constituent may mean:

= = = Constituency = = =
A constituent is a voting member of a community or organization and has the power to appoint or elect. A constituency is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the "electorate".
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is a district that elects a member of parliament. It is sometimes called a "Parliamentary seat" or a "Division". Constituencies for local government elections are called either "Wards" or "electoral divisions".
As of 2020, there are 650 House of Commons constituencies in the UK:
Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.
The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies, with the remaining 56 seats being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS). Until the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament were identical to those of the House of Commons.
The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons. Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.
The London Assembly has 14 single-member constituencies. Its remaining 11 seats are selected by AMS.
The United States House of Representatives has 435 constituencies called "Congressional districts" each electing one member. 
The term "constituency" is usual in many countries, especially in members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

= = = Cohesion = = =
Cohesion may mean:

= = = Local government = = =
Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government.
What a local government does changes depending on what country it is in, and even when they are similar what it is called often varies. Common names for local governments include state, province, région, départment, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village. However all these names are often used informally in countries where they do not describe a legal local government.

= = = Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom = = =
This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament, as at the United Kingdom 2005 general election. Each constituency is represented by a single Member of Parliament (MP).

= = = Stain = = =
A stain is a spot that has another color than the material on which it is found. It can be occur without intention in the case of domestic stains on fabric, cloth, or other material, or it can be intentional. Stains are used intentionally in a variety of fields, including research (biochemical staining), technology (metal staining), and art (wood staining, stained glass.)
Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering. Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, and stain removers are an important type of chemical in laundry detergents. Some stand-alone stain removers also exist.

= = = Stainless steel = = =
Stainless steel, also known as inox steel, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass. 
Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof.
The term 'corrosion resistant steel' is used when the alloy has less than the 12% minimum of chromium, for example in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, depending on where it will be used. Stainless steels have a higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in many natural and man-made environments, Different stainless steels have different amounts of different metals in them, and they are good for different purposes. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which fifteen are the most used. 
The idea behind stainless steel was discovered in the first part of the 19th century, but it took about 80 years to develop a reliable industrial method. French, British and American inventors worked on this until a genuine stainless steel was produced. The invention of modern stainless steel can be dated to 1913, and it was done by Harry Brearley in Sheffield, Yorkshire. A common use for stainless steel is cutlery (knives, forks, and spoons). Stainless steel cutlery was a big industry in the mid-20th century Sheffield. Stainless steel is also used in future space rockets, like Starship and Terran R. 

= = = Ferrous = = =
Ferrous is an adjective coming from the Latin "ferrum" (iron). One uses this word to indicate the presence of iron, mostly in metallurgy or related industries.
There are also non-ferrous metals, which are metals that have no iron in them at all.
Ferrous can also refer to iron in its +2 oxidation state.
"Ferrous" is also the name of a song by Peter Gabriel.

= = = Carbon steel = = =
Carbon steel or plain-carbon steel, is a metal alloy. It is a combination of two elements, iron and carbon. Other elements are present in quantities too small to affect its properties. The only other elements allowed in plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), and copper (0.60% max). Steel with a low carbon content has the same properties as iron, soft but easily formed. With more carbon the metal gains hardness and strength but becomes less ductile and more difficult to weld. Higher carbon content lowers steel's melting point and its temperature resistance in general.
Types of carbon steel.
Typical compositions of carbon are:
Steel can be heat-treated which allows parts to be fabricated in an easily fordable soft state. If enough carbon is present, the alloy can be hardened to increase strength, wear, and impact resistance. Steels are often wrought by cold-working methods, which is the shaping of metal through deformation at a low equilibrium or meta stable temperature.
Metallurgy.
Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel has a low carbon content (up to 0.3%) and is therefore neither extremely brittle nor ductile. It becomes malleable when heated, and so can be forged. It is also often used where large amounts of steel need to be formed, for example as structural steel. Density of this metal is 7861.093 kg/m3 (0.284 lb/in3) and the tensile strength is a maximum of 500 MPa (72500 psi)
Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have a carbon content in the range of 0.30% to 1.70% by weight. Trace impurities of various other elements can have a significant effect on the quality of the resulting steel. Trace amounts of sulfur make the steel "red-short", which is a fault: the steel is brittle and crumbly. Low alloy carbon steel, such as A36 grade, contains about 0.05% sulfur and melts around 1426–1538 °C (2600–2800 °F). Manganese is often added to improve the hardenability of low carbon steels. These additions turn the material into a low alloy steel by some definitions, but AISI's definition of carbon steel allows up to 1.65% manganese by weight.
Hardened steel usually refers to quenched or quenched and tempered steel.
Silver Steel or high-carbon bright steel, gets its name from its appearance, due to the high carbon content. It is a very-high carbon steel, or can be thought of as some of the best high-carbon steel. It is defined under the steel specification standards BS-1407. It is a 1% carbon tool steel which can be ground to close tolerances. Usually the range of carbon is minimum 1.10% but as high as 1.20%. It also contains trace elements of 0.35% Mn (range 0.30%-0.40%), 0.40% Cr (range 0.4%-0.5%), 0.30% Si (range 0.1%-0.3%), and also sometimes sulfur (max 0.035%) and phosphorus (max 0.035%). Silver steel is sometimes used for making straight razors, due to its ability to produce and hold a micro-fine edge.
Heat treatments.
The purpose of heat treating plain-carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, and impact resistance.

= = = Yellowcake = = =
Yellowcake is a type of uranium powder. Yellowcake is made from rocks and minerals with uranium inside, like "uraninite", after they are changed in a factory. Yellowcake can be made into fuel for nuclear reactors, or it can be used in making atomic bombs.

= = = Ductility = = =
Ductility is when a solid material stretches under tensile strain. If ductile, a material may be stretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened by hammering or rolling. 
Both of these properties are aspects of plasticity. Plasticity is how far a solid material can be deformed without fracture. These properties are commonplace in metals, and are dependent on temperature and pressure. This was investigated by Percy Williams Bridgman as part of his 1946 Nobel Prize–winning work on high pressures.
Ductility and malleability do not always go together. Gold has high ductility and malleability, but lead has low ductility and high malleability. The word "ductility" is sometimes used to embrace both types of plasticity.
Gold, copper, aluminium, and steel have high ductility. 

= = = MI = = =
MI could mean:

= = = Defibrillation = = =
Defibrillation is taking the heart out of fibrillation, often saving a persons life. Fibrillation is when the heart is not pushing blood well, because the heart muscle is not working in any pattern. Electricity causes a muscle to contract, this is how nerves cause muscles to work. The heart is a large muscle, and certain parts need to contract before other parts in a regular pattern. This lets it push blood through the heart and out to the rest of body correctly. Sometimes the heart muscle doesn't contract in the correct way or at the correct speed, this is called an arrhythmia (out of rhythm). Fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia when the whole heart is quivering, not organized to make heart beats of any kind. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) can get blood to the body when the heart is fibrillating, but the heart still needs to be restarted. Sometimes CPR will do that as well, but often a defibrillator is needed. Defibrillation is done with a defibrillator.
Defibrillation works by carefully sending a strong electric current to the heart, which resets the heart, and hopefully returns the heart to a normal,coordinated heart rhythm. It needs to depolarise (take away the existing electric charge) from a large part of the heart muscle, which stops the arrhythmia and allows the normal heartbeat to return. Defibrillators can work from outside the body with the use of an external defibrillator or an automated external defibrillator, or inside the body with an implantable defibrillator.
History.
The first use of the technique on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck, a professor of surgery at Case Western Reserve University. The patient was a 14-year-old boy named Mickey.
Defibrillation is now used during open heart surgery, when the heart is stopped on purpose. In1980 the first implanted defibrillator was put into a patient. Implanted defibrillators are put into the chests of people at risk of going into fibrillation.
Arrhythmias.
Not all arrhythmias need defibrillation. Some arrhythmias still push blood to the body, not well, but still enough to keep a person alive. Other types, like ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, will cause a person to die within minutes unless treated. These are what need to be treated by defibrillation.
Fibrillation is when the heart muscle is contracting, but not in any organized way, and blood is not pumped. Pulseless tachycardia is when the heart is beating too fast to collect any blood to push.
Asystole is when the heart is not working at all (flat-line). Defibrillation does not work on asystole, but CPR might help.
Success rate.
Defibrillation is most successful when done right when the problem starts. Success in the first minute is about 90% and drops by 10% every minute after that. This time can be made longer by giving the person CPR, but having a defibrillator close by is very important.

= = = Defibrillator = = =
A defibrillator is a machine that can help when ventricular fibrillation happens in the heart of a human. A defibrillator is a life saving device.
Fibrillation happens when many different cells in the heart begin to act as pacemaker cells. This means that many thousands of cells tell the heart to beat, all at different times and with no rhythm. This confusion causes the heart to become unable to move blood around the body. This causes cardiac arrest and death.
A defibrillator sends a high energy pulse from the top-right of the heart to the bottom-middle of the heart. This causes the whole heart to stop all activity. The heart's normal pacemaker then can try and restart normal beating. Defibrillation does not always work.
Types of defibrillators.
Internal defibrillators.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are defibrillators that are designed to help patients from inside their body. They are put inside people that are at high-risk of going into cardiac arrest and monitor a person's heart rate, rhythm, and waveform. By comparing the activity in the different chambers of the heart, an icd can detect cardiac arrhythmias and treat them quickly.
External defibrillators.
External defibrillators are often used in hospitals and ambulances. They are now also being used outside of medical environments more as automated external defibrillators (see below) become safer and cheaper. There are many different types of external defibrillators, and progress in cardiac research has led to big improvements in the underlying technology.
Biphasic defibrillation.
Until the 1990s, external defibrillators relied on monophasic ("one phase") shock waves. Electrical pulses are quickly sent from one electrode to the other in one direction.
Biphasic ("two phases") defibrillation, however, changes the direction of the pulses. It completes one cycle in approximately 10 milliseconds. This means less energy is needed for successful defibrillation. That means less risk of burns and other damage. The small capacitor ("battery") size required for the defibrillator can result in large cost and size savings.
Automated external defibrillators.
An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a self-contained defibrillator device designed to be movable, and easy and simple to use. They are often shaped like briefcases so that they can be carried by a handle. An AED contains a battery, a control computer, and electrodes. When the electrodes are stuck onto the patient, the control computer will assess the patient, checking the rhythm of their heart. It will then charge itself to an appropriate power level and tell users that the person needs to be shocked. If the patient does not need to be defibrillated, the automated external defibrillator will not allow a shock to be administered. A button must still be pushed manually to trigger the shock, as the operator beforehand must be certain that nobody is touching the patient. Often, automated external defibrillators will have speakers which give instructions when they are opened.
Current automated external defibrillator devices are designed for emergency medical technicians, home users, police and security officers and other people with minimal medical knowledge. These devices are commonly found in large gathering places, such as airports, casinos, sports stadiums, and college campuses.
Electrode design.
The electrode is the part of the defibrillator that gives off the shock.
The most well-known type of electrode is the traditional metal paddle with an insulated handle. This type must be held in place on the patient's skin while shocks are delivered. Before the paddles are used, gel must be applied to the patient's skin so that there is a good connection and to minimise electrical resistance.
Another type of resuscitation electrode is designed as an adhesive pad which can be stuck onto the skin of a patient. These electrodes are left connected to a defibrillator. If defibrillation is required, the machine is charged, and the shock is delivered, without any need to apply any gel or to retrieve and place any paddles.
Both solid- and wet-gel adhesive electrodes are available. Solid-gel electrodes are more convenient, because there is no need to clean the patient's skin after removing the electrodes. However, the use of solid-gel electrodes presents a higher risk of burns during defibrillation, since wet-gel electrodes more evenly conduct electricity into the body.
Popular culture references.
Defibrillators are often depicted in movies, television, video games and other fictional media. This is because it can quickly produce dramatic improvements in patient health. Their function, however, is often exaggerated.
Medical providers are often shown defibrillating patients with a "flat-line" ECG rhythm (also known as asystole); this is not done in real life as the heart is not restarted by the defibrillator itself.

= = = Curse = = =
A curse is a word which threatens the other person to have bad luck. Nobody knows if it really works or become true. Some people believe in them even so, that they become true by magic. For example, for fairy tales, the princes are cursed to become a beast or a frog (i.e. frog prince) by witches because of their bad behaviours. But in the end a princess saves them. 
There was also something called a "curse tablet" which Romans used to curse people they did not like. They would often let them drift to the river so that the curse will be carried to where that person who has the curse. But many curses are made when people are jealous and they want that person who has the curse to not do well. 
The opposite of a curse is a blessing.

= = = Ventricular fibrillation = = =
Ventricular fibrillation (often shortened to VF or V-Fib) is a serious type of irregular heart rhythm or cardiac arrhythmia. This is a Cardiac arrhythmia that requires immediate shocks with a Defibrillator and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). If it’s not treated immediately, a patient can suffer brain damage or death. "Arrhythmia" means the heart is not beating normally.
What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the heart does not beat in any kind of normalized pattern. Instead, it quivers and twitches very quickly. 
This problem is called "ventricular" fibrillation because it affects the ventricles of the heart. The ventricles are the biggest parts of the heart. Their job is to pump blood (which carries oxygen) to the lungs or the rest of the body. When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles cannot do this job. This means that the lungs, brain, and other organs will not get enough blood or oxygen. 
Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency. Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive. If ventricular fibrillation continues for long enough, the blood will stop circulating around the body. The person's breathing and heart will stop. The person will die unless they get treatment quickly.
Treatment.
Ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by shocking the heart with shocks from a Defibrillator. If a defibrillator is not available,Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) should be done to keep the blood flowing until an ambulance comes or a defibrillator is available. 
Doctors,Paramedics or other medical personnel can also give special medicines called anti-arrhythmic medicines, which can make the heart start beating normally again. Some common anti-arrhythmic medicines are Amiodarone and Lidocaine. Epinephrine and Atropine or Sodium Bicarb can also be administered if necessary. 
If a person with ventricular fibrillation is treated right away, treatment is 90% successful (it works in 9 out of 10 people). But treatment gets 10% less successful after every minute (so if treatment starts after one minute, it will work in only 8 out of 10 people. After 5 minutes, it will work in only 4 out of 10 people.) So getting treatment as soon as possible is very important. If a person cannot be treated with medicine or a defibrillator right away, CPR will help keep blood and oxygen flowing through the person's body until treatment arrives.
In patients who are very likely to keep having ventricular fibrillation, a special defibrillator can be put into their chest by a surgeon. (This special defibrillator is called an "implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.") Any time the person goes into ventricular fibrillation, the defibrillator will give the person's heart an electric shock, to bring the heart back into a normal rhythm.

= = = Seal = = =
Seal or SEAL may refer to articles connected to a variety of meanings:
As a place name.
Some of these names referred originally to the marine mammal.

= = = Tachycardia = = =
Tachycardia is the fast beating of the heart. In adults, it refers to heart rates higher than 100 beats per minute. Tachycardia may be a normal physiological response to stress, but depending on the cause and how healthy the patient is, tachycardia could be harmful and need medical treatment. In some cases, tachycardia can cause death.
Tachycardia can be harmful in two ways. First, when the heart beats too rapidly, it may perform inefficiently. Second, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires. This can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease.

= = = Material fracture = = =
A fracture is the separation of a body into more than one piece under the action of stress.
The word "fracture" is often applied to bones of living creatures or to crystals or crystalline materials, such as gemstones or metal. Sometimes, fractures can happen without the object actually separating into two or more pieces.

= = = Shear stress = = =
Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel to the surface of the material, as opposed to normal stress when the stress is to the surface. 
Shear stress is relevant to themotion of fluids upon surfaces, which result in the generation of shear stress.
Also constructions in soil can fail due to shear; e.g., the weight of an earth-filled dam may cause the subsoil to collapse, like a small landslide.

= = = Tension = = =
Tension may mean:

= = = Tension (mechanics) = = =
Tension is a reaction force applied by a stretched string (rope or a similar object) on the objects which stretch it. The direction of the force of tension is parallel to the string, towards the string.
Tension exists also inside the string itself: if the string is made up of two parts, tension is the force which the two parts of the string apply on each other. The amount of tension in the string determines whether it will break, as well as its vibrational properties, which are used in musical instruments.

= = = Shear = = =
Shear as a noun could mean:
Shear as a verb or shearing could mean:

= = = Flow = = =
Flow may mean:

= = = IOU = = =
IOU means "I Owe You" or "I Owe Unto". It is a note between two people that is used to say that one person owes something to the other as debt. It is usually used for currency. I.O.U.'s are most often only used between people that know each other very well, for example, friends.

= = = Deformation = = =
In engineering mechanics, deformation is a change in shape that is result of a force that influences the object. 
It can be a result of tensile (pulling) forces, compressive (pushing) forces, shear, bending or torsion (twisting).
Types of deformation.
Depending on the type of material, size and shape of the object, and the forces used, various types of deformation may result.
Elastic deformation.
This type of deformation is reversible. Once the forces are no longer applied, the object returns to its original shape. As the name implies, elastic (rubber) has a rather large elastic deformation range. The thermoplastics and metals have moderate elastic deformation ranges while ceramics, crystals, and hard thermosetting polymers undergo almost no elastic deformation. Malleable materials do not undergo elastic deformation.
Metal fatigue.
A phenomenon only discovered in modern times is metal fatigue, which occurs primarily in ductile metals. It was originally thought that a material deformed only within the elastic range returned completely to its original state once the forces were removed. However, faults are introduced at the molecular level with each deformation. After many deformations, cracks will begin to appear, followed soon after by a fracture, with no apparent plastic deformation in between. Depending on the material, shape, and how close to the elastic limit it is deformed, failure may require thousands, millions, billions, or trillions of deformations. 
Metal fatigue has been a major cause of aircraft failure, especially before the process was well understood.
Plastic deformation.
This type of deformation is not reversible. But an object in the plastic deformation range will first have undergone elastic deformation, which is reversible, so the object will return part way to its original shape. Soft thermoplastics have a rather large plastic deformation range as do ductile metals such as copper, silver, and gold. Steel does, too, but not iron. Hard thermosetting plastics, rubber, crystals, and ceramics have minimal plastic deformation ranges. Perhaps the material with the largest plastic deformation range is wet chewing gum, which can be stretched dozens of times its original length.
Fracture.
This type of deformation is also not reversible. A break occurs after the material has reached the end of the elastic, and then plastic, deformation ranges. At this point forces accumulate until they are sufficient to cause a fracture. All materials will eventually fracture, if sufficient forces are applied.
Misconceptions.
A popular misconception is that all materials that bend are "weak" and all those which do not are "strong". In reality, many materials which undergo large elastic and plastic deformations, such as steel, are able to absorb stresses which would cause brittle materials, such as glass, with minimal elastic and plastic deformation ranges, to break. There is even a story to describe this observation (paraphrased below):

= = = Ceramic = = =
Ceramic is the name for some materials that are formed by the use of heat. The word "ceramic" comes from the Greek word (""). Chemically, it is an inorganic compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms held together by chemical bonds. 
Ceramics are commonly made by hand or by using a pottery wheel. 
Up to the 1950s or so, the most important were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, also cements and glass. Clay-based ceramics are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet. 
The word "ceramic" can be an adjective, and can also be used as a noun to refer to a ceramic material, or a product of ceramic manufacture. "Ceramics" may also be used as a singular noun referring to the art of making things out of ceramic materials. The technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials is part of the field of ceramic engineering.
Many clay-based ceramic materials are hard, porous, and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to deal with these characteristics, to accentuate the strengths of the materials and investigate novel applications.
Types of ceramic materials.
For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into four sectors, and these are shown below with some examples:
Classification of technical ceramics.
Technical ceramics can also be classified into three distinct material categories: 
Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties.
Properties of ceramics.
Mechanical properties.
Ceramic materials are usually crystalline (having a repeating shape) or amorphous (no repeating shape). They are usually held together with covalent or ionic bonds. Thus, they tend to fracture (break) before any plastic deformation (permanent damage) happens. So they have poor toughness (resistance to breaking). Second, ceramics have pores (small holes) which focus stress on smaller areas.This decreases the toughness even more and reduces the tensile strength. For these two reasons, ceramics fail far more catastrophically (suddenly) than metals. 
Ceramics do show plastic deformation, but because of how slow it is it is usually ignored. Crystalline materials are stiff, having few places where the deformation can spread. Amorphous materials have mainly viscous flow, which is also very slow. 
Electrical properties.
Semiconductors.
Some ceramics are semiconductors. Most of this type of ceramic are "II-VI semiconductors", which are a combination of an alkaline earth or Group 12 metal and a non-metal from Group 16. A major example of these is zinc oxide.
Some people are thinking about making blue LEDs from zinc oxide. But ceramic researchers focus on electrical properties that affect boundaries between individual grains. One of the most common examples of this is the varistor. 
Semiconducting ceramics are also used as gas sensors. Semiconducting ceramics are also employed as gas sensors. When we pass gases over a polycrystalline ceramic, its electrical resistance changes. If we know the possible gas mixtures, we can produce very cheap devices.
Superconductivity.
Under some conditions, such as extreme cold temperatures, some ceramics show superconductivity. We do not know the exact reason. But we have discovered two major families of superconducting ceramics.
Piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity.
Piezoelectricity is an electric charge caused by mechanical stress. It appears in many ceramic materials, such as quartz. We use quartz to measure time in watches and other electronics. This kind of device turns electricity into mechanical motions and back, making a stable oscillator. 
The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also show pyroelectricity. (Pyroelectricity is the ability of a material to generate electricity if its temperature changes.) All pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. We can use these materials to convert between thermal, mechanical, and electrical energy. For instance, we can put a pyroelectrical crystal in a furnace. If we take out and let it cool without applying any force to it, it will generate a large static charge. This type of crystal is most common in motion sensors. That is because the tiny rise in temperature from a warm body entering a room is enough to produce a voltage in the crystal. A motion sensor reads that voltage and converts it to data. 
In turn, pyroelectricity is strongest in materials which also display the ferroelectric effect. This is when we can reverse or move a stable electric polarization by applying an electrostatic field. If a material is ferroelectric, it is also pyroelectric. We use this effect to store information in ferroelectric capacitors and random-access memory. 
The most common piezoelectric materials are lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate. We use them for high-frequency loudspeakers, sonar, and atomic-force and scanning-tunneling microscopes.
Grain-boundary insulation at critical temperatures.
In some semiconducting ceramics a gain in temperature causes grain boundaries to become insulating. This is most common in mixtures of heavy metal titanates. We can adjust the transition temperature (the temperature at which this happens) over a wide range by changing the chemistry. In this kind of material, current passes through the material until it reaches the transition temperature, at which point the circuit breaks and current flow stops. We use these ceramics as self-controlled heating elements in, for example, rear-window defrosting circuits in cars.
At the transition temperature, the material's dielectric response approaches infinity. We cannot use the material near its critical temperature because it is hard to control temperature at that range. Despite this, the dielectric effect remains strong even at much higher temperatures. For this reason as well as because of how low their critical temperatures are, we use titanates as ceramic capacitors.
Classification of ceramics.
Non-crystalline ceramics:
Non-crystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts. The glass is shaped when either fully molten, by casting, or when in a state of toffee-like viscosity, by methods such as blowing to a mold. If later heat-treatments cause this class to become partly crystalline, the resulting material is known as a glass-ceramic.
Crystalline ceramics:
Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing. Methods for dealing with them tend to fall into one of two categories – either make the ceramic in the desired shape, by reaction in situ, or by "forming" powders into the desired shape, and then sintering to form a solid body. Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand (sometimes including a rotation process called "throwing"), slip casting, tape casting (used for making very thin ceramic capacitors, etc.), injection molding, dry pressing, and other variations. (See also Ceramic forming techniques. Details of these processes are described in the two books listed below.) A few methods use a hybrid between the two approaches.
In situ manufacturing.
The most common use of this method is in the production of cement and concrete. Here, the dehydrated powders are mixed with water. This starts hydration reactions, which result in long, interlocking crystals forming around the aggregates. Over time, these result in a solid ceramic.
The biggest problem with this method is that most reactions are so fast that good mixing is not possible, which tends to prevent large-scale construction. However, small-scale systems can be made by deposition techniques, where the various materials are introduced above a substrate, and react and form the ceramic on the substrate. This borrows techniques from the semiconductor industry, such as chemical vapour deposition, and is very useful for coatings.
These tend to produce very dense ceramics, but do so slowly.
Sintering-based methods.
The principles of sintering-based methods is simple. Once a roughly held together object (called a "green body") is made, it is baked in a kiln, where diffusion processes cause the green body to shrink. The pores in the object close up, resulting in a denser, stronger product. The firing is done at a temperature below the melting point of the ceramic. There is virtually always some porosity left, but the real advantage of this method is that the green body can be produced in any way imaginable, and still be sintered. This makes it a very versatile route. 
There are thousands of possible refinements of this process. Some of the most common involve pressing the green body to give the densification a head start and reduce the sintering time needed. Sometimes organic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol are added to hold the green body together; these burn out during the firing (at 200–350 °C). Sometimes organic lubricants are added during pressing to increase densification. It is not uncommon to combine these, and add binders and lubricants to a powder, then press. (The formulation of these organic chemical additives is an art in itself. This is particularly important in the manufacture of high performance ceramics such as those used by the billions for electronics, in capacitors, inductors, sensors, etc. The specialized formulations most commonly used in electronics are detailed in the book "Tape Casting," by R.E. Mistler, et al., Amer. Ceramic Soc. [Westerville, Ohio], 2000.) A comprehensive book on the subject, for mechanical as well as electronics applications, is "Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing," by D. J. Shanefield, Kluwer Publishers [Boston], 1996.
A slurry can be used in place of a powder, and then cast into a desired shape, dried and then sintered. Indeed, traditional pottery is done with this type of method, using a plastic mixture worked with the hands.
If a mixture of different materials is used together in a ceramic, the sintering temperature is sometimes above the melting point of one minor component – a "liquid phase" sintering. This results in shorter sintering times compared to solid state sintering.

= = = Inorganic compound = = =
An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that does not have carbon–hydrogen bonds that is, it is "not" an organic compound. That means it is not a carbon-based compound.
Types of inorganic compounds.
The division between the two types of compound is not absolute. Some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic. Many chemicals in nature are not compounds, but are ions. Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all compounds covered by biochemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.
Major types of inorganic compounds may include:

= = = Applied mechanics = = =
Applied mechanics, also known as theoretical and applied mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics. Applied mechanics examines the "response of bodies (solids and fluids) to external forces". Some examples of "mechanical systems" include the flow of a liquid under pressure, the fracture of a solid from an applied force, or the vibration of an ear in response to sound. A practitioner of the discipline is known as a mechanician. 
Applied mechanics, as its name suggests, bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to technology. 

= = = Mechanics = = =
Mechanics is a branch of physics which looks at objects that are moved by forces (including other bodies, or forces of nature).
The discipline has its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone). However it was Galileo, Kepler and especially Newton who laid the foundations for much of the so-called "Newtonian mechanics" we know today.
A person working in the discipline is known as a mechanician.
Significance.
Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four forces: gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction.
Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology.
Newton.
Newton proposed three laws of motion. 
Quantum mechanics.
The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:
Other websites.
Blogs:

= = = Newton = = =
Newton may refer to many things:
People.
Newton was the name of some famous people:
Places.
Newton is also the name of several places:

= = = Paleobiology = = =
Paleobiology is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes buried in rock. These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology:
History.
Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.

= = = Central venous catheter = = =
A central venous catheter (CVC) or "central line" is a catheter put in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin when a patient needs close cardiovascular monitoring, for assessment of fluid status, and so that intravenous drugs and fluids can be given to the patient more effectively. The veins most commonly used are the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, and the femoral vein.

= = = Central line (disambiguation) = = =
Central line or Central Line may refer to:

= = = Macroscopic = = =
Macroscopic means physical objects that are measurable and can be seen by the naked eye.
When one uses macroscopic for abstract objects, one thinks of the world as we see it without any help. Lengths scales are called macroscopic if they fall in the range of more or less than 1 mm or up to 1 km.
One may use the term "macroscopic" also for a "larger view", namely a view only available from a large perspective. A macroscopic position could be considered the "big picture".
Macroscopy in physics.
In physics macroscopy is a relative term. If one looks at a galaxy, a star is microscopic in comparison with the whole galaxy, even if it is many, many orders of magnitude larger than us. macroscopy can also be described as a relation between any two objects in terms of its magnification on a scale of some sort. A macroscopic object is something that we are able to see in plain sight through our own field of vision no matter where we are located. In spacetime light must also come into contact with our eyes and the object we are observing in order for it to be visible.

= = = Naked eye = = =
If something can be seen with the naked eye, it means that it can be seen without using a microscope, binoculars, glasses or a telescope. In astronomy, a naked-eye object is something, such as a star, that the general public can see without using these tools.

= = = Order of magnitude = = =
An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and
considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is ten, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of certain powers of two, the magnitude can be understood as the amount of computer memory needed to store the exact integer value.
If two numbers have the same order of magnitude, they are about the same size. 
But if one would compare the surface of an orange with that of the earth, one would say the surface of the earth is many "orders of magnitude" larger than that of the orange.
Orders of magnitude are used to make approximate comparisons. If numbers differ by one order of magnitude, "x" is "about" ten times different in quantity than "y". If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

= = = N-Gage = = =
The Nokia N-Gage is a mobile phone and handheld game console. It was first sold on October 7, 2003.

= = = Woodside = = =
Woodside is the name of several places.

= = = Handheld game console = = =
A handheld game console is a small, light, portable electronic machine for playing video games. It has a built-in screen to display the game being played. It also has game control buttons that is used to control the game, there are also speakers to hear the in-game sounds of the game being played.

= = = Pinhead Gunpowder = = =
Pinhead Gunpowder is a punk rock band from California, United States. Its members are Billie Joe Armstrong (singer and guitarist of Green Day), Aaron Cometbus, Bill Schneider and Jason White. White and Schneider also participate in Green Day.
The name of the band means the brand of a "high octane" green tea which Cometbus found in the dump.
Its members do not want to make money with this band, they only want to have fun.
Its music is different in each song, but always following the punk and hardcore style. 

= = = Harry Connick Jr. = = =
Harry Connick, Jr. (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, piano player and actor. He plays jazz music mostly, but also pop music. In 2014, he became a judge on "American Idol".
His father is former New Orleans district attorney Harry Connick Sr..

= = = Pantheism = = =
Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing). A pantheist believes that everything that exists is a part of God or that God is a part of everything that exists. The name pantheism comes from the Greek words theism (belief in God) and pan (all). 
Any doctrine or philosophy that believes that the universe and everything in it is God is said to be pantheistic. Most pantheists believe the universe is sacred and the earth and nature are divine.
Most of the early Greek philosophers from Thales on to the Stoics believed in some sort of pantheism.
Pantheism is an important part of many eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism, and modern religions such as Druidism.
Some western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza and some scientists are pantheists.
Some Christians, Jews and Sufis are pantheists. However, their majority believes that while God is in everything, there is more to God than just the universe.
There are several different types of pantheism, including panpsychism (the belief the universe itself has a mind), naturalistic pantheism (the belief the universe is identifiable with the title of "God", as it can be seen as a wondrous and transcendent power), or the worship of nature as a life-giving force.

= = = Panentheism = = =
Panentheism is the belief that the universe is part of God. Followers believe that one or more gods are both part of the universe and greater than it. To some people, this is a very confusing concept (idea) and was first created by philosophers in the early centuries AD.
A famous philosopher who used the term was Baruch Spinoza.

= = = Deuterium = = =
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, the first element. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron. Hydrogen does not have a neutron, only a proton. Another isotope of hydrogen, tritium, has two neutrons. The chemical symbol for Deuterium is 2H but D is also used often. 
Two deuterium atoms combined with an oxygen atom is sometimes called "heavy water." This is because it is like water (H2O), but heavier because deuterium has one more neutron in its nucleus. Heavy water is sometimes used in nuclear reactors. It is also used as a solvent for NMR spectroscopy. This is because it will dissolve the sample, like normal water, but it will not be detected by the magnet in an 1H NMR. 

= = = Boer = = =
Boer (IPA: /bur/) is the Dutch word for farmer which is used to call the descendants of the Dutch farmers of Southern Africa during the 1700s, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 1800s to live in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and Natal. They did this to escape the British rule, and the wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier. 
In 1657, “vrybriewe” was granted to 9 burgers, the first farmers or Boers (Boere) at the Cape. Although they were not known as Afrikaners, they did not regard themselves as living in a European country. As more immigrants from Europe arrived at the Cape, more international marriages took place. Soon their language and culture were lost and transformed. They regarded themselves as a new nation, the Afrikaner people. Paul Heyns, born in 1696 christened his son Michiel Afrikanus (the Afrikaner). 
One Hendrik Bieslow in 1707 proclaimed in public “Ik ben een Afrikaander”. The Boers later created the Boer Republics, which were defeated in the 1880-1881 and 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer wars (Anglo-Boere-oorloë). After that, many Boers emigrated to other countries, but many still live in modern South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and Zimbabwe.

= = = Muhammad Ali = = =
"Not to be mistaken for the Muhammad Ali who became Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wali of Egypt and Sudan"
Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American boxer. He became one of the most famous boxers in the world with his "rope-a-dope" technique. He was also well known for his clever rhymes. In 1999, Ali was named "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated magazine. He won the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times. Ali also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Ali was also known as “The Greatest”. 
Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. but changed his name after converting to Islam according to the Nation of Islam in 1965. Because of his Islamic beliefs, Ali would not fight in the Vietnam War when the army tried drafting him. This made him an international figure around the world. Ali retired from boxing in 1981. In the early 1980s, it was learned that Ali had Parkinson's syndrome. He became well known for his social work and charity.
Muhammad Ali was married four times. He had seven daughters and two sons. One of his sons was adopted by him. 
Health and Death.
On December 20, 2014, Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. Ali was once again hospitalized on January 15, 2015 for a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive at a guest house in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was released the next day.
Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. On June 3, 2016, Ali died from septic shock due to respiratory problems at a Scottsdale, Arizona hospital, aged 74.

= = = Mechanician = = =
A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in engineering, applied mechanics and similar fields. Sometimes mechanicians are also called mechaniker and mechanicist.

= = = Compressive stress = = =
Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller volume. 
By compressive stress the material is under compression. Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.
One can increase the compressive stress until compressive strength is reached. Then materials will react with ductile behaviour (most metals, some soils and plastics) or with fracture in case of brittle materials (geomaterials, cast iron, glass, etc.). For example, if a cylinder is compressed under the action of the applied force, the restoring force per unit area is known as the compressive stress. It is one of the best stresses for chassis, so if you have a chassis report explain it well as it helps a lot.

= = = Cambuslang railway station = = =
Cambuslang railway station is a train station for the Scottish town of Cambuslang, in South Lanarkshire (near Glasgow.) The station is owned and managed by First ScotRail. There is a train every ten minutes. Trains come more often at busy times of the day. The station has a ticket office at the top, with a bridge across the track and two ramps down to each platform.

= = = Rotation = = =
Rotation is the movement of an object in a circular motion.
A two-dimensional object rotates around a "center" (or "point") "of rotation". A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an "axis". If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or "spin"– which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion about an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an "orbit" or more properly "orbital revolution."
Types of rotation.
Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction.
Aviation.
In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as "pitch", "roll" and "yaw". The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff. The same terms are used for fish moving through water.
Amusement rides.
Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically.
Sports.
Rotation, usually called "spin", plays a role in many sports. "Topspin" and "backspin" in tennis. "English", "follow" and "draw" in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket. Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.

= = = Moment (physics) = = =
In physics, moment of force (often just moment) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.
In this concept the moment arm, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm2/s2 or Nm).
Formula for moment: 
formula_1 
The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.
Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.
A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.
In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.
History of moment.
The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an "arm", a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the "moment of force", is defined as "M = rF", where "F" is the applied force, and "r" is the distance from the applied force to object.

= = = Tensile strength = = =
Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. 
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking.
There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:
Typical tensile strengths.
Some typical tensile strengths of some materials:

= = = Bosconian = = =
Bosconian is a video arcade game made by Namco in 1981. The player moves a spaceship and tries to destroy "space stations". There are also other things in space that the player has to destroy to get to the space stations. The game was later used on many of the early personal computers.
Reception.
"Bosconian" won the 1982 Arcade Award for Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Coin-Op Game. The award was given out in January 1983. It beats both Atari's "Gravitar" and Sega's "Zaxxon".

= = = The Sunday Night Project = = =
The Sunday Night Project is a British comedy television programme. It was broadcast on Channel 4 from 2005 to 2009. The show was presented by Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr with a different guest host each week.

= = = Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia = = =
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (; – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter of Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution of 1917, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
During the years of Communist rule nobody knew where she was buried. This led to many stories that she could have escaped and still be alive. The bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and three daughters were found in a grave near Yekaterinburg in 1991; however, the bodies of Alexei Nikolaevich and one of his sisters (either Anastasia or Maria) were not there.
In January 2008, Russian scientists said that the remains of a young boy and woman found near Yekaterinburg in August 2007 might be the missing bodies. On 30 April 2008, Russian scientists used DNA testing to prove that they were the Tsarevich Alexei and his sister. In March 2009, the last results of the DNA testing were published by Dr. Michael Coble of the US Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory. This proved that all four Grand Duchesses were murdered.
Several women have claimed to have been Anastasia. The most famous was Anna Anderson. However, DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed that she was not related to the Imperial family.
Biography.
Life and childhood.
When Anastasia was born, her family was disappointed. They had hoped for a son who would be heir to the throne. In honor of her birth, her father forgave the students who had been put in prison for joining in riots in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Because of this, Anastasia's name means "the breaker of chains" or the "prison opener". It can also mean "of the resurrection". People often spoke of this when there were stories that she had not died. Anastasia was a Grand Duchess. Because this made Anastasia an "Imperial Highness", she was higher in rank than other Princesses in Europe who were "Royal Highnesses".
The Tsar's children lived very simply. They slept on hard camp cots without pillows when they were healthy, took cold baths in the morning, and had to clean their rooms and sometimes sew. Most of their servants usually called Anastasia by her first name instead of calling her "Her Imperial Highness". Sometimes they called her "Anastasie", "Nastya", "Nastas", or "Nastenka". Anastasia was also called "Malenkaya", meaning "little (one)", or "shvibzik", the Russian word for "imp".
Anastasia was a bright, lively child. People described her as short and plump, with blue eyes and blonde hair. Margaretta Eagar, Anastasia's governess, said that somebody had once called young Anastasia the most charming child he had ever seen. Lili Dehn said that Anastasia was "pretty", but had "more of a clever face, and her eyes were wells of intelligence".
Anastasia was clever, but she was never much interested in studying. Pierre Gilliard, Sydney Gibbes, and ladies-in-waiting Lili Dehn and Anna Vyrubova said that Anastasia was funny and good at acting. Some people did not like her sharp, quick remarks.
Anastasia's playful behavior was often punished. According to Gieb Botkin, "in naughtiness she was a true genius". He was the son of the court doctor Yevgeny Botkin, who later died with the family at Ekaterinburg. Anastasia tripped the servants, tricked her teachers, and climbed trees and refused to come down. Once at a snowball fight, she rolled a rock into a snowball and threw it at her older sister, Tatiana. Princess Nina Georgievna, Anastasia's cousin, said that "Anastasia was nasty to the point of being evil". She said that Anastasia would get angry when her friends won games, or when the younger Nina was taller than she was. She also cared less about her looks than her sisters. Hallie Erminie Rives, an American writer, described how Anastasia ate chocolates without taking off her white opera gloves at the St. Petersburg opera house when she was 10-years-old.
Anastasia's family called Anastasia and her older sister Maria "The Little Pair". This was because they shared a room, often wore the same dress, and played together a lot. Their older sisters Olga and Tatiana were known as "The Big Pair", because they shared a room as well. The four girls sometimes signed letters with their nickname, OTMA. They made this nickname from the first letters of their first names, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.
Anastasia was very energetic, but she was often sick. She had "hallux valgus" (bunions), which hurt both of her big toes. Anastasia also had a weak muscle in her back. Because of this, she had to be massaged twice every week. She disliked this, and when it was time to be massaged, she would hide under her bed or in cupboards. Anastasia's older sister, Maria, is said to have hemorrhaged in December 1914 during an operation to remove her tonsils. The doctor performing the operation was so shocked that Maria's mother, Tsarina Alexandra, had to order him to continue. Olga Alexandrovna said all four of her nieces bled more than was normal. She believed they had the hemophilia gene, like their mother. Some carriers of the gene are not hemophiliacs themselves, but they can have signs of hemophilia, like bleeding more than most people. DNA testing on the remains of the royal family proved in 2009 that Alexei suffered from Hemophilia B. His mother and one of his sisters were carriers. The Russians thought this sister was Maria, and Americans thought it was Anastasia. If Anastasia had lived, she could have passed on the disease to her children. Anastasia, like everyone else in her family, loved "Baby" Tsarevich Alexei very much. Alexei often had attacks of hemophilia and nearly died several times.
Connection with Grigori Rasputin.
Her mother trusted Grigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wandering "holy man". She thought his prayers had saved her son when he was sick many times. Anastasia and her sisters were told to treat Rasputin as "Our Friend" and to tell him their secrets. In the autumn of 1907, Anastasia's aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia went to the nursery with the Tsar to meet Rasputin. Anastasia, her sisters and brother Alexei were all wearing their long white nightgowns.
"All the children seemed to like him," Olga Alexandrovna said later. "They were completely at ease (comfortable) with him." Rasputin's friendship with the Imperial children can be seen in some of the messages he sent to them. In February 1909, Rasputin sent them a telegram, saying, "Love the whole of God's nature, the whole of His creation in particular this earth. The Mother of God was always occupied with flowers and needlework."
But in 1910, Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva told other people in the family that Rasputin was allowed to see the four girls when they were wearing their nightgowns. Rasputin's visits to the children were completely innocent, but the family was shocked and angry. Tyutcheva told Nicholas's sister, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, that Rasputin visited and talked to the girls while they were getting ready for bed, and hugged and patted them. Tyutcheva said the children did not talk about Rasputin with her and kept his visits a secret. Tatiana wrote to her mother on 8 March 1910, that she was "so afr(aid) that S.I. (governess Sofia Ivanovna Tyutcheva) can our friend something bad". Xenia wrote on 15 March 1910 that she did not understand "the attitude (behavior) of Alix and the children to that sinister Grigory". Nicholas asked Rasputin not to go into the nursery after that, and Alexandra later fired Tyutcheva.
In the spring of 1910, Maria Ivanovna Vishnyakova, a royal governess, said that Rasputin had raped her. The empress did not believe her, saying that "everything Rasputin does is holy". Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna was told that they had made an investigation to see if what Vishnyakova said was true, but that "they caught the young woman in bed with a Cossack of the Imperial Guard." Vishnyakova was kept from seeing Rasputin after she claimed that he raped her. She was fired in 1913.
But rumors still spread. People suggested that Rasputin had seduced the Tsarina and her four daughters. Rasputin had written warm, but completely innocent letters to the Tsarina and her four daughters. He released the letters, which made people gossip even more. "My dear, precious, only friend," wrote Anastasia. "How much I should like to see you again. You appeared to me today in a dream. I am always asking Mama when you will think of you always, my dear, because you are so good to me ..."
Soon after, pornographic cartoons were printed about Rasputin having relations with the Empress, her four daughters and Anna Vyrubovna. After the scandal, Nicholas asked Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg for a time. Rasputin went on a pilgrimage to Palestine. Alexandra was very angry at this. However, though the rumors continued, the imperial family continued to be friendly with Rasputin until he was murdered on 17 December 1916. "Our Friend is so contented (happy) with our girlies, souls have much developed," Alexandra wrote to Nicholas on December 6, 1916.
Later, A.A. Mordvinov reported in his memoirs that the four Grand Duchesses looked "cold and visibly terribly upset" by Rasputin's death. He added that they sat "huddled up closely together" on a sofa on the night they heard he was killed. Mordvinov remembered that they were sad and seemed to feel the beginning of great political troubles. Rasputin was buried with an icon signed on the back by Anastasia, her mother and her sisters. Anastasia went to his funeral on December 21, 1916. Her family planned to build a church over Rasputin's grave. After they were killed by the Bolsheviks, it was discovered Anastasia and her sisters were all wearing amulets with Rasputin's picture and a prayer on it.
World War I and revolution.
During World War I Anastasia and her sister Maria visited hurt soldiers at a hospital at Tsarskoye Selo. Because they were too young to become Red Cross nurses like their mother and older sisters, they played checkers and billiards with the soldiers and tried to make them happy instead. Felix Dassel, who was treated at the hospital, remembered that Anastasia had a "laugh like a squirrel", and walked quickly "as though she "tripped" along."
In February 1917, Nicholas II resigned from the throne. Anastasia and her family were placed under house arrest at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo during the Russian Revolution. As the Bolsheviks came nearer, Alexander Kerensky moved them to Tobolsk, Siberia. The Bolsheviks grew more and more powerful. Anastasia and her family were moved to the Ipatiev House (House of Special Purpose), at Yekaterinburg.
Anastasia felt sad about her captivity. "Goodby," she wrote to a friend in the winter of 1917. "Don't forget us." At Tobolsk, she wrote a sad theme for her English teacher, filled with spelling mistakes, about "Evelyn Hope", a poem by Robert Browning about a young girl. "When she died she was only sixteen years old," Anastasia wrote. "Ther(e) was a man who loved her without having seen her but (k)new her very well. And she he(a)rd of him also. He never could tell her that he loved her, and now she was dead. But still he thought that when he and she will live [their] next life whenever it will be that ..."
At Tobolsk, she and her sisters sewed jewels into their clothes. This was because Alexandra, Nicholas and Maria had had their things taken away when they arrived in Ekaterinburg. Demidova wrote to Tegleva about this, using code words for the jewels such as "medicines" and "Sednev's belongings". Anastasia and her sisters dressed simply, and all three had their hair cut short. It had been cut when they were ill with measles in 1917, and they had kept it short. Pierre Gilliard remembered his last sight of the children: "The sailor Nagorny, who attended to Alexei Nikolaevitch, passed my window carrying the sick boy in his arms, behind him came the Grand Duchesses loaded with valises and small personal belongings. I tried to get out, but was roughly pushed back into the carriage by the sentry. I came back to the window. Tatiana Nikolayevna came last carrying her little dog and struggling to drag a heavy brown valise. It was raining and I saw her feet sink into the mud at every step. Nagorny tried to come to her assistance (help); he was roughly pushed back by one of the commisars ..." Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, too, spoke of her last sad memory of Anastasia: "Once, standing on some steps at the door of a house close by, I saw a hand and a pink-sleeved arm opening the topmost (highest) pane. According to the blouse the hand must have belonged either to the Grand Duchess Marie or Anastasia. They could not see me through their windows, and this was to be the last glimpse that I was to have of any of them!"
But even in the last months of her life, Anastasia could be happy. She and other members of her family performed plays for their parents and others in the spring of 1918. Her tutor Sydney Gibbes said that Anastasia's acting made everyone laugh. On 7 May 1918, Anastasia wrote a letter from Tobolsk to her sister Maria in Yekaterinburg. In the letter, she described a moment of joy, even though she was sad, lonely, and worried about her sick brother Alexei: "We played on the swing, that was when I roared with laughter (laughed loudly), the fall was so wonderful! Indeed! I told the sisters about it so many times yesterday that they got quite fed up (tired)", adding, "One could simply shout with joy." In his memoirs, Alexander Strekotin, one of the guards at the Ipatiev House, called Anastasia "very friendly and full of fun". Another guard said Anastasia was "a very charming devil! She was mischievous and, I think, rarely (not often) tired. She was lively, and was fond of (enjoyed) performing comic mimes with the dogs, as though they were performing in a circus." Another guard, however, called her "offensive and a terrorist" and complained about some of her sharp remarks. Anastasia and her sisters learned to wash their own clothes and make bread at the Ipatiev House.
In the summer, however, the whole family became much sadder. According to some accounts, Anastasia once became so unhappy about the locked, painted windows that she opened one to get fresh air. A guard is said to have seen her and fired, almost hitting her. She did not try to open the windows again.
On 14 July 1918, local priests at Yekaterinburg held a private church service for the family. They later said that Anastasia and her family fell on their knees during the prayers for the dead, which they had not done before. They also noted that the girls had become very sad and did not reply to the service. One of the priests said, "Something has happened to them in there." But the next day, on 15 July 1918, Anastasia and her sisters seemed happier. They joked and helped move the beds in their shared bedroom so that the cleaning women could clean the floors. Helping the women scrub the floors, they whispered to them when the guards were not watching. Anastasia even stuck her tongue out at Yakov Yurovsky, the head of the guards, when he turned his back and left the room.
Anastasia was executed with her family by a firing squad in the early morning of 17 July 1918. They had been killed by the Bolshevik secret police, commanded by Yurovsky.
Captivity and execution.
In October 1917, the Bolshevik revolution struck Russia. A civil war began shortly after that. Plans to release the Romanovs slowed down. As the Whites (people who were still faithful to the Tsar and autocracy) came more toward Yekaterinburg, the Reds felt afraid. They knew that the well-prepared White Army would win. When the Whites reached Yekaterinburg, the Imperial Family were gone. It is thought that the family had been executed.
The "Yurovsky Note" was found in 1989 and described in Edvard Radzinsky's 1992 book "The Last Tsar". The "Yurovsky Note" was a description of the event by Yurovsky after the execution. According to the note, on the night of the murders the family was awakened and told to dress. They were told they were moving to a new place for their safety. They claimed it was because of the possible violence which might happen when the White Army reached Yekaterinburg. When they were dressed, the family and the few servants were led to a small room in the house's basement. They were told to wait there. Alexandra asked for chairs for herself and Alexei, and she sat next to her son. After a short time, the executioners entered the room, led by Yurovsky. Yurovsky quickly told the Tsar and his family that they were going to die. The Tsar cried "What?" and turned to his family, but was immediately killed when several bullets hit his chest. The Tsar, the empress, and two servants were killed in the first round of shooting. Maria, Dr. Botkin and Alexandra's maid Demidova were hurt. Thick smoke and dust filled the room from the shooting, so the gunmen left the room for a few minutes. They soon came back and shot Dr. Botkin. A gunman named Ermakov tried to shoot Tsarevich Alexei, but the jewels in the boy's clothes protected him. Ermakov tried to kill Alexei with a bayonet but failed again. At last, Yurovsky fired two shots into the boy's head. Tatiana and Olga were near the wall. They were holding onto each other and crying for their mother. Tatiana was killed by a shot to her head. Olga died when Ermakov shot her in the jaw.
Maria, Anastasia, and the maid Demidova were on the floor under the room's one window. Ermakov said that he killed Maria by shooting her head. Ermakov then tried to stab Anastasia, failed, and said he killed her by shooting her head. Maria's skull does not have any bullet wounds, though. It is unclear how she died. Ermakov was drunk during the murders, and it is possible his shot did not go entirely through her head. She might have become unconscious and bled greatly, but remained alive. Then, as the bodies were taken away, two of the grand duchesses moved. One sat up and screamed, throwing her arm over her head. The other, bleeding from the mouth, moaned and moved. When Olga and Tatiana were shot, they were killed instantly, so Maria was probably the one who screamed. Anastasia might still have been able to move. Ermakov told his wife that Anastasia was killed by a bayonet, and Yurovsky wrote that as the bodies were carried out, one or more of the girls cried out and were hit on the back of the head with a club. However, the back of Maria's skull does not show any signs of having been clubbed. The remains of Anastasia's burnt body do not show details of how she died.
False reports of still being alive and Romanov remains.
One of the greatest mysteries of the 20th century was if Anastasia had survived or not. From 1920 to 1922, Anna Anderson, the most famous person who pretended to be Anastasia, grew very famous. She claimed that she had pretended to be dead, then escaped with the help of a kind guard that saved her from the dead bodies after seeing she was still alive. Her legal struggle to be recognized as Anastasia from 1938 to 1970 was a controversy for her whole life. It was the longest running case ever heard by the German courts. At last, the courts decided that there was not enough proof.
Anderson died in 1984 and her body was cremated. In 1994, a tissue sample from Andersen in a hospital was used for DNA tests with the blood of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Prince Philip was a grandnephew of Empress Alexandra. Dr. Gill, who did the tests, decided that if "you accept that these samples came from Anna Anderson, then Anna Anderson could related to Tsar Nicholas or Tsarina Alexandra." Anderson's DNA matched with a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska, a missing Polish factory worker. Some people who supported Anderson agreed that the DNA tests showed she could not have been the Grand Duchess.
At least 10 women claimed to be Anastasia. Less famous people who pretended to be Anastasia were Nadezhda Ivanovna Vasilyeva and Eugenia Smith. A priest took care of two young women who said that they were Anastasia and her sister Maria in the Ural Mountains in 1919. They lived there as nuns until they died in 1964. They were buried with the names Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna.
People reported that trains and houses were being searched for 'Anastasia Romanov' by soldiers and secret police. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, Princess Helena Petrovna, the wife of Anastasia's distant cousin, Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away. Others in Perm later said that they saw Anastasia, her mother and sisters in Perm after they were killed, but this was only a rumor. Surprisingly, the rumors that had started to hide the fact that the family was dead helped the rumors that they were alive. A few days after they had been killed, the German government sent telegrams to Russia asking for "the safety of the princesses of German blood". Russia had signed a peace treaty with the Germans and did not want to tell them that the women were dead. Instead, they told them they had been moved to a safer place. This could have been why the 'Perm stories' began.
Another time, eight people said that they saw a young woman being captured at a railway station at Siding 37 in September 1918 after trying to escape. These people were Maxim Grigoyev, Tatiana Sitnikova and her son Fyodor Sitnikov, Ivan Kuklin and Matrina Kuklina, Vassily Ryabov, Ustinya Varankina, and Dr. Pavel Utkin. Some of these people said that the girl was Anastasia when they saw photographs of the grand duchess by White Russian Army investigators. Dr. Pavel Utkin also told the investigators that the girl, whom he had helped in Perm when she was hurt, had said, "I am the daughter of the ruler, Anastasia." During that time, there were similar stories of young people in Russia saying that they were Romanovs who had escaped. Boris Soloviev, the husband of Rasputin's daughter Maria, defrauded many important Russian families by asking for money for a Romanov to escape to China. Soloviev was helped by young women who pretended to be one of the grand duchesses to help trick the families.
Some suggest that there might have been a way for a guard to save anyone in the family who still lived. Yakov Yurovsky ordered the guards to come to his office and give him the things they had stolen after the murder. At that time, it is said that there was a short time when the killed bodies were left in the truck and in the basement of the house. Some guards who had not joined in the murders and had felt sorry for the grand duchesses were left in the basement with the bodies.
There were also stories from Bulgaria that Anastasia and her brother were still alive. In 1953, Peter Zamiatkin told a 16-year-old person being treated at a hospital that he had taken Anastasia and Alexei to the village where he was born near Odessa. He said he was a member of the guard of the Romanovs, and that the Tsar had asked him to do this. Zamiatkin said that after the rest of the family had been killed, he escaped with the children on a ship. "Anastasia" and "Alexei" lived under false names in the Bulgarian town of Gabarevo. The Bulgarian "Anastasia" called herself Eleonora Albertovna Kruger. She died in 1954.
Romanov graves.
In 1991, the place where the Imperial family and their servants were supposedly buried as found in the woods outside Yekaterinburg. It had actually been found almost ten years earlier, but had been kept hidden by the people who discovered it. They did not want the Communists, who still ruled Russia at that time, to know where the grave was. The grave only had nine bodies instead of 11. DNA and studies on their skeletons showed that they were the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, and three of the Grand Duchesses (Olga, Tatiana, and Maria). The other remains had different DNA. They were the bodies of the family's doctor (Yevgeny Botkin), valet (Alexei Trupp), cook (Ivan Kharitonov) and Alexandra's maid (Anna Demidova). Dr. William Maples decided that the Tsarevitch Alexei and Anastasia's bodies were missing. Russian scientists did not agree with this. They claimed that it was the body of Maria was missing, not Anastasia's. The Russians used a computer program to compare photos of Anastasia with the skulls from the grave. When some of the pieces of bone in the skulls were missing, they guessed how long or wide it was instead. American scientists thought this way of studying the bodies was wrong.
American scientists thought the missing body was Anastasia's. This was because none of the female skeletons showed signs that it was not fully grown yet. The remains of the Imperial Family were buried in 1998. At that time, a body that measured about 5 feet, 7 inches (170 cm) was buried as the body of Anastasia. Photographs of her standing next to her sisters six months before she died show that Anastasia was a few inches shorter than all of them.
The "Yurovsky Note" showed that two of the bodies were taken from the main grave and burned secretly to hide the burials of the Imperial family. However, people could not find the place where the bodies were burnt for many years. However, on 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist declared that he had found two burned skeletons near Yekaterinburg, at a place which seemed to match what was described in Yurovsky's writings. The archaeologists said that the bones were from a boy who was about 10 to 13, and a young woman who was between 18 and 23 years old. Anastasia was 17 years and one month old when she was killed; Maria was 19 years, one month old, and Alexei was just two weeks before his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's older sisters, Olga and Tatiana, were 22 and 23 when they died. They used metal detectors to find the bones.
Many international laboratories such as the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory and Medical University of Innsbruck did DNA tests. They proved that the remains were from the body of Tsarevich Alexei and one of his sister. They agreed that everyone in the family, including Anastasia, died in 1918. All the parents and children has his or her own special DNA.
Sainthood.
In 2000, Anastasia and her family were canonized as passion bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1981, they had already been canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad as holy martyrs. The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were buried in the St. Catherine Chapel at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998. This was 80 years after they had been murdered.
In culture.
The stories of how Anastasia might have escaped became the subject of theatrical and television movies. The earliest, made in 1928, was called "Clothes Make the Woman". The story was about a woman who acts the character of Anastasia in a Hollywood movie, and is later recognized by the Russian soldier who saved her.
In 1956, a movie called "Anastasia" was made. Ingrid Bergman acted Anna Anderson, Yul Brynner was General Bounine (a fictional character based on several real men), and Helen Hayes as the Dowager Empress Marie, Anastasia's grandmother. The movie is about a woman from an asylum who came to Paris in 1928 and was captured by some Russian émigrés who use her so that they can fool Anastasia's grandmother into thinking Anderson actually is her granddaughter. This is because they want to get a Tsarist fortune. After some time, they begin wondering if "Madame A. Anderson" really is the missing Grand Duchess.
This story was also used for the short 1965 musical "Anya".
In 1986, NBC began a mini-series inspired by a book published in 1983 by Peter Kurth called "Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson". The movie, "", was a series with two parts. It began with the young Anastasia Nicholaievna and her family being sent to Yekaterinburg, where they are killed by Bolshevik soldiers. The story then moves to 1923, saying that Anna Anderson is Anastasia. Amy Irving was the actress for Anna Anderson.
The most recent movie is 1997's "Anastasia". This was an animated musical adaptation of the story of Anastasia's fictional (not real) escape from Russia and how she tried to be recognized. The movie often used wrong historical facts.
In "The Romanov Prophecy," a 2004 novel by Steve Berry, Anastasia and Alexei are saved by guards and taken away to the United States. There, they live under false names with a family paid by Felix Yusupov. In the novel, both children died in the 1920s because they became sick. However, before they died, Alexei married and had a son.

= = = Anna Anderson = = =
Anna Anderson (December 16, 1896 – February 12, 1984) was a woman who claimed she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The real Anastasia had been murdered in Ekaterinburg with the rest of her immediate family on July 17, 1918. Her remains have been found and extensively tested using DNA samples from Anastasia's family comparing them to Anderson. There was no match at all. Anderson attempted to kill herself in 1920 in Berlin, Germany. She was taken to a mental hospital. A short time later she began to tell her false story of escape to people there. Some people believed her. Most people did not. Her false claims were pushed for 70 years. Movies were made about her story. She married Jack Manahan and called herself Anastasia Manahan. They lived in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she died of pneumonia in 1984. 

= = = Celtic F.C. = = =
Celtic Football Club is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premiership and are one of the most successful Scottish teams.
Old Firm.
Celtic used to be half of the Old Firm, alongside Rangers F.C.. This is a term that used to describe both Rangers and Celtic together until rangers fc died in 2012.

= = = Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia = = =
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (Maria Nikolaevna Romanova; Russian: ������� ������ ����� ����������, 26 June 189917 July 1918) was the third daughter of Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution of 1917, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
During her lifetime, Maria, too young to become a Red Cross nurse like her elder sisters, Instead during World War I, was patroness of a hospital and instead visited wounded soldiers. Throughout her lifetime she was noted for her interest in the lives of the soldiers. The flirtatious Maria had a number of innocent crushes on the young men she met, beginning in early childhood. She hoped to marry and have a large family.
She was an elder sister of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. Her sister Anastasia was famous for stories about her alleged escape from the murder of the royal family for almost 90 years. In the 1990s, it was suggested that the Grand Duchess whose remains were not in the Romanov might be Maria. However, further remains were discovered in 2007, and DNA analysis subsequently proved that the entire Imperial family had been murdered in 1918.
Biography.
Early life.
Maria was born on 26 June 1899. She was the third child and daughter of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. The birth of a third daughter led to widespread disappointment in Russia. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Alexandra's grandmother and Maria's great-grandmother, wrote, "I regret the third girl for the country. I know that an heir would be more welcome than a daughter." 
Nicholas insisted that he was happy with Maria's birth, and he told Alexandra "I dare complain the least, having such happiness on earth, having a treasure like you my beloved Alix, and already the three little cherubs."
At age eleven, Maria apparently developed a painful crush on one of the young men she had met. Alexandra advised her daughter to keep her feelings hidden because others might say unkind things to her about her crush"
As a toddler, little Maria once escaped from her bath and ran naked up and down the palace corridor while her distracted Irish nurse, Margaretta Eagar, who loved politics, discussed the Dreyfus Affair with a friend.
Maria's siblings were Grand Duchess Olga of Russia, Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia, Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. 
Servants addressed the her by her first name and patronym, Maria Nikolaevna. She was also called by the French version of her name, Marie, or by the Russian nicknames Masha or Mashka.
Maria and Anastasia were dressed similarly for special occasions, when they wore variations of the same dress. She tended to be dominated by her enthusiastic and energetic younger sister. When Anastasia tripped people who walked by, teased others or caused a scene with her dramatics, Maria always tried to apologize, though she could never stop her younger sister. Her mother's friend Lili Dehn said that while Maria was not as lively as her three sisters, she knew her own mind.
When Maria was young, she enjoyed flirting with the young soldiers she encountered at the palace and on family holidays. She particularly loved children and, had she not been a Grand Duchess, would have loved nothing more than to marry a Russian soldier and raise a large family. Maria was fond of soldiers from a very early age, according to Margaretta Eagar. 
Her first cousin, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, kept a photograph of Maria beside his bed in memory of the crush he had upon her. In 1910, Louis met the Romanov sisters. He later reflected that "they were lovely, and terribly sweet, far more beautiful than their photographs," and he said that "I was crackers about Marie, and was determined to marry her. She was absolutely lovely."
Like her younger sister Anastasia, Maria visited wounded soldiers at a private hospital on the grounds of the palace at Tsarskoye Selo during World War I. The two teenagers, who were too young to become nurses like their mother and elder sisters, played games of checkers and billiards with the soldiers and attempted to uplift their spirits.
During the war, Maria and Anastasia also paid a visit to a nurses' school and helped to tend to the children. She wrote her father that she thought of him when she was feeding the children and cleaned the gruel running down their chins with a spoon. For a break during the war, Maria, her sisters and mother sometimes visited the Tsar and Tsarevich Alexei at the war headquarters in Mogilev.
Appearance and personality.
Maria was a noted beauty. She had light brown hair and large blue eyes." Maria, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria's great-aunt, declared that Maria was a real beauty with enormous blue eyes. Her mother's friend Lili Dehn wrote that she was exceeding fair, dowered with the classic beauty of the Romanovs. 
Her French tutor Pierre Gilliard said Maria was tall and well-built, with rosy cheeks. Maria's eyes was often described as "soft and gentle". She had the same charming smile, the same shape of face." Sophie Buxhoeveden said that her eyes were magnificent, of a deep blue, and that her hair had golden lights in it.
She had a talent for drawing and sketched well, always using her left hand. She was uninterested in her schoolwork. Maria could be stubborn and lazy. Her mother complained in one letter that she was grumpy and shouted at the people who irritated her. Maria's moodiness mixed with her menstrual period. 
Maria had a kind, sweet personality. Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia nicknamed her "The Amiable Baby" because of her good nature. Her older sisters Olga and Tatiana once referred to Maria as their "stepsister" because she was so good and never got into trouble.
Russian Revolution and captivity.
In March of 1917, Maria and her family were under house arrest at Tsarskoye Selo. The family was then moved to the former governor's mansion in Tobolsk by the provisional government that replaced the monarchy. 
They were strictly supervised by 300 guards, their windows were sealed and painted over as higher and higher walls were built around the building. The commanding officers could access any of the family's rooms at any time and forced the prisoners to ring a bell to use the lavatory.
Death.
Throughout the civil war in 1918, the Bolsheviks grew worried that the White Army would seize the Romanovs, who could be a powerful symbol for the anti-Communist cause. The Ural Regional Soviet decided on June 29 to execute the family and received tentative approval from Moscow. On July 16, the captors were ordered to kill the family because the Red Army forces were retreating.
On July 17, 1918, Maria and her family were executed by Bolshevik agents with gunshots and bayonets at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. To avoid the corpses' discovery, the guards stripped the bodies of clothing and jewels, mutilated them with sulphuric acid and buried them in the Koptyaki forest.

= = = Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia = = =
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova; ; 10 June 1897 – 17 July 1918) was the second daughter of Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution of 1917, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Tatiana was the younger sister of Grand Duchess Olga and the elder sister of Grand Duchess Maria, Grand Duchess Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei. 
During World War I, she chaired many charitable committees and along with her older sister Olga, trained to become a nurse. She tended to wounded soldiers on the grounds of Tsarskoye Selo from 1914 to 1917.
Biography.
Early life.
Tatiana was born on 10 June 1897. She was the second child and daughter of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. Her siblings were Grand Duchesses Olga, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. All of the children were close to one another and to their parents up until the end of their lives.
Like the other Romanov children, Tatiana was raised with austerity. She and her sisters slept on camp beds without pillows, took cold baths in the morning, and embroidered and knitted projects to be given as gifts or sold at charity bazaars.
In their household, Tatiana and Olga were known as "The Big Pair". They shared a bedroom and were very close to each another from early childhood.
Appearance and personality.
Tatiana was a famous beauty. She was tall, slender, and elegant. She had dark auburn hair, gray eyes, and fine features. Many viewed her as the most beautiful of the four grand duchesses and the one who resembled their mother most. 
She most resembled her mother. Slender with auburn hair and clear gray eyes, she was strikingly good looking and enjoyed the attention her beauty got. 
According to Anna Vyrubova, when Tatiana grew up, she was the tallest and most graceful, beautiful, and romantic. Many officers fell in love with Tatiana, but there were no appropriate suitors for her. Meriel Buchanan described her beauty as "almost mystical." Alexander Mossolov, head of the Imperial Chancellery, wrote that Tatiana was the best-looking of all the sisters. When she was 8 years old, her tutor Pierre Gilliard said that she was prettier than her sister.
Despite her high status, Tatiana did not use her Imperial title. Her friends, family, and servants called her by her first name and patronym, Tatiana Nikolaevna. She did not claim the imperial title of Grand Duchess and replied that she was "Sister Romanova the Second".
Tatiana was a practical, nurturing leader. She who took care of the little ones, and who was a constant help to the household and always willing to help when in need.
Tatiana was interested in fashion. According to Sophie Buxhoeveden, She loved to dress. Any clothing, no matter how old, looked well on her. She knew how to put on her clothes, was admired and liked admiration." 
Her mother's friend Anna Vyrubova wrote that Tatiana was talented and that she could dress her mother's hair as well as a professional hair stylist. Sophie Buxhoeveden remembered that Tatiana once dressed her hair when her hairdresser was unavailable.
Young adulthood and World War I.
When World War I broke out, Tatiana became a Red Cross nurse with her mother and Olga. They cared for wounded soldiers in a private hospital on the grounds of Tsarskoye Selo. In September 1914, she was named patron of a war aid committee called the Tatiana Committee.
Russian Revolution and captivity.
In March of 1917, Tatiana and her family were under house arrest at Tsarskoye Selo. The family was then moved to the former governor's mansion in Tobolsk by the provisional government that replaced the monarchy.
They were strictly supervised by 300 guards, their windows were sealed and painted over as higher and higher walls were built around the building. The commanding officers could access any of the family's rooms at any time and forced the prisoners to ring a bell to use the lavatory.
Death.
Throughout the civil war in 1918, the Bolsheviks grew worried that the White Army would seize the Romanovs, who could be a powerful symbol for the anti-Communist cause. The Ural Regional Soviet decided on June 29 to execute the family and received tentative approval from Moscow. On July 16, the captors were ordered to kill the family because the Red Army forces were retreating.
On July 17, 1918, Tatiana and her family were executed by Bolshevik agents with gunshots and bayonets at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. To avoid the corpses' discovery, the guards stripped the bodies of clothing and jewels, mutilated them with sulphuric acid and buried them in the Koptyaki forest.

= = = Rally-X = = =
Rally-X is a arcade video game released by Namco in 1980. The player moves a car around a maze. The player tries to collect 10 "flags".
Players can lose a life by:
Flags.
In "Rally-X", there are two types of flags: regular flags and special flags. Special flags double the players points after collecting it. It will only work if the player does not lose a life. In "New Rally-X", there is another flag called a lucky flag. It fills up the car's fuel tank if it is empty. There is only one special flag or lucky flag.

= = = Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia = = =
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (Olga Nikolaevna Romanova; 15 November 1895 – 17 July 1918) was the eldest child of Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution of 1917, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
In the 1990s, her remains were identified through DNA testing and were buried in a funeral ceremony at Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg alongwith her parents and two of her sisters.
Biography.
Olga was born on 15 November 1895. She was the oldest child and daughter of Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. She had four siblings, Grand Duchesses Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia.
In 1896, her father and her sister on a visit to Scotland, France, and Darmstadt. In France, Olga was very popular. Her father told his mother that Olga made a great impression everywhere.
Olga and her siblings were raised as simply as possible. They slept on hard camp cots unless they were ill, and they took cold baths every morning. She was most often paired with her sister Tatiana. The two girls shared a room, dressed alike, and were known as "The Big Pair."
Servants called Olga and her siblings by their first names and patronyms rather than by their imperial titles. Olga's friends and family generally called her simply Olga Nikolaevna.
Appearance and personality.
Olga had chestnut-blonde hair, bright blue eyes, a broad face, and an upturned nose. She was considered less pretty than her sisters, Tatiana and Maria, She was slightly above the medium height, with a fresh complexion, deep blue eyes, quantities of light chestnut hair, and pretty hands and feet." Olga had sparkling blue eyes, charm of freshness, an enchanting existince that made her irresistible."
Olga was compassionate and sought to help others. As a child, she saw a little girl crying in the road. She threw her doll out of her carriage and gave it to the little girl.
When she was 20, she took control of a portion of her sizable fortune and began to respond independently to requests for charity. One day when she was out for a drive she saw a young child using crutches. She asked about the child and learned that the youngster's parents were too poor to afford treatment. She set aside an allowance to cover the child's medical bills.
Olga was highly intelligent and enjoyed studying. She enjoyed reading about politics and read newspapers. She reportedly enjoyed choosing from her mother's book selection.
Olga was musically gifted. She could play by ear anything she had heard, and could transpose complicated pieces of music and play the most difficult one at sight, and her touch on the piano was delightful. She also sang pretty in mezzosoprano.
Early adulthood and World War I.
During World War I, she trained to become a Red Cross nurse. Olga, her sister Tatiana, and her mother treated wounded soldiers at a hospital on the grounds of Tsarskoye Selo.
Nursing during the war provided Olga and her sister Tatiana with exposure to experiences they had not previously had. The girls enjoyed talking with fellow nurses at the hospital, women they would never have met if not for the war, and knew the names of their children and their family stories.
Olga cared for and pitied the soldiers she helped to treat. However, the stress of caring for wounded took a toll on her sensitive moody nerves.
On 19 October 1915 she was assigned office work at the hospital because she was no longer able to bear the gore of the operating theater. She was given arsenic injections in October 1915, at the time considered a treatment for depression or nervous disorders.
Russian Revolution and captivity.
In March of 1917, Olga and her family were under house arrest at Tsarskoye Selo. The family was then moved to the former governor's mansion in Tobolsk by the provisional government that replaced the monarchy.
They were strictly supervised by 300 guards, their windows were sealed and painted over as higher and higher walls were built around the building. The commanding officers could access any of the family's rooms at any time and forced the prisoners to ring a bell to use the lavatory.
Death.
Throughout the civil war in 1918, the Bolsheviks grew worried that the White Army would seize the Romanovs, who could be a powerful symbol for the anti-Communist cause. The Ural Regional Soviet decided on June 29 to execute the family and received tentative approval from Moscow. On July 16, the captors were ordered to kill the family because the Red Army forces were retreating.
On July 17, 1918, Olga and her family were executed by Bolshevik agents with gunshots and bayonets at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. To avoid the corpses' discovery, the guards stripped the bodies of clothing and jewels, mutilated them with sulphuric acid and buried them in the Koptyaki forest.

= = = Physical compression = = =
Physical compression means that a material under compressive stress reduces its volume.
There are different uses of compression in physics and engineering. By compression it is possible to measure mechanical properties of materials such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity. Scientists do this with press machines.
When gases are compressed, their volume becomes smaller as seen in the Ideal gas law. This compression is used in gas engines, for example in the Diesel engine as in any internal combustion engine and in the steam engine. 

= = = Compressive strength = = =
Compressive strength measures the pushing force that one needs to break a material. 
When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength e.g. many concrete floors have compressive strength of 3000 p.s.i..

= = = Strength of materials = = =
The strength of materials is the ability of materials to resist force. That ability is an important topic in mechanical engineering. It describes the mechanical behaviors of materials in response to forces that act on objects (such as stress, deformation, strain and stress-strain relations). Usually, the strength of a material is described with units of pressure, because then the value can be applied to many different shapes. For example, a wire and a rod made out of the same steel may have the same tensile strength but the thicker rod will require more force to break.
Strength is considered in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength, but other properties are often considered, like impact strength and fracture toughness. The strength of materials will also change depending on the environment, such as when it is hot or cold, or humid or dry. Sometimes, the environment, or use over time will change the strength of materials over many hours, days, months, or even years. For example, some metals and metal alloys can become stronger or weaker after being used for many years, especially at high temperatures, because their microstructure, or structure on a very small scale, will change. In almost all materials, the microstructure is what is studied to understand and guess what the strength of a material will be, and it is also what scientists and engineers can modify to change a material (especially a metal). For plastics, many conditions can affect them by causing chemical changes: for example, water will make many plastics softer and weaker, and UV radiation from the Sun can damage many plastics and make them brittle and weak, including Kevlar.

= = = Compression = = =
Compression could mean:

= = = Funeral Blues = = =
"Funeral Blues" is a poem written in 1936 by W. H. Auden.
"Funeral Blues" is a simple poem about death, isolation (loneliness), emptiness and longing. The death of a lover may or may not be a literal event (actually happened). The poem is also about the end of a romantic relationship with somebody other than the person's spouse/partner. In four stanzas it moves from the time before the funeral (Stop all the clocks, Silence the pianos...), during the funeral itself (Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come...), after the funeral (He was my North, my South...), and the loneliness and grief that comes with it.

= = = W. H. Auden = = =
Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) was a Anglo-American poet. He was born in York and moved to Harborne, Birmingham in 1908, then to New York City in 1939. He wrote several famous poems such as "Funeral Blues", and As I Walked Out One Evening. He signed his works W. H. Auden. He died in Vienna, Austria and is buried in Kirchstetten.
Auden was an Anglican and was gay. He married Erika Mann in 1935 to enable her to escape Nazi Germany. His partner from 1946 until his death was Chester Kallman (1921–1975).

= = = Parsley = = =
Parsley is a fresh flavored bright green herb. It used on food as a garnish and as a seasoning in soups,sauces and salads. Some people eat parsley to get their breath to smell better. Parsley can be easily grown in gardens, as well as inside the home, wherever there is plenty of indirect sunlight. Parsley needs good, light soil, good drainage and frequent watering to thrive indoors. To harvest parsely, cut the most mature stalks near the base that are still bright green. New shoots will grow for some time from the base of an established plant. Parsley is extraordinarily rich in vitamins C and A, minerals (especially potassium),beta-carotene, folate and dietary fiber. 
The following chart provides information on the nutritional values and caloric composition of parsley: 
Water content (grams per 100g) 87.71 
Calorie content of Food (kcals per 100g/3.5oz) 36 
Protein content (grams per 100g) 3.7 
Fat content (lipids) (grams per 100g) 1.2 
Ash content (grams per 100g) 2.1
Moisture (grams per 100g) 85.2 
Carbohydrate content (grams per 100g) 8.0 
Dietary Fiber content (grams per 100g) 4.1 

= = = Édith Piaf = = =
Édith Piaf (aka. "La Môme Piaf") (December 19, 1915 – October 11, 1963) was one of France's most-loved singers. Her real name was Édith Giovanna Gassion. She became a national icon. Her music was an image of her tragic life. Piaf was known for singing ballads in a heartbreaking voice. 
Life and career.
As child at her grandmother's in Normandy, she suffered from keratitis, but
1925 - 10 A pilgrimage to Lisieux in the Normandy honoring Saint Thérèse of Lisieux / (Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus), and the intense devoutness of the family resulted in a miraculous healing, Édith said.
1930 – 15 Her manager gave her the stage name "", "la Môme", Édith Piaf, or just Piaf. She was only tall and puny, but sharp and lively like a sparrow. She always wore a black dress on the stage.
She sang first in Pigalle, then in "Le Gerny", the nightclub of Louis Leplée near the Champs-Élysées.
She met Raymond Asso (1901-1968) and Marguerite Monnot (1903-1961), who wrote and composed her best songs; she stroke up an acquaintance with actor and singer Maurice Chevalier.
1948 – 32 The love of Piaf's life, the boxer Marcel Cerdan, middleweight champion of the world, died in a plane crash in October 1949, in the Azores, while flying from Paris to New York City to meet her. 
1952 – 36 Piaf married Jacques Pills in 1952 (her matron of honour was Marlene Dietrich). She divorced him in 1956. In 1962, she wed Théo Sarapo (Theophanis Lamboukas), a Greek hairdresser who was 20 years her junior. 
She suffered from different illnesses during her life, especially after several car crashes.
1963 – 47 Piaf died of liver cancer at Plascassier, near Grasse (Département Alpes-Maritimes), on 10 October 1963. 
Among her most famous songs are ""Mon légionnaire" (1936), "Le fanion de la Légion" (1936), "La vie en rose" (1946), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Padam... Padam..." (1951), "l'Accordéoniste" (1955), "Les amants d'un jour" (1956),"La foule" (1957), "Milord" (1959) and "Non, je ne regrette rien"" (1960). 
Although she was denied a solemn funeral mass, her funeral procession from her residence, Boulevard Lannes (Paris, XVI arr.) drew tens of thousands of mourners onto the streets of Paris, that caused a huge traffic jam. The ceremony at the cemetery‚ Le Père-Lachaise (Paris, XX arr.), was attended by more than 100,000 fans. 

= = = Weed = = =
A weed is a plant that people think is bad, because it is growing in the wrong place. Only smaller plants are often called weeds.
A person may grow a plant because it has beautiful flowers, but other people may think that this plant is a weed for some reason. This may be for one of these reasons:
If someone is farming a plant and it then moves outside the farm, the plant may then be called a weed.
Some plants are very hard to stop once they start growing. These are called invasive weeds. 
Weed is also a name for any wild plant, one that people do not use for anything.

= = = Ternopil = = =
Ternopil () is a city in western Ukraine. It is also the administrative centre of the Ternopil region. The city has about 245,000 inhabitants (2004) and lies on the Siret River.
History.
The city was part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire from 1772 until 1918, and it belonged to Poland before 1772. When the Austrain empire fell in 1918, Turnopil beccame part of the short-lived ZUNR (Western Ukrainian National Republic). After heavy battles between Polish troops and Ukrainian Galician Army troops, the city was occupied by Poland in 1920. However, it was only part of Poland for less than 20 years, and in September 1939, it was taken by Soviet troops and annexed to the USSR. Ternopil became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, it became a part of Independent Ukraine.

= = = Justin Lee Collins = = =
Justin Lee Collins (born 28 July 1974) is an English television and radio presenter and former stand-up comedian from Bristol. Collins co-hosted "The Friday Night Project" on Channel 4 with Alan Carr.

= = = Alan Carr = = =
Alan Carr (born 14 June 1976) is an English television presenter and stand-up comedian. Carr was born in Weymouth, Dorset, and grew up in Northampton. He presented Channel 4's The Friday Night Project with Justin Lee Collins. Carr is openly gay. He hosts "Alan Carr: Chatty Man".

= = = CM Punk = = =
Phillip Jack Brooks (born on October 26, 1978), better known by his ring name CM Punk, is an American professional wrestler, actor and retired mixed martial artist. He is currently signed with the WWE and works on their Raw brand. He became known for his time in Ring Of Honor from 2002 to 2006, his first run with the WWE, where he worked for them from 2005 until his abrupt walk-out from the company on January 27, 2014, and his time in All Elite Wrestling from 2021 to 2023. 
In WWE he is credited as being "one of the longest-reigning WWE Champions of the modern era" and held the championship for 434 days. He is also recognized as the seventh-longest reigning champion of all time. He was also a one-time ECW Champion, three-time World Heavyweight Champion, two-time WWE Champion, one-time World Tag Team Champion with Kofi Kingston, one-time Intercontinental Champion, Mr. Money in the Bank in 2008 and 2009 (the only wrestler to win the match twice), and won the Slammy Award for Superstar of the Year in 2011.
After he retired from professional wrestling, Punk signed a deal to fight with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), and he began to pursue a career in mixed martial arts. He fought for them from 2015 to 2018. He returned to professional wrestling in 2021 by signing with All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he won the AEW World Championship twice, but was fired in September 2023 after backstage controversies. He returned to WWE two months later at Survivor Series.
As an actor, Punk starred in the horror films "Girl on the Third Floor", "Rabid" (both 2019), and "Jakob's Wife" (2021). He also had role in the wrestling drama series "Heels" (2021–2023). Punk also appears as a part-time color commentator for Cage Fury Fighting Championships. Punk is Straight edge and is an atheist.
Career.
Early career (1999–2000).
Brooks started out wrestling in a backyard wrestling federation called the Lunatic Wrestling Federation along with his friends and his brother Mike Brooks in the mid-late 1990s and used the ring name CM Punk as a member of the Chick Magnets with his tag team partner CM Venom after another wrestler had skipped out on the card. He actually wanted to become a professional wrestler unlike his friends and thought of it more than just simple fun. Punk distanced himself from his brother Mike and has not spoke to him since after he found out that Mike was stealing thousands of dollars from the company.
He left LWF to be trained to become a professional wrestler by Ace Steel, Danny Dominion and Kevin Quinn at the "Steel Dominion" wrestling school in Chicago. He also competed at Steel Domain Wrestling in St. Paul, Minnesota and met Scott Colton, later known by the ring name Colt Cabana. Punk and Colton would later become best friends.
Punk began competing for the promotion Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South. He won the IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship 2 times and the IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship five time, defeating the likes of A.J. Styles, Colt Cabana and Eddie Guerrero. He feuded with wrestlers like Colt Cabana and Chris Hero. During his feud with Hero, they competed in a 55-minute TLC match, a 93-minute two out of three falls match, and many 60-minute time limit draws. During the feud with Cabana, Punk wrestled him in many different matches. The matches he had with Cabana would lead Punk to being hired by Ring of Honor. He chose not to compete for Mid-South anymore from February 2003 until May 2004 because he said that he was protesting the mistreatment of Chris Hero from Ian Rotten. Punk returned to the company and performed as both a wrestler and commentator. He stayed with the company until 2005 when he was signed by the World Wrestling Entertainment. His last match in the company was against Delirious which ended in a 60-minute time limit draw
On August 1, 2003, Punk joined the Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE for the final day of their 2003 Fire Festival at Korakuen Hall. At the event, Punk teamed with C.W. Anderson, Josh Daniels, and Vansack Acid in losing effort against the team of Ikuto Hidaka, Jun Kasai, Naohiro Hoshikawa, and Tatsuhito Takaiwa.
Ring of Honor and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002-2006).
In 2002, Punk joined Ring of Honor. He feuded with Raven and their feud was considered to be one of the best feuds of ROH in 2003. The feud was based around Punk's straight-edge lifestyle and him comparing Raven to his alcoholic father. Their feud ended when Punk defeated Raven in a steel cage match at "The Conclusion". During that time, Punk joined NWA Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and was a member of Raven's stable, The Gathering along with Julio Dinero.
Punk would begin to climb the ranks in ROH. He was able to come in second at the "Second Anniversary Show" during the tournament to crown the first ROH Pure Champion, losing to A.J. Styles in the finals. He also was able to win the ROH Tag Team Championship twice with Colt Cabana as a member of the Second City Saints. Both of their championship wins were against the Briscoe Brothers who they defeated. Around October 2003, Punk was hired to become the first head trainer at the Ring of Honor wrestling school.
On February 25, 2004, before a TNA show, Punk was involved in a physical fight with Teddy Hart outside of a restaurant which was broken up by Sabu. The scuffle was reportedly because of an ROH show where Hart performed three unplanned spots which put many other wrestlers in danger of injury. Around the time of the fight, Punk and Dinero had stopped showing up on TNA shows,which lead to speculation that he was fired because of the incident. Punk would say that the scuffle had nothing to do with his TNA career. He said that the reason he and Dinero had stopped showing up on TNA pay-per-views was because TNA officials believed that they did not connect with the fans as heels. Punk decided to quit TNA in March 2004 during the Rob Feinstein controversy, after he had an argument with the TNA offices over his ability to work for ROH after a TNA order that their contracted wrestlers were no longer allowed to wrestle in ROH.
When Punk returned to ROH, he wrestled ROH World Champion Samoa Joe for the championship in a three match series. The first match between the two was held on June 12, 2004 at "World Title Classic" in Dayton, Ohio. The match would end in a 60-minute time limit draw when neither Punk nor Joe were able to pin or cause the other to submit within the time limit given. The second match was supposed to be held on December 4, 2004 but because of Steve Corino being pulled from a match with Joe by Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE, it was rescheduled to be held on October 11, 2004 for October 16 in Punk's hometown of Chicago. At the event titled "Joe vs. Punk II" on October 16, Punk and Joe fought to another 60-minute time limit draw. "Joe vs. Punk II" became Ring of Honor's best-selling DVD at the time and the match between Punk and Joe was also given a five-star rating by Dave Meltzer's Wrestling Observer Newsletter. The series ended after Joe defeated Punk in their third and final match on December 4, 2004 at "All-Star Extravaganza 2" where there was no time limit.
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE (2005-2014).
Ohio Valley Wrestling (2005–2006).
Punk started in the WWE's developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling and debuted on September 8, 2005 in a six-man tag team dark match where he teamed with Nigel McGuinness and Paul Burchill in a losing effort to the team of Deuce Shade, Elijah Burke and Seth Skyfire. On November 9, 2005, Punk defeated Ken Doane to become the OVW Television Champion. Brent Albright was supposed to face Doane but lost his chance when Punk hit him with a steel chair. This led to Punk feuding with Albright. On January 4, 2006, Punk was involved in a Three-Way Dance match with both Doane and Albright. He lost the championship when Punk submitted to Albright's finishing move, the Crowbar. The feud ended on February 1, 2006 when a double turn occurred. Albright turned heel by allowing the Spirit Squad to beat Punk which turned Punk face. During John Cena's WrestleMania 22 entrance, Punk made a small appearance as a gangster and rode on the side of a 1930s era car to the ring.
Matt Cappotelli, the OVW Heavyweight Champion at the time, vacated the championship in February 2006 after he found out that he had a brain tumor. After Cappotelli vacated the title, OVW held a tournament to crown a new champion. Punk was able to reach the finals and faced Brent Albright. Albright defeated Punk in the finals to become the new champion. Punk and Albright feuded again and Punk was able to defeat Albright in a strap match on May 3, 2006 to become the champion. He also became one-half of the Southern Tag Team Champions when he teamed with Seth Skyfire and defeated Shad Gaspard and the Neighborhoodie at a house show on July 28, 2006. They lost the championships to Deuce Shade and "Domino" Cliff Compton on July 28, 2006 and Punk feuded with Skyfire. Skyfire was supposed to face Punk in a match for the OVW Heavyweight Championship but he was attacked before the match by Charles "The Hammer" Evans. Chet Jablonski replaced Skyfire in the match and defeated Punk to win the championship. After Punk lost the championship, he was called up to WWE's main roster full-time.
Main roster.
ECW (2006–2008).
Punk debuted in the WWE on the ECW brand in a match against Justin Credible on August 01, 2006. He made his televised debut on the July 4 episode of "ECW on Sci Fi". During his debut, he cut a short pre-taped promo where he talked about his straight edge lifestyle. His first televised match was on August 1, 2006 at the Hammerstein Ballroom where he defeated Justin Credible. During his time there, he started a winning streak. He started a feud with Mike Knox over Knox's girlfriend, Kelly Kelly. Punk was able to qualify for the Extreme Elimination Chamber at December to Dismember after he defeated Knox in their first match. He competed in the Survivor Series match where he teamed with D-Generation X and the Hardy Boyz to defeat Rated-RKO (Edge and Randy Orton), Knox, Johnny Nitrp and Gregory Helms. During the Chamber match, Punk was the first person eliminated by Rob Van Dam.
He then began a feud with Hardcore Holly. On January 9, 2007, Holly was able to snap Punk's six-month unbeaten streak after he defeated him. When his feud with Holly was over, Punk started a feud with Matt Striker. Striker defeated Punk which gave Punk a second loss on his record. Punk defeated Johnny Nitro and earned a chance to compete in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 23. Punk didn't win the match though as it was won by Mr. Kennedy.
Punk turned heel by joining the New Breed alliance on the April 10, 2007 "ECW on Sci Fi". He turned face again two weeks later when he kicked the New Breed's leader Elijah Burke in the head and cost them a four on four elimination match. Punk delivered his finishing move, the Go To Sleep, to Burke and sarcastically apologized before he left the ring. Punk would defeat Burke in a singles match at Judgment Day and teamed with The ECW Originals (Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman) to defeat The New Breed (Elijah Burke, Matt Striker and Marcus Cor Von) in a six-man tag team tables match at One Night Stand.
When then-ECW Champion Bobby Lashley was drafted to "Raw", he was stripped of the championship and ECW held a tournament to decide the new champion. Punk defeated Marcus Cor Von on the June 19 episode of "ECW on Sci Fi". Punk was supposed to face Chris Benoit at next but Benoit legitimately no-showed the event after he killed his family and himself. He was replaced by Johnny Nitro and Nitro defeated Punk for the vacant championship.
Punk was able to challenge for the title again at The Great American Bash against Nitro (who changed his ring name to John Morrison at this point) but was again defeated by Morrison. Punk challenged Elijah Burke and Tommy Dreamer in a triple threat match. The match was to determine who the next competitor in Morrison's 15 Minutes of Fame Challenge, in which Punk won. Punk was able to defeat Morrison a week later for an ECW Championship title match at SummerSlam. Morrison defeated Punk at SummerSlam when Morrison used the ropes for a leverage pin.
During the September 1, 2007 (aired September 4) ECW taping, Punk was able to defeat Morrison in a "last chance" title match to win the ECW Championship. Punk successfully defended his championship against Elijah Burke at Unforgiven, Big Daddy V via disqualification at No Mercy, The Miz at Cyber Sunday, John Morrison on the November 6, 2007 episode of "ECW", and in a triple threat match against The Miz and John Morrison at Survivor Series. On the January 22, 2008 episode of ECW, Punk was defeated by Chavo Guerrero for the ECW Championship in a No Disqualification match after Edge ran in and speared Punk. At WrestleMania XXIV, he competed in the Money in the Bank ladder match and defeated Chris Jericho, Montel Vontavious Porter, Shelton Benjamin, John Morrison, Mr. Kennedy and Carlito.
Raw & World Heavyweight Champion (2008–2009).
On the June 23, 2008 episode of "Raw", Punk was drafted to the Raw brand during the 2008 WWE Draft. During his first night on "Raw", Batista beat down the World Heavyweight Champion Edge and left him lying in the ring. Punk then ran down the ramp to the ring with referee Mike Chioda. He then cashed in his Money in the Bank contract, hit Edge with the Go to Sleep and pinned him to become the new World Heavyweight Champion. Punk defended the title for the first time later in the night against JBL. Punk was able to hold the championship until Unforgiven on September 7, 2008. Before Punk was able to compete in the Championship Scramble match match, he was attacked by The Legacy (Randy Orton, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase with Manu). Orton ended the attack by punting Punk in the head. This led to Punk being unable to compete in the match and having to forfeit the title. In the match, Punk was replaced by Chris Jericho, who was able to win the match and the title. Punk had a rematch against Jericho eight days later on the September 15 episode of "Raw" but he was unable to regain the title in a steel cage match.
On the October 27, 2008 episode of "Raw", Punk and Kofi Kingston were able to defeat Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase to win the World Tag Team Championship. Punk and Kofi were also members of Team Batista at Survivor Series where they lost to Team Orton. After Survivor Series, Punk entered the number one contender Intercontinental Championship Tournament. Punk was able to defeat Snitsky and John Morrison in the first two rounds. On December 13, 2008, John Morrison and The Miz defeated Punk and Kingston for the World Tag Team Championship at a live event. Punk defeated Rey Mysterio the next day at Armageddon to win the tournament.
On the January 5 episode of "Raw", he received an Intercontinental Championship title match against William Regal. The match ended in a disqualification, when Regal grabbed the referee's shirt. Due to this, Stephanie McMahon gave Punk a rematch the next week. The rematch ended in a disqualification but this time it was Punk that got disqualified. He was awarded another rematch on the January 19 episode of "Raw" but this time it was a No Disqualification match. Punk was able to win the match and the championship. When he won the championship, Punk became the nineteenth Triple Crown Champion. He also became the person to accomplish the Triple Crown in the fastest amount of time, which broke Kevin Nash's old record. On the March 9 episode of "Raw", Punk was defeated for the championship by John "Bradshaw" Layfield. Punk was able to win the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXV and became the first person to win the match twice. At the 2009 WWE Draft on April 13, 2009, he was drafted from "Raw" to "SmackDown". He began a feud with Umaga because of Umaga's multiple surprise attacks when Punk was attempting to cash in his Money in the Bank Contract. The feud resulted in a Samoan strap match at Extreme Rules. The match was won by Punk.
When the pay-per-view was about to end, Punk ran down to the ring, cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and defeated Jeff Hardy to win the World Heavyweight Championship. On the June 15 episode of "Raw", Punk defended his championship in a Triple Threat match against Edge and Hardy. At The Bash, Punk lost to Hardy by disqualification when Punk kicked the referee after he was affected with a storyline eye injury and claimed that he could not see the referee, but because the titles do not change hands from disqualification, Punk retained the championship. When Hardy believed that Punk was faking his eye injury, he called him out on it. This led Punk to turn heel and said that he was the moral superior to fans of Hardy because of his drug-free lifestyle. Punk lost the championship to Hardy at Night of Champions. Punk and Hardy had a TLC match at SummerSlam where Punk won the championship back. After the match, Punk was attacked by The Undertaker. Punk's feud with Hardy ended on the August 28 episode of "Friday Night SmackDown" when Punk defeated Hardy in a steel cage match where the loser of the match would have to leave the company. The match earned a Slammy Award for "Shocker of the Year" in 2009.
At Breaking Point in Montreal, Punk competed in a submission match against The Undertaker. Punk defeated The Undertaker in the match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. The Undertaker originally won the match with his Hell's Gate submission hold. The SmackDown general manager Theodore Long restarted the match after announcing that the ban that the former general manager Vickie Guerrero set on his move was still in effect. Punk won the match with the Anaconda Vise when the referee Scott Armstrong called for the bell even though the Undertaker did not submit (similar to the Montreal Screwjob which happened in the same arena in 1997). Punk was defeated by The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match for the World Heavyweight Championship at Hell in a Cell. Punk had a rematch against The Undertaker on "Smackdown" and had another rematch at Bragging Rights in a Fatal Four Way match which also involved Batista and Rey Mysterio but he lost both matches.
The Straight Edge Society & New Nexus (2009–2011).
He changed his character in a more menacing direction on the November 27 episode of "SmackDown", when he revealed that he had converted Luke Gallows, who had the former gimmick of the mentally incompetent wrestler Festus, to the straight-edge lifestyle which had got rid of his mental problems. He continued to support his straight-edge philosophy, he began to present himself as a cult-like savior to the crowd. He also grew out the hair on his head, face and chest in an allusion to Jesus. Through the month of January, he began to convert planted members of the audience to the straight-edge lifestyle by making them take a pledge of allegiance to him and then shaving their head as a sign of renewal and devotion. After he converted multiple people who were not seen again, one of the converts Serena began accompanying Punk and Gallows and they later formed the Straight Edge Society. While leading the stable, he was also the mentor of "WWE NXT" rookie Darren Young. At one point, Young was going to join the Straight Edge Society but he chose not to join before he was about to have his head shaved.
Punk would occasionally give sermons and even gave sermon while competing in both the Royal Rumble and Elimination Chamber matches. During the Chamber match, Punk was eliminated by Rey Mysterio, who he was feuding with going into the PPV. This raised tensions between the two as Mysterio prevented him from winning a Money in the Bank qualifying match which then lead to Punk interrupting Mysterio's celebration of his daughter's ninth birthday and singing his own version of "Happy Birthday to You" to her. Mysterio challenged Punk to a Street Fight at WrestleMania XXVI but he lost to Gallows. A stipulation was added by Punk that if Mysterio lost, he would have to join the Society. Mysterio defeated Punk at WrestleMania and a rematch took place at Extreme Rules where if Punk lost, he would have to have his head shaved like his disciples. Punk was able to win the match after outside interference from a fourth member of the Society who kept his face covered. A third and final match was held at Over The Limit with both of the previous stipulations put on. At the event, Punk was defeated by Mysterio and had his head shaved bald.
Punk felt embarrassed by having his head shaved and he considered himself to be always pure unlike his followers, Punk appeared under a mask to cover his bald head on the May 29 episode of "SmackDown". At Fatal 4-Way, Punk challenged for the World Heavyweight Championship against Mysterio, The Big Show and the champion Jack Swagger but lost when Kane attacked Punk after Kane accused Punk of being the person who attacked The Undertaker. Punk was unmasked by Big Show on the July 16 episode of "SmackDown" while Punk was healing from an arm injury. On the July 23 episode of "SmackDown", Big Show unmasked the fourth member of the Straight Edge Society and it was revealed to be Joey Mercury. This incident led to a handicap match at SummerSlam. In the match, Big Show defeated the Straight Edge Society when Punk abandoned them. Punk was defeated in a singles match against Big Show at Night of Champions. A little while after, Serena was released from her WWE contract after she reportedly did not "live out" her straight edge persona in public. Mercury had also suffered an injury which caused the group to shorten. Gallows showed signs of dissent and Punk defeated Gallows in a match on the September 24 episode of "SmackDown". The ended the group.
Punk was traded back to "Raw" when he was swapped with Edge. Punk competed in an interbrand tag team match at Bragging Rights after he injured Evan Bourne to take his place, but the team lost. It was later reported that Punk had been suffering from a hip injury and he would need to stop competing for a while. To stay on television, Punk appeared and began commentating on "Raw" starting on November 22. During his commentary time, Punk showed favor toward heels and criticized John Cena because of his actions with The Nexus. Punk left commentary after he attacked John Cena with a chair on both "Raw" and "SmackDown". Punk revealed that he had joined The Nexus and this was the reason that he had attacked Cena. Punk would command the group to attack Randy Orton and blamed him for Punk's first World Heavyweight Championship reign in 2008 ending. The incident led to a match at WrestleMania XXVII where Orton defeated Punk. They also had a Last Man Standing match with The New Nexus barred from ringside at Extreme Rules which Punk also lost.
WWE Championship reign (2011-2013).
Within a week, Punk went on to defeat John Cena on "Raw", Rey Mysterio at Capitol Punishment and Alberto Del Rio in a number one contendership match. Punk would then reveal that his contract with the WWE would expire at Money in the Bank and promised that he would leave the company with the WWE Championship; some of his speeches and mannerisms were very similar to his final months with Ring of Honor. After Punk made a scathing on-air speech about the way that the WWE is run and about its owner Vince McMahon, he was suspended (storyline) from televised WWE events but he was brought back the following week after John Cena insisted. When Punk returned, he didn't appear with the other members of Nexus and the stable was quietly dissolved. This helped Punk turn back into a fan-favorite. Punk would go on to defeat John Cena at Money in the Bank to become the WWE Champion during his final night under a WWE contract.
On July 21, he made a surprise appearance at a joint WWE-Mattel panel at the San Diego Comic Con. During his appearance, Punk mocked the Chief Operating Officer Triple H and also offered a match to the WWE Championship tournament finalist Rey Mysterio as long as the match took place in Punk's hometown of Chicago. The WWE Championship tournament was won by Mysterio on the July 25 episode of "Raw" but he lost to Cena later in the night. When Cena won, Punk returned to upstage Cena's WWE Championship victory celebration which lead to a title dispute. Triple H later supported the fact that both Punk and Cena's claims as the WWE Championship as legitimate and he scheduled a match between the two at SummerSlam to decide who would become the undisputed WWE Champion. At SummerSlam, Punk was able to win the match but he lost the championship shortly after when Kevin Nash attacked Punk and Alberto Del Rio cashed in his Money in the Bank contract. On "Raw" the next night, Punk accused Nash of working with Triple H to try and keep Punk away from the WWE Championship. After many confrontations between the two, Punk and Nash demanded that they face each other at Night of Champions and Triple H agreed. Triple H would later change the match and would book himself to replace Nash instead after Punk continued to verbally attack him and his wife Stephanie McMahon.
Punk was defeated by Triple H in a No Disqualification match after The Miz, and R-Truth attacked both of them. At Hell in a Cell, Punk competed in a Triple threat Hell in a Cell match against Alberto Del Rio and John Cena but he was defeated. After the match, Punk was again attacked by The Miz and R-Truth. At Vengeance, Punk teamed up with Triple H in a match against The Miz and R-Truth but they lost after Nash attacked Triple H. The loss helped switch Punk's anti-establishment voice from Triple H over to John Laurinaitis, who became the interim Raw general manager. Punk didn't like the promotion that Laurinaitis received and called him a boring yes man.
On October 31, Punk forced his way into a match against Del Rio at Survivor Series. In the match, Punk defeated Del Rio to win back the WWE Championship. He defended the championship throughout the year, defeating Del Rio in a rematch on the November 28 episode of "Raw" as well as defeating both Del Rio and The Miz in a triple threat TLC match at . On the December 26 episode of "Raw", Punk was defeated in a gauntlet match by Dolph Ziggler which made Ziggler become the number one contender for the WWE Championship. If Punk was able to win the gauntlet match, he would have earned the right to face Laurinaitis in a match. On the January 2 episode of "Raw", Punk was defeated by Ziggler via countout after Laurinaitis interfered in the match. Throughout January, Laurinaitis would continue to mess up Punk's matches and cause him to lose to Ziggler. This eventually led to Punk attacking Laurinaitis. Punk defeated Ziggler in a match at Royal Rumble to retain his championship even with Laurinaitis acting as the outside enforcer.
On the January 30 episode of "Raw", entered a feud with Chris Jericho after Jericho attacked Punk and Daniel Bryan during their Champion vs. Champion match which helped Bryan gain the win. On the February 6 episode of "Raw", Jericho explained why he attacked Punk, saying that the WWE roster were imitations of himself and he singled out Punk for claiming that he was the best in the world, a moniker that Jericho had used during the last time that he was in WWE. Punk competed in an Elimination Chamber match at Elimination Chamber. The match also featured Jericho who Punk kicked out of the chamber and suffered a short lasting injury. Punk was able to win the match and retain his championship. On the February 20 episode of "Raw", Jericho won a 10-Man No. 1 Contender's Battle Royal and earned a match against Punk for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXVIII. To try and gain a psychological edge, Jericho revealed that Punk's father was an alcoholic and also alleged that Punk's sister was a drug addict. Jericho said that Punk's straight edge philosophy was so that he would not end up falling into the same vices and promised that he would make Punk turn to alcohol by defeating him and winning the championship from him. A stipulation was added to the match by John Laurinaitis that if Punk was disqualified, he would have lost the championship. Jericho would then try to get Punk to use a weapon which Punk refused to do. Punk was able to defeat Jericho and retain his championship at WrestleMania XXVIII. On both the April 2 and 9 episodes of "Raw SuperShow", Punk was able to retain his championship against Mark Henry after he lost to him via count-out and disqualification. After both of the matches, Jericho would attack Punk and pour alcohol on him. On the April 16 episode of "Raw SuperShow", Punk was able to pin Henry in a no disqualification, no countout match to retain his title. The feud ended at Extreme Rules when Punk was able to retain his championship by defeating Jericho in a Chicago Street Fight.
Punk would go to feud with Daniel Bryan starting at Over the Limit when Punk was able to retain his championship after he reversed Bryan's finishing submission hold, the "Yes!" Lock, into a pinning combination. The replay, however, would show that Punk had visibly tapped out moments after the match finished. On the "SmackDown" before the pay-per-view, Bryan would interfere in the non-title match between Punk and Kane to attempt to frame Punk for attacking Kane with a steel chair, which started a three-way rivalry. On the June 1 episode of "SmackDown", a match between Punk and Kane took place for the WWE Championship but it ended in a double disqualification after Bryan ran in and attacked both men. Bryan's ex-girlfriend AJ would turn her affections towards both Punk and Kane. The feud ended when Punk was able to defeat Bryan and Kane in a triple threat match at No Way Out after AJ distracted Kane. Punk was able to defeat Bryan to retain the championship in a No Disqualification match with AJ as the special guest referee at Money in the Bank.
On July 23 episode of "Raw" named "Raw 1000", Punk faced the Money in the Bank winner John Cena and was able to defend his WWE championship but lost the match after Big Show interfered and attack Cena. After the night's special guest The Rock tried to help Cena, Punk would attack him and turn heel. On the next "Raw", Punk would explain that he attacked The Rock because he was tired of being overshadowed by people like Cena and Rock when the main focus of the company should be on the WWE Champion. Punk would attack both Cena and Big Show during their number one contender's match later on in the night. As a result of this, both Cena and Show were put into a title match against Punk at SummerSlam. At SummerSlam, Punk successfully defended his championship against them in a triple threat match. During the following weeks, Punk would demand respect from people like AJ Lee, Jerry Lawler and Bret Hart. He would eventually be managed by Paul Heyman during Punk's feud with Cena. Punk would face Cena to a draw at Night of Champions. Even though Cena was suffering from an arm injury, they continued to feud. Punk would reject Mick Foley and Jim Ross to pick him as his Hell in a Cell opponent and lead to Punk fighting with WWE chairman Vince McMahon. After Cena's injury made him unable to wrestle at Hell in a Cell, he was replaced by Ryback. At Hell in a Cell, Punk was able to defeat Ryback and retain his championship after referee Brad Maddox hit Ryback with a low-blow.
On "Raw" the next night, an angry Mick Foley confronted Punk for not picking John Cena as his Hell in a Cell opponent. Foley and Punk then agreed to face each other in the traditional five-on-five elimination tag team at Survivor Series. Punk would chose Alberto Del Rio, Cody Rhodes, Damien Sandow, and The Miz to be on his team but Punk was later replaced as team captain by Dolph Ziggler after Mr. McMahon booked him in a Triple Threat WWE Championship match against John Cena and Ryback instead. At the pay-per-view, Punk defeated Cena and Ryback after interference from the debuting stable called The Shield (Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins, and Roman Reigns) which allowed him to retain his WWE Championship. He would hold the championship for a full year. On December 4, Punk underwent surgery for a partially torn meniscus which removed him from his title match against Ryback at . Even though Punk was injured, he became the longest reigning WWE Champion in the past 25 years on December 5, after he reached 381 days which passed John Cena's 380-day reign. Punk returned to in-ring action on the January 7, 2013 episode of "Raw" where he defeated Ryback in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, following interference from The Shield to retain his championship.
Punk defended his WWE Championship against The Rock at the Royal Rumble on January 27, 2013. A stipulation was added to the match where if The Shield interfered, then Punk would be stripped of the title. Punk had originally pinned The Rock to retain his championship after The Shield attacked and put The Rock through a table while the arena lights were out. Vince McMahon came out to the entrance ramp and started to announce that Punk would be stripped of the championship, but he instead restarted the match at The Rock's request. Punk ended up losing the match, ending his record-setting reign at 434 days. Punk would receive a rematch for the championship on February 17 at the Elimination Chamber, with the stipulation that if The Rock was disqualified or counted out, he would lose the WWE Championship. Rock was able to pin and defeat Punk in the match to retain the championship. On the February 25 episode of "Raw", Punk faced off against Royal Rumble winner John Cena for his number one contendership to the WWE Championship, but was defeated.
Departure and retirement (2014).
On January 26, 2014, Punk was the first entrant in the Royal Rumble match. After he was able to last in the match until the final four, Kane, who was already eliminated earlier in by Punk, eliminated Punk from the outside and then chokeslammed him through the announcer's table.
The night after the Royal Rumble, Punk did not show up "Raw" or on the "SmackDown" tapings on Tuesday in Toledo, Ohio even though he was advertised. It was reported by the Wrestling Observer that, on Monday before Raw, Punk legitimately walked out of the company after he told both Vince McMahon and Triple H that he was "going home". On February 20, McMahon said that Punk was "taking a sabbatical" during a conference call to investors. After weeks of hearing the crowd chant for CM Punk at various WWE events, the company decided to make its first comments on the status of Punk on the March 3, 2014 episode of "Raw" in Punk's hometown of Chicago. When the show started, they played Punk's entrance music "Cult of Personality" and his old manager Paul Heyman came out instead. Heyman said that Punk was not at "Raw" and blamed the crowd. He also blamed the Undertaker for Punk's split from Heyman. On July 15, 2014, WWE moved Punk's profile from the active roster to their alumni page without them releasing a statement. On the same day, Punk thanked his fans without mentioning WWE on Twitter. In late July, Punk said that he was "never ever" going to return to wrestling.
On November 26, 2014, Punk appeared on his friend Colt Cabana's "Art of Wrestling" podcast. During the podcast, Punk decided to break his silence on his decision on leaving the WWE. Punk said the WWE had suspended him for two months after he walked out in January, and that he was fired by the company months later on his wedding day in June 2014. He said that them firing him on his wedding day was the last straw and he said that he would never return to the WWE. He also said that after a legal settlement with WWE, there would not be a further working relationship between them. The settlement that was reached included Punk giving the company permission to sell the rest of his remaining merchandise. Punk said that the main reason he left the WWE was because of his health problems. Punk said that during his last months with the company, he was working through an untreated and possibly fatal MRSA infection, broken ribs, injured knees, multiple concussions which included one at the Royal Rumble when Kofi Kingston kicked him, as well as having lost his appetite and ability to sleep well. He felt that the company had been pressuring and rushing him to wrestle before he was fully healed. Punk also noted that he was unhappy with his failure to main event a WrestleMania (saying that his entire career was a failure as a result), him being paid less than the other top wrestlers on the card for WrestleMania 29, being "creatively stifled" and him having the feeling that there were no long-term plans for wrestlers other than John Cena, as well as receiving smaller paychecks and not getting answers as to how the WWE Network would effect the salaries of the wrestlers. Punk ended with saying that he has "zero passion" left for wrestling.
Not even a week later, Vince McMahon appeared on Stone Cold Steve Austin's podcast "The Steve Austin Show". During the podcast, Stone Cold asked McMahon if he wanted to speak about CM Punk. McMahon apologized to Punk for the way that his firing happened, which he claimed was a "coincidence" while he blaming the lack of communication in the organization. McMahon also said that he would like to work with Punk again. Punk would appear on Cabana's "Art of Wrestling" podcast again. During the podcast, Punk said that he did not accept McMahon's apology, saying that it was insincere and a "publicity stunt" as McMahon had not contacted him directly to apologize and that he could have apologized earlier.
All Elite Wrestling (2021 - 2023).
CM Punk debuted for All Elite Wrestling on August 20, 2021 at AEW Rampage: The First Dance, after seven years away from professional wrestling. He made his in ring return September 5th, 2021 against Darby Allin at All Out in Chicago, Illinois. After feuds with Eddie Kingston and Maxwell Jacob Friedman (MJF), Punk would go on to win the AEW World Championship from Adam Page at Double or Nothing on May 29, 2022. He lost it to Jon Moxley on August 24 on "Dynamite" but won it back from him on September 4 at All Out. However, after the event, some backstage tension lead to Punk being suspended. He then returned in June 2023 for another run with the company until August 2023 before having another altercation backstage that again, resulting in him being suspended which then eventually lead to his firing. On September 2, AEW owner Tony Khan announced that CM Punk was officially fired from AEW and not long after, rumors about him returning to WWE began emerging.
Return to WWE (2023 - present).
On November 25, following the closing WarGames match of Survivor Series: War Games, held at Punk’s hometown of Chicago, Illinois, which concluded in a victory by Cody Rhodes, Seth Rollins, Jey Uso, Sami Zayn, and the returning Randy Orton against The Judgment Day (Damian Priest, Finn Bálor, "Dirty" Dominik Mysterio and JD McDonagh) and Drew McIntyre, CM Punk returned to the company after 9 years (excluding his appearances on "WWE Backstage" in 2019/2020 under Fox contract). This was a shock to many, thinking that Punk was not going to show up since it was the last match of the night, along with the fact that CM Punk has publicly criticized WWE’s treatment of him and stating multiple times that he would “never ever” go back to the company. Seth Rollins, however, reacted aggressively towards this, which led to many fans believing that a storyline between him and CM Punk is cooking. After making appearances on "Raw" two nights later, the "Tribute to the Troops" special episode of "SmackDown", and at NXT Deadline, he signed with the Raw brand on the December 11 episode of "Raw". He was subsequently confronted by Rollins, teasing a future match, and officially announced his entry into the 2024 Royal Rumble match. At the event on January 27, Punk entered at number 27 during the Royal Rumble match, his first match on WWE TV since 2014. He was the last man eliminated in the match by winner Cody Rhodes. During the match, Punk injured his right tricep, making him unable to compete at WrestleMania XL, which he confirmed in a promo two days later on "Raw".
Mixed martial arts career.
Ultimate Fighting Championship.
On December 6, 2014, during UFC 181, Punk along with Joe Rogan announced that he had signed a multi-fight deal with Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) to fight in either their middleweight or welterweight division. UFC President Dana White said that Punk would most likely debut against another fighter at or near his experience level. His first fight is expected to be sometime in 2016.
CM Punk retired from mixed martial arts in December of 2020, notifying the UFC of his retirement and to withdraw him from the USADA testing pool.
Personal life.
CM Punk is married to AJ Lee. They were married on June 13, 2014. He has previously dated professional wrestlers Shannon Spruill, Tracy Brookshaw, Maria Kanellis, and Amy Dumas.
Punk is a fan of the Chicago Blackhawks and the Chicago Cubs. He wore a Blackhawks jersey and cut a promo during his return to Chicago. He also attended Blackhawks playoff games.
He is a fan of comics which he collects and reads. He wrote the introduction to Marvel Comics' "Avengers vs. X-Men". Punk wrote the Marvel comic "Thor Annual #1", which is set to be released sometime in February 2015.

= = = Charlie Haas = = =
Charles Doyle "Charlie" Haas II (born March 27, 1972) is an American professional and former amateur wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2000 to 2009 and Ring of Honor (ROH) from 2010 to 2013. In WWE he was a member of Team Angle, which later became a Tag Team duo with Shelton Benjamin known as "The World's Greatest Tag Team". He his a three-time WWE Tag Team Champion and a two-time ROH World Tag Team Champion.

= = = Impossible object = = =
An impossible object is a kind of optical illusion. Impossible objects are also known as undecidable figures. In this kind of illusion, a person looks at a two-dimensional picture. The vision center of the brain does much of its work subconsciously and automatically. It interprets the figure as a three-dimensional object.
The viewer usually knows such an object is impossible soon after looking at the figure. However, the impression of a 3D figure may still remain even when the viewer knows it is impossible in reality.
Some of these figures are more subtle. In these cases it is not obvious that they are impossible right away. The viewer carefully needs to look at the geometry of the object to find out that it is indeed impossible.
"Impossible objects" are of interest to psychologists, mathematicians and artists.
History.
Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd was the first person to draw many impossible objects. He has been called "the father of impossible figures". In 1934, he drew the Penrose triangle, some years before the Penroses. The way Reutersvärd drew it, the sides of the triangle are broken up into cubes.
In 1956, British psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, mathematician Roger Penrose, submitted a short article to the British Journal of Psychology titled "Impossible objects: a special type of visual illusion". This was illustrated with the Penrose Triangle and Penrose stairs. The article referenced Escher, whose work had sparked their interest in the subject, but not Reutersvärd, whom they were unaware of. The article was only published in 1958.
From the 1930s onwards Dutch artist M.C. Escher produced many drawings with paradoxes of perspective. In 1957 he produced his first drawing containing a true impossible object: "Cube with Magic Ribbons". He produced many other drawings of impossible objects, sometimes with the entire drawing being an undecidable figure. His work did much to draw the attention of the public to impossible objects. Some artists of the time are also experimenting with impossible figures, for example, Jos de Mey, Shigeo Fukuda, Sandro del Prete, István Orosz (Utisz), Guido Moretti, Tamás F. Farkas and Mathieu Hamaekers.

= = = Van Halen = = =
Van Halen was a hard rock group from Pasadena, California. They were formed in 1972. Guitarist Eddie Van Halen's style of playing changed the guitar world. He used lots of new techniques such as shredding and tapping. They made history with their first self-titled debut album in 1978, producing 4 major hits. The band released twelve studio albums, which have sold 80 million records worldwide.
Eddie Van Halen died on October 6, 2020, from cancer. His son, bass guitarist Wolfgang Van Halen, confirmed that the band had broken up.
Influences.
Van Halen's influences include Cream, Alice Cooper, Black Oak Arkansas, Deep Purple, Grand Funk Railroad, Jimi Hendrix, The Kinks, Vanilla Fudge, AC/DC, Frank Zappa, Kiss, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Bad Company, Black Sabbath, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, The Dave Clark Five, The Who, ZZ Top, Aerosmith, Golden Earring and Montrose.

= = = Alliance for the Future of Austria = = =
The Alliance for the Future of Austria (, shortenend to BZÖ) is a political party in Austria that was led by Jörg Haider until he died in October 2008. The current leader is Josef Bucher.
Policies.
The BZÖ describes itself as "ideologiefrei, aber zukunftsorientiert und wertebewusst" (free from ideology, but forward-looking and conscious of traditional values). Some of its policies, however, are quite different from those of the Freedom Party.
They include:
Differences and similarities to other parties.
Although the party was often designated as a far-right like the Freedom Party, the Alliance for the Future of Austria differs somewhat. Justic Minister Karin Gastinger a former party member of the Alliance for the Future of Austria, wanted gay and lesbian couples to be able to sign a registry and get rights to partners' estates and medical care as she told the Austrian Press Agency in 2005.
FPÖ and BZÖ are both Eurosceptic parties and in the 2006 general election, the Freedom Party as well as the Alliance for the Future of Austria both claimed they would decrease immigration and opposed Turkish membership in the European Union.
In the Austrian legislative election 2008 campaign, the ÖVP saw the lowering of brokerage commissions and the charges for arrears letters of debt collection agencies and winter fuel payments for lower-income households as appropriate economic recovery measures and the Greens sought to facilitate the changeover to renewable energy in order to reduce energy prices.
The SPÖ proposes a stricter controlling of prices in addition to the reduction of brokerage commissions. Both the Alliance for the Future of Austria and the Freedom Party see the main problem in the rising fuel prices; the FPÖ demands a ceiling price for fuel, while the BZÖ in addition wants to reduce taxes on fuels.
However the Alliace for the Future of Austria even announced the people's initiative "Preisstop jetzt!" calling for a stop to rising prices to be held; however, due to the necessary timeframe, the period during which people will be able to sign for the initiative will only start after the election, thus limiting its potential impact.
SPÖ, ÖVP and the Greens ratified the Treaty of Lisbon in parliament without a referendum, and only FPÖ and the Alliance for the Future of Austria did not sign. But afterwards the SPÖ stated that for future treaties of the European Union referendums should be held to let the people decide like in Ireland (where they had a referendum). Due to SPÖ's position change on the EU not only the two opposition parties are using the possibility of EU-referendums before a ratification as subject now. The ÖVP and the Greens are against any referendums on the Lisbon Treaty, SPÖ demands there should be referendums on future treaties of the European Union, the FPÖ is for a referendum for the Lisbon Treaty, and even want a referendum for EU-Withdrawal. However the BZÖ differs a bit in comparison to the Freedom Party, as they are for a referendum about the Lisbon Treaty but not, for an EU-Withdrawal.
Due to help of the former FPÖ and till then BZÖ party-leader and Carinthian LH (LH stands for "Landeshauptmann", simply like Gov. for Governor) Dr. Jörg Haider the party achieved 10.7% in the 2008 elections and gained 21 representatives, so that the BZÖ is currently the 4th strongest Party in the Austrian Parliament just after SPÖ,ÖVP and FPÖ
and before "Die Grünen" (the Greens).
It currently holds 16 seats.
On 2 May 2010 the party became a new programm, and the rectlange orange colored logo was first used on the annual hold new year's convention, which took place in Velden in Carinthia of the year 2011.
Trivia.
In December 2009 the Carinthian BZÖ branch which was Haiders stronghold lost about 5000 members and the governor of Carinthia (although the party won the state election in 2009)to the split of party FPK (The Freedomites in Carinthia).
It now has 800 party members and 4 MPs (Members of parliament) in Carinthia.
Also a new website for the BZÖ Kärnten was set up and is available prior too March 2012.
However opinion polls (polling between 2 and 23 per cent) have shown good chances for a return of the Carinthian branch of the Alliance for the Future of Austria into Carinthian State Diet.
In 2011 the party began an autumn posting campaign and quoted the bible "Denn sie wissen nicht was sie tun.",
eng.: "They know not what they do!" (Lukas 23,34),
for criticising SPÖ, ÖVP and the EU "bosses".
This caused a little scandal whether politics and religion should be separated or not.
In total the party has 8000 members therefore having more than the Greens and less than the Freedom Party.

= = = Idealism = = =
Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. The word comes from the Greek word ����. 
In some doctrines of idealistic thought "the ideal" relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images. 

= = = Empiricism = = =
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that all knowledge comes from experience. 
'Experience' is sometimes translated as 'sense data', i.e. we cannot know anything except by information which comes through our senses.
The British philosophers John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, clarified some of its basic ideas in the 17th and 18th century, building on the ideas of classical philosopher Aristotle. 
Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge". Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism.

= = = Stoicism = = =
Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy. It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom. This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, "prohairesis") which is in accord with nature. 
Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who thought their pagan character was at odds with his Christian faith.

= = = William Godwin = = =
William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism. Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: "An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice", an attack on political institutions, and "Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams", which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. He was also married to Mary Wollstonecraft, with whom he had two children.

= = = Rose garden = = =
A Rose garden or Rosarium is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown. While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.
The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison. When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses. Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
Growing roses for commercial purposes started in the 19th century. The important rose gardens created for commercial rose breeding were:

= = = Peter Kropotkin = = =
Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin () (9 December 1842 - 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, philosopher, revolutionary, scientist, geographer, and one of the first advocates of anarcho-communism.
Early life.
Kropotkin was born on December 9, 1842 in Moscow, Russia. His father, Aleksey Petrovich Kropotkin was a prince of the Rurik Dynasty. His father owned large amounts of land and over 1000 serfs. His mother, Yekaterina Nikolaevna Sulima was the daughter of a Cossack general. In 1846, Kropotkin's mother died of tuberculosis. Two years after, Kropotkin's father married a woman named Yelizaveta Mar'kovna Korandino.

= = = Anarcho-communism = = =
Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist communism, is the belief that hierarchies, money, and social classes should not exist, and that the means of production should be held in common by society. Anarcho-communists support direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils, decentralized economic planning and a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.
Some well-known anarcho-communist writers are Peter Kropotkin, Ricardo Flores Magón and Nestor Makhno. Anarcho-communism is opposed to the more authoritarian forms of communism advocated by Leninists and Maoists. These groups have violently clashed in Russia, Korea and Spain over their beliefs. Some examples of anarcho-communism in practice include the Makhnovshchina, Shinmin Autonomous Region, and the Revolutionary Spain.
References.
sedam

= = = Johann Baptist Martinelli = = =
Johann Baptist Martinelli (February 8, 1701, Vienna - June 21, 1754, Vienna) was an Austrian architect and constructor of Italian descent.
Overview.
He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli. In cooperation with his brother Anton Erhard Martinelli, he designed the plans of several baroque church in the Habsburg empire, among which the church in Grossweikersdorf and the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Blaj. He also designed several mansions among which the one in Dolná Krupá.

= = = Agorism = = =
Agorism is a free-market anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that believes the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges– a free market." The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states. Agorist theory divides people into two classes: people who make their living through the market, and people who make their living by coercing others (called the "economic class" and "political class", respectively). They support a nonviolent overthrow of the second class by the first, through peaceful black market and grey market activity, known as counter-economics.

= = = Anton Pius Riegel = = =
Anton Pius Riegel (1789-?) was an Austrian architect of the 19th century. He is known for his design of the György Károlyi palace in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Hungarian Museum of Literature) and the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.

= = = Hesperomannia arbuscula = = =
The Maui Hesperomannia (Hesperomannia arbuscula) is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.
It is found only in the United States.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical wet low lying land forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland (an area with mostly bushes and few trees).
It is in danger due to the loss of its natural area of habitat.

= = = Eureka Tower = = =
Eureka Tower is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.
Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006. Grocon did the construction.
The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

= = = Tay Zonday = = =
Adam Nyerere Bahner (born May 21, 1982), often called by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, is an American keyboardist. His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007. He has won YouTube Awards and Webby Awards.

= = = Antoine Dufour = = =
Antoine Dufour is a French-Canadian guitarist. Dufour is famous for his fingerstyle guitar playing. Until now Dufour has made 3 studio albums, "Naissance", "Development" and "Existence". He has a strong fanbase because of his YouTube videos.
Biography.
Dufour started playing guitar at the age of fifteen. Later he studied at the CEGEP, where he first listened to fingerstyle music. 2005 he became second and 2006 first place in the Canadian Guitar Festival's Fingerstyle Guitar Championship. Also he became third in the International Finger Style Guitar Championship in Winfield, Kansas.
Dufour also works as a guitar tutor, giving lessons through Skype.

= = = Vheissu = = =
Vheissu is an album by experimental band Thrice. It was released in 2005. The album introduced a new sound to the bands post-hardcore roots. It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"
The songs on "Vheissu" use many biblical themes but Thrice does not think of themselves as a Christian band. Some of the statements from the album which are clearly from the bible include:
The album artwork was created by author Dave Eggers and artist Brian McMullen. It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.

= = = The Artist in the Ambulance = = =
The Artist in the Ambulance is the third album by the post-hardcore band Thrice. It was released on July 22 2003.
Like previous Thrice albums, some of the money made from selling "The Artist in the Ambulance" was given to a charity. The album's booklet features individual cards that have lyrics from Thrice songs, notes, photographs and comments from the band members and the producer.
"Stare at the Sun" is a main single from the album.

= = = Chuck Palumbo = = =
Charles Ronald "Chuck" Palumbo (born June 15, 1971) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWE). Palumbo is a former WCW and WWF/E World Tag Team Champion. He hosted the Discovery Channel series "Lords of the Car Hoards" and "Rusted Development".

= = = Vince J. McMahon = = =
Vincent James McMahon (better known as Vince McMahon, Sr., (July 6, 1914 –May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, is now the Chairman of the Board of Directors.

= = = René Adler = = =
René Adler (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig) is a German footballer. He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer Leverkusen. Leverkusen is a city in Germany. The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.
On October 11, 2008, Adler made his first match in the German national team against Russia (2-1).

= = = Kreator = = =
Kreator is a German thrash metal band from Essen. They formed in 1982 as "Tormentor" and are counted to the big three German thrash metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.

= = = Gojira = = =
Gojira is a death metal/thrash metal band from Bayonne, France. They formed in 1996 and were called "Godzilla" until 2001. Gojira is known for its lyrics about the environment, which is very unusual for a death metal band.

= = = Colin Barnett = = =
Colin James Barnett (born 15 July 1950) was the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He was Premier from 23 September 2008 until 17 March 2017. He is from the Liberal Party.

= = = Nathan Rees = = =
Nathan Rees (born 12 February 1968) was the 41st Premier of New South Wales. He was premier from 5 September 2008 until 4 December 2009. He is from the Labor Party.

= = = Anna Bligh = = =
Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is an Australian politician who was the 37th Premier of Queensland from 13 September 2007 to 24 March 2012. She is from the Labor Party. She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland. On 16 August 2012 it was announced that Bligh was moving with her husband Greg Withers and the rest of her family to Sydney. 
Early Life.
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy. She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.
Parliament.
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion. 

= = = Mike Rann = = =
Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) was the 44th Premier of South Australia. He was premier from 5 March 2002 until 21 October 2011. He is from the Labor Party. He is how Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. 

= = = David Bartlett = = =
David John Bartlett (born 19 January 1968) was the 43rd Premier of Tasmania. He became premier on 26 May 2008. He is from the Labor Party.
Bartlett resigned, for family reasons on 24 January 2011, and was replaced as premier by Lara Giddings. She is also the Treasurer and Minister of the Arts.

= = = John Brumby = = =
John Mansfield Brumby (born 21 April 1953) was the 45th Premier of Victoria. He became Premier on 30 July 2007. He is from the Labor Party. After being defeated in the 2010 elections, Brumby was replaced as Premier by Ted Baillieu on 1 December 2010.
Early life.
Brumby was born in Melbourne and educated at Ivanhoe Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School.
Brumby went to the University of Melbourne in 1971 and completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He then got his Diploma of Education from the State College of Victoria, Rusden, in 1975. He worked at Eaglehawk, Victoria, as a teacher for three years and then became a union official.
Politics.
Brumby was an elected to the Parliament of Australia in 1983 and represented the electorate of Bendigo. he lost the seat in the 1990 election. He was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, of the Parliament of Victoria in 1993. When the leader of the Labor Party, Jim Kennan, resigned from Parliament, Brumby was became the new leader. He had to resign from the upper house as leaders have to be members of the lower house, the Legislative Council. He won an election for Jim Kennan's seat of Broadmeadows, Victoria. He was the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for six years. Julia Gillard, the current Prime Minister of Australia, worked as his Chief of Staff. The Labor Party did not win as many votes in the 1996 election and lost two seats. Over the next few years the party did not think Brumby would be able to lead them to a win in the next election. Brumby was replaced as leader by Steve Bracks in March, 1999. Bracks led the Labor Party and won an election in September 1999. Brumby became the Minister for Finance in the new government, and a year later was made the Treasurer (in charge of all government spending).
Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007, and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader. This made him the Premier of Victoria. In November 2010 the Labor Party was defeated in the election with a 5.3% swing of votes to the Liberal and National Parties. Brumby resigned as the leader of the Labor Party.

= = = Quentin Bryce = = =
Dame Quentin Alice Louise Bryce (née Strachan; born 23 December 1942) was the 25th Governor-General of Australia, from September 2008 to March 2014. She was the first woman to be the Governor-General. Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.
For her community works she was created a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John in 2003. If she were not already a Dame, she would have become a Dame of Justice when she became Prior of the Australian Priory of the Order of St John.

= = = Crich Tramway Village = = =
Crich Tramway Village is an open-air museum of trams and tramways, in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum. It is set up as an Edwardian village and has a street with shops which include a sweet shop, café and gift shop. Other buildings in the open-air museum are the Red Lion Pub from Stoke-on-Trent, Derby Assembly Rooms, Burnley Tramways Offices and the tram sheds and displays. There are tram lines which go out for about from the village. There is also a collection of old street furniture from around the United Kingdom.
The trams that are in the museum used to run on tramlines along the streets of different towns and cities. Most of the trams at Crich were used in the United Kingdom before the 1960s. Some are from other countries. Many were saved and restored after the tram services in the cities stopped.
History of the museum.
Before World War II, tramways were an important type of public transport in many cities in the United Kingdom. (Trams pulled by horses began to be built in the late 19th century.) After World War II, they began to close. Many people thought that the trams and tramways got in the way of motor cars and buses and that fuel for buses was costing less than the cost of making electricity. Most tram networks in the United Kingdom had closed by 1962. Only one remained in use, the Blackpool tramway which still runs today.
In 1948, a group of tramway enthusiasts decided to buy an open top tram that they had been on during the last tram ride of Southampton Tramways. For just £10, they bought Southampton No. 45, Although there were trams and locomotives in British museums, there were no working museums or heritage railways in Britain at this time, so at first the idea of amateurs running a tramway or railway seemed impossible. In 1955 the Tramway Museum Society was started and in 1959, the Society chose a place for the museum after a very long search. The site was found by the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society when they were taking apart the old track from George Stephenson's railway for a project in Wales.
In the 1840s, when Stephenson was building the North Midland Railway from Derby to Rotherham and Leeds, he found coal buried under the ground on the way to Clay Cross. He decided to mine it and make some money. Crich already had a limestone quarry when he started. Stephenson saw that he could use this limestone and coal to make burnt lime for agricultural use and then use his railway to move it. To link the quarry at Crich to the limekilns at Ambergate, a new metre gauge railway was built, which is said to be the first in the world. The museum is built on part of the old Cliff Quarry, which Stephenson's company bought.
After the Tramway Museum Society's members visited the quarry, they bought part of the site and buildings. Since buying them, the society has gotten many trams, as well as getting track and power for the trams. Many of the tramcars were also repaired. In 1967, the society decided that they would start a village around the tramway, as trams did not run in limestone quarries. This was the start of Crich Tramway Village. The museum got lots of street furniture, and even some entire buildings. Many of these buildings have been changed to hold the museum's collections of books, pictures, and archives.
In 1962 the Tramway Museum Society became a company and a year later it was listed as an educational charity. Since then, the society has grown with the help of people all over the world. The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport said that the museum has a very good collection. It was one of the first 26 museums that was told this in 1995.
Since the start of the 2000s, the work of the museum's volunteers and the income earned by visitors has been added to by grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund The museum is still an independent charity; this means that the government does not pay for it.
In the early 1990s, the government of the United Kingdom decided that trams were a way of stopping the traffic problems in the UK. New light rail systems, or "second generation tramways", opened in cities like Manchester, Sheffield and Nottingham. Twenty years later more systems are being built, like the one in Edinburgh.
Tramcar fleet.
The museum has over 60 tramcars from places such as Berlin, Blackpool, Chesterfield, Den Haag, Derby, Douglas, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gateshead, Glasgow, Grimsby, Halle, Howth, Johannesburg, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, New York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oporto, Paisley, Prague, Sheffield, Southampton and Sydney.
Most of these tramcars are double-deckers and some have open-tops.
The museum has about fifteen fully working tramcars. Every day that the museum is open, one to four of those trams are in service on the mile long line. There is also a 1969 Berlin tram that has been changed into an "Access Tram".
Many of the trams can be seen at the museum. Some, such as Blackpool Dreadnought 59 and Blackpool OMO 5, are stored in the Museum's depot at Clay Cross.
Methods of tramcar operation.
The museum has trams using four different types of operation – horse, steam, diesel and electricity. Electricity is used for most of the service trams and works cars, but for one weekend each year a horse tram runs. The museum has five horse trams, Leamington & Warwick 1, Chesterfield 8, Oporto 9, Sheffield 15 and Cardiff 21, but only Sheffield 15 is used. The rest are on display. The museum also has a steam tram engine on display.
Most systems have their overhead wire system built to operate with just one form of current collector (the part that gives the tram electricity). The museum has been built to use any of them, including trolley poles, bow collectors and pantographs. Conduit current collection is another form of current collection. Blackpool 4 uses this, and it was also used in London.

= = = Blue baby syndrome = = =
Blue-baby syndrome, or blue baby is usually caused by a heart defect which laymen often call "a hole in the heart". Normally, oxygenated blood from the lungs is separated from deoxygenated blood from other tissues. Because of a defect in the heart ventricle walls, deoxygenated blood sometimes mixes with the blood from the lungs. The resulting blood going through the aorta has less oxygen than usual. The baby then looks blue. An operation is usually done to fix this. 
There are several heart defects which produce this syndrome. There are also some causes which are not related to heart conditions.
On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for the heart condition was done at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1976, the university awarded the surgeon an honorary doctorate.
References.
3. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24529 

= = = Kings of Leon = = =
Kings of Leon are a rock band from Oklahoma, USA. Their members are all related, three brothers and their cousin. They have released 6 albums. Their sixth album, "Mechanical Bull", was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

= = = Saria = = =
The name Saria can mean a number of things:

= = = Plaster = = =
Plaster is a material similar to mortar and cement. Plaster of Paris is one kind, made from gypsum by heating it. It is used to make copies of footprints, fossils, skeletons, and to set fractured bones. Other kinds of plaster are used for buildings and other purposes. Decorative plaster is more usually called stucco.

= = = Minaret = = =
A minaret is a tower. Many mosques have minarets. Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day.

= = = Omi = = =
Omi was a very old Japanese title of both someone's rank and their political rank it was only allowed for use by the most powerful clans during the Yamato time of Japanese history. The title Omi, was given to a man's son when the father died.

= = = Mining feasibility study = = =
A mining feasibility study is normally done before to a mining company buying land and is done to lower the risk of failure and reduce losing money for a mining company.

= = = Free market = = =
A free market is a system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met. A free market contrasts with a regulated market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws creating barriers to market entry or price fixing. In a free-market economy, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy, and it typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises.
Although free markets are commonly associated with capitalism within a market economy in contemporary usage and popular culture, free markets have also been advocated by free-market anarchists, market socialists, and some proponents of cooperatives and advocates of profit sharing.[1] 

= = = Quba Mosque = = =
Quba Mosque is a mosque in Medina. It is the oldest mosque in the world. When Muhammad and his friends were coming to Medina, they stopped over in Kuba. Muhammad started to build the mosque after his friend helped him. Umar II added a minaret and enlarged the mosque. Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the mosque and rebuilt it.

= = = Alan Carpenter = = =
Alan John Carpenter (born 4 January 1957) was the 28th Premier of Western Australia from 26 January 2006 to 23 September 2008. He is from the Labor Party. He is still in the Western Australian parliament.

= = = Geoff Gallop = = =
Professor Geoffrey Ian Gallop (born 27 September 1951) was the 27th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 2001 to 25 January 2006. He was from the Labor Party.

= = = Renton, Washington = = =
Renton is a city in King County, Washington, United States. It is 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Seattle, Washington. Renton is on the southeast shore of Lake Washington. At the 2000 census, 50,052 people lived there. As of April 1, 2008, there were about 78,780 people. The number of people increased a lot because of the addition of the Benson Hill communities directly southeast of the city. According to the data from the Office of Financial Management, Renton is the 11th largest city in Washington, and 5th largest in King County.
Based on per capita income, Renton ranks 100th of 522 areas ranked in the state of Washington.

= = = Premier of Western Australia = = =
The Premier of Western Australia is the leader of the Western Australian government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The current Premier is Roger Cook from the Labor Party.

= = = Christian Heinrich Nebbien = = =
Christian Heinrich Nebbien, sometimes referred to as Heinrich Nebbien or Henrik Nebbien, (September 22, 1778 in Lübeck - December 2, 1841 in Glogau) was a German landscaping architect.
His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy ut in Budapest (1817).
Other projects for which he is known are:
He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

= = = Krompachy = = =
Krompachy (German: Krompach, Hungarian: Korompa) is a town in Slovakia, located on the valley of the Hornád River. Until the end of the 20th century it was a centre of mining and metallurgy, particularly iron and copper. It is now an alpine resort, close to the Plejsy ski center.

= = = Kingfisher = = =
Kingfishers are small birds of the order Coraciiformes. There are about 90 species, mostly in the Old World and Australasia, Most species are tropical in distribution.
Their feathers are often bright colours, such as blue or orange. They have large heads, long, sharp bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
Most species have bright plumage with little differences between the sexes. Most are found only in forests. They eat a wide range of prey, including fish. They usually catch prey by swooping down from a perch. Many live near rivers and eat fish, but most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other birds of their order they nest in holes, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in disused termite nests.
Classification.
Based on sequence analysis, the 90 or so species of kingfishers are now divided into three families:
Habitat.
Kingfishers are found all over the world. They often make their nests near rivers where the water flows slowly. They make their nests in tall river banks. They dig a hole in the side of the river bank. Most kingfishers lay 3–6 eggs each time.
Many kingfishers eat fish. They sit on branches hanging over the river's edge and wait for a fish to appear. They then dive into the water to catch the fish. Some kingfishers eat lizards or other reptiles. Kookaburras do this.
History.
Most species are in the Australasian region, but the family did not originate there. They evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and invaded the Australasian region a number of times. Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming 50 million years ago (mya) and in Germany, around 30-40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene/Pliocene rocks of Australia (5-25 mya).
Conservation.
Kingfishers are easily harmed if there is a lot of snow and cold weather in winter. They can also die if humans cause a lot of water pollution or if the places where Kingfishers live are destroyed. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

= = = São José dos Pinhais = = =
São José dos Pinhais is a Brazilian city, the second largest in the Greater Curitiba, in southern state of Paraná. In 2008 the population was more than 280.000 inhabitants.
The city is on a plateau 906 meters above sea level, and an area of 945,717 km2. Is just 7 km away from the capital, Curitiba.
It is the third largest automotive pole of Brazil, housing assembly of Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan and Renault. The city is also home of the Afonso Pena International Airport, the main airport in southern Brazil.

= = = Yone Minagawa = = =
Yone Minagawa (January 4, 1893 – August 13, 2007) was a Japanese supercentenarian and the world's oldest living person between January 29, 2007, and Minagawa's death at age 114 years 221 days. 
Minagawa became Japan's oldest person in April 2005, following the death of 114-year-old Ura Koyama. With the death of 114-year-old Emma Tillman on January 29, 2007, Minagawa became the world's oldest living person. She was 114 years 25 days old at the time. Minagawa died of natural causes on 13 August 2007 at the age of 114 years, 221 days. Following her death, then 114-year-old Edna Parker became the new world's oldest living person.

= = = Richard G. Hovannisian = = =
Richard Gable Hovannisian (; November 9, 1932 – July 10, 2023) was an American historian. He was born in Tulare, California.
He received his M.A.(1958) degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D.(1966) from University of California, Los Angeles. He was also Associate Professor of History at Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, from 1966 to 1969. In 1987, Professor Hovannisian was appointed as the first holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History at the UCLA. His biographical entries are included in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World among other scholarly and literary reference works.
Hovannisian died in Los Angeles, California on July 10, 2023 at the age of 90.

= = = Armenians in the Ottoman Empire = = =
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were people of Armenian origin who lived under Ottoman rule from the empire's original creation to its eventual collapse. 
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire lived under the millet system as a Christian minority up until the Tanzimat reforms which concluded in the construction of the first Ottoman constitution. When the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) became the ruling party of the Ottoman Empire, they vigorously enforced Ottomanism and saw the Turks as the dominant group. These developments caused more oppression and eventually led to the Armenian Genocide. 
Initial years under Ottoman rule.
In 1453, the Ottoman Turks under the command of Sultan Mehmed II conquered the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) became the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire for the remainder of its lifespan (1453-1922). Under the Ottoman Empire, there were three main non-Muslim communities: the Jewish community, the Greek Orthodox Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church. Christianity is a firmly embedded central component of Armenian history and culture, which dates back to 301 C.E when Armenia became the first ever nation to implement Christianity as a state religion. Under Ottoman Islamic rule, Sultans allowed the Christian Armenian communities to preserve their culture, customs, language and religiosity so long as they remained loyal to the Ottoman sultan and the state. This governance of the non-Muslim community was achieved through the implementation of what has become known as the millet system.
The Millet System.
The Ottoman Empire's system regarding the governance of their non-Muslim communities within the empire was known as the millet system. The word ‘millet,’ which when translated means ‘nation’ or ‘people,’ was used by the Ottomans to describe these non-Muslim groups as corporate religious groups within the empire. Ultimately, the millet system entailed having non-Muslim religious communities such as the Armenian community guaranteed the right to life, property, and the freedom to practice their religious faith so long as they remained loyal to the Sultan and the state. Armenians were afforded this basic limited amount of autonomy provided they paid double the amount of taxes compared to a regular Ottoman citizen at the time. Influential leaders collected these taxes within the Armenian community and were also expected to deal with whatever additional issues that were occurring within the community at the time (social and legal). The millet system also determined that Armenians would be forbidden from participation within the military. Other limitations were also in place, which mandated Armenians and other millets to wear certain clothing and identifiers such as a crucifix around their neck.
Armenian millets were operating just eight years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 when Sultan Mehmed II appointed Hovakim, an Armenian bishop, to act as a ruling figurehead for the Armenian community. Hovakim known as Hovakim I was the first Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople within the Ottoman Empire. Hovakim I was based in the Ottoman Capital in Istanbul where he was entrusted with commanding over the Armenian people and ensuring the prevention of anti-Ottoman movements within his community. While a variation of the millet system may have been in place since the 1460’s, it is widely argued that the appearance of the term ‘millet’ gained prominence after the Ottoman Empire began to face serious multifaceted challenges to its empire vis-a-vis its military defeats to the Holy League in 1697 and the emergence of a new foe in the Russian Empire. Each millet system enjoyed increasing influence and power at this time, particularly the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople and the Greek Phanariots. The Phanariots were elite Greek merchants that had a critical influence over internal political issues within the Ottoman Empire. Their influence within the Ottoman Empire was drastically reduced however after the Greek Revolution, with the other religious millets particularly the Armenian millets greatly benefiting from this shift of influence.
By the 19th Century, the Armenian community was divided into Christian Apostolic, Catholic, and Protestant millets, meaning that there was no centralized, hierarchical leadership structure. The Ottomans dealt with this Armenian division by having Armenian patriarchs for each millet in Istanbul and Jerusalem. The ottomans had from an early stage of their reign, identified the crucial role that religious clergymen had in not only the collection of taxation within its community but also of influencing the communities feelings and sentiments. The relationship between the Armenian clergy and the Ottoman Empire that existed up until the middle of the 19th century is one that indeed can be described as cordial and one of mutual benefit. The Armenian clergy and a small merchant faction within its elite enjoyed influence and power. At the same time, the Ottoman empire was intrinsically pleased with maintaining their ability while also benefiting from the use of the Armenian merchants. While the vast majority of Armenians were poor peasants, a small minority of Armenians would establish themselves as the financial backbone of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Armenian Amira group bankers would establish themselves as the most influential merchant group of the Ottoman Empire, serving as bankers to the Ottoman central government while also controlling key positions within crucial sectors of industry. Jobs such as the director of Imperial Currency Mint, chief imperial architect, and the superintendent of large Gun-powder factories were filled by the Amira group. When one realizes the extent to which both the Armenian clergy and the Armenian elite were benefiting from the implementation of this millet system (particularly during the 18th/19th Century), it is easy to theorize why Armenia seemingly had made no precise demands for liberation until the Tanzimat reformation.
The Tanzimat Reforms.
On 3 November 1839, the process that became known as the Tanzimat reforms began when Sultan Abdulmecid's marked the opening of his reign with the issuance of the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane was the brainchild of statesmen, Mustafa Reşid Pasha, the Ottoman minister of foreign affairs. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane outlined three central notions in which: (i) The life, property, and honor of all subjects under the Ottoman Empire must be guaranteed, (ii) A new fixed tax system would replace the outdated tax farming system and finally, (iii) Lifetime military conscription would be replaced to conscription of four to five years. Perhaps the most notable and groundbreaking element of the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane was its assertion that all Ottoman subjects regardless of religion would be equal before the law. This was the first time during the Ottoman Empire in which non-Muslims would be deemed equal to their Muslim counterparts, something that would become a more regular occurrence among the Sultan and Ottoman government during this period.
On 18 February 1856, thousands of citizens gathered in Istanbul to hear Sultan Abdulmecid’s Hatt-i Humayun, the second proclamation of the Tanzimat reforms. While specific points were reiterated from the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane proclamation, the 1856 Hatt-i Humayun was far more in-depth and specific. For instance, this time, there was a particular reference to the need for adherence to annual national budgets, the creation of more banks, and the adaptation of a more Europeanized economic model in hopes of building a more substantial empire financially. Similarly, steps would be taken that would lead to the introduction of commercial law and the codifying of penal law within the empire while at the same time making penal reforms that would, for example, look to no longer punish apostates by death. The proclamation greatly emphasized that all citizens were now to be considered equal under Ottoman law regardless of religion. This intrinsically meant that the millet systems would have to be abandoned, and all non-Muslim communities could naturally become citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, the sultan vowed that these historic minorities would be safeguarded and offered legal protection from discrimination, with the final goal ultimately being to break down the barriers erected by the discriminatory millet system and create a brotherhood of Ottoman citizens that is both multi-ethnic and multi-national. 
The Land Code of 1858 was another feature of the Tanzimat reforms which revolutionized property and land ownership within the Ottoman Empire. This Land Code entitled farmers, merchants, and peasants who were living on land and farming on land to own properties which were previously under state ownership. The sultan agreed to sign away these properties he owned to these citizens of all classes, wh,o in turn, would have to pay the sultan via newly established property taxation. Ultimately, while the Tanzimat reforms were slow to be enacted, their seeming strides toward progression raised expectations particularly among those within the Armenian community. More and more of the common Armenian population were educating themselves about reforms and laws within the community in which they previously had little to no say in. Similarly, the elites within the Armenian population felt they had a part to play in helping to build a new reformed Ottoman Empire and generally were rather receptive of the Tanzimat reforms initially. The construction of the first Constitution in 1876, during the First Constitutional Era was another seminal moment of reformation during the Tanzimat period, which would ultimately mark the end of this era. While the Tanzimat reforms seemed a success for the Ottoman Empire, the unchecked centralized nature of the sultan's power ultimately would lead to problems of drought and debt for the Ottoman Empire immediately following the end of the Tanzimat reforms.
The First Ottoman Constitution.
Several young Armenians who had traveled back to the Ottoman Empire after receiving higher education in Western Europe saw several problems with the millet system when they returned home. The leaders of the Armenian millet were corrupt and wanted to cooperate with Ottoman powers and keep the people in their millet in ignorance. This group of intellectuals wanted written regulations defining the duties of the people at the top of the Armenian millet, such as the patriach.Reorganizingg the millet would help separate state and religion. After several rejections a Code of Regulations was accepted by the National Assembly in 1860. This code was 150 articles long and, among other things, reduced the power of the Armenian patriarch, but he was still the representative of the Armenian millet. The document was called the Armenian National Constitution. Still, it was only valid for inside the Armenian millet, so according to scholars, the Code of Regulations is a more fitting term.
The Armenian National Constitution did not change much for the people in the millet, but it is one of the factors which led to the making of the First Ottoman Constitution in 1876. The first Ottoman Constitution was created by Midhat Pasha in order to calm the chaos in the Ottoman Empire and decrease the power of seperatist movements. This new Ottoman Constitution set the path for the Ottoman Empire for modernization and becoming more like the West. The period in which this constitution was implemented is called the First Constitutional Period and took from 1876-1878.
The Armenian National Constitution is still used in the Armenian Church in the diaspora. 
The First Ottoman Constitution was implemented again in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution.
The Armenian Genocide.
The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire have been subject to several massacres before 1915, such as the Hamidian massacres in 1894-1896 and the Adana massacres in 1909. While the former massacres were often to scare and intimidate the Armenians, the genocide in 1915 had as goal to completely eliminate the Armenians from the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian Genocide is the name for the deportation and killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, which ended in the death of 80,000 to 1,5 million Armenian people.
In 1913, the year before the genocide, around 2 million Armenians were living in the Ottoman Empire. At the start of World War I the Ottoman Empire was fighting with the Russians, as well as the British and French at the same time. The losses of the Balkan War included more than half of the European territory that used to be part of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government decided that it was not possible for the Muslim Ottomans to live alongside the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire and wanted to homogenize the population. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was the governing party of the Ottoman Empire from 1908 to 1918. The CUP was a nationalist party that believed in Ottomanism and saw the need for the Turks as a dominant group. This included relocating the non-Turk Muslim population and the non-Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire.
The Russians took advantage of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was fighting a war on two fronts and moved their army towards the city in Eastern Anatolia with the largest Armenian population. The Armenians disagreed on whether to support the Russians or the Ottomans; some joined the Russian army, others the Ottoman army, and others did not join. The Ottoman government ordered the deportation of Armenians from towns most affected by the fighting; this later included all Armenians in Anatolia. Ottoman officials carried out the orders and Turks, Kurds and local tribespeople. Many Armenians died in these deportations, many fled to Syria, Russia, or Iraq, and many died while fleeing. The Armenians being deported were often raped, kidnapped, or starved. Around 800,000 to 1.5 million Armenians died during these massacres; the people who remained in the Ottoman Empire were often women and girls forced to marry into Turkish Muslim families. The boys were often adopted and converted to Islam.
Not everybody has agreed on the reason or a name for the events that happened to the Armenians in 1915 and during World War I. The Turkish government calls these deportations a defensive action against rebellion started by Kurds and local Muslim rebels, while the Armenian people call it a genocide. It is genocide according to the definition of genocide by the United Nations.

= = = Armenian question = = =
The term "Armenian Question" refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However, in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities.
The "Armenian Question", like the "Eastern Question", remained a factor (issue) in international politics, first with Great Britain and Germany; then Russia taking on the role of Ottoman Armenians protector. 

= = = Annihilation = = =
Annihilation is the name given in physics to the process that occurs when a particle and its antiparticle equivalent collide. The collision between these two particles makes energy release. Two types of this include the annihilation of electrons and positrons (the antiparticle for electrons), and the annihilation of protons and antiprotons.
The word has other meanings.

= = = South Asian river dolphin = = =
The South Asian river dolphin ("Platanista gangetica") is a freshwater or river dolphin found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan.
It is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin ("P. g. gangetica") and Indus river dolphin ("P. g. minor"). 
From the 1970s until 1998, they were regarded as separate species; however, in 1998, their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species. The idea was to wait until genetic analysis had decided how best to classify them.

= = = Phone Booth (movie) = = =
Phone Booth is a 2003 American movie about a man trapped in a telephone booth by a sniper. It stars Colin Farrell and Kiefer Sutherland and was directed by Joel Schumacher. It is set in New York City. It was originally to be released in 2002 but was delayed because of the Beltway sniper attacks.

= = = Beltway sniper attacks = = =
The Beltway Sniper attacks were a series of sniper attacks on civilians over three weeks in October 2002 in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The shootings all took place in the Maryland and Virginia area, mainly in and around Washington, D.C. The shootings were carried out by American John Allen Muhammad (1960-2009) and Jamaican Lee Boyd Malvo (born 1985).

= = = Ulmus wallichiana = = =
The Himalayan Elm ("Ulmus wallichiana") Planch., also known as the Kashmir Elm, found in Kashmir.

= = = Central Karakoram National Park = = =
Central Karakoram National Park or Karakoram National Park is a National Park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

= = = Chitral National Park = = =
Chitral National Park is one of the national parks of Pakistan. It is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan at the side of Chitral River, just at a distance of two hours drive from the Chitral city. The word, Gol in local language means ' the valley'. This park has many valleys thereby the name, Chitral Gol National Park.
Wildlife.
This park has three valleys. There are several galciers in the park . The park has cedar trees and endangered wild goat species Markhor. The snow leopard is sometimes seen there. The Tibetan wold, red fox, are also found in the park. Common birds are the bearded vulture, golden eagle, demoiselle crane, peregrine falcon, snow partridge and rock partridge.

= = = Richard Court = = =
Richard Fairfax Court (born 27 September 1947) was the 26th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 1993 to 16 February 2001. He was from the Liberal Party. His father, Charles Court, was also a Premier of Western Australia.

= = = Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park = = =
Hazarganji Chiltan National Park is a park in the Quetta District on the west side of Balochistan Province. It is in western Pakistan.

= = = Hingol National Park = = =
Hingol National Park or Hungol National Park () covers about . and is the largest of the National Parks of Pakistan and lies on the Makran coast in Balochistan approximately from Karachi.
The area was declared a reserve in 1988. 
The Hingol River runs though the park. 

= = = Khunjerab National Park = = =
Khunjerab National Park is a National park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is one of the highest altitude parks in the world.

= = = Kirthar National Park = = =
Kirthar National Park is in Kirthar Mountains range. It is second biggest National Parks of Pakistan, the Hingol National Park being the biggest. It is also the first National Park from Pakistan to be included in the 1975 United Nation's list of National Parks around the world.

= = = Lehri Nature Park = = =
Lehri Nature Park is in Jhelum District, northern Punjab, Pakistan.

= = = Carmen Lawrence = = =
Dr Carmen Mary Lawrence (born 2 March 1948) was the 25th Premier of Western Australia from 12 February 1990 to 16 February 1993. She was from the Labor Party. She became Premier after Peter Dowding resigned. She was the first woman to become Premier of an Australian state and she is Western Australia's only woman Premier. After she was Premier she became of member of the Australian parliament. She served as federal Health Minister from 1994 to 1996, under Paul Keating.

= = = Machiara National Park = = =
Machiara National Park is a national park in Pakistan. It is one of three globally important national parks chosen for a Global Environment Facility sponsored project. The goal of the project is to create management models showing good natural resource conservation.

= = = Margala Hills National Park = = =
The Margalla Hills National Park is in Northern Pakistan. It is at the foothills of the Himalayas, north of Islamabad.

= = = Cholistan desert = = =
Cholistan Desert (, also locally known as Rohi) sprawls thirty kilometers from Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan and covers an area of . It is next to the Thar Desert extending over to Sindh and into the Republic of India.

= = = Peter Dowding = = =
Peter M'Callum Dowding SC (born 6 October 1943) was the 24th Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1988 to 12 February 1990. He was from the Labor Party. He became Premier when Brian Burke resigned. He had a difficult time as Premier because some people in his government broke the law. He is now a lawyer. He got a Centenary Medal in 2001.

= = = Indus Valley Desert = = =
The Indus Valley Desert is a desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan. The Indus Valley desert covers an area of 19,500 square kilometers (7,500 square miles) in northwestern Punjab Province, lying between the Chenab River and Indus rivers. The Indus Valley Desert is drier and less hospitable than the Northwestern thorn scrub forests that surround it.

= = = Kharan desert = = =
Kharan Desert () is a desert in Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

= = = Thal desert = = =
The Thal desert is in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a large area mainly between the Jhelum River and Sindh rivers near the Pothohar Plateau. It has little vegetation — mostly thorny bushes — over a breadth of 70 miles. In Thal the people are very poor because the whole land is arid and depends upon the weather conditions. They cultivate grains only. It is the most illiterate area in Punjab Province. 
Noor Pur Thal has ten Union councils.

= = = Flag of Texas = = =
The Texas flag is known as the "Lone Star Flag". This flag was introduced to the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William H. Wharton. It became its national flag on January 24, 1839.
When Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America on December 29, 1845, its national flag became the state flag. Each color means a special symbol on the flag: blue stands for loyalty, white for purity, and red for bravery.

= = = Benny Benson = = =
John Ben "Benny" Benson Jr. (October 12, 1913 – July 2, 1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was three years old, his mother died. His father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.
Alaska Flag.
Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest run for Alaska students in grades seven to twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.

= = = Bowling for Soup = = =
Bowling for Soup is an American pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas. 
The band was formed in 1994 by Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler and Lance Morrill. The name of the band is from one of Steve Martin's comedy acts. They released their self-title debut album, "Bowling for Soup", in September 1994.

= = = Flag of Alaska = = =
The Flag of Alaska has eight gold stars on dark blue. These stars form the Big Dipper and the North Star.
Creation.
The flag was created in 1927 by Benny Benson, a 13-year-old Alaska native. Up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag. Benson's design was chosen over 700 other submissions from school-children in grades 7–12. Most other entries showed the seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. The Alaska Legislature adopted the flag on May 2, 1927. It was kept as the state flag upon statehood in 1959.
Alaska's Flag Song Lyrics.
This song was made for the flag.

= = = 2005 French riots = = =
The 2005 civil unrest in France was a series of riots in October and November. Many cars and public buildings, for example schools were burnt. The riots started on October 25, 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois, a suburb of Paris. Afterwards they spread to other parts of France. Together they lasted for about 3 weeks. The riots were a reaction to the accidental deaths of two teenage boys and the serious injuries of another. The three boys hid in a power substation and got an electric shock, after being chased by police. However the boys did not commit a crime.
The event starting the riots.
"The New York Times" said the event started at 17:20 on 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois. They said they know this from a police report. The police were called to a construction site, because of a burglary. Three teenagers thought they were being chased by the police, so they climed a fence of a power substation. This was because the feared long questioning by the police. Another 6 teenagers were caught by the police for questioning by 17:50. At 18:12 at the local police station in Livry-Gargan the lights went out because of a blackout. This black-out was caused by the death of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré in the power station and the injury of the third boy.
There is a controversy, if the boys were chased by police. The local prosecutor and Nicholas Sarkozy, who was minister of interior at that time said no. But the newspaper "The Australian", who asked some of his friends, said yes.
Before this event there had been in issues with unemployment and police brutality in this town. But after this event mobs of protesters gathered. The "Associated Press" quoted a protester with "People are joining together to say we've had enough. We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."

= = = ASCII = = =
ASCII (pronounced "az-kee", "ass-key" if American), is a table of characters for computers. It is binary code used by electronic equipment to handle text using the English alphabet, numbers, and other common symbols. ASCII is an abbreviation for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange".
ASCII was developed in the 1960s and was based on earlier codes used by telegraph systems.
The code includes definitions for 128 characters, which are assigned numbers from 0 to 127. Numbers 32 to 126 stand for letters, numbers and symbols such as abc, ABC, 123, and ?&!. Numbers 0 to 31 and the number 127 stand for characters that control how text is processed and are not printed.
ASCII uses 7 binary digits (bits) to represent characters. The bits 1000001 (65 in normal base-10 numbers) represent the upper-case letter A, 1000010 represents B, 1000011 represents C, and so on. Using the table below, you can look up a number in the Decimal column and see the character it represents in the Char column. Programmers often use hexadecimal (base-16 numbers), and you can look that up in the Hex column.
An ASCII computer file uses one byte for each character. A byte has 8 bits, so can hold an ASCII character with one bit spare. In the past, the spare bit was sometimes used as a "parity bit" to help check if the data had been corrupted.
ASCII has no formatting control (for bold or "Italics", etc.) Sometimes someone talks about a file or document in ASCII, meaning it is in plain text.
Standard ASCII is still commonly used, particularly in computer software and HTML files. Until 2010 it was the standard for URLs. Often a web site that has fields for entering text will only take ASCII text. Any special markups for bold or centered text, etc. will show up incorrectly.
Extended ASCII.
ASCII does not have diacritics (marks that are added to a letter, like the dots (umlauts) above vowels in German, or the tilde (~) above the 'n' for the 'ñ' used in Spanish). It was only meant for English and doesn't work well for most other languages. Some English words borrowed from other languages use these marks as well, like "resumé" (see Appendix:English words with diacritics).
This led to some systems using 8 bits (a full byte) instead of 7 bits. The proper name for systems that use 8 bits is called "extended ASCII". Eight bits allows for 256 characters. The first 128 characters must be the same as for ASCII and the rest are usually used for alphabetic letters with accents, for example like É, È, Î and Ü. This solves the problem for a few languages that are based on the Latin alphabet, although not all extended ASCII systems are the same. Other alphabets, like the Greek alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet need a different set of characters. And some systems like those using Chinese characters still do not work, as they use thousands of characters. So Unicode was created to have one common system for all languages.

= = = Vantage Point = = =
Vantage Point is a 2008 mystery thriller movie from Columbia Pictures, written by Barry Levy and directed by Pete Travis. It stars Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker with Sigourney Weaver, Édgar Ramírez and William Hurt. It was released on February 22, 2008.
Plot.
United States President Henry Ashton (William Hurt) is participating in an anti-terrorism summit in Salamanca. Over a twenty-three-minute period, an assassination attempt on the President unfolds. The movie loops through this period over and over, each time from the perspective of a different participant, adding a new piece to the larger puzzle with each loop.

= = = Flag of Hawaii = = =
The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official flag of Hawaii as a U.S. state, as it was kingdom, protector government, republic, and territory. It is the only state flag of the United States to have the Union Flag of the United Kingdom on it.
Design.
The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes symbolizing the eight major islands. A ninth stripe was once shown, meaning the island of Nihoa. The color of the stripes, from the top down, has this pattern: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used.
Origins.
There are a lot of reasons for the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One said how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III. Other visits reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawaii into international problems as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he quickly lowered the Union Flag over his home. While argued as historically correct, one report of events that followed stated that in order to please American interests during the War of 1812, a flag of the United States was raised over Kamehameha's home only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha powerfully objected to it. This account then explains why the resulting flag of Hawaii was a deliberate combination of the two nations' flags.
In 1816, Kamehameha appointed his own flag to avoid problems. As a result, the current flag of Hawaii was born. There is debate as to the name of the officer: some traditions credit Alexander Adams, others George Beckley. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order: red-white-blue. However, some have argued that the stripes were influenced by the flag of the United States. The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order: white-red-blue. The number of stripes also changed. Originally, the flag was designed with seven horizontal stripes. In 1845 it changed to have eight stripes (at one point, there were nine but later the number changed back to eight). The arrangement was adopted and is used today.

= = = 2010 FIFA World Cup = = =
The 2010 World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup, the world championship between 32 men's national football teams. It was held in South Africa from 11 June to 10 July 2010. In the host selection, only African countries may be selected as host of this tournament. In 2004 FIFA selected South Africa to become it the first African country hosted FIFA World Cup.
The matches were played in 10 stadiums in 9 cities around the country. The final was played at the Soccer City, Johannesburg
All countries (except South Africa that qualified as host nation) took part in qualification tournament to qualify to the World Cup. In the first round all teams were divided to eight groups of four teams where team played with other three teams in group. Two best teams from each group qualify to knockout stage where teams need to win 3 matches to reach the final.
In the final Spain, the European champions, won the tournament. They defeated Netherlands 1-0 in extra time with Andrés Iniesta's goal in the 116th minute. Spain got their first World Cup title and they also became the first European team won the World Cup outside Europe. They also became the first team to win the World Cup after losing their first match. Host nation of this tournament South Africa, winner (Italy) and finalist (France) of previous World Cup were all failed the group stage. It was the first time when host nation was not qualified to knockout stage. New Zealand was only team that did not lose any matches but it also did not advance to knockout stage
Stadiums.
In 2005, the organizers released a list of thirteen venues to be used for the World Cup. They were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006:
Man of the match.
New for 2010 is the Budweiser Man of the Match award. Fans vote for the top player for each match in the World Cup tournament.
Group Stage.
The first round was also called the Group stage. There were 32 teams in the first round of the World Cup. The teams were divided into eight groups with four teams in each group. The groups were named Group A through Group H.
Each team in a group played all the other teams in their group one time. That means there were six games in each group and 48 games in the first round. The top two teams from each group in this round advanced (were allowed to play) in the next round, named the Round of 16.
The FIFA uses the following method to rank teams in the first round.
Legend:
All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).
Group F.
Schedule
Group G.
Schedule
Group H.
Schedule
Knockout stage.
The games starting with the second round are known as the knockout stage. These games can not end in a draw (tie). If a match (game) is tied at the end of 90 minutes (the regular game time limit), extra periods are added to the game. Two periods, each 15 minutes long, will be played. If the score is still tied after the two extra periods, the game will be decided by a penalty kick shootout.
Final.
<br>
Statistics.
Discipline.
28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards (13 players), a single red card (8 players), or a yellow card followed by a red card (7 players).
All-Star Team.
The Best 11 was decided by an online public vote, where people were invited to select a team (in a 4–4–2 formation) and best coach. Voting was open until 23:59 on 11 July 2010, with submissions going into a draw to win a prize.
Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team, as did the coach. The remainder of the team comprised two Germans, one Brazilian, one Dutchman and a Uruguayan.

= = = Cody Rhodes = = =
Cody Garrett Runnels Rhodes ("né" Runnels; born June 30, 1985) better known simply by his ring name Cody Rhodes, is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand. He is nicknamed "The American Nightmare" and is one of the most popular face wrestlers today. The son of Dusty Rhodes and the half-brother of Dustin Rhodes, he is married to Brandi Rhodes.
Rhodes started his wrestling career for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2006, working there for the next ten years. During this time, he became a two-time Intercontinental Champion and a six-time tag team champion (three-time World Tag Team Champion and three-time WWE Tag Team Champion). He was released from WWE in May 2016. After that he worked on the Independent circuit, for Ring of Honor (where he won the ROH World Championship, the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, which was also won by his father), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (where he was an important member of the Bullet Club and a former IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion).
On January 1, 2019, Rhodes joined the newly founded company All Elite Wrestling (AEW). There he was an executive vice president and a record-tying three-time TNT Champion (also being the first man to win the title). On February 15, 2022, he left AEW. That April he returned to WWE on the first night of WrestleMania 38, defeating Seth "Freakin" Rollins. He would go on to win the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship (his fourth Raw Tag Team Championship and his first SmackDown Tag Team Championship) and the Royal Rumble Match in 2023 and 2024, becoming the fourth wrestler to win that match twice in a row.

= = = Deuce (wrestler) = = =
James William Reiher, Jr., (born September 1, 1971) better known as Jimmy Snuka, Jr., is a Fijian-American professional wrestler and the son of professional wrestler "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka. He is best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Entertainment where he worked under the ring names Deuce and Sim Snuka. He is a former WWE Tag Team Champion with his former partner Domino.

= = = Jim Duggan = = =
James Edward Duggan (born January 14, 1954 in Glens Falls, New York), better known by his ring name "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan, is an American professional wrestler, who is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E). Duggan will also be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011 by Ted DiBiase Sr.. Duggan was the winner of the first ever Royal Rumble in 1988. He is known for entering the arena with a 2x4 piece of lumber and yelling "Hooo!" while the fans chant "U-S-A!".
In November 2018, Duggan was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for an unknown reason.

= = = JTG = = =
Jayson Anthony Paul (born December 10, 1984) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name JTG. He is best known for his time working with the WWE. During his time there, he was a member of the tag team Cryme Tyme along with Shad Gaspard.
His last match was on the September 20, 2013 episode of "Superstars" where he lost against Santino Marella. On June 12, 2014, JTG was released from his WWE contract.

= = = Lance Cade = = =
Lance Kurtis McNaught (March 2, 1981 – August 13, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he wrestled under the ring names Garrison Cade and Lance Cade. Cade was trained by Shawn Michaels and made his professional wrestling debut along with Bryan Danielson in 1999 for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in Japan.
Cade signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001 and began working for their developmental territory Memphis Championship Wrestling (MCW). In the summer, he was sent to Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA). When the WWF dropped HWA as their developmental territory, Cade moved the then-renamed WWE's main developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). In 2003, he debuted on an episode of Sunday Night Heat in a match against Lance Storm who forced him to submit to the sharpshooter. During his WWE career, he was known to team with Mark Jindrak and then later Trevor Murdoch. Cade was released from the company on October 14, 2008. Jim Ross stated on his blog that Cade "made a major league mistake while utilizing bad judgment" and that it was a factor in his departure. Ross also mentioned Cade having a seizure on a plane and him needing emergency medical care as a part of this.
He was a three-time World Tag Team Champion with Trevor Murdoch.
On August 13, 2010, Cade died at the age of 29 of apparent heart failure in San Antonio, Texas. On October 13, the medical examiner in San Antonio ruled that his death was "accidental," and stated that intoxication from mixed drugs complicated a cardiomyopathy and caused his death.

= = = Matt Striker = = =
Matthew Robert Kaye (born June 26 1974) is an American professional wrestler and commentator. He is best known for working for the WWE from 2005 to 2013 under the ring name, Matt Striker. He currently works as a commentator for Championship Wrestling from Hollywood.
He has also won a Slammy Award in 2008 for "Announce Team of the Year" which he shared with Todd Grisham.
On June 20, 2013, he left the WWE when the company did not renew his contract.

= = = Sicko = = =
Sicko was a 2007 documentary movie made by Michael Moore. It explores the American health care system, and compares it to the United Kingdom's, Canada's, France's and Cuba's. It made $24.5 million, making it the third-highest grossing documentary of all time.

= = = Flag of Alabama = = =
The flag of Alabama was adopted by the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895.
Origin.
It's believed that the crimson saltire of the Flag of Alabama was designed to look like the blue saltire of the Confederate battle flag. The Battle Flag was square-shaped, and Alabama's flag is sometimes shown as a square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square. In 1987, Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.
However, the saltire design of the Alabama state flag also looks like several other flags. It is identical to the saltire of St. Patrick, incorporated into the British Union Flag to represent the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland. This has led to other origins being put forth as possibilities.

= = = Flag of Mexico = = =
The Flag of the United Mexican States or Mexico is a tricolor of green, white, and red with an eagle charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence. The current flag was adopted in 1968, but the design has been used since 1821. The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the ancient Aztec symbol for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of the Aztec Empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a cactus, eating a snake. There is a ribbon in the national colors at the bottom of the coat of arms.
Legend.
In the early 14th century, the Mexican people were a wandering tribe of nomads looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on the top of a cactus. The legend relates that the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow mexico lake. The Mexicans invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there. That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire.

= = = Flag of the United Kingdom = = =
The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag or Union Jack. The Union Flag is the national flag of the United Kingdom. It has had the same design since the Act of Union 1800. The flag is made from the flags of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
There are different flags for use on land and at sea. The flag's measurements at sea are 1:2 (the flag is twice as long as it is wide). On land, it is normal for the flag's proportions to be 3:5.
The use of the flag started (with a different design) in 1606, after James VI and I became the first king of the whole of Great Britain in 1603. Between 1606 and 1801, the Union Flag's design was different to the present flag. At that time, the Kingdom of Ireland was a separate kingdom. (Between the execution of Charles I and the Restoration of Charles II, there was no personal union between Scotland and England, so the Union Flag was not necessary.) Scotland and England became the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, chose the Union Flag as the flag of the new kingdom. The United Kingdom and Ireland joined together in 1801. The use of the present British flag started then.
The first Union Flag from 1603 combined the flag of Scotland with the flag of England. The flag of Scotland is a Saint Andrew's Cross because Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland. The flag of England is Saint George's Cross because Saint George is the patron saint of England. When the present United Kingdom started in 1801, the Saint Patrick's Cross started to be a part of the Union Flag. Saint Patrick's Cross was a flag representative of Ireland because Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick's Cross is a red saltire (a diagonal cross) with a white background. The flag of Scotland is blue with a white saltire. The flag of England is white with a red horizontal cross. Together they make the Union Flag.
The flag did not change as result of the independence of the Republic of Ireland. The flag did not change when the United Kingdom's name changed from the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" to the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". The flag does not contain anything that represents Wales. (In 1603, Wales had long been a part of the kingdom of England.) Some people want a new design because of this. 
Legacy.
The Union Jack has a legacy for flags, and some of the former colonies of Britain have this design on their own flags (i.e. Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, some provinces of Canada, etc.).

= = = Tommy Tynan = = =
Thomas Edward Tynan (born 17 November 1955) is an English retired professional footballer.

= = = Lennie Lawrence = = =
Lennie Lawrence (his real name is Robin Michael Lawrence) is an English former football manager.

= = = Neil Warnock = = =
Neil Warnock (born 1 December 1948) is an English football manager and former player who was most recently the manager of Championship club Huddersfield Town.
Honours.
Individual

= = = John Gregory = = =
John Gregory (born 11 May 1954) is an English footballer turned manager. He has played for the England national team.
Honours.
Manager.
Aston Villa
Chennaiyin FC
Individual

= = = Roberto Carlos = = =
Roberto Carlos (born 10 April 1973) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He often plays left back.
Club career statistics.
68||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||68||5
30||5||2||1||2||1||34||7
370||47||33||4||111||16||514||67
66||5||9||2||27||2||102||9
534||62||44||7||140||19||718||88
International career statistics.
!Total||125||11

= = = Bob Wilson (footballer, born 1941) = = =
Bob Wilson (born 30 October 1941) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.
Honours.
Arsenal
Individual

= = = Sepp Maier = = =
Sepp Maier (born 28 February 1944) is a former German football player. He played for Bayern Munich and the German national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.

= = = Bob Stokoe = = =
Bob Stokoe (21 September 1930 – 1 February 2004) was an English footballer and football manager.
In 1955, he won an FA Cup winner's medal with Newcastle United.
Honours.
As a player.
Newcastle United
As manager.
Blackpool
Sunderland

= = = Lothar Matthäus = = =
Lothar Herbert Matthäus (born 21 March 1961) is a former German football player. He has played for the German national team. He currently holds a record for the most appearances for the German team.
Club career statistics.
464||121
115||40
16||0
595||161
International career statistics.
!Total||150||23

= = = Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig = = =
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 19 June 1861, died in London on 29 January 1928) was a British Army general in World War I.
He was the senior commander of the British forces in France from 1915 until the end of the war. Most notably, he led them during the Battle of the Somme, the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), the Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive.
Historians have often argued over whether Haig was a good general. In the years after the war, he was popular. After his death, some historians and politicians wrote books criticising Haig. They argued he made mistakes that led to a lot of casualties among British troops, especially at the Somme and Passchendaele; he has been nicknamed 'Butcher Haig' or 'the Butcher of the Somme'. David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister during the later years of the war, also did not agree with Haig. One of the best known books criticising Haig was Alan Clark's book "The Donkeys" (1961). This is known as the 'lions led by donkeys' view: the idea that Britain had great soldiers but bad generals.
All the same, some veterans, and academic historians have argued that Haig was a great general. For example, John Bourne notes that Haig helped the army use new weapons and technology. John Terraine argues that while the British Army lost a lot of men, this is not surprising given the size of the fighting, and other countries lost far more. Likewise, Gordon Corrigan argues that as a percentage of the population, Britain lost half as many people in the war as France and Germany.

= = = John Charles = = =
John Charles (27 December 1931 - 21 February 2004) was a Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.
Club career statistics.
376||171
160||97
536||268
International career statistics.
!Total||38||15

= = = Martin Peters = = =
Martin Stanford Peters (8 November 1943 – 21 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager. He played for England national team.
In 2016, it was announced that Peters had Alzheimer's disease. Peters died on 21 December 2019 in London from the disease at the age of 76.
Honours.
Football.
West Ham
Tottenham
International

= = = Dmitri Sychev = = =
Dmitri Sychev is a Russian football player. He is currently playing for Lokomotiv-Kazanka Moscow. He has been called the "Russian Michael Owen" because of his fast pace and brilliant agility.

= = = José Eulogio Gárate = = =
José Eulogio Gárate is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.
Club career statistics.
241||109
241||109
International career statistics.
!Total||18||5

= = = Shinji Ono = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Ono was born in Numazu on September 27, 1979. After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1998. He became a regular player from first season and he was selected "Rookie of the Year". In summer 2001, he moved to Feyenoord of the Dutch Eredivisie. The club won the 2002 UEFA Cup. In January 2006, he returned to Urawa. The club won the champions in 2006 J1 League and 2007 AFC Champions League. In January 2008, he moved to Germany Bundesliga club Bochum. In January 2010, he returned to Japan and joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse. In summer 2012, he moved to new club Western Sydney Wanderers in Australian A-League. In January 2014, he returned to Japan and joined J2 League club Consadole Sapporo (later "Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo"). The club won the champions and was promoted to J1. In summer 2019, he moved to J2 club FC Ryukyu. In 2021, he returned to Sapporo.
On April 1, 1998, when Ono was 18 years old, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. He played also at the 1998 World Cup. In 1999, he played for the Japan U-20 national team at 1999 World Youth Championship. Japan won the 2nd place at the championship. In 2000, he was selected Japan for 2000 Asian Cup and won the champions. He played at 2001 Confederations Cup and 2002 which held in Japan. He played all matches both tournament and won the 2nd place at 2001 Confederations Cup. He also played at 2004 Summer Olympics as over aged player and 2006 World Cup. He played 56 games and scored 6 goals for Japan until 2008.
Statistics.
287||38||24||6||25||8||8||2||344||54
112||19||7||1||colspan="2"|-||29||3||148||23
29||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||0
47||9||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||1||53||10
475||66||34||7||25||8||43||6||577||87
!Total||56||6

= = = Iker Casillas = = =
Iker Casillas (born 20 May 1981) is a retired Spanish football player. He used to play for F.C. Porto and Spain national team.

= = = Jamie Murphy = = =
James Murphy (born 25 February 1973) is an English physiotherapist and former professional footballer. He played as a left-back.
Honours.
Blackpool

= = = List of presidents of Turkey = = =
This is a complete list of presidents of Turkey. The list includes all eleven heads of state that lead the country after the Turkish War of Independence. For a list of rulers of the predecessor Ottoman Empire, see the Ottoman Dynasty.

= = = Weightlifting = = =
Weightlifting first started in the so-called Dark Ages of the human history. It was usually done by the strongest men in villages all over Europe. It was considered to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into the sport for other people as well. It has been in the Olympic Games since 1896.
Competition events in Olympic weightlifting.
As a competitive sport, Weightlifting is controlled by the "International Weightlifting Federation" (IWF). Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.
Snatch.
The "snatch" is one of the two olympic weightlifting events. The essence of the event is to lift a barbell from the platform to locked arms overhead in a smooth continuous movement. The lift requires not only great strength, but mastery of technical skills, a high degree of shoulder flexibility, excellent balance, and speed.
Clean and jerk.
The "clean and jerk" is another olympic weightlifting events. It is a highly technical lift that is known as "the king of lifts" because more weight can be lifted above one's head as compared to any other known weightlifting technique.

= = = Mullet = = =
A mullet is a kind of fish. Mullet often jump out of water. In recent years, "mullet" also came to be a slang word for a hairstyle that is short at the front and top, and long at the back. This slang word is said to have been started by Mike D of the Beastie Boys in 1995, and after 2000 was spread by a small group of people in San Francisco through the Internet.

= = = Flag semaphore = = =
Flag semaphore is a system of spreading information at a distance by using two flags. Information is told by the positions of the flags. Each set of positions has a meaning. 
Signalling.
Signalling uses two flags. The person signalling would often stand on a platform about 6-10ft (1.8 - 3m) above the ground. They would use a bright orange, red and white flag. This was a problem because it made it easier for the enemy to see them and shoot them. The newer system uses two short poles with square flags. The signalman holds one pole in each hand. The poles are held in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the "rest position", the flags do not cross over each other. Flags of different colours are used based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are coloured red and yellow. On land, they are white and blue. There is also a 'flag alphabet' which consists of many different coloured flags with different symbols on them. Japan has their own flag alphabet.

= = = Asparagales = = =
Asparagales is an order of flowering plants. The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications. No one is sure, but it is supposed that this group of plants evolved between the late and early Cretaceous. But because of the difficult classification of the families, it is not entirely certain when they evolved. Asparagales have a many families, including Ashphodelaceae (Xanthorrhoeaceae), which includes daylilies and New Zealand flax.

= = = Asparagaceae = = =
Asparagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by quite a few taxonomists, but hardly universally: often the plants involved are treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae. 

= = = Hesperocallis = = =
Hesperocallis is a genus of flowering plants that includes a single species, Hesperocallis undulata, the desert lily, found in the desert areas of the southwest of North America.
"Hesperocallis" has traditionally been classified in Liliaceae but until recently its relationships have been unclear. Other classifications have included it in Hemerocallidaceae or Funkiaceae. In 1972, Hamilton Traub created the family Hesperocallidaceae with "Hesperocallis" as the sole included genus. The APG II system includes it in the family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales in the monocots clade but allows for the optional segregation of Hesperocallidaceae as a monophyletic family when several other families are likewise segregated. Recent molecular systematic studies have confirmed a close relationship with "Agave" and its inclusion in family Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).

= = = Laurales = = =
The Laurales are an order of flowering plants. They are a basal group of dicots. They are related to, and sometimes included in, the Magnoliales.
The order includes 85-90 genera from seven families of trees and shrubs. Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate zone. The best known species in this order are those of the Lauraceae (for example bay laurel or "Laurus", cinnamon or "Cinnamomum", avocado or "Persea", and "Sassafras"), and the spice bush or "Calycanthus" of the Calycanthaceae.
The earliest lauraceous fossils are from the Cretaceous. It is possible that the ancient origin of this order is one of the reasons for its highly diverged morphology. Indeed, at present no one trait is known which would unify all the members of Laurales. This used to cause much argument among botanists about the correct limits of the order. The presently classification is based on recent molecular and genetic analysis.

= = = Hasbro = = =
Hasbro is an American toy company. It is one of the biggest toy and electronic audio game makers in the world (including board games), only Mattel is larger. Other companies competing are Supe Impulse and Moose Toys. Hasbro also makes "Monopoly", a popular board game. Their main office is in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, United States. The company is best known for their popular 1990's electronic audio game Bop It, which got re-designed in 2008 with a series of designs which one is released each year and kept using the same voice actor known as Buddy Rubino. Rubino never knew what a Bop It was, so he researched the game before doing the actual recordings for the toy. Hasbro has also joined up with many other companies such as Tiger Electronics who made the following audio games: Brain Warp (1997 and 2002), Brain Bash (1994), Brain Shift (1998) and Boogey Ball (1999/2000). They also make a popular memory game called Simon which involves memorizing flashing lights and sounds. A Harry Potter style Simon game was released in 2001. The game Simon Swipe invented by long time inventor Dan Klitsner was released in 2014 and was copyrighted and made in 2013. There is also a Micro Series version that was released in 2014. On October 12, 2021, Longtime Hasbro CEO Brian Goldner died.

= = = Bay leaf = = =
Bay leaf (plural bay leaves), (Greek "Daphni", Romanian "Foi de Dafin") is the aromatic leaf of several species of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. 

= = = Ginger = = =
Ginger is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is used as a spice and a folk medicine.
It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems. These are false stems made of rolled leaves: about one meter tall with narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences come directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.
Ginger is used as a cooking spice throughout the world. The ginger plant has long been cultivated. It came from China and spread to India, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the Caribbean.
Ginger is also a term used to describe a red-brown colour, as in ginger hair.

= = = Revenue = = =
Revenue (or revenues) is income that an organization receives from its normal business activities. In the case of a corporation this is usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In the case of a government, revenue usually comes from various taxes. In addition to sale of goods and services, some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.
First and foremost, it's important to note that revenue isn't the same thing as profit. Profit represents what is left over after all expenses are subtracted from revenues (gross margin). It would be possible for a company to generate high levels of revenue without earning any profit at all. For example, if Company A makes $1 million in sales but incurs $2 million in costs, then Company A will have zero net profit (or alternatively negative net profits).

= = = Net income = = =
Net income is equal to the income that a company has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. Net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as retained earnings.
It is computed as the residual of all revenues and gains less all expenses and losses for the period, and has also been defined as the net increase in shareholders' equity that results from a company's operations. It is different from gross income, which only deducts the cost of goods sold from revenue.
For households and individuals, net income refers to the (gross) income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g. mandatory pension contributions).

= = = Real time (media) = = =
Real time in a narrative is where the events in the story take the same amount of time to happen as they do for the audience to experience them. If a movie told in real time is two hours long, as in "Rope", then the plot of that movie covers two hours of fictional time. For example, in the TV series "24", an hour long episode represents an hour of events on the program.

= = = Southern Cone = = =
The term Southern Cone (, ) refers to a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, below the Tropic of Capricorn. Due to geographical affinities, natural, economic and social, the Southern Cone is usually understood as the region that includes all of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, the southern states of Brazil (and sometimes part of São Paulo state, because have several features in common: proximity, the high rate of industrialization and urbanization and the high GDP). In rare exceptions - just because geographical reasons - sometimes also includes Paraguay and southern Bolivia, although both have fundamentally different characteristics of other countries (such as standards of living, industrialization, ethnicity, etc.)

= = = 1936–37 NHL season = = =
The 1936–37 NHL season was the 20th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the New York Rangers three games to two in the final series.
Regular season.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
<br>
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

= = = William M. Jennings = = =
William M. Jennings (December 14, 1920 – August 17, 1981) was an owner in the National Hockey League.
Born in New York, New York, Jennings was owner of the New York Rangers from 1959 until his death in 1981. The William M. Jennings Trophy was named in his honour. Jennings also helped initiate the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966, which he would win in 1971. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975, and the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.

= = = Robert Esche = = =
Robert Esche (born January 22, 1978 in Whitesboro, New York) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Kontinental Hockey League's St. Petersburg SKA.
International play.
Played for the United States in:

= = = Concussion = = =
Concussion is an injury to the brain caused by being hit on the head, as often happens in motor vehicle collisions, fights or contact sports such as football. It is the most common form of traumatic brain injury. Related terms include mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI), and minor head trauma. Patients with severe concussion are occasionally monitored in hospital. The main reason for this is the risk of bleeding in the brain, which can be life-threatening. 
Common symptoms of concussion include: headache, dizziness, fatigue, problems with vision, confusion and loss of consciousness. A person with a mild concussion may have nothing more than a headache or brief confusion. In more severe cases, symptoms tend to last longer, and may include loss of consciousness. Other associated symptoms are: worsening headache, inability to wake, dilation of the eyes, vomiting, nausea, loss of coordination and weakness of extremities. 
Symptoms may last less than a week in minor cases, but recovery from more severe concussions can take up to 4 weeks. The most common causes of concussions are accidents; in some cases, wearing a helmet can help prevent major damage. 
Concussion and Aphasia.
One often underreported symptom of concussion is aphasia.  Aphasia is the loss of ability to produce or understand speech; it is caused by brain damage.  Most of the important areas for speech and language are located in the left hemisphere. As such, patients who have concussions due to injury on the left side of the head could be more at risk for these symptoms. 
The most common kinds of aphasia associated with traumatic brain injury are amnestic aphasia and verbal paraphasia.  Amnesic aphasia, also known as anomia, is an issue with word finding where patients struggle to find words for objects that they once knew.  There is no impairment of comprehension associated with anomia. This can be especially challenging for students trying to return to school and professionals returning to work.  The second kind of aphasia associated with concussion is verbal paraphasia, the substitution of one word for another.  Typically, the substituted word will have a similar meaning as the word it replaces; e.g. substituting sock with shoe. 
As with most concussion symptoms, aphasia symptoms correlated with concussion typically get progressively better, as evidenced by a study done by Inger Vibeke Thomsen. Of the concussion patients studied that showed aphasia symptoms, only one patient had long term aphasia.  The others showed almost full recovery. 
The National Aphasia Association recognizes that concussions can cause aphasia.  In serious concussions, aphasia is a documented symptom and can be temporary or permanent.  This is correlated to injury of brain regions that are important for language production. However, traumatic brain injuries usually effect multiple areas of the brain, so other symptoms will also be present. The damage causing aphasia will usually be on the left side of the brain.

= = = Mercury-in-glass thermometer = = =
The mercury-in-glass thermometer was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It is a bulb containing Mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter. The volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature. The small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum. 
Mercury cannot be used to measure temperatures lower than -39 �C (as mercury freezes at that point) or temperature higher than 356.7 �C (the boiling point of mercury). Mercury has been replaced largely by alcohol for use in thermometers. Ethanol is cheaper and safer than mercury and can be used as low as -80 �C. However, ethanol boils at 78°C (172.4°F), which means its upper limit is much lower than mercury thermometers.

= = = Language reform = = =
Language reform is a type of language planning. Language reforms make big changes to a language. These changes are usually done to make a language simpler to understand or to write. Sometimes changes are done to make the language purer; that is, to get rid of foreign parts of the language, or to get rid of parts of the language that are not grammatical.
Simplification makes the language easier to use. It tries to regularise spelling, vocabulary, and grammar. Purification makes the language similar to a version of the language that people think is more pure.
Sometimes language reforms were done to unite the people speaking the language. For this reason, many language reforms happened in 19th century Europe when there was a rise of nationalist movements.
Simplification.
The most common form of language reform involves changing the orthography of words. This is known as spelling reform. The grammar of a language also may be changed to simplify inflection, syntax, vocabulary and word formation. English for example uses many different prefixes that mean "the opposite of", like "un-", "in-/im-", "a(n)-", "de-". A language reform might suggest using only one prefix to mean "the opposite of", for example "un-". On top of this, there are words such as "good" and "bad" that roughly mean the opposite of each other, but would be better (in terms of simplicity) portrayed as "good" and "ungood", so the word "bad" is not part of the language anymore.
Another good example of what language simplification can do is the word "flammable". Flammable means that something can catch fire easily. Originally the word was "inflammable", from Latin "inflammare" - put something on fire. "In-" is also a prefix that can mean "the opposite of", like with "transparent", "intransparent". Today most instructions use "flammable" rather than "inflammable", in order not to confuse people that the "in-" in this case does not mean the opposite of.
Several major world languages have been subject to big spelling reforms: French (in the 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries), Spanish (in the 18th century), Portuguese (in 1910, in Portugal, and in 1946 and 1972, in Brazil), German (in 1901/02 and 1996/98) and Russian (in 1728 and 1919).
Purification.
Some people feel that it is bad to change a language. They want to keep a language the way it is now, or they want to take back changes to the language that have been done earlier. Sometimes, purism can make a language more complex, because people add false etymologies:
Examples.
Examples of language reforms are:

= = = Beaufort scale = = =
The Beaufort scale is a scale for measuring wind speeds. It is based on observation rather than accurate measurement. It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today. The scale was developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy and first officially used by HMS Beagle.
There are twelve levels, plus 0 for "no wind". From 1946 to 1970, there were also beaufort levels 13 to 17. All of them were labelled as "Hurricane". Because they were only used in special cases, they are no longer in use internationally. China, and Taiwan still use them, because they often have typhoons. 
The wave heights given are for waves on the open ocean, not near the shore.
The Douglas Sea Scale and Douglas Wind Scale are similar, but they separate the sea from the wind.

= = = The Wheel of Time = = =
The Wheel of Time is a long running fantasy series of novels written by American author Robert Jordan. The first in the series, "The Eye of the World" was published in 1990, and the last, "A Memory of Light", was published in 2009. Jordan died while he was writing the last book, so it was finished by Brandon Sanderson. "A Memory of Light" was split into three parts as the book length was too long.

= = = Robert Jordan = = =
Robert Jordan (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007) was the pen or writing name of the American fantasy author James Oliver Rigney Jr. He was most famous for writing the long, epic fanasy series "The Wheel of Time". He died from amyloidosis before he was able to finish the series. The last volume "A Memory of Light" was split into three and was completed by fellow American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson.
"The Wheel of Time".
"The Wheel of Time" is an epic fantasy series that centers around Rand al'Thor, a young man destined to be the Dragon Reborn, the savior figure of the story. The Dragon Reborn is prophesied to lead the forces of the Light (the forces of good) to fight the Dark One (the main antagonist) at the Last Battle.

= = = Brian Burke = = =
Brian Thomas Burke (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988. He was from the Labor Party. He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician. As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed. He resigned to become an ambassador. During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in prison. 

= = = Ray O'Connor = = =
Raymond James O'Connor (6 March 1926 - 25 February 2013) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983. He was from the Liberal Party. He became Premier when Charles Court resigned. Later he was convicted of fraud and spent time in prison.

= = = Charles Court = = =
Sir Charles Walter Michael Court (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982. He was from the Liberal Party. He became a politician in 1953. His son, Richard, was also a Premier.

= = = Chang'an = = =
Chang'an was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored. During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name Xi'an, meaning "Western Peace".
History.
The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs. The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an. During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.
In 710, the grid of Japan's capital city at Heijō-kyō was planned to mirror the grid of Chang'an. In 794, the plan of the new capital at Heian-kyō also mirrored the Chang'an design.

= = = John Tonkin = = =
John Trezise Tonkin (2 February 1902 – 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974. He was from the Labor Party.
He was born in Boulder City in 1902. Educated in local schools Tonkin became a teacher in rural Western Australia. An active member of the Labor Party, he was Prime Minister John Curtin's campaign manager for the 1943 election. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament for the seat of North East Fremantle (1933–1950), and for the seat of Melville (1950–1977). He was a Cabinet Minister (1943–1947), Deputy Premier (1953–1959), Leader of the Opposition (1967–1971 and 1974–1976), and Premier (1971–1974). He retired from parliament in 1977 and died in 1995.
Early life.
Albert Tonkin, born in Boulder, Western Australia, in 1902, became a teacher after attending Claremont Teachers College. He married Rosalie Maud Cleghorn in 1926 and later moved to Perth, where he taught and studied accounting.

= = = David Brand = = =
Sir David Brand (1 August 1912 – 15 April 1979) was the 19th Premier of Western Australia from 2 April 1959 to 3 March 1971. He was from the Liberal Party.

= = = Albert Hawke = = =
Albert ("Bert") Redvers George Hawke (3 December 1900 – 14 February 1986) was the 18th Premier of Western Australia from 23 February 1953 to 2 April 1959. He was from the Labor Party. His nephew, Bob, became Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s.

= = = Ross McLarty = = =
Sir Duncan Ross McLarty (17 March 1891 – 22 December 1962) was the 17th Premier of Western Australia from 1 April 1947 to 23 February 1953. He was from the Liberal Party.

= = = Frank Wise = = =
Frank Joseph Scott Wise (30 May 1897 – 29 June 1986) was the 16th Premier of Western Australia from 31 July 1945 to 1 April 1947. He was from the Labor Party.
Wise was born in Queensland and after finishing high school he became a tropical fruit farmer. He joined the Queensland Department of Agriculture, and later moved to Western Australia to work with the WA Department of Agriculture. He brought banana plants from Queensland to grow in the Gascoyne region around Carnarvon. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament in 1933 and became the Minister for Agriculture in 1936.
He became Premier of Western Australia after John Willcock resigned in 1945. His government was defeated in the 1947 election. He then became Leader of the Opposition for four years. He resigned from parliament in 1951 to become the Administrator of the Northern Territory.

= = = Early modern Europe = = =
The early modern period is a term used by historians for the period in Western Europe and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution.
The early modern period is characterized by the rise to importance of science and technological progress, civic politics and the nation state. Capitalism began its rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of feudalism, serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church.
The period includes the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, the European colonization of the Americas and the peak of the European hunt of witches.
The beginning of the early modern period is not clear-cut, but is generally accepted to be in the late 15th century or early 16th century. Significant dates in this phase from medieval to early modern Europe are:
The end date of the early modern period is associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750, or the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, which drastically transformed the state of European politics.
Among the most important political changes of this time are the abolition of serfdom and the change of kingdoms into nation-states. Then the Reformation, that meant that Christendom was no unified entity any more. Many kings and rulers used this radical shift in the understanding of the world to further consolidate their sovereignty over their territories. For instance, many of the Germanic states (as well as English Reformation) converted to Protestantism in an attempt to slip out of the power of the Pope.
The intellectual developments of the period included the creation of the economic theory of mercantilism and the publication of works of political and social philosophy, such as Machiavelli's "The Prince" (1513) and Thomas More's "Utopia" (1515).
Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance.
The expression "early modern" is sometimes, and incorrectly, used as a substitute for the term Renaissance. However, "Renaissance" is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments; which occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe—especially central and northern Italy—and span the transition from late Medieval civilization and the opening of the early modern period.
The term early modern is most often applied to Europe, and its overseas empire. However, in Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.

= = = Kevin Moore (rugby league) = = =
Kevin Moore (born 30 November 1965, in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from 2009 to 2011. As a player, he played as a scrum-half.

= = = Roman Čechmánek = = =
Roman Čechmánek (March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia – 12 November 2023) was a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. He died on 12 November 2023, at the age of 52.
International play.
His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics. Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game. Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.
His other debuts were in the 2004 and 2007 IHWC also playing for the Czech Republic team.

= = = Jaromír Jágr = = =
Jaromír Jágr ( , born February 15, 1972 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic) is a Czech professional ice hockey right winger, who plays for the Florida Panthers in the National Hockey League (NHL). Jágr formerly played in the National Hockey League with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Dallas Stars, Boston Bruins, and the New Jersey Devils. Jágr is currently in the top ten among players in NHL career goals, assists, and points, and is regarded as one of the game's all-time great players.

= = = Spinning jenny = = =
The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented around 1764 by James Hargreaves (c. 1720 – 22 April 1778) in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England. The device meant that there was much less work needed to produce yarn. A single worker could work eight or more spools at once.
The spinning jenny was a huge success due to the fact that it could hold more than one ball of yarn, therefore making more clothing materials in a shorter amount of time while reducing the overall cost.
Thomas Highs (1718–1803) also claimed patents on the spinning jenny, and on other machines for cloth production.

= = = Roman Turek = = =
Roman Turek (born May 21, 1970 in Strakonice, Czechoslovakia — now the Czech Republic) is a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played for the Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues, and Calgary Flames in a 9-year National Hockey League career. Currently he is playing in the Czech Extraliga for HC České Budějovice.

= = = Driveshaft = = =
A driveshaft, drive shaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a part of a machine that takes power from the engine or motor to a place where useful work can be done.
Most engines or motors create power as torque by making something rotate. This can be from an internal combustion engine (as in a car), water driving a water wheel, or gas or water going through a turbine. This rotating power is called torque. The load that is turned creates torsion and shear stress. Drive shafts need to be strong enough to take this stress. A light drive shaft will more efficiently move the power to the load, so there needs to be a balance between strength and weight.
Automobiles.
Most automobiles today use drive shafts to deliver power from the engine to the wheels. Most cars made today are front wheel drive (the front wheels have the power to move the car). In this case, the drive shafts are between the transaxle and each front wheels.
In rear wheel drive cars, there are drive shafts between the differential and each rear wheel. There is also a drive shaft running the length of the car, from the transmission up front to the differential in the back - in British English this is not called a drive shaft, but a propeller shaft, or prop-shaft, and the drive shafts may be called half shafts (since there are two that make one axle). 
There are different types of drive shafts used in automobiles:
The Slip in Tube Drive shaft is the new type which helps absorb energy in a crash, protecting the people in the car or truck. It is also known as a collapsible drive shaft.
Motorcycle drive shafts.
Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles almost as long as there have been motorcycles. Many motorcycles use a simpler chain or belt drive instead, but drive shafts need less care, and have a long life. A problem with using drive shafts on a motorcycle is that gearing is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process.
Tractors.
Farm tractors use a type of drive shaft called a Power Take-off shaft, or PTO shaft. This is a shaft that comes out the back of the tractor. It can be connected to any farm equipment that needs power from the tractor engine, such as a hay baler or corn chopper. 
 This lets the tractor be used for a lot of different uses, and the farm equipment doesn't need its own engine, saving money.
Drive shafts in Bicycles.
The drive shaft can also be used in a bicycle instead of chain-drive. They have been used for the past century, although never becoming very popular. When used on a bicycle, a drive shaft has several advantages and disadvantages:

= = = Power loom = = =
The term power loom, corresponds to a mechanized loom powered by a driveshaft. The first "power loom" was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, later to be perfected by William Horrocks. It allowed textile making to be done far faster than if a human had done the same work. By 1850, over 250,000 of Cartwright's designs were used in England. James Henry Northrop invented the automatic "weft replenishment" loom. It revolutionized the weaving industry. Some 700,000 "Northrop" automatic looms were sold worldwide.
Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Computer-driven looms are now also available to individual home weavers. 

= = = Ahmadiyya = = =
Ahmadiyya (), fully known as Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is an Islamic mahdist movement founded in the 19th Century by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi and Promised Messiah. Ahmad wanted to restore Islam's original message. It was started in Punjab before British Raj was split into the modern day states of India and Pakistan. There are 10-20 million followers of Ahmadiyya in the world. Pakistan is believed to have the largest Ahmadiyya population with 4-5 million followers. 
They believe that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in belief and practice by championing what is, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and the early Muslim community. Ahmadis thus view themselves as leading the propagation and renaissance of Islam.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies for the Mahdi. In addition to being a Mahdi, he was also called the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century and the promised Messiah. He founded the movement in 1889 and named it the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat (Community). His goal was to restore life into Islam.
Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims and claim to practice the Islam that was taught and practised by Muhammad and his followers. In 1914, after the death of Nooruddin, the first successor of Ghulam Ahmad, the movement split into two different groups, over a question of who should become the next Caliph. Both groups still exist today. These movements are the Ahmadiyya Community and the smaller Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam. The groups have different interpretations of Ahmad's teachings and claims. They also have different opinions on the status of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his successor, and how this person should be chosen.
The larger faction of the Ahmadiyya Movement, known as the Ahmadiyya Community is active in 190 countries of the world. The international headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Community is currently in London, England. The smaller faction, known as the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, is active in 17 countries of the world. They are most notable in Germany, Australia and Pakistan. The International Headquarters of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement is in the town of Lahore, Pakistan where the Lahore Movement started. Within Lahore, Pakistan, are the "Ahmadiyya Buildings Lahore" which act as the international administrative base for the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.
Controversial points include the Ahmadiyya view on the death and return of Jesus and their concept of Jihad. The Ahmadiyya community also has a different interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an. This verse talks about Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets. The members of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement do not believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a prophet. They are more close to traditional mainstream Islam. Although mainstream Muslims consider them as heretics. Ahmadis (particularly the International Ahmadiyya Muslim Community) argue that their beliefs are in accordance with Islam. They use arguments from the Qur'an, Hadith and opinion of Islamic jurists and theologians, to challenge the groups calling them non-Muslims.
Ahmadis have translated the Qur'an in all the main languages of the world. They broadcast globally on their 24-hour satellite television channels such as MTA 1, MTA 2, MTA 3, and a recently introduced MTA Africa. Ahmadis have provided teachers, doctors and humanitarian relief workers in many developing countries. The fourth Caliph, Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad helped to promote homeopathy as a system of medicine by training practitioners through a regular TV class and establishing many free dispensaries around the world.
Criticism.
The Ahmadiyyas are regarded as heretics by the orthodox Muslims because Mirza Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi of Islam as well as the second coming of Jesus. In addition, Ahmadis also differ on the interpretation of the Finality of Prophethood . Orthodox Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last Prophet. The Ahmadiyya view is that Muhammad was the final law-bearing prophet. 
Most Muslims do not call Ahmadis Muslims, but use the derogative term 'Qadianis' (referring to Qadian, India, the birthplace of Ahmad) and Mirzai (referring to Mirza Ahmad). These terms are used as Ahmadis are considered 'unworthy' of using the name Ahmad, an alternative name for Muhammad.

= = = Paris Métro = = =
The Paris Métro or Métropolitain () is a rapid transit system in Paris, France. The network is mostly underground. It has 19 lines, which together are 225.1 km (139.9 mi) long. There are 304 stations. 17 of these lines are owned by RATP, the state-owned public transport operator in Île-de-France, and 2 by Paris Airport. 
The Paris Métro is a symbol of the city. Notable is its Art Nouveau architecture at the older entrances. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow. It carries 4.16 million passengers a day, and an annual total of 1.52 billion (2015). 
The first line opened on 19 July 1900, during the 1900 World's Fair ("Exposition Universelle"). The system expanded quickly and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and in particular the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, Downtown Paris and its urban area are served by a number of other transit systems.

= = = Heroes (TV series) = = =
Heroes is an American television show on the network NBC in the US, BBC 2 in the UK and various other stations worldwide. It is about a group of people who have superpowers. It was shown from 2006-2010.

= = = Eddie Su'a = = =
Eddie Su'a (born 13 January 1983) is an Australian former rugby league player. He played for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL in 2007. He played as a prop.

= = = String (music) = = =
A string in music is a string made of steel, nylon, or gut which vibrates on string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, or violin. They are usually under tension to help them vibrate.

= = = Peter Sellers = = =
Richard Henry "Peter" Sellers (8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980) was an English actor and comedian best known for his three roles in "Dr. Strangelove", as "Inspector Clouseau" in "The Pink Panther" movies, and as Clare Quilty in the original 1962 screen version of "Lolita".

= = = Boris Johnson = = =
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and journalist. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 23 July 2019 to 5 September 2022. Johnson was the Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip from 2015 to 2023. He represented the constituency of Henley from 2001 to 2008. 
In the 2008 Mayor of London election he was elected as London's second Mayor. He stopped working as mayor to run as an MP for the House of Commons in 2015. In July 2016, Johnson became Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. He resigned this position in July 2018. This was the same day that David Davis resigned as Brexit Secretary. Jeremy Hunt became the Secretary of State for Foreign affairs and Commonwealth Affairs after Johnson. 
Johnson served on the Conservative front bench under Michael Howard for a short time. He was the Shadow Minister for the Arts from April 2004 until November 2004. He became a backbencher again after a sex scandal. Johnson returned to the front bench when David Cameron became leader of the Conservative Party in 2005. Johnson became Shadow Minister for Higher Education. He resigned as editor of "The Spectator" to spend more time on his new role. On 26 August 2014, Johnson said he would stand as Conservative candidate for MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip in the 2015 General Election. He won the election. He did not run for the 2016 London mayoral election. Labour candidate Sadiq Khan became the new London mayor.
Johnson was in support of Brexit during the 2016 membership referendum. The vote decided that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union. Theresa May became the new Prime Minister. She chose Johnson as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in July 2016. Johnson left May's cabinet in July 2018 after her Brexit agreements failed.
Johnson became the party leader in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election. On 20 June, Johnson and Jeremy Hunt became the last two candidates in the election. He became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 24 July 2019. The Conservatives won the 2019 United Kingdom general election on 13 December 2019. Johnson continued as Prime Minister. In early April 2020, Johnson was very sick due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2022, Johnson survived a motion-of-no confidence to remove him as Prime Minister. However a month later on 7 July, after many cabinet members resigned over his handling of the Chris Pincher scandal, Johnson announced his resignation as Prime Minister and was replaced by Liz Truss in September 2022. However a month later, following his Truss's resignation, Johnson was seen as a possible candidate to replace her. He chose not to run again despite expectations.
Early life and education.
Boris Johnson was born at Weill Cornell Medical Center in Upper East Side in New York City, New York. He is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson. Stanley is a former Conservative MEP (Member of the European Parliament). He was also an employee of the European Commission and the World Bank. Boris Johnson's mother is the painter Charlotte Fawcett (later Wahl). She is the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a prominent barrister and the president of the European Commission of Human Rights.
Ancestry.
On his father's side Johnson is the great-grandson of Ali Kemal. Kemal was a liberal Turkish journalist and interior minister in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He was murdered during the Turkish War of Independence. During World War I, Boris's grandfather and great aunt were recognised as British subjects. They took their grandmother's maiden name of Johnson. Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot" because of his cosmopolitan ancestry. His ancestors were Muslims, Jews and Christians if one counts his great-grandparents. His father's maternal (his mother's) grandmother, Marie Louise de Pfeffel, was a descendent of Prince Paul of Württemberg. This was due to the Prince's relationship with a German actress. Johnson is a descendent of King George II of Great Britain through Prince Paul. Johnson is also a descendent of all the previous British royal houses through George's great-great-great grandfather, King James I of England.
Johnson and his family went back to England soon after he was born because his mother needed to take her Oxford finals. Johnson's sister Rachel was born a year later. As a child, Boris Johnson had severe (bad) deafness. He had many operations to have grommets put in his ears. He was reportedly quite quiet as a child. He was educated at the European School in Brussels, Ashdown House and then at Eton College. At Eton, he was a King's Scholar. He read Classics at Balliol College, Oxford. He was a Brackenbury scholar. He was elected President of the Oxford Union at his second try. Radek Sikorski said that Johnson acted as a supporter of the Social Democratic Party to win the Union presidency because the party was popular at the university. Johnson says no, he was only the SDP's preferred candidate. Along with David Cameron he was a member of Oxford's Bullingdon Club. The club is a student dining society known for its raucous feasts.
Personal life.
In 1987 Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen. The marriage lasted less than a year. It was dissolved in 1993. He married the barrister Marina Wheeler later the same year. Wheeler is the daughter of journalist and broadcaster Sir Charles Wheeler and his Sikh Indian wife, Dip Singh. The Wheeler and Johnson families have known each other for many years. Marina Wheeler was at the European School in Brussels at the same time as Boris Johnson. They have two sons—Theodore Apollo (born 1999) and Milo Arthur (born 1995)—and two daughters—Lara Lettice (born 1993) and Cassia Peaches (born 1997).
In 2016 Johnson renounced his American citizenship. He was American because he was born in New York. In 2018, Johnson and Wheeler announced their separation and soon divorced in 2020. He later developed a relationship with Carrie Symonds around the same time he separated from Wheeler. They became engaged in late 2019. Their first son was born on 29 April 2020 in London. His name is Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson. Symonds and Johnson got married in May 2021. They had their second child, a daughter, on 9 December 2021. Her name is Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson. A son, named Frank, was born in July 2023. 
Political career.
Johnson ran for MP of Clwyd South in the 1997 general election. He lost the election. In 2001, he was elected MP for Henley. He replaced Michael Heseltine. In 2004 he became Shadow Minister for the Arts after Nick Hawkins (the Shadow Home Affairs Spokesman) resigned. Johnson was vice-chairman of the Conservative Party from November 2003. He put an emphasis on campaigning. Johnson was sacked from these high-profile posts in November 2004. He was accused of lying to Michael Howard about a four-year extramarital affair with Petronella Wyatt, "The Spectator"'s New York correspondent and former deputy editor. Johnson said the allegations were not true. He said they were "an inverted pyramid of piffle". However, Howard sacked Johnson because he believed press reports showed Johnson had lied, and not because of the affair itself.
The new Conservative Leader David Cameron made him Shadow Minister for Higher Education on 9 December 2005. Johnson resigned as editor of "The Spectator" soon after this. On 2 April 2006 the "News of the World" said that Johnson had had another extramarital affair. They said the affair was with journalist Anna Fazackerley from the"Times Higher Education Supplement". A video shows him coming out her flat and waving to her in a taxi. In a speech at the University of Exeter concerning student finance, Johson allegedly made funny remarks about his gratitude to the audience for not "raising other issues" during the talk. This may have been a reference to the allegations about the second affair. A report in "The Times" said that Cameron saw the possible affair as a private matter. He said that Johnson would not lose his job over it.
2008 London Mayoral election.
Johnson told the press he may be a Conservative candidate for the London mayoral election in 2008 on 16 July 2007. Reports said he declared that "the opportunity is too great and the prize too wonderful to miss ... the chance to represent London and speak for Londoners". He resigned as Shadow Minister for Higher Education. A public London wide primary gave him 75% of the vote. He was confirmed as the Conservative candidate on 27 September 2007.
Mayor of London.
Alcohol use ban on public transport.
On 7 May 2008, Johnson said he wanted to ban (stop) people drinking alcohol on the London transport system. This was meant to start on 1 June. Jeroen Weimar, Transport for London's director of transport policing and enforcement, said this was reasonable. He said people should be more considerate on trains. The ban initially applied on the London Underground, Buses, DLR and Croydon Trams. The London Overground was added later in June 2008. Press releases said that the ban was for "stations across the capital". It did not say if this included National Rail stations - especially the stations not served by the TfL lines on which alcohol is banned.
Thousands of drinkers used the Underground system on the last evening on which alcohol was allowed to mark the event. Six London Underground stations had to close because of the trouble. Drinkers assaulted a number of staff and police. Police made 17 arrests. Drinkers damaged several trains. The trains were withdrawn from service.
2008 Olympics.
Johnson was present at the closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He was London's representative to receive the Olympic flag from Guo Jinlong, the Mayor of Beijing. This was to formally announce London as Olympic host city for 2012. The Chinese media said he was "rude, arrogant and disrespectful" for accepting the Olympic flag with one hand, putting his hands in his pockets and not buttoning up his jacket. Later, at a party held at London House in Beijing, Johnson gave a speech in which he declared "ping pong is coming home".
MP (since 2015).
In August 2014, Johnson said that he would run as the Conservative candidate for Uxbridge and South Ruislip at the 2015 general election. He became the party's candidate in September. In the May 2015 general election Johnson won the election. He became MP. Some thought he ran for MP to replace David Cameron as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Brexit.
In February 2016, Johnson supported Vote Leave for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016. After Johnson said he wanted to leave the European Union, Brexit approval dropped nearly 2% to its lowest level since March 2009. 
On 22 June 2016, Johnson said that 23 June could be "Britain's independence day" in a televised debate in front of a 6000-member audience at Wembley Arena. David Cameron, British Prime Minister at the time, talked about Johnson's claim. He said: "the idea that our country isn't independent is nonsense. This whole debate demonstrates our sovereignty."
David Cameron resigned as Prime Minister after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. Johnson was the favourite to be the new Prime Minister. However, Johnson announced he would not stand in the Conservative leadership election.
Foreign Secretary (2016–2018).
Theresa May became leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister. In July 2016, she appointed Johnson Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. Many saw that this appointment made his political power weaker. Barack Obama was critical of Johnson after Johnson made a racist remark to Obama. This was after Obama said he wanted the U.K. to stay in the European Union.
In May 2018, Johnson supported the Iran Nuclear deal. This is something that President Donald Trump did not support. After the Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury, Johnson compared Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler.
Johnson has been accused of sexism, corruption and racism during his political career.
Johnson resigned as Foreign Secretary in July 2018. This was after Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit agreements failed.
Prime Minister (2019–2022).
2019 leadership race.
On 16 May 2019, Johnson announced his plans to run for Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party in the 2019 election. He got through the first round of voting with 114 Conservative MPs voting for him. He later won all future ballots by large numbers. He was part of the final two candidates with Jeremy Hunt on 20 June.
The members' vote closed on 22 July. The result was announced on 23 July. Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66.4%) to Hunt's 46,656 votes (33.6%). He formally replaced Theresa May as Prime Minister on 24 July after a meeting with the Queen.
2019 general election.
On 29 October 2019, Johnson announced that the next general election would happen on 12 December 2019. He wanted the Conservatives to win a majority in parliament to pass a Brexit bill. The election result was a landslide Conservative victory. They won with an overall majority of about 80 seats. The result was the worst for the Labour Party since 1935.
Partygate.
In December 2021, it was revealed that Johnson had held office parties at 10 Downing Street during COVID lockdowns. At first, Johnson denied having parties during the lockdowns.
On 10 January 2022, ITV News reported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020. At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.<ref name="sky12/1/2022"></ref> Two days later, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for "attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown". Some conservatives criticized Johnson and wanted him to resign.<ref name="bbc12/1/2022"></ref> A police investigation into the parties were announced. On 12 April, Johnson, his wife Carrie and Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak were fined for breaking COVID protocols.
Vote of no confidence and resignation.
On 6 June 2022, Johnson faced a vote of no confidence after at least 54 Conservative MPs sent a letter to remove him from office. He survived the motion to remain Prime Minister by a 59% to 41% margin.
However a month later, many cabinet members resigned as a protest against Johnson's leadership over his handling of the Chris Pincher scandal such as Sajid Javid and Rishi Sunak. On 7 July 2022, Johnson announced his resignation as Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader.
On 6 September 2022, he was replaced by Liz Truss.
Post-premiership.
After Liz Truss announced her resignation as Conservative party leader on 20 October 2022, this caused another leadership election. Johnson was seen as a front-runner to replace Truss and was the third-favourite to win. The next day, he had become the second-favourite with a 35% chance of winning with over 50 MPs supporting him. However, on 23 October, Johnson decided not to run.
References.
Notes

= = = NUbuntu = = =
nUbuntu or Network Ubuntu is a project to take the existing Ubuntu operating system and remaster it as a Live CD and Full install with tools needed for penetration testing servers and networks. The main idea is to keep Ubuntu's ease of use and mix it with popular penetration testing tools. Besides usage for network and server testing, nUbuntu will be made to be a desktop distribution for advanced Linux users. 
Contents.
nUbuntu uses the light window manager Fluxbox. 
It includes some of the most used security programs for Linux, such as Wireshark, nmap, dSniff, and Ettercap.
History.
Releases.
Below is a list of previous and current releases.

= = = Prussian blue = = =
Prussian blue, also known as Berlin blue, is a dark blue color that is artificially made.
It is one of the first pigments made synthetically. It was accidentally found in 1704 by two chemists in Berlin.
The dark blue uniforms of the Prussian army were dyed this color.
Color.
A color can be shown by hex triplet is a six-digit, three-byte hexadecimal number used in HTML, CSS, and other computing applications. The hex triplet to represent Prussian blue is 003153.
When using the RGB color model where red, green, and blue light are added together, Prussian blue has the RGB code of 0, 49, 83
Use as a medicine.
Prussian blue is a medicine that is sometimes given by doctors to help remove certain radioactive materials from people’s bodies. It has been used this way since the 1960s.
Potential use in computer storage.
Prussian blue is a chemical compound. One of the chemical elements in this compound is iron. 
Researchers have experimented replacing some of the iron atoms in Prussian blue with cobalt. When the Prussian blue compound is lit with a red light at -150 C, the compound shifts from being non-magnetic (off) to magnetic (on). The magnetic shift does not change back except if deliberately reversed (or undone) with heat.
This magnetism is due to the transfer of an electron from the cobalt to the iron, with light providing the energy, while the electron moves back when heat is applied, the researchers said.
This magnetic property means the compound can be used in computer storage. Because the compound can be turned "on" and "off" in a controlled way, it can remember binary information. Binary information is used for computer storage.
This way of using the compound is still being developed.
It is also used as a machinists dye to check wear patterns.

= = = London Assembly = = =
The London Assembly is an elected body and part of the Greater London Authority that verifies the activities of the Mayor of London. It has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget. The Assembly was established in 2000 and is headquartered at City Hall on the south side of the River Thames. The Assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners, publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.
The assembly is elected using proportional representation voting. 

= = = Somali language = = =
Somali () is a Cushitic language. It is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world -- an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers.
The writing system of the Somali language has been Latin alphabet since 1960.
During the colonial years under Italy, in the capital Mogadishu was developed a pidgin from the Italian used by many Somalians: the Pidgin Italian of Somalia

= = = Gravy = = =
Gravy is an English sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking. It is a smooth, non-chunky liquid. Ready-made cubes and powders can be used as a substitute for natural meat or vegetable extracts. Canned gravies are also available. Gravy is commonly served with roasts, meatloaf, rice, and potato dishes. It is very popular because it is used on mashed potatoes sometimes.

= = = B. F. Skinner = = =
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was a leading American psychologist and author.
Skinner was the leading behaviorist in psychology; he built on the work of John B. Watson, and added the idea of operant conditioning. These two American psychologists paid no attention to mental states and 'thinking' (terms they thought were unscientific), but dealt only with visible behaviors. Skinner's work had effects on education (programmed learning) and on behavior therapy for various psychological problems. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974, and then Emeritus Professor until 1990.
Skinner was also a social philosopher who wanted to change society, and wrote a eutopian novel, in which the science of human behavior is used to eliminate poverty, sexual oppression, government as we know it, and create a lifestyle without war. He wrote poetry, and three volumes of autobiography.
Life.
Skinner was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania to Grace and William Skinner.
His father was a lawyer. Skinner became an atheist after a liberal Christian teacher tried to assuage his fear of the Hell that his grandmother described.
Skinner attended Harvard University after receiving his B.A. in English literature in 1926. After graduation, he spent a year at his parents' home in Scranton attempting to become a writer of fiction. He tried to become a writer in Greenwich Village. He soon became disillusioned with his literary skills and concluded that he had little world experience and no strong personal perspective from which to write. His encounter with John B. Watson's "Behaviorism" led him into graduate study in psychology and to the development of his own operant behaviorism.
Skinner received a PhD from Harvard in 1931, and remained there as a researcher until 1936. He then taught at the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis and later at Indiana University, where he was chair of the psychology department from 1946–1947. He returned to Harvard in 1948, and stayed there for the rest of his career.
In 1936, Skinner married Yvonne Blue. The couple had two daughters, Julie (m. Vargas) and Deborah (m. Buzan). He died of leukemia on August 18, 1990, and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

= = = Falmouth Academy = = =
Falmouth Academy (also known as FA) is a private preparatory school for students from grades 7-12 in Falmouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.

= = = Breastfeeding = = =
Breastfeeding is when a mother feeds her baby with milk from her breasts. The baby puts its mouth onto their mother's nipple and sucks the milk out of the breast. Breastfeeding is the best food for most babies. Breastfeeding can also reduce the risk for certain health conditions for both babies and mothers. Baby formula is made of cow's milk. Breastmilk is able to help other parts of the baby's body grow. Most women can breastfeed their babies. 
In some situations a woman with AIDS, tuberculosis, drugs or some other sickness will need to talk to their doctor about the good things and bad things of breastfeeding the baby. There are many reasons to breastfeed. Babies that breastfeed have a reduced risk for some diseases. Breastfeeding is less expensive than formula feeding. In both developing and developed countries, breastfeeding and not giving the baby any other drinks leads to fewer deaths from diarrhea. The World Health Organization recommends that
Only 1 in 4 infants are exclusively breastfed by the time they are 6 months old. Low rates of breastfeeding add more than $3 billion a year to medical costs for the mother and child in the United States. Three-quarters (74%) of Black infants are ever breastfed, which is below the national average of 83%. Almost all women can produce enough milk for their babies. The World Health Orgaization recommendations are for babies to be breastfed for at least 2 years.
Health effects.
Breastfeeding lowers the risk of sickness such as: 
Breastfed babies have higher test scores than babies that were given formula.
Breastfeeding is good for the mother. It can prevent:
Breastfeeding also transfers parts of the mother's immune system to the baby helping it fight certain diseases.
Methods.
Babies who want to breastfeed will move against their mother's breast. The baby will make sucking motions or will put their hands in their mouth. Even if a baby cannot breastfeed directly from the mother, the mother may hand express or pump the milk and give it to the baby later. 
Nipple pain.
Some mothers may have painful nipples while or after breastfeeding. The main cause of sore or cracked nipples is poor attachment. Nipples may be sensitive or tender as they adjust to breastfeeding. If nipples hurt at every feed, or if nipples start to crack or bleed, many people can help solve the problems. Help can be from a midwife, doctor or breastfeeding supporter. Changing position may help improve breastfeeding pain. 
Expressed milk.
A mother may express her milk (remove milk from the breasts) for storage and later use. The mother can express milk by hand or with a breast pump. A breast pump will help the milk come out of the breast. There are many different pumps available for this. Expressing milk by hand may feel better for some mothers who have pain when using a breast pump. It can relieve engorgement by taking some milk out of the breasts and help the baby to latch on. Expressing breastmilk encourages milk production early in lactation.
Expressed breast milk can be stored in a cleaned container or in special breast milk storage bags. The breastmilk can be stored in the refrigerator until it is needed. 
Mothers take milk from their breasts for many reasons. Milk taken out of the breast can be fed to the baby at a later time. Breastmilk is good for premature babies. Premature babies may be fed maternal milk through tubes and bottles. Parents considering directed or informal milk sharing should discuss this option with their doctor, and they should be familiar with the donor's medical history and milk-handling practices. The use of informally-shared (unscreened, not pasteurized) milk from an anonymous donor is discouraged by the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine.
Engorgement.
Engorgement is when the breast fills with milk. This can lead to plugged ducts or a breast infection, so it is important to try to prevent it before this happens. Engorgement can also cause:
There are things to do to help with engorgement. As long as the baby is latched onto the breast and sucking well, the baby can feed for as long as they like.
Plugged milk duct.
Plugged ducts are painful and common in breastfeeding mothers. A plugged milk duct feels like a sore lump in the breast. A plugged duct happens when a milk duct does not drain right and surrounding tissue gets red. A warm compress on the sore area can help with the pain. 
Having enough milk.
Most mothers make plenty of milk for their babies. But many mothers worry about having enough milk. Checking the baby's weight and growth is a way to make sure the baby gets enough milk. Other signs that can be monitored to see if the baby is getting enough milk are: 
Many doctors say breastmilk should be the only food for the first six months of the baby's life. Breastfeeding is good even if the baby takes solid food. 
There are three types of breast milk. Colostrum is the first milk produced by the breasts right after birth. It is thick, light yellow full of nutrients the baby needs in the first few hours and days. Transitional milk is made when the breast milk starts to replace colostrum. Mature milk looks thinner than colostrum and it is full of nutrients. Mature milk will continue to change with the baby's needs.
When not to breastfeed.
It is rare when a woman should not breastfeed. The doctor may say not to breastfeed. The doctor may tell the mother not to take medicine that can be harmful to babies. If the mother has a sickness like HIV or active tuberculosis she may be told not to breastfeed. Check with the doctor before starting to breastfeed. Talk to the baby's doctor if the baby has a reaction to breast milk. This could be diarrhea, crying, or sleepiness.
Weaning.
Weaning is the time that the baby stops breastfeeding. It is changing a baby's diet from breast milk to other foods. The baby's health care provider can make sure that he or she is ready for weaning. Weaning after one year is effective in helping to prevent many health problems for the baby. Most mothers in the United States wean their babies by by one year old. Breastfeeding can continue past age one. When to wean is a personal decision and will be different for everyone. Each baby may be ready to wean at different ages. Some children will gradually start to show more interest in eating solid foods and less interest in breastfeeding. Others may want to stop breastfeeding more suddenly. 
Weaning over several weeks or more is recommended. As the mother slowly stops breastfeeding, she will stop making breast milk. Weaning gradually can help the baby get used to the new taste of infant formula (for a baby younger than twelve months old) or plain whole cow’s milk or fortified unsweetened soy beverage (for your child 12 months or older). The baby can adjust to drinking from a bottle or cup. Weaning can begin by replacing one breast milk feeding a day with a bottle of infant formula (for your child younger than 12 months old) or with a cup of plain whole cow’s milk or fortified unsweetened soy beverage (for your child 12 months or older). The mother can replace more breast milk feedings over time.
It's rare for babies to wean themselves off the breast. When the baby suddenly refuses to breastfeed it might be what's called a nursing strike. A nursing strike is that something is different for the baby. During this time, a baby can be comforted. Keep offering the breast to the baby. A nursing strike is usually a short time. Before long, the baby will start breastfeeding again. 

= = = Satyajit Ray = = =
Satyajit Ray () (2 May 1921–23 April 1992) was a Bengali Indian movie director. Many people consider him as one of the greatest film-makers of 20th century movie business.
He was born in the city of Kolkata. His Bengali family was prominent in arts and letters. Ray studied at Presidency College and at the Visva-Bharati University. He started his career as a commercial artist. Ray was interested in filmmaking by meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and seeing the Italian movie "Bicycle Thieves" during a visit to London.
Ray directed thirty-seven movies. These include feature movies, documentaries and shorts. Ray's first movie, "Pather Panchali", won eleven international prizes, including "Best Human Document" at Cannes Film Festival. This movie along with "Aparajito" and "Apur Sansar" form the "Apu trilogy". Ray did scripting, casting, scoring, cinematography, art direction, editing and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He was a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and movie critic. Ray won an Academy Award in 1992.

= = = Petrarch = = =
Francesco Petrarca (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. 
Petrarch is often called the "father of humanism". Based on Petrarch's works, and to a lesser extent those of Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for the modern Italian language. Petrarch is credited with developing the sonnet with his "Canzoniere" to a level of perfection that would be unsurpassed to this day and spreading its use to other European languages. His sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, although the negative myth as we know it today is largely the legacy of romantic literature.

= = = Language planning = = =
Language planning is the attempt to influence how a language is used. This is usually done to make it possible to use the language for more subjects. Goals, objectives and strategies are made to change the way a language is used. For many languages there are special organisations, that look after the language. Examples of such organisations are the Academie Française for French or the British Council for English.
In general, there are different forms of language planning:
For further readings Nahir's work on language planning can be read. 

= = = Johnny Marr = = =
Johnny Marr (born John Martin Maher on 31 October 1963) is an English guitarist, keyboardist, harmonica player, and singer. Marr was born in Ardwick, Manchester to Irish immigrants. When he was younger, he wanted to be a football player. He rose to fame in the 1980s as the guitarist in The Smiths, where he formed an influential songwriting partnership with Morrissey. In 2013 he was given NME's Godlike Genius award. He released his first solo album, "The Messenger," in 2013.

= = = Years of Refusal = = =
Years of Refusal is the ninth solo album by Morrissey, the former lead singer of The Smiths. The album, distributed by Decca, was released on February 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom and on February 17, 2009 in the United States.

= = = Indus Waters Treaty = = =
The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between the Republic Of India and Islamic Republic Of Pakistan. The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then President of Pakistan Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan. The World Bank is a signatory as a third party.
Provisions.
The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers - the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the Eastern rivers.
The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner who will be appointed by each country.

= = = John Willcock = = =
John Collings Willcock (9 August 1879 – 7 June 1956) was the 15th Premier of Western Australia from 20 August 1936 to 31 July 1945. He was from the Labor Party.

= = = Philip Collier = = =
Philip Collier (21 April 1873 – 18 October 1948) was the 14th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April 1924 to 23 April 1930 and then from 24 April 1933 to 19 August 1936. He was from the Labor Party.

= = = James Mitchell = = =
Sir James Mitchell (27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951) was the 13th Premier of Western Australia from 17 May 1919 to 15 April 1924 and again from 24 April 1930 to 24 April 1933. He was from the Nationalist Party. After he was Premier he became the acting Governor of Western Australia until 1948 when he was made the Governor. He retired as Governor one month before he died. The Mitchell Freeway, one of the major roads in Perth (the capital city of Western Australia), is named after him.

= = = Folie à Deux (album) = = =
Folie à Deux is the fifth studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy. It was released through Island Records on December 16, 2008 in the United States. The album title is French for "a madness shared by two." The album reached #8 on the US Billboard 200 album chart with 150,000 sales in its first week, making it Fall Out Boy's third top 10 album in a row. The first single was "I Don't Care" which reached #21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 songs chart. It is certified gold in the US for shipments of 500,000 copies. It got positive reviews by music critics. It is the final album the band made before taking a break.

= = = What a Catch, Donnie = = =
"What A Catch, Donnie" (or for short "What A Catch") is third single released off the album by Fall Out Boy called "Folie à Deux". The single was released October 14, 2008.

= = = Stade de Suisse = = =
The Stade de Suisse Wankdorf is a football stadium in Bern, Switzerland. It is the home stadium of the Berner Sport Club Young Boys (they are often simply called the "BSC Young Boys"), which is a Swiss football team. The Wankdorf is currently the second biggest football stadium in Switzerland. The stadium has seats for 32,000 people. The field is 105 m x 68 m and has got an artificial turf surface. It was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008.
About the building.
The Stade de Suisse was built in the place where the old Wankdorf Stadium, which was destroyed in 2001, had been. It cost 350 million francs to build the stadium. There are solar panels on the roof. There are many shops in the stadium. The stadium is 2 kilometers away from the city. The stadium was officially opened on July 30, 2005. However, the first game of football was played there on July 16, 2005. In the first game, The BSC Young Boys played against the Olympique Marseille. The BSC Young Boys lost by a score of 2-3. 14,000 people watched the game. The building's official name is "Stade de Suisse, Berne, Wankdorf". Still, most people call it the "Wankdorf". The building has also hosted Hockey games and musical concerts.
European Football Championship 2008.
The Wankdorf was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008 (often called Euro2008). Three games were played here for the tournament. During Euro2008, the real grass inside the stadium was replaced with fake grass, which is called artificial turf. The stadium's operators removed the artificial turf after the championship.
The hot seat.
All the seats are either black or yellow, but there is one red seat in sector A. It is called the "hot seat". The ticket for that seat is often given to former players of Young Boys or famous visitors. The first person who sat in the "hot seat" was the most successful goalkeeper of the BSC Young Boys, Walter Eirich.

= = = Ken Livingstone = = =
Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945) is a British socialist politician. He has twice held the leading political role in London local government. First, he was leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986. Secondly, he was the first Mayor of London, from its creation in 2000 until 2008. He was Labour Party Member of Parliament for Brent East between 1987 and 2001.
He was elected Mayor of London as an Independent candidate after the Labour Party decided not to nominate him as their candidate in the first mayoral elections. In January 2004, he was re-admitted to the Labour Party. As the official Labour Party candidate for Mayor in the June 2004 elections, he won with a total of 828,380 first- and second-preference votes. On 1 May 2008 Livingstone was defeated in his second re-election bid by Conservative candidate Boris Johnson.
Early and personal life.
Livingstone was born in Lambeth, the son of Ethel Ada (Kennard), a professional dancer, and Robert Moffat Livingstone, who was of Scottish descent and worked as a ship's master in the Merchant Navy. Livingstone has described his parents as "working class Tories".
Livingstone attended Tulse Hill Comprehensive School. He did not pass the eleven-plus examination in 1956 but still managed to obtain a few O-levels. He worked for eight years as a cancer research technician, between 1962 and 1970. He also trained as a teacher, qualifying in 1973, but never taught. Livingstone joined the Labour Party in 1968 at a time when party membership was falling and few new young members were joining, and rose rapidly in the local party. He was elected to the Lambeth Borough Council in May 1971 and served as Vice-Chair of the Housing Committee from 1971 to 1973 (succeeding John Major in the job). In 1973 Livingstone won the Norwood seat on the Greater London Council and served as Vice-Chair of Housing Management in 1974-1975. He was dismissed when he opposed spending cuts urged by council leader Sir Reg Goodwin. He also served on the movie censorship committee and urged the abolition of censorship. Coming up to the Greater London Council Election of 1977, Livingstone realised that it would be difficult to retain his seat and managed to be selected for Hackney North and Stoke Newington, a safe seat, following the retirement of Dr David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead. He was one of the few left-wing Labour councillors to remain on the council.
Livingstone had been selected as the Labour Parliamentary candidate for the Hampstead constituency. He moved to Camden just before the deadline to stand for the council in 1978, and was elected there. Livingstone's performance in Hampstead in the United Kingdom 1979 general election was good, although he did not come close to winning what was at that time a safe Conservative seat.
He married Christine Pamela Chapman in 1973 and the marriage ended in divorce in 1982. Around that time he became involved with Kate Allen now director of Amnesty International in the UK, but the couple separated in November 2001.
Livingstone and his current partner Emma Beal, also his office manager, have a son, Thomas, born 14 December 2002 and a daughter, Mia, born on 20 March 2004. He also has three other children from previous relationships, whose existence was only publicly revealed during the London mayoral election in 2008. Livingstone is a noted "bon vivant", having twice worked as a food critic for London's "Evening Standard" newspaper and various magazines.
He is known for his enthusiasm for keeping and breeding newts.
Livingstone in parliament.
Livingstone again stood for Parliament in the 1987 general election, winning a seat in the north-west London constituency of Brent East. He replaced Labour MP Reg Freeson who was deselected in 1985 after a bitter struggle, described as "political 'murder'" in his Guardian obituary, and replaced as Labour candidate by Livingstone.
In his maiden speech to Parliament in July 1987, Livingstone used Parliamentary privilege to raise a number of allegations made by Fred Holroyd, a former MI6 operative in Northern Ireland. Livingstone said that Holroyd had been mistreated when he tried to expose MI5 collusion with loyalist paramilitaries in the 1970s and the part Captain Robert Nairac is alleged to have played. He also voiced Colin Wallace's allegations of MI5 dirty tricks levelled at Harold Wilson.
As a Labour backbencher, Livingstone lost the public platform he possessed as head of the GLC; furthermore, his brand of radical socialism was increasingly out of step with the Labour leadership, which had moved sharply towards the centre under the leadership of Neil Kinnock who now blamed left-wingers like Livingstone for Labour's 'unelectability.' Over the long term, though, it was Livingstone rather than Kinnock who was to achieve electoral success. In September 1987 he was elected to the party's National Executive Committee, although he lost this position two years later; he regained it in 1997 beating Peter Mandelson in what some interpreted as a rebuke to Tony Blair. He was re-elected MP in the general election of 1992, with a 6% swing to Labour in his Brent East constituency. Besides serving in the Commons, Livingstone held a number of other 'odd jobs' during this period, including game show contestant and host, after-dinner speaker, and restaurant reviewer for the "Evening Standard". In 1987 he published an autobiography-cum-political tract, "If Voting Changed Anything They'd Abolish It".
As a politician comfortable in light-hearted and satirical situations, in 1990, Livingstone made the first of seven appearances on the topical panel show "Have I Got News For You". For a long time, his first six appearances would stand as the show's record; his current tally of seven - the last being in 2002 - fall one short of the record for guest appearances currently held by Germaine Greer and Will Self.
In 1995, Livingstone appeared on the track "Ernold Same" by the band Blur, taken from the album "The Great Escape". Livingstone provided spoken word vocals and was listed as 'The Right On Ken Livingstone.'
Livingstone appeared in one of a series of advertisements extolling the virtues of cheese in the 1980s, appropriately endorsing red Leicester. On the other side of politics, Edward Heath advertised Danish Blue. Their respective choices are down to the colour red being associated with the Labour Party, and blue with the Conservative Party.
Greater London's first mayor.
Livingstone was again re-elected in the 1997 general election, in which Labour was returned to power under the leadership of Tony Blair. Among Labour's proposals was the establishment of a Greater London Authority which was to be a strategic body: unlike the GLC the Greater London Authority would not provide any services to Londoners directly. The new Greater London Authority would be headed by a directly-elected mayor, who would be watched over by a 25-member Assembly.
Livingstone was widely tipped for the new post of Mayor. The mayoral election was scheduled for 2000, and in 1999, Labour began the long and trying process of selecting its candidate. Livingstone was included on Labour's shortlist in November 1999, having pledged that he would not run as an independent if he failed to secure the party's nomination. William Hague, then Leader of the Opposition taunted Blair at Prime Minister's Question Time: "Why not split the job in two, with Frank Dobson as your day mayor and Ken Livingstone as your nightmare?"
Labour chose its official candidate on 20 February 2000. Although Livingstone received a healthy majority of the total votes, he nevertheless lost the nomination to former Secretary of State for Health Frank Dobson, under a controversial system in which votes from sitting Labour MPs and MEPs were weighted more heavily than votes from rank-and-file members. On 6 March, Livingstone announced that he would run against Dobson as an independent, confirming speculation that he would renege on his earlier pledge. He was suspended from the Labour Party the same day and expelled on 4 April. Tony Blair said that Livingstone as mayor would be a "disaster" for London; he later said he was wrong in that prediction.
The result of the election – held on 4 May – was a foregone conclusion: Dobson, who it was alleged, had been pressured into running by the party leadership, unsuccessfully based his campaign on claims that Livingstone was an egomaniac, and the Conservatives remained becalmed after their catastrophic national defeat in 1997. Livingstone came out ahead in the first round of balloting with 38% of first-preference votes to Conservative Steven Norris's 27%; Dobson finished third, with 13% of all first-preference votes – just ahead of Liberal Democrat Susan Kramer, with 12%. Under the modified instant-runoff voting system employed for the election, only the votes cast for Livingstone and Norris were considered in the second round, where Livingstone won with 58% of first- and second-preference votes, versus 42% for Norris.
Livingstone continued to sit in parliament, as an independent having had the Labour whip withdrawn, until standing down at the 2001 General Election.
2004 re-election.
Livingstone applied for readmittance to the Labour Party in 2002 but was rejected. In November 2003, however, rumours emerged that the Labour Party would allow Livingstone to rejoin, just ahead of the 2004 London mayoral election. Opinion polls consistently gave a poor showing to Labour's official candidate, Nicky Gavron, and many in the party leadership (including Tony Blair himself) feared that Labour would be humiliated by a fourth-place finish. In mid-December, Gavron announced she would stand down as the Labour candidate in favour of a 'unity campaign,' with Gavron as Livingstone's deputy, with Labour's National Executive Committee voting 25-2 to readmit him. The deal hinged on a 'loyalty test' administered by a special five-member NEC panel on 9 January. The panel recommended that he be allowed back in the party. The move towards readmittance came amid considerable opposition from senior party members, including Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, and former party leader Neil Kinnock. In a ballot of Labour Party members in London, Livingstone was overwhelmingly endorsed as the Labour candidate for the 2004 Mayoral election.
He was re-elected Mayor of London on 10 June 2004. He won 36% of first preference votes to Conservative Steven Norris's 28% and Liberal Democrat Simon Hughes's 15%. Six other candidates shared the remainder of the votes. When all the candidates except Livingstone and Norris were eliminated and the second preferences of those voters who had picked neither Livingstone or Norris as their first choice were counted, Livingstone won with 55% to Norris's 45%.
2008 Election.
Livingstone sought re-election in 2008, but was defeated by Conservative candidate Boris Johnson on a night that saw the Labour Party suffer its worst electoral defeats for forty years. Once first and second votes were taken into account Johnson had 1,168,738 votes, Livingstone 1,028,966 - a margin of 139, 772 votes or just over 6% of those who voted.
Speaking immediately after the count, Johnson paid public tribute to his defeated rival, praising "the very considerable achievements of the last mayor of London" and describing Livingstone as "a very considerable public servant". Johnson went on to say "You shaped the office of mayor. You gave it national prominence and when London was attacked on 7 July 2005 you spoke for London." Johnson also spoke of Livingstone's "courage and the sheer exuberant nerve with which you stuck it to your enemies" and expressed a desire that the new Conservative administration could "discover a way in which the mayoralty can continue to benefit from your transparent love of London".
Acts as mayor.
Public transport.
Livingstone's greatest challenge as Mayor of London was the city's ageing transportation infrastructure. Despite conflict over appropriate funding schemes and engineering challenges to modernising both the London Underground and the city's bus system, an Association of London Government survey, conducted by MORI towards the end of Livingstone's first term in 2004, suggested growing public satisfaction with public transport, with buses in particular being seen as more frequent and reliable.
In accordance with his pre-election pledge, bus fares were frozen for four years, but then the standard single cash fare on buses more than doubled. Further, and contrary to his pledge during his first election campaign, when he said "only a de-humanised moron would get rid of the Routemaster", Livingstone removed the famous Routemaster buses from routine service on 9 December 2005, because the new buses were wheelchair-accessible, although several of the old buses are used on shortened "heritage routes". There was some question over the legality of using the old Routemaster under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 as the Routemasters effectively banned wheel chair users.
Livingstone oversaw the introduction of bending articulated buses. These buses have faced criticism for allegedly being fire-prone, dangerous to cyclists, and unable to navigate some winding streets.
Livingstone was a strong proponent of the Oyster card smartcard ticketing system for London's public transport network introduced in 2003. In late 2005, he proposed large fare increases for on-the-spot tickets across the Tube and bus network to encourage regular travellers to use the automated Oyster system to reduce queuing at Underground stations and avoid delays in conductorless buses as drivers issue tickets. The plans, although ratified by the GLA and introduced in January 2006 were condemned by those who argued that the increases would increase the cost of travelling in London to tourists and others who do not travel regularly. Civil liberties groups have expressed concern over the way in which Transport for London is able to track the movements of passengers using the Oyster card system. Livingstone moved to make all bus journeys free for passengers under the age of 18 in full-time education who travel with an Oyster card and introduced initiatives to enable visitors to buy an Oyster card before arriving in London.
One of the key points of conflict between Livingstone and the Labour Party was the proposed 'Public-Private Partnership' for the London Underground. Livingstone had run in 2000 on a policy of financing the improvements to Tube infrastructure by a public bond issue, which had been done in the New York City Subway. However the Mayor did not have power in this area at the time as the Underground operated independently of Transport for London. The PPP deal went ahead in July 2002. Metronet, one of the winners of the contract for PPP, subsequently went into administration in July 2007.
Congestion charge.
Livingstone introduced the London congestion charge with the purpose of reducing traffic congestion in central London. Its apparent success in reducing congestion has led to similar schemes being proposed in other major cities such as New York. 
In November 2003, Livingstone was named 'Politician of the Year' by the Political Studies Association, which said his scheme was 'bold and imaginative'.
Environmental policies.
Ken Livingstone has been called “an environmentalist, a leftist, a lover of newts," and has made a significant effort to reduce London’s impact on the environment. He began by creating the London Hydrogen Partnership and the London Energy Partnership in his first term as Mayor of London. The Mayor’s Energy Strategy , “green light to clean power,” commits London to reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide by 20%, relative to the 1990 level, by 2010. However, he did support the Thames Gateway Bridge in East London that Friends of the Earth say "would bring few benefits to the local people and lead to more traffic, more noise and air pollution and an increase in climate-changing emissions". In October 2007, London Councils stated Livingstone had gone back on his promise to help chair the developing London Waste and Recycling Board, and to provide £6 million of funding for the project, because "the government had failed to provide him with absolute control of the Board."
In June 2007, Livingstone criticised a planned £200 million desalination plant at Beckton, which would be the United Kingdom's first, calling it "misguided and a retrograde step in UK environmental policy", and that "we should be encouraging people to use less water, not more."
Same-sex civil partnerships.
In 2001 Livingstone set up Britain's first register for same-sex couples; while falling short of legal marriage rights, the register was seen as a "step towards" such rights. Legal status was later passed by the government through the Civil Partnership Act 2004.
Religious and other festivals.
After rejecting the idea for a couple of years, Livingstone hosted a Jewish Hanukkah ceremony at City Hall in December 2005. He said he intended this to be an annual occurrence. On 17 March 2002 Livingstone introduced an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival to London to celebrate the contributions of the Irish to London, with around 250,000 people annually turning out for this. On 28 October 2006 he helped organise the first ever "Eid in the Square" in Trafalgar Square, in commemoration of the Eid ul-Fitr festival which marks the end of Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting.
Reaction to 7 July 2005 London bombings.
After the 7 July 2005 London bombings Livingstone, from the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, where it had recently been announced London would host the 2012 Olympic Games, delivered a speech.
Finally, I wish to speak directly to those who came to London today to take life. I know that you personally do not fear giving up your own life in order to take others - that is why you are so dangerous. But I know you fear that you may fail in your long-term objective to destroy our free society and I can show you why you will fail. In the days that follow, look at our airports, look at our sea ports and look at our railway stations and, even after your cowardly attack, you will see that people from the rest of Britain, people from around the world will arrive in London to become Londoners and to fulfill their dreams and achieve their potential. They choose to come to London, as so many have come before because they come to be free, they come to live the life they choose, they come to be able to be themselves. They flee you because you tell them how they should live. They do not want that and nothing you do, however many of us you kill, will stop that flight to our city where freedom is strong and where people can live in harmony with one another. Whatever you do, however many you kill, you will fail.
Livingstone defended the police after the mistaken killing of a Brazilian man, Jean Charles de Menezes, who police believed was a suicide bomber.
Racism policies.
In 2001 Livingstone revived the free anti-racism Music festival now called . He believes that this, along with other anti-racist policies, is why London has seen a 35% decrease in racist attacks.
In September 2005 Livingstone came out in support of placing a statue of Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa, on the north terrace of Trafalgar Square. Livingstone said "There can be no better place than our greatest square to place a statue of Nelson Mandela so that every generation can remind the next of the fight against racism." He was highly critical of the Planning and City Development Committee of Westminster City Council who refused planning permission.
Apology for London's role in the transatlantic slave trade.
On 23 August 2007 Ken Livingstone formally apologised for London's role in the transatlantic slave trade. In a bicentennial day memorial event, he also called for the 23 August to be named as a national day for remembrance in the UK for the "horrific crime against humanity of the transatlantic slave trade." He went on to make the following tearful speech and formal apology:
"It is because it is the anniversary of the biggest slave revolt in history, that UNESCO officially marks this day, the 23 August, the anniversary of that outbreak in Haiti, as slavery's official remembrance day. This is why we, in London, call for it to be the annual slave memorial day. We are therefore here to initiate London's annual slavery memorial day, and call for the establishment of a national, annual memorial day. In 1999, Liverpool became the first major British slaving city to formally apologise. The Church of England soon followed suit. In March I invited representatives of London's institutions to join the City of Liverpool and the Church of England for formally apologising for London's role in this monstrous crime. As Mayor, I offer an apology on behalf of London and its institutions for their role in the transatlantic slave trade."
Rejecting the idea that it is not possible to "meaningfully apologise for something a former generation did," Livingstone emphasised that London and by implication the rest of the developed world still profited enormously from the assets accumulated in the slave era, adding "It was the racial murder of not just those who were transported but generations of enslaved African men, women and children. To justify this murder and torture black people had to be declared inferior or not human. We live with the consequences today."
Controversy.
Cronyism and corruption allegations.
In March 2002, while still independent, Livingstone was accused of "cronyism" by some Labour party members in the London Assembly after he had appointed six officials as special advisers at a salary level which seemed to them excessive, and a manoeuvre to help his chances of being re-elected. Livingstone denied the allegations and stated the appointments were a "necessary efficiency drive."
In December 2007, the "Evening Standard" published news of an investigation into grants worth £2.5 million paid to organisations in which Ken Livingstone's adviser Lee Jasper was involved. It is confirmed that some of these grants were paid directly by the mayor's office.
Following Mr. Livingstone’s defeat in the 2008 Mayoral Elections, "The Daily Mail" reported that “Eight 'cronies' of Ken Livingstone are to receive £1.6 million in pay-offs following his defeat in the London mayoral elections.” Mr. Livingstone changed the rules for political appointees who would otherwise not have been eligible for severance packages, which paved the way for the eight City Hall advisors to receive an average of £200,000. Liberal Democrat Leader Dee Doocey stated that the payments were “completely inexcusable” and added that “It seems like there's one law for the ordinary working person and one law for the political class.” Tony Travers, local government expert at the London School of Economics, said: “I think most people will be shocked. You could do quite a lot about knife crime with £1.6 million. It is odd indeed that the full benefits of labour laws designed to protect the vulnerable are being claimed by courtiers who knew they would lose their jobs if their master lost the election.” 
Mr Livinstone refuted the comments by stating that 'It's a question of what the law requires. Either there's a legal responsibility or there is not.'
Dispute with the "Evening Standard".
Ken Livingstone was publicly criticised in February 2005 for remarks made to an "Evening Standard" reporter, comparing him to a Nazi concentration camp guard, after the reporter had tried to interview him following a reception marking the 20th anniversary of Chris Smith's coming out as gay. The reporter, Oliver Finegold, was in fact Jewish and said he took offence at the remarks, but Livingstone refused to withdraw the remark and was subsequently accused of antisemitism. Finegold had an audio recorder running. "The Evening Standard" decided not to run the story at first but the following transcript of the conversation was published by "guardian.co.uk":
The epithet "German war criminal" and Livingstone's subsequent jibes refer to the Standard's owners, the Daily Mail and General Trust, which endorsed Oswald Mosley's Fascists in 1934 and supported Nazism until 1939. Livingstone also claimed the "Standard" was guilty of "harassment of a predominantly lesbian and gay event". Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell suggested in the Evening Standard that this explanation "came across as patronising. Gay people don't need the Mayor's protection to fend off a journalist asking simple questions."
After listening to the recording supplied by Finegold, the London Assembly voted unanimously to ask Livingstone to apologise. Livingstone responded by saying "the form of words I have used are right. I have nothing to apologise for." Deputy Mayor Nicky Gavron, herself the daughter of a Holocaust survivor, said of Livingstone: "These were inappropriate words and very offensive, both to the individual and to Jews in London." Some two dozen complaints were referred to the Standards Board for England, the body responsible for English local government standards, which passed it to the Adjudication Panel for England, which has the power to ban individuals from public office for five years.
The Adjudication Panel addressed the case over two days on the 13 & 14 December 2005 and adjourned the hearing for two months. On 24 February 2006, Ken Livingstone was found guilty of bringing his office into disrepute and suspended from office for four weeks, stating that he seemed "to have failed... to have appreciated that his conduct was unacceptable". Livingstone attacked the decision on the grounds that the Adjudication Panel members ought not to suspend a democratically elected official from power, describing their actions as "striking at the heart of democracy". The ban was due to begin on 1 March 2006, but on 28 February, a High Court judge postponed it pending an appeal by Livingstone.
The decision was later quashed by the High Court of Justice when on 5 October, Mr Justice Collins overturned the suspension, regardless of the outcome of Livingstone's appeal concerning the breach of standards. The final judgment upheld Livingstone's appeal and stated that the Adjudication Panel had misdirected itself, although the judge stated that the Mayor should have apologised.
On 7 December 2006, at a City Hall reception marking the launch of the London Jewish Forum, Livingstone apologised for any offence that he had caused the Jewish community.
Criticism of Livingstone by the Evening Standard intensified during the 2008 campaign, with daily front page articles attacking him, under the direction of editor Veronica Wadley who originally urged Johnson to stand and who is closely linked to Tory leadership. According to articles in The Guardian and Time Out London, she is strongly influenced by the need to renew Associated Newspaper's multi-million pound contract to deliver the Metro free paper in London Underground stations in 2010, a decision within the gift of the Mayor.
Foreign policy.
Remarks over foreign policy.
In 2004 Livingstone said "I just long for the day I wake up and find that the Saudi Royal Family are swinging from lamp-posts and they've got a proper government that represents the people of Saudi Arabia."
In a March 2005 commentary in "The Guardian" he accused Israel's prime minister Ariel Sharon of being a "war criminal", citing his alleged personal responsibility for the Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982 and accusations of ethnic cleansing. Accusations that Sharon was implicated are frequently made by other organisations and leading politicians including the official Israeli Kahan Commission investigation into the massacres in 1982.
On 20 July 2005, Livingstone made the following comments in a BBC interview about the role of foreign policy as a motivation for the London bombings of two weeks earlier:
"I think you've just had 80 years of western intervention into predominantly Arab lands because of the western need for oil. We've propped up unsavoury governments, we've overthrown ones we didn't consider sympathetic. And I think the particular problem we have at the moment is that in the 1980s ... the Americans recruited and trained Osama Bin Laden, taught him how to kill, to make bombs, and set him off to kill the Russians and drive them out of Afghanistan. They didn't give any thought to the fact that once he'd done that he might turn on his creators. A lot of young people see the double standards, they see what happens in Guantanamo Bay, and they just think that there isn't a just foreign policy."
Later in the interview he stated, about the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza Strip:
"Under foreign occupation and denied the right to vote, denied the right to run your own affairs, often denied the right to work for three generations, I suspect that if it had happened here in England, we would have produced a lot of suicide bombers ourselves."
Commentator Mark Steyn described the interview as Livingstone "artfully" attempting "to draw a distinction between Muslim terrorists blowing up his own public transit (which he didn't approve of) and Muslim terrorists blowing up Israeli public transit (which he was inclined to be sympathetic to)."
In November 2003, Livingstone made headlines for referring to US President George W. Bush as 'the greatest threat to life on this planet,' just before Bush's official visit to the UK. Livingstone also organised an alternative 'Peace Reception' at City Hall 'for everybody who is not George Bush,' with anti-war Vietnam veteran Ron Kovic as the guest of honour. In 2004 he referred to Bush as "the most corrupt American president since Harding in the Twenties". In July 2007 Livingstone suggested that Prime Minister Gordon Brown needed to explain to Bush "that US governments need to return to a realistic view of the world. The US is the world's single most powerful country, but much weaker than the rest of the world put together. The attempt by one country to unilaterally impose itself on the rest of the world is not only undesirable but simply won't work."
Venezuelan oil deal.
In February 2007, Ken Livingstone signed a deal with Venezuela to provide cheaper oil for London buses. In return, the Greater London Authority advised Venezuela on recycling, waste management, traffic and reducing carbon emissions. This deal came under criticism from the London Assembly Conservatives including Richard Barnes, who stated that the "money would be better directed at the poor of Venezuela," and journalist Martin Bright, who said that the deal "effectively takes from the poor of Latin America to give to one of the richest cities in the world." Prices were reduced by 20%; following this, half-price bus travel became available to Londoners on income support. Livingstone stated the plan "rises on the suggestion of President Hugo Chávez and builds on the work his government is doing around the world in tackling the problems of poverty," and also said, "This will make it cheaper and easier for people to go about their lives and get the most out of London. The agreement... will also benefit the people of Venezuela, by providing expertise in areas of city management in which London is a world leader."
The deal was stopped by incoming mayor Boris Johnson (effective from September 2008), a decision criticized by Livingstone.
Dispute with embassies over payment of congestion charge.
A dispute with the US Embassy in London over payment of the London Congestion Charge escalated on 27 March 2006 when Livingstone criticised the Embassy's decision not to pay. The Embassy argued that the charge is a form of taxation, not a charge for a service, and diplomats and their staff are therefore exempt under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Embassy officials have never paid the charge, which was instituted in 2003. Livingstone, however, alleged that the decision was made by Robert Tuttle, who took up the post of Ambassador in July 2005. Livingstone described Tuttle as "one of George Bush's closest cronies and a big funder of his election campaign" and said he was trying to "skive out of [paying] like some chiselling little crook". The group Liberty and Law reported this remark to the Standards Board for England as a breach of its code, but the board did not investigate it.
Germany stopped paying the charge in 2005, Japan followed in 2006, and in 2007 France, Russia, Belgium, and 50 other embassies stopped when the zone extended to them (Iran, Sweden and Syria continue to pay the charge). Asked about Japan's refusal to pay in a March 2007 interview on LBC Radio, Livingstone responded, "I think there are several problems with Japan that we could go on about here. Admitting their guilt for all the war crimes would be one thing. So if they've not got round to doing that, I doubt they're too worried about the congestion charge." London's Japanese embassy responded that their government had already apologised for previous war crimes.
Post-mayoral career.
Livingstone acted as a stand-in presenter on London talk radio station LBC 97.3's Jeni Barnett for a week beginning on 30 June 2008. In July 2008 he announced his intention to run again for the office of Mayor of London at the next mayoral elections and signalled his intent to organise a "progressive alliance" of political parties (such as the Labour Party and the Green Party), trade unions and interest groups to defend the progress which was made during his terms as Mayor and to prepare for the next mayoral elections.
On 28 August 2008, it was announced that Livingstone would be an adviser on urban planning to Caracas, Venezuela. He will act as a consultant on the capital's policing, transport and other municipal issues. As a friend of Hugo Chávez, Livingstone was appointed personally by him to advise officials and mayoral candidates in Caracas, in order to help transform the city, which journalist Rory Carroll described as suffering from, "Gridlocked traffic, a crumbling centre, hillside slums, horrific murder rates, corrupt police and inept local government". Livingstone reckoned that in twenty years a "first-world city" can be made out of Caracas, stating, "I have a very extensive network of contacts both domestically and internationally which I will be calling on to assist in this." No decision on a salary for the ex-mayor had been made, although he mentioned that, "The whole cost of this trip has been paid for by the government of Venezuela and as an unemployed citizen I would not be able to pay for my own fare otherwise." Livingstone played down any accusations that his close relationship with the Venezuelan President was controversial, "unless you believe American propaganda", while a spokesperson for Johnson said, "Ken Livingstone is free, as a private individual, to offer his advice and services to whomever he wants." Livingstone was touted as a key asset for Chávez in the upcoming November elections in the country.

= = = Vatnajökull = = =
Vatnajökull (English: Glacier of Lakes) () is the largest glacier in Iceland. It lies in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8% of the country. 
The average thickness of the ice is 400 m, with a maximum thickness of 1,000 m. Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur (2,110 m), is located at the southern tip of Vatnajökull, near Skaftafell National Park. It is classified as an ice cap glacier.
Vatnajökull has been shrinking for some years now, possibly because of climatic changes and recent volcanic activity. Until 1930 it was growing. 
According to Guinness World Records Vatnajökull is the object of the world's longest sight line, 550 km from Slættaratindur, the highest mountain in the Faroe Islands. GWR state that "owing to the light bending effects of atmospheric refraction, Vatnajökull (2119m), Iceland, can sometimes be seen from the Faroe Islands, 340 miles (550 km) away". This may be based on a claimed sighting by a British sailor in 1939. The validity of this record is analysed/undermined in mathematical and atmospheric detail by J.C. de Ferranti 

= = = InterCity 225 = = =
The InterCity 225 is an electric train operating in the United Kingdom. Its top speed is 225km/h, hence its name. From 2017, some will be replaced by the British Rail Class 800.

= = = British Rail = = =
British Rail (BR) was the national railway company of Great Britain, from 1948 to 2001. It was created by nationalization under the Transport Act 1947. Britain's railways were returned to private ownership by privatization in 2001.
History.
Great Britain.
After the smaller firms were merged in 1923 under the Railways Act 1921, there were four large regional railway companies. The Big Four were the Great Western Railway (GWR), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and the Southern Railway (SR). The Transport Act 1947 made provision for the nationalisation of the network.
The Second World War had caused damage to all the railways. They had lost a large part of their trains, buildings and equipment.
The Transport Act 1947 set out the nationalisation of the rail network, as part of a plan by Clement Attlee's Labour Government to nationalise public transport. The London Underground, some industrial lines and some remaining light railways like Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway were again excluded. For a short time, during World War II, the Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway line was taken over by the military. After the war the line re-opened to public use in 1946. The Bicester Military Railway had been built by the government in 1941.
The Transport Act 1947 took effect on 1 January 1923. By that date most of the mergers had taken place, some from the previous year. The "Railway Magazine" in its issue of February 1923 dubbed the new companies as "The Big Four of the New Railway Era".
These "Big Four" were:
See also a list of railway companies involved in the 1923 grouping.
Northern Ireland.
The nationalised Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) ran the railways in Northern Ireland from 1948 until 1966. They were then taken over by Translink and called "NI Railways," also known as "Northern Ireland Railways" ().
The government of Northern Ireland and Ireland ran the former Great Northern Railway jointly under a Great Northern Railway Board until 1958. Most of the lines in the west of Northern Ireland were closed in the 1960s.
The 1955 Modernisation Plan.
In 1955, a major modernisation programme costing £1.2 billion was authorised by the government. The period of nationalisation saw sweeping changes occur as steam trains were scrapped 1968, in favour of diesel trains and electric trains. One third of the network was closed by the highly critical Beeching report of the 1960s.
A major railway survey in April 1961 was used in the writing of a government report on the future of the network. This report was called "The Reshaping of British Railways". It was published by the British Railways Board (BRB) in March 1963. A third of all passenger trains would be scrapped and more than 4,000 of the 7,000 stations would be closed.
InterCity (or, in the earliest days, the hyphenated Inter-City) was introduced by British Rail in 1966 as a brand-name for its long-haul express passenger services (see British Rail brand names for a full history).
Passenger levels fell steadily from the late 1950s to the late 1970s, but experienced a sharp increase after the introduction of the high-speed Intercity 125 trains in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Between 1934 and 1975 the Northern line ran the Northern City Line as its Highbury Branch. London Underground gave it to British Rail in 1975,
Before the sectorization of BR in 1982 the system was split into regions. Working around London, they were London Midland Region (Marylebone, Euston, St Pancras and Broad Street), Southern Region (Waterloo, Victoria, Chairing Cross, Holborn Viaduct, Cannon Street and London Bridge), Western Region (Paddington) and Eastern Region (King's Cross, Moorgate, Broad Street, Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street). This was perceived to be a source of inefficiency, so sectorization made the regions into a single organisation covering all commuter services. At the same time InterCity took over express services and Regional Railways took over regional services. The group was originally called "Provincial".
BR built 2537 steam locomotives from 1948 to 1960, some to pre-nationalisation designs and some to its own, new, standard designs. Eventually BR chose to end the use of steam trains in 1968.
The official report known as the "Modernisation Plan" of December 1954 was intended to bring the railway system into the 20th century. The aim was to increase speed, reliability, safety and line capacity, by making the railways more attractive to passengers and freight operators. The important areas were:
Long-distance trains from Marylebone began to be cut back from 1958 after the line was given from BR Midland Western to the BR Midland Region. Then BR Midland Region thought it was an unnecessary rival of their Midland Main Line. By 1960 there were no daytime trains running to destinations north of Nottingham and only a few still ran at night. Many Express services were cut. By 1963, local stopping services beyond Aylesbury were cut. In 1965 freight services were ended. Between 1963 and 1966 only a few remaining long distance services stayed in use. A large part of the former Great Central Railway was closed as part of the 'Beeching axe'. This meant that Marylebone was now used only by local trains to Aylesbury and High Wycombe. After the 1960s, lack of investment meant the station itself became run down.
New diesel trains.
Some of the early models were of poor quality and design, but many later kinds proved their worth in time.
British Rail Class 127 diesel trains were chosen to operate on the services from Marylebone usually to places such as High Wycombe, Aylesbury and Banbury which are on the Chiltern Main Line and Great Central Main Line (now the London to Aylesbury Line). Strangely, the 115 were under Table 115 in the British Rail timetable. They were similar to British Rail Class 127, but were superior as the class had larger windows, better seats, lights and wall surfaces. Both classes were made in the early 1960s.
The British Rail Class 47 (originally "Brush Type 4") is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. Their reliable and trusted service lasted well in to the 2000s. Some are still working in 2018.
British Rail gave Class 52 to the class of 74 large diesel-hydraulic locomotives built for the Western Region of British Railways between 1961 and 1964. All were given two-word names, with the first word being "Western", and so the type was nicknamed "Westerns".
The British Rail Class 207 (or 3D) versatile diesel-electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh in 1962.
New electric trains.
Some of the early models were of poor quality and design, but many later kinds proved their worth in time.
The British Rail Class 423 (or 4Vep) electric multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1967 to 1974. They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row and mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to replacement in 2005.
The British Rail Class 303 is a type of electric multiple unit. They are also known as "Blue Train" units, since they were originally painted blue all over. They were first used in 1960 for the electrification of the North Clyde and the Cathcart Circle lines in Strathclyde.
The British Rail Class 73 electro-diesel locomotives are very unusual in that they can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail supply, but also have a diesel engine to allow them to work on non-electrified routes.
The British Rail Class 86 was the standard electric locomotive built during the 1960s. It was made after the repeated testing of the earlier classes like the 81 and 85. The tests led to a much improved loco design.
The British Rail Class 312 is a type of alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) built in 1966–1974 intended for use on outer-suburban passenger services. It was the last class of multiple unit to be constructed to the British Rail Mark 2 body shell, and also the last with slam doors. Their passenger seats were an improvement on former types.
British Rail Class 313 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York Works from 1976 to 1977, thus the first second-generation EMUs to be constructed for British Rail. They were capable of both drawing power via 25 kV AC overhead, or 750 V DC third-rail. They were the first units in Britain to have fully automatic couplers which allowed both physical coupling and also the connection of control electric and air supplies to be carried out without the driver's need to leave the cab. Their passenger seats were also an improvement on former types.
The Beeching report.
During the late 1950s, railways continued to worsen, and in 1959 the government acted, limiting the amount the British Transport Commission (BTC) could spend on British Rail.
The government proposed that many services could be provided more cheaply by buses, and said that most abandoned rail services would have their places taken by bus services. Only main lines would be untouched. Many other minor lines would be cut back or scrapped.
The business man Lord Beeching saw South Wales as a failing industrial region. So it lost the majority of its network. Since 1983 it has experienced a major rail revival, with new stations such as Llanharan reopening. Four lines reopened within 20 miles (32 km) of each other: Abercynon–Aberdare, Barry–Bridgend via , Bridgend–Maesteg and the Ebbw Valley Line via Newbridge.
The station at Laurencekirk on the mainline between Arbroath and Aberdeen was shut in 1967, but 42 years later in May 2009 it reopened. Other reopened stations include , and – all closed in the mid-1960s.
Haddenham in Buckinghamshire lost its little-used station in 1963, but a more popular station opened in 1987 as the town grew.
A major part of the report proposed that British Rail electrify some major main lines and the use of containerised freight traffic instead of outdated and uneconomic wagon-load traffic. Some of these plans were eventually adopted, however, such as the creation of the Freightliner concept and further electrification of the West Coast Main Line from Crewe to Glasgow in 1974. Also the staffs' terms and conditions were improved over time.
Since the Beeching cuts of the 1960s, road traffic levels grew heavily in some areas. This has come close to gridlock. Furthermore, in recent years there have been record high levels of passengers on the railways. A modest number of the railway closures have therefore been reversed.
In addition a small but significant number of closed stations have reopened, and passenger services been restored on lines where they had been closed or removed. Many of these were in the urban metropolitan counties and towns where Passenger Transport Executives have a role in promoting local passenger rail use.
A notable reopening was the Robin Hood Line in Nottinghamshire, between Nottingham and Worksop via Mansfield, which reopened in the early 1990s. Before the line reopened, Mansfield had been the largest town in Britain without a railway station.
The Serpell Report.
Profits from the railways began to fall in the early 1980s. In 1983, the civil servant Sir David Serpell wrote what became known as the Serpell Report. He wanted even more cutbacks.
In the early 1980s there was a proposal to close Marylebone and divert British Rail services via High Wycombe into nearby Paddington. There was also a plan to extend the Metropolitan Line to Aylesbury, so London trains via Amersham would be sent to Baker Street. Marylebone station was to be converted into a bus and coach station. London Underground said the Metropolitan Line could not cope with any more trains and was full up. However these plans were deemed stupid and clumsy, and were quietly dropped.
The Pacer and Express Sprinter trains.
The funding of BR was reduced so they created the cheaper Pacer trains. The British Rail Class 143 is a diesel multiple unit, part of the Pacer family of trains introduced between 1985 and 1986. They originally worked around North East England but were later transferred to Wales. It was made out of bus parts put on to lorry chassis and train wheels. Earlier units proved to be unreliable, but later units were of a better design.
The British Rail Class 156 "Super-Sprinter" diesel multiple units were built from 1987 to 1989 to replace elderly First Generation "Heritage" DMUs (like the Class 127 units) and locomotive-hauled passenger trains.
As funding increased before privatisation the successful British Rail Class 158 "Express Sprinter" was made. It is a type of diesel multiple unit (DMU) train. They were built for British Rail between 1989 and 1992 by BREL at their Derby Works.
The Clapham Junction railway crash.
On 12 December 1988, three commuter trains crashed, just south-west of Clapham junction station, in London. 35 people died and more than 100 were injured. British Rail's 30-year-old vintage Mark 1 carriages were found out to be dangerous and the broken signalling equipment was fixed and improved.
Privatisation.
The British government under John Major said that privatisation would help passenger services, but this did not happen until much later.
The Scottish Assembly Government have re-opened the lines between Hamilton and Larkhall, Alloa and Stirling and is working on a link from Airdrie to Bathgate. The biggest line-reopening project is the former Waverley railway Edinburgh to Borders line.
The Welsh Assembly Government has re-opened the Vale of Glamorgan Line between Barry Bock and Bridgend in 2005. The Ebbw Valley Line reopened between Ebbw Vale and Cardiff in the year 2008. It will later go on to services to Newport in Gwent in 2011. The Barry–Bridgend route was closed after the Beeching report of March 1963. The line's passenger service was officially shut down in June 1964, but freight continued until the late 1990s.
Some English stations like Corby and Mansfield were reopened after privatisation.
Yet more stations were reopened by British Rail in Scotland, England and Wales before privatisation when the railway was run properly.
Train fares cost more than under British Rail.
The split up for privatisation.
Regional Railways was one of the three passenger sectors of British Rail. It was created in the year 1982. It finished operation in 1996, two years after privatisation. In the privatisation of British Rail, InterCity trains were divided up into several franchises. The Caledonian Sleeper are transferred to ScotRail, now First ScotRail.
Since privatisation, the number of companies has changed a number of times as rules have changed and the areas covered altered. The companies that took over passenger rail services include:
"Six sub-brands also occurred in the early 2000s:"
The company logo.
The British Rail "double arrow" logo was said to show direction of travel on a double track railway on a railway map and was nicknamed "the arrow of indecision". It is now employed as a general symbol on street signs in Great Britain, but not in Northern Ireland, denoting railway stations, and as part of the Association of Train Operating Companies (A.T.O.C.)'s joint-managed National Rail brand, still being printed on railway tickets.
Labour relations.
Sometimes strikes happened among British Rail staff, over staff pay, safety, working hours and alike. There were several strikes in the late 1970s, but decreased after privatisation. There were also several other strikes in the late 1970s. Other firms like the UK's coal mines also struck at this time.

= = = Cobra = = =
Cobra is a name of a snake. In English it is the common name for various venomous snakes. Most of those species are in the family Elapidae, and most of them can spread their neck ribs to form a flattened, widened hood.
The name "cobra" is short for "cobra de capelo" or "cobra-de-capelo", which is Portuguese for "snake with hood", or "hood-snake".
Cobras usually live in tropical and desert regions of Asia and Africa. When feeling threatened, cobras can tilt back and flatten their heads into their warning posture. The rest of the time their heads are symmetrical and they look much like any other snakes.
Cobra may refer to:
Most so-called, and all "true", species of cobras belong to the family Elapidae

= = = Cape cobra = = =
The Cape cobra ("Naja nivea") is a cobra inhabiting the regions of South Africa. It averages 4 feet (120 cm) long but may grow to be 6 feet (180 cm) long. The color varies from location to location, and those from the Kalahari are normally yellow with brown speck uniformly all over the body.

= = = Kalahari Desert = = =
The Kalahari Desert is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in southern Kgalagadi Africa extending 900,000 km2 (362,500 sq. mi.), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It has huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains.
The Kalahari Desert is the southern part of Africa, and the geography is a portion of desert and a plateau. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not a true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. The driest areas usually receive of rain per year, and the wettest just a little over .
The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2.5 million km2 extending farther into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Ancient dry riverbeds—called omuramba—traverse the Central Northern reaches of the Kalahari and provide standing pools of water during the rainy season. Previously havens for wild animals from elephant to giraffe, and for predators such as lion and cheetah, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopard or cheetah can still be found.
Game reserves.
The Kalahari has a number of game reserves—the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR, the world's second largest protected area), Khutse Game Reserve and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Animals that live in the region include brown hyenas, lions, meerkats, giraffe, warthogs, jackals and several species of antelope (including the eland, gemsbok, springbok, hartebeest, steenbok, kudu, and duiker), and many species of bird and reptiles. Vegetation in the Kalahari consists mainly of grasses and acacias but there are over 400 identified plant species present (including the wild watermelon or Tsamma melon).
Bushmen.
The Bushmen of the Kalahari were hunter/gatherers. They hunted for meat and gathered the food of the desert to eat. They did not keep animals. They moved from place to place to find food and water. They owned very few things because they had to carry everything themselves. Very few people still live this way anywhere in the world.
Settlements within the Kalahari.
Botswana
Namibia
South Africa

= = = Silverstein = = =
Silverstein is a Canadian post-hardcore band formed in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. Their name come from a children-book writer, Shel Silverstein.
First three years.
After the several changes in the band's line up, Billy Hamilton joined the band. He found out about they needed a bass player while online. In the autumn of 2002, the band signed to their record label - Victory Records. They left Victory Records in 2010 and joined Hopeless Records.
Albums.
In January 2003, their first (debut) album was released. The title was "When Broken Is Easily Fixed".
In 2005, Silverstein performed on the "Never Sleep Again" tour along with fellow emo band Hawthorne Heights. The next year, 2006, they toured on the "Vans Warped" tour. This is an event in the United States taking place in the summertime. The band's second album, "Discovering the Waterfront," has the singles "Discovering the Waterfront" and "Smile in Your Sleep".
Summertime last year, 2007, Silverstein released their third album, "Arrivals and Departures". It includes a single named "Still Dreaming". On MySpace, a social networking site, they posted a new song called "Broken Stars". Singer Shane Told has been trained by a vocal coach named Melissa Cross.
In Spring 2009, Silverstein released their fourth full length album, "Shipwreck in the Sand".
In Spring 2011, Silverstein released their fifth album, "Rescue".

= = = Discovering the Waterfront = = =
Discovering the Waterfront is the second full-length album by the band Silverstein. The album has three singles; "Smile In Your Sleep", "Discovering The Waterfront", and "My Heroine". All of the singles had music videos.
Track listing.
All songs written by Shane Told and Neil Boshart, except for where noted.

= = = Pakistan State Oil = = =
Pakistan State Oil is the oil market leader in Pakistan. The well established infrastructure, built at international standards, representing 82% of the country’s storage, gives it an edge over its competitors.

= = = Mahmud I = = =
Mahmud I (; August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He was the son of Mustafa II (1695–1703). His mother Emetullah Sultan, (born as Evemia) was of Greek ethnic descent. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57).

= = = Mahmud II = = =
Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: ����� ���� Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused.
Mahmud II was born in Istanbul. He was 23 years old when he came to the throne. He was an Islamic calligraphy artist, composer and poet. He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli". He was of a brave, patient and prudent temperament. He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid). When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them. The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha. 
In 1812 the peace treaty was signed in Bucharest with the Russians. In 1813, with the help of Muhammed Ali Pasha, he defeated the Wahhabis, who desecrated the holy places and shrines in Mecca and Medina. 
In July of 1839 the Sultan Mahmud II died as the ill effects of life experienced by him calamitous events he was afflicted with tuberculosis and died.
His body was buried in the Türbe in Divanyolu.
Mahmud II was devoted to many works of the highest degree in any field.
He opened many new schools, and ordered to build large buildings. 
All the great mosques of Istanbul were repaired in his time. 
The bridge was built in Unkapani his time. 
In Mecca, he had built a madrasa and mend the Great Mosque (Mescid-i Aksa) in the holy city of Jerusalem.
The poet and Sümbülzâde Vehbi Kececizâde Izzet Molla died at this time.
His sons: Abdulmejid I *, * Abdulaziz, 4 Sehzades names Ahmet, Bayezid, veliaht Abdulhamid, Suleyman, 2 Sehzades called Mehmed Murad Nizameddin, Abdullah Osman.
His daughters: Emine Sultan, Sultan Hamide, Hayriye Sultan, Sultan Saw, * Saliha Sultan, Ayse Sultan, Sultan Atike *, 2 Fatma Sultan, Sultan Münire, Mihrimah Sultan *, * Adile Sultan.

= = = Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan) = = =
Mahmud II ("Kabızlık"; died 1131) proclaimed himself the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad in 1118 after the death of Mehmed I (probably Mahmud's father). Mahmud fought against the Seljuk Sultan of Khorasan, Ahmed Sanjar, whom Mehmed I had revolted against in 1105. Mahmud was succeeded by Dawud.

= = = Mahmud of Ghazni = = =
Mahmud of Ghazni, (, ; (2 November 971 – 30 April 1030) commonly known as Mahmud Ghaznavi, was the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire from 997 until his death. He turned the former provincial city of Ghazni into the rich capital of an extensive empire which included modern-day Afghanistan, most of Iran, and parts of north-west India including modern-day Pakistan. He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan, signifying his break from the power of the Islamic Caliph.
Mahmud of Ghazni was known as Yāmīn al-Dawlah Maḥmūd (in full: Yāmīn al-Dawlah Abd al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebük Tegīn). He was the eldest son of Emir Sebüktegin. When he was young, Mahmud helped his father gain land through military campaigns against Turk nobles. In 997, he overthrew his younger brother, Ismail, who had been nominated for the throne after his father’s death. As soon as he had the throne, he went out to conquer territory.
Between 1000 and 1026, he invaded India at least 17 times. He led the first major Muslim army to invade India. His conquest of the entire Punjab including Haryana all the way up to Agra was the last invasion where he increased his territory in India. From then on, most of Mahmud’s raids were to gain wealth. Mahmud's last and most famous raid was on Somnath. This is a temple city on the Gujarati coast that was also a pilgrimage site. The temple had many riches: heavy golden chains and thousands of jewels. The battle was violent, and more than 50,000 people died. Mahmud's army won and plundered the temple of its riches and wealth.
With all his riches, Mahmud founded a university, a library, and a museum, a grand mosque and richened his capital. When Mahmud was about to die, he ordered all of his riches to be placed before him. Mahmud died on 30 April 1030.
Campaign timeline.
As Sultan.
Ghor and Muhammad ibn Suri are then captured by Mahmud, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies.
Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region. Anandapala flees to Kashmir, fort in the hills on the western border of Kashmir. Mehmud attacks the fort but fails to capture it so he destroys every village in Kashmir during his retreat back to Afghanistan. He also defeats an army near Mirpur and captures the area appointing a Muslim governor. He establishes a caravan in the modern day city of Rawalpindi and fully annexes the Pothohar region.

= = = Ghaznavid Empire = = =
The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Turkic 'persianate' Sunni Muslim state, which existed from 975 to 1187. It was centred in Ghazni, a city in the present Afghanistan, and later Lahore, a city in Punjab, Pakistan. It ruled much of Persia, Transoxania, Pakistan and the northern parts of India. The Ghaznavids are known for laying the foundation of Islamic rule in northern India when they conquered Peshawar and the entire Punjab region including Haryana up to Delhi in the year 1001. Their last outpost of conquest in north India was in Meerut city in Uttar Pradesh. The Ghaznavids relied strongly on Persian language and Persian culture and are therefore classified heavily as a "Persianate" empire.

= = = Mahmud Shah of Malacca = = =
Sultan Mahmud Shah (died 1528) ruled Malacca from 1488 to 1528. He was the son of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.

= = = Mahmud Shah Durrani = = =
Mahmud Shah Durrani (1769 - 1829) was the ruler of the Durrani Empire between 1801 and 1803, again between 1809 and 1818. He was the son of Timur Shah Durrani and half-brother of his predecessor, Zaman Shah. On July 25, 1801, Zaman Shah was deposed, and Mahmud Shah ascended to rulership. He then had a chequered career; he was deposed in 1803, restored in 1809, and finally deposed again in 1818. He died in 1829. Between his two stints, the country was ruled by Shoja Shah, another of his half-brothers.

= = = Durrani Empire = = =
The Durrani Empire (known as the Afghan Empire) was established in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan. It included the land that is now called Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and western India. The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani (Ahmad Shah Baba) being the "Father of the nation". 
The Durrani dynasty diminished in the early 19th century when Afghanistan was fighting defensive wars with Persia on one side and British India on the other side. The Barakzai dynasty took over control of the kingdom but lost many of Afghanistan's territories by the end of the 19th century. It became to what is now Afghanistan after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 when the state became officially recognized by all the major countries in the world. At first its capital was in Kandahar as that is where the empire started however the capital then shifted to Kabul after its conquest. The empire had two capitals, the main capital Kabul and the winter capital, Peshawar.

= = = Cognitive psychology = = =
Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at basic actions of the mind. These are aspects of the higher brain, such as thought, feeling, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists often look at mental changes that happen after a stimulus (things that can be felt by the five senses) and before a behavioral response (what a person does after sensing something).
The general idea of cognitive psychology was surveyed in several 19th century works:
Cognitive psychology had its beginnings in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who came up with a theory of "stages" or "phases" that describe children's cognitive development.

= = = Celâl Bayar = = =
Mahmut Celâl Bayar (16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986) was a Turkish politician, statesman and the third President of Turkey. At the time of his death, he was the longest lived former head of state, living over 103 years (he was surpassed in 2008 by Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum).

= = = Perceptual psychology = = =
Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that is concerned specifically with the pre-conscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system or perception. A pioneer of this field was J. J. Gibson.

= = = Mahmoud Abbas = = =
Mahmoud Abbas () (born 15 November 1935), also known by the Kunya Abu Mazen (), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) or State of Palestine on 9 January 2005. He took office on 15 January 2005.
Abbas is a leading politician in Fatah. He served as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October 2003. He resigned because of a lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government. Before becoming Prime Minister, Abbas led the Negotiations Affairs Department of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He has served as Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee since 11 November 2004, after Yasser Arafat's death. Abbas is said to the an example of moderation in Palestine by Israel and the west.
Early years and education.
Abbas was born in Safed. As a child, he and his family fled to Syria during the capture of the city by Jewish forces in May 1948.
He graduated from the Faculty of Law of the University of Damascus and postgraduate studies at the University of Friendship of Peoples. Patrice Lumumba. In 1982 he defended his dissertation at the Moscow branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences on "The Secret Relationship between Nazism and Zionism", the main ideas of which some sources interpreted as Holocaust denial. The director of the institute, EM Primakov, appointed Abbas VI Kiselyov, a specialist in the history of Palestine, as the scientific supervisor. Based on his dissertation, Abbas wrote a monograph, The Other Side: The Secret Relations between the Nazis and the Zionist Leadership.
In the "Relevance of the Topic" section of the dissertation, Abbas notes: "As the overall decline of capitalism deepens, the decline of Zionist ideology becomes more and more apparent Expansionist and racist forms... Exposing reactionary ideology... is considered an urgent matter for the entire anti-imperialist camp... The immediate goal of all modern anti-imperialist forces is to defend the world, denouement, democracy and social progress. Abbas sees his task in this scholarly work in "finding the connection between Zionism and Nazism of the Third Reich" because "Zionism flirted with Nazi Germany, so Zionist officials first established contacts with a regime that defined anti-Semitism as its own official state policy." And then "Zionist favorites �� made secret deals with the Nazi government to organize the resettlement of deliberately selected Jewish parties in Palestine... Mossad emissaries were given the right to visit concentration camps by the Nazis �� to sort prisoners.
In his dissertation, Abbas exposes other Zionist conspiracies with the Nazis: in order to populate Palestine with Jews, under the so-called Haavar agreement for 1,000 pounds, the Nazis released any Jew who wanted to leave Germany. "And in this the Zionists met with a favorable attitude of the authorities, which sought to cleanse Germany of Jews." Abbas notes "the closeness of the ideological concepts of Zionism and Nazism in terms of national chauvinism and racism." According to Abbas, this "mutually beneficial joint work" lasted for 6 years — from 1933 to 1939.
Two years later, at the Ibn Rashid publishing house in Amman, Jordan, Abbas published his own book in Arabic, The Hidden Relationships of Zionism and Nazism during World War II, an extended version of his dissertation, in which he rejected Zionist fabrications and the mythical heresy of the deaths of 6 million Jews — some of those who died suffered from a joint (Nazi-Zionist) conspiracy. He said: "The exact number of Jews killed in the war was significantly less than 6 million, even less than a million. The task of the Zionists was to increase the number of victims among the Jewish people in order to arouse the sympathy of the international community." In fact, according to him, "only 890 thousand Jews died, and crematorium furnaces were used only for the cremation of the bodies of the inhabitants of our planet who died of disease — to prevent the spread of infection."
Abu Mazen said that saving the Jews for humanitarian purposes was not of interest to the Zionists, and therefore "they did not make the slightest effort to persuade the West to accept Jewish refugees who had fled Nazi hell." He claims that the Zionists thwarted various intentions to support and promote salvation and hid information about the terrible participation of Euro-Jews "so that they would not need to take the necessary, predictable measures." He writes that "the Zionist movement was deliberately provoked against the Jews who lived on Nazi land in order to provoke dislike of the authorities and their group elimination".
Criticism.
There are frequent accusations that Palestinian Authority (PA) officials, including Abbas, have been involved in stealing public money.
During his testimony to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Middle East and South Asia, Elliott Abrams mentioned that "Corruption harms Palestinian finances and makes people lose trust in the entire political system. It has also made potential donors doubtful. I can share from my experience, as an American official seeking financial support for the Palestinian Authority from Gulf Arab countries, that I often heard, 'Why should we give them money when their officials will just take it?'"
In June 2021, many Palestinians protested against corruption and violence within the Abbas administration in central Ramallah, including at the president's headquarters. This came after anti-corruption activist Nizar Banat died while in government custody and a video of PA security forces beating and abducting him went viral online.
In 2023, a poll conducted by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR) in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip shows that at least 80% palestinians want Abbas to resign.

= = = Abid Hamid Mahmud = = =
Abid Al-Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti ( 21 September 1957 - June 7, 2012) was an Iraqi lieutenant general under Saddam Hussein's deposed regime, and he was Saddam's bodyguard. He was executed on June 7, 2012.

= = = Social psychology = = =
Social psychology is the study in psychology of how people and groups interact. Researchers in this field are often either psychologists or sociologists. All social psychologists use both the individual and the group as their unit of analysis.
Despite their similarity, psychological and sociological researchers tend to differ in their goals, approaches, methods, and terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and professional groups. The greatest period of collaboration between sociologists and psychologists was during the years immediately following World War II. Although there has been increasing isolation and specialization in recent years, some degree of overlap and influence remains between the two disciplines.

= = = Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha = = =
Mahmoud Fahmi an-Nukrashi Pasha (1888 - 1948) (Arabic: ����� ���� �������� ����) was an Egyptian political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1945 to 1946 and again from 1946 to 1948. He was assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood while he was Prime Minister.

= = = Neuropsychology = = =
Neuropsychology is the scientific study that studies the function and structure of the brain related to more common psychological processes and overt behaviors. The term has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients) you can apply to physical exercise.

= = = Abnormal psychology = = =
Abnormal psychology is a part of psychology. People who study abnormal psychology are psychologists. They are scientists that investigate the mind using the scientific method. Different cultures tend to have different ideas of how strange (abnormal) any behaviour is considered. This tends to change over time within cultures, so people that live in a country at one time in history might consider abnormal what people who live in the same country consider normal years before or years later.
Abnormal psychology is often used to understand or to treat people with mental disorders to make life better for them. This is because abnormal behaviour is often defined as when someone is not able to change how they behave to fit different settings. This is often also used to define some mental disorders. When someone cannot change their behaviour to fit the people and situations around them when they need to, it can cause suffering, and the person may be uncomfortable when around people. Their behaviour can be unreasonable and hard to understand. Their behaviour can even be dangerous.
Not everyone with a mental disorder is unable to adjust to their surroundings. People who can change to fit their the environment around them more easily than most people can also have behaviour that is considered abnormal and might also have an easier life with the help of a psychologist.
History.
Supernatural traditions.
A supernatural belief is a belief in a force that is beyond scientific understanding. There are a lot of cultures that believe in supernatural events. These cultures include religious cultures, as well as the Ancient Chinese, Ancient Egyptians, Hebrews, and Ancient Greeks. These cultures have writings that say demons or Gods that would take over a person and act through those people. This was called possession. In the Roman Catholic Church, exorcisms were done to make these demons leave the body of the individuals they possessed. Exorcism involved prayer, noises and potions.p. 11 People who had abnormal behaviour were often told they were possessed.
In some cultures, trepanation was often used. This was when a hole was made in someone's head to release the "bad spirit".
Asylums.
"Lunatic asylums" were buildings that kept patients that had abnormal behaviour. They became popular with the Madhouse Act of 1774, although they did exist before the Act. Asylums were meant to look after people who could not take care of themselves. But they were known for being cruel and abusive to their patients. The buildings were often dirty and not looked after very well.
During the late 1700s, William Tuke made a religious retreat for patients. This was a turn away from the horrors of mental asylums.p. 14 Also, in the late 1700s, Philippe Pinel started to encourage better treatment of the mentally insane.
Most of the big asylums were closed in the 20th century because of the invention of antipsychotic medicines. There are still psychiatric hospitals for people with mental illness. This includes Broadmoor Hospital, which houses some of Britain's most dangerous criminals with mental illnesses.
Asylums in America.
In the 1800s, Dorothea Dix fought against the bad treatment of patients in mental asylums. She started a "mental hygiene" group to encourage politicians to change the treatment of mental patients in the United States. When people became aware of the wrongdoing in mental asylums, money was raised to improve the treatment of patients and the asylums. Dix is thought to have helped to create 32 mental hospitals. By 1940 there were more than 400,000 patients living in mental asylums.
Most treatments were still cruel to patients and were not effective. The asylums were quickly becoming overcrowded. Mary Jane Ward wrote a book in 1946 called "The Snake Pit" that raised awareness of the inhumane treatment of mental patients.
The National Institute of Mental Health was created the same year. The organisation provided training and support for mental patients and workers that cared for them. The Hill-Burton Act was passed to give money to the mental health hospitals.
Later, the Community Health Services Act of 1963 was passed. This law created buildings for patients to live at home rather than in hospitals. Rehabilitation and community care centers were also built under this act.p. 14
Deinstitutionalisation.
During the late 1900s, mental asylums were less accepted. The cruel treatment of patients and the overcrowding and ways of living were seen as not needed. Less money was given to asylums. So many closed all around the world. The closing down of mental hospitals was called deinstitutionalization. The movement from asylum to community was meant to help patients' development and recovery. The lack of good support programs meant that patients felt abandoned and found it hard to fit into normal life. This led to many becoming homeless.p. 16
Explaining abnormal behaviour.
In the past there were three ways to explain abnormal behaviour. These were supernatural, biological, and psychological explanations. Western medicine no longer uses supernatural explanations. It uses biological and psychological explanations. Biological explanations use genetics and neuroscience to explain abnormal behaviours. The biological explanation is based on how the brain works and how genes change the way it works. Psychological explanations use how the mind works to explain abnormal behaviours.
Supernatural explanations.
Early cultures believed that abnormal behaviour was from demons, spirits and astrology. Trepanation was when a hole was drilled in a person's head. This was done to let the spirits or demons out of the person's head.
Exorcism was practiced mainly by the Catholic Church. Exorcism was believed to ward the spirits out of the person that they possessed.
These practices were normal during the Middle Ages. Abnormal behaviour was thought to be a religious issue rather than a psychological one. Some abnormal behaviour was thought to be witchcraft. People accused of witchcraft were almost always punished. In many cases, the punishment was to be murdered.
Biological explanations.
The Biological approach to explaining abnormal behaviour assumes that the behaviour can be explained by physical factors. Hippocrates lived during the 5th century and is thought by many to be the father of modern medicine. He did not accept that evil spirits or astronomy were the causes of psychological disorders. Hippocrates believed that there were natural causes for the disorders and appropriate treatments could be found. He focused on the "four humors" of the brain. He believed that the four humours must be balanced for healthy mental states and when one humour was stronger, various disorders would appear. To balance the humors, Hippocrates would tell patients to change their lifestyles.p. 11 There are now new ideas when talking about the biological explanations of psychological disorders. But, Hippocrates' focus on mental processes and clinical practice was a big change.
Another Greek physician called Galen also took a scientific approach to the causes of psychological disorders. He divided them into physical and mental categories. Among Galen's causes were head injuries, alcohol abuse, and life experiences. During the 18th century, Galen's concepts influenced the medical industry. Galen's focus was on the biological causes for mental disorders.p. 13
Psychological explanations.
Psychological explanations for abnormal behavior sometimes take a behavioral approach in which the positive behaviors are reinforced and negative ones are not. This approach is more focused on changing the actual behavior of a person than the cause of it.
Sigmund Freud was one of the most popular psychological theorists of the 20th century. The method he used to study and treat patients was known as psychoanalysis. Methods of hypnosis were used by Freud, but also by Franz Mesmer and physicians in the Nancy School. Freud attempted to have his patients confess their deepest, truest emotions, which was referred to as a catharsis. He would have his patients speak freely about themselves, in free association. He would conduct dream analysis where patients would record and discuss their dreams. Freud's work led to other great psychoanalytic theorists such as Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Harry Stack Sullivan. Wilhelm Wundt and William James were credited for opening up the first experimental psychology laboratories. This led to many studies and psychological methods, such as classical conditioning led by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Skinner, while Edward Thorndike and B. F. Skinner were the leaders of the study of operant conditioning.p. 18
Classification.
DSM.
The North American reference book used by psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose and treat psychological disorders is known as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. The version released in May of 2013 and is known as the DSM-5. The DSM is relied upon by clinicians, health insurance companies, medicine companies, and the legal system as a reference for understanding and identifying mental disorders. The DSM divides mental disorders into groups and provides descriptive signs and symptoms that define each disorder. In addition, it lists statistics for each disorder ranging from its frequency in the general population to the most effective form of treatment
Before diagnosing an individual with a "specific" mental disorder, a professional must first determine whether that individual does in fact suffer from a mental disorder. The DSM defines a mental disorder as a condition that:
When using the DSM, a complete psychiatric diagnosis is split up into five dimensions, called "axes", that relate to different characteristics of disability or disorder:
The separate axes of the DSM are often linked together in the development of mental disorders.
ICD-10.
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) was created by the World Health Organization and is the universal diagnostic system for mental disorders. The ICD is approved by health officials from 193 WHO member countries, and is available for free on the internet. Its purpose is to help countries reduce the problems associated with mental disorders. The coding system used in the DSM is designed to be compatible with the system used in the ICD; however, some codes may not match because the two publications get revised at different times. The ICD-10 was made public in 1994; its most recent update occurred in 2010. Chapter 5 of the ICD-10 covers over 300 mental and behavioral disorders which are divided into the following categories:
"The Online ICD-10 can be found in its entirety here"
Treatment.
Psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy based on psychoanalytic theory. This theory states that human behavior is controlled by unconscious forces such as instinct and that there is no such thing as free will. Many ideas found in the theory can be traced back to Sigmund Freud. Freud believed mental disorders are a result of repressed memories and emotions from childhood; psychoanalysis is designed to search for these hidden memories and emotions and bring them to the patient's attention. Techniques such as hypnosis are used to tap into the unconscious mind with the hopes that the source of the disturbance is found. Freud also believed dreams had hidden meanings, and often asked patients to record their dreams for analysis. Because of the lack of scientific evidence supporting most Freudian ideas, psychoanalysis is rarely used by clinical psychologists and has been replaced by more effective forms of therapy.
Behavioral therapy.
Behavior therapy is based on the theory of behaviorism, which states that all human behavior is a result of a stimulus and reinforcement. Famous behaviorists include James Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Joseph Wolpe. The goal of this therapy is to increase one's positive or socially reinforcing behavior. Behavior therapy can be broken down into three areas:
Humanistic therapy.
Humanistic therapy is a method taken from Carl Rogers, which aims to focus on a client as a human rather than the problem that they have. A therapist can adjust the environment and mood of a session in a way that mimics normal conversation. This often helps the patient realize the issues they have, and share them with the therapist more successfully than in a traditional counseling session. Humanistic therapy creates an effective means of getting to the source of a problem and treating it properly.
Roger's own term was "client-centered therapy", which has the idea that the therapist is helping the client to become a genuine psychological adult.

= = = John B. Watson = = =
John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist. He established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. This school was extremely influential in the middle of the 20th century, when B.F. Skinner developed it further.
Watson was forced to resign his chair at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, because his affair with a graduate student became a public scandal. After this, Watson worked for many years for J. Walter Thompson, a leading American advertising agency. He is credited with popularizing the "coffee break" during an ad campaign for Maxwell House coffee.
Behaviorism.
Watson founded behaviorism in the spring of 1913 with his paper "Psychology as the behaviorist views it". In this article, Watson outlined the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, called "behaviorism". The first paragraph of the article concisely described his position:
Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.
In 1913, Watson viewed Ivan Pavlov's conditioned reflex as primarily a physiological mechanism controlling glandular secretions. He had already rejected Edward Thorndike's "Law of Effect" (a precursor to B.F. Skinner's principle of reinforcement) because of what Watson believed were 'unnecessary subjective elements'. The article is also notable for its strong defense of the objective scientific status of applied psychology, which at the time was considered to be much inferior to the established experimental psychology.
With his behaviorism, Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people. In his opinion, the analysis of behaviors and reactions was the only objective method to get insight in the human actions. This outlook was thought to be extreme or radical behaviorism.
Views on child-rearing.
Watson wrote the book "Psychological care of infant and child" in 1928, with help from his mistress, turned wife, Rosalie Rayner. Rosalie later entitled a self-penned article "I am a mother of behaviorist sons". In the book, Watson explained that behaviorists were starting to believe psychological care and analysis was required for infants and children.
His slogan was "not more babies but better brought up babies". Watson argued for the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate, claiming that the world would benefit from extinguishing pregnancies for twenty years while enough data was gathered to ensure an efficient child-rearing process. Watsons’ description of a "happy child" was rather detached. It included ideas such as that the child can occupy himself through his problem-solving abilities, should only cry when in physical pain, and that the child stray from asking questions. Behavior analysis of child development as a field may have begun with the writings of Watson.
Watson carried out controversial science experiments known as the "Little Albert experiments"; in these experiments, Watson studied fear in infants.
Biographies of Watson and analysis of his work.
Watson's views and life have been the subject of a number of works.

= = = Indian English = = =
Indian English or South Asian English is several dialects or varieties of English. It is spoken mainly in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora.
The dialect evolved during and after the British colonial rule of India. English is the co-official language of India, with about 90 million speakers, but with fewer than quarter of a million calling it a first language.
In 19th century India, Britain first faced the need to teach English to a body of people who were important to Britain.
There were a number of schools which taught and used English in India. They were mostly run by missionaries. Many taught European and Eurasian children and orphans. The products of these schools provided the first generation of teachers.

= = = Ivan Pavlov = = =
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (14 September 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research about the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing classical conditioning.
Early life and education.
The son of a priest, and a theology student, Pavlov turned to science after being influenced by progressive ideas. He took natural sciences at the University of St Petersburg, and got a doctorate in 1878.
Works.
In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing "The work of the digestive glands" in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
Legacy.
The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex" he developed with his assistant Ivan Tolochinov in 1901.
As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson, the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology called behaviourism.
The British philosopher Bertrand Russell was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for philosophy of mind.
Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than using critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, "Brave New World", and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's "Gravity's Rainbow".
It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signalled the food by ringing a bell. However, his writings also record the use of many stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli. Catania did not believe Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments. Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Bekhterev and John B. Watson, until Thomas found several references that clearly said Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell.
It is less widely known that Pavlov's experiments on the conditional reflex included children, some of whom apparently underwent surgical procedures, similar to the dogs, for the collection of saliva.

= = = Hamilton College = = =
Hamilton College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in Clinton, New York. In 2007, U.S. News & World Report ranked Hamilton the 17th best liberal arts college in the United States.
The college is known for its emphasis on writing and speaking. The school was founded in 1793, chartered as Hamilton College in 1812, and has been coeducational since 1978, when it merged with Kirkland College.
The Sacerdote Great Names Series at Hamilton.
Starting in 1996 "the Sacerdote Great Names Series" has brought some of the most sought after speakers to campus for presentations. While most of these have been in the form of speeches, they have also included concerts by B. B. King and Aretha Franklin.
To date the speakers that have been part of this series are:

= = = Jon Stewart = = =
Jon Stewart (born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz; November 28, 1962), is an American comedian, actor, writer, and producer. He is best known as the host of Comedy Central's "The Daily Show" and for his political satire. Stewart started as a stand-up comedian, but later branched out to television, hosting "Short Attention Span Theater" for Comedy Central. He went on to host his own show on MTV, called "The Jon Stewart Show" and then hosted another show on MTV called You Wrote It, You Watch It.” Stewart is Jewish.
In 2014, Stewart directed his first movie, a drama about Iran called “Rosewater.”

= = = Quagga = = =
The Quagga ("Equus quagga quagga"), also Cape Quagga, is a recently extinct zebra.
It was one of the six subspecies of plains zebra. It was a yellowish-brown zebra with stripes only on its head, neck and forebody, and looks similar to an Okapi. The Quagga was native to dry grassy plains in the south of the African continent. It was found as far north as the Orange River. It is believed to have separated from other plains zebras between 120,000 and 290,000 years ago. The name "Quagga" comes from the noise that they made. (kwa-ka-ka) (qua-ga-ga).
The Quagga was hunted for food, for their skin and also because farmers did not want it to eat the grass they needed for their sheep and goats. The last wild Quaggas died during a drought in 1878. The last captive Quagga died in the Amsterdam Zoo on 12 August 1883. Her body is now in a museum. There are 23 Quagga specimens in museums, seven skeletons, and some skulls and other bones.
A foundation in Africa is trying to bring Quaggas back to life by taking zebras that have very light stripes and breeding them. They began in 1987 and the first Quagga foal was born in 2005.

= = = Przewalski's horse = = =
Przewalski's horse ("Equus przewalskii" or "E. ferus przewalskii"), the Mongolian wild horse, is a close relative of the domestic horse. The two are the only equids that can cross-breed and produce fertile offspring. Przewalski's horse is a rare and endangered subspecies of the wild horse, "Equus ferus". It is native to the steppes of central Asia, especially Mongolia.
At one time extinct in the wild, it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia from stock in zoos. It is now in several nature reserves and national parks. As of 2002, the world population of these horses was about 1,000.
Relationships between horses.
Most "wild" horses today, such as the American mustang or the Australian brumby, are feral horses descended from domesticated animals which escaped and adapted to life in the wild. In contrast, Przewalski's horse has never been successfully domesticated, and remains a truly wild animal today.
Przewalski's horse is one of three known subspecies of "Equus ferus", the others being the domesticated horse, "Equus ferus caballus" and the extinct tarpan, "Equus ferus ferus". Przewalski's horse is the only remaining truly wild "horse" in the world. There are still a number of other wild equines, including three species of zebra and various subspecies of the African wild ass, onager (including the Mongolian wild ass) and kiang.
Relation to domestic horse.
Although Przewalski's horse can hybridize with domestic horses to produce fertile offspring, it has an extra pair of chromosomes.
In zoos.
According to ISIS, about 480 Przewalski's were reported in captivity.

= = = Nation state = = =
The nation state is a form of state that rules mainly one nation. The state is a political entity (the government, etc.); the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term "nation state" means that both are on the same territory, which distinguishes the nation state from the other types of states that have existed.
Examples.
Clear examples of nation states include:
Before nation-states.
In Europe, in the 18th century, the classic non-national states were empires of many ethnicities, (Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire and the British Empire).

= = = Joseph McCarthy = = =
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician. He was a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War.
He made Americans aware that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the federal government and elsewhere. The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits.
During World War II he was a captain in the United States Marine Corps.
McCarthy died of hepatitis at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.
Other websites.

= = = Poet laureate = = =
A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by the government of a country. He or she is responsible for writing poems for special occasions in that country, for example a coronation or military victory.
The first official Poet Laureate was Ben Jonson in 1619. There are also Poets Laureate in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand.
The Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom is Carol Ann Duffy. She was appointed Poet Laureate on 1 May 2009 to take the place of Andrew Motion. She is the first British woman Poet Laureate.

= = = List of emperors of Japan = = =
The list of emperors of Japan presents the traditional order of succession. Records of the reigns of the emperors of Japan were compiled according to the traditional Japanese calendar, and these traditional dates have been converted into the Western calendar format.

= = = Katy Perry = = =
Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter and television judge. She has released six studio albums and two EPs. 
In 2001, she released a Christian album named after herself, "Katy Hudson". In November 2007, Perry released the music video for her first single, "Ur So Gay". She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range. She has earned nine number-one singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100, five of which are from one album (she became the first female artist to achieve this record). Perry has also been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards.
Biography.
1984–2000: Early life.
Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson was born on October 25, 1984 at Goleta Valley Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara, California, to Maurice Hudson and Mary Hudson ("née" Perry), both pastors. She has an older sister, Angela, and a younger brother, David, who is also a musician. Perry has said that her upbringing was "sheltered" and that an example of this was that her family did not eat Lucky Charms cereal because her parents thought that luck was something that came from the devil. She also called deviled eggs "angeled eggs" growing up.
2001: "Katy Hudson".
Then known as Katy Hudson, she released a Christian album named after herself. It had the single "Search Me". She was discovered by Glen Ballard, who is known for his work with musician Alanis Morissette. This album did not perform well, and she was dropped from her record label, Red Hill, when the label was shut down. She struggled for six years before eventually signing with her current label, Capitol Records.
2007–2009: "One of the Boys".
After changing her last name to Perry (her mother's maiden name) so that she allegedly would not be confused with actress Kate Hudson, Katy released an EP album called "Ur So Gay". This song has been criticized and labeled homophobic. On June 17, 2008, Perry released her first pop album called "One of the Boys" with singles including "I Kissed a Girl" (her first number-one hit), "Hot N Cold", and "One of the Boys".
She co-wrote the single "I Do Not Hook Up" for singer Kelly Clarkson (the first winner of "American Idol"), along with the song "Rock God" for singer-actress Selena Gomez.
2009–2012: "Teenage Dream".
Katy perry record the album at the end of September of 2009 Perry's third album, "Teenage Dream", was released in August 2010 and included the singles "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", and "Firework". She is the only female artist to get 5 number-one singles from one album on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Along with the album's first three singles reaching the top, "E.T." featuring Kanye West and "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" also hit number one. The only other artist to get 5 number-one songs from one album is Michael Jackson, with "Bad". She was inspired by her then-engagement to British comedian and actor Russell Brand.
At the Grammy Awards in 2012, Perry performed a new song, "Part of Me", that was released as the lead single from the re-release of "Teenage Dream", called "Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection". The song entered at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming her seventh US number-one hit. The next single, "Wide Awake", reached number two in the US and topped the Canadian Hot 100.
In July 2012, Perry released the concert film/biopic "Part of Me in 3D". The movie shows her early life through the "Teenage Dream" era and her rise to fame.
On November 30, 2012, Perry went to the 2012 Billboard Women in Music event. She was given the Woman of the Year Award there.
2012–2016: "Prism" and other projects.
In 2012 Katy perry began the recording of her album In August 2013, Killer Queen, Perry's third fragrance, was released.
Perry collaborated with fellow American pop star Britney Spears to write the song "Passenger" for Spears' eighth studio album, "Britney Jean".
Perry's fourth album, "Prism", was released on October 18, 2013. It reached number one in 83 countries. The first single from the album, "Roar", was number one in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, New Zealand, Scotland, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Perry performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards.
On November 10, 2013, she performed the album's second single, "Unconditionally", at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards.
On December 5, 2013, Perry's single "Roar" was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. She performed at The GRAMMY Nominations Concert Live!
On May 7, 2014, Perry began the Prismatic World Tour in support of her fourth studio album, "Prism".
The album's third single, "Dark Horse", featuring rapper Juicy J, became Perry's ninth number-one single in the United States. It was the second-best performing single of 2014 there.
In 2016, she released the single "Rise" in support of the Rio Olympics. Two music videos were released: one with an Olympic theme and one which depicts Perry with a red parachute. The song reached number one in Australia and the top twenty in the US and Canada.
2016–2019: "Witness" and "American Idol".
In 2015 - 2016 the signer was on hiatus for a little while in 1 1/2 years On February 10, 2017, Perry released the single "Chained to the Rhythm", which reached the top five in many countries worldwide, including the US, UK, and Canada. It features the grandson of Bob Marley, Skip Marley, and was co-written by Australian singer-songwriter Sia. Two months later, the single "Bon Appétit" was made available for download. The hip-hop group Migos is featured on this song. "Swish Swish" (featuring) rapper Nicki Minaj) and "Hey Hey Hey" were released as the album's third and fourth singles, respectively. "Swish Swish" became certified platinum in the US.
In May 2017, Perry announced that her fifth studio album would be released on June 9 and is called "Witness". She also announced "Witness: The Tour", a concert tour that began in North America in September 2017.
During the weekend of the release of "Witness", Perry partnered with YouTube and held a 96-hour livestream event called "Witness World Wide". In the stream, Perry was recorded over four days throughout her daily life in a house she rented in Los Angeles. She held segments which featured celebrities, like British talk show host James Corden, "Huffington Post" founder Arianna Huffington, and YouTuber Gigi Gorgeous. Perry could also be seen crying in a therapy session. She claimed she got rid of her long, dark hair in favor of a new, short and blonde hairdo at a time where she questioned whether she still wanted her fame and did not "want to be Katy Perry anymore." The livestream gained over 49 million views on YouTube. In 2018, Perry became a judge in American Idol, a job she had previously refused.
In February 2019, Perry released her first single of the year, titled "365", with DJ Zedd. 365 was followed up with the singles "Never Really Over" on May 31, "Small Talk" on August 9, and "Harleys in Hawaii" on October 16. She also appeared in Taylor Swift's music video for "You Need to Calm Down".
2020–present: "Smile".
In March 2020, Perry released the single “Never Worn White”. The single "Daisies" was released on May 15 as the lead single from her upcoming sixth studio album, "Smile". "Never Really Over" and "Harleys in Hawaii" are also included on the album. Perry revealed that the album would be released on August 14 but was pushed back two weeks to August 28 because of production delays.
Artistry.
Perry is a mezzo-soprano with a three octave vocal range. Her voice has been misclassified and starting debates since her debut album. Perry's chest-dominant mix leads people to believe that she has a ‘weightier’ voice than she actually does. Her tessitura is not sky high, but her complete discomfort down low and ease (at least for her technique) in the upper 5th octave means she must be a soprano.
Personal life.
Perry married British comedian and actor Russell Brand on October 23, 2010. However, the two divorced in December 2011. She previously dated Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy. She began dating actor Orlando Bloom in 2016. In 2019 the pair announced their engagement.
Her daughter, Daisy Dove Bloom was born on August 27, 2020. This is Perry's first child and Bloom's second.

= = = One of the Boys = = =
One of the Boys is the first album by pop singer Katy Perry. Four singles were released from it. The album's first single "I Kissed a Girl" was no.1. 

= = = I Kissed a Girl = = =
"I Kissed a Girl" is the first single by pop singer Katy Perry from her album "One of the Boys" (2008), produced by Dr. Luke. On June 26, 2008, the song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming the 1000th chart-topper of the Rock Era. The song has since become a major worldwide hit, and along with the United States it has topped the charts in more than 20 countries, including Canada, Sweden, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Germany, and Ireland.
Inspiration.
Perry said the song is "about the magical beauty of a woman." Perry told "Steppin' Out" magazine: "'I Kissed a Girl' was inspired when I opened up a magazine and I saw a picture of Scarlett Johansson ... I was with my boyfriend at the time, and I said to him, 'I'm not going to lie: If Scarlett Johansson walked into the room and wanted to make out with me, I would make out with her. I hope you’re okay with that?'"
Music video.
A music video for the song was released on May 16, 2008, on Perry's personal website and on MySpace. The video was directed by Kinga Burza and features a Moulin Rouge and burlesque-type setting with scenes containing Katy, along with many other flamboyantly-dressed women, including Ke$ha, dancing to the song. Eventually she wakes up next to a male companion. Despite the song's title, there is not any depiction of same-sex kissing. Katy features her real life friend and DJ, Mia Moretti and her main gay, Markus Molinari's dog Bella in the video. Even her cat, Kitty Purry, makes an appearance. 
The video made its television debut on June 12 on TRL with the visit and interview by Perry in set show. And on June 24, 2008 it became #1 on TRL. The video obtained high airplay on this music video channel, as well as on VH1. It debuted at #20 on VH1's VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown on June 28, 2008. On June 30, 2008 the video was premiered on MTV Latin America. On July 6, 2008, it rose to #4 on VH1's VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown. The video received five nominations for the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Female Video and Best New Artist. The video has had over 24 million views on YouTube. Due to the video and the songs popularity around the world, there are several videos on YouTube which imitate and mock the song such as "I Kissed a Pig" and "I Kissed a Dog", both of which use the same tune and similar lyrics, while the videos use similar scenes to the original.
Critical reception.
"I Kissed a Girl" has drawn mixed reviews from critics. "Blogcritics Magazine" called it "an instantly catchy number," and About.com said, "fueled by an instrumental wallop provided courtesy of producer Dr. Luke, 'I Kissed a Girl' is the perfect breakthrough."
However, Rolling Stone, while giving her album 2/5 stars, despite describing the song as a "New Wave-y club single," says the supposedly rebellious "attention-grabbing" lyrics are "a vanilla recounting of her chick-on-chick exploits" and that this "acting out" is "just to get a dude's attention." AllMusic praises "the stomping Gary Glitter beat" before criticizing the producers for turning it "into a leaden stumble and burying Perry's voice underneath Pro Tools overdubs so it all winds up as a faceless wash of sound designed to be placed in TV shows, movie trailers, and malls."
Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" wrote, Perry's "lead single 'I Kissed a Girl' features a throbbing beat and an infectious, bi-curious hook, but its self-satisfied, in-your-face posturing rings phony in comparison to the expertly constructed ambiguities of 'Justify My Love' or practically anything in the first decade of Ani DiFranco's catalogue; it's like a tween version of DiFranco's tortured bisexual confession 'Light of Some Kind.'" "Hiponline.com" wrote that the song is "not nearly as interesting or exciting as you’d expect. It’s not even half as good as Jill Sobule’s song 'I Kissed a Girl'.” "Glitterati Gossip" agrees Sobule's song "was ten times better, because there was actual emotional content to her lyrics."
Popular reception.
The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the UK on July 21, 2008 on The Scott Mills Show. It was praised by many fans on their text lines and was made his record of the week. On July 23, 2008, "I Kissed a Girl" was added to the station's C-List, "The Playlist," being, "where most songs on daytime Radio 1 are selected from". The song has since made it to the station's more popular A-list. 
Previous to its debut on Radio 1, it had been (and continues to be) on the playlist of some of the UK radio stations which are part of The One Network for a number of weeks. In addition it had received at least one play a week on BBC Radio 2 on its Saturday evening America’s Greatest Hits show hosted by Paul Gambaccini due to the song’s number status in the Billboard chart.
Controversy.
The song gained a significant amount of controversy after its rise in popularity due to its perceived promotion of bisexuality and promiscuity. While community members and parents may be concerned over "the coarseness of the sexual behavior," including its public nature and intoxicated state, they may or, such as Unitarian minister Debra W. Haffner, may not be concerned over "the sex or gender of the person she's talking about."
While Haffner, who holds a degree in public health, believes Perry "obviously is using the whole issue of sexual orientation in a positive way, raising awareness, or she's doing it because it gets attention," AllMusic concludes that, "the problem is not with Katy's gender-bending, it's that her heart isn't in it; she's just using it to get her places, so she sinks to crass, craven depths." "Slant Magazine" agrees, saying, the song, "isn't problematic because it promotes homosexuality, but because its appropriation of the gay lifestyle exists for the sole purpose of garnering attention—both from Perry's boyfriend and her audience."
Adam Holz of "PluggedinOnline", a division of Focus on the Family, wrote an article entitled "A Tale of Two Katys" about the singer's image transformation from a Contemporary Christian Music artiste to one of the "girls gone wild". He criticizes the song for being the latest, "high-profile message to young women and men that our sexuality is a malleable commodity that can be reshaped at will." Holz also argues that Perry's message carries with it, "no need to worry about who might get used or objectified in the process," causing Katy to live, "down to a damaging, demeaning stereotype."
In some areas of the world the song's bi-curious lyrics have kept it from reaching the Top 40 or to even be released at all. Though the "Toronto Star", of Canada, describes it as "a lesbian-friendly tune," whether anti-gay bias fuels negative reactions to the song or the song itself appears to divide critics. While "Slant" and other critics suggest that Perry may be homophobic, especially given her single "Ur So Gay", which makes "I Kissed a Girl" seem like "a classic example of the 'Guys kissing is gross, girls kissing is hot' line of thought" "The Star Ledger" quotes a listener who proposes that negative reactions to the song are due to homophobia, saying that it would not draw disapproval if sung by a male artist, and who compares the level of explicitness in the lyrics with other songs on the radio such as rap lyrics. "MomLogic.com" writer Vuv-A-Licious agrees, asking, "'What's the big deal?'...When this tune is playing and my son and daughter are dancing, I will be trying to dance along, or trying to acknowledge that they may one day dance to the beat of a different drummer than me."
During her Washington concert at Warped Tour, Perry actually did kiss a girl from the audience.
In an August 2008 interview with the "Daily Mail", Perry's mother, Mary Hudson, who is an evangelical Christian preacher, was reported as saying that she disliked the song, stating: "It clearly promotes homosexuality and its message is shameful and disgusting..." However, Perry took to her official blog stating that her mother's supposed comments were completely fabricated, while also saying her parents love and support her and attend many of her shows.
Regarding the question of her own sexuality that the song has raised, Perry told Santa Barbara magazine (which featured her on the cover), "I like to kiss boys, but there is no doubt in my mind if Angelina Jolie or Gisele Bündchen came a callin', who wouldn't pucker up?"
Chart performance.
"I Kissed a Girl" debuted at number 76 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. After a couple of weeks, the single hit the top 5, due to the rising digital downloads and increasing radio airplay. It continued to rise the next week, reaching #2 just behind her labelmate, Coldplay. The following week, the song reached the summit of the US chart, becoming the 1000th #1 song of the rock era (the 961st #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100). In addition the song also gave the Capitol label two consecutive Hot 100 #1's, as the week's prior #1 was fellow Capitol artist Coldplay's "Viva la Vida", making it the first time since 1976 Capitol has had two back to back chart toppers on the Hot 100. The single also crossed over to Billboard's sister publication R&R's Rhythmic chart in its July 5 issue, where not only did she have the highest debut ever for a non-rhythmic track, entering at number 26 with 1,065 spins, she also had the highest debut from a new artist in over five years. The bow is the best for a debut track at Rhythmic since Beyoncé entered at No. 21 with "Crazy in Love" in 2003. It also became the first song since Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" to simultaneously appear on the Mainstream Top 40, Rhythmic, Adult Top 40 and Alternative charts. On July 26, 2008, the track also made history by reaching the number one spot on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart by three weeks, a first for a solo act with a debut single. The song topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks in a row before finally being dethroned by Rihanna's "Disturbia". It is the second longest running number one on the Hot 100 of 2008 so far, with only Flo Rida's "Low" topping the chart for longer. The single has sold more than 2,500,000 downloads in the United States to date.
In Canada, the single debuted at #55 at Canadian Hot 100. On June 12th the song soared to #1, jumping 26 spots from #27 position. Also on the Canadian iTunes Top 100, the song remained at #1 for over 6 weeks, until rapidly being pushed to #4 on August 7, 2008, behind Lady GaGa's "Just Dance", the Jonas Brothers' "A Little Bit Longer" and Rihanna's "Disturbia". 
In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 38, the single's first appearance in other countries chart outside North America, moving to number three the following week. The song was certified Gold after seven weeks with sales of over 7,500. On August 11, eight weeks after debuting on the chart, "I Kissed A Girl" finally made it to number one.
In Australia, the song debuted at #11 on the 30th of June on downloads alone, then the next week jumped to second position behind Jordin Sparks, still on downloads alone. The next week it jumped to number one still solely off downloads, becoming only the second single to do so. Ironically, by the time the song went number 1, this was the time when World Youth Day 2008 had started and the event held anti-gay views. On 21st July, 2008, after the singles physical release, the track retained its number one position and was certified Gold. The single has held the number one position since and has gone on to be certified Platinum.
In the United Kingdom, a cover version released by the artist Nicki Bliss was climbing up the UK iTunes Chart. It debuted on the UK Singles Chart (published 3 August 2008) at position number 50.
A second cover version, by Barnicle, entered the UK Singles Chart (published 3 August 2008) at position #116.
Because of the success of the cover versions, the official release of Katy Perry's version was brought forward from September 1 to July 30, 2008. On August 3, 2008, the song, which had entered the UK Singles Chart at number 139 the week before, climbed 135 places to reach position number 4. The song has become one of the most requested on Radio 1's request hour. The following week it climbed 3 places to reach number 1. The following week it stayed at the top spot for a second consecutive week and then went on to spend 5 consecutive weeks at #1.
Even parodies of "I Kissed a Girl" are seeing chart success. Robert Lund's spoof "I Peed in the Pool" reached #1 on Dr. Demento's August 2008 comedy music countdown. Including the MADtv parody, "I'll Kiss a Girl" featuring Nicole Parker as Ellen DeGeneres and fellow cast member Arden Myrin as Portia de Rossi, by Ellen saying that she's been kissing girls since the 9th grade.

= = = Hot N Cold = = =
"Hot N Cold" is a single by pop singer Katy Perry. The song is from the album "One of the Boys". The single was released on September 30, 2008.
The song reached number one in Canada, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Belgium (Wallonia). It climbed to the top three in the US and the top five in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand.

= = = If I Were a Boy = = =
"If I Were a Boy" is a song by American singer Beyoncé, written by Toby Gad, BC Jean and Beyoncé Knowles for her third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008).
Music video.
The music video for "If I Were a Boy" was directed by Jake Nava and portrays Knowles as an NYPD officer. It begins with Knowles and her husband reciting words such as "honesty" and "commitment". It later shows Knowles on patrol with her male partner. The video tells of the ways a both men and women hurt each other in a relationship. Knowles stated: "It's about all of the little things that mean so much in a relationship[...] At the end of the clip, you realize that I was acting out his life, and it all starts over again. He was a cop and everything that happened was really him doing the same thing to me."

= = = Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) = = =
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" - is a song by American singer Beyoncé. It was written by The-Dream, Tricky Stewart and Knowles for her third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008).
Music video.
The music video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" was shot on September 14, 2008 and directed by Jake Nava and released to major outlets on October 13, 2008. In the video, Knowles is performing as Sasha Fierce. The video features much choreography, showing Sasha with two other female dancers in all black leotards.
The video is based upon a 1960s routine performed by Gwen Verdon.
It was uploaded to YouTube on October 3, 2009.

= = = Secure Shell = = =
Secure Shell (SSH) is an Internet communication protocol used mostly to allow users to log into other computers and run commands. It lets people exchange data using a secure channel between two computers. It is used mainly on Linux, Macintosh and Unix computers. It is a lot like Telnet, but is safer. It is less likely to be hacked than Telnet is. 
A person can make a key out of numbers. This key has two parts, a private part that should not be shared and a public part that should be. These parts are mathematically related to each. To send a message to a computer, the message is encrypted with the sender's private key and the receiver's public key. This is done in such a way that the message can only be read if the receiver has their private key and the sender's public key. This means that an attacker cannot read the messages without both keys. 
SSH was designed by Tatu Ylönen in 1995 to replace the less secure protocols rlogin, Telnet and rsh, which were used to access shell accounts on remote computers. 

= = = Application programming interface = = =
An application programming interface (API) is a set of functions, procedures, methods or classes used by computer programs to request services from the operating system, software libraries or any other service providers running on the computer. A computer programmer uses the API to make
application programs.
An API works by communicating with and exchanging data with other systems, acting as a messenger between the user and the system to retrieve the necessary data the user is requesting from the system. 
Main types of web APIs:
Types of API include web services API like the Twitter API, which allows programs to use the API to receive updates on tweets.

= = = Peregrine falcon = = =
The peregrine falcon ("Falco peregrinus") is a cosmopolitan bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It can also be known just as the peregrine, and was once called the "Duck hawk" in North America. In Pakistan, it is officially the military iconic symbol of the PAF and the unofficial territory bird of Gilgit-Baltistan.
The peregrine is a crow-sized falcon, with a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head and "mustache". It can go up to 322 km/h (200 mph) in a dive, which means it is the fastest animal in the world. As with other bird-eating raptors, the female is bigger than the male. There are 17–19 subspecies recorded, and each varies slightly in appearance and where they live. There is disagreement over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is a subspecies of the Peregrine or just a different species. The peregrine falcon is the fastest animal on land, it's record-breaking dive which earns it its title, coming in at close to 390 km per hour. It is closely related to the gyrfalcon, which has a top speed of 209 km per hour. Although the falcon is the fastest flying animal, the fastest movement of a bird belongs to the hummingbird, its wing rotating 80 times a second.
The use of certain pesticides, especially DDT was not good for the animals. It could be shown that in areas where DDT was used, the thickness of the shells of their eggs was reduced. This caused a dramatic decline in their numbers, in certain countries. Since the use of DDT has been forbidden in many countries, their numbers are increasing again. This recovery was helped because their nesting places were protected in many countries; some countries also bred these falcons in captivity and released them into the wild. 
The male and female falcons can sit on their eggs to keep them warm in conditions to hatch their newborns.
The chicks of the peregrine falcon are known as “eyasses”
Other websites.
Conservation organizations:

= = = Mozilla Public License = = =
The Mozilla Public License (MPL) is a free and open source software license developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation. It is a weak copyleft, characterized as a middle ground between permissive free software licenses and the GNU General Public License (GPL), that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers. As such, it allows re-licensing. MPL software can thus be converted into a copyleft license such as the GPL, or to a proprietary license (example:KaiOS).
It has undergone two revisions, a minor update to version 1.1, and a major update to version 2.0 with the goals of greater simplicity and better compatibility with other licenses.
The MPL is the license for Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, and most other Mozilla software, but it has been used by others, such as Adobe to license their Flex product line, and The Document Foundation to license LibreOffice 4.0 (also on LGPL 3+). Version 1.1 was adapted by several projects to form derivative licenses like Sun Microsystems' own Common Development and Distribution License.
The MPL license was approved as an Open Source software license by the Open Source Initiative also as a Free Software license by the Free Software Foundation.
Version 1.0 was created by Mitchell Baker when she was working as a lawyer at Netscape Communications Corporation and version 1.1 when she was working at the Mozilla Foundation.

= = = Ubisoft = = =
Ubisoft formerly as Ubi Soft is a company that makes video games. They are based in France. They are famous for making many popular games including the Rayman franchise and the Tom Clancy games such as "Rainbow Six" and "Splinter Cell".

= = = Permissive software license = = =
A permissive free software licence is a free software licence for a copyrighted work that offers freedoms such as publishing a work to the public domain. In contrast, copyleft licences like the GNU General Public License require copies and derivatives of the source code to be made available on terms not more restrictive than those of the original licence.
A license tells what someone can do with something that was bought. It also tells what cannot be done with it without getting into legal trouble.
Examples of permissive licences include the MIT License and the BSD licence.

= = = Hero/Heroine = = =
"Hero / Heroine" is the 2nd single by rock and roll-Alternative pop band Boys Like Girls. It is off the album "Boys Like Girls". 
Music video.
The music video for "Hero/Heroine" was released in September 2007.

= = = Thunder (Boys Like Girls song) = = =
Thunder is a single released by American rock band Boys Like Girls. "Thunder" was released May 6th, 2008 on radio airplay. The single was originally released months before May 6, 2008 as an acoustic version. The song was released off the album "Boys Like Girls".
Music Video.
The music video shows a group of friends, in which there are couples, hang out. The music video starts with the band playing, and then moves on to the friends going to restaurant to eat, with intervals of the band playing. The friends then go a field, where they drink and laugh. The friends then start making a human pyramid, but fail. The couples start hanging out alone and kissing. From this on, the band is shown playing in the rain. The friends are then shown going to a swimming pool and start swimming, with a couple kissing underwater. They then run through a carpark and stand by the railings to see the sunrise. The couples are then kissing again, and the music video ends with the band leaving their instruments.
FN'MTV.
The video for "Thunder" was released on the MTV summer special "Friday Night MTV" (or "FNMTV").

= = = 1.22.03.Acoustic = = =
1.22.03.Acoustic is an acoustic compilation album released by pop-rock band "Maroon 5". The songs on the album are from the hit pop first album by Maroon 5 called "Songs About Jane". There is a song on the compilation album called "If I Fell" which Adam Levine does a cover on by The Beatles. Another song featured in the album is called "Highway to Hell" by AC/DC, in this song Adam Levine is playing drums while Ryan Dusick (drums) sings the song. Although the album is mostly known as an acoustic album, the AC/DC cover is performed as an electric performance.

= = = Live from SoHo (Maroon 5 album) = = =
Live from SoHo is a live album by rock band Maroon 5. The songs performed by the band are the first 6 tracks in order from track 1-6 on the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The album was released March 25, 2008. 
Performance.
The band Maroon 5 performed "Live from SoHo" in Apple Store SoHo in New York. 

= = = Alexander Berkman = = =
Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870 – June 28, 1936) was a Russian-American writer and a leading member of the anarchist movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the lover of Emma Goldman. In 1892, he tried to kill Henry Clay Frick because of his involvement with the Homestead Strike. During World War I, he was deported along with Goldman and other foreign-born American anarchists as a result of the Anarchist Exclusion Act. Continuing to write and speak to the poors, Berkman died in France in 1936.

= = = Murray Bookchin = = =
Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social philosopher, speaker and writer. For much of his life he called himself an anarchist, although as early as 1995 he privately renounced his identification with the anarchist movement. A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within libertarian socialist and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books on politics, philosophy, history, and urban affairs as well as ecology.
Bookchin was a radical anti-capitalist and always favored the decentralisation of society. His writings on libertarian municipalism, a theory of face-to-face, grassroots democracy, had an influence on the Green Movement and anti-capitalist direct action groups such as Reclaim the Streets. His criticisms of "new age" Greens such as Charlene Spretnak contributed to the divisions in the American Green movement in the 1990s.
Although an anti-capitalist, Murray Bookchin often met with libertarian thinker Murray Rothbard and occasionally attended Libertarian Party (United States) conventions, endorsing their presidential candidate Roger MacBride in 1976.
Bookchin has influenced the thinking of captured Kurdish militant Abdullah Öcalan, who has renounced violence and now wants a peaceful solution to the question of Kurdish autonomy.
Libertarian municipalism.
Bookchin was the first to use the term "Libertarian municipalism", to describe a system in which libertarian institutions of directly democratic assemblies would oppose and replace the State with a confederation of free municipalities. Libertarian municipalism intends to create a situation in which the two powers—the municipal confederations and the nation-state—cannot coexist.

= = = Carlo Cafiero = = =
Carlo Cafiero (September 1, 1846 - July 17, 1892) was an Italian anarchist and friend of Mikhail Bakunin during the second half of the 19th century.
Biography.
Early years.
Carlo Cafiero was born in Barletta, in the Apulia region of Italy on September 1st, 1846 from a rich and noble family of Southern Italy. His father was Carbonari in 1821, one of his brothers and a brother-in-law were deputies, while Carlo Cafiero was always called the 'black sheep' of the family. In 1864 he went to Naples, where he got a degree in law. He then went to Florence and at the beginning of 1870 he was in Paris. The Paris he went to London, where he matured, renouncing his diplomatic career, his wealth and family, to join the revolution and socialism. In London Cafiero made contacts with Marx and Engels. He joined the International Workingmen's Association and was charged to go back to Italy and conquer it to Marx’s ideology, where instead there was the strong influence of the Anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin and the Republicanism of Giuseppe Mazzini. He restored the ancient section of 'L'Internazionale' in Naples, with the help of the young Errico Malatesta. There, during an assembly, he was imprisoned for the first time.
Cafiero became an anarchist.
After over a year spent in Italy as a representative of Marx and Engels Cafiero felt the influence of anarchism. And thanks to the friendship with Giuseppe Fanelli, he passed on to the other side of the barricade, with Bakunin and his Italian followers. In early 1872 came the first issue of the newspaper "La Campana" and Cafiero wrote for, and gave money towards the publication. In the same year he met Bakunin in Locarno (Switzerland). In the summer of 1873, with the help of Cafiero, an old project was realised: to create an international center for the revolution in Italy and the world. Cafiero, selling all his inherited lands, bought a farm in Switzerland where Bakunin could live. This center was called "La Baronata", would also be a safe shelter for revolutionaries persecuted by their respective governments. In 1875 Cafiero went to Milan and joined the editorial staff of the first socialist daily paper, "La Plebe", directed by Enrico Bignami. In April 1877, Cafiero, Malatesta, Ceccarelli, the Russian Stepniak and 30 other comrades began an insurrection in the province of Benevento. They took the village of Letino without violence and with great enthusiasm. Arms and food were expropriated and distributed amongst the people, tax money was returned and official documents destroyed. Cafiero, in dialect, explained about anarchism, freedom, justice and the new society without the State, without masters, servants, soldiers and owners. His proclamations convinced even the parish priest who called the rebel group 'the true apostles sent by the Lord'. The following day the village of Gallo was taken in a similar fashion. As they were leaving Gallo the Internationalists were surprised and surrounded by government troops and all were arrested. Held in prison for over a year before being brought to trial all the accused were eventually acquitted in August 1878. In 1878, Cafiero was living in Marseilles working as cook and docker. In October he was arrested with Malatesta, then released and expelled from France. He rested in Switzerland, meeting with Kropotkin, and with the collaboration of Élisée Reclus promoted the publications of Bakunin. In 1881 Cafiero went to London, where he remained for a long time. In March 1882 he returned to Italy, expressing the will to take part in the imminent electoral campaign.
The exile and the rest of life.
On April 5th he was arrested without any charge but on May 2nd, while imprisoned, he was the victim of a strong mental crisis and attempted to kill himself. The scandal of a man imprisoned without reason and crazy exploded and Cafiero was released with only the choice between forced residence in Barletta, his birth town, or exile to Switzerland. Cafiero chose the exile in the small town of Chiasso. Emilio Bellerio took Cafiero to his house in Locarno and Errico Malatesta wrote about him "if his mind is ill, his heart is still healthy...". In February 1883 Cafiero left for Florence, but was found in a street very shocked, so some doctors transferred him to a lunatic asylum in the city. After the lunatic asylum for the rest of his life had problems, Olimpia Kutusoff, mate of Cafiero, returned from Russia in September 1883 to assist him in the asylum of Imola. Olimpia left him after one and a half years because Cafiero in his crises was violent with her. Carlo expressed the will to return in Barletta where he arrived in the second half of ’89. However his brothers turned him away and after living some time in a hotel he was taken in by his brother Pietrantonio. In 1891, following another crisis, Carlo Cafiero was confined in the asylum of Nocera Inferiore where he died on Sunday July 17, 1892.

= = = Benito Juárez = = =
Benito Pablo Juárez García (March 21, 1806 - July 8, 1872) was a Zapotec who served five terms (1858–1861 as interim), (1861–1865), (1865–1867), (1867–1871), and (1871–1872), as President of Mexico. During his presidency he outlawed slavery, especially the mistreatment of the Mexican Native Americans.
His philosophy has influenced many Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the United States, who have fought for the human and civil rights of Latinos for almost two centuries.
In 1843 Benito married Margarita Maza.
Early life.
Benito Juarez was born in March 21,1806, San Pablo Guelatao Oaxaca Which is now La Sierra Juarez. He was an orphan as a toddler. He was full native of Zapotec descent.  He went to Oaxaca at age 12 and worked in fields at a young age. That is when Benito Juarez learned Spanish because he only spoke Zapotec. When he was 12 he left his uncle. He continued his education entering an institute of science and art. Then he graduated in 1834 with  a law degree. Also he became a judge in 1841.
He spent time in Cuba. In New Orleans he plotted against Antonio López de Santa Anna who had overthrown him. Juan  Alvarez launched a coup.  Juarez to hurried to protect Mexico but Alvarez forces captured the capital. Alvarez made himself  president and Juarez a minister of Justice .
Rise to leadership.
Benito Juarez's political career started on January 1, 1832, when he was appointed alderman in the city of Oaxaca. Then in 1833 Juarez was named local deputy of Oaxaca. After being named local deputy of Oaxaca in February 3, 1834 Juarez became member of the board of health in the state of Oaxaca. Then in April 6, 1838 Benito Juarez became Acting Secretary of the first Chamber of the Superior Court. Therefore, Benito Juarez did not stayed with his hands folded, on December 31, 1839 Juarez became Deputy Minister of the superior court of the department of Oaxaca. Then on July 22, 1841 Juarez was judge of the civil court in the city of Oaxaca. Then on October 3, 1843 Juarez became the Alternate Board of Elections in Oaxaca. In 1847 Juarez was elected federal deputy so he had to move to Mexico city. 
Benito Juarez returned to Oaxaca and was internal governor in 1847. He supported the Mexican–American War but refused to help President Antonio López de Santa Anna when the war was clearly lost. On January 3, 1853  he became professor substitute for Civil Law at the Institute of Sciences and Arts of Oaxaca. Also after being a professor substitute in the same year, 1853, he was imprisoned in the jail of San Juan de Ulua because of Santa Ana. At the end, Juarez became Minister of Justice and Public Instruction county in 1855, when Juan N. Alvarez took power as internal President of Mexico.
La Reforma.
When President Ignacio Commonfort resigned in 1858, Juarez became president. Mexico had a new constitution, with liberal reforms and less power for the Catholic Church. Juarez led the liberals in the resulting Reform War in 1858-1860. He fought against the church and rich landowners. People didn’t have to go to church to get married. Also cemeteries were owned by the government, meaning that people who were not Catholic could bury the person. 
When the French Emperor Napoleon III supported a new Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, President Juarez led the resistance, In 1871 he decided to run for re-election, which caused many of his supporters to turn against him.

= = = Madeleine Albright = = =
Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová; May 15, 1937 – March 23, 2022) was an American diplomat and politician of Czech-Jewish descent.
She was born in Czechoslovakia. Her father was Josef Korbel. She was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996. Ninety-nine United States Senators voted to confirm her. No senator voted against her. She was sworn in (taking office) on January 23, 1997. She was a professor at Georgetown University before her death.
Before she was Secretary of State, Albright was the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. She began at the UN on February 6, 1993.
Albright died on March 23, 2022 from cancer in Washington, D.C. at the age of 84.

= = = James Carville = = =
James Carville (born October 25, 1944) is an American political consultant, commentator, actor, attorney, media personality and pundit. Known as the "Ragin' Cajun", Carville gained national attention for his work as the lead strategist of the successful presidential campaign of then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton. Carville was the co-host of CNN's "Crossfire" until its final broadcast in June 2005. Since its cancellation, he has appeared on CNN's news program, The Situation Room. As of 2008, he hosts a weekly program on XM Radio titled "60/20 Sports" with Luke Russert, son of Tim Russert who hosted NBC's "Meet The Press". He is married to Republican political consultant Mary Matalin.
Career as author.
Carville is also a best-selling author. With his wife, Republican Mary Matalin, and writer Peter Knobler, Carville co-wrote "All's Fair: Love, War and Running for President", published in 1995. He later wrote: "We're Right, They're Wrong: A Handbook for Spirited Progressives", published in 1996; "...And The Horse He Rode In On: The People vs. Kenneth Starr", published in 1998; With Paul Begala he co-wrote "Stickin". "Suck Up, Buck Up... and Come Back When You Foul Up", in 2001, which detailed strategies for fighting and winning in business, politics, and life. In 2004, Carville released a political banter book entitled "Had Enough?", as well as a children's picture book, "Lu and the Swamp Ghost", with co-author Patricia C. McKissack and illustrator David Catrow. In January 2006, he released another book co-written with Begala, "Take It Back: Our Party, Our Country, Our Future".

= = = Colin Powell = = =
Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary), MSC, (April 5, 1937 – October 18, 2021) was an American General in the United States Army and politician. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first and, so far, the only African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Early life.
He was born Colin Luther Powell on April 5, 1937, in Harlem, New York City, New York. His father, Luther Powell, was a shipping clerk. His mother, Maud Powell, was a seamstress. Both had immigrated to the United States from Jamaica. He grew up in south Bronx. He joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) while he was a student at City College of New York. He commanded his unit's precision drill team and achieved the highest rank in ROTC, cadet colonel. When he graduated in 1958, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army.
Army career.
His first assignment was in West Germany. He was promoted to the rank of Captain on June 1, 1962. Powell then served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War. He was wounded twice while in Vietnam. Once by a Viet Cong booby trap. He received a Purple Heart. A year later he received a Bronze Star Medal. He was wounded a second time in a helicopter crash where he saved two other soldiers. For this action he was awarded the Soldier's Medal. Between his two tours in Vietnam, Powell was promoted to the rank of major in May 1966.
Powell then earned an MBA degree at George Washington University in Washington, DC. He received a White House fellowship and worked in the Office of Management and Budget during 1972–1973. As a lieutenant colonel Powell served as a battalion commander in the 2d Infantry Division. In 1975 Powell was promoted to full colonel and became a brigade commander in the 101st Airborne Division. He was promoted to the rank of general in 1989. He was appointed to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by President George H. W. Bush. He oversaw a number of crisis situations including Operation Desert Storm. In 1993 he retired from the military as a four-star general.
United States Secretary of State.
In 2001 he was nominated and confirmed as US Secretary of State. After the September 11 attacks he took a leading role in aligning allies for military action in Afghanistan. Powell dealt with a number of international crises including a near war between India and Pakistan (both of which had nuclear weapons) in 2001–2002. In February 2003 he appeared before the United Nations Security Council. He presented evidence that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This convinced many in the US that Iraq was a threat. In September 2004 he appeared before the United States Congress to testify that the intelligence used to show Iraq had WMDs was wrong. Then, on November 15, 2004, Powell announced his resignation.
Later life.
Powell supported Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2008 and 2012.
In 2016, while not a candidate for that year's election, he received three electoral votes from Washington for President of the United States. After Barack Obama, Powell was only the second Black person to receive electoral votes in a presidential election.
Powell was a critic of the Donald Trump administration, believing he was not qualified to be president. He supported former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for president in 2016. On June 7, 2020, Powell announced he would be voting for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. In August, Powell delivered a speech in support of Biden's candidacy at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.
In January 2021, after the Capitol building was attacked by Trump supporters, Powell said he left the Republican Party.
Death.
On October 18, 2021, Powell, who was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland for multiple myeloma-related treatment, died from problems caused by COVID-19 on October 18, 2021 at the age of 84. He was fully vaccinated; however his cancer made his immune system weak. He also had Parkinson's disease when he died.

= = = United States Secretary of State = = =
The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State. This department deals with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. This person is the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in line of succession and order of precedence. The President chooses the person they want to be Secretary of the State. The United States Senate must agree with this choice for the person to become the Secretary of State.
The position of Secretary of State was created on April 6, 1789. Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary. The Presidential order of succession lists the Secretary of State as the 4th person in line if something happens to the President.
Duties.
The first duties of the Secretary of State included:
The following are the responsibilities of the Secretary of State. These were added to the duties over time.
Living former secretaries of state.
As of , there are seven living former secretaries of state, the oldest being James Baker (served 1989–1992). The most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of Henry Kissinger (served 1973–1977) on November 29, 2023. The living former secretaries of state, in order of service, are:

= = = Jacques Ellul = = =
Jacques Ellul (January 6, 1912 – May 19, 1994) was a French philosopher, sociologist, theologian, and Christian anarchist. He wrote several books about the "technological society", and about Christianity and politics, such as "Anarchy and Christianity" (1991) – anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal. A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint. Ellul was professor at the University of Bordeaux. He authored some 40 books and hundreds of articles over his lifetime, the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology. Ellul spoke often about the emergence of a "technological tyranny" over humanity.
Ellul has been credited with saying the phrase, "Think globally, act locally."

= = = Johann Most = = =
Johann Joseph Most (5 February 1846 in Augsburg – 17 March 1906 in Cincinnati) was a German-American anarchist and orator. He is best known for accepting the strategy of "propaganda of the deed," which promoted direct action against a single person or institution (including the use of violence) to force revolutionary change and inspire further action by others. He travelled in Europe, and he lived in countries such as France and United Kingdom. In 1906, in Ohio, he fell sick because of a chronic case of erysipelas, a bacterial skin infection, in an era without any antibiotic treatments. Most died in a few days.

= = = Francesco Saverio Merlino = = =
Francesco Saverio Merlino (born 9 September 1856 in Naples; died 30 June 1930 in Rome) was an Italian lawyer, anarchist activist and theorist of libertarian socialism. 
Life.
Merlino started to participate in the anarchist movement in Italy during his university studies.
In 1884 he went into exile in England and also travelled to the USA. After he returned to Italy in 1894, he was arrested and had to spend two years in prison. 
In the following years, he developed his theory of libertarian socialism in arguments with his friend Errico Malatesta.

= = = Murray Rothbard = = =
Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist and writer. He helped make the Austrian School of economics popular in the United States.
Rothbard helped to create modern libertarianism, a political belief in less government and more personal freedom. He founded a form of free-market anarchism which he called "anarcho-capitalism". Rothbard believed society should organise itself, and he didn't like central planning.
Rothbard wrote over twenty books and was an important central figure in the American libertarian movement.
His ideas.
Rothbard advocated the abolition of government control of society and the economy. He considered the monopoly force of government the greatest danger to liberty and the long-term well-being of the people. He called the state a "gang of thieves writ large — the most immoral, grasping and unscrupulous individuals in any society".
Rothbard thought that all services provided by monopoly governments could be provided more efficiently by the private sector. According to him, many regulations and laws passed "for the public interest" were self-interested power grabs by scheming government bureaucrats to make themselves look important. These schemes were not subject to market disciplines.
Government services were not efficient, and would get eliminated, if the services could be provided by competition in the private sector.
Rothbard was equally condemning of big business working with government. Business elites, he thought, used government's monopoly power so as to influence laws and regulatory policy to help themselves at the expense of their competitive rivals.
He argued that taxation was theft on a grand scale, backed by law. It was "a compulsory monopoly of force" which prevented the more efficient voluntary procurement of defense and judicial services from competing suppliers. He also argued against central banking and fractional reserve banking. A monopoly system where the government decides how much money to print is, to him, a form of state-sponsored, legalized financial fraud. It is against libertarian principles and ethics. Rothbard opposed military, political, and economic interferences in the affairs of other nations.

= = = Carlo Tresca = = =
Carlo Tresca (1879 - January 11, 1943, New York City) was an Italian-born American anarchist, newspaper editor, and labor agitator. Tresca was famous for the fight and the opposition to the fascism, stalinism, and the mafia. Tresca was part of the defense committee for accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti, and frequently spoke in their defense at rallies and in articles. During the 1930s, Tresca became an outspoken opponent of Soviet Communists and Stalinism, particularly after the Soviet Union had engineered the destruction of the anarchist movement in Catalonia and Aragon during the Spanish Revolution. Before this, Tresca had supported the Bolsheviks, with the excuse of that a Communist state was preferable to a capitalist state. In early 1938 Tresca publicly accused the Soviets of kidnapping Juliet Poyntz to prevent her defection from the Communist Party USA. Tresca said that, before she had disappeared, Poyntz had talked to him about her disgust over Joseph Stalin's Great Terror. In 1941 Tresca, in a revealing moment, admitted to Max Eastman that Nicola Sacco was guilty of the crime with which he was charged, though Vanzetti was innocent. In New York, Tresca also began a public campaign of criticism of the Mafia in his weekly newspaper, "Il Martello". Tresca was killed probably by the mafia, with a gun shot. Others have thought that Tresca was eliminated by the NKVD because of the criticism of the Stalin regime of the Soviet Union. 

= = = Benjamin Tucker = = =
Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (April 17, 1854 – June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American individualist anarchism in the 19th century, and editor and publisher of the individualist anarchist periodical "Liberty". In 1906, he opened Tucker's Unique Book Shop in New York City. In 1908 the books were destroyed by a fire. Tucker closed the shop. Tucker died in Monaco in 1939

= = = John Zerzan = = =
John Zerzan (born in 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. His works speaks about agricultural civilization. Some of his criticism has extended as far as challenging domestication, language, symbolic thought (such as mathematics and art) and the concept of time. His five major books are "Elements of Refusal" (1988), "Future Primitive and Other Essays" (1994), "Running on Emptiness" (2002), "" (2005) and "Twilight of the Machines" (2008). Zerzan is currently one of the editors of "Green Anarchy", a journal of anarcho-primitivist and insurrectionary anarchist thought.

= = = 2014 FIFA World Cup = = =
The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup being held in Brazil. It was the second time that Brazil hosted the World Cup and the fourth time that a South American country hosted the FIFA tournament. Germany won the tournament after defeating Argentina 1–0. The defending champions, Spain, were eliminated from the World Cup after losing to the Netherlands and Chile in the group stage and the host country, Brazil, were eliminated after a record-breaking 1–7 loss to Germany.
Prize money.
Before the tournament began, all teams received US$1.5 million for preparation costs. The teams that were eliminated from the Group Stage got US$8 million, from the Round of 16 got US$9 million, and from the Quarter-Finals got US$14 million. The fourth place team got US$20 million, the third place team got US$22 million, the second place team got US$25 million and the champions got US$35 million.
Venues.
A total of Seventeen cities showed interest in being chosen as World Cup host cities: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Brasília, Belém, Campo Grande, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Goiânia, Manaus, Natal, Recife (a stadium would be shared by both cities), Rio Branco and Salvador. Maceió withdrew in January 2009.
According to current FIFA practice, no more than one city may use two stadiums, and the number of host cities is limited between eight and ten. The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) requested permission to assign 12 cities hosting World Cup Finals. On 26 December 2008, FIFA gave the green light to the 12-city plan.
Even before the 12 host cities were selected, there were few doubts that the chosen venue for the final match will be the Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, which also hosted the decisive match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. Originally the CBF's intentions were to have the opening match at Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. However, on 14 June 2010 the stadium was excluded from hosting games in the tournament due to a failure to provide financial guarantees for the improvements needed to have it as an eligible venue. In the end of August 2010, the CBF announced that the new Corinthians stadium will host the matches in São Paulo.
The 12 host cities for the 2014 World Cup were announced on 31 May 2009. Belém, Campo Grande, Florianópolis, Goiânia and Rio Branco were rejected.
Group Stage.
A win would earn the team 3 points, a draw would earn them 1 point, and a loss earns them no points.
Knockout stage.
Final.
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= = = Ephedrine = = =
Ephedrine (or EPH) is an alkaloid found in plants of the genus Ephedra. It can also be found in other plants like wolfsbane or the Euopean yew. 
Uses.
Ephedrine has effects on the human body. It can be used as a stimulant or a decongestant. It is also used to treat certain forms of low blood pressure or to help hunger. Ephedrine is like amphetamine and methamphetamine.
The herb "má huáng" (��, "Ephedra sinica") is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in it. Nagayoshi Nagai was the first person to take ephedrine from "Ephedra vulgaris" in 1885. The substance called soma, mentioned in old Hindu books such as the Rig Veda, may have been ephedra extract. 
Ephedrine is sometimes used for doping, usually together with caffeine and salicylic acid.There have been lots of controversies related to ephedrine. 
The production of ephedrine in China has become a multi-million dollar industry. Companies extract $13 million worth of ephedrine from 30,000 tons of ephedra per year, 10 times the amount that is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

= = = Emiliano Zapata = = =
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leader in the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910.
Zapata was ambushed and shot by Mexican troops in 1919. He is a folk hero in Mexico to this day.
Emiliano Zapata was born to Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Jertrudiz Salazar of Anenecuilco, Morelos. Zapata's family were Mexicans of Nahua and Spanish ancestry. He was the ninth of ten children.

= = = Pseudoephedrine = = =
Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a decongestant. The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter drugs either as single-ingredient preparations, or more commonly in combination with antihistamines, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and/or ibuprofen. Sudafed is a trademark for a common brand which contains pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, though Sudafed PE does not. Drugs containing pseudoephedrine are commonly used as a treatment for Rhinitis (an inflammation of the mucous mebranes in the nose)
Unlike antihistamines, which modify the systemic histamine-mediated allergic response, pseudoephedrine only relieves nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies.
The advantage of oral pseudoephedrine over topical nasal preparations, such as oxymetazoline, is that it does not cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa); however, it is more likely to cause adverse effects, including high blood pressure.
Some countries started to replace pseudoephedrine by other drugs, such as phenylephrine. The reason for this is that pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine, which is an illegal drug.

= = = Scion = = =
Scion was a brand of Japanese carmaker Toyota Motor Corporation, represented in the American market. The brand was founded in 2003 and is positioned for youth. 2002-2016
In early February 2016, it became known that Toyota has decided to close the brand in August that year. Since the 2017 model year, the FR-S, iA and iM models have been sold under the Toyota brand and are called 86, Yaris iA and Corolla iM respectively.

= = = Flag of Christmas Island = = =
The flag of Christmas Island was adopted in 1986. It was designed by Tony Couch of Sydney, Australia.
Symbol of the Island.
The blue field means the sea that surrounds the island while the green field means the plants of the island. The southern cross appears in the blue field, showing Christmas Island's connection with Australia as well as its location in the southern hemisphere. The bird is a Golden Bosun, native to the island. The yellow disc means the island's history in mining. There is a map of the island in the centre of the disc.
History of the Flag.
Creation.
In 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a competition for people to create a flag and coat of arms for Christmas Island. There was a prize of 100$ for the winner. Around 69 entries were submitted to the competition. The winning submission was made by Tony Couch, a man who lived in Sydney. The new flag was announced on April 14, 1986 by the Christmas Island Assembly.
Use of the Flag.
The flag became the official (government accepted) flag of Christmas Island on January 26, 2002. This day is also Australia Day.

= = = Philippsburg = = =
Philippsburg is a city in Germany. It is in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.

= = = Ainsworth, Wisconsin = = =
Ainsworth is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. About 477 people live in Ainsworth as of the year 2020.
Geography.
The town has a total area of 72.1 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

= = = Bex = = =
Bex () is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is in the district of Aigle. It has an area of 96.60 km2, an altitude of 424 m, and a population of about 5709. It is a few miles south of its sister town municipality of Aigle.
Geography.
Bex sits on the east side of the Rhône river in a big valley bordered on the east by the Bernese Alps and west by the Chablais Alps. Famous Swiss and French ski resorts are nearby. It is on Swiss National Route 9. Bex is connected to Les Diablerets by the mountain pass Col de la Croix

= = = Erwitte = = =
Erwitte is a town in the district of Soest. It is found in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

= = = John Krasinski = = =
John Burke Krasinski (born October 20, 1979) is an American actor, director and writer. He is best known for portraying Jim Halpert on NBC's "The Office" and for directing and starring as Lee Abbott in the 2018 horror movie "A Quiet Place".he also Portrayed Hannibal in The 2021 film adaptation of G.A Henty's The young Carthigan.
Krasinski married Emily Blunt in Como, Italy on July 10, 2010. The couple's daughter was born in 2014.

= = = United States Department of State = = =
The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign policy agency of the United States government, similar to foreign ministries, foreign offices, ministries of external relations, etc. in other countries. It is administered by the Secretary of State.

= = = Cabinet of the United States = = =
The Cabinet of the United States (usually simplified as "the Cabinet") is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, and its existence dates back to the first American President (George Washington), who appointed a Cabinet of four people (Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War, Henry Knox; and Attorney General, Edmund Randolph) to advise and assist him in his duties.
Cabinet officers are nominated by the President and then presented to the United States Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority. If approved, they are sworn in and begin their duties. Aside from Attorney General, and previously, the Postmaster General, they all receive the title "Secretary".
Current cabinet members.
Cabinet.
The Cabinet officers are listed in rank order according to the United States presidential line of succession:
Cabinet-level officials.
The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions. Cabinet-level officials attend Cabinet meetings, but are not official Cabinet Members:

= = = United States Attorney General = = =
The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with "legal affairs" and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government.The Attorney General is considered to be the chief lawyer of the U.S. government. The Attorney General is a member of the President's Cabinet, but is the only cabinet department head who is not given the title Secretary.
List of attorneys general.
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 (1)

= = = United States Secretary of Agriculture = = =
The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The position carries similar responsibilities to agriculture ministers of other governments.
Secretaries of Agriculture.
The following is a list of Secretaries of Agriculture, since the creation of the office in 1889.
The position of secretary of agriculture was created when the department was elevated to Cabinet status in 1889. The following is a list of secretaries of agriculture, since the creation of the office in 1889.
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Status

= = = List of United States Cabinets = = =
The following is a list of United States Cabinets by the President of the United States under which they operated.

= = = United States Secretary of Homeland Security = = =
The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The position was created following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
List of Secretaries of Homeland Security.
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 (3)
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 James Loy served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.
 Rand Beers served as acting secretary in his capacity as confirmed Undersecretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs and Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security; Beers was the highest ranking Senate-approved presidential appointee at the Department of Homeland Security.
 Elaine Duke served as acting secretary in her capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.
 Kevin McAleenan served as acting secretary in his capacity as Commissioner of Customs and Border Protection. His tenure was ruled unlawful.
 Chad Wolf served as acting secretary in his capacity as Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Strategy, Policy, and Plans. His tenure was ruled unlawful.
 Peter Gaynor served as acting secretary in his capacity as Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator.
 David Pekoske served as acting secretary in his capacity as Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration

= = = United States Department of Homeland Security = = =
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), commonly known in the United States as "Homeland Security", is a Cabinet department of the U.S. federal government with the duty of protecting the U.S. from terrorist attacks and helping when there is a natural disaster.
In 2002, because of the September 11 attacks in 2001, Congress passed a bill called the Homeland Security Act, which created the Department of Homeland Security. Tom Ridge was the first leader of the Department of Homeland Security. This was the biggest change to the federal government in 50 years.

= = = United States Secretary of the Interior = = =
The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. The Department of the Interior oversees such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, and the National Park Service. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The Secretary typically comes from a western state; only one of the last 16 Secretaries is not identified with a state lying west of the Mississippi River. The Secretary of the Interior is eighth in the United States presidential line of succession.
Secretaries of the Interior.
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= = = United States Secretary of Commerce = = =
The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry; the Department states its mission to be "to foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce." Until 1913 there was one Secretary of Commerce and Labor, uniting this department with the Department of Labor, which is now headed by a separate Secretary of Labor.
List of Secretaries of Commerce.
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Source: Department of Commerce: Secretaries

= = = United States Department of Commerce = = =
The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic development. It was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed to the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor. The Headquarters of the Department of Commerce are located at the Herbert C. Hoover Building in Washington D.C.

= = = United States Department of the Interior = = =
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally owned land. These responsibilities are different from other countries' Interior Departments or ministries, which tend to focus on police or security.

= = = United States Department of Justice = = =
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the Federal government of the United States. Its jobs are to enforce the law, defend the interests of the United States according to law, and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice. Parts of DOJ include the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and prosecutor offices in about a hundred districts in the United States. The DOJ is administered by the United States Attorney General, one of the original members of the cabinet.

= = = United States Department of Agriculture = = =
The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or "Cabinet Department"). Its purpose is to develop and execute policy on farming, agriculture, and food. 

= = = United States federal executive departments = = =
The United States federal executive departments are among the oldest primary units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States–the Departments of State, War, and the Treasury all being established within a few weeks of each other in 1789.

= = = United States Department of Labor = = =
The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. Many U.S. states also have such departments. The department is headed by the United States Secretary of Labor.

= = = United States Secretary of Labor = = =
The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the Department of Labor who exercises control over the department and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.
List of Secretaries of Labor.
This is a complete list of all past and present Secretaries of Labor.
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Status

= = = Raster image processor = = =
A Raster image processor is a part in some printers. The raster image processor receives the data in a description language, like Postscript, PCL, or PDF and changes it to a bitmap or raster image. 
Raster image processing can be done in two ways: as Software running as part of the operating system, or as a special microprocessor inside the printer. Cheaper printers use a solution called host-based printing, where this is done in the operating system, more expensive printers, and those that support PCL, Postscript or a similar language have a Raster image processor inside the printer.

= = = Sligo Rovers F.C. = = =
Sligo Rovers are an association football team in Ireland. They were founded in 1928 and now play in the League of Ireland Premier Division.
Current team.
Rovers have plenty of players who have played in England and the Rovers' manager Ian Baraclough is the only English manager in the UEFA Champions League.
History.
Sligo Rovers were founded in 1928 and have been active ever since. They were founded after the merger of Sligo town and Sligo blues. The all time top goalscorer of the English league Dixie Dean played for Rovers in the 1930s. The last FAI cup competition Rovers won was in 2011. The Rovers have won the league three times in 1937, 1977 and 2012. They won the cup in 1983, 1994, 2010 and 2011 and the first division in 1994 and 2005. During the 2008 season it was confirmed that Rovers were in financial difficulty and needed to pay 130,000 euro, but they are now one of the richest clubs in Ireland.
Stadium.
Sligo Rovers play in The Showgrounds, Sligo. The ground can hold 5,500 people with seats for 4,000. There are two training pitches, and one of them is made from astroturf. In the car park for part of the year there is a fun fair.
Shirt Sponsors.
Sligo Rovers have two main sponsors, Joma and Connolly's Volkswagen.
Lawrie Sanchez.
Lawrence Philip Sanchez (born October 22, 1959 in London, England) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player. He became player-manager of League of Ireland club Sligo Rovers in 1994. In his first season he led them to the semi-final of the 1995 FAI Cup. He also managed them in the Cup Winners' Cup against Bruges FC. He went on to manage Fulham F.C. and the Northern Ireland national team.

= = = League of Ireland = = =
The Eircom football league was a football league in the Republic of Ireland. It existed from 1921 until 2006. In 2007, it was replaced with the League of Ireland Premier Division.

= = = Sligo = = =
Sligo is a town in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland. It is not the largest town in the country but is the second largest urban area in Connacht after Galway city. It is home to Sligo Rovers F.C. who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division and won the League in 2012. It is also home to the Sligo G.A.A team. Sligo Rugby Club is in Strandhill. Sligo has a population of around 20,000 and has many tourist attractions. Sligo is at the end of the railway line from Dublin.

= = = Fort Campbell = = =
Fort Campbell is a United States Army post on the border of Tennessee and Kentucky. It is west of Clarksville and northwest of Nashville.
The fort is named after William Bowen Campbell, the last Whig Governor of Tennessee.

= = = Harlem = = =
Harlem is a big neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It was a village independent of New York City until 1873. Most of the people in Central Harlem are African-American. Most of the people in West and East Harlem are Hispanic.
It started as a Dutch village called Nieuw Haarlem. It was named for the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands.
In the 19th century it became an industrial suburb. In the 1920s the Harlem Renaissance happened in Harlem.
There is a lot of crime in Harlem, but there is becoming less. The most common cause of death for young black males there is getting murdered.

= = = Taxane = = =
Taxanes are poisonous alkaloids produced by Yew plants.
Alkaloids are natural basic chemical compounds which contain nitrogen atoms. The name comes from the word alkaline and was used to describe any alkaline containing nitrogen.
Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, but taxanes are produced only by plants of the genus "Taxus".
Taxanes work mainly by disrupting the function of cell microtubules. Microtubules are essential to cell division, so taxanes are essentially mitotic inhibitors. This explains why taxanes have been used to produce chemotherapy drugs.

= = = Brooch = = =
A brooch is a piece of jewelry that is attached to clothes. It is usually made of metal, silver or gold but sometimes bronze and decorated with gemstones.
Brooches called "fibulae" were used for many centuries to fasten clothing. In recent centuries people more often use buttons and belts for that, so brooches have become only decorative. 

= = = Flares = = =
Flares (also called bell-bottoms, loon pants, boot-cut/leg and hip-huggers) are trousers that become wider from the knees downwards. They are worn by men and women.

= = = Autopsy = = =
An autopsy (also called a post-mortem examination) is a medical examination of a corpse to find out what killed it (disease or injury). Autopsies are done by specialised doctors, called pathologists.
Autopsies are not done all the time. They are usually done either for medical reasons, or for legal ones. One of the legal reasons why an autopsy is done is to find out if the death was the result of a crime. A medical case is to find the cause of death when it is unclear. Sometimes autopsies are done to train new doctors.
Sometimes, the cause of death can be found by simply looking at the corpse without opening it. In other cases, it may need to be opened, to find the cause of death. If it is opened, it is usually closed again; most of the time, corpses are buried. Before being buried, they are on display for some time. For this, they need to look acceptable. In certain cases, like when the corpse is opened, special permissions are perhaps necessary. These are usually given by the closest living relative, called next of kin.

= = = Supro Ozark 1560 S = = =
The Supro Ozark is an old electric guitar with only one pick-up. It is most famous as being the first electric guitar Jimi Hendrix owned.

= = = Stormbreaker = = =
Stormbreaker is a book by British writer Anthony Horowitz. It is the first book in the "Alex Rider" series. It was released on 4 September 2000 in the United Kingdom and on 21 May 2001 in the United States. A movie based on the book was released on 21 July 2006. It starred Alex Pettyfer as the book's main character, Alex Rider.

= = = Event-driven programming = = =
In computer programming, event-driven programming also known as event-based programming is a programming method in which the flow of the program is determined by sensor outputs or user actions (such as mouse clicks, key presses) or by messages from other programs or threads running on the computer. 
Event-driven programs can be written using any of the computer programming languages, although the task is easier in languages that provide high-level of abstractions to support it. Some integrated development environments provide all assisting methods that automate most tasks required for events handling.

= = = Leeds Bradford International Airport = = =
Leeds Bradford International Airport is a large airport in West Yorkshire, England. It is in Yeadon, Leeds and near Bradford. The airport was sold to Bridgepoint Capital in 2007. The airport has flights to many other cities including London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, Amsterdam, Brussels, Rome, Milan, Madrid, Barcelona and Prague. It is widely used for both holiday and business flights. Around 3 million people use the airport every year. The number of passengers is increasing each year.
The airline Jet2.com is based at the airport. In August 2009, Ryanair announced they would open a base at Leeds Bradford Airport. Ryan would increase their routes from 3 to 17 from March 2010.

= = = Leeds Metropolitan University = = =
Leeds Metropolitan University is a university in Leeds, England. It is the second largest university in the city after the University of Leeds. The University sometimes calls itself Leeds Carnegie. It used to be called Leeds Polytechnic.

= = = Wetherby = = =
Wetherby is a town in West Yorkshire, England. It is part of the City of Leeds borough. Wetherby is on the River Wharfe. The town has a market every Thursday. There are 11 pubs in Wetherby and many shops. There are Morrisons and Sainsbury's supermarkets in the town. Wetherby is on the A1 motorway. 22,000 people live in Wetherby. Wetherby has an historic town hall. Wetherby is also close to York and Harrogate.
Work.
Wetherby has many factories in Thorpe Arch and on the Sandbeck Industrial Estate. The British Library are in London and Wetherby. Most people in Wetherby work in Leeds.
Market.
Wetherby has a market every Thursday in the Market Place. While the market is on, all cars are stopped from entering the area around the town hall. There is also a farmers market one Sunday in every month. A market and car-boot sale are held at the racecourse every Sunday during the summer months.
Sport.
Wetherby has its own racecourse as well as amateur football, cricket, rugby league, rugby union and bowls teams. There is also a golf course. Besides horse racing, there are no professional sports teams in Wetherby but there are many nearby in Leeds.
Schools and Colleges.
Wetherby has several primary schools, a large secondary school and Park Lane College. There are universities nearby in Leeds. Wetherby High School used to be a secondary modern school but is now a comprehensive school.
Twinning.
Wetherby is twinned with Privas in France.

= = = Dynamic-link library = = =
Dynamic-link library (also written as Dynamic Link Library or DLL), is Microsoft's implementation of shared libraries used by the Microsoft Windows operating systems. These libraries usually have the file extension DLL, OCX (for libraries containing ActiveX controls), or DRV (for Windows legacy system drivers).
Any of the Microsoft Windows data files having the same file format as that of the "Dynamic-link library" can be called a "resource DLL". Examples of such DLLs include "icon libraries", sometimes having the extension ICL, and the font files, having the extensions FON and FOT.

= = = Jack Peddie = = =
Jack Peddie (born 3 March 1876) was a Scottish football player.

= = = Nwankwo Kanu = = =
Nwankwo Kanu (born 1 August 1976) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Portsmouth and Nigeria national team.
Personal Life.
Nwankwo Kanu is married to fitness enthusiast, Amara Kanu and they have 3 children together. Two sons and one daughter.
Honours.
Iwuanyanwu Nationale
Ajax
Inter Milan
Arsenal
Portsmouth
Nigeria U17
Nigeria U23
Nigeria
Individual

= = = Jay-Jay Okocha = = =
Augustine Azuka Okocha ( ; born 14 August 1973), commonly known as Jay-Jay Okocha, is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He played 73 times for the Nigeria national team between 1993 and 2006, scoring 14 times, and was a member of three FIFA World Cup squads. He is considered as one of the greatest football players from Africa. Okocha is gifted with remarkable technique and speed, he is regarded as one of the best dribblers in history. In addition, he was also an expert in long-range shots and set pieces.
Club career.
In 1990 Okocha moved as a youth player from the Nigerian club Enugu Rangers to then third division club Borussia Neunkirchen. There he made his debut as a 17-year-old in the Oberliga team . Already in his first season in Neunkirchen he caused a sensation with his dribbles and goals, sometimes from more than 30 meters goal distance in the Oberliga Südwest. This did not go unnoticed by the then coach of league rivals Eintracht Trier, Dragoslav Stepanović, who steered him to Frankfurt in 1992, where he first played as a contract amateur for Eintracht Frankfurt and on September 26, 1992 against Werder Bremen for the first time in the. Bundesliga accrued. He became known for sensational dribbles and made the headlines. His goal to make it 3-1 against Karlsruher SC in the Bundesliga game on August 31, 1993 was spectacular: he played around the opposing defenders in the penalty area and made goalkeeper Oliver Kahn run back and forth several times with body tricks and sudden changes of direction before he finally got the ball shot in goal. The viewers of the sports show voted this goal goal of the year 1993.
At the beginning of December 1994, the Nigerian international made headlines when he showed his solidarity with his teammates Anthony Yeboah and Maurizio Gaudino and refused special training ordered by coach Jupp Heynckes and participation in the subsequent Bundesliga game, which resulted in the dismissal of Yeboah and Gaudino. After Eintracht was relegated to the 2nd Bundesliga, Okocha played for the Turkish first division club Fenerbahçe Istanbul from 1996 to 1998, during which time he accepted Turkish citizenship before moving to Paris Saint-Germain in 1998 for 22 million marks.
Jay-Jay Okocha made 90 appearances (18 goals) in the 1st Bundesliga for Eintracht Frankfurt from 1992 to 1996. In the Premier League he completed 124 games ( 14 goals) for Bolton Wanderers from 2002 and was voted BBC African Footballer of the Year in 2003 and 2004. At the end of the 2005/06 season, however, his contract was not extended by the "Trotters", although he was still one of the regulars. After a year in Qatar, the Nigerian finally signed a one-year contract with English second division side Hull City for the 2007/08 season. With the new club, he was promoted to the Premier League.
International career.
Okocha made his official debut for Nigeria in their 2–1 1994 FIFA World Cup Qualifier away loss against Ivory Coast in May 1993. It was not until his second cap and home debut that he became a favourite with the Nigerian supporters. With Nigeria trailing 1–0 against Algeria, in a match they needed to win, he scored from a direct free kick to equalise, before helping the team to a 4–1 win, eventually securing qualification to their first World Cup. In 1994, he was a member of both the victorious 1994 African Cup of Nations squad and the World Cup squad who made it to the second round before they lost in a dramatic match against eventual runners-up Italy.
In 1996, Okocha became a key member of an arguably more successful Nigerian side, their Olympic gold winning side at the Atlanta Games, later nicknamed the Dream Team by the Nigerian press after the USA 1992 Olympic gold winning basketball team. In the 1998 FIFA World Cup hosted by France, Okocha played for a disappointing Super Eagles side who failed to live up to expectations again reaching the round of 16, albeit with less impressive performances save for their 3–2 opening win against Spain. This did not destroy interest in Okocha, who had entertained fans with his trademark skills and dribbles and went on to be named in the squad of the tournament.
Okocha again joined the Super Eagles in the 2000 African Cup of Nations co-hosted with Ghana. He scored three goals in the tournament, two in the opening game against Tunisia, and then given a standing ovation by the nearly 60,000 attendance when he left the field.
He made a return to the Super Eagles in his testimonial against an African select side in Warri. The game featured former players Daniel Amokachi, Alloysius Agu, John Fashanu, Benjani and Sulley Muntari. Nigeria won the game 2–1 with Okocha scoring the winning goal after appearing for the side in the second half. In March 2004, he was named one of the top 125 living footballers by Pelé.
Honours.
Borussia Neunkirchen
Fenerbahçe
Paris Saint-Germain
Bolton Wanderers
Hull City
Nigeria U23
Nigeria
Individual

= = = Nicky Butt = = =
Nicky Butt (born 21 January 1975) is an English former footballer.
Career statistics.
Club.
"Statistics accurate as of 20 May 2011"
Honours.
Manchester United
Newcastle United
South China
England U18
Individual

= = = Serie B = = =
Serie B is the second highest division of Football in Italy. It was founded in 1929.
Promotion and Relegation.
Promotion.
At the end of the seasons, three teams are promoted to Serie A. The first two teams are directly qualified to Lega Pro.
The third team is selected by play-offs. If the third team is 10 points or more ahead of the 4th team, then the third team is automatically qualified.
Relegation.
The three last-placed teams are directly relegated to Serie C, and the 19th team is automatically relegated only if the 18th team is 5 points or more ahead.
If the 18th team is not 5 points or more ahead of the 19th team, there will be play-outs.

= = = Michael Cole = = =
Michael Sean Coulthard (born December 8, 1968) better known by his stage name Michael Cole, is an American former news journalist and the current play-by-play announcer for WWE's Raw brand. Cole also guest refereed a couple of dark matches and competed in his first match against Jerry Lawler at WrestleMania XXVII. In 2010, he became a heel, and turned face again in 2012.

= = = Rlogin = = =
In computing, rlogin is a Unix program that allows users to log in on another host using a network. rlogin uses TCP port 513. It was first distributed as part of the 4.2BSD release. rlogin is also the name of the application layer protocol used by the software, also the protocol is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
The rlogin homepage is located at http://rlogin.sourceforge.net.
rlogin has several serious security problems, the most important are:
Due to its serious problems, rlogin was rarely used across untrusted networks (like the public internet), and rlogin distributions are no longer included by default with many Unix and Linux distributions. Many networks which were depending on rlogin and telnet have replaced it with SSH and the "rlogin secured equivalent" slogin.

= = = Vasily Zaytsev = = =
Captain Vasily Grigoryevich Zaytsev (23 March 1915 – 15 December 1991) was a Soviet sniper during World War II.
He is particularly notable for his activities between 10 November and 17 December 1942, during the Battle of Stalingrad. He killed 225 soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and other Axis armies, including 11 enemy snipers. Before the 10th November, he had already killed 32 Axis soldiers with the standard Mosin-Nagant rifle. Between October 1942 and January 1943, Zaytsev had made 242 verified kills, but the real number may be much higher; some argue it might have been as many as 400. His military rank at the time was Junior Lieutenant.

= = = Mike Adamle = = =
Michael David Adamle (born October 4, 1949; pronounced ) is a sports personality and former National Football League player.
In college he became a Big Ten Most Valuable Player. He is still thought of as one of the great players for Northwestern University.
After a successful career with the National Football League, Adamle began working for NBC Sports. He then worked for a variety of programs. He was host of "American Gladiators" and worked for World Wrestling Entertainment.
He has worked for WMAQ-TV in Chicago since 2004.
In February 2017, Adamle was diagnosed with dementia.

= = = Port forwarding = = =
Port forwarding, also referred to as port mapping, is a method of forwarding a network port from one network node to another. This technique can allow an external user to reach a port on a private IP address (inside a LAN) from the outside using a NAT-enabled router.
Port forwarding allows remote computers (e.g. public machines on the Internet) to connect to a specific computer within a private LAN.
For example:
Port forwarding is not necessary with IPv6, because every IPv6-enabled device has a public IPv6 address.

= = = Paul Burchill = = =
Paul Burchill (born Paul Kenneth Birchall on 8 October 1979) is an English professional wrestler best known for his time spent wrestling for the WWE.

= = = Serial port = = =
In computing, a serial port is a "serial communication physical interface" through which information transfers, either in or out, one bit at a time (in contrast with parallel port). 
During most of the personal computers history, serial ports connected computers to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.
While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB all send data as a serial stream, the term "serial port" usually identifies hardware meeting the requirements of the standard, for the purpose of interfacing with a modem or with a similar communication device. 
For many computer peripheral devices the USB interface has replaced the serial port. While nearly every server has a serial port, many modern low-end workstations and laptops often don't have one. The serial port is not present for cost savings, and is considered to be a legacy port on personal computers.
However, serial ports can be found in industrial systems, scientific analysis and laboratory equipments, point of sales and some industrial and consumer products. Network equipments (such as routers and switches) often have serial ports for configuration. Serial ports are still used in these areas as they are simple, cheap and allow communications between devices.

= = = Bambi = = =
Bambi is a 1942 American-German animated drama movie. David Hand was the head director (he was in charge of other directors). Walt Disney made the movie. It is based on the book "Bambi, A Life in the Woods" by Felix Salten. RKO Radio Pictures sent the movie to theatres on August 13, 1942. It is the fifth movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. The story is about a baby deer named Bambi. He learns to grow up in the wild after hunters shoot his mother. The main characters are Bambi (a roe deer) his parents (the Great Prince of the forest and his mother), and his friends: Thumper (a rabbit), Flower (a skunk), and Faline (who becomes his wife later).
For the movie, Disney changed Bambi to a mule deer. In the book, Bambi was a Roe deer. However, roe deer do not live in the United States, and Americans know more about mule deer. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Sound (Sam Slyfield), Best Song (for "Love Is a Song" sung by Donald Novis) and Original Music Score. In June 2008, the American Film Institute wrote a list of its "Top 10"—the best ten movies—after asking over 1,500 people. "Bambi" came in third in animation. In December 2011, the movie was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress. After inflation, it is the tenth highest grossing animated movie.
This movie has a sequel called "Bambi II".
The story.
A little fawn called Bambi is born in the woods. In his first days of life, he explores the forest around him. He makes a friend named Thumper. Thumper is a rabbit. Bambi learns new words every day. "Bird" is his first word. He learns "butterflies", "rain", and "meadow". He sees his father (the Great Prince of the Forest) for the first time. The movie first shows Bambi's childhood, such as a walk in the woods, a day in the meadow, and his first experience seeing snow.
The most famous part of the movie is the death of Bambi's mother. Bambi and his mother have trouble finding food. One day, Bambi's mother finds a patch of grass, and they eat. The audience hears scary music (Man's theme). Bambi's mother knows there is danger. She tells Bambi to run. As they run across an icy field, she screams "Faster! Faster, Bambi! Don't look back! Keep running! Keep running!". Bambi runs away, but there is a gunshot. Bambi gets back to the den but finds that his mother is not there. He walks around, and desperately calls for her. He meets his father, the Great Prince, who tells him that "your mother can't be with you anymore". Bambi follows his father into the woods, taking one last look behind him.
The next spring, Bambi and his friends are young adults. They meet a wise old owl, called Friend Owl. The owl tells them of the dangers of falling in love. They make vows not to fall in love. However, they fall in love at first sight very soon. Bambi falls in love with his old childhood friend Faline. He happily dances in the clouds until another deer gets in the way. He tries to get Faline to go with him, but Bambi does not want to. He gets into a fight with this deer. Bambi wins. He goes on a date with Faline. The Man comes back and makes more trouble for the animals. Bambi saves Faline from some angry dogs.
A forest fire comes and nearly destroys everything. Bambi has trouble getting up, but his father helps him. They both make it to an island where the animals have got together. The next spring, everyone goes to see Bambi and Faline's new fawns (baby deer). The wise owl says that Bambi should be proud. The Great Prince steps down from his current place as king, and Bambi is left standing proudly. A chorus sings the song from the beginning, "Love is a Song."
Production.
Walt Disney wanted to have realistic detail in this animated movie. The artists learned from animal experts. They also visited the Los Angeles Zoo. A pair of fawns (named Bambi and Faline) were shipped from the area of present-day Baxter State Park in Maine to the studio so that the artists could see for themselves how these animals move. The source of these fawns, from the Eastern United States, gave the company the idea to change Felix Salten's Roe Deer to a mule deer. The background of the movie was also the Eastern woodlands. One of the earliest and best known artists for the Disney studio, Maurice "Jake" Day, spent a lot of weeks in the Vermont and Maine forests. He drew pictures and took photographs of deer, fawns, and the wilderness areas around them.
Cast.
None of the voice actors are credited.
Release.
"Bambi" was released in theaters in 1942, during World War II. It was Disney's 5th full-length animated movie. "Bambi" was released again to theatres in 1947, 1957, 1966, 1975, 1982, and 1988. It was then made available on home video in 1989. Even in home video, "Bambi" has seen many releases, including two VHS releases, in 1989 (Classics Version) and 1997 (Masterpiece Collection Version), and a digitally-remastered and restored Platinum Edition DVD. The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007.
Bambi was released in Diamond Edition on March 1, 2011, consisting of a Blu-ray and DVD combo pack. According to Cinema Blend, this release is set to include multiple bonus features that were not previously included in Bambi home releases: a documentary entitled "Inside Walt’s Story Meetings – Enhanced Edition", two deleted scenes, a deleted song, an image gallery, and a game entitled "Disney’s Big Book of Knowledge: Bambi Edition". The release also marked the first use of "Disney Second Screen", a feature which is accessed via a computer or iPad app download that syncs with the Blu-ray disc, allowing the viewer to follow along by interacting with animated flip-books, galleries and trivia while watching the movie. A UK version of Diamond Edition was released on February 7, 2011.
Midquel.
"Bambi II" is a story which takes place after Bambi's mother dies, but before Bambi becomes an adult. It shows the Great Prince of the Forest having trouble raising Bambi, and Bambi not being sure if his father really loves him. The movie was released direct-to-video on February 7, 2006. While the movie was a direct-to-video release in the United States and other countries, including Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan, it was a theatrical release in some countries, including Australia, Austria, Brazil, Dominican Republic, France, Mexico, the United Kingdom and some other European countries.

= = = Flag of the Netherlands = = =
The flag of the Netherlands is a tricolour of red, white, and blue. It was introduced in 1572. Since 1937, the flag has officially been the national flag of the Netherlands and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Description.
The national flag of the Netherlands is a tricolour flag. The colors are red (bright vermilion), white (silver), and blue (cobalt blue). The first Stadtholder, or ruler, of the Dutch Republic was William of Orange, who joined with Dutch nationalists and led the struggle for independence from Spain. Partly out of respect for him, the first flag adopted by the Dutch was originally orange, white, and blue. The orange dye was particularly unstable and tended to turn red after a while, so in the mid-17th century, red was made the official color. The flag has flown since then. As the first revolutionary flag, it has had an influence throughout the world. Until about 1800, in the case of both the orange- and the red-striped versions, the number of stripes and their order frequently varied.

= = = Coat of arms of the Netherlands = = =
The Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"), is the Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a Royal decree of July 10th 1907.
Description.
The shield is crowned with the Dutch royal crown and supported by two lions. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text "Je Maintiendrai" (medieval French for "I will endure".)
The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle lined with Ermine. Above the mantle is a pavilion Gules again topped with the royal crown.
In the Royal decree it is stated that the male successors can replace the crown on the shield by a helm.
History.
This version of the coat of arms is in use since 1907.

= = = Flag of the United States Virgin Islands = = =
The flag of the United States Virgin Islands was adopted in 1921. The eagle holds a branch in one talon, and three arrows in the other, meaning the three major islands: Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix. Additionally, the colors of the flag are: yellow, showing various characteristics of the territory and the flowers; green, symbolizing the hills; white, meaning the clouds; and blue, depicting the waters.
History of the flag.
The idea of a Virgin Islands Flag began with Rear Admiral Summer Ely Whitmore Kitelle, who was governor of the Islands on April 26, 1921. He approached Mr. White, and Percival Wilson Sparks, and asked them for suggestions for a flag design. Sparks, a cartoonist, drew a flag on paper. Afterwards Sparks transferred it on heavy cotton material, then asked his wife Grace and her sister Blanche Joseph to make the design.

= = = Morphine (band) = = =
Morphine was an alternative rock band formed in 1989. They released the studio albums "Good", "Cure for Pain", "Yes", and "Like Swimming". They also released one greatest hits album in February of 2003. 

= = = Pietro Acciarito = = =
Pietro Umberto Acciarito (1871 - 1943) was an Italian anarchist. Born in france, he lived near Rome. Acciarito is famous because he tried to kill the Italian king, Umberto I, on 22 April 1897, for which he was sent to prison for life.

= = = Good (Morphine album) = = =
Good is the first album by rock band Morphine. It was released in 1992.

= = = Francisco Ascaso = = =
Francisco Ascaso Abadía (April 1, 1901 – July 20, 1936) was a famous Anarcho-syndicalist in Spain, friend of Buenaventura Durruti. He was born in Almudévar and died in Barcelona. In his life he traveled and fought in Spain, France, Argentine, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Latin America and was deported to the Canary Islands. In the Spanish Civil War, the anarchist Ascaso joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and he fought in the first time in the armed group called and then in 1922 in the group called "Los Solidarios". In 1934 he became regional general secretary of the CNT. He died in the Spanish Civil War, on the first day of conflict in Barcelona. After his death, a groups of anarchists called them the "Francisco Ascaso Column".

= = = Cure for Pain = = =
Cure For Pain was the second album released by the band Morphine. It was put out on the Rykodisc label in 1993. The tracks "Sheila" and "In Spite of Me" were part of the soundtrack of the 1994 independent movie "Spanking the Monkey".

= = = Marie Louise Berneri = = =
Marie Louise Berneri (March 1, 1918 - April 13, 1949) was an anarchist activist and author. 
Life.
She was born in Arezzo, Italy, and she was the daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. The family went into exile in 1926 for resisting Mussolini. In 1936 her father went to Spain, to fight against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. He was assassinated by communists in 1937. She wrote for many journals, articles as, "Revision", with Luis Mercier Vega and was a member of the group that edited "Revolt", "War Commentary", and the "Freedom newspaper" published by the Freedom Bookstore in London. She also wrote "Journey Through Utopia" and "Neither East Nor West". During the father's murder she was living in France and studying psychology at the Sorbonne University. She married Vernon Richards, also an active anarchist with many of the same groups and publications as she. In April 1945 she was one of the four editors of "War Commentary". In the post-war international anarchist conference in Paris, 1948 she was a member of the British delegation. Her mother and sister Giliane Berneri were members of the Italian and French anarchists delegations.
The death.
Marie-Louise Berneri died, along with her baby, during childbirth, 13 April 1949 at the age of 31. George Woodcock & Ivan Avacumovic dedicated their biography of Peter Kropotkin, "The Anarchist Prince" (1950) to Marie-Louise Berneri, "a true disciple of Kropotkin."

= = = Marco Camenisch = = =
Marco Camenisch (born 21 January 1952) is a Swiss anarchist and environmental activist. He was born in Schiers. He served several years in prison for the 1989 murder of a border guard in Brusio, Switzerland and other offences.
Camenisch has maintained his political ideas during his time in prison, and he has remained a political activist.

= = = Sante Geronimo Caserio = = =
Sante Geronimo Caserio (September 8, 1873 - August 16, 1894) was an Italian anarchist who assassinated the president of the French Third Republic, Marie François Sadi Carnot, by stabbing.
Death.
Caserio was executed by guillotine in Lyon at 5 am on August 16, 1894. In front of the guillotine, he shouted "Coraggio, compagni — evviva l' anarchia!" ("Courage, comrades — Long live anarchy!")

= = = Pakistan Day = = =
Pakistan Day (, lit. "Yaum-e-Pakistan") or Pakistan Resolution Day, also Republic Day, is a national holiday in Pakistan. It is celebrated on 23 March each year. At start this day was celebrated for the adoption of the first Constitution of Pakistan during the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 making Pakistan the world's first Islamic republic. Later, this day celebrates the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the Muslim League at the "Minar-e-Pakistan" (lit. Pakistan Tower) which called for the creation of an independent sovereign state derived from the provinces with Muslim majorities located in the North-West and East of British India (excluding autonomous princely States) on 23 March 1940. 

= = = Karachi Agreement = = =
The Karachi Agreement was a cease-fire agreement signed by Pakistan and India on the 27th of July 1949. It established a cease-fire line which could be monitored by observers from the United Nations. The Agreement was signed by the following:

= = = Badshahi Mosque = = =
The Badshahi Mosque (), or the 'Emperor's Mosque', is a mosque in Pakistan. It was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan, near the Minar-e-Pakistan. It is one of the most famous historical places in Pakistan. It is one of the city's best known landmarks, and a major tourist attraction epitomising the beauty and grandeur of the Mughal It has four minarets. Two are minor and two are major.

= = = Minar-e-Pakistan = = =
Minar-e-Pakistan (; Mīnār-ĕ Pākistān or Yadgaar-e-Pakistan) is a tall minaret in Iqbal Park Lahore, built in commemoration of the Lahore Resolution.

= = = Mazar-e-Quaid = = =
Mazar-e-Quaid () or the National Mausoleum is the tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It is a symbol of Karachi throughout the world. The mausoleum was built in the 1960s. It is in the center of the city. Near the tomb there is a park that has strong lights that shine on the tomb at night. Here with Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Fatima Jinnah are also buried.

= = = Craig Anton = = =
Craig Ward Anton (born August 28, 1962 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American actor and comedian. Anton is most notable for being the cast of comedians on the show "MADtv" and for his role as "Lloyd Diffy" in the Disney Channel Original Series "Phil of the Future".
Biography.
Craig was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska. He is the oldest son of Arthur and Antoinette Anton and of four children. Craig has two younger sisters, Toni (born 1964) and Megan (born 1977), and one younger brother, Brian (1970). Craig's parents are divorced and his father remarried. He is now married to Eileen McBay and they now live in Houston, Texas, while his mother lives in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Early life and career.
Craig attended R.M. Marrs junior high school. He graduated from Burke High School in 1980 and attended University of Nebraska at Kearney. Craig begin his career as a college circuit comedian in the 1980s. In 1984, he traveled the Mediterranean and Middle East as part of the USO comedy tour, where he spent two months in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Israel, Bahrain, and Spain entertaining our troops and in 1985, he was named Showtime's Funniest Person in Nebraska. Craig was nominated from the NACA Campus Entertainer of the Year award three times.
"MADtv".
During his three-year tenure, Anton received limited screentime on the show. He primarily did a stand-up segment during some episodes. Aside from his stand-up routine, Anton was often cast as an extra or supporting character. Anton's most enduring character was Clorox from the "Star Trek: Deep Stain Nine" sketches. Clorox was supposed to be the main nemesis of the sketch and was loosely based on Q from the "Star Trek" series. Anton left "MADtv" in 1998, at the end of the season.
Other television projects.
Since leaving "MADtv", Anton developed an extensive resume on television. He co-starred in several television series, including shows like "The Army Show", "Random Play", and "Primetime Glick". In the late 1990s, Anton guest starred on television series credits included "Mr. Show with Bob and David", and "Coach". During the 2000s, Anton appeared in shows like "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "The King of Queens", "Ally McBeal", "Lizzie McGuire", "Everybody Loves Raymond", and "Weekends at the D.L." Anton has also appeared on shows like "Premium Blend" and "Late Friday" where he performed his stand-up routine.
Personal life.
In 2006, Craig was living in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Lesley Barr, and their two daughters, Ruby and Delphine. They had an Australian shepherd named Wayne and a cat named Snow White. Craig was doing "The Tomorrow Show".

= = = Queer as Folk (American TV series) = = =
Queer as Folk is an American-Canadian drama television series that aired from 2000-2005 on Showtime. It is a remake of a British program with the same name. The series follows the lives of several gay men living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Due to the cost of making the series, it was actually filmed in Toronto, Canada. Following its first episode, the series quickly became the most-viewed program on the Showtime network in the United States, despite its somewhat controversial and graphic depictions of gay life.

= = = United States Secretary of Health and Human Services = = =
The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with "health matters." The Secretary reports to the President of the United States. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet.
List of Secretaries of Health and Human.
 (9)
 (15)
 (1)
Status

= = = United States Department of Health and Human Services = = =
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is "Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America". It was created in 1980; before 1980 it was called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Agency’s Headquarters are located at the Hubert H. Humphrey Building in Washington D.C.

= = = United States Secretary of Energy = = =
The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the President's Cabinet, and fifteenth in the Presidential line of succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Energy on October 1, 1977 by President Jimmy Carter's signing of the Department of Energy Organization Act. The position was originally developed to focus on energy production and regulation. During the 1980s, the emphasis shifted to development of technology for better, more efficient energy sources as well as education regarding energy. As the Cold War ended, the department's efforts were more often devoted to nuclear waste disposal and maintenance of environmental quality.
List of Secretaries of Energy.
 (7)
 (9)
Status

= = = United States Department of Energy = = =
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. Its responsibilities include the nation's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy conservation, energy-related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production. DOE also sponsors more basic and applied scientific research than any other US federal agency; most of this is funded through its system of United States Department of Energy National Laboratories.

= = = Dead Memories = = =
"Dead Memories" is the third single by Slipknot from their fourth album, "All Hope Is Gone". The song was released on December 1, 2008. The music video for the single was directed by P. R. Brown and Shawn Crahan.
Music video.
The music video for "Dead Memories" was directed by P. R. Brown. On September 30, 2008, the band's record label "Roadrunner Records" released a 15 second teaser video on YouTube which showed vocalist Corey Taylor in what looks like to be a grave in heavy rainfall. The video came out on MTV's "Headbangers Ball" on October 25, 2008 as part of the "Headbangers Ball" 20th anniversary special programming. The concept of the music video was percussionist Shawn Crahan's idea. Crahan calls the music video a "short film" and said that it was a "very" expensive video to make. Crahan's original idea was to have several rooms, he shared his idea with to vocalist Corey Taylor who decided what each room would be.
The video starts off with Taylor seen without his mask and dressed in casual clothes carrying a shovel and smoking a cigarette. He walks from an urbanized area (in the extended version, he is seen walking through a park, before approaching a car and smashing its headlights) in to a more rural area in the fields and begin to dig at the ground. He then seemingly falls through the ground and into a room below dressed in his Slipknot mask and cover-alls. The first room, which is a dark room with faint red lighting shows turntablist Sid Wilson who is seen barefoot, climbing all over the walls and is covered in dust and cobwebs. Taylor opens the drapes to attempt to look out of the window but can only see dirt. Wilson is then seen physically trying to stop Taylor from leaving the room by grabbing his pant leg. However, Taylor eventually leaves the room and enters a second which is occupied by drummer Joey Jordison, with tree branches instead of fingers and a crown of thorns on his head. The room features many photographs of Jordison on the walls and he is sitting in a chair surrounded by several females. Taylor walks around the scene looking at them without interacting with Jordison or the females, there is a moment in which Jordison is looking in a mirror and Taylor suddenly appears. Taylor then leaves the room and enters a third which is occupied by sampler Craig Jones who is standing straight upright and does not move throughout the scene. When Taylor enters the room the video is solarized and remains so throughout the time Taylor's in there. Taylor walks around Jones and inspects his mask and is seen touching the nails protruding from it. Jones then lights a smoke flare, which blinds Taylor, and is seen holding it in his right hand, but he [Taylor] finds the door then leaves the room and enters a fourth which is occupied by bassist Paul Gray.
This room is filled with mirrors, similar to that of a house of mirrors. Taylor is seen walking through the room while Gray seemingly follows him. Taylor then focuses on Gray and makes a waving gesture to seemingly establish if it's a mirror. Gray then gets aggravated, looks up and hits the mirror viciously, and Taylor is seen looking at a broken mirror and a reflection of himself. Taylor after he looks himself in the mirror, screams and looks around anxiously before he falls backwards out Paul Gray's rooms door and lands into a fifth room, which is occupied by percussionist Shawn Crahan. Crahan is seen with several females dancing around him while holding his baseball bat. Taylor is seen returning to his feet and he pushes his way through the crowd. Two of the females are seen trying to physically stop him from leaving the room by grabbing his clothes. Taylor then enters a sixth room which is a thin, blank corridor occupied by guitarist Mick Thomson. The two seemingly stand off, Taylor is seen trying to push past Thomson several times but is knocked backward several times with. Taylor is then seen stood at another door, as if Thomson was simply a mirage. He enters a seventh room which is occupied by guitarist James Root, Root is seen with several females in a room which is classically decorated. Throughout this room the video is reversed. Taylor is seen walking through the crowd almost unnoticed. He then enters an eighth room which is occupied by percussionist Chris Fehn. Fehn is seen lighting candles in the room which has walls covered in art. Taylor is seen observing and gaining interest in his actions while a female is seen walking around the room. Fehn is then seen lighting a candle and gives it to Taylor who blows it out. Taylor is then seen in casual clothes again outside in the rain digging, when a second Taylor rises from the hole dressed in his Slipknot mask and uniform, and the two see each other as it fades to black.
Reception.
During album reviews for "All Hope Is Gone", "Dead Memories" was given good feedback for its melody and accessibility. Reviewing for Blabbermouth.net, Ryan Ogle says that the single shows Slipknot's diversity, he went on to say that it is "well-written and melodious". Dan Martin from "The Guardian" compared it to Metallica's song "Enter Sandman" and went on to say, "[it] is so listenable it's almost conventional." However, Jim Kaz of IGN said that the song almost detracts from the intensity of the album, stating, "it's at this point the band loses a little momentum." Additionally, Ogle of Blabbermouth.net also said that it's a song that "lack[s] the white hot fire that allows the rest of the disc to burn our asses."

= = = Ted DiBiase Jr. = = =
Theodore Marvin DiBiase, Jr. (born November 8, 1982) is an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his time in WWE. He is a former World Tag Team Champion with Cody Rhodes. He also starred in the sequel to "The Marine" which starred WWE wrestler John Cena.
Early life.
DiBiase grew up in Clinton, Mississippi and graduated from Clinton High School in 2001. At Clinton, DiBiase was the football team's starting quarterback. He attended Mississippi College and was the starting wide receiver for the college's football team, before he left the squad after his freshman season. He graduated in 2005 with a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Business Administration.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
DiBiase first appeared on WWE television on May 26, 2008, where he said he was going to become a champion like his father WWE Hall of Famer, Ted DiBiase, and challenged the World Tag Team Champions, Cody Rhodes and Hardcore Holly. At Night of Champions, DiBiase won the World Tag Team Championship in his first match in WWE, after Rhodes turned on Holly, and decided to team up with DiBiase. They held the titles for a month, but then lost them to John Cena and Batista on August 4. The next week, DiBiase and Rhodes had a rematch, and won the titles back.
DiBiase and Rhodes were joined by Manu, but on the October 27, 2008 episode of "Raw", DiBiase and Rhodes lost their championship to CM Punk and Kofi Kingston. DiBiase was then taken off television, so he could film the movie "The Marine 2".

= = = Clinton, Mississippi = = =
Clinton is a city in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. It's in the Jackson metropolitan area, and it's the tenth largest city in Mississippi. The population was 28,100 at the 2020 United States Census.

= = = Apollo Beach, Florida = = =
Apollo Beach is an unincorporated census-designated place in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The population was 26,002 at the 2020 census.

= = = Loco, Switzerland = = =
Loco is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
In 2001 the municipality of Loco was merged with the neighboring municipalities Auressio and Berzona to form a new and larger municipality Isorno.

= = = Robert Gates = = =
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) was the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense. He took office on December 18, 2006 under George W. Bush and Barack Obama's administrations until his retirement on July 1, 2011 Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States National Security Council. Under President George H. W. Bush, Gates served as Director of Central Intelligence. He was also president of Texas A&M. He is currently Chancellor of the College of William and Mary.

= = = Director of Central Intelligence = = =
The Office of United States Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was established by U.S. President Harry Truman on January 23 1946 with Admiral Sidney Souers occupying the position. The DCI was coordinating intelligence activities among and between the various United States intelligence agencies, also called the American Intelligence Community.
Until April 2005, the DCI also served as de facto Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and was often referred to colloquially as the "CIA Director." After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent investigation by the 9/11 Commission, a movement grew to re-organize the Intelligence Community. That movement prompted the creation, on April 21, 2005, of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), in whose purview was the job portfolio that had been performed previously by the Director of Central Intelligence. The latter position then ceased to exist.

= = = Director of National Intelligence = = =
The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government official subject to the authority, direction and control of the President who is responsible under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 for:

= = = Donald Rumsfeld = = =
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021) was an American businessman and politician. Rumsfeld was the 13th United States Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. 
He was both the youngest (43 years old) and the oldest (74 years old) person to have held the position, as well as the only person to have held the position for two non-consecutive terms. Rumsfeld was also the second-longest serving Secretary of Defense, behind Robert McNamara.
Rumsfeld was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois between 1963 until 1969. He was also the Ambassador to NATO from 1973 until 1974. He was also the White House Chief of Staff from 1974 until 1975 during the Gerald Ford presidency.
He ran for President of the United States in the 1988 election, but withdrew before any primary contests were held. He thought about running again in the 1996 election, but did not run and helped Bob Dole's campaign.
Rumsfeld died of multiple myeloma at his ranch in Taos, New Mexico on June 29, 2021 at the age of 88.

= = = Robert McNamara = = =
Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 - July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense. After being an executive at Ford Motor Company, McNamara served as Defense Secretary from 1961 to 1968, during the Vietnam War under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. After holding that position he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 until 1981. He was of Irish ancestry on his father's side.
Early life.
McNamara was born in San Francisco into an Irish family. He graduated from high school in 1933. McNamara was an Eagle Scout. He went to the University of California, Berkeley where he got a degree in economics. He went to Harvard University for his MBA. After a short time working as an accountant he taught at Harvard. He married his high school sweetheart, Margaret Craig, in 1940. In 1943 he joined the Air Force. During the war, he looked at how effficent bombers were working and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. For his service in World War II, he was given the Legion of Merit.
Business Career at Ford.
In 1946 McNamara got together with Charles "Tex" Thornton and eight other people who, like Thornton, he knew from the military and went into business. The group was hired by Ford Motor Company, which was going through a difficult time. This group was known as the "Whiz Kids". The Whiz Kids made changes to the company that led to it becoming more profitable and its cars getting better reviews and better sales. He rose through the company fast. In 1960 he became the President of Ford. He helped launch several successful models, like the Lincoln Continental and the Ford Falcon and put in some of the first modern safety features to be seen in cars.
Secretary of Defense.
In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president. After he asked Robert A. Lovett to be his Defense Secretary, Lovett said no but recommended McNamara. McNamara was considered for both the Defense and Treasury Secretaries even though he was (and was for his entire life) a member of the Republican Party (Kennedy was a Democrat). He wasn't interested in being Treasury Secretary but eventually decided to be Kennedy's Secretary of Defense.
McNamara was known for using statistics to make decisions about the military and to make it more efficient. He tried to cut down on wasteful spending, often by merging programs into more efficient single ones. He also worked to end discrimination based on race and sex in the US Military. While in Kennedy's cabinet, he became good friends with Robert F. Kennedy, the Attorney General at the time (and brother of the president). McNamara was a big supporter of the space program and was one of the first people in government to suggest going to the moon. He wrote a recommendation to Kennedy in 1961 in support of a moon mission. Kennedy made the moon mission a priority for NASA, and the US went to the moon for the first time in 1969.
McNamara ended the "Massive Retaliation" policy that came from the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. Instead, McNamara put in place "flexible response" which allowed more options for defending the US. President Kennedy very much wanted to fight communist revolutions and wars to stop Soviet power from spreading, and McNamara supported this. He also played a big role in peacefully ending the Cuban Missile Crisis. He advised Kennedy to blockade Cuba and stop the Soviet Union from putting more missiles there. Kennedy agreed and their strategy worked.
John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. His successor, Lyndon Johnson, kept McNamara as Defense Secretary. He became a major leader of the Vietnam war, and he and General William Westmoreland were the two biggest leaders in the American military during the war. In order to stop the communists from taking over Vietnam, McNamara sent more troops to the country. Over a number of years this stopped the North Vietnamese Army from winning the war, but as large amounts of American soldiers were killed the war became very unpopular with the people. He and the president strongly disagreed on troop levels - McNamara wanted to stop the increase in troops but Johnson wanted to send more over. McNamara resigned from the Defense Department in 1968. Johnson did not run for reelection that year and the election was won by Richard Nixon, who ran on a promise to end the war. Nixon signed a peace treaty in 1973, but the North Vietnamese would eventually win the war after the US pulled out.
Responsibility for the way the US fought the war.
McNamara shifted control of the war from commanders in the field to management experts in Washington. He did this by collecting data of different kinds, but also by appointing General Westmoreland as commander of the forces in Vietnam. 
For McNamara's "manager" in Vietnam, General Westmoreland, the key numbers were the "cross-over point"... when NVA/VC losses in South Vietnam... would be greater than the NVA's ability to replace those losses".
As we now know, the US forces were gradually getting on top, when a mixup in intelligence failed to warn them of a big NVA offensive. The famous surprise Tet Offensive of the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) was reported by the press in the US as a serious defeat for the US, when in fact it was a considerable success: the NVA had suffered huge casualties. 
Later career.
After leaving the Defense Department, McNamara received the Medal of Freedom, published a book, and was hired as President of the World Bank. In 1972 he was in the news when a man saw him on a ferry boat in Massachusetts and tried to throw him in the ocean. McNamara told police not to press charges. While at the World Bank he focused on reducing world poverty. He was the first World Bank leader to make this the organization's top priority and he was often praised for this. McNamara also helped the World Bank fight disease. He retired from the World Bank in 1981.
He wrote a memoir in 1995. McNamara enjoyed food and cooking, and started an orchard business in his retirement. A movie was released made of interviews and clips about McNamara in 2003 called the Fog of War. He was a trustee of the California Institute of Technology and the Brookings Institution. There is a scholarship of the World Bank in his honor.
In his later list McNamara said that he and the Kennedy and Johnson administrations "were wrong" about Vietnam. He said if he had known in the 1960s what he knows now he would've made a different decision.
McNamara died in Washington DC in 2009. He was 93 when he died. He is buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

= = = James Forrestal = = =
James Vincent Forrestal (February 15, 1892 – May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense.

= = = Yaoi = = =
Yaoi (Japanese: ���) is a term for fiction that shows homosexual male relationships but is usually created by men and women (called Fudanshi/Fujoshi, from the Japanese ���, literally "rotten girl" and ���, "rotten boy"). Most yaoi fans are male and female.
There are also works of fiction that show lesbian relationships. This is called "yuri". It is mostly created by men. Some yaoi are based off of real events but most are from the artist's imagination. One example of yaoi anime is "Sekaiichi hatsukoi", a good example of a great yaoi manga is "Obnoxious Hero-kun". 

= = = Yuri (manga) = = =
Yuri () is a genre about relationships between women in manga, anime, light novel, dōjinshi, webcomics, and other Japanese media. Yuri can be either about spirit, sex, friendship or emotions in such relationship.
"Yuri" is a jargon word and it normally means "lily" in Japanese. The terms "S-class", "Girls Love" and "shoujo-ai" are also used to describe this genre.

= = = Immigration = = =
Immigration means people moving from their native regions into another country to live. People who immigrate are called immigrants. Some are illegal immigrants. Some immigrants are refugees and some ask for political asylum. 
If someone wants to immigrate to the United States, that person has to apply to become a legal citizen. If the person is accepted, they will receive a green card. A green card is a piece of evidence stating that the person is trying to legally stay within the country's borders. The person must keep the green card for at least five years in order to become a citizen of the United States of America. (USA-GOV pg. 1) 
"Immigrant" and "emigrant" both describe human migration. The same people are "emigrants" when they leave their own country or region, and "immigrants" when they arrive somewhere else.
The phrases "many people emigrated from Europe in the 19th century to America" and "many people immigrated to America from Europe in the 19th century" have the same meaning.
Reasons for immigration.
As with other changes, people go to another place for several reasons:
Difficulty of immigration.
Immigration has always been difficult. When people immigrate, they leave behind their friends, families, and culture. They also have to sell what they have, like a house, farm, or anything else too big to bring. Immigrating is also difficult because of the strict Immigration laws and qualifications within each country. It is hard to become a legal citizen of a country. It takes time (about 5 years in the US) and a lot of patience to become legally apart of a country. (USA-GOV pg. 1)
Learning different languages in order to feel comfortable in a country is also extremely difficult for some people They might not have the opportunity to go a to school and learn certain things. Not knowing or beginning to learn the language of a country the person immigrates to can be very uncomfortable at first. This is because communication is needed within our everyday lives, such as at work, in grocery stores, restaurants, and just everyday life. (Global Citizen, 2014, par. 3)
Travelling can also be very expensive. Many immigrants have to use all their money to pay fees or plane tickets.
Once immigrants arrive in the new countries, they can face many difficulties. They may have to get a job, find a house, and learn a new language. Immigrants can also be victims of racism.

= = = White Lion = = =
"White Lion" was a rock band from Omaha, Nebraska, not to be confused with White Lion, the danish-american pop-metal band. Formed in 2021 by American vocalist and guitarist Kai LaFeria and Australian bassist Lachlan Colebrook. Their raw mixture of Bubblegum Pop and Hard Rock was praised for being unique and one-of-kind. They released a self titled album in 2022, followed by their sophomore release titled "ROAR" before the departure of Colebrook due to creative differences, the other members followed suit, resulting in their disbandment. White Lion failed to reach mainstream success, mostly due to the member's inability to cooperate with each other. Their albums were taken off streaming platforms in 2024 due to legal disputes, but their music can still be found on SoundCloud and YouTube. LaFeria still regularly uploads to social media, and has been working on a solo career since early 2023. Colebrook and DeVilliers went on to start the metalcore duo "The Two Idiots".

= = = Mike Tramp = = =
Mike Tramp (born January 14, 1961 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is a Danish singer who sings for White Lion. He is the only member left in White Lion that was in the band when they were first made. After White Lion broke up in 1992 he joined a new band called "Freak of Nature", after that band broke up he had a solo career. In 1999 he brought White Lion back with new members, and made a new White Lion album called "Return of the Pride" in 2008.
Mike Tramp lives in Melbourne, Australia. He is married to Ayu Azhari and has three children.

= = = Delta, British Columbia = = =
Delta is a place in British Columbia, Canada. Delta is a part of Metro Vancouver. Delta is next to the cities of; Richmond to the north, Surrey to the east, and New Westminster to the north east. Delta is also next to Point Roberts to the south, Point Roberts is a part of Whatcom County, Washington, USA. Delta is the biggest place in Metro Vancouver by how much land it has, Surrey is the second biggest. The mayor of Delta is Lois Jackson.
Delta has three towns; Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta.
About Delta.
Delta was made in 1868 by two people named William and Thomas Ladner. In 1879 Delta turned into a municipality.
In 1959, the George Massey tunnel was made and it connected Delta to Richmond. In 1986, the Alex Fraser bridge was made and it connected Delta to New Westminster. Four highways go through Delta; Highway 99, Highway 17, Highway 10, and Highway 91. The busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal is in Delta. Delta is also has a lot of farm land and the Burns Bog, which is the largest bog in North America.
Towns.
Delta has three towns:

= = = Surrey, British Columbia = = =
Surrey is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is a part of Metro Vancouver, which is next to the cities of; Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam to the north, Pitt Meadows to the north east, Langley to the east, New Westminster to the north west, White Rock to the south, and Delta to the west. Surrey is also next to Blaine, Washington, USA to the south.
Surrey has six town centres: Whalley, Newton, Guildford, Fleetwood, Cloverdale, and South Surrey.
The mayor of Surrey is Linda Hepner.
About Surrey.
Surrey was made as a municipality in 1879, in the early 90s, more people started moving to Surrey and made it their home. In 1993, Surrey turned into a city.
In 1937, the Pattullo Bridge was made, and connected Surrey to New Westminster. The bridge also caused more people to move to Surrey. In 1964, the Port Mann bridge was built to connect from Surrey to Coquitlam. The Port Mann bridge is a part of the famous Trans Canada Highway. Six highways run through Surrey, Highway 10, Highway 99, Highway 99A, Highway 15, Highway 1, and Highway 1A. Surrey is the location of the peace arch, which is a monument at the Canada-US border. Surrey is also the second biggest city in British Columbia by population and it is expected to beat Vancouver's population as the biggest city in the province by 2020. Surrey is one of the fastest growing cities in Canada and the fastest growing city in Metro Vancouver.
The population in 2016 was 517,887.
Town Centres.
Surrey has six town centres:
In 2020 a headline in the DailyHive said that "Surrey is on pace to become Metro Vancouver's new downtown"

= = = Mark Lambert = = =
Mark Lambert born 19 February, 1985 in England is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

= = = Sadism = = =
Sadism is a condition in which people get pleasure from humiliating, harming or hurting others. Often the pleasure is of a sexual kind. When a person finds pleasure in being hurt or humiliated, their condition is called Masochism.
The terms "sadism" and "masochism" were both invented by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist. He named Sadism after the Marquis de Sade, a French nobleman who in the eighteenth century wrote many books, stories, and plays. Sade's books include many characters who find pleasure in cruelty, including torture and even murder.
These kind of people usually enjoy it when others are hurt, but specific ones love pain in general. Most of the time people who are masochistic or sadistic are sad in real life.
The condition is often fetishized on the internet and sometimes related to self-doubt or self-hate.
Different forms of Sadism.
At first, Sadism meant only cruelty for sexual pleasure, but as the word became more widely used its meaning changed. Nowadays any person who enjoys being cruel to others can be called "sadistic," even if they get no sexual excitement from what they do.
Some people who have sadistic sexual fantasies mean no real harm to anyone. In BDSM a "top" or dominant person will bind his or her partner or "punish" them in different ways, but what they do will not go beyond limits which the partner has agreed on. On the other hand, a small minority are severely perverted or mentally ill and wish to act out their sadistic fantasies for real. Such people are rare, but they can be very dangerous. Many serial killers and psychopaths have been sexual sadists.
Treating sadism.
Treating sadism is difficult, but it looks like psychotherapy can help in certain cases. Note: It has not been proven that people with sadism can be successfully treated. The former statement is not accurate.

= = = James Inglis (rugby union) = = =
James Inglis (born 26 August 1986 in England) is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a second-row. He has now moved to Roslyn Park RUFC.
James has subsequently retired from rugby and now teaches at a top independent boarding school. On 30 May 2019, James married the love of his life, Sarah McDonald, at Chateau de Blomac in front of close friends and family. 

= = = Shane O'Connor = = =
Shane O'Connor born 29 March, 1983 in Ireland is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a second-row.

= = = Alex Rogers = = =
Alex Rogers (born 16 December 1986 in England) is a rugby union player. he plays for the Newcastle Falcons in the English Premiership.
Rogers plays as a prop. Previously he played for the Harlequins. 

= = = Gareth Williams (rugby union) = = =
Gareth Williams (born 7 March 1988 in Wales) is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a scrum-half.

= = = David Blaney = = =
David Blaney (born 3 March 1979 in England) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

= = = Ryan Prosser = = =
Ryan Prosser born 10 July, 1988 in Wales is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

= = = Iain Grieve = = =
Iain Grieve (born 19 February, 1987 in Jwaneng, Botswana) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row. Unfortunately he has spent a number of years injured and almost single handedly bankrupted BUPA, the NHS & Bristol Rugby.

= = = Chris Ashwin = = =
Chris Ashwin (born 19 November 1987 in Gloucester) is a British rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a fly-half.

= = = Network address translation = = =
In computer networking, network address translation (NAT) is a technique of modifying the network address information in the IP packet headers while transferring the packet across a traffic routing device; such a technique remaps a given address space into another (usually smaller) address space. This allows multiple computers to share a single public IPv4 address, which has become necessary because there are not enough IPv4 addresses for every computer in the world.
Today, NAT is used to hide networks (called "network masquerading") or to hide IP (called "IP masquerading"). "Masquerading" is the mechanism that hides an entire address space, usually consisting of private network addresses (), behind a single IP address usually in the public domain address space. 
The NAT mechanism is implemented inside a routing device that keeps track of the "state" of the network connections. The NAT device may also implement a firewall. The router uses translation tables to map the "hidden" addresses into a single address and then rewrites the outgoing IP packets on exit from the router so that they appear to originate from the router. In the reverse communications path, responses to the outgoing packets are mapped back to the originating IP address using the reverse of the rules ("state") stored in the translation tables. The outgoing IP packets establish the device translation tables.
The translation table rules established in the above way are cleared after a short period without new traffic refreshing their "state". However, most NAT devices today allow the network administrator to configure translation tables’ entries for permanent use. This feature is often referred to as "static NAT" or port forwarding and allows traffic originating in the 'outside' network to reach selected hosts in the "masqueraded network".
Carrier-grade NAT, also called large-scale NAT, is NAT done by the Internet service provider (ISP). This is used when the ISP has more customers than IP addresses. This is commonly used by cellular service providers on 3G and 4G networks, but it is not (yet) common on landline DSL or cable connections. The CIDR address block 100.64.0.0/10 is reserved for carrier-grade NAT, although many ISPs improperly use private addresses, which are 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.
NAT is used only in IPv4. It is not necessary in IPv6, because IPv6 has enough addresses for every computer in the world to have a global address. IPv6 can, however, use network prefix translation, which translates the network prefix (usually the first 64 bits of the address) from private address space to public, but leaves the host identifier (usually the last 64 bits) the same. This creates a one-to-one mapping of IPv6 addresses and does not have the same drawbacks as traditional NAT.

= = = Rey Mysterio = = =
Óscar Gutiérrez (born December 11, 1974), better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE. He wrestles on the SmackDown brand. Mysterio is often said to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time. He is credited for making cruiserweight wrestling popular. Mysterio is one of the world's most recognizable "lucha libre" wrestlers.
Mysterio is the nephew of Rey Misterio Sr., He began his professional wrestling career in 1989 on the independent circuit. He was 14 years old. He signed with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in 1992. After a short time wrestling for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), Mysterio went to work for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1996. In WCW, Mysterio helped popularize "lucha libre" in the United States. This led to cruiserweight wrestling divisions being more popular. He won the WCW Cruiserweight Championship five times and the WCW World Tag Team Championship three times. He then wrestled for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). Mysterio joined World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2002.
In WWE, Mysterio won the Cruiserweight Championship three times the World Heavyweight Championship and Intercontinental Championship twice, and the United States Championship three times. He also won the WWE Championship once and the WWE Tag Team Championship four times. He is WWE's 21st Triple Crown and Grand Slam champion, is a Royal Rumble match winner, and has headlined several WWE pay-per-view events. Mysterio left WWE in 2015 and wrestled for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Lucha Underground and AAA. Mysterio returned to WWE in 2018. He won the U.S. Championship twice and the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. His tag team partner was his son Dominik.
AAA Return (2015–2017).
On March 3, 2015, it was announced that Mysterio resigned with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). He made his return to the promotion at the 2015 Rey de Reyes ("King of Kings"). He teamed up with Myzteziz in the main event against El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and Pentagón Jr.
On March 20, 2015, Mysterio teamed with Extreme Tiger to face El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and Manik. In the match, Mysterio used a headscissors takedown to throw Aguayo out of the ring. When Aguayo got back into the ring, Mysterio dropkicked him in the head to set up for his finisher, the 619 which caused Aguayo to land on the middle rope. Aguayo appeared to be limp while hanging on the middle rope. The match was finished when Mysterio pinned Manik. Aguayo was later brought out of the ring and was rushed to the Del Prado hospital. He was pronounced dead around 1:00am on March 21. Mysterio and Konnan were pallbearers at his funeral.

= = = Router = = =
A router is a computer whose software and hardware are designed to move data between computer networks. Routers move traffic to where it needs to go. They do this by choosing the shortest path between the computers using a complicated system of rules called routing protocols. Most routers have a specialized operating system, RAM, NVRAM, flash memory, and one or more processors. They also have two or more network interfaces. They come in a variety of sizes from something that could hold in the hand to something too large for one person to lift.
If a computer has an connection to the Internet, It is connected to a router that the computer sends data to. This is the first router the computer will connect to in order to get to the internet. It is known as a default gateway because it is the gateway to the internet. By convention, the gateway has the lowest IP address (like a phone number for a computer) in the subnet (a group of addresses). Anytime a computer makes a connection (such as a connection to www.wikipedia.org), the IP address of the destination server is found using a service called DNS (Domain Name System). Once the destination address has been found, the computer connects to the gateway router. The gateway then sends data to a router at the ISP (Internet Service Provider). That router is a part of the internet and connects to other routers until the data reaches the destination.
In small networks such as homes, small businesses (including internet cafés) and small schools, the router also performs NAT (network address translation) which makes all outgoing connections look like they come from one address. Typically, incoming connections are only allowed if they are replies to connections made by a computer inside the NAT.
Routers connect two or more networks and direct traffic between them. These networks may be physical (the network is associated with a port) or logical (not associated with a port on the router). The term layer 3 switch often is used the same as 'router', but it is a general term without a technical definition. Layer 3 switch implies a device that is built to connect Ethernet devices in a LAN but can also perform routing.
Router operating systems are split into two parts:

= = = Network address = = =
Network address may refer to:

= = = Masochism = = =
Masochism is a medical condition. People who suffer from it can get pleasure from being hurt or humiliated by others. Often, the pleasure is sexual. When a person gets pleasure from being the one who causes hurt or humiliation, their condition is called Sadism.
The word "masochism" was invented by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist. He named it after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), a writer whose books and stories often featured men in love with women who treated them cruelly.
Different forms of Masochism.
Many people with masochistic feelings do not really want to be hurt badly. They want to act out their daydreams, such as being tied up and kidnapped, or becoming the slave of another person. In BDSM, people often agree who will be "dominant/dom" and "submissive/sub" before they do anything together, and talk about exactly what they will do before they do it. People who do this kind of masochism usually do it for sexual excitement.
Most people who practice BDSM are concerned about their partner's safety. When people are careless about safety, or have no partner and play masochistic games when they are alone, it can be very dangerous. In some cases people have died from such games, especially when they involve suffocation, like hanging or rubber masks, even more dangerous when making it hard to get out by putting themselves in things like handcuffs.
Some people suffer from emotional masochism. They are more comfortable when they feel sad or consider themselves failures in life, or prefer to be in a relationship with someone who cheats or insults them. People who have these kind of feelings may have been bullied or abused earlier in life, or may feel that they do not deserve success and happiness.
Sometimes, self-injury is seen as a form of masochism which is not motivated sexually. Other behaviours, such as nail biting or trichotillomania often occur in situations where there is a lot of stress or pressure on the individual. While they are related to the individual's way to deal with stressful situations, they are also often rooted in the personality.
Treating masochism.
Treating masochism is difficult, but it looks like psychotherapy can help in some cases. People who like to be hurt during sex often say they're happy, though. Even not in sex, masochism can be natural in people.

= = = Jon Fisher = = =
Jon Fisher is an economist, an author, and a businessman. Fisher created his company Bharosa to create software to make computers safer. He is also a part-time professor at the University of San Francisco. Fisher has created forecasts about jobs in the United States. He said it was a mistake for the government to help banks in a weak economy. He has appeared on the news websites TechCrunch, Marketwired, and "The Wall Street Journal".
Early Life and Education.
Jon Fisher was born on January 19, 1972. His parents are Gerald and Anita Fisher. They are both professors at Stanford University. Jon attended The Nueva School and Crystal Springs Uplands School. He graduated from the University of San Francisco.
Career.
In 1994, Jon Fisher started the company AutoReach. This company is now a part of AutoNation. In 1998, he formed a new company, NetClerk. This new company was purchased by the Builders Information Group in 2002. NetClerk created software that allowed people in the construction and plumbing industries to obtain online permits.
After working with NetClerk, Fisher gave his help to new business owners. He taught them how to reorganize and sell their business for a profit. In 2004, Fisher and Thomas Varghese started the company Bharosa. Fisher was the chief executive officer (CEO) for the company. Bharosa creates security software to make online customers safe.
Fisher currently works as the chief executive officer of CrowdOptic. He began to work there on November 17, 2010. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of San Francisco. Fisher has published a book titled "Strategic Entrepreneurism: Shattering the Start-Up Entrepreneurial Myths".
Fisher was recognized in 2008 and 2009 when he made several predictions about the direction of the United States economy. In April 2008, he said that the unemployment rate in the United States would be 9% in 2009. This fact became true. In 2009, Fisher said that unemployment would not be more than 10.4%. He said it would be 8% by the end of 2010.
Awards and Recognition.
Jon Fisher has received several honors for his work as an entrepreneur and teacher, including:

= = = Lachlan Mitchell = = =
Lachlan Mitchell (born September 30, 1987 in Sydney) is an Australian rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a centre.

= = = Charlie Beech = = =
Charlie Beech (born 21 July 1987) is an English rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop. He was born in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England.

= = = Showgrounds = = =
The Showgrounds is a football stadium in Sligo, Ireland. It has a capacity of 5,500. 2,400 of the 5,500 capacity are seated. There are two seated stands - a blue stand and a red stand which holds most of the seats. There is also a terrace - there used to be two, but the old one got knocked down along with the shed. There are two training pitches, one of them is astroturf. Sometimes there is a carnival in the car park. Sligo Rovers F.C. play their home games in the Showgrounds.

= = = Hugo Ellis = = =
Hugo Ellis (born 4 February 1988) is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row. He was born in Isleworth, London, England.

= = = Ross Batty = = =
Ross Batty (born 20 September 1986 in England) is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

= = = Tim Swinson = = =
Tim Swinson born 17 February, 1987 in London, England is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a lock.

= = = Rory Clegg = = =
Rory Clegg (born 6 January 1990 in Hanover, Germany) is an English rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a fly-half.

= = = Private network = = =
In Internet terminology a private network is typically a network that uses private IP address space, following the standard. Computers may be allocated addresses from this address space when it is necessary for them to communicate with other computing devices on an Intranet network (internal private computer network that uses the Internet Protocol).
Private networks are quite common in home and office local area network (LAN) designs, as many organizations do not see a need for globally unique IP addresses for every computer, printer and other devices that the organizations use. Private IP addresses were created due to the shortage of publicly registered IP addresses created by the IPv4 standard. One of the reasons IPv6 was created is to overcome this limitation of the IPv4 standard. However IPv6 still did not achieve a widespread use.
Routers on the Internet should be configured to discard any packets containing private IP addresses in the IP packet header. This isolation gives private networks a basic form of security as it is not usually possible for the outside world to establish a connection directly to a machine using these private addresses. As connections cannot be made between different private networks via the internet, different organizations can use the same private address range without risking address conflicts (communications accidents caused by reaching a third party using the same IP address).
If a device on a private network needs to communicate with other networks, a "mediating gateway" (in-between gateway) is needed to ensure that the outside network is presented with an address that is "real" (or publicly reachable) so that Internet routers allow the communication. This gateway is typically a NAT device or a proxy server. Public Internet Routers by default will not forward packets with addresses. Unlike public Internet routers that need additional configuration to forward these packets, internal routers do not need any additional configuration to forward these packets.
This can cause problems, however, when organizations try to connect networks that both use the same private address spaces. There is a potential for clashes and routing problems if both networks use the same IP addresses for their private networks, or if both networks depend on NAT to connect them through the Internet.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) private addresses.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the entity that manage global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, media types, and other Internet protocol assignments. It is operated by ICANN.
For someone familiar with the boundaries of classful addressing, it is important to note that even though the range of 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 falls in the traditional class B range, the block of addresses reserved is not a /16, but a /12. The same applies for the range of 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255; this block is not a /24, but a /16. However, someone can still (and many individuals typically do) use addresses from these CIDR blocks and apply a subnet mask appropriate for the traditional classful boundary of the address.
The current IANA "private internet" (also called non-routable) addresses are:
To reduce the load on root nameservers caused by the reverse DNS lookups of these IP addresses, a system of "black-hole" nameservers is provided by anycast network AS112.

= = = Paul Cook (footballer) = = =
Paul Anthony Cook (born February 22, 1967 in Liverpool) is an English former footballer and the current manager of Sligo Rovers F.C. in Ireland. He had a lengthy career, playing for a number of clubs in the Football League as a left sided or central midfielder before retiring from the game in 2006.

= = = David Cook (singer) = = =
David Cook is an American alternative rock and post-grunge singer-songwriter. He was born on December 20, 1982. His hometown is Blue Springs, Missouri.
American Idol.
In 2008, David was the winner of American Idol Season 7.

= = = Roddy Piper = = =
Roderick George Toombs (April 17, 1954 – July 31, 2015) better known by his ring name "Rowdy" Roddy Piper, was a Canadian professional wrestler and actor. During his career, Piper worked for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He played the role of a Scottish wrestler, most of a time he was a heel.
Early life.
Piper was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He was raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is of Scottish heritage.
Career.
Piper hosted a popular interview segment in the WWF/E, called "Piper's Pit". The segment mainly aired during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It has been abandoned since Piper left the WWE, but was still done on special occasions when Piper made a special appearance. In 2005, Piper was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Ric Flair.
Piper also acted in many movies and television shows. One of his most well known roles was as a drifter in the 1988 movie "They Live".
Death.
Piper died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by a pulmonary embolism on July 31, 2015 in Hollywood, California. A ten-bell salute for Piper was held at the beginning of the August 3, 2015 episode of WWE Raw.

= = = Lolicon = = =
, is a slang word for the phrase "Lolita complex". In Japan, the word explains a hebephilic desire for drawings of teenage or prepubescent, or a young girl who desires other girls. Outside Japan, the word is less common. It denotes a genre of manga and anime in which young female characters are shown in a sexual way. The word is a reference to Vladimir Nabokov's book, "Lolita". In the book, a middle-aged man sexually desires a 12-year-old girl.
Some people claim that lolicon adds to actual sexual abuse of children, while others claim that there is no facts that show this, or that facts show the opposite. Countries have tried to make lolicon that shows children naked or having sex illegal as a type of child pornography. 
One of the few that has made it actually illegal is the United Kingdom where the possession of lolicon pornography is illegal. These laws have been criticised heavily, and charges of lolicon child porn tend not to stick, because a judge reasons that no real children were harmed to make it and posses it and therefore it is not worth conviction, or because the harm that will be caused by giving the person a jail sentence is considered disproportionate to their charges.
The boy version is called Shotacon.

= = = Behemoth = = =
Behemoth is a metal band from Gdańsk, Poland. Their early albums were black metal, but later they switched to a mixture of death metal and black metal. The band has been important in the creation of the Polish extreme metal underground.

= = = Studio Ghibli = = =
 is a Japanese movie studio in Koganei, Tokyo. It produces anime shows and movies. It has won many awards for some of its movies, including an Academy Award for "Spirited Away". The company was established by Hayao Miyazaki in 1985. The name comes from the Arabic word "ghibli", for hot winds blowing from the Sahara Desert. The main focus of Ghibli is to produce long animations, but they have produced short animations since the middle of 1990. Their movies often satirize the society at that time. The company tends to choose famous actors from television or movies as their voice actors. They also have a museum located in Mitaka.

= = = Reverse DNS lookup = = =
Reverse DNS lookup (rDNS) is the process of determining the hostname or the host computer associated with a given IP address or any other type of network address.
Typically, the Domain Name System is used to determine what IP address is associated with a given domain name. So, to "reverse-resolve" a known IP address to determine the hostname is simply the process of searching what host and domain name belongs to that IP address. 
A reverse lookup is often referred to as reverse resolving, or more specifically reverse DNS lookup, and is accomplished using a "reverse IN-ADDR entry" in the form of a PTR record.
 in the "INSTRUCTIONS" section, and later, Section 2.1 states "Every Internet-reachable host should have a name" and "Make sure your PTR and A records match".

= = = Polis = = =
Polis means a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. In context with Ancient Greece "polis" means nearly always "city-state."
The word originates from the ancient Greek city-states, which developed during the Archaic period and existed well into Roman times, when the equivalent Latin word was "civitas", that means 'citizenhood' as well.
An ancient "polis" often centered around a citadel, called the "acropolis". Nearly always it had an "agora" (market) and typically one or more temples and a "gymnasium". Many citizens of a "polis" did not live in the central city but in the suburbs or countryside. The Greeks regarded the "polis" as a religious and political association: while the "polis" would control territory and colonies beyond the city itself, the "polis" would not simply consist of a geographical area.
Words coming from "polis".
Modern European languages have many words that come from "polis". In English there are policy, polity, police and politics. In Greek, words coming from "polis" include "politēs" and "politismos".
A number of words end in the word "-polis". Most refer to a special kind of city and/or state. Some examples are:
Other refer to part of a city or a group of cities, such as:
Other cities.
The names of several other towns and cities in Europe and the Middle East have contained the suffix ""-polis" since antiquity; or currently feature modernized spellings, such as "-pol". Some of the examples are:
The names of other cities were also given the suffix "-polis"" after antiquity, either referring to ancient names or simply unrelated:

= = = Doujinshi = = =
 is a Japanese work that a person creates alone or with people who also share same interest. A group of people who work together to create doujinshi are called a . Some circles have only one artist working by themselves: they are sometimes called . These works can be books, manga, art, or other things. Doujinshi are often created by amateurs, but, some professional artists also make doujinshi. The word "doujinshi" comes from and . "Shi" is a contraction of the full word "zasshi". "Zasshi" means "magazine".
Doujinshi are part of a larger category of dōjin. This category includes art collections, anime, hentai, and games.
The "International Society of Limnology" promotes limnology to scientists throughout the world. There are many centres for such research throughout the world. 
Limnology helps to explain why some lakes have lots of plants and animals and some have very few. The Freshwater Biological Association which is based next to Windermere in England did a lot of the early work. Limnologists there worked out why deep lakes have cold water at the bottom in summer-time but not in Winter. The reason was that winds in Autumn mix the waters up.

= = = Toyota RAV4 = = =
The Toyota RAV4 is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994 and sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine. It is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 competes with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester, and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive but RAV4s may just come with 2-wheel drive. It’s a versatile car with good fuel economy and favorable on-road manners. The car is powered by a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine along with six-speed automatic gear options.
Toyota RAV4 is one of the first cars introduced in small crossover SUV market. All-in-all Toyota RAV4 is an impressive well-equipped compact SUV with no major pitfalls.

= = = Toyota MR2 = = =
The Toyota MR2 and MR2 Spyder were sports cars made by Toyota. They were sold from 1984 until 2007. The MR2 is a mid-engine sports car, similar to cars by Ferrari and Porsche. MR2 is an acronym for midship, rear-wheel-drive, two-seater.

= = = Wheaton College = = =
Wheaton College is a private Evangelical Protestant college in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago in the United States. It was founded in 1860.

= = = Sacred site = = =
A sacred site is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites. Some religions, such as Islam & Hinduism, think of the sacred sites as being very important to their faith. In other religions such as Protestant Christianity, sacred sites are not so important.
The idea that a place is sacred often comes from something that has happened at the place, or a religious story about that place. Mount Sinai is a sacred site for Jews and Christians because it was on Mount Sinai that Moses received the Ten Commandments of God.
The "sacred site" might be a natural site, or it might be a building of some sort. One of the most famous natural sites that is also a sacred site is Uluru (also called Ayre's Rock) in Central Australia. It is believed to have been sacred to the aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. Other famous natural sites are the sacred trees of India, Japan and South East Asia.
Very often, buildings have been made on natural sites that were already thought of as sacred. For example, a spring of water coming from the ground might be said to have healing powers. A special well-house might be built around the spring to protect it, and as a place where people might leave offerings (gifts to a god).
Other sites are thought of as sacred because a holy person or saint lived there, or died there, or their body is kept there. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the most sacred sites to Christianity because it is believed that Jesus' body was placed in a tomb there. The city of Mecca is sacred to all Muslim people as the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad.
Pilgrimage.
Many people make a special visit to a sacred site. This is called a pilgrimage. A person who travels on pilgrimage is called a "pilgrim". Pilgrimage is very important in Islam, because every Muslim person is expected to make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca once in their lifetime, if they can possibly do so.
Many Christians also make pilgrimages to sacred sites. Pilgrimage became very important in the Middle Ages when thousands of people travelled to many sacred sites, particularly to Jerusalem, to the famous Christian basilicas of Rome, to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and Canterbury Cathedral in England. In modern times, sacred sites of Christian pilgrimage include Assisi in Italy, Lourdes in France, Fatima in Portugal and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.
In Buddhism, the sacred sites are four places in India where Buddha lived and preached. These are Kapilavastu, Bodh Gaya, Benares and Kusinagara.

= = = Basil II = = =
Basil II (958 – December 15, 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height since Justinian the Great. Under his reign, the First Bulgarian Empire was completely taken by him, a land that would be part of his empire for 150 years. Because of this, the northern part of the Roman Empire touched the Danube river for the first time in several hundred years. He also took land towards the east. 

= = = Battle of Manzikert = = =
The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt (Turkish: "Malazgirt Sav") was fought between the Byzantine Empire and then Seljuq Empire. The Seljuq forces attacked on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, (modern Malazgirt, Turkey). Its result was one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The Battle of Manzikert played an important role in breaking the Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for the Turkish settlement in Anatolia.

= = = Mark Lawrenson = = =
Mark Thomas Lawrenson (born 2 June 1957, in Preston, Lancashire) is a former professional football player, a defender in the Liverpool and Irishfootball teams of the 1980s; he has since become a radio, television and internet pundit for the BBC. 
Despite being born in England, UK, he played for the Republic of Ireland national football team due to his Irish ancestry.

= = = Red Square = = =
Red Square (, ) is the most famous city square in Moscow, Russia. The square separates the Kremlin, the former royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia, from a historic merchant quarter known as Kitay-gorod (China-Town). As major streets of Moscow radiate from here in all directions, being promoted to major highways outside the city, the Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow and of all Russia.
Red Square and the Kremlin are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Joseph Stalin's body was preserved near Red Square, in Lenin's mausoleum. It was later moved and reburied deep behind the Kremlin Wall without any ceremony.
Red Square is a popular tourist attraction in Russia.

= = = George I of Great Britain = = =
George I (George Louis; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was the ruler of Hanover in North Germany and later also the King of Great Britain and Ireland.
Family.
George was born in Osnabrück, Germany, on 28 May 1660. He lived most of his life in the Electorate of Hanover, one of the many German countries that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. This area is today part of Germany. He married his cousin Sophia Dorothea (the daughter of his father's brother George William) in 1682.
On 10 November 1683, their first child and only son, George Augustus, was born. When George Louis was King of Great Britain, George Augustus was the Prince of Wales. When the father died, the son became king, as George II.
On 16 March 1687, their second child and only daughter was born. She was called Sophia Dorothea, after her mother. She later married and became the Queen in Prussia. Because she was married, she did not live in Britain with her father, but in Prussia with her husband.
George and his wife drifted apart, because he preferred his mistress Melusine, with whom he had three daughters, Anna, Melusine and Margaret. Meanwhile, his wife was having an affair with Count Philip Christopher of Königsmarck, who was found dead in a river, rumoured to have been murdered on George's orders.
The marriage was ended in 1694, on the grounds that Sophia Dorothea had effectively abandoned George. Sophia Dorothea's father, George William, and George Louis, had Sophia Dorothea imprisoned in Ahlden Castle in Celle, where she was unable to see her father, former husband, or children.
In 1698, his father died and George became the ruler ("Prince-elector") of Hanover.
King of Great Britain.
When Queen Anne of Great Britain died in 1714, an act of parliament said the next ruler must be a Protestant. George was not the closest relative, but was the closest Protestant one. All the closer relatives were Roman Catholic, so George became King of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 August 1714. He was the first ruler of Great Britain from his family, the House of Hanover.
Many of the British people did not like the new king. It is often said that he could not actually speak English. This may have been true at first, but he sometimes wrote in English later in his reign. George spent less time running the country than previous monarchs and allowed Parliament to have a bigger role. Later on, he left Robert Walpole in charge of running the country. Walpole became the first British prime minister, although the word "prime minister" was not used at the time.
He died while travelling from England to Hanover on 11 June 1727.

= = = Official Opposition (United Kingdom) = = =
His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, or the Official Opposition in the United Kingdom is led by The Leader of the Opposition. This is usually the political party with the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, as the largest party will usually form the government. Since May, 2010, the Official Opposition has been the Labour Party.

= = = Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom) = = =
The Leader of the Opposition (sometimes known as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons) in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. The Leader of the Opposition is normally the leader of the second largest party in the House of Commons.
The current Leader of the Opposition is Sir Keir Starmer, the Leader of the Labour Party. Starmer was elected to that position on 4 April 2020.

= = = David Davis = = =
David Michael Davis (born 23 December 1948) is an English politician. He is a member of the Conservative Party. In July 2016, Davis became the first Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union under the Theresa May cabinet.
Davis was born in York and raised in south London.
He was the Shadow Home Secretary from 2003 - 2008. He is the Member of Parliament for the Haltemprice and Howden constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election for the Boothferry constituency.
On 12 June 2008, Davis said he was going to resign as an MP, and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary. This was intended to force a by-election in his seat, for which he intended to seek re-election by mounting a specific campaign designed to provoke wider public debate about the erosion of civil liberties in the United Kingdom. Following his formal resignation as an MP on 18 June 2008, he officially became the Conservative candidate in the resulting by-election and won it on 10 July 2008.
In 2017, Davis proposed a new treaty between UK and EU to fight crime and terror, after series of terrorist incidents in UK. In September 2017, he stated that UK was to remain as the part of Europol. However, EU is said to have refused to discuss Europol, which exchanges crime and counter-terrorism information and intelligence, until it judges that "sufficient progress" has been been on the financial settlement, Ireland and citizen's rights after Brexit. 
On 8 July 2018 Davis resigned as Brexit Secretary.

= = = William Hague = = =
William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond (pronounced "HAIG"; born 26 March 1961) is a British politician. He was Foreign Secretary and First Secretary of State. He was the leader of the Conservative Party from June 1997 to September 2001. He was the Member of Parliament for the Richmond (York) constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
William Hague was born in Rotherham in West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He first gained national attention when he spoke at the 1977 Conservative Party conference aged 16. He was educated at the University of Oxford. Hague first became a Member of Parliament at a by-election in 1989. In 1995, William Hague was made the Secretary of State for Wales until 1997 when the Conservatives lost the general election. He was elected as Conservative Party leader in 1997. Following the Conservative's defeat in the 2001 General Election, he resigned from the position and was succeeded by Iain Duncan Smith.
He went on to write biographies of William Pitt the Younger and William Wilberforce. In 2005, when David Cameron became the Conservative Party leader, Hague was made the Shadow Foreign Secretary and Secretary of State.
Hague became the Foreign Secretary after the 2010 election in the Conservative Liberal Democrat coalition government. Issues that he was involved in included the Arab Spring and Syrian Civil War as well as the crisis in Crimea. Hague thinks Syrian President Bashar al-Assad should be removed from power, and the Cameron government wanted to help the opposition with air strikes in 2013, but Parliament did not agree and the plans did not go forward. Hague did not run for reelection in the 2015 election and mostly retired from politics after that. He was made a member of the House of Lords as Baron Hague of Richmond, where he is a member today.

= = = George Osborne = = =
George Gideon Oliver Osborne (born 23 May 1971) is a former British politician and newspaper editor. 
Osborne was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2010 to 2016 in the David Cameron government. He was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the Tatton constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He was an MP from 2001 to 2017.
George Osborne was born in Paddington, London, England and was educated at the University of Oxford. He became an MP in 2001 and entered the shadow cabinet in 2004. In 2005, Osborne was made the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Michael Howard and held this post when David Cameron became leader of the Conservative Party. 
Osborne became Chancellor of the Exchequer on 11 May 2010 and outlined £6.2 billion worth of cuts to help reduce the budget deficit. He left office on 13 July 2016 when Theresa May became Prime Minister. He was replaced by Philip Hammond. In April 2017 he said he would not stand in the 2017 general election. He was made a Companion of Honour in the 2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours. He was editor of the "Evening Standard" from 2017 to 2020.
Osborne is part of the old Anglo-Irish aristocracy, known in Ireland as the "Ascendancy". He is the heir to the Osborne baronetcy (of Ballentaylor, in County Tipperary, and Ballylemon, in County Waterford).
Revelation.
"Private Eye" wrote about the relationship between Osborne and "Evening Standard" owner Evgeny Lebedev. Russian oligarch Lebedev appointed Osborne as editor. The "Evening Standard" is now called "The Standard". 
During Osborne's time as Chancellor of the Exchequer he regularly pledged Treasury money to "Standard" charitable campaigns. In September 2015, the newspaper ranked Osborne in joint-first place on its annual 'Progress 1000' list of the most influential people in London. It also said that, as Chancellor, Osborne failed to tackle the advantageous tax status for so-called "non-doms" (foreign wealthy people). Lebedev's paper strongly supported the Conservative Party in the 2015 general election and the Conservatives' candidate Zac Goldsmith in the 2016 London mayoral election.

= = = Trojanus of Saintes = = =
Trojanus of Saintes (died c.530) was a 6th century bishop of Saintes, in France. 
He is a Catholic saint, also known as Trojan and Troyen. His feast day is held on 30 November.

= = = 530 = = =
530 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

= = = Celestus microblepharis = = =
Celestus microblepharis are a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can only be found in Jamaica.

= = = Anguidae = = =
Anguidae is a family of lizards.
Classification.
Family Anguidae

= = = Celestus = = =
Celestus is a genus of lizards.
Classification.
Genus "Celestus"

= = = Celestus warreni = = =
Celestus warreni (also known as the Warren's galliwasp or the giant Hispaniolan galliwasp) is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can be found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests underneath leaf litter and underneath forest debris. Giant galliwasps are opportunistic predators that feed on insects, earthworms, small mammals, and other reptiles. 
It is threatened by habitat loss.

= = = Duquesney's galliwasp = = =
Celestus duquesneyi (also known as the Duquesney's galliwasp or blue-tailed galliwasp) is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can only be found in Jamaica.

= = = Celestus fowleri = = =
Celestus fowleri is a kind of lizard in the Anguidae family. It only lives in Jamaica.

= = = Jamaica giant galliwasp = = =
The Jamaica giant galliwasp (Celestus occiduus) was a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It was only found in Jamaica, and it is now extinct.

= = = Tammy Wynette = = =
Virginia Wynette Pugh (usually known as Tammy Wynette, May 5, 1942 – April 6, 1998), was an American country music singer. She was born in Mississippi.
The best-known of her songs is "Stand by Your Man". She had 17 number-one hits during her career.
She died of pulmonary thrombosis.
Personal life.
Wynette was married 5 times. Her third husband was George Jones, also a singer of country music.

= = = Tricity = = =
Triciti (Polish Trójmiasto) is the unofficial name of an urban area with 3 cities: Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot in Pomeranian Voivodeship. Tricity is a big centre for tourism.

= = = Kaliningrad Oblast = = =
Kaliningrad Oblast (, "Kaliningradskaya oblast") is an exclave of Russia bordered by Poland, Lithuania and Baltic Sea. The capital of Kaliningrad Oblast is Kaliningrad, formerly Königsberg.
It is quite unusual, first because it is not attached to Russia. It is an exclave on the Baltic coast, with no land connection to the rest of Russia. It has a population of 941,873 (2010 Census). It has a continental climate ("Dfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).
Its territory was part of historical East Prussia (German: Nord-Ostpreussen), which was an exclave of Germany from 1919 until 1945. That year, it was occupied by the Soviet Union as a result of the World War II. The region was later annexed to the Soviet Union under border changes of the Potsdam Agreement, when it was attached to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Most of its German population were fled west to West Germany during the last months of the war. The rest were expelled between 1944 and 1950. Russian settlers were moved in and the population is now mainly Russian. As of the 2010 census, only a small number of ethnic Germans remain; most of the several thousand who live in the oblast are recent immigrants from other parts of the former Soviet Union.

= = = Coat of arms of Poland = = =
A official Coat of Arms of Poland is the White Eagle with golden crown in its head on red shield.
The White Eagle came from a legend about Lech.

= = = Christianization = = =
Christianization is when a country, nation or region changes their faith to Christianity. It can be started when a local ruler is baptized.

= = = Adam Sandler = = =
Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, musician, screenwriter and movie producer. His family is Jewish, and descends from Russian Jewish immigrants on both sides. He is best known for comedy movies, such as "Happy Gilmore", "The Wedding Singer", "Little Nicky", "Spanglish", "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry", "You Don't Mess with the Zohan" and "Uncut Gems". He also starred in a dramatic role for "Reign Over Me".
Sandler was born in New York City, and grew up in New Hampshire.
Influences.
Sandler's influences include "Weird Al" Yankovic, Beastie Boys, Bill Cosby, Chris Rush, Dennis Miller, Eddie Murphy, Jerry Lewis, Joe Piscopo, Mel Brooks, Redd Foxx, Sam Kinison, Steve Martin and The Blues Brothers as influences.

= = = Anguis = = =
Anguis is a member of legless lizards also known as slowworms or blindworms. belonging to the genus Anguidae. Even though they are lizards, slow worms have lost their legs and are usually mistaken for snakes.
Classification.
Subfamily Anguinae

= = = Anguis fragilis = = =
Anguis fragilis (the slow-worm, or blindworm) is a lizard which is limbless (meaning it has no legs or arms). It has a wide distribution in Europe and Asia, and is one of the few reptiles native to Britain.
When a slow-worm is in danger it can shed (break off) its tail and escape. It can then grow back a new, shorter tail, which it cannot shed.
The female often has a stripe along the back and the male may have blue spots.
Instead of laying eggs, the females give birth to live young (viviparous birth). In the days leading up to birth the female can often be seen basking in the sun on a warm road. 
Slow-worms are often called snakes, but they are not. Slow-worms can blink, but snakes cannot. They shed their skin in patches like other lizards, rather than the whole skin as most snakes do.
Adult slow-worms grow to be about 50 centimetres long. They are known for their very long life. One was said to have been fifty four years old. 
There are not as many slow-worms as there used to be. Many places where they used to live have been built on. In gardens they can be killed by cats.

= = = Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio = = =
Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio is a broadcast presentation of Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio. The games include the Opening Day game, the Sunday Night Baseball games, Saturday afternoon games, holiday games (like Memorial Day games) and September pennant race games. The All-Star Game and all of the playoffs can also be heard on ESPN Radio including the Division Series, League Championship Series and the World Series.
In addition to affiliate stations on AM/FM radio, ESPN Radio's game broadcasts are also on XM Satellite Radio. They are not included in the subscription "Gameday Audio" package on MLB.com, however.
History.
On September 27, 1997, ESPN outbid CBS Radio to become the exclusive national radio broadcaster of Major League Baseball. This was very surprising, considering that CBS Radio had been the national broadcaster since 1976. 
The agreement lasted seven years through 2004 and gave ESPN Radio the rights to broadcast numerous games including opening Day, "Sunday Night Baseball", Saturday "Game of the Week", holiday games, September pennant race games, the All-Star Game and all of the playoffs, including the World Series.
Then on October 21, 2004, ESPN Radio extended its then seven year relationship with Major League Baseball with a five year, $55 million dollar contract extension through the 2010 season.
The agreement also added a weekly program devoted to baseball, which became "The Baseball Show" from 3 p.m. ET to 7 p.m. ET on Sundays during the regular season. The program is hosted by John Seibel and Steve Phillips.
Broadcasters.
ESPN Radio's lead broadcasting crew consists of Gary Thorne and Dave Campbell. Thorne succeeded Dan Shulman, who had called for the network since 2002; Shulman, in turn, had been preceded by Charley Steiner from 1998-2002. Campbell replaced Kevin Kennedy as analyst in 2000. The pregame host for all of the games since its debut has been Joe D'Ambrosio.
The broadcast team for the World Series and one League Championship Series is Jon Miller and Hall of Famer Joe Morgan. During all of the games there is also the "ESPN Radio SportsCenter" every twenty minutes with live cut ins during the games.

= = = Calixa Lavallée = = =
Calixa Lavallée, (born Quebec, 28 December 1842; died Boston, 21 January 1891), was a Canadian-American composer. For many years he was a travelling musician. Later he worked hard to improve music education in Canada. He is famous for composing the music for the Canadian national anthem "O Canada".
Life.
Lavallée was born into a French-Canadian family. Originally his name was Calixte Paquet. His father made musical instruments and played in a band. He learned to play the piano, violin and cornet. He went to the United States and played in a band during the American Civil War. For many years he travelled, playing and teaching. He became the music director and superintendent Grand Opera House which put on minstrel shows rather than proper operas. When the theatre closed in 1872 he went back to Montreal. His friends got enough money together to help him go to France to study at the Paris Conservatoire. There he studied under famous teachers including Boieldieu.
When he went back to Canada he wanted to help to improve the state of music education there. He small music school in Quebec but it was always difficult for him to get money from the authorities. He composed the music to “O Canada” which soon became the Canadian national anthem.
Shortly after that he went to the United States again. He became music director of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Boston and became very active with the Music Teachers’ National Association. He died of tuberculosis in 1891. In 1933, his remains were taken back to Montreal where they were buried in the cemetery.
His music.
Besides the tune to "O Canada", Lavallée wrote many works, including some comic operas: "Loulou", "Tiq" and "The King of Diamonds". Most of the music that was published consists of his lighter pieces, including a short piece for piano called "Papillon" ("Butterfly") which became extremely popular in North America as well as Europe.

= = = Sepsis = = =
Sepsis is a very dangerous disease that occurs when an infection goes wrong. Normally the immune system of the body is able to fight the germs and overcome the infection, but in sepsis something goes wrong. The pathogen was at some point able to get into the blood or tissues. The term sepsis is frequently used to refer to septicemia (blood poisoning). Septicemia is only one type of sepsis. Bacteremia specifically refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (viremia and fungemia are the terms used for viruses and fungi). A sepsis is a medical emergency, as it can put the life in danger, if it is not acted on.
Symptoms.
Common symptoms of sepsis are inflammations all over the body. This is often combined with high fever. Today, people believe, these symptoms are caused by the immune system trying to fight the disease. Because of the strong reactions, organs can be damaged in the process. In a sense, the immune system over-reacts the germs and goes wrong, causing damage to the organs.
Cause of death.
In the United States, sepsis is the leading cause of death for ICU patients which do not have heart problems. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows it is the tenth most common cause of death overall. Older people, those with a weak immune system and those with a strong illness suffer from sepis more often. It is also more dangerous to them. It occurs in 1%-2% of all hospitalizations and accounts for as much as 25% of intensive care unit (ICU) bed utilization. It is a major cause of death in intensive care units worldwide, with mortality rates that range from 20% for sepsis to 40% for "severe sepsis" to over 60% for "septic shock".
More severe forms.
Severe sepsis and septic shock are more severe forms of sepsis. With severe sepsis, one or more organs fail to work. Septic shock is when sepsis is combined with very low blood pressure.
Treatment.
Today, the bacterial forms of sepsis can be treated with antibiotics. In addition, the fluids (blood) containing the germs have to be replaced. It might also be necessary to functionally replace the organs that failed. It is important to begin to treat the sepsis as quickly as possible, as each hour it is left untreated will raise the chances of death by 5% to 10%.
About half the people affected and untreated die from the condition. Rapid access to treatment will increase the chances of survival in most cases.

= = = Patrick McLoughlin = = =
Patrick Allen McLoughlin, Baron McLoughlin, (born 30 November 1957) is an English politician and the current Chief Whip, which is the same job he had in opposition. He was first elected in 1986 in a by-election as the Member of Parliament for the West Derbyshire constituency in the United Kingdom, and since 2010 for its successor, the Derbyshire Dales constituency.
He is a member of the Conservative Party. On 14 July 2016, he became Chairman of the Conservative Party and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, under the new Prime Minister Theresa May. He resigned as Chairman on 8 January 2018 and was succeeded by Brandon Lewis.
Early life and career.
McLoughlin was born in Stafford on 30 November 1957, the son and grandson of coal miners. He was educated at the Cardinal Griffin Roman Catholic School in Cannock, Staffordshire, and Staffordshire College of Agriculture at Rodbaston College. From 1974, he worked for five years as a farm worker and, after 1979, worked underground at the Littleton Colliery in Cannock. He was a member of the National Union of Mineworkers, and became an industrial representative for the National Coal Board's Western Area Marketing Department.
He was knighted in the Resignation Honours of David Cameron in 2016. In Theresa May's Resignation Honours in September 2019, he was made a Companion of Honour.

= = = Oliver Letwin = = =
Oliver Letwin, a MP and a FRSA (born 19 May 1956) is an English politician. He is currently the Minister of State at the Cabinet Office as well as the Chairman of Policy Review, and Chairman of the Conservative Research Department. He is the Member of Parliament for the West Dorset constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.
He married Isabel Grace Davidson on 14 September 1984 in Cambridge. They have a twin son and daughter born in July 1993.

= = = Caroline Spelman = = =
Dame Caroline Alice Spelman (née Cormack, born 4 May 1958) is an English politician. She was born in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire. She is the Meriden constituency in England. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
In May 2010 she became Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in David Cameron's coalition cabinet, and was sworn as a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010. She served in this role until September 2012, when she was dismissed in a cabinet reshuffle. In 2015, she became Second Church Estates Commissioner.
She is a member of the Conservative Party.

= = = Philip Hammond = = =
Philip Hammond, Baron Hammond of Runnymede (born 4 December 1955) is an English politician. He was born in Epping, Essex. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 2016. He became Secretary of State for Transport on 12 May 2010, and a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010. He was the first Member of Parliament for the Runnymede and Weybridge constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election. In 2017, he announced the Midlands Engine Strategy.
He was a member of the Conservative Party until 2019. He was suspended from the party after voting against the government in a bill to remove the possibility of a no-deal Brexit.

= = = Andrew Mitchell = = =
Andrew John Bower Mitchell (born 23 March 1956) is an English politician. He was born in Hampstead, London. He was appointed as Secretary of State for International Development on 12 May 2010, and as a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Sutton Coldfield constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election for the Gedling constituency but lost in 1997. He returned to parliament in the 2001 general election. 
His father, David Mitchell (1928-2014), was also an MP.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.
In 2007 he started Project Umubano.
On 19 September 2012 he allegedly said to a police officer, 'You don't run this fucking government... You're fucking plebs.' The media called what happened 'Plebgate'. 

= = = David Mundell = = =
David Gordon Mundell (born May 27, 1962) is a British politician and is the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland. He is the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale constituency in the United Kingdom. Currently, he is the only Conservative Party MP who represents a Scottish constituency. In July 2016, Mundell became the Secretary of State for Scotland.
David Mundell was born in Dumfries, Scotland and was educated at the University of Edinburgh. In 1999 and 2003, he was elected as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the South of Scotland region however resigned as an MSP following the 2005 General Election when he was elected as an MP. From December 2005 to the 2010 General Election, he was the Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland. After the 2010 election, a Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition was formed and because the Liberal Democrats have more Scottish MP's than the Conservatives, a Liberal Democrat was given the post of Scottish secretary.
On 13 January 2016, Mundell came out as gay on his personal website.
He was previously married to Lynda Carmichael but the couple have divorced. He has three children, one of whom, Oliver Mundell, is a Conservative candidate for the Scottish Parliament in May 2016.

= = = Cheryl Gillan = = =
Dame Cheryl Elise Kendall Gillan (21 April 1952 – 4 April 2021) was a British politician. She was the Secretary of State for Wales from 2010 to 2012. She was a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the Chesham and Amersham constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1992 to 2021. Gillan was born in Cardiff, Wales.
She was first elected in the 1992 general election and became the Shadow Secretary of State for Wales in 2005. When the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition was formed on 11 May 2010, she became the Secretary of State for Wales. She was dismissed from this post in a cabinet reshuffle in 2012.
She was the Chair of the 1922 committee from May until September 2019. This is the powerful committee of backbench Conservative MPs in the House of Commons.
Gillan was diagnosed with breast cancer in June 2020. She died on 4 April 2021 in Epsom, England from the disease at the age of 68.

= = = Owen Paterson = = =
Owen William Paterson (born June 24, 1956 in Shropshire, England) is a British politician who was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. He was a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Shropshire in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
He was first elected in the 1997 general election and first entered the shadow cabinet in 2007.

= = = Alan Duncan = = =
Alan James Carter Duncan (born 31 March 1957) is an English politician and a former Minister of State in the Department for International Development. He was born in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire.
He is the Member of Parliament for the Rutland and Melton constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.
He is openly gay and in a civil partnership with James Dunseath.

= = = Theresa May = = =
Theresa Mary, Lady May (née Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician. She was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2016 to 2019.
She was born in Eastbourne, Sussex, and grew up in Oxfordshire. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Maidenhead in the House of Commons. She was the Home Secretary in the David Cameron government. In 2018, she was elected as Commonwealth Chair-in-Office.
On 12 December 2018, 48 Conservative MPs had submitted letters of no confidence to the Chairman of the 1922 Committee Sir Graham Brady, triggering a vote of no confidence. Despite this, May won the confidence vote after 200 MPs vowed support to her leadership. On 15 January 2019 after her Brexit proposal failed in the House of Commons by a 432 to 202 vote, Opposition Leader Jeremy Corbyn filled a motion of no confidence in her ministry, which failed in a 325 to 306 vote.
In March 2019, May said she would resign as Prime Minister if Parliament passed her Brexit deal, to make way for a new leader in the second phase of Brexit.
On 24 May 2019, she announced that her resignation as party leader would take effect on 7 June and she would leave her position as Prime Minister when her replacement is selected. She was replaced by Boris Johnson.
Early life.
May was born on 1 October 1956 in a maternity hospital at 9 Upperton Road in Eastbourne, Sussex. May is the only child of Zaidee Mary (née Barnes; 1928–1982) and Hubert Brasier (1917–1981). Her father was a Church of England clergyman. May was educated at Oxfordshire primary and grammar schools in the State sector, and graduated the University of Oxford in 1977.
Early career.
From 1977 and 1983 May worked at the Bank of England, and from 1985 to 1997 as a financial consultant and senior advisor in International Affairs at the Association for Payment Clearing Services. May's parents died during this period, her father in a car accident in 1981 and her mother of multiple sclerosis a year later. May served as a councillor for the London Borough of Merton from 1986 to 1994, where she was Chairman of Education (1988–90) and Deputy Group Leader and Housing Spokesman (1992–94).
Early political work.
She first became a Conservative Party MP at the 1997 general election and was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 1999. She held several positions in the shadow cabinet, including Chairman of the Conservative Party (July 2002-November 2003) and Shadow Leader of the House of Commons (December 2005-January 2009).
"Nasty party".
In October 2002, May used the term "nasty party" to describe the conservative party. She wrote: "There's a lot we need to do in this party of ours. Our base is too narrow and so, occasionally, are our sympathies. You know what some people call us -- the Nasty Party." What she meant at the time was that the conservative party was hostile towards people with disabilities, as well as other people who are vulnerable. 
The term "Nasty Party" applied to Conservative Party members with traditional conservative views:this included being anti-gay, anti-minorities, and pro-business, and lacking concern for the poor.
Many conservatives felt this one the reasons the Conservative Party lost the last three general elections and needed to broaden their traditional base to have a chance of reelection.
Nasty party is likely a play on words (of the Nazi Party, which was active in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s).
Home Secretary (2010-2016).
She became the Home Secretary and Minister for Women and Equality on 12 May 2010.
In December 2010, May declared that deployment of water cannon by police forces in mainland Britain was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers." She rejected their use following the widespread rioting in Summer 2011. In 2010, May promised to bring the level of net migration down to less than 100,000. In February 2015, "The Independent" reported, "The Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a net flow of 298,000 migrants to the UK in the 12 months to September 2014—up from 210,000 in the previous year."
At the Conservative Party Conference on 4 October 2011, while arguing that the Human Rights Act needed to be amended, May gave the example of a foreign national who the Courts ruled was allowed to remain in the UK, "because—and I am not making this up—he had a pet cat".
In May 2012, she said she supported same-sex marriage. She recorded a video for the Out4Marriage campaign.
In July 2013, May decided to ban the stimulant khat, against the advice of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). The council said that there was "insufficient evidence" it caused health problems.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2016-19).
2016 Conservative Party leadership election.
May was a candidate in the upcoming election for leadership of the Conservative Party. May described herself as a candidate who will unify the party after a 'divisive' referendum (Brexit). She won the first ballot on 5 July 2016 by a large margin with 50% of the votes. On 7 July, May won the votes of 199 MPs, facing the vote of Conservative Party members in a contest with Andrea Leadsom.
Leadsom's withdrawal from the contest on 11 July led to May being set to be appointed party leader and hence, Prime Minister, an office she assumed on 13 July 2016.
Early days.
After being appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016, May became the United Kingdom's second female Prime Minister, after Margaret Thatcher. She is the first female Prime minister of the 21st century.
May told the media on 12 July 2016 that she was "honoured and humbled" to be the party leader and to become prime minister. Responding to some calls for a general election (reported by the news media) to confirm her mandate, "sources close to Mrs May" said there would be no such election according to the BBC.
A big issue May had to tackle during her premiership is Brexit, after Britain voted to leave the European Union. May has led talks with the European Union to plan how the split will happen.
May has also dealt with the war in Iraq and Syria. She has used Britain's military to fight ISIS in both countries. British troops have been in the Battle of Mosul, helping Iraq's military and the Kurdish forces.
General election, 2017.
On 18 April 2017 Theresa May surprised people by saying she wanted to have a snap general election on 8 June . The next day the House of Commons voted in favour of holding the general election in June.
At the start of the campaign the Conservatives had a large lead in the polls. As the campaign went on, the Labour Party gained more support and started to rise in the polls. On the day of the election the Conservatives did worse than expected and May lost her majority in the House of Commons.
Vote of no confidence.
On 12 December 2018, the chairman of the 1922 committee received enough formal request letters to warrant what some Westminster system countries call a Leadership spill, which was promptly scheduled for the following evening. Many say this is because of the Brexit deal and the way May is handling the deal. Before the vote, May said later that day that she would not lead her party in the next general election. May would go on to win the confidence vote.
Brexit defeat.
On 15 January 2019 Theresa May's government was defeated in the house of commons by a majority of 203 in a vote on her deal to leave the European Union. This is the largest majority against a United Kingdom government ever.
Resignation.
On 24 May 2019, May announced that she would resign as Conservative Party leader effective on 7 June and that she will remain as Prime Minister until her replacement is picked.
In the 2019 General Election she was re-elected in her Maidenhead constituency.
Personal life.
She married Philip John May on 6 September 1980. She has no children.
In 2013, she was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes.
May is a member of the Church of England and regularly worships at church on Sunday.

= = = Francis Maude = = =
Francis Anthony Aylmer Maude (born 4 July 1953) is an English politician who served as Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General from 2010 to 2015. Maude was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Warwickshire from 1983 to 1992 and then for Horsham from 1997 to 2015. He was first elected in the 1983 general election for the North Warwickshire constituency but lost in 1992. He returned to parliament in the 1997 general election.
Maude was born in Abingdon-on-Thames, Berkshire. He is a member of the Conservative Party.

= = = Jeremy Hunt = = =
Jeremy Richard Streynsham Hunt (born November 1, 1966) is an English politician. He became the Chancellor of the Exchequer on 14 October 2022. He was born in Kennington, London. He is the Member of Parliament for South West Surrey. He was the Secretary of State for Health from 2012 - 2018. He was the longest-serving Health Secretary in British political history. 
He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics from Magdalen College, Oxford. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He was first elected in the 2005 general election. He was appointed as a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010.
In July 2018 Hunt became the Foreign Secretary after Boris Johnson resigned from the government. 
On 24 May 2019, Hunt announced his campaign to run for Leader of the Conservative Party in the 2019 election. On 20 June, Hunt and Boris Johnson became the final two candidates in the contest. He lost the election to Johnson on 22 July. He later quit as Foreign Secretary.
He was Chair of the Health and Social Care Select Committee from 2020 to 2022,
In July 2022, Hunt announced his second candidacy for Conservative Party leader in the leadership race to replace Boris Johnson. He was eliminated from the election in the first round of voting on 13 July.
Political career.
Conservative Party leadership candidate (2019).
"Main articleː 2019 Conservative Party leadership election"
After resigned as Prime Minister on the 24 May 2019, Hunt announced his campaign to become the next Leader of the Conservative Party., On 20 June 2019, he was named one of the final two candidates. Hunt was defeated by Boris Johnson after the Conservative Party's members voted in the final round. Hunt got 33.6% of the vote, and Johnson got 66.4% of the vote. Hunt was criticised when his campaign was given £10,000 by a close associate to Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. This criticism was because Mohammed bin Salman has been accused of human right violations. Following Boris Johnson's election as party leader, Hunt was offered the role of Secretary of State for Defence in Johnson's Cabinet, but decided to decline the offer.
Conservative Party leadership candidate (July–September 2022).
"Main articleː July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election"
Following the resignation of Boris Johnson as Leader of the Conservative Party, Hunt announce he would be participating in the Conservative Party leadership election to replace Johnson as Leader. He criticised Johnson for investing in infrastructure instead of "wealth creation", and proposed policies including a moratorium on taxes for businesses in underdeveloped areas for five years, and a cut to corporation tax to 15% instead of a proposed rise to 25%. He also said he would retain the rise in National Insurance rates, and would not cut income tax until he "[got] the economy growing". Hunt said Esther McVey would be Deputy Prime Minister if he were to become prime minister. He was removed in the first round of voting on 13 July, receiving 18 votes. He endorsed Rishi Sunak after being removed.

= = = Eric Pickles = = =
Eric Jack Pickles (born 20 April 1952 in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England) is a British politician and was Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He is the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Brentwood and Ongar in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. 
He was first elected in the 1992 general election and entered the Shadow Cabinet in 2007. He was the Chairman of the Conservative Party from January 2009 to May 2010, when he was replaced by Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi and was appointed the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government instead. Pickles is standing down at the 2017 general election.

= = = Peter Ainsworth = = =
Peter Michael Ainsworth (November 16, 1956 – April 6, 2021) was an English politician and was Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. He was the Member of Parliament for the East Surrey constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election, but decided not to stand for reelection in 2010.
He was a member of the Conservative Party.
Ainsworth died on April 6, 2021 at the age of 64.

= = = Chris Grayling = = =
Christopher Stephen Grayling (born 1 April 1962) is an English politician and former Secretary of State for Transportation. He is the Member of Parliament for the Epsom and Ewell constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.
Privy Council.
He was appointed as a Privy Counsellor on 9 June 2010.

= = = Nick Herbert = = =
Nicholas Le Quesne Herbert (born April 7, 1963) is an English politician and the Member of Parliament for the Arundel and South Downs constituency. He was the current Shadow Justice Secretary, and is currently Minister of State for Police/Justice, with his time split between the Home Office and the Ministry of Justice. He is . He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

= = = Theresa Villiers = = =
Theresa Anne Villiers (born March 5, 1968) is an English politician. In July 2019, she became Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs for the Boris Johnson ministry. She stopped doing this job in 2020. She was first elected in the 2005 general election. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chipping Barnet and the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . Villiers was the Minister of State for Transport from 2010 to 2012.
She was appointed as a Privy Counsellor on 9 June 2010. 
She is a member of the Conservative Party.

= = = Andrew Lansley = = =
Andrew David Lansley (born 11 December 1956 in Hornchurch, Essex, England) is a British politician who was the Secretary of State for Health in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government from 2010 - 2012. He was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the South Cambridgeshire constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He was first elected as an MP in the 1997 general election. He stepped down at the 2015 general election. 
He was made a Privy Counsellor on 13 May 2010.

= = = David Willetts = = =
David Linsay Willetts (born 9 March 1956) is an English politician. He was born in Birmingham. He is the current Minister of State for Universities and Science in the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. He is the Member of Parliament for the Havant constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

= = = Michael Gove = = =
Michael Andrew Gove (born 26 August 1967) is an British politician who is currently Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities since 25 October 2022. In July 2019, he became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster for the Boris Johnson administration. In February 2020, he became the Minister for the Cabinet Office.
Career.
He was the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from 2017 to 2019 for the Theresa May ministry. He was the Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, and was the Secretary of State for Education from 12 May 2010 to 15 July 2014. He is the Member of Parliament for the Surrey Heath constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party. He was one of the candidates in the 2016 Conservative leadership election. After becoming Prime Minister, Theresa May fired Gove from the Cabinet. However, in 2017 she brought him back and made him the Environment Secretary.
He grew up in Aberdeen. He studied English at Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford University. Gove is married to Sarah Vine, a writer for "The Times". They have a daughter and son. He belongs to the Church of England
On 26 May 2019, Gove announced his campaign to run for Leader of the Conservative Party in the 2019 election. He narrowly lost in third place on the fifth ballot and was eliminated on 20 June.
In July 2022, Gove was fired from the Johnson cabinet by Prime Minister Boris Johnson after Gove told him it would be best for Johnson to resign as Prime Minister.
Personal life.
Gove is a Queens Park Rangers F.C supporter.

= = = Liam Fox = = =
Liam Fox (born 22 September 1961 in East Kilbride, Scotland) is a British politician who was the Defence Secretary in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Woodspring constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, and since 2010 has represented North Somerset.
Liam Fox studied at the University of Glasgow and became a Conservative Party MP at the 1992 General Election. He served in the shadow cabinet from 1999 to 2010 and became Shadow Defence Secretary in December 2005. In 2005, he tried to become leader of the Conservative Party and lost to David Cameron. Fox stood for leader again in 2016, and lost to Theresa May, who became Prime Minister on 13 July 2016. 
May appointed Fox as the first Secretary of State for International Trade in July 2016.
In September 2017, Fox accused the EU of trying to blackmail UK over Brexit deal.

= = = Missionary = = =
A missionary is a person who tries to convert people to his own faith. In Christianity, this is called evangelism. Missionaries are usually sent from churches or worship places of the religion. They can also do other things, such as deliver medicines and cure diseases. Most major religions of the world have "missionaries". 
Some famous Christian missionaries are:

= = = Partnership = = =
A partnership is when two or more people work together to complete a task. Those people are partners. Partner may share a business together for the profit of each other. If one business partner ends up making money they both share the profit. Some partners are not individuals but corporations or other groups.
Partnerships may be temporary, e.g. dancing partners (two people who dance together) or partners at a card games such as bridge in which partners work together against the other partners (their opponents).
A partner may also be somebody who lives with another person, e.g. a husband or wife (marriage partners), or a very good friend who shares his or her life with the other person. The word partner in this sense is used a lot in modern times because it does not discriminate between married or unmarried couples.

= = = Ruth Graham = = =
Ruth Bell Graham (June 10, 1920 – June 14, 2007) was the wife of evangelist Billy Graham. She was born at Qingjiang, Kiangsu, China as Ruth McCue Bell, the second of five children. Her parents, Dr. and Mrs. L. Nelson Bell, were medical missionaries at the Presbyterian Hospital 300 miles north of Shanghai.

= = = Patrick Star = = =
Patrick Star is a fictional character in the Nickelodeon animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants". Bill Fagerbakke plays him. Patrick first appeared in the series' pilot episode, "Help Wanted", which played on May 1, 1999. Patrick was made by animator Stephen Hillenburg. Patrick's biggest character trait is his lack of common sense, which sometimes makes him a bad influence on his best friend, SpongeBob SquarePants.
Role in "SpongeBob SquarePants".
Patrick is as a pink starfish who is silly, fat, lazy, immature, forgetful, rude, and generally ignorant. He has been shown to make many silly mistakes such as forgetting how to eat, and not realizing that the character Sandy Cheeks is a girl. But, he sometimes is shown to overly observe particular events happening around him. At those moments, he would focus on very specific objects or details that other characters would usually ignore. However, he always quickly turns back to his usual, silly self after. He does not have a job. But, he worked at the Krusty Krab for short periods of time in many positions (often was not paid), and mostly spends his days either goofing off with SpongeBob or resting beneath the rock. He lives under the rock. At home, Patrick is usually either sleeping (stuck to the bottom of his rock), watching TV (whether the TV is actually on or not), or doing the "art of doing nothing." He is very good at that. All of the furniture under his rock are made of sand, and Patrick can simply build new furniture as needed. But even so, his living space contains only the most basic things. His best friend SpongeBob is often impressed by Patrick's ability to come up with silly yet genius plans or solutions. But, Patrick often irritates those around him and is confused by the simplest questions or subjects. The characters of Mr. Krabs and Squidward Tentacles have no patience for Patrick's stupidity. They don't pay him much regard. Sandy Cheeks often gets annoyed by Patrick, but still sees him as a friend.
Development.
"SpongeBob SquarePants" maker Stephen Hillenburg began making cartoons and caricatures of tide pool-dwelling sea life, including starfish, while teaching marine biology at the Orange County Marine Institute in Dana Point, California, from 1984 to 1987. In 1987, Hillenburg left the institute. This is so he could become an animator. Patrick Star is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke.
Reception.
Criticism and controversy.
In 2005, a video that involves SpongeBob promoting diversity and tolerance was criticized by a Christian evangelical group in the United States because they saw the character was being used for homosexual people, but the video had "no reference to sex, sexual lifestyle or sexual identity."
This made questions about whether or not SpongeBob, his best friend Patrick, and the rest of the series' characters are homosexual characters. In 2002, Hillenburg said that his characters were not gay. He clarified the issue and said "We never made them gay on purpose. I think they are almost asexual. We are just trying to be funny and this has got nothing to do with the show."
Jeffrey P. Dennis, writer of the journal article "The Same Thing We Do Every Night: Signifying Same-Sex Desire in Television Cartoons," argued that SpongeBob and Sandy are not in love, while adding that he believed that SpongeBob and Patrick "are paired with arguably big intensity." Dennis noted the two are "not thought of as romantic partners," since they live in separate places, and have different groups of friends, but claimed that in the series, "the possibility of same-sex desire is never excluded." Martin Goodman of "Animation World Magazine" described Dennis's comments regarding SpongeBob and Patrick as "interesting."

= = = Nick Clegg = = =
Sir Nicholas William Peter "Nick" Clegg (born 7 January 1967) is a British politician. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government and was also the leader of the Liberal Democrats. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Sheffield Hallam.
Nick Clegg was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 to 2004 and was first elected as a Liberal Democrat MP in the 2005 general election. He became the leader of the Liberal Democrats in December 2007. Following the 2010 General Election, he was made Deputy Prime Minister after a coalition deal with the Conservative Party. He resigned as party leader in 2015 after the May 2015 election because of the party's poor election results.
Personal life.
Clegg has been married to Miriam González Durántez since 2000; they have three sons. Durantez is a Spanish Roman Catholic. Their children are being raised as Catholics, even though Clegg is an atheist.
Clegg's family has many foreign members- his grandmother on his father's side was a Russian Baroness before the Russian Revolution, with German and Ukrainian ancestors, while Clegg's Dutch mother was imprisoned by the Japanese in World War II. Clegg is multilingual (he speaks Dutch, English, French, German and Spanish fluently). He says that his family's experience of persecution is one of the reasons he is liberal.
Before becoming a politician.
Clegg was born in Buckinghamshire. He went to Caldicott primary school and Westminster secondary school. He spent a gap year working as a skiing instructor in Austria before starting university at Robinson College, Cambridge, where he studied Anthropology.
After his degree, he was given a scholarship to study for a Master's degree at the University of Minnesota. He then worked as an intern for Christopher Hitchens in New York for a while before going to Brussels to work for the European Union as a trainee aid organiser. He then studied for a second Master's at the College of Europe in Bruges where he met Durantez.
From 1994 to 1998, he worked at the European Commission, where he developed aid programmes to the former Soviet Union and helped the World Trade Organisation to negotiate the entries of Russia and China.
As an MEP.
In 1999, Clegg was elected as the Member of the European Parliament for the East Midlands. As an MEP, he helped to start a campaign for greater accountability in the European Parliament.
In 2004, he left the Parliament in order to campaign for the Sheffield Hallam constituency seat in the 2005 General Election. During the campaign, he worked as a part-time lecturer at the University of Sheffield.
As an MP.
Clegg won the 2005 election, and became the Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam in May 2005. As an MP, he campaigned to change the prison and immigration systems, and to make sure that the government did not take away too much freedom from people in their work against terrorism. He said that the Iraq War was wrong.
In 2007, he was voted as leader of the Liberal Democrats, and in 2008 he joined the Privy Council, a group of advisors to the British Monarch. .
As leader of the Liberal Democrats, Clegg's main policies have been to get rid of the Trident missile system, to give NHS patients the choice of private medical care, to make the length of time between elections 5 years (at the moment it only has a 5-year limit, meaning that the government can begin a new election at any time), giving more power to local government, tax cuts for the poor and for the government to do more about the environment.
In May 2009, the Liberal Democrats' approval ratings were higher than the Labour Party's for the first time since 1987.
Clegg lost his seat in the 2017 general election.
As Deputy Prime Minister.
In May 2010, the UK had a General Election which did not produce a clear winner. David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, who had got the most votes, asked to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. Clegg accepted, and became Deputy Prime Minister.
In July 2010, he revealed plans to have 50 fewer MPs in Parliament, to change the number of MPs needed to begin a new election without the agreement of the Prime Minister to 65% and to hold a referendum on whether or not to change the system of voting in General Elections.
After the government revealed plans to drastically cut government spending, Liberal Democrat approval ratings dropped to 14%, almost half the 34% rating that was recorded in April 2010.

= = = Magnús Eiríksson = = =
Magnús Eiríksson (born 22 June, 1806 in Skinnalón, Iceland; died 3 July, 1881 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was an Icelandic theologian. He lived in Copenhagen at the same time as Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) and Hans Lassen Martensen (1808-1884) and viewed their opinions on religion and Christianity with a critical eye.
Magnús Eiríksson was a Lutheran who developed a Unitarian conviction.
Works.
Here are some works by Eiríksson, with the Danish title on the right:

= = = John Wark = = =
John Wark (born Glasgow, 4 August 1957) is a former Scottish footballer. He used to play football for Ipswich Town F.C. and Liverpool F.C..

= = = Nusa Penida = = =
Nusa Penida is an island to the southeast of Bali, Indonesia. The island is a subdistrict of the Klungkung regency. There are two small islands nearby: Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. The Badung Strait separates the island from Bali while the Lombok Strait separates it from Lombok.
Diving is very popular around the island and there are many Macaques living on the island.

= = = Dungeons & Dragons = = =
Dungeons & Dragons is a paper-and-pencil roleplaying game. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson created Dungeons and Dragons in the year 1974.
Many people today think that role-playing games (RPGs) are only played on a computer, but that is not true. From the early 1970s, role-playing games have been played by people sitting together at the same table, using their imaginations and the written rules of the game to play (as well as dice to generate random numbers when needed). 
Players of this type of role-playing game play as imaginary characters that go on heroic adventures. The characters can be many types: a strong warrior, a wise wizard, a skilled thief. One person in the group acts as a moderator, or referee (called the "dungeon master," or DM, in Dungeons and Dragons and "game master", or GM, in other games), of the game. This person is responsible for making sure there is a fair use of the rules and is often also in charge of designing fun, interesting adventures for the other players.
There are now many types of fantasy role-playing games, both traditional paper-and-pencil games and computer games. Many genres of games are played (fantasy, science fiction, horror, war, and so on), and there are hundreds of companies that produce their own written rules systems and software products.
Versions of Dungeons and Dragons.
Several versions of Dungeons and Dragons have been released. The first version was just called "Dungeons & Dragons." Several rule books were available, depending on the levels of the characters. The first books dealt with characters from levels 1-3. As characters got stronger, players had to move to the more advanced rule books to manage their characters.
After Dungeons and Dragons came Advanced Dungeons and Dragons. This was a new ruleset that was unrelated to the original rules. A second edition of AD&D was released, which is still popular today.
After Wizards of the Coast bought the rights to Dungeons and Dragons, a more streamlined version of the game was released, called Dungeons and Dragons 3rd Edition. This version had simpler rules. Most die-rolls were done with a 20 sided die, instead of different types of multi-sided dice. 
The 3rd edition rules were eventually revised, and version 3.5 was released. 
The 4th edition rules were published in June 2008. 
The 5th edition rules were published, after a two year testing period, in late 2014. 
Playing Dungeons and Dragons.
Before playing the game, each player makes their character and writes the details on a "character sheet." First, players make their character's six statistics called "ability scores": Strength (How strong you are), Dexterity (How skilled and fast you are), Constitution (How tough you are), Intelligence (How smart you are), Wisdom (How well you use your smarts), and Charisma (How well you control and influence people). Each version has different methods to make the stats.
Each player then selects a race (species) such as human or elf, as well as a class (job or occupation) such as Fighter or Wizard, and their alignment (Their moral and ethical views). Players also invest in a number of skills, feats and powers to make their characters stronger and better. Adding details not covered by the rules like history and personality are used often to develop the character.
While playing Dungeons and Dragons, the players detail the actions of their characters to the referree, such as hitting an enemy or hiding from the guards, or talking to another character. The referee describes the results of the characters' actions or answers the players. Actions that are really easy will always work, like when opening an unlocked door or picking up an apple. The results of hard actions are decided by rolling dice.
As the game is played, the characters grow and increase in power. Characters may gain experience, skills, wealth. The main way that characters gain experience is through defeating powerful enemies or doing an important or hard work. Getting enough experience allows a character to get a level, getting more job abilities, skills, and powers.
Hit points (HP) measure a character's health. When a character is harmed, they lose hit points. When a character loses all of their hit points, they die. To avoid being harmed, most characters can wear armor of different types. You might also use "Saving Throws" against indirect harm, such as poison, or magical effects.
The story is a combined effort of everyone who plays. It can either be a story someone has made up. So can the setting (Where the adventure takes place). There are also books that give all that information as well.
Dungeons and Dragons animated series-1983-1985.
from September 17, 1983 to October 16 1985 CBS Had a ainmated cartoon series based on Dungeons and Dragons game: 6 children [9-15] take a ride on a amusement park ride "Dungeons and Dragons" and find themselves transported to a distant world called the "Realm of Dungeons and Dragons" where the society is the equivilent of earths medevial period with one basic difference-in this world good and bad magic are quite real; the children must try to get home via a time poral yet they find themsleves helping people and inimals in great need. The series went on for 27 epsiodes [1st season 13; 2nd season 8; 3rd season 6]from "The Night of No Tomorrow" to "Cave of the Faire Dragons". In 2020 a fanmade of the last episode "Requiem" was made with double suprise twist ending. The 2023 film Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves featured adult versions of Hank, Bobby, Sheila, Diana, Eric and Presto in live-action cameos with Edgar Abram as Hank, Luke Bennett as Bobby, Emer McDaid as Sheila, Moe Sasegbon as Diana, Trevor Kaneswaran as Eric, and Seamus O'Hara as Presto. They are seen competing in a special tournament and have made it to a cage in the middle of a shifting labyrinth.
A parody of this series appeared in a epsiode of "Dexter's Labrotory" D & DD where to the delight of his friends (and to the horror of Boy Dexter) his sister DD is allowed to paly in their fantasty role playing game "Mazes and Monsters" Season 2 No 3 July 30,1997.

= = = Sakoku = = =
Sakoku (Japanese: ��, literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country") was the foreign policy of Japan under which no foreigner or Japanese could enter or leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa Shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633-1639 and remained in effect until 1854 with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry and the opening of Japan. It was still illegal to leave Japan until the Meiji Restoration (1868).
But Japan was not completely isolated under the "sakoku" policy. Rather, it was a system in which strict regulations were applied to commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate.
End of seclusion.
On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships demanded that Japan open to trade with the West. The following year 1854, Perry returned with seven ships and forced the Shogun to sign the "", establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States. 

= = = Borneo = = =
Borneo is the third largest island in the world. It is in the center of maritime southeast Asia. This island is part of three different countries. Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei each have part of Borneo. Indonesia's region is called "Kalimantan" (although Indonesians use this word for the whole island). Malaysia's region of Borneo is called East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo. The independent nation of Brunei is a small part of the island. Borneo has a rainforest that is in danger because it is valuable. Lumber companies cut trees here illegally.
Geography.
Borneo is surrounded by the South China Sea to the north and northwest, the Sulu Sea to the northeast, the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait to the east, and the Java Sea and Karimata Strait to the south. It has an area of 743,330 km2 (287,000 square miles). Borneo is home to a few of the oldest rainforests in the world.
Wildlife.
Borneo is home to a vast array of wildlife, including the endangered orangutan, as well as other animals such as monkeys, elephants, snakes, parrots, clouded leopards, hornbills, tarsiers and deer.
Population.
The country will have a population of 24 million by 2040 if it grows at the current rate.

= = = List of islands by area = = =
This is a list of islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 250,000 km2 (96,526 square miles). Although an island is, in general, any land mass that is completely surrounded by water, some definitions exclude land masses large enough to be considered continents. Placing Australia in the latter category (even though arguments can be made whether it is technically a continent, or merely part of the larger continent called Australasia) makes Greenland the largest island. For the sake of classification the list of islands will begin with Greenland.

= = = Baffin Island = = =
Baffin Island () is an island in the territory of Nunavut near the Arctic Circle. It is the largest member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest island in the world, with an area of 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi). It has a population of 11,000 people as of the year 2007. It is named after the British explorer William Baffin. The island was known to the Norse as Helluland. 

= = = Substitution cipher = = =
A substitution cipher is a form of cryptography. 
In a substitution cipher, a rule is used to change each letter of the message, one at a time. The rule says to replace (or "substitute") each letter with another letter from the alphabet. 
For instance, this table gives a rule for a substitution cipher:
Using this rule, the sentence "Jack and Jill went up the hill" is changed to "Etar tzn Evmm gkzc dw cuk uvmm". The Caesar cipher is one example of a substitution cipher.
Substitution ciphers are not safe enough to use for important messages. Substitution ciphers can be broken by an idea called "frequency analysis". Some letters are more common than others in English sentences: "E" is the most common, then "T", then "A", and so on. A message that has been changed by a substitution cipher will have different common letters, but this gives a hint about the rule. The most common letters in the changed message are likely to be the most common letters in English. Breaking "cryptograms" (messages hidden with a substitution cipher) is a common puzzle often found in newspapers.
In past centuries substitution ciphers were sometimes strengthened by combining them in superencryption with transposition ciphers. Improvements in cryptanalysis caused this method to be abandoned in the early 20th century.
Example.
Suppose the changed message is:
 LIVITCSWPIYVEWHEVSRIQMXLEYVEOIEWHRXEXIPFEMVEWHKVSTYLXZIXLIKIIXPIJVSZEYPERRGERIM
 WQLMGLMXQERIWGPSRIHMXQEREKIETXMJTPRGEVEKEITREWHEXXLEXXMZITWAWSQWXSWEXTVEPMRXRSJ
 GSTVRIEYVIEXCVMUIMWERGMIWXMJMGCSMWXSJOMIQXLIVIQIVIXQSVSTWHKPEGARCSXRWIEVSWIIBXV
 IZMXFSJXLIKEGAEWHEPSWYSWIWIEVXLISXLIVXLIRGEPIRQIVIIBGIIHMWYPFLEVHEWHYPSRRFQMXLE
 PPXLIECCIEVEWGISJKTVWMRLIHYSPHXLIQIMYLXSJXLIMWRIGXQEROIVFVIZEVAEKPIEWHXEAMWYEPP
 XLMWYRMWXSGSWRMHIVEXMSWMGSTPHLEVHPFKPEZINTCMXIVJSVLMRSCMWMSWVIRCIGXMWYMXXLIYSPH
 KTY
For this example, capital letters are used for unknown letters, and lowercase letters are used to denote letters we know or can guess. 
By counting up the letters, we see that the most common is I, which we will guess is an e. X is also quite common, and XLI is found many times; we guess that this is the, the most common three-letter group in English.
E is the second most common letter. We already have a guess for e and t, so we guess that E is a. We now have:
 heVeTCSWPeYVaWHaVSReQMthaYVaOeaWHRtatePFaMVaWHKVSTYhtZetheKeetPeJVSZaYPaRRGaReM
 WQhMGhMtQaReWGPSReHMtQaRaKeaTtMJTPRGaVaKaeTRaWHatthattMZeTWAWSQWtSWatTVaPMRtRSJ
 GSTVReaYVeatCVMUeMWaRGMeWtMJMGCSMWtSJOMeQtheVeQeVetQSVSTWHKPaGARCStRWeaVSWeeBtV
 eZMtFSJtheKaGAaWHaPSWYSWeWeaVtheStheVtheRGaPeRQeVeeBGeeHMWYPFhaVHaWHYPSRRFQMtha
 PPtheaCCeaVaWGeSJKTVWMRheHYSPHtheQeMYhtSJtheMWReGtQaROeVFVeZaVAaKPeaWHtaAMWYaPP
 thMWYRMWtSGSWRMHeVatMSWMGSTPHhaVHPFKPaZeNTCMteVJSVhMRSCMWMSWVeRCeGtMWYMttheYSPH
 KTY
We can now make some more guesses: heVe may be here; Rtate may be state, and atthattMZe could be atthattime. Filling in these guesses, we get:
 hereTCSWPeYraWHarSseQithaYraOeaWHstatePFairaWHKrSTYhtmetheKeetPeJrSmaYPassGasei
 WQhiGhitQaseWGPSseHitQasaKeaTtiJTPsGaraKaeTsaWHatthattimeTWAWSQWtSWatTraPistsSJ
 GSTrseaYreatCriUeiWasGieWtiJiGCSiWtSJOieQthereQeretQSrSTWHKPaGAsCStsWearSWeeBtr
 emitFSJtheKaGAaWHaPSWYSWeWeartheStherthesGaPesQereeBGeeHiWYPFharHaWHYPSssFQitha
 PPtheaCCearaWGeSJKTrWisheHYSPHtheQeiYhtSJtheiWseGtQasOerFremarAaKPeaWHtaAiWYaPP
 thiWYsiWtSGSWsiHeratiSWiGSTPHharHPFKPameNTCiterJSrhisSCiWiSWresCeGtiWYittheYSPH
 KTY
This lets us make more guesses, which lead to more, until we have guessed everything:
 hereuponlegrandarosewithagraveandstatelyairandbroughtmethebeetlefromaglasscasei
 nwhichitwasencloseditwasabeautifulscarabaeusandatthattimeunknowntonaturalistsof
 courseagreatprizeinascientificpointofviewthereweretworoundblackspotsnearoneextr
 emityofthebackandalongoneneartheotherthescaleswereexceedinglyhardandglossywitha
 lltheappearanceofburnishedgoldtheweightoftheinsectwasveryremarkableandtakingall
 thingsintoconsiderationicouldhardlyblamejupiterforhisopinionrespectingitthegold
 bug
At this point, we can insert spaces and punctuation:
"Here upon le grand arose with a grave and stately air and brought me the beetlefrom a glass case in which it was enclosed. It was a beautiful scarabaeus andat that time unknown to naturalists of course; a great prize in a scientificpoint of view. There were two round black spots near one extremity of the backand a long one near the other. The scales were exceedingly hard and glossy withall the appearance of burnished gold. The weight of the insect was veryremarkable and taking all things into consideration I could hardly blame jupiterfor his opinion respecting it." (The Gold-Bug)
If we had made a wrong guess, we would have found out at some point, and could go back and make a new guess.

= = = Ken Spreitzer = = =
Kenneth J. Spreitzer wrote the original PC program called "UnInstaller". It was first licensed to MicroHelp and now (Feb 1998) sold by CyberMedia. After writing the program, Mr. Spreitzer went on to found Maximized Software.
Mr. Spreitzer is a graduate of the University of California, Irvine in the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences. He was also the radio personality "Captain Sensible" as heard on KUCI.

= = = Brandy & Mr. Whiskers = = =
Brandy and Mr. Whiskers is an American animated television series from Disney Channel. It is about a female dog named Brandy and a rabbit named Mr. Whiskers. They both get stuck in the Amazon Rainforest together and have to work together to survive.

= = = Dwyane Wade = = =
Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. (born January 17, 1982) is an American basketball player. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. His parents divorced a short time after he was born. He attended college at Marquette University on a scholarship. He was on scholarship for basketball but he did not play his first year because of academic problems. The next year he started on Marquette and led them to a good season. The year after that he led the "Marquette Golden Eagles" to the Final Four in the NCAA tournament.
Wade went on to the NBA and was selected as the 5th pick overall in the NBA draft by the Miami Heat. He had a good rookie season in the NBA, averaging 15 points per game and 6 assists per game. He soon became a superstar and led the Heat to an NBA championship in 2006. Wade was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the 2006 NBA Finals, in which the Heat beat the Dallas Mavericks.

= = = Himalayan wolf = = =
The Himalayan wolf is a proposed clade within the Tibetan wolf ("Canis lupus filchneri") subspecies. Its mitochondrial DNA is basal to all other wolves including other Tibetan wolves. The taxonomic status of this wolf clade was disputed: the separate species "Canis himalayensis" was proposed, based on two limited DNA studies.

= = = Angelroda = = =
Angelroda is a former municipality of the district Ilm-Kreis Rural District, in Thuringia, Germany. On 31 December 2019, it became part of the municipality Martinroda.

= = = Elgersburg = = =
Elgersburg is a municipality in the Ilm-Kreis Rural District, in Thuringia, Germany.

= = = Hull, Florida = = =
Hull, Florida is an unincorporated community in Southwest DeSoto County, Florida. About 150 people live there.
Hull had a creosote tie treating plant for the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railroad. The railroad was bought by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in the 1920s. The Seaboard Railroad kept using the creosote plant through the 1950s. In the late 1920s, Hull became the junction of a new line of the SAL to Fort Myers and Naples. Passenger service was done on the branch. This line was stopped in 1953.

= = = Seii = = =
Seii (; 1326 – c. 1354) was the 2nd king of the Okinawan kingdom of Chūzan. He ruled after his father, Tamagusuku, in 1336, when he was only ten years old.

= = = Cecil Rhodes = = =
Cecil Rhodes (5 July 1853 - 26 March 1902) was an English-born South African businessman and politician. He was the son of an Anglican vicar. He came from an English grammar school and at the age of 16 was sent to the British colony of Natal in South Africa due to poor health. There he became involved in diamond mining and founded the world-renowned De Beers diamond company. 
He later returned to England briefly to study at Oriel College, Oxford. He was the starter of Rhodesia. He started the British South Africa Company. He led it to expand British territory to the north and form the colony of Rhodesia.
When he was 27, he entered parliament, in 1881. He became Prime Minister of Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. He was supported by the Afrikaner Bond in the Cape Colony until he betrayed them by supporting a rebellion against their relatives, the Boers of the South African Republic. He set up the Jameson Raid, led by his close friend Leander Starr Jameson in 1895. The raid was an unauthorised attack on Paul Kruger's South African Republic (or Transvaal). After that the Bond forced him to resign. His heart was weak, and after years of ill health he died in 1902. He was buried in what is now Zimbabwe; his grave has been a controversial site. 
He supported the Liberal Party and the Irish Parliamentary Party in domestic politics, in the UK. 
He started the Rhodes scholarships in his will. They let citizens of British colonies, the United States and Germany to study at Oxford on a scholarship if they demonstrated certain academic and character qualities. He was a Freemason. The scholarship has benefited prime ministers of Malta, Australia and Canada, United States President Bill Clinton, and many others.
When he was prime minister, Rhodes used his political power to take land from black Africans through the Glen Grey Act. To be able to vote, people needed to have a certain amount of money. In the Franchise and Ballot Act, he tripled that sum. This effectively barred black people from taking part in elections. 
Many scholars think that he was a white supremacist. In his last years he was pursued by the Princess Catherine Radziwill, a Polish adventuress.
With the strengthening of international movements against racism, such as Rhodes Must Fall and Black Lives Matter, Rhodes' legacy is a matter of debate to this day. Critics cite his confiscation of land from the black indigenous population of the Cape Colony, and false claims that southern African archeological sites such as Great Zimbabwe were built by European civilisations.

= = = Akira Toriyama = = =
 was a Japanese manga artist. He was the creator of many popular anime and manga series, most notably the Dragon Ball franchise. It has many media adaptions, and is now the most popular anime series and the second best-selling manga of all time. He was born in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
Toriyama died on March 1, 2024 from acute subdural hematoma, aged 68.
References.
<br>

= = = I. M. Pei = = =
Ieoh Ming Pei (April 26, 1917 – May 16, 2019) was a Chinese American architect. Pei was an important name in his field, with his buildings built all over the world. When he was a child, he learned basic knowledge about architecture from his father.
Career.
Pei made innovations in architecture, and won the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Medal for Architecture. He built the Allied Bank Tower in Dallas, Texas, as well as the Louvre Pyramid, which is the main entrance to the Louvre Museum in Paris. In 1983, Pei won the Pritzker Prize.
Death.
Pei died in the New York City borough of Manhattan on May 16, 2019. He was 102 years old.
Sources.
"I. M. Pei." Notable Asian Americans. Ed. Helen Zia and Susan B. Gall. Detroit: Gale, 1995. Biography in Context. Web. May 29, 2015.
"I. M. Pei." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 1990. Biography in Context. Web. May 29, 2015.

= = = Isaac Bashevis Singer = = =
Isaac Bashevis Singer (; November 11, 1903 – July 24, 1991) was a leading writer in Yiddish literature. He was a Jewish American who was born in Poland. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. He also was vegetarian.

= = = John von Neumann = = =
John von Neumann (December 28. 1903 – February 8. 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist.
He contributed to many fields, including:
He is generally regarded as a prodigy, polymath and one of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century.
He was a member of a group called the 'Martians'. They were Hungarian immigrants to the US of extraordinary intellect. Others people in this group were Edward Teller, Paul Erdős, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner.

= = = Iwan Roberts = = =
Iwan Wyn Roberts (born 26 June, 1968 in Bangor, Wales) is a Welsh football player. He played for the Welsh national team and several English teams, including Norwich City F.C. and Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C..
At Norwich, Roberts twice won the "player of the year" trophy.
As a player, Roberts was a striker.

= = = Ballpoint pen = = =
A ballpoint pen or biro (pronounced "BY-roe", named after its inventor László Bíró), is a modern kind of pen for writing. It uses oil-based ink of high viscosity. The ink is inside a long, thin tube inside the pen. When a person writes with it, the ink comes onto the small, ball-shaped tip of the unit. The ink dries almost as soon as it is on the paper. 
Ballpoint pens may be cheap or expensive:
Before the ballpoint pen was invented people usually wrote with pens which were dipped into ink, or fountain pens which were filled with ink. When the ballpoint pen was invented, many people thought they were inferior to use because the user's handwriting was not as good. Children in school continued to use the old dip pens. However, ballpoint pens are cheaper and simpler to use than pens that need to be dipped in ink.
The ink in a ballpoint is different from the ink used in a dip or fountain pen. It is a paste. It has 25 to 40 per cent dye suspended in an oil-based solvent. The most common oils are benzyl alcohol or phenoxyethanol, which mix with the dyes to create a smooth paste that dries quickly. Common dyes in blue (and black) ink are Prussian blue, Victoria blue, methyl violet, crystal violet and phthalocyanine blue. The dye eosin is commonly used for red ink. 
Biros have the advantage of being very cheap, and easily portable. As a gel or paste, the dye does not run and is stable. For the same reason, the dye needs harder pressure to write than a fountain pen does, sometimes very hard pressure. This is not true of rollerball pens, which are ballpoints that use water-based ink of low viscosity. And it is not true of pencils.

= = = Bando kickboxing = = =
Bando kickboxing is the modern, sport form of "lethwei", nicknamed in Europe "Burmese boxing of four arms". It has been born in North America in the beginning of the years 1960, this type of fencing with feet and with gloved fists in a ring has given life, in the USA of the years 1970, to several forms of full contact and of kickboxing.
There exist, in competition, two forms of fight: "controlled bando kickboxing" (light contact) where the blows only touch the opponent in order to not hurt him, and the "Bando kickboxing of full contact" where the blows with full power are acceptable, destined to the adults who are more expert. According to the age and to the technical level, the rules and the conditions of competition are variable: particularly, there change the authorized and forbidden techniques, the time of fight, the type of surface of fight (carpet or ring) and the wearing of certain protections (helmet, plastron (protector of chest and abdomen), protectors of shins, slippers, etc.).

= = = Spratly Islands = = =
The Spratly Islands are 100 small uninhabited islands in the South China Sea. Fish are an abundant resource around the islands, and as the countries of Brunei Darussalam, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam have a commercial interest in them.. These countries share control of the islands but have varying claims of territory.
The islands are named after the British whaling captain Richard Spratly who saw Spratly Island in 1843.
The islands have less than 2 km2 (490 acres) of land area.

= = = Sumba = = =
Sumba is an island in Indonesia, and is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It has an area of 11,153 km2, and the population was at about 611,422 people as of the year 2005. There is a dry season from May to November and a rainy season from December to April. Historically, this island exported sandalwood.

= = = Gili Trawangan = = =
Gili Trawangan is the largest of Lombok's Gili Islands. It is the only one to rise notably above sea level. It is long and wide. The island has a population of about 1000 people. Of the Gilis, Trawangan has the most tourist facilities. The pub Tîr na Nôg says that Trawangan is the smallest island in the world with an Irish pub. The most crowded part of Trawangan is on the eastern side.
On Gili Trawangan (as well as the other two Gilis), there are no motorized vehicles. The main means of transportation are bicycles (rented by the people who live on the island to tourists) and cidomo (a small horse pulled carriage). For traveling to and from each of the Gilis, motorized boats and speedboats are used.
Some of the first people to live on Gili Trawangan were from Sulawesi. They were fishermen and farmers. Before they came to Gili Trawangan, the island was covered in forest and deer lived there.
The economy of Gili Trawangan centres on tourism. The island is too small to support large amounts of agriculture. It is also too far away from other places to be useful for either industry or commerce. 

= = = Gili Meno = = =
Gili Meno is an island in Indonesia. It is the middle of Lombok's three Gilis. It has population of about 300, mainly concentrated on the center of the island. The main income of the population comes from tourism, coconut plantation, and fishing. On the west side of the island there is a small shallow lake that produces salt in the dry season. Until a few years ago there was also a small production of seaweed on the reef at the north end of the island. It has swimming beaches all around the island, as well as an impressive bird sanctuary.

= = = Gili Air = = =
Gili Air is the smallest of the Gilis and it is closest to the Lombok mainland, making it popular with honeymoon couples and travelers seeking a quiet retreat. It has population of about 1,000 and administratively lies in the West Nusa Tenggara province. The island offers excellent snorkeling and SCUBA diving off its east coast, and turtles can be seen along the coral reef. 
Getting to Gili Air.
There is a quickest way to get to Gili Air. fast Boat from Bali to Gili Air are offering a daily departure from Padang(Northeast Bali and Sanur(Southeast Bali). to get the ticket you can book in some tourist information or go to some online portal that provide the fast boat ticket to Gili Air. Gilibestdeal offers cheap fast boat to Gili Air. The fast boat operator provides a free hotel pick up and drop off in Bali.

= = = Gili Islands = = =
The Gili Islands (Indonesian:Tiga Gili [Three Gilis], Kepulauan Gili [Gili Islands]) are a group of three small islands (or archipelago) – Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno and Gili Air — very close to the northwest coast of Lombok, Indonesia.
The islands are a popular destination for Western tourists. Each island has several small resorts, usually consisting of a small collection of huts for tourists, and a restaurant. Most local inhabitants live in the hilly interior of the islands. Automobiles and motorized traffic are not allowed on the islands by local law. Bicycles or the horse-drawn carriages called a "cidomo" are common transportation on the islands. Scuba diving in and around the Gilis is also popular. The name "Gili" simply means "small island" in the local Sasak language.

= = = Cidomo = = =
A Cidomo is a small horse-drawn carriage used on Indonesia's Gili Islands used instead of motorized transport which is not allowed.

= = = Grease (musical) = = =
Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. It takes its name from the 1950s United States working-class culture known as the greasers. It is set in 1959 in a made-up school called Rydell High in Chicago and is about the romance between high schoolers Danny Zuko and Sandy Dumbrowski.
Premieres.
"Grease" had its world premiere in Chicago in 1971. Its Broadway premiere occurred at the Broadhurst Theatre on 7 June 1972. It closed on 13 April 1980 after a run of 3,388 performances. It opened on the West End in 1973.

= = = Ryan Giggs = = =
Ryan Joseph Giggs (born 29 November 1973) is a Welsh former footballer and manager. 
Giggs was born in Canton, Cardiff, and grew up in Ely, Cardiff. He has Sierra Leonean and Dutch ancestry. 
As well as the Wales national team, he also played for the Great Britain squad at the 2012 Summer Olympics and Manchester United, where he has spent his whole career until now. His playing position was as a left winger. Giggs also loves rugby league and follows the Warrington Wolves and Melbourne Storm as his father Danny Wilson is a former rugby league player. 
Career statistics.
International.
Appearances and goals by national team and year
International goals
Honours.
Manchester United
Individual
Records
State and civic honours

= = = Ian Rush = = =
Ian Rush (born 20 October 1961) is a former Welsh international football player, who notably played for Liverpool and Juventus.
He was a very successful striker, who set many goal-scoring records for Liverpool in particular.
When he retired from playing, he returned to his first club and managed Chester City before going on to work on television.
Honours.
Liverpool
Individual

= = = Ogoh-ogoh = = =
An Ogoh-ogoh, a papier-mâché and wood puppet built on Bali for the New Year Holiday Nyepi. They are primarily constructed by young Balinese men and frequently depict caricatures of the many tourists. On the evening before Nyepi they are paraded about and then burnt. Nyepi is known as the day of silence.

= = = Padangbai = = =
Padangbai is a small town in eastern Bali, Indonesia. It serves as a ferry port for travel to Lombok, The Gilis and other of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is also a lovely beach town that is popular with those who prefer a small town atmosphere over the large scale beach party that is Kuta.
Besides the beach near the ferry terminal there is a beach just to the north known locally as the "Blue Lagoon" and the especially nice "Secret Beach" just to the south of town. These pleasant beaches have clusters of small family owned warungs that will be glad to prepare a meal and serve beer.

= = = Tokugawa shogunate = = =
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the , and the , was a feudal Japanese military government. The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.
These years are known as the Edo period. The period takes its name from the city where the Tokugawa shoguns lived. This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern ("Kinsei").
History.
In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu took office as Shogun, and established a military government in Edo, now Tokyo.

= = = Liberal Democrats (UK) = = =
The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, is a centrist political party in the United Kingdom that promotes liberal policies. It was started on 2 March 1988 by joining the Liberal Party, which had been a powerful political party in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Social Democratic Party, which had been formed from the Labour Party in 1981. The two parties had already been working together for seven years.
The Liberal Democrats are strong supporters of the European Union, as well as environmentalism and they are in favour of creating a new British House of Commons which is elected using proportional representation. They also disagree with Britain being a part of conflicts like the Iraq War.
The party has 15 out of 650 seats in the House of Commons, 84 out of 783 seats in the House of Lords, 16 out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament, 5 out of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament and 1 out of 60 seats in the Welsh Assembly. The party was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party and the former party leader Nick Clegg was the Deputy Prime Minister until the May 2015 general election.
In elections, the party usually gets the most votes in places like northern Scotland, south-west London, south-west England and mid-Wales. Members of the party are mostly more middle-class people that went to university.
Policies.
Most Liberal Democrats believe in the following things:
Former party leaders.
Asterisk (*) means that this person was an interim leader, meaning he was just standing in as leader because the previous leader resigned.

= = = Houten = = =
Houten is a municipality in Utrecht province in the Netherlands. The population of the town in 2007 was about 45,000.
Houten lies on the railway line from Utrecht to Tiel and 's Hertogenbosch. In 2004, the railway line needed fixing, but the old station building was in the way. What was done is pretty unique: the old station building was lifted off its foundations, and moved a few hundred metres to new foundations.
Many people living in Houten have jobs in Utrecht. According to plans of the government, the city should grow to about 50.000 people by 2010.
People have lived in the area since Roman times.

= = = Northampton = = =
Northampton () is a big market town and a local government district of the East Midlands part of the United Kingdom. The district has a population of 200,100 people.
Northampton has a major entertainment centre called the Derngate.

= = = West Slavs = = =
West Slavs are part of the Slavic peoples. Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Slovaks, and Sorbs are West Slavs. The most of them are in three countries: in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. West Slavs' national languages are languages from West Slavic languages group.

= = = WWE Judgment Day = = =
Judgment Day is a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view event made World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
Results.
2000.
Judgment Day (2000) took place on May 21 2000 at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky. 
2001.
Judgment Day (2001) took place on May 20 2001 at the Arco Arena in Sacramento, California. 
2002.
Judgment Day (2002) took place on May 19 2002 at the Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee. The tagline for the event was "Judge, Jury and Executioner". The official theme song was "Broken" by 12 Stones. This was the first pay-per-view to use the WWE name after the change from WWF.
2003.
Judgment Day (2003) took place on May 18 2003 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the last joint pay-per-view before WWE started having brand exclusive PPVs. 
2004.
Judgment Day (2004) took place on May 16 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The tagline for the event was ""Souls Will Cry"." 

= = = Tokugawa Ieyasu = = =
 was a Japanese shogun of the Edo period. His ruled started in 1603 and ended in 1605. He is one of the most famous military commanders in Japan.
Early life.
At birth, his name was Matsudaira Takechiyo. 
In 1562, he changed his name to Matsudaira Motoyasu. The second syllable -- "-yasu" -- comes from the name of his grandfather Kiyoyasu. A few months later, he changed his first name to the one by which he is known today. The first syllable -- " Ie-" -- comes from the last part of the name of Minamoto Yoshile, who was a famous ancestor. He received permission from the emperor to change his family name from Matsudaira to Tokugawa.
Shogun.
Ieyasu was the first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

= = = Billy Graham Center = = =
The Billy Graham Center was founded and opened in 1981 on the campus of Wheaton College. Named after Billy Graham, the center is the main place for many of Wheaton College's bible and theology classes. There are eleven areas of work focused on "Stimulating Global Evangelism" with 25-40 staff, carrying out the work.

= = = Revival meeting = = =
A Revival meeting is an event organised by Christian missionaries. The purpose of the meeting is to inspire people to convert to Christianity or to raise funds for the church. The name means to bring "revival" (meaning to "reawaken") to a group or area. It is most common in American Protestant churches.

= = = Revival = = =
Revival could mean:

= = = Death Note = = =
 is a supernatural thriller fantasy manga written by Tsugumi Ōba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata. The work was adapted into an anime series directed by Tetsurō Araki. It is about a Japanese teenage high school student boy named Light Yagami, who finds a supernatural notebook. The notebook, dropped on earth by a bored shinigami named Ryuk, is called a "Death Note". When a person's name is written in the notebook, that person dies. If the cause of death is not specified, they die of a heart attack. Light, aiming to create a crime-free utopia, uses the notebook to kill criminals, anonymously gaining world fame as "Kira" ("��" in Japanese - based on the English word "killer") - some people see him as justice, while others see him as a murderer.
The best detective in the world, an eccentric genius named "L", works with the Japanese police, as well as Light's own father, to find out Kira's identity and catch him. He suspects all along that it's Light, who, as a part of the police department, works alongside L in the investigation. It becomes a contest of wit and intelligence between L and Light, both of whom are very clever. At one point, Light temporarily gives up the Death Note, along his memories of it, as an ally continue writing the names of criminals. This "proves" to the police that he is not Kira. However, he later gets the Death Note back and kills L with it.
After L dies, his successors, two orphans named "Mello" and "Near", take over the Kira investigation. Near is a child prodigy who clearly mirrors L, and Mello is an impulsive, antisocial teen obsessed with one-upping Near. Mello refuses to work with Near and leaves the orphanage, joining the American Mafia; Near forms a task force to catch Kira. In the end, Near proves that Light is Kira, leading to Light's death.
Besides the manga and anime, Death Note was also made into a light novel, various video games, two animated films, a live-action television drama, a musical, and several live-action films.

= = = Bob Jones, Sr. = = =
Bob Jones, Sr (October 30, 1883—January 16, 1968) was an American, Christian, Fundamentalist, evangelist, broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University. He was born the eleventh of twelve children to "William" and "Georgia Jones".
In 1905, Jones married Bernice Sheffield, who got tuberculosis and died within ten months of their marriage. On June 17, 1908, he married Mary Gaston Stollenwerck, whom he had met as a choir member. Their only child, Bob Jones, Jr. was born October 19, 1911 in Montgomery.

= = = Auditorium = = =
An auditorium (plural auditoriums, or less commonly auditoria) is the room in a theatre, cinema, concert hall, or other place where the audience is located to hear or watch the show. Auditoriums are made with great sound. The sound is easily heard by everyone in the auditorium.

= = = Pulpit = = =
A pulpit (from Latin "pulpitum" "scaffold", "platform", "stage") is a small lifted platform where a member of the clergy stands to read a Gospel lesson, or give a sermon. In some Protestant churches, the "pulpit" is thought to be the most important piece of furniture in the sanctuary.

= = = Level crossing = = =
A level crossing (also called a grade crossing, a railway crossing, or a railroad crossing) is a place where a railway line and a road meet each other on the same level. This means that the grades (the road and the track) are not separated by using a bridge or a tunnel. Usually, there are signs indicating the crossing. There may also be barriers/gates that go down before a train passes. 
Depending on how much traffic there is, there are different measures to make the crossing more secure:
Since level crossings are dangerous (there are many accidents), they are usually grade separated once there is more traffic, or high speed trains.

= = = Macaulay Culkin = = =
Macaulay Macaulay Culkin Culkin (born Macaulay Carson Culkin; ) is an American actor, voice actor and musician. He is perhaps most notable and best notable for his prominent kiddie roles in the first two "Home Alone" as Kevin McCallister. These blockbuster movies still continue to be very popular with many American audiences to this day onwards much to a cult following. His parents are Patricia Brentrup and Christopher 'Kit' Culkin.
Acting career.
Culkin began acting ever since at the age of 4 when he then became famous and well known around the world in 1990 as a Hollywood child star when "Home Alone" was released. In the movie, Culkin played the main character, Kevin McCallister. He reprised the role of Kevin in the second film. He was then nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor on Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Culkin mysteriously dropped out of acting at the age of 14, but later returned at the age of 23 for in a couple of movies as a recurring adult actor.
Pizza Underground.
In 2012, Culkin had founded and started up an anti-folk band called The Pizza Underground. This musical band plays songs which are related to about pizza.
Personal life.
Relationships.
In 1998, Culkin married Rachel Miner. In 2000, Culkin and Miner divorced because Culkin had decided and wanted to go back acting again as a new recurring adult actor.
Culkin has then dated actress Mila Kunis from May 2002 to 2011. Culkin also dated Jordana Lane Price.
In 2017, Culkin began a relationship with singer and actress Brenda Song. They have a son together named Dakota Song Culkin, born in 2021.
Friendship with Michael Jackson.
At around the same time that "Home Alone" was released, Culkin also became very good friends with the late Hollywood singer and King of Pop Michael Jackson. He has also acted in Jackson's 1991 "Black or White" music video. In 2005, Culkin testified and had said at Jackson's trial for charges of child molestation that he had once slept in Jackson's bedroom but was never molested or touched in improper ways. Culkin also attended Jackson's burial and death memorial which was then held on October 6, 2012. He is also the godfather of Jackson's 2 older children with Debbie Rowe, Prince and Paris Jackson.

= = = Tencent QQ = = =
Tencent QQ, also known as QQ, is a popular instant messaging software in mainland China. It was created by Tencent Inc. in 1999. 
source codes were taken in 1999. from AOL/ICQ. AOL was Founded by Steve Case. is an American entrepreneur, investor, and businessman best known as the former chief executive officer and chairman of America Online (AOL). Case joined AOL's predecessor company, Quantum Computer Services, as a marketing vice-president and became CEO of the company (renamed AOL) in 1991.
QQ source Code:
much of it was using earlier codes from ICQ at the Time.
codice_1
codice_2
codice_3
Languages.
Tencent QQ is a multilingual web page, offers languages such as: English, French, Japanese, Spanish, German & Korean.
For users who do not speak Chinese, translations are also available in 50 different languages.

= = = Princess Jasmine = = =
Princess Jasmine is a fictional character of in the movie "Aladdin".
Life.
Jasmine was born in Agrabah, in the royal Place. She lived surrounded by all kinds of luxuries,comforts and she had as her only friend the tiger;Rajah. She lost her mother early in life (when not mentioned) and, hence, was educated by her father, the Sultan. She was happy until the day that the Sultan tried to force her to marry before her 16th birthday. 
Unhappy about being forced to marry, Jasmine fled the palace. In the streets, she finds out that Aladdin is arrested for stealing. Later, Jafar takes the control of the city of Agrabah, reducing Jasmine to the position of a slave. Aladdin arrives and defeats Jafar. Jasmine realizes that she loves Aladdin and the two decide to marry. She has since married and has become queen.

= = = Fürstenfeldbruck (district) = = =
Fürstenfeldbruck is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

= = = José Zorrilla y Moral = = =
José Zorrilla y Moral (February 21, 1817 - January 23, 1893), was a Spanish Romantic poet and dramatist.

= = = Ottobrunn = = =
Ottobrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural District. It was started in 1955. The German headquarters of the EADS are there.

= = = Ja'far = = =
Ja'far may mean:
In fictional characters
In historical persons
In people

= = = Aying = = =
Aying is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Bavaria, Germany. The Ayinger Brewery is there.

= = = Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn = = =
Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn (Central Bavarian: "Hähakircha-Siegertsbrunn") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is south of Munich. It is the municipality with the longest name in Germany.

= = = Habitation at Port-Royal = = =
The Habitation at Port-Royal was an early French colonial settlement. Today it is a National Historic Site in Port Royal in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.
The settlement.
Port Royal was founded by the French explorer Champlain after half of his men had died of Scurvy in his first settlement. Champlain worked with the Algonquain tribe to found Port Royal and, in return, fought with them and the Hurons against the Iroquoians. 
In May, 1613 the Jesuits moved on to the Penobscot River valley and in July, the settlement was attacked by Samuel Argall of Virginia. Argall returned in November that same year and burned the Habitation down while the settlers were away nearby. Poutrincourt returned from France in spring 1614 and found "Port-Royal" in ruins. The settlers were living with the Mi'kmaq. Poutrincourt then gave his holdings to his son and returned to France. Poutrincourt's son gave the settlement to Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour upon his own death in 1623.
Replica construction.
A replica of the settlement was built in 1939-1940. Today, this replica serves as the cornerstone of Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada, and together with the nearby Fort Anne National Historic Site of Canada in Annapolis Royal, continues to remind of this important historic region for Canadians and visitors.

= = = Mi'kmaq = = =
The Mi'kmaq (; (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or formerly Micmac) are a First Nations or Native American in the United States people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands. The word Míkmaw is an adjectival form of the plural noun for the people, "Míkmaq".
The nation has a population of about 40,000 of whom approximately one-third still speak the Algonquian language L'nuí'simk which was once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing and is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet.
In the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, October is celebrated as Mi'kmaq History Month and the entire Nation celebrates Treaty Day annually on October 1.
Mi'kmaq First Nation subdivisions.
Mi'kmaq names in the table have all been spelled according to a several orthographies. The Mi'kmaq orthographies in use are Mí'kmaq hieroglyphs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography, which has been adopted by most of the Mi'kmaq First Nation.

= = = Wang Xiaobo = = =
Wang Xiaobo (; pinyin: Wáng Xiǎobō; May 13, 1952 – April 11, 1997) was a famous writer in mainland China. His most famous book is called "Golden Time". It was published in 1994.
Wang was born in Beijing, China. In 1972, he became a teacher in the Shandong province. In 1978, he started studying at the Renmin University of China.

= = = Chengdu = = =
Chengdu (also called The Hibiscus City), is the fifth largest city in the People's Republic of China. It is the capital of Sichuan province and is on top of the Chengdu Plain. The city is home to the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. The city has a famous food culture, so much so that UNESCO awarded the city as a City of Gastronomy. Chengdu is known for hot pot and teahouses and for adding chili peppers in much of their food.

= = = Hohenbrunn = = =
Hohenbrunn (Central Bavarian: "Hohabrunn") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Albert Schweitzer = = =
Ludwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a French-German theologian, musician, philosopher and physician. He was born in Kaysersberg (Alsace), at the time a part of the German Empire.
He wrote books about music and religion. He started a famous hospital in Lambarene, Africa. He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.
Earlier life.
Albert Schweitzer was born in Kaysersberg (Alsace), on 14 January 1875. He lived in the village of Gunsbach, where his father was a local pastor. His father taught him how to play music. In 1893, Schweitzer passed his Baccalaureat.
After this, Schweitzer went to Paris to learn philosophy and music, before returning to his birthplace to study theology. He spent nine years studying medicine and surgery. He would dedicate his life to helping people and curing diseases.
Music.
Schweitzer was a famous organist and was extremely interested in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. He developed a simple style of performance, which he thought to be closer to what Bach had meant. In 1908, he completed the final version of his book "Johann Sebastian Bach". In the book, he argued for the new style, which has had great influence on the way Bach’s music is now treated. 
When Schweitzer was in Lambarene, his main recreation was to play Bach’s music. He also gave musical performances to raise money for medical supplies in Gabon.
Recordings of Schweitzer playing the music of Bach are available on CD. Between 1934 and 1935, he had a trial recording for HMV on the organ of the old Queen's Hall in London. In mid-December 1935, he began to record for Columbia Records on the organ of All-Hallows-by-the-Tower, Barking, London.
Theology and Philosophy.
Schweitzer became well known for his books on Jesus and Christianity. He was not so much interested in the historical study of Jesus, as in the Christian idea of the end of the world, which can be found in the Bible and the teachings of Jesus. Schweitzer also served as a minister for Saint Nicholas Church in Strassburg.
In the philosophy of Albert Schweitzer, the most important idea is the respect for life. In his book "The Philosophy of Civilization", he wrote that "true philosophy" begins with the idea that: 
Albert Schweitzer’s ethical principles meant that he tried to have a personal and spiritual relationship with the universe. It also meant that he was vegetarian.
Schweitzer in Africa.
Albert Schweitzer spent most of his life in Lambaréné, Africa. In 1904, he was inspired to help sick people in the world, so he studied medicine. After his medical studies in 1913, he went to Lambaréné with his wife to establish a hospital that would serve thousands of Africans.
During World War I, the French made Schweitzer and his wife, both Germans, leave Africa. In 1924, he returned to Lambaréné and managed to rebuild the destroyed hospital, where he served as a physician .
Later life.
From 1939-1948, he stayed in Lambarene since he could not go to Europe during the war. Three years later he resumed his medical practices. But he was no longer just a medical doctor and whenever possible he went to Europe to lecture at universities. Slowly his ideas become known, not only in Europe but worldwide. 
In 1952 Dr Albert Schweitzer was awarded The Nobel Prize for peace. He gave a famous speech "The Problem of Peace". He died on 4 September 1965 at his hospital in Lambarene.

= = = Coweta, Oklahoma = = =
Coweta is a city in Wagoner County, Oklahoma and is a suburb of Tulsa. The population was 9,654 at the 2020 census.
History.
Before statehood, when the Five Tribes or Five Civilized Tribes were moved to Oklahoma from the Eastern United States, the area that is now Coweta became part of the Creek Nation. Coweta was named after a Creek Indian war town on the Chattahoochee River in southwestern Georgia and was first settled by American Indians about 1840. In 1843 Robert Loughridge arrived in the area and established a mission, named "Koweta".
In 1867 after the Civil War, the Creek Indians adopted a constitution which divided there nation into six districts. Everything northeast of the Arkansas River, including Tulsa, became the Coweta district. The political center of this district was in a log courthouse on Coweta Creek, about a one-fourth of a mile west from the modern day center of the downtown Coweta. The Post Office was established on May 24, 1897, and was named after the Koweta Mission.
Many notable events occurred in 1903. Along with the arrival of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, Coweta’s first newspaper, "The Courier", was started, the first school was built, and a telephone line was put in.
Geography.
Coweta is at (35.963155, -95.661586).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (27.6 km2), of which, 10.5 square miles (27.3 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (1.1%) is water.
Historical sites.
Coweta is home to two sites on the National Register of Historic Places list. The first is the Koweta Mission Site. The mission was added to the NRHP in 1973, today only a cemetery remains. The second historical site in Coweta is the First Presbyterian Church of Coweta, commonly known as the Mission Bell Museum. The Mission Bell Museum was added to the NRHP in 2003 and is owned and operated by the city of Coweta.

= = = Tularemia = = =
Tularemia (also called "Goblin Fever", "deer-fly fever", "Ohara fever" and "Francis disease") is a disease. Usually rodents get it. It is caused by a bacterium, "Francisella tularensis". There have been cases where the disease spread to humans. The disease can be treated with antibiotics.
Tularemia as a biological weapon.
Cases of tularemia should be reported to the local health authority. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention think "F. tularensis" could possibly be a bioweapons agent. For this reason, it has been included in the biological warfare programs of the USA, USSR and Japan at various times. A former Soviet biological weapons scientist, Kenneth Alibek, has said that an outbreak of Tularemia among German soldiers shortly before the siege of Stalingrad was due to intentional release of F. tularensis by Soviet forces, but this claim is rejected by others who have studied the outbreak. In the USA, practical research into using Tularemia as a bioweapon took place at Camp Detrick in the 1950s. It was viewed as an attractive agent because:
By the late 1950s the US biological warfare program was focused mostly on tularemia as a biological agent. The Schu S4 strain was standardized as Agent UL for use in the M143 bursting spherical bomblet. It was a lethal biological with an anticipated fatality rate of 40 to 60 percent. The rate-of-action was around three days, with a duration-of-action of one to three weeks (treated) and two to three months (untreated) with frequent relapses. UL was streptomycin resistant. The aerobiological stability of UL was a major concern, being sensitive to sun light, and losing virulence over time after release.
The United States later changed the military symbol for UL to TT (wet-type) and ZZ (dry-type) in an effort to retain security on the identity of military biologicals. When the 425 strain was standardized as agent JT (an incapacitant rather than lethal agent), the Schu S4 strain's symbol was changed again to SR.
No vaccine is available to the general public. The best way to prevent tularemia infection is to wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning rodents or lagomorphs (as rabbits), avoid ingesting uncooked wild game and untreated water sources, and wearing long-sleeved clothes and using an insect repellent to prevent tick bites.
Documented outbreaks.
In summer 2000, an outbreak of tularemia in Martha's Vineyard resulted in one dead person. It brought the interest of the CDC as a potential investigative ground for aerosolized "Francisella tularensis". Over the following summers, Martha's Vineyard was identified as the only place in the world where documented cases of tularemia resulted from lawn mowing. The research may prove valuable in preventing bioterrorism.
An outbreak of tularemia occurred in Kosovo in 1999-2000.
In 2004, three researchers at Boston University Medical Center were accidentally infected with "F. tularensis", after apparently failing to follow safety procedures.
In 2005, small amounts of "F. tularensis" were detected in the Mall area of Washington, DC the morning after an anti-war demonstration on September 24, 2005. Biohazard sensors were triggered at six locations surrounding the Mall. To this date, no cases of tularemia infection have been reported as a result.
In 2007, a lab of Boston University's Center for Advanced Biomedical Research, where "F. tularensis" were being kept for research, was evacuated after smoke set off alarms. An investigation has later determined that an electrical problem was the culprit, and no bacterial contamination was found.
In July 2007, an outbreak was reported in the Spanish autonomous region of Castile and León and traced to the plague of voles infesting the region.

= = = Neubiberg = = =
Neubiberg (Central Bavarian: "Neibiberg") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The university of the Bundeswehr is there.

= = = Brunnthal = = =
Brunnthal (Central Bavarian: "Brunntoi") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Putzbrunn = = =
Putzbrunn (Central Bavarian: "Butzbrunn") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Unterföhring = = =
Unterföhring (Central Bavarian: "Untafering") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. Many media companies are in Unterföhring, for example ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG and Sky Deutschland.

= = = Fur trade = = =
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the gain and sale of animal bodies, or parties. It is still a on going tradition. The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections:
Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia. 
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada.
The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections: 
One of the earliest companies in the fur trade business was the Hudson's Bay Company, which was created by an English royal charter in 1670. The company still exists today, but now works in the retail business and operates a number of department stores in Canada, the United States and all around the world.
Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia. 
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada. 
The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections: 
One of the earliest companies in the fur trade business was the Hudson's Bay Company, which was created by an English royal charter in 1670. The company still exists today, but now works in the retail business and operates a number of department stores in Canada, the United States and all around the world.

= = = Argyle, Wisconsin = = =
Argyle is a village in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 783 people living in Argyle as of the year 2020. The village can be found inside the Town of Argyle. The United States Census Bureau says that the village has an area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2).

= = = Miyuki Komatsu = = =
 is a Japanese actress.
She has acted in:

= = = Aschheim = = =
Aschheim (Central Bavarian: "Oscham", "Aschhoam") is a municipality in the district of the Munich Rural District.

= = = NetSolve = = =
NetSolve is an information technology company in the United States. Cisco Systems took it over on September 9, 2004.

= = = Third-person shooter = = =
Third-person shooter is a genre of video games in which the players character is seen from a distance. A first-person shooter is where the player plays as if they "are" the character. In a third person shooter the player "controls" the character. Some examples of a third-person shooter are the Grand Theft Auto series and Mafia. 
For PSP can also have Socom Fireteam Bravo Also with the Syphon Filter series with first person scope aim.

= = = Klaus Ebner = = =
Klaus Ebner (born August 8, 1964) is an Austrian writer of short stories, essays and poetry, and a translator. Born and raised in Vienna, he began writing at an early age. He started sending in stories to magazines in the 1980s, and also published articles and books about computer software after 1989. Ebner's poetry is written in German and Catalan. He is a member of several Austrian writers associations, including the Grazer Autorenversammlung.
His works include cultural essays on Catalan topics, and stories about Jewish traditions. His first book of short stories was printed in 2007. In 2008, Ebner published the short novel "Hominide". He has gotten several literary prizes, among them the Viennese "Wiener Werkstattpreis" in 2007. Austrian critics, such as Wolfgang Ratz, have praised Ebner's prose-style. The writer lives in Vienna with his family.
Biography.
In the 1980s, he studied Romance languages, German and Translation at the University of Vienna. He also worked for a literary group and a magazine for literature in Vienna. Afterwards he worked as a translator, language teacher and IT project manager. In the 1990s, he published articles and books about software and computer networks; these books were in German, but he also wrote articles in English. In 2001 he wrote a university paper about islamism in Europe, which has been published later in Germany.
After school, Klaus Ebner has begun to write short stories, poetry and radio dramas. He usually published them in magazines of literature and culture. After the year 2004, he published literary texts much more often. Today, Klaus Ebner is an author of fiction (novels, short stories), essays and poems. He writes poetry in German and Catalan. Supported by the Austrian government, he went to Andorra in 2007 and wrote an essay about the country in the Pyrenees.
In 2007, Ebner's poem "a paperman and sick" became one of the Mentioned Poems at the International Poetry Prize Nosside. The jury spoke about the "sadness in big cities", which would be represented in the poem by a "paperman" whose "meal consists of loneliness". The English translation of the poem goes as follows:
In 2008 Klaus Ebner got the Wiener Werkstattpreis of 2007. The winning short story "Der Flügel Last (The Burden of the Wings)" shows a seven year old girl who has cancer. The story is told as if the girl would tell it herself. In the winning essay "Was blieb vom Weißen Ritter? (What do we still have of the White Knight?)", the reader learns about the novel from the Middle Ages "Tirant lo Blanch" by Joanot Martorell from Valencia. The author mixed his own reading experience with information from history and literature.
Klaus Ebner is a member of the Austrian Writers' Associations "Grazer Autorenversammlung (GAV)" and "Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband (ÖSV)".
Style of writing.
Ebner's short stories have many different topics, which, as critic Julia Rafael says, include actual and socially relevant problems. She describes the stories included in the anthology "Lose" as "somewhat imploding" and says that "phantasms, irony and humor have their place, too". Ebner's metaphors have been described as "going beyond reality without losing ground". The journalist Paul C. Jezek said, Ebner's writing style is characterized by very carefully chosen wording. Each sentence has a melody; his short prose especially sounds lyrical. Jezek compares Ebner's sentences to "Japanese paintings – every word has been chosen with special care". Austrian writer and critic Wolfgang Ratz made a similar observation, underlining "the accurateness of Ebner's speech" and "his love for formal details", while pinpointing the sarcastic undertone of the critical stories.

= = = Wagoner County, Oklahoma = = =
Wagoner County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2020, 80,981 people lived there. Its county seat is Wagoner.
National Register of Historic Places sites.
The following sites in Wagoner County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

= = = Tulsa County, Oklahoma = = =
Tulsa County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2020, 669,279 people lived there. The county seat is Tulsa. It has the second most people of any county in Oklahoma, after Oklahoma County.
Geography.
The county has a total area of 587 square miles.
NRHP Sites.
The following sites in Tulsa County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

= = = National Register of Historic Places = = =
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects (all called "properties") worthy of preservation. The list is kept by the National Park Service. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) created the National Register and the method for adding properties to it. There are more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed by themselves. The rest of the properties are smaller "contributing properties" that are part of historic districts. Each year around 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or through individual listings. A few are National Historic Landmarks.

= = = Wagoner, Oklahoma = = =
Wagoner is a city in Wagoner County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 7,621 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Wagoner County.

= = = Muskogee County, Oklahoma = = =
Muskogee County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2020, 66,339 people lived there. Its county seat is Muskogee.
Geography.
The county has a total area of 840 square miles.
NRHP sites.
The following sites in Muskogee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

= = = Polans = = =
The Polans were a West Slavic tribe that lived in Greater Poland. Polans united other Polish tribes and created Poland. The first Catholic ruler of the Polans was Mieszko I. Here is an extract of Helmold's Chronica Slavorum:
""Slavorum igitur populi multi sunt habitantes in litore Balthici maris. Sinus huius maris ab occidentali occeano orientem versus porrigitur. Appellatur ideo Balthicus (...) idemque mare barbarum seu pelagus Schiticum vocatur a gentibus, quas alluit, barbaris. Hoc mare multae circumsedent naciones. Dani siquidem ac Sueones, quos Northmannos vocamus, septentrionale litus et omnes in eo continent insulas. At litus australe Slavorum incolunt nationes, quorum ab oriente primi sunt Ruci, deinde Polani, habentes a septentrione Pruzos, ab austro Boemos et eos qui dicuntur Marahi sive Karinthi atque Sorabi."
in English, it means:
"There are a lot of Slavic tribes, that live on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The bay of this sea is directed from the west ocean to east. It's called Baltic (...) This sea is also called barbarian or Scythian from the barbarian tribes, that is failing. There are a lot of tribes that live around this sea; namely Danes and Swedes, which we call Normans, they live on the northern coast and all of the isles. Southern coast inhabit Glavic tribes, the first of them are Rus'; there are also Polans, that border in the north with Prussians, on the south with Czechs, and these, that are calling themselves Moravians or Carynthians and Sorbians.""

= = = Cherokee County, Oklahoma = = =
Cherokee County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2020, the population was 47,078. Its capital city is Tahlequah.
Geography.
The county has a total area of 776 square miles.
NRHP sites.
The following sites in Cherokee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

= = = Mao, Dominican Republic = = =
The Dominican city of Santa Cruz de Mao, or simply Mao. It is the head municipality of the Valverde province, on the northwest of the country. It is the largest city of the Dominican northwest and the centre of the region.
Name.
Its name is a Taíno word. It comes from the Mao River, near the city. Its nickname is "Ciudad de los Bellos Atardeceres" ("City of the Beautiful Sunsets") because there are not many mountains to the west of the city. Instead, it is common to see a "red" sky during sunsets. It is a very dry region and there are much dust in the air which gives the red color to the sky.
Population.
There were a total of 51,647 people living in the area in in . Out of this, 25,663 are men while there were 25,984 women. The urban population was of the total population.
History.
For most of its history, the region was called "El Despoblado". It means a region without any population. Since it is a very dry region, agriculture was not possible.
When the governor of the Spanish colony gave the order in 1606 that everybody living on the northern coast had to move inland, some people came to live around the present Mao. They had cows that were raised in "hatos"; "hato", which means a large farm for raising cattle (a ranch). So "hato" is the name of many places around Mao: Hatico, Hato del Yaque, Hato Nuevo, Hato Viejo, Hato del Medio.
The town of Mao was built close to where the Mao river flows into the Yaque del Norte river. The first Catholic church was build in 1869.
Mao was made a "Puesto Cantonal" (an old category similar to the present Municipal District under a military government). In 1882, Mao was elevated to the category of municipality and in 1904 its official name was changed to "Valverde" after José Desiderio Valverde, past President of the Dominican Republic. Because the name Mao was known by everybody and Valverde was a new name, people called the city as "Valverde (Mao)", and it is still common to say so.
When the province was created in 1959, Mao was made its head municipality and provincial capital.
Geography.
Mao has a total area of . It is about of the total area of the province of Valverde. The city has an elevation of , and at to the northwest of Santo Domingo.
The municipality of Mao has the Santiago Rodríguez province to the west, the Santiago province to the south and east, the municipality of Laguna Salada to the northwest and the municipality of Esperanza to the northeast.
Climate.
Mao has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a noticeable dry season in winter.
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by October with .
The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of and the second is July with .
Mao is in a hot region. The average temperature for the year is .
Administrative division.
The municipality of Mao has three municipal districts:
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main products in the municipality are rice, bananas and plantain.

= = = Mayes County, Oklahoma = = =
Mayes County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2020, 39,046 people lived there. Its county seat is Pryor, also known as Pryor Creek.
NRHP Sites.
The following sites in Mayes County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

= = = Rogers County, Oklahoma = = =
Rogers County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2020, 95,240 people lived there. Its county seat is Claremore.
Geography.
The county has a total area of 711 square miles.
NRHP sites.
The followings sites in Rogers County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

= = = Koweta Mission Site = = =
Koweta Mission Site is a National Register of Historic Places site added in 1973.
The Koweta Mission was founded in 1843 when white missionaries arrived in Coweta, Oklahoma to teach Native American children. Reverend Robert Loughridge and his wife, Olivia, bought an empty cabin for ten dollars and began teaching. He named the mission "Koweta".

= = = Sean Hannity = = =
Sean Hannity (born December 30, 1961) is an American radio talk show host and best-selling author. He first was noticed as the co-host for the Fox News program Hannity & Colmes, a political television program co-hosted by Alan Colmes. He is the second highest rated talk-radio show in the United States, for his work with his show called The Sean Hannity Show. He is also the host of Hannity's America, on the TV station Fox News Channel.

= = = Brett Favre = = =
Brett Lorenzo Favre (born October 10, 1969, in Gulfport, Mississippi, United States) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. He played college football for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles. Favre was known for his controversy as well, especially his retirement saga and sexual abuse scandal with New York and failure to cooperate in the investigation, for which he was fined $50 thousand. Favre is also well known for his love of the outdoors and his "iron man" reputation earned for his toughness, which helped him in cold Wisconsin and Minnesota. He was a color anylst for one 2011 college game.
Childhood.
Brett weighed 9 pounds 15 ounces when he was born on Oct. 10, 1969. He had several brothers with whom he played baseball and football.
College.
Favre started at the quarterback position for The University of Southern Mississippi for four solid years.
Professional career.
Atlanta Falcons.
Favre was chosen in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. He threw two interceptions.
Green Bay Packers.
On February 10, 1992, after a season with the Falcons, he was traded to the Green Bay Packers on for the 19th pick in the 1992 NFL Draft. He became the Packers' starting quarterback in 1992, then started every game after the 1992 season until the end of the 2007 season with the Packers. He was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXI, which was especially notable because Favre was previously addicted to pain killers that he took. On November 4, 2007, Favre became the third to beat the other 31 teams after beating the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium. The 2008 NFC Championship game against the New York Giants would be Brett Favre's last game as a Packer in which the Pack lost in overtime when Favre threw an interception. The interception is Favre's last pass as a Packer. Despite many interceptions, Favre had a great career with Green Bay. In 2008 he said that he would retire, but later changed his mind before the 2008 season start. The Packers stuck with the decision to start a younger player, Aaron Rodgers, as their quarterback.
New York Jets.
Favre was dealt to the New York Jets. He and the Jets started off the season well, but Favre got hurt down the stretch. That injury was not reported by the Jets, who had to pay a $125,000 fine. Favre ended the season with 22 touchdown passes and 22 interceptions.
Minnesota Vikings.
He retired again after the season, but came out of retirement another time to play for the Minnesota Vikings for the 2009 season. Favre actually had the best statistical season of his career in 2009, throwing for 34 touchdowns next to seven interceptions for Minnesota. However, his season ended with an interception by Tracy Porter in a loss to the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Championship. After this, he decided to play for the Vikings in 2010 as well, but threw only 11 touchdowns next to 19 interceptions as he and the franchise struggled. Favre was often injured, and retired for good after the season ended.
Records.
Favre started 297 games in a row at quarterback from 1992 to 2010. He became the first quarterback to lead his team to victory over all of the NFL's 32 teams after defeating the Chiefs on November 4, 2007. Seven years later, Peyton Manning would accomplish this feet after defeating the Indianapolis Colts (his former team), in their opener. In 2007 against the Vikings, he also threw his 421st career touchdown pass, setting another record.
Favre away from football.
Personal.
Despite contoversy, Favre also has an interesting personal life. He is an endorser (does commercials/advertisements) for Wrangler Jeans and is famous for his love of the outdoors. Favre is married and even has a grandson. He is active with charity, as he started the Favre Fourward Foundation.
After Last Retirement.
In 2012, Favre started a Twitter account, which Favre later claimed (said) was hacked.
Also in 2012, a New Orleans Saints play for pay program was exposed. Former New Orleans defensive coodinator Gregg Williams had paid players to deliver especially hard and/or illegal hits on an opposing player. Such activity is against NFL rules. Favre had taken some especially hard hits with the Vikings against the Saints, especially in the NFC Championship loss in 2009. Favre said that he was not angry, but instead "happy that the truth came out."

= = = Headline = = =
A headline is text at the top of a article, telling the reader the nature of the article below. Newspapers almost always have "headlines" in their papers.

= = = Transistor–transistor logic = = =
Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from transistors and resistors. It is called "transistor–transistor logic" because the logic function (e.g., AND) and amplification is performed by transistors. Many integrated circuits have TTL technology. They are used in applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, synthesizers, etc.
TTL gates define a voltage below 0.5V as "0", and a voltage of 4–5V as "1".

= = = Northwest Ordinance = = =
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 said that the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River would eventually become part of the United States. It encouraged people to move out of the east to the west. The Ordinance established policies for governing the territory and included laws eventually adopted in the Constitution. Included in the Ordinance were laws protecting freedom of religion (Article I), rights of the accused (Article II), public education and Indian land rights (Article III), admission of new states (Article V), and prohibition of slavery in the territory (Article VI). The territory included the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and part of Minnesota. This was a very important part in the American history.

= = = Protactinium = = =
Protactinium is a very radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. The density of this element is 231.04
Notable characteristics.
Protactinium is a silver metallic element that is in the actinide group, with a bright metallic shine that it keeps for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.
Applications.
Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic research.
Protactinium-231 (which is made by the alpha decay of Uranium-235 followed by beta decay of Thorium-231) could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kg. Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible in Protactinium-231.
History.
Protactinium was first discovered in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope 234m-Pa, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, while they were studying the decay chain of 238-U. They gave the new element the name "Brevium" (Latin "brevis", brief, short); the name was changed to "Protoactinium" in 1918 when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered 231-Pa. The name was shortened to "Protactinium" in 1949.
In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. For many years to come, this was the world's only way to get the element. It is said that the metal was sold to laboratories for a cost of 2,800 USD / g in the following years.
Precautions.
Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.

= = = Troy Aikman = = =
Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966 in West Covina, California) is a former American football quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League, and is now a television sportscaster for the Fox television network. He is also a shared owner of the NASCAR Nextel Cup racing team, Hall of Fame Racing, along with fellow former Cowboys quarterback, Roger Staubach. He was chosen for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006.

= = = Johnny Unitas = = =
John Constantine "Johnny" Unitas (May 7, 1933 – September 11, 2002, often called "Johnny U."), was a professional American football player in the 1950s through the 1970s. He was a record-setting quarterback and the National Football League's most valuable player in 1959, 1964 and 1967. His record of throwing a touchdown pass in 47 consecutive games (between 1956-1960) is unrivaled. Unitas is commonly considered the greatest quarterback of all-time. He spent his first and last seasons each with the Pittsburgh Steelers and San Diego Chargers. He is most famous for his time with the Baltimore Colts. He was part of what some considered "The Greatest Game ever Played," in 1959. Unitas handed a ball to Alan Ameche, who scored against the New York Giants. The Colts eventually moved from Baltimore to Indianapolis in 1984. Unitas supported the Baltimore Ravens and is part of their Ring of Honor (Inducted 2002).

= = = Dick Butkus = = =
Richard Marvin "Dick" Butkus (December 9, 1942 – October 5, 2023) was an American former football player. He was commonly considered as the greatest linebacker of his time. He was raised in Roseland, Chicago, Illinois.
In college, Butkus played for the University of Illinois. He played professional football in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears. He became a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1979.
Butkus died in his sleep at his home in Malibu, California, on October 5, 2023, at the age of 80. The cause of death was a stroke caused by atrial fibrillation, atherosclerosis, and hypercholesterolemia.

= = = Mike Ditka = = =
Michael Keller Ditka, Jr. (born October 18, 1939, in Carnegie, Pennsylvania), is a former NFL player, television commentator, and coach. Ditka coached the Chicago Bears for 11 years and New Orleans Saints for 3 years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only two people to win Super Bowls as a player, an assistant coach and a head coach. Ditka was the only person to take part in the last two Chicago Bears' championships, as a player in 1963 and as head coach in 1985.
On November 23, 2018, Ditka was hospitalized in Naples, Florida after suffering a heart attack while playing golf.

= = = The Sean Hannity Show = = =
The Sean Hannity Show is an American radio show with conservative talk show host Sean Hannity. It is a political talk show, but many times will cover things other than the mainstream media. The "Hannity" program is the second highest rated program, behind only The Rush Limbaugh Show. On the show, "Sean" and the people who call in often say to each other "you're a great American!" 

= = = John Elway = = =
John Albert Elway, Jr. (born June 28, 1960 in Port Angeles, Washington) is a retired Hall of Fame American football quarterback. He played his college football at Stanford and his whole professional career for the Denver Broncos football team of the National Football League (NFL). He was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1987. Elway won Super Bowls with the Broncos in 1998 and 1999, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999, throwing for one touchdown and rushing for another as the Broncos beat the Atlanta Falcons, 34-19. That ended up being his final game (other than the 1999 Pro Bowl), as he retired after that season.

= = = Detroit Lions = = =
The Detroit Lions are an American football team in Detroit. The Lions play in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) North division. The team plays its home games at Ford Field.
The Lions won four between 1935 and 1957, all prior to the Super Bowl era. Since the 1957 championship, the franchise has won only a single playoff game during the 1991 season and holds the league's longest postseason win drought. They are the only franchise that has existed for the entire Super Bowl era to not appear in the Super Bowl.

= = = Michael Irvin = = =
Michael Jerome Irvin (born March 5, 1966) is a former American football player for the Dallas Cowboys. He is also a former broadcaster for ESPN's "NFL Countdown". He is commonly known as one of the most successful wide receivers in the history of the National Football League.

= = = Howie Long = = =
Howard Michael Moses Long (born January 6, 1960 in Somerville, Massachusetts) is a former American football player who played as a defensive end, and was chosen for the Hall of Fame in 2000. He won the Super Bowl XVIII with the Los Angeles Raiders on January 22, 1984. Long currently works as a studio analyst for the Fox Network's NFL coverage.

= = = Hoang Hoa Tham = = =
Hoàng Hoa Thám () or Đề Thám (); (born Trương Văn Thám () 1858 – February 10, 1913) was leader of the famous Yen The Uprising against the French during Western conquest of Vietnam.

= = = Pro Football Hall of Fame = = =
The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame of the National Football League (NFL). It opened in Canton, Ohio, United States, on September 7 1963 with 17 original inductees. Through 2008, all but one of the Hall of Fame members have played some part of their professional career in the NFL (the only player who did not is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, who played his whole career in the American Football League (AFL) before the 1970 AFL-NFL merger). The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers in the league at 26.

= = = Cypress = = =
Cypress is a name used for many trees and shrubs in the conifer family Cupressaceae (cypress family). 
The name comes from the genus "Cupressus" which survives today as a conifer tree. About 30 cypress species survive.
Many cypress trees have needle-like, evergreen foliage and acorn-like seed cones.
Their earlier relatives were very common in the forests of the Jurassic period.

= = = Míkmaq language = = =
The Mi'kmaq language (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or priorly Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 9,000 Míkmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Míkmaq population of roughly 40,000. The word "Míkmaq" is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular "Míkm"); the adjectival form is "Míkmaw". The language's native name is "Míkmawísimk" or "Míkmwei" (in some dialects).
Writing system.
Míkmaq is written with letters of the Roman alphabet. This writing system was created by missionaries in the 19th century. Before, the language was written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing, a script of partially-native origin.

= = = Los Angeles Chargers = = =
The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team from the Los Angeles metropolitan area. They are currently part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team first played in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The club spent its first season in Los Angeles before moving to San Diego in 1961, becoming the San Diego Chargers and spending 56 seasons in that city before moving back to the Los Angeles area from 2017 to 2019. The team played at Dignity Health Sports Park, a soccer stadium in suburban Carson that serves as home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer. In 2020, the Chargers joined the Los Angeles Rams at that team's new SoFi Stadium in another Los Angeles suburb, Inglewood.
From 2007 to 2019, Phillip Rivers was their starting quarterback. The current quarterback is Justin Herbert. The original team logo was a charging horse. Over time, the logo evolved into a lightning bolt, a play on a different meaning of "charge". The team wears navy blue jerseys and white pants for most home games, white jerseys and navy pants for road games, and powder blue jerseys with white pants for designated home games. There is a gold bolt on the jersey that is outlined in both powder blue and navy.

= = = Metal leaf = = =
Metal leaf is a type of metallic foil used mostly for decoration. Gold leaf, a thin layering of gold foil, is the most common form of metal leaf, and the two words are often mixed up. Only very malleable metals can be made into leaf. Those metals are easily shaped, but at the same time very hard to break. Metal leaf is seen in various fields other than in decoration, sometimes used in art and gilding, its purposes in some cultures varies. Vark is a type of silver leaf used to decorate Indian cuisine.

= = = Foo Fighters = = =
The Foo Fighters is an American rock band started by musician and former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. Grohl made the band in 1994 after Nirvana's singer, Kurt Cobain, died. The band's name comes from a term used in World War II about strange sky objects (UFOs). Pat Smear, who was also in Nirvana, is a member of the band.
The band has achieved a world-wide following, and has won many awards for their music. They have released ten studio albums and twenty-eight singles. Foo Fighters has won fifteen Grammy Awards, and is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The current members of the band are Dave Grohl (singing and guitar), Pat Smear (guitar), Chris Shiflett (guitar), Nate Mendel (bass guitar), and Rami Jaffee (piano).Josh Freese Was announced for Hawkins replacement p
Alan Vaytsman performed many tribute to Taylor Hawkins. The song by John Lennon is dedicated to Taylor Hawkins

= = = Ronnie O'Sullivan = = =
Ronnie O'Sullivan (born 5 December 1975) is an English professional snooker player. He was born in Wordsley, West Midlands. He grew up in Chigwell, Essex and still lives there. He was World Champion in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2020 and 2022.
Ronnie O'Sullivan made his first century break at age 10.
He has won the UK Championship eight times. This was in 1993, 1997, 2001, 2007, 2014, 2017, 2018 and 2023. He has won the Masters seven times, in 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016 and 2017.

= = = Rain (entertainer) = = =
Jung Ji-Hoon (born June 25, 1982), better known by his stage name Rain, is a South Korean singer, recording artist, dancer, actor, model and designer.
In Rain's music career, he produced seven albums (six Korean, one Japanese), 19 singles and many concert tours around the world. His acting career began in 2003. This was when he won the KBS Best New Actor Award for his role in the drama "Sang Doo! Let's Go To School". In 2004, Rain won the KBS Excellence in Acting award for his role in the drama "Full House". After starring in "A Love To Kill", he acted in his first Korean film, "I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK" (2006), which won the Alfred Bauer Prize at the Berlin International Film Festival. Rain has acted in the American films "Speed Racer" (2008) and "Ninja Assassin" (2009). He was the first Korean to win an MTV award.
In 2007, Rain left the management of JYP Entertainment and started his own company, J. Tune Entertainment. However, he still keeps contact with Park Jin-young.
Early life.
Rain spent most of his childhood living with his parents and younger sister near Yonsei University. Rain was a quiet and shy child. He discovered his passion for dance when he performed in a talent show for High School. Rain decided to follow his passion and attended High School of Arts.
Rain lost his mother when she died with diabetes in 2000. In the same year, Rain was picked up to train for JYP Entertainment, led by Park Jin-Young. However, in a CNN interview and also in a Discovery Channel documentary called Discovering Hip Korea, he said he was repeatedly rejected because of his looks. During the early years of training, Rain was a backup dancer.

= = = Algonquian languages = = =
The Algonquian or ;
(also Algonquin, Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The term "Algonquin" comes from the Maliseet word "elakómkwik" (), "they are our relatives/allies". Many Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, while a number of others have already died out completely. There are about 30 languages. The three categories of the Algonquian languages are "Plains Algonquian Languages", "Central Algonquian Languages" and "Eastern Algonquian Languages".
Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains. The language from which all of the languages of the family come was spoken at least 3,000 years ago.
The Algonquian languages are 'poly-synthetic', which means that you can make entire sentences in one word.
Languages and groups.
Algonquian languages by group include:
Extinct languages are marked with (†)

= = = Ismaning = = =
Ismaning is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. As of December 31, 2008, it had a population of 15,181.

= = = Grünwald, Bavaria = = =
Grünwald (Central Bavarian: "Greawoid") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The Bavaria Film Studios and a castle are in Grünwald. It is one of the wealthiest municipalities in Germany.

= = = Kirchheim bei München = = =
Kirchheim (Central Bavarian: "Kirchheim ba Minga") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Haar, Bavaria = = =
Haar is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Arieş River = = =
The name Arieş River can be one of three rivers in Romania:

= = = Garching bei München = = =
Garching (Central Bavarian: "Garching bei Minga") is a town in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. There are other towns in Germany, which are called "Garching" so this one is often called "Garching bei München". This is German for Garching near Munich.

= = = Mureș = = =
The name Mureş can mean:

= = = Taufkirchen (bei München) = = =
Taufkirchen (Central Bavarian: "Taufkira ba Minga") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Arena Football League = = =
The Arena Football League (or AFL) is a defunct American football league in the United States that ran from 1987 to 2008, and 2010 to 2019. After it ended the first time, another league like it started in 2010, called Arena Football 1. Some, but not all, of the AFL teams joined Arena Football 1. The league later changed its name to the Arena Football League. There were 6 teams in 2019 when the league folded due to bankruptcy.
Unlike what people in this league call the outdoor league (the NFL), "Arena football" is played in an smaller arena. Arena Football is played with only 8 players on a team, not 11 like the NFL.
Teams.
Timeline.
The Arena Football League has had many teams join and leave the league. Every year, there has been at least one team which did not play with the same name as the year before.

= = = Elmo = = =
Elmo is a Muppet character from the TV show "Sesame Street". He is a red monster, and has his own part of the show called "Elmo's World". His age is 3 years old. He is very famous for his laugh. His best friend is a pink fairy named Abby Cadabby.
Elmo was originally a nameless extra performed by various puppeteers with no established identity. After that, he became a recurring character on the show. 
Brian Muehl was the first main performer and gave him a whispery voice. Richard Hunt performed him next and gave him a gruff voice. Then, Kevin Clash was given the Muppet in 1984 and used a new voice for him. This voice was made using falsetto. The muppet then became very popular. Elmo always talks in third person: for example, Elmo says "Elmo loves you!" rather than "I love you!" Elmo has a pet fish named Dorothy. He plays the toy piano and likes to ride his tricycle. Elmo is very popular with younger children.
In the 1990s, an Elmo toy called "Tickle Me Elmo" was sold. In a short time, it became one of the most popular "Sesame Street" toys in stores.

= = = San Francisco 49ers = = =
The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team. The team plays its home games in Santa Clara, California at Levi's Stadium, as the teams head office and practice areas are located there. The 49ers are a member of the NFC West of the National Football League (NFL). The team is called the 49ers because of San Francisco's history in the Gold Rush of 1849. The team colors are red, gold, and silver. The team has appeared in seven Super Bowls, winning five of them.

= = = Tennessee Titans = = =
The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team in Nashville, Tennessee. They are currently part of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). They used to be known as the Houston Oilers, and played in Houston, Texas. The team was started in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). The Oilers won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger.
The team moved to the state of Tennessee in 1997. They played in Memphis for one season before moving to Nashville. For two seasons, the team was known as the Tennessee Oilers. They changed their name to the Titans in 1999.

= = = Mumps = = =
Mumps is a viral disease. Only humans get it. Some of the most common symptoms are fever, headaches, swelling of the parotoid glands, sore throat, and orchitis (which means swelling of the testicles). 
Mumps can be diagnosed by the increase in alpha amylase isoenzymes in blood plasma.
The MMR vaccine stops measles, mumps and rubella. Hence we can say that mumps can be prevented by MMR vaccination.

= = = Civilian Conservation Corps = = =
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was started by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. The "CCC" gave young men jobs such as fighting forest fires, digging ditches, and planting trees. The "CCC" paid these men about thirty dollars a month. At first, it was planned to get men out of the cities, but more men came from small towns and rural areas.

= = = Killer app = = =
A killer app is a term used for a video game which makes people want to buy the console it is played on. People will get the console just so they can play that game.

= = = Chiang Mai = = =
Chiang Mai is the biggest city in northern Thailand and the second biggest city in Thailand. The city's name is Thai for "new city" because it replaced Chiang Rai, meaning "old city", as the capital of the Lan Na Kingdom. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, the second-biggest province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from northeast to northwest) Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son. In the north it is next to Shan State of Myanmar.

= = = Hyōgo Prefecture = = =
Hyōgo Prefecture is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Kobe. 
History.
In the Meiji period, Hyōgo Prefecture was formed by merging the provinces of Harima, Tajima, Awaji, and parts of Tamba and Settsu.
In 1993, Himeji Castle was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is in the city of Himeji.
In 1995, the Great Hanshin earthquake damaged Kobe and neighboring Osaka Prefecture. It caused the deaths of 5,000+ people.
Geography.
Hyōgo has coastlines on two seas. The Sea of Japan is north of the prefecture and the Seto Inland Sea is on the south. Awaji Island in the Inland Sea is part of Hyōgo.
Hyōgo shares land borders with Osaka Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture and Okayama Prefecture.
Cities.
There are twenty-nine cities in Hyōgo Prefecture, including
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 20% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
"Izumo daijinju" is the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. 

= = = Adelaide Zoo = = =
Adelaide Zoo is Australia's second oldest zoo. It is in Adelaide, South Australia. The zoo has over 1800 animals from 300 different species. 
In 2009, the zoo will be get two Giant Pandas, from China.

= = = Ruth Harkness = = =
Ruth Elizabeth Harkness (21 September 1900 – 20 July 1947) was an American fashion designer and socialite. She traveled to China in 1936 and brought back the first live giant panda to the United States. Her story was told in a book by Vicki Constantine Croke, "The Lady and the Panda", published by Random House in 2005. Ruth was found dead in a hotel on July 20th 1947.

= = = Brookfield Zoo = = =
The Brookfield Zoo is a large zoo near Chicago, Illinois. The zoo is about 216 acres (874,124 m2), and has around 450 species of animals.

= = = Shirahama, Wakayama = = =
 is a town in Nishimuro District, Wakayama, Japan.

= = = Wakayama Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is the city of Wakayama. Wakayama Prefecture is surrounded by Osaka Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture and Tokushima Prefecture.
History.
In the Meiji period, Wakayama Prefecture was created from the western part of Kii Province.
Geography.
Wakayama's southwestern coastline faces the Seto Inland Sea and its southeastern coastline is on the Pacific Ocean. The northern borders of the prefecture meet Osaka Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, and Mie Prefecture.
Cities.
There are nine cities in Wakayama Prefecture:
Towns and villages.
These are the towns and villages in each district:
National Parks.
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples.
"Hinokuma-kunikakasu jinjū" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.

= = = Webcast = = =
A webcast is a type of media file used on the Internet. It is distributed using streaming media technology to many people at the same time. It is basically the same as broadcasting over the internet.
Many radio and TV stations, as well as stations that are only on the internet, have webcasts. Businesses may have webcasts to give presentations or to teach people. Some people broadcast weddings or funerals through webcasts.

= = = Kansas City Chiefs = = =
The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team in Kansas City, Missouri. The team is a part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Their starting quarterback is Patrick Mahomes.
Originally called the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The team moved to Kansas City and became the Chiefs in 1963 after then-Kansas City mayor H. Roe Bartle promised the team they would have more ticket sales. The Chiefs then joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger. The Chiefs hold the distinction of being the second AFL team (after the New York Jets) to beat an NFL club in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game when they beat the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV.
The Chiefs won Super Bowl LIV by defeating the San Francisco 49ers 31-20. This was the team’s first Super Bowl win since 1969.
The term "chief" is sometimes considered to be insulting to Native Americans. There has been no serious effort to change the team's nickname. They have used an arrowhead as their symbol for a long time. They also named their home field Arrowhead Stadium.

= = = Jacksonville Jaguars = = =
The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football team in Jacksonville, Florida. They are currently members of the Southern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars, and the Carolina Panthers, became part of the NFL as expansion teams in 1995.

= = = Houston Texans = = =
The Houston Texans are a professional American National Football League team in Houston, Texas. Their current quarterback is CJ Stroud. They are part of the American Football Conference (AFC). The Texans joined the NFL in 2002 as an expansion team. 
The team is, of course, named for their home state. There was another "Texans" team in the early 1960s, the Dallas Texas. That team move and became the Kansas City Chiefs. The first NFL team in Houston was the "Oilers". The Oilers moved to Tennessee and were renamed the "Titans". The Texans were created in order to replace the Oilers in Houston.

= = = Cleveland Browns = = =
The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team in Cleveland, Ohio. The team plays in the AFC North division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Cleveland Browns started playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference and joined the NFL in 1950 after the AAFC folded. After the 1995 season, the Browns moved to Baltimore, Maryland and changed its name to the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Browns' team history stayed behind in Cleveland. A new Cleveland Browns team began playing in the 1999 NFL season, inheriting the history of the first Browns team.
The team has also won four NFL Championships. It is one of two teams in Ohio, the other team is the Cincinnati Bengals.
They are one of two NFL teams to finish the season with 0 wins, going 0-16 in the 2017 NFL season. They share this achievement with the Detroit Lions, who went 0-16 in 2008.

= = = Cincinnati Bengals = = =
The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football team in Cincinnati, Ohio. They are currently members of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Their first season, 1968, was as an American Football League franchise, but they joined the NFL as part of the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger. Their current quarterback is Joe Burrow.
The Bengals' stadium is Paul Brown Stadium, in Cincinnati. Their uniforms are an orange, black, or white jersey with tiger stripes and black or white pants.
The team chose its name for the fierce and dangerous big cat called the Bengal tiger.

= = = Commentary = = =
A commentary often means some sort of voice that will explain what is going on while a program is playing. Commentary is most often used in sports. Some famous commentators are Jim Ross, Larry Merchant, Jesse Ventura, Navjot Singh Sidhu and Gorilla Monsoon.
A commentary can mean comments, spoken or written, which help people understand a book, play or work of art.

= = = Kelvedon = = =
Kelvedon is a village and town in Essex, England.
Origins.
There has been a settlement on the bend of the River Blackwater for thousands of years. Archeologists have found evidence that shows the settlement was a Celtic trading port. The Romans started a settlement here called "Canonium".
The present village of Kelvedon has been lived in since the early Middle Ages. The building of the Norwich - London railway, made Kelvedon a good place to live, but with easy and quick access to London. The village was built along one road, High Street. From the 1930's the village began to spread for miles along the street which was part of the A12. In the 1960's a bypass was built to go around the village. In the 1980's a large housing development called "Riverside Park" added hundreds of houses.

= = = Baltimore Ravens = = =
The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. They play in the AFC North Division of the National Football League (NFL). The team is named after the poem, "The Raven" by Edgar Allen Poe. The Ravens are rivals with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers, Cincinnati Bengals, and Tennessee Titans. The Ravens have the Super Bowl title twice, Super Bowl XXXV, in the 2000 NFL season against the New York Giants and Super Bowl XLVII in the 2012 NFL season against the San Francisco 49ers. As of 2023, the Ravens' quarterback is Lamar Jackson. They play at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, MD.
Defense.
Baltimore has long been known for their great defense. In 2000, the Ravens had one of the best defenses in NFL history. Some major Ravens defenders include middle linebacker Ray Lewis, outside linebacker/defensive end Terrell Suggs, defensive tackle Haloti Ngata, cornerback Chris McAlister, outside linebacker Peter Boulware, cornerback Lardarius Webb, defensive tackle Tony Siragusa, and defensive back Rod Woodson. Several Ravens defensive coodinators (Marvin Lewis, Mike Nolan, Rex Ryan, and Chuck Pagano) have gone to be NFL head coaches.
Offense/special teams.
The offense has been considered mediocre. The Ravens have had many different quarterbacks, including Trent Dilfer, Vinny Testaverde, Kyle Boller, and Joe Flacco, with limited success. The Ravens have gotten good results from players like Todd Heap, Derrick Mason, Flacco, Jamal Lewis, and some others on offense.
The Ravens special teams has also been praised. Notable players include kicker , punter Sam Koch, and returner Jermaine Lewis.
Logo.
In 1996, the Ravens' logo had a seal with a "B" for Baltimore. That logo was featured on the Ravens' helmets. In 1999, the logo changed to the head a purple Raven with the Baltimore B. That has been on team helmets since.
Uniforms.
The Baltimore Ravens uniform combinations are: purple jersey and white pants (standard, introduced in 1999), white jersey with white pants (introduced in 1996, often worn for away games), white jersey with black pants (introduced in 2008, often worn in away games and at the season-home opener), purple jersey and black pants (alternate, 'not often worn,' introduced in 1996), black jerseys and white pants (alternate, introduced in 2008), and black jersey and black pants (alternate, introduced in 2004). Purple jerseys are most often worn during day-time home games. The black jerseys are worn only at home games, usually games that are played at night. The white jersey combinations are worn at most away games. However, the black pants and white jersey combination is usually worn by the Ravens for their first home game of every season. That tradition was started under head coach John Harbaugh in 2008.
Stadiums.
"See main articles: Memorial Stadium (Baltimore) and M&T Bank Stadium."
The Ravens played their first two seasons in Memorial Stadium, where the Baltimore Orioles Major League Baseball team and the Baltimore Colts played. Before the 1998 season, the Ravens moved to what is now M&T Bank Stadium. The stadium was called "PSI Net Stadium" up until 2001 when the PSI Net company went bankrupt. The stadium was referred to as "Ravens Stadium" in 2002. Many fans signed a letter asking that the Ravens officials name the stadium "Johnny Unitas Stadium" after Baltimore Colts Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas. The request was unsuccessful. Before the 2003 season, the Ravens, Maryland Stadium Authority, and M&T Bank signed a long term contract for the stadium to be called "M&T Bank Stadium." The stadium's official holding is listed at 71,008 people, but can hold more.
The official headquarters of the Baltimore Ravens (commonly referred to as "The Castle," or "Baltimore Ravens Training Complex') is located in Owings Mills, Maryland, USA.
Ring of Honor.
"See also: http://www.baltimoreravens.com/News/History/Ring_of_Honor.aspx" 
The Ravens induct personnel that they feel meat up to set standards on and off the field into the team Ring of Honor (presented by Smyth Jewlers).
The current Baltimore Ravens Ring of Honor:
Baltimore Colts honored: QB #19 Johnny Unitas, RB #24 Lenny Moore, OT #70 Art Donovan, DE #89 Geno Marchitti, WR #84 Reymond Berry, TE #88 John Mackey, and DE #83 Ted Hendricks (Inducted 2002)
History.
The Baltimore Colts played in Baltimore from 1953 to 1984. In 1995, Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell announced that his struggling team could no longer compete financially or on the field. He then announced a highly criticized move to go to Baltimore. In 1996, the Ravens drafted future stars Jonathan Ogden, Ray Lewis, and Jermaine Lewis. Four years later, head coach Brian Billick led the Ravens to a 34-7 Super Bowl XXXV victory over the New York Giants. The next few years were filled with mediocrity. In 2004, Baltimore businessman Steve Bisciotti bought the team from Modell. The Ravens fired Billick in 2007 after a 5-11 season and replaced him with John Harbaugh, who got the Ravens to the playoffs through the next four years.

= = = Buffalo Bills = = =
The Buffalo Bills are an American football team in Buffalo, New York. They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Bills started playing in 1960 as an original member of the American Football League and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger.
The Bills won two American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the team has not won a league championship since the merger. Buffalo is also the only team to win four consecutive AFC Championships (1990-93), though they did not win any of the four following Super Bowls.
Ralph Wilson, the longtime owner who had established the Bills in 1959, died on March 25, 2014. On September 9, 2014, Wilson's family announced that it had sold the team to Terry Pegula and his wife, Kim. The Pegulas also own the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL.
The Bills team name is based on the famous "wild west show" star known as Buffalo Bill. The American bison is the team symbol. This large mammal is commonly known in North America as the "buffalo", although it is only distantly related to other large mammals known as such.

= = = Washington Commanders = = =
The Washington Commanders are a professional American football team based in the Washington, D.C. area. The team plays at FedExField in Landover, Maryland. The team's head office and training area are at Redskin Park in Ashburn, Virginia. They are part of the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
The team began in Boston in 1932. They were first named for the Boston Braves baseball team. They were soon renamed the "Redskins." They kept that nickname after moving to Washington in the late 1930s. Native Americans and others said this word was insulting to Native Americans. There were protests and legal challenges, but the team kept the name for many years. 
On June 18, 2014, the United States Patent Office decided that they were going to cancel the Redskins trademarks and called the name "disparaging to Native Americans."
In June 2020, 87 of the team's sponsors wrote a letter asking the team to change its name. PepsiCo, Nike, and FedEx were three of these sponsors. Together those three companies pay more than US$600 million to show their products and services next to the team. That summer, the team announced that there would be a review of the name. On July 13, 2020, the team officially retired the "Redskins" name, although they did not choose a new team name at that time. The team played the 2020 and 2021 seasons as the Washington Football Team.
The team hired John Wright to find a new name. He spoke to fans, former players, and some Native Americans. Fans liked the name "Red Wolves," but too many other teams already legally owned names and pictures that were like "Red Wolves." On February 2, 2022, Wright went on the Today Show. He said the new name would be "Washington Commanders" and showed everyone the new team uniforms.
Some Native American leaders, for example Fawn Sharp of the National Congress of American Indians, said the team also should have apologized for using the name for so long and making so much money with it. Others said it was a step in the right direction.

= = = Super Princess Peach = = =
Super Princess Peach (�ー�ー������ー� in Japanese) is a 2005 platform video game. It was developed by TOSE and published by Nintendo. In 2009, this game was re-released as a Nintendo Selects title. It was released for the Nintendo DS.
Unlike most "Mario" video games, Bowser has decided to kidnap Mario. The player takes control of Peach who must go out and save Mario.

= = = Minnesota Vikings = = =
The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Vikings play in the National Football Conference of the National Football League (NFL). They are in the NFC North division. The Vikings have won their division 16 times, which is the third most among teams that are playing in the NFL now. They appeared in four Super Bowls during the 1970s, and lost all four of them. Their home field is the U.S. Bank Stadium
The team is called the Vikings because the state of Minnesota was settled by a great many people of Scandinavian ancestry. The historical Vikings originated in Scandinavia.

= = = Reno, Nevada = = =
Reno is a city in the American state of Nevada. It is the county seat of Washoe County. As of 2020, there were 264,165 people living in Reno. Charles Fuller built the first log cabin in 1859 and was named Lakes Crossing in 1861.

= = = Wolong National Nature Reserve = = =
Wolong National Nature Reserve is a national park in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. It was established in 1963. The reserve has an area of about 200,000 hectares. There are over 4,000 different species recorded in the reserve. Wolong National Nature Reserve houses more than 150 endangered giant pandas.
In June 1980, the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda was established. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Chinese government cooperated to establish the center. Researchers have made trials on how to breed the giant pandas. They have successfully bred 66 panda cubs.
A mountain stream runs through the Wolong Valley (where the Reserve is); the stream is heavily armoured with boulders and smaller rounded stones. Stream waters are rather alkaline with pH levels in the range of 8.91. (Hogan, 2007) Water quality turbidity is quite high due to extensive sand and gravel mining in stream.
According to a 2001 research by Dr. Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University, the rate of destruction is higher after the reserve's creation than before its creation. Using NASA's satellite images and records of the number of people there, Liu's research team concluded that due to tourism and the increase in the number of people, the reserve is facing an unprecedented threat. "Tourists do not think they have an impact on panda habitat, but indirectly each visitor has some impact," Liu said. "We do not see ourselves as a destructive force, but we are."

= = = Charles Spurgeon = = =
Charles Haddon (C.H.) Spurgeon (19 June 1834 – 31 January 1892) was a English Baptist preacher. People still know him as the "Prince of Preachers". In his lifetime, Spurgeon preached to about 10 million people. Spurgeon would often preach 10 times a week at different places. His sermons have been translated into many languages. Today, there are more writings and books by Spurgeon than by any other Christian writer.
Spurgeon was the pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle in London for 38 years. Under the previous pastor, Dr John Rippon, it became the largest Baptist congregation in Great Britain. He was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, and later had to leave that denomination. Throughout his life, Spurgeon suffered from depression and other mental illnesses. In 1857, he started a charity organisation called Spurgeon's which works all over the world.
Biography.
Family background and childhood.
His family.
Charles Spurgeon was born on 19 June 1834, in Kelvedon, in the English county of Essex. He was the eldest child of Eliza Jarvis and John Spurgeon. His mother Eliza was born in nearby Belchamp Otten on 3 May 1815. She was about 19-years-old when Spurgeon was born. His father John Spurgeon, born in Clare, Suffolk on 15 July 1810, was about 24-years-old. There were 17 children in Spurgeon's family, but nine of them died when they were babies.
Interests.
When he was six, Spurgeon read The Pilgrim's Progress. He read that book over 100 times in his life. Spurgeon was also very good at mathematics. As a young boy, he would read the Scriptures at family worship. He memorised many hymns as a child, and would use many of them in his sermons later in life.
Spirituality.
As an early teenager, he was very intelligent, but was also fearful and doubting. By the influence of his father and grandfather, Spurgeon was kept from most normal sins. As a child, he thought that he was a good person. But he later said that, "Day and night God's hand was heavy on me." He read the whole Bible, but he thought that it was threatening him, rather than promising him good things. As he got older, these things weighed on his conscience.
On 6 January 1850, when he was 15, a snow storm made him seek shelter in a Primitive Methodist chapel in Colchester. While he was there, a worker there said to him, "Young man, you look very miserable." Spurgeon knew this, and he believed now that only God could heal him. The worker, seeing his need, replied, "Young man, look to Jesus Christ! Look! Look! Look! You have nothin' to do but to look and live."
Within moments, he was converted to Christianity, or as he said: "God opened his heart to the Salvation message." He later said that, "I thought I could dance all the way home." On 3 May 1850, he was baptised in the River Lark, at Isleham. Later that year, his family moved to Cambridge.
Early adulthood.
Beginnings.
He preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850–51. At that time, he was made the pastor of the Waterbeach Baptist Chapel in Cambridgeshire. His preaching was thought to be very good. In 1853, he authored his first written work: a Gospel tract.
New Park Street Chapel.
In April 1854, aged 19 and after he had preached for three months, Spurgeon became the pastor of the New Park Street Chapel in London. At that time, it was the largest Baptist congregation in the city. Within months of Spurgeon being the pastor there, he became very famous. Even before he was 20, Spurgeon had preached over 600 times. His sermons were published every week, and many people read them. While he was at the New Park Street Chapel, Spurgeon became friends with James Hudson Taylor. Taylor was the man who started the China Inland Mission.
The way Spurgeon preached was not new, but it was easy to understand. When he would read and teach the Bible in his messages, many people would think about what Jesus had said. Because the church congregation became too large for their building, they had to move to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall, and later to the Metropolitan Tabernacle. By the age of 22, he was a very popular preacher. He would preach to more than 10,000 people at a time. Even before the microphone was invented, he spoke to an audience of almost 24,000 at the Crystal Palace.
On 8 January 1856, Spurgeon got married to Susannah Spurgeon. By the age of 33, she had to stay home because of her disabilities. They had twin sons, Charles and Thomas, born 20 September 1856.
Tragedy.
While he was preaching on 19 October 1856, there was a tragedy. A group of men yelled "Fire!" This made many people panic and run for the exits. It was later found out that seven people died after being trampled to death. Spurgeon was hurt emotionally by the actions of these men, and it had a large influence on his life. He had depression for many years. He later said that he cried for no reason, but still his ministry went on.
Middle life.
On 18 March 1861, the church moved to their newly built Metropolitan Tabernacle, at Elephant-and-Castle in London. The building could hold from five to six thousand people, and was like a modern-day "megachurch". Spurgeon read many books, up to six a week.
Spurgeon liked singing hymns and wrote several of them. He published a book of well-known hymns for use at his church. There was no pipe organ or other instruments in his church; the hymns were always sang unaccompanied. Spurgeon never called people to come forward after his sermons, which is a custom of many evangelical preachers, who like to talk to the people who have been moved in their faith by the preaching. Spurgeon would say that anyone could meet him on Monday to talk about Christ. There was always someone at his door the next day. He preached there until his death 31 years later.
When the missionary David Livingstone died in 1873, a copy of Spurgeon's sermon, "Accidents, Not Punishments", was found among his belongings. There was a comment at the top of the first page that read, "Very good, D.L." Livingstone carried the sermon with him when he travelled to Africa, but it was given back to Spurgeon. Spurgeon had given the message on Sunday, 8 September 1861, at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, in Newington, London. He had preached it because of two disasters that happened close to his house. On Sunday, 25 August 1861, there was a tragic accident between two trains in the Clayton Tunnel between London and Brighton. 23 people died from this crash and the crash also injured hundreds. About two weeks later, on Monday, 2 September another train wreck in North London that made 15 more people die.
Final years and death.
Spurgeon gave his last sermon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle on 7 June 1891. During his pastorate, 14,692 were baptised and joined the Tabernacle. Spurgeon's wife was often too sick to leave their home to hear him preach.
Near the end of his life, he had poor health with rheumatism, gout, and Bright's disease. He died in Menton, in France, on 31 January 1892. Spurgeon's wife and sons lived longer than him. His body is buried in a tomb in West Norwood Cemetery, in London.
Controversies.
Baptist Union controversies.
Around the end of Spurgeon's life, he was part of many conflicts in the Baptist Union of Great Britain (BUGB). Spurgeon later left the Baptist Union. Even after Spurgeon's death, there were such controversies there, such as the talk over whether or not the Baptist Union should be allowed to meet in the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Spurgeon's son, Thomas, who was the co-pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle with Archibald G. Brown, said that, "The Baptist Union almost killed my father." "Yes," replied someone at BUGB, "and your father almost killed the Baptist Union."
Downgrade controversy.
A controversy with Baptists started in 1887 when Spurgeon wrote what was later called the "Downgrade Controversy." It got that name when Spurgeon used word "Downgrade" when talking about how other Baptists looked at the Bible. Spurgeon meant that things such as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution were making the Baptist Union weak.
Baptismal regeneration.
The "baptismal regeneration" controversy was started by a sermon in the Metropolitan Tabernacle on 5 June 1864. That was when Spurgeon spoke to Anglican Christian leaders who supported infant baptism. The sermon is 16 pages long, so it took around an hour for Spurgeon to preach it. Over 350,000 copies of this sermon were sold. However, Spurgeon did work with Anglicans, as well as people from other denominations all his life.
Spurgeon's ministries.
Spurgeon's.
Stockwell Orphanage was an orphanage started by Spurgeon in London in 1867. It opened on 9 September 1869, and was originally for boys only. It began taking girls as well in 1879. The children were fed, clothed and taught at the orphanage. The money to pay for this mainly came from donations.
The orphanage was open until London was bombed in the Second World War. It later turned into Spurgeon's Child Care (and then into Spurgeon's). It is now mainly in England, but has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe.
Spurgeon's College.
Spurgeon's College is a theological institute in London. Spurgeon started it in 1857. Spurgeon's College is a member of the Baptist Union.
Spurgeon library.
In 1906, William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri paid £500 ($2500) for most of the Spurgeon library. The Spurgeon library had around 5,100 books in it at the time. In 2006, the whole library was sold to the Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Some of Spurgeon's sermon notes are at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.
Works.
His works have been translated into many languages. He also made many volumes of commentaries, sayings, and other types of literature.

= = = George Müller = = =
George Fredrick Müller (German: Georg Friedrich Müller) (September 27, 1805 – March 10, 1898), was an Christian evangelist and worker of orphanages in Bristol, England. He cared for about 10,000 orphans in his life. He was well known for giving an education to the children under his care, so much that sometimes he was accused of giving the poor more than they should be given.
Biography.
Childhood.
Müller was born in Kroppenstedt, a village in the Kingdom of Prussia. His early life he was not very righteous. He was a thief, a liar and a gambler. At age 14, while his mother was dying, he was playing cards with friends and drinking.
His father wanted to give him a religious education that would give him a wealthy job as a clergyman in the church. While studying divinity at college, a fellow student invited him to a Christian house meeting. He was welcomed there, and he soon began reading the Bible. He also began talking much with the others at the meetings. He soon left his sinful life, and began wanting to be a missionary. He began preaching in churches nearby. He still met with the growing group of evangelical believers in his university. he had a pet monkey named curious George. 
Early years.
In 1828, Müller almost started working with Jews in England. But when he got there, in 1829, he fell ill. When he got better, he promises he would obey the will of God. He soon left London. He believed that God would provide for his needs as he did his Christian work. He became the pastor of a chapel in Devon. Soon after, he married Miss Mary Groves. While he was the pastor of the church, he would not take a regular salary. He also stopped renting pews for the church. He said that would give too much money to the wealthy.
He moved to Bristol in 1832. In 1834, he founded the "Scripture Knowledge Institution for Home and Abroad". It had the goal of helping Christian schools and missionaries. And also it gave away the Bible. He did not get any money from the government. He only accepting personal gifts. But still they received, and gave away £1.5 million ($2,718,844 USD) by the time of his death. It was mainly used for supporting the orphanages he worked at. But also they giving away nearly two million Bibles and other religious texts.
Middle life.
Müller and his wife began working with orphans in 1836. They then kept thirty girls in their own home. Soon after that, they opened three more orphanages. That made the total of children they cared for about 130. In 1845, as they got bigger, Müller decided that they would build another building for around 300 children. In 1849, that home opened. By 1870, more than 2,000 children were being helped in their five homes.
To this point, Müller had never asked for financial support, and he did not go into debt. Even though their five homes cost over £100,000 to build. Many times, he would get free food donations only hours before it was time to eat. That helped his faith in God even more. Every morning after breakfast there was a time of Bible reading and prayer. Every child was given a Bible when they left the orphanage. The children had nice clothes. Müller even had a school inspector make sure things were done right.
In 1871, an article in The Times stated that since 1836, 23,000 children had been educated in the schools. Also it said that thousands had been educated in other places that they paid for. The article also said that since he started, 64,000 Bibles, 85,000 Testaments, and 29,000,000 religious books had been made, and given away. They also had to pay the support of 150 missionaries.
Later years.
In 1872, after the death of his first wife in 1870, he got married to Susannah Grace Sanger. In 1875, at the age of 70, he began a 17-year period of missionary travel. He preached in the United States, India, Australia, Japan, China, and nearly forty other countries. He traveled over 200,000 miles, and that was before the airplane was invented. Because he knew several languages, he was able to preach in English, French, and German. His sermons were translated into over twelve other languages.
He told in his autobiography how he came to closely read the Bible, he came with "great astonishment" to find that it was able to "speak decidedly" to him. He was a founding member of the "Open Brethren" movement. In 1892, he went back to England. He later died on March 10, 1898.

= = = Spectacled bear = = =
The spectacled bear ("Tremarctos ornatus"), also known as the Andean bear is the last of the lineage of short-faced bears. Locally, it is also called "ukuku", "jukumari" or "ukumari". The other short-faced bears are now extinct. They lived during middle to late Pleistocene age.
The spectacled bear is a relatively small species of bear native to South America. It has black fur with a distinctive beige-coloured marking across its face and upper chest. Males are 33% larger than females. Males can weigh 130 – 200 kilograms (286 – 440 lb), and females 35 – 60 kilograms (77 – 132 lb). They are found in several areas of northern and western South America, including western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and eastern Panama. Spectacled bears are the only surviving types of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae. Their survival has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the highest trees of the Andes.

= = = Convergent evolution = = =
Convergent evolution is a process in biology. It occurs when two species from different lines develop the same traits or features. This happens because they live in similar habitats, and have to develop solutions to the same kind of problems.
Similarity in traits can occur in two ways. Both species might have acquired the trait by descent from a common ancestor. In this case the structures are homologous. An example is the tetrapod limb, which has been inherited from early tetrapods in the late Devonian/early Carboniferous, about 360 million years ago. On the other hand, both might be independent adaptations to similar conditions in their habitat. In this case the structures are analogous. Convergent evolution leads to analogous features.
Examples.
Examples of convergent evolution are extremely numerous: it is an important feature of evolution.
Parallelophyly.
Parallelophyly is the special case where two or more lines with a close common ancestor acquire the same character independently. Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika in East Africa have developed the same feeding method in six different lines. Stalked eyes occur irregularly and independently in acalypteran flies. They have clearly inherited the genetic capacity for such eyes. This capacity is selected only in some lines.p62, 225

= = = Michelangelo Antonioni = = =
Michelangelo Antonioni (, ; 29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, editor, and painter. His best known movie is "Blowup", made in 1966. He died on the same day as Ingmar Bergman, another famous director. He was born in Ferrara and died in Rome.

= = = Salvador de Madariaga = = =
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (July 23, 1886 A Coruña, Spain - December 14, 1978 Locarno, Switzerland) was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist. He was the father of Nieves Mathews and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga. He was the grandfather of Javier Solana.

= = = Bislama = = =
Bislama is one of the three national languages of Vanuatu. It is a new language, made during the last two or three hundred years by mixing English with some French and some local words. The way the words are put together is like people have talked in Vanuatu for a long time -- not like English or French words are put together.
Bislama is like this:
History.
Between the 1870s and the 1880s, hundreds of thousands of Pacific islanders (many of them from the New Hebrides) were forced to work on plantations, mainly in the state of Queensland, Australia, and Fiji. A pidgin was formed out of the several languages spoken in these plantations. It combined English vocabulary with the grammar from the languages of the region. This early plantation pidgin was the origin of Bislama, Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea and Pijin from the Solomon Islands.
This creole started spreading throughout the Vanuatu archipelago at the turn of the 20th century. Because there are 113 languages spoken in Vanuatu, Bislama serves as a lingua franca for communication. 
The first dictionary of Bislama was published in 1995. Its second edition was published in 2004. This has helped to create a standardised and uniform spelling of written Bislama.
Besides Bislama, most ni-Vanuatu also know their local language. The country's official languages used for education are English and French.
Grammar.
Two frequent words in Bislama are "long" and "blong", which take the place of many prepositions in English.
"Long".
"Long" has many other related meanings, and is sometimes used in improvisation.
"Blong".
Originally from the English word "belong", "blong" takes the place of 'of' or the genitive case in other languages. Just like "of" in English, it is one of the most widely used and versatile words in the language, and can indicate possession, country of origin, defining characteristics, intention, and others.

= = = Tariq Ramadan = = =
Tariq Said Ramadan (born 26 September 1962 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Swiss Muslim academic and theologian. He thinks Islamic texts should be studied. He also thinks that Islamic society today is different from what it was when the Koran was written. He therefore says that Muslims living in Europe need to adapt and change Islam, so they can contribute its values to a European society.
This position is often referred to as Euroislam.
In November 2017, multiple women accused Ramadan of rape. On 31 January 2018, Ramadan was taken into custody by French police. After two days of questioning, he was formally charged with two counts of rape and ordered to remain in custody.

= = = Unterschleißheim = = =
Unterschleißheim (Central Bavarian: "Untaschleißheim") is a town in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Baierbrunn = = =
Baierbrunn (Central Bavarian: "Baiabrunn") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Geert Wilders = = =
Geert Wilders (born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch right-wing populist and nationalist politician, born in Venlo. He is a member of the Dutch Parliament. He joined the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy first, and in 2006 created and has become the leader for the Party for Freedom.
Politics.
He began working as an assistant (helper) for Frits Bolkestein in 1990. In September 2004, he left People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD in Dutch, the language spoken in the Netherlands). After that he made his own party named Groep Wilders. Later he changed the name to Partij voor de Vrijheid (Party for Freedom or PVV).
Fitna.
Fitna is a short movie made by Wilders. It was released on the Internet on 27 March 2008. Wilders' goal was to show people what he thinks about Islamization, using this movie.

= = = Cessna 182 = = =
The Cessna 182, marketed under the name Skylane, is a four-seat, single-engine, light airplane. It has the option of adding two child seats, installed in the baggage area.
Introduced in 1956, the 182 has been produced in a number of variants, including a version with retractable landing gear, and is the second most popular Cessna model, after the 172.

= = = Asparagus = = =
Asparagus is a large genus of flowering plants with over 300 different species. Some of the plants are grown as ornamental plants. One of these is the "asparagus fern", "Asparagus setaceus", which is not a real fern. The best known plant in this group is "Asparagus officinalis", which is grown as a vegetable, and is usually eaten in spring.
Asparagus was one of the plants which Carl von Linné showed in his work "Species Plantarum". "A. officinalis" is used as its type species.
Some species of asparagus are used in cooking. They are known to make urine smellier.

= = = Armand David = = =
Father Armand David (Espelette September 27, 1826 near Bayonne –November 10, 1900 in Paris) was a Lazarist missionary Catholic priest as well as a zoologist and a botanist. He discovered many new species in China. The best-known of the animals he discovered are the Giant Panda and the Père David's Deer and the Dove tree, Davidia involucrata

= = = Père David's deer = = =
Père David's deer ("Elaphurus davidianus") is a species of deer. It is also known as Milu (��) in Chinese. In the past it went extinct in the wild and existed only in captivity. However, it has been reintroduced to the wild in some areas. It likes marshland, and is believed to be native to the subtropics. It eats a mixture of grass and water plants.
Characteristics.
Adults weigh between and . They have a nine-month gestation period, and one or two fawns are born at a time. They reach maturity at about 14 months, and have been known to reach the age of 23 years.
Père David's deer has a long tail, wide hooves, and branched antlers. Adults have summer coats that are bright red with a dark dorsal stripe, and dark gray winter coats. The fawns are spotted.
Population.
This species of deer is native to China. By the late 19th century, the deer had become extinct in the wild. The only remaining herd belonged to the was Chinese emperor. He kept the deer in a royal hunting park in the southern part of Beijing. In 1895, a flood washed away part of the wall and some of the deer escaped. Most of these were then killed and eaten by the local population. This left fewer than 30 deer left in the park. Then in 1900, the park was occupied by German and Japanese soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion. These killed and ate the remaining deer. This left the deer nearly extinct in China. The last known deer in the wild in China was shot in 1939 near the Yellow Sea.
A few animals had been taken illegally to Europen countries to be put on show. In 1900, Herbrand Russell was determined to save the deer. He bought all that remained in captivity in Europe and brought them to Woburn Abbey, England. The deer survived through both World Wars due to the efforts of Russell and his son, Hastings. The current world population comes from this herd, and can be found in zoos around the world.
The deer began to be reintroduced in the wild in 1985, with a herd of 20 deer. These were placed in Nan Haizi Milu Park, Beijing, and Dafeng Reserve, Jiangsu Province, China. Other herds were added in 1986 and 1987. By 2005, the wild population had increased to about 2,000. 

= = = Finite element method = = =
The finite element method is a numerical method of solving systems of differential equations. They are used extensively in many fields of engineering because they require very little knowledge of mathematics beyond basic algebra to use. It belongs to the Methods of Weighted residuals. The problem is formulated such that some conditions are satisfied exactly, while others are satisfied only approximately or numerically (i.e., the "residual" being the difference between the exact solution and the approximate solution is weighted and minimized to get the best approximation).
While the ease of setting up a problem using finite elements and getting a solution is the reason for its popularity, it is also the cause of its frequent misuse and distrust of the answers obtained. Usually you have to check your results with an experiment before your model is acceptable for use. The use of finite elements in structural analysis is in particular poorly managed. Engineers typically begin working with FEM having very little knowledge of numerical methods or knowledge of finite element behavior. There are no standards and guidelines for modeling and few managers who understand well enough to regulate modeling. It has led to mistrust of the method, its arrested development, and some very bad analysis being performed that is copied by others. Much aircraft structural design is analyzed using FEM. 

= = = Sipoo = = =
Sipoo (, ) is a municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. Sipoo had over 19,000 residents in the end of 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Helsinki, Vantaa, Kerava, Tuusula, Järvenpää, Porvoo, Pornainen and Mäntsälä. The area of Sipoo is . The tax level of Sipoo is 18.75%. The leader of the municipality is Mikael Grannas.
Some villages.
Broböle, Kalkkiranta, Söderkulla, Savijärvi and Västerskog.
Söderkulla is a local centre in the Southern Sipoo. There is an elementary school and many sports places as well as the haven there.
Centre village.
The centre of Sipoo is . There are several stores, bars and restaurants as well as many services in Nikkilä. There is one secondary school and many primary schools there. There are also a high school and a vocational school.
Nikkilä has two churces, an old one and a new one. The old church, Saint Sigfrid's church is a and was built in 1450-1454 although some of the parts have been added afterwards. The new red brick church was built in the year 1885 and designed by Theodore Decker.
Other websites.
Website (in Finnish)
Municipality of Sipoo - Official Website (in English)

= = = Collar = = =
In clothing, a collar is the part of a shirt, dress, coat or blouse that goes around or frames the neck. A "collar" may also be a separate or detachable item around the neck.

= = = Frame = = =
A frame is a flat container to hold something. It can also be an outer part of the structures.
Frame could also mean:

= = = Parcel = = =
Parcel can mean several things:

= = = Land hemisphere = = =
The land hemisphere is the hemisphere on the Earth with the highest possible area of land. It is centered on (near the city of Nantes, France). The other half of the Earth is the water hemisphere.
The land hemisphere has seven eighths of the land on the Earth. This would be four fifths of the land area if Antarctica were included in the land area of the World. Europe, Africa, North America, most of Asia and most of South America are in the land hemisphere. Europe is at the center of the land hemisphere. Because the area of the oceans of the land hemisphere is bigger than its land area, the land hemisphere means the hemisphere where most land is.

= = = Water hemisphere = = =
The water hemisphere is the hemisphere on the Earth with the highest area of water. It is centered on , near New Zealand. The other half of the Earth is the land hemisphere.
Not including Antartica, the water hemisphere has only one-eighth of the world's land. Australia, New Zealand, a small part of Southeast Asia and the southern part of South America are in the water hemisphere.
Antarctica is included in the hemisphere, and most of it is certainly land. If it were included in the total land area of Earth, the water hemisphere would have one-fifth of the world's land. Most of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean are on the water hemisphere. The area of the oceans of the water hemisphere is much higher than its land area, but the area of the oceans of the land hemisphere is still higher than its land area.

= = = Pasadena, California = = =
Pasadena is a city in California. It is northeast of Los Angeles on Interstate 210 and the Metro Gold Line. As of 2020, it had a population of 138,699.
Every year, Pasadena has the Tournament of Roses Parade. The Rose Bowl Game is played after the parade.
Pasadena was settled by Tongva Indians and Mexican ranchers before California became a state. In the 1880s, it became a city (making it the oldest city in the area after Los Angeles). Pasadena was one of the hubs of the Pacific Electric Railroad. During the early 20th century, it was the eighth-largest city in California.
There are many historic buildings in Pasadena. They include the Gamble House, the Blacker House, and the historic homes in Bungalow Heaven. There are also several colleges, including the California Institute of Technology. Pasadena has an arts scene, with many famous people acting at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium or Pasadena Playhouse or putting paintings in the Norton Simon Museum.

= = = Surprise = = =
Surprise can mean many things:

= = = Red fox = = =
The red fox ("Vulpes vulpes") is a mammal of the order Carnivora. It is the biggest and most well-known species of fox. Red foxes are sometimes hunted for sport, or killed as pests or carriers of rabies.
Description.
Red foxes have long legs, pointed triangular black ears, a pointed snout, and a long bushy tail other red foxes The tail is also something of a food store.
Foxes also communicate with each other by urinating on trees or rocks, like dogs sometimes do. Its back, sides, and head are usually covered with reddish-brown fur, and its neck and chest are covered with white fur. The tail tip of a red fox is white. Its legs and paws are normally black.
Hunting behavior, diet and predators.
Red foxes hunt alone. Red foxes are omnivores. They feed on mice, squirrels, birds, rabbits, hares, and other small animals. However, they will also eat fruit, vegetables, fish, frogs, lizards, eggs, insects, and worms. The red fox will continue to hunt even when it is full. It stores leftover food to eat later. When they are raised by humans domestically, they can also eat pet food. Red Foxes hunt mostly at night, sunset, and dawn.
When prey has been detected, the fox crouches low to the ground and moves towards it, while attempting to minimize any noise or visual warnings. During the approach, the fox �s eyes remain on its prey. A chase starts once the fox has been seen. the prey escaping through dense bushes, or in the fox disabling it by biting it in the legs.
Red foxes have a few natural predators. Their predators are wolves, coyotes, bears, cougars, and lynxes, while eagles, hawks, owls, and badgers are predators of red fox kits, although eagles can kill adult foxes. Humans are the worst enemies of foxes as humans kill foxes for their fur.
Mating.
Red foxes usually mate in the winter. The vixen (female fox) normally gives birth to a litter of 2 to 12 pups. When red foxes are born, they are brown or gray. Although a new red coat usually grows in one month, some red foxes have other colored coats such as golden, reddish-brown, silver, or even black. The mother of the pups, after she weens them, feeds them at first by regurgitating food into their mouths.
Sleep.
Foxes generally do not sleep in dens unless they are females who are giving birth to or raising cubs. Female foxes seek out dens made by other animals, like rabbits or badgers, but will dig their own den if necessary. Foxes in the wild curl up in a ball out in the open to sleep, keeping warm by covering themselves with their bushy tails. Foxes who live in urban areas may sleep under structures such as sheds.
Habitat.
It is native to America, Asia, and Europe. They were later brought to Australia.
Foxes in Australia.
There are about 1.7 million foxes in Australia. Early settlers brought red foxes to Australia in the 19th century, because they wanted to hunt the foxes as a sport. In the next 100 years, foxes spread across Australia and became an invasive species. Red foxes kill hundreds of millions of animals in Australia every year, which strongly hurts the continent's biodiversity. Currently, there are efforts to reduce the fox population.
Other websites.
http://animals.mom.me/foxes-sleep-7359.html
http://mynarskiforest.purrsia.com/ev6rhunt.htm
http://www.onekind.org/be_inspired/animals_a_z/fox_red/ 

= = = Royal Surrey Gardens = = =
The Royal Surrey Gardens were gardens in Kennington, London, during the Victorian period. It was the site of Surrey Zoological Gardens and Surrey Music Hall.

= = = Iron Man (movie) = = =
Iron Man is an American science fiction superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. It is the first movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It was released in different countries on dates between April 30, 2008 and May 2, 2008. The movie follows a billionaire industrialist (Robert Downey Jr.) having a heart transplant. The movie was positively welcomed from both audience and film critics. It was the number one movie in the United States in the opening weekend.
Plot.
Tony Stark is the CEO of Stark Industries, a company that makes weapons and bombs. He flies to Afghanistan to show off a new weapon called the "Jericho" missile to the United States Army. He and four other soldiers drive off in a Humvee, which is then attacked. One of the attack weapons was a bomb that Stark Industries had made. The soldiers are killed. Stark is badly injured by shrapnel from the bomb and is kidnapped.
Stark wakes up in a cave to find a man named Ho Yinsen standing over him. Yinsen tells Stark that he took out as much shrapnel as he could. He also installed wires connected to a car battery to stop the rest of the shrapnel from reaching his heart and killing him. Raza, the leader of the terrorists, orders Stark and Yinsen to build a Jericho missile for him. Stark builds an arc reactor that produces clean power. He uses it to replace the car battery that he has been carrying around.
Stark and Yinsen then build an armored suit for Stark to escape in. Because Raza demands that the missile be ready the next day, Stark decides they must escape soon. But his suit is not ready yet. So Yinsen picks up an assault rifle and starts shooting to give Stark more time. When the suit is ready, Stark defeats Raza and his men. Yinsen is badly injured and dies. Stark sets fire to the whole camp and lifts off using the armored suit. He crashes and the Army finds him and his friend, James Rhodes.
When he arrives home, Stark announces that he is closing the weapons division of Stark Industries. He then spends his time downstairs building a new armored suit and a new arc reactor more powerful than the last one. Stark tells his secretary, Pepper Potts, to destroy the old arc reactor, but she instead puts it in a glass box. On the first test of his second armor, Stark goes up into the atmosphere and the suit freezes up. He rebuilds it to work in cold conditions and paints it red.
At a party, he learns that Obadiah Stane, who is second-in-command at Stark Industries, and others are secretly selling weapons to Raza and his men. He tells Potts to go into Stane's office and find the shipping records so he can fly to the places and destroy the weapons. Stane finds out that Pepper Potts has the information.
So Stane builds a suit based on Stark's first suit, the Mark I, which Raza found in the desert and gave to him. He names his suit the Iron Monger. But his scientists cannot make an arc reactor to power it, so he goes to Stark's house to steal his. He paralyses Stark with a small device that Stark built, and takes the arc reactor out of his chest. Without the arc reactor, Stark cannot live long. He goes back to his workshop to find the original arc reactor. He breaks the glass box and puts the old arc reactor in his chest. Then he puts on the Mark III suit to fight Stane.
Potts and a group of government men go to Stark Industries to arrest Stane, but they find him in the Iron Monger suit. Stark and Stane fight. Stark has Potts blow up the large arc reactor at Stark Industries to kill Stane. In a few days, the photographs of the fight appear in newspapers. The press call Stark's armor "Iron Man". A government agency, S.H.I.E.L.D, tells him that he should say that he was on a boat during the events, so his role as Iron Man in the fight is kept secret. But during a press conference, Stark says that he is Iron Man.
After the movie credits, a man named Nick Fury tells Stark that he is not the only superhero around and that he would like to discuss the Avengers Initiative with him.
Sequels.
"Iron Man 2".
Because this movie did so well, Marvel made a sequel. It is called "Iron Man 2" and was released in April, May and June 2010. The different release dates were for different parts of the world. Iron Man also appears in other Marvel Cinematic Universe movies, like The Avengers.
"Iron Man 3".
A third movie, "Iron Man 3" was released on May 3, 2013.

= = = Molar = = =
Molars are special teeth found in mammals, and also the most complex sort of teeth. They are used for grinding food. 
Humans have 12 molars in total, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The molar which is the farthest back in each group is called a wisdom tooth. The wisdom teeth are the last teeth to appear, usually at around the age of eighteen. These final molars do not erupt in many people.
All molars and premolars have a structure for grinding food. They have elevated (~pointed) parts called cusps. These cusps are characteristics of the species in question, but in general they are found on the molars, and to a lesser extent on premolars.

= = = Qinling Mountains = = =
The Qinling Mountains (Traditional Chinese: ��, Simplified Chinese: ��) are a major mountain range. Most of them are in the Eastern province of Shaanxi, in China. The mountains provide a natural boundary between the North and South of the country. They support a large variety of plants and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on Earth.

= = = Love in This Club Part II = = =
Love In This Club Part II is a 2008 R&B-pop song written by Amber Rives and Usher, and recorded by Usher for his album Here I Stand. The song features Beyoncé and Lil Wayne, and it is a remix of the original song, but the structure and lyrics of the song are completely different from the original: "Love in This Club", so the song's name was changed to "Love in This Club Part II".

= = = Lower Silesian Voivodeship = = =
Lower Silesian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the south-west Poland and in west Silesia (called Lower Silesia). The capital city is Wrocław. 
The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Wrocław, Legnica, Wałbrzych and Jelenia Góra Voivodeships.
Karkonosze National Park and Stołowe Mountains National Park are both in Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

= = = Unterhaching = = =
 Unterhaching (Central Bavarian: "Untahaching" or simply "Haching") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Air France-KLM = = =
Air France-KLM is a French airline company that made a megafusion in 2004 with the Dutch airline company, KLM. They are both worth US$20 billion together.

= = = Oberschleißheim = = =
Oberschleißheim (Central Bavarian: "Obaschleißheim") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The Schleissheim Palace is in Oberschleißheim.

= = = Gräfelfing = = =
Gräfelfing (Central Bavarian: "Grefefing") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. 

= = = Neuried, Bavaria = = =
Neuried (Central Bavarian: "Neiriad ba Minga") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria in Germany.

= = = Oberhaching = = =
Oberhaching (Central Bavarian: "Obahaching") is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Upper Bavaria = = =
Upper Bavaria (, ; ) is one of seven government regions in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Rosenheim = = =
Rosenheim (; ) is a city in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It does not belong to a rural district, but it is an urban district itself. The rivers Inn and Mangfall come together in Rosenheim.

= = = Ansbach = = =
Ansbach (; ; East Franconian: "Anschba") is a city in Middle Franconia, Germany.

= = = Passau = = =
Passau (; ) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is also called the Three River City because there are three rivers in the city.

= = = Kempten = = =
Kempten (Central Bavarian: "Kempten" "im" "Allgai", Swabian: "Kempte im Allgai") is a town in Swabia, Germany.

= = = Landshut = = =
Landshut (; ) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. there's also an song about Landshut "Landshut L.A"

= = = Weiden in der Oberpfalz = = =
Weiden in der Oberpfalz ( ]; official name: Weiden i.d.OPf.; Northern Bavarian: "Weidn in da Owapfalz" or "d Wein") is a city in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Straubing = = =
Straubing (Bavarian: "Strauwing") is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany.

= = = Memmingen = = =
Memmingen (Swabian: "Memmenge") is a city in Swabia in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the border to Baden-Württemberg.

= = = Kaufbeuren = = =
Kaufbeuren (Bavarian: "Kaufbeiren", Swabian: "Kaufbeire") is a city in Swabia in Bavaria, Germany.

= = = USA Today = = =
USA Today is a daily newspaper founded by Al Neuharth. It has the most readers of any daily newspaper in the United States. About 2.25 million copies are sold on a weekday. It comes second worldwide. "The Times of India" sells about 2.6 million copies on a weekday.
The paper was founded in 1982. It is more colorful than other national newspapers, like "The New York Times" or "Wall Street Journal". Its use of graphics makes its content rather like a tabloid.
The paper takes national polls before elections. It is connected, through its owners Gannet Company, to the TV show "USA Today". It also has a news website.

= = = Cologne Cathedral = = =
Cologne Cathedral (German: "Hohe Domkirche St. Petrus" or commonly "Kölner Dom") is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany. It is the cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne.
The cathedral has a height of 157.25 metres. This makes it the second-highest in Germany and the third-highest in the world. The cathedral in Ulm, the Ulm Minster at 161 metres is the highest in the world. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro is also higher, at 158 metres, but it only has the status of a minor basilica, it is not a cathedral.
The cathedral is also the third-biggest church, built in Gothic architecture. The Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain, and the Milan Cathedral in Milan, Italy are bigger. 
The Cologne Cathedral was built in Gothic style from 15 August 1248. It was planned to make the cathedral like the one in Amiens. The choir was consecrated in 1322. The first bell could be hung in one of the towers shortly after 1410. Around 1510, the construction was stopped, because people had lost interest. The last payment for its construction was made in 1560.
For 300 years, Cologne had an unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was finished in 1880, still following the original plans.
The cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. 
The cathedral is one of the most popular sights in Germany. In 2001, there were five million visitors, in 2004, there were six million visitors. Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral in 2005.

= = = T.N.T. (album) = = =
T.N.T. is the second studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, released in Australia December 1975.

= = = Taxi (TV series) = = =
Taxi is an American sitcom. It originally aired from 1978 to 1982 on ABC, and from 1982 to 1983 on NBC. The show is about the employees of a taxi company in Manhattan, New York City.

= = = Amiens Cathedral = = =
Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Amiens, France. It is most commonly called Amiens Cathedral. The cathedral was built between 1220 and 1270. 
Amiens Cathedral was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. It is known for the quality and quantity of early 13th-century Gothic sculpture. 
With the cathedrals of Chartres and Reims it is considered one of the classical French cathedrals of the Middle Ages.

= = = Auburn University = = =
Auburn University is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. Auburn University is in the city of Auburn, Alabama. People can usually just say "Auburn" for short when they are talking about the University. There are about 24,000 students in school at Auburn.
Auburn opened February 1, 1856 but was named the East Alabama Male College. The university changed the name many times until 1960 when it was named Auburn University. Auburn is one of three large universities in Alabama. The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama has the same number of students and the University of Alabama at Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama is the third largest. Auburn University has 12 colleges on campus, including agriculture, architecture, business, education, engineering, forestry, human sciences, liberal arts, nursing, pharmacy, mathematics, and medicine.
The Auburn University sports teams are named the Auburn Tigers and the mascot is a tiger named Aubie.

= = = Baltimore Orioles = = =
The Baltimore Orioles are a Major League Baseball team from Baltimore, Maryland. They compete in the American League's AL East division. They began play in the early 1900s as the St. Louis Browns, a rival to the St. Louis Cardinals. They moved to Baltimore in 1954 and became the Orioles.
The "Baltimore Oriole" is an orange-and-black bird which is often seen in Maryland. "Orioles" has been a traditional nickname for Baltimore baseball teams. There was a Baltimore Orioles (19th century) in the major leagues. There was also a minor league baseball team called the Orioles which played from the early 1900s until the Browns moved to Baltimore.
The Browns were not a very successful team. They only won one league championship, in 1944. The Orioles have won several league championships and also won the World Series in 1966, 1970 and 1983.

= = = Arizona Diamondbacks = = =
The Arizona Diamondbacks are a Major League Baseball team based in Phoenix, Arizona. They were started in 1998. They play their home games at Chase Field. In 2001, they beat the New York Yankees to win their first (and only, so far) World Series, becoming the fastest new team to do this.
The team is also called the "D-Backs". They are named for the Diamondback Rattlesnake.

= = = Atlanta Braves = = =
The Atlanta Braves are a Major League baseball team based in Atlanta, Georgia. The Braves currently play just outside the city limits in the Cobb County community of Cumberland at Truist Park, which opened as SunTrust Park in 2017 and was renamed in 2020. From 1991 to 2005, the Braves won their division every year except for 1994 when the season ended early due to a players' strike. They have won four World Series championships. Their first was in 1914 over the Philadelphia Athletics. They won their second championship in 1957 when they beat the New York Yankees in seven games. In 1995, the Braves defeated the Cleveland Indians. In 2021, they defeated the Houston Astros for their fourth title. One famous player that was on the Braves was Hank Aaron, who played for the team from 1954 to 1976.
The Braves are the oldest team in major league baseball. They began in 1871 in Boston, Massachusetts. They were originally called the "Boston Red Stockings". Later, they were known as the "Boston Beaneaters". In 1912, they were renamed as the "Boston Braves". They moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1953, where they were known as the "Milwaukee Braves". They moved to Atlanta in 1966.

= = = Colorado Rockies = = =
The Colorado Rockies are a Major League Baseball team in Denver, Colorado. They are named for the Rocky Mountains, which are often called "The Rockies". Denver itself is within the Rocky Mountains, a mile above sea level.
The team began play in 1993. In 1995, they moved into their current ballpark, Coors Field. They made the playoffs five times, each time as a wild card. In 2007, the Rockies played in the World Series for the first (and so far, only) time. They were swept by the Boston Red Sox.

= = = Miami Marlins = = =
The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball team in Miami, Florida. The team began play in 1993. They were called the Florida Marlins through the 2011 baseball season. In November 2011, after the end of the season, they were renamed the Miami Marlins.
The marlin is a large sport fish that lives in warm parts of the ocean. There was once a minor league baseball team called the Miami Marlins. The major league team was named the "Marlins" in honor of the minor league team.
The Marlins' first home was Sun Life Stadium. They opened a new stadium in 2012 called Marlins Park, which became LoanDepot Park in 2021.
The Marlins won two World Series in 1997 and 2003.

= = = Houston Astros = = =
The Houston Astros are the professional baseball team based in Houston, Texas. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB). They began to play in 1962. They were originally called the "Houston Colt .45s" or the "Houston Colts". They changed their name to "Astros" in 1965. The Astros left the National League and joined the American League in 2013. They are the first team in a long time to do this. The Astros play their home games at Minute Maid Park in Houston.
With the move to the American League in 2013, the Astros are the first team in Major League Baseball to win the pennant for both leagues. The Astros are generally considered one of the most dominant teams in baseball over the recent years.
In 2005, the Astros played in the World Series for the first time, where they were swept by the Chicago White Sox. They returned to the World Series in 2017, and this time, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games to capture their first World Series title in the wake of Hurricane Harvey. They returned to the World Series in 2019 and 2021, but lost to Washington Nationals and the Atlanta Braves, respectively. In 2022, the Astros returned to the World Series again and defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games to capture their second championship title in franchise history.

= = = Dizzy Gillespie = = =
John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, singer and composer.
As an instrumentalist, bandleader, singer, and composer, Gillespie was the youngest of nine children. His father was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to him at an early age. He started to play the piano at the age of 9. 
Nicknamed Dizzy because of how he acts during performances, Gillespie set new standards for trumpet players with his innovative rhythmic and harmonic explorations. This definitive change moved American jazz from swing to 'bebop'. Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of modern jazz.
Gillespie died on January 6, 1993 at age 75 from pancreatic cancer. At the time of his death Gillespie had two funerals. One was a Bahá �í funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. The second was at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City open to the public where everyone can attend.

= = = Ganz Midwest-CBK = = =
Ganz is a Canadian company best known for distributing plush animals and collectables. The headquarters of the company are north of Toronto in Woodbridge, Ontario. The company has many subsidiaries and offices. It is the manufacturer of "Webkinz", the toy with an Internet site.
Ganz was founded in Toronto in 1950 by Holocaust survivors Samuel Ganz and his sons Jack and Sam. Then it was called "Ganz Bros. Toys Limited". It is now run by the founder's grandson, Hoard Ganz.

= = = John Dowland = = =
John Dowland (born 1563; buried 20 February 1626) was an English composer and lutenist. He is best known for some beautiful songs which express his unhappiness such as "Come, heavy sleep", "Come Again, Sweet Love" and "Flow my tears". His instrumental music became very popular again in the 20th century.
Life.
We hardly know anything about Dowland's early life. He was probably born in London. He went to Paris in 1580 where he worked for the ambassador to the French court. He became a Roman Catholic at this time.
In 1594 the job of royal lutenist to Queen Elizabeth I became available. Dowland did not get the job. He said later that it was because he was a Catholic, but there were other Catholic musicians at the English court, so that may not have been the real reason. 
Dowland continued to work in Europe instead. He worked for the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Wolfenbüttel. He went to Italy where he wanted to study with Luca Marenzio in Rome. He went to Venice and Florence but never got as far as Rome. He published a book of lute music in 1597 which made him the most important English composer for the lute. However, he still did not get a job at the English court so he went to Denmark where he worked for King Christian IV of Denmark who paid him very well.
Dowland seems to have been married and he had children, although we do not know how many. His wife and family always stayed in England.
Dowland returned to England in 1606 and in 1612 got the job as one of James I's lutenists. Strangely, he does not seem to have composed anything between that time and his death in London in 1626. We do not know the date he died, but we do know the date when he was buried.
His Music.
Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute. It includes several books of music for solo lute, songs for one voice and lute, part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute. 
Many of his best-known songs are full of sadness. One lute song is called "Flow My Tears". A very well-known instrumental work is "Lachrimae" (the Latin word for "tears"), a set of seven songs for five viols and lute, each based on the tune of his song "Flow My Tears." It became one of the best known pieces of consort music in his own time. His pavane "Lachrymae antiquae" was also one of the big hits of the seventeenth century.
Dowland's music often shows the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time. He wrote a consort piece called "Semper Dowland, semper dolens" (always Dowland, always unhappy).
Many later musicians have been inspired by Dowland's music, including Benjamin Britten and the pop musician Sting.

= = = Partsong = = =
A partsong is a piece of music to be sung by two or more voices without accompaniment. Many partsongs are written for four voices: normally soprano, alto, tenor and bass. Such a partsong can be performed just by four people, but it can also be performed by a larger group (a choir) which has divided into these four parts.
The term "partsong" can refer to music such as a glee, madrigal or unaccompanied anthem, but it is usually used in English when talking about short, secular (non-religious) songs without accompaniment. In other languages there is no word which means quite the same thing.
Partsongs were very popular in the 17th century in England. They were often fun pieces to be sung at parties or in pubs. They were often rounds, catches or quodlibets. In the 19th century the madrigal came into fashion again and so many composers started writing partsongs. Composers such as Sterndale Bennett, Arthur Sullivan, Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and Edward Elgar wrote many partsongs, and later Finzi, John Ireland and Moeran.
In Europe many 19th century and early 20th century composers wrote songs which could be described as partsongs: Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Saint-Saëns, Debussy and Ravel.

= = = Nin Cathedral = = =
Nin Catheral is a cathedral in Nin, Croatia. It is probably the smallest cathedral ever built. It was built around 800, and probably was the seat of the local bishop at the time.
The small cathedral was built on the area of a former Roman basilica, destroyed during the barbarian invasions of Dalmatia in the VI century.
It measures by by inside. 

= = = Neume = = =
A Neume is a way to write music. Neumes were mainly in the Middle Ages before the modern system of musical notation was developed. Sometimes they are also called neum in English. Neumes are different from modern notation:
Today, neumes are still used for some chants in Christian Churches, especially Catholic and Eastern Orthodox ones

= = = Masovian Voivodeship = = =
Masovian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the east-central part of Poland. It is mostly in the historical land of Masovia. The capital of the Voivodeship is Warsaw.
The province was created on January 1, 1999. Kampinos National Park is in the province.

= = = Steelyard = = =
The Steelyard was a place in London for trading. It was commonly used by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages. Many of the buildings were damaged during the Great Fire of London in 1666.
It is on the North bank of the River Thames and is now used as a railway station. 

= = = Hazard symbol = = =
Hazard symbols are special symbols. They were made to warn people about dangers. Usually they are pictograms. Pictograms are small drawings that show what is happening (or what is going to happen, or what should happen) in a way that is easy to understand.
European hazard symbols.
The European Union has made a few symbols that warn of dangers and that should be easy to understand. These are the hazard symbols for chemicals:
The 'n' in Harmful (Xn) stands for the French word "nocif" (harmful) and the Italian word "nocivo" (noxious).

= = = Pictogram = = =
A pictograph (sometimes also called pictogramme or pictogram) is a small drawing. Today, pictograms are used very often. Because they are independent of the language, they are often used where there are people who need to understand things, even if they do not read or speak the language. Pictograms are also often used where it is important to understand something fast. Sight is faster than reading. That way, pictograms are often used for signalling in emergency situations, such as showing emergency exits.
Common uses include those for road signs, airports, and train station, and warning signs. 

= = = Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship = = =
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship is one of the 16 voivodeships of Poland. The name of the voivodeship came from local mountains called Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The capital city is Kielce.

= = = Commensalism = = =
Commensalism is a type of relationship between two organisms. In commensalism, one organism is helped while the other is not affected. In practice, it is difficult to show that the passive organism is not harmed. For example, some birds live in holes in trees. Does this damage the tree? Mites, which cannot fly, often hitch a ride on insects. Does this affect the
insect's fitness? There is no definite answer to such questions. 
Orchids, mosses, and lichens all grow on tropical trees. They need sunlight, and by being higher up they get to the sunlight. All that can be said for sure is that the trees continue to live and reproduce, and so it is assumed that these epiphytes do not affect their host plant.
Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced the term into evolutionary biology and ecology in the 1870s.
Amensalism.
Amensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed or inhibited and the other is unaffected. Examples of amensalism include the shading out of one plant by a taller and wider one and the inhibition of one plant by the secretions of another (known as allelopathy). 

= = = 820s = = =
The 820s was a decade that began on 1 January 820 and ended on 31 December 829.

= = = Lindane = = =
Lindane is an insecticide. It can be used to kill insects. The European Union allows its use as an insecticide since 2008. This is because it takes a very long time to decay. Checks are now getting done to see how bad to humans it really is. It can cause diseases such as Cancer or Parkinson's disease. 
The World Health Organization classifies Lindane as "Moderately Hazardous". International trade with it is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. Over 50 countries have banned it. It might be included in Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. This would make it illegal to produce or use it all over the world.

= = = Fumaric acid = = =
Fumaric acid is a chemical substance that occurs in various plants. It also occurs as a by-product at various times in the human body. In chemistry it is used for food preservation. It is known as E 297. Usually it replaces citric acid. In medicine, it is used to treat various diseases of the skin, such as Psoriasis. 
Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937 because of his work on Fumaric acid.

= = = Tinia = = =
Tinia (also spelled Tin, Tinh, Tins or Tina) was the supreme deity in Etruscan mythology. He was the god of the sky and lightning, equivalent to the Roman Jupiter and the Greek Zeus. He was the husband of Thalna or Uni and the father of the hero Hercle. The element tin was named after Tinia.

= = = Endospore = = =
An endospore is a structure made by bacteria for survival purposes. Bacteria turn to endosporea when they undergo stress, such as an increase in heat or lack of nutrients. This process is known as sporulation. Endospores are small, rounded, resting cells that form inside bacteria when conditions become unbearable. They have a tough coating which makes it resistant to radiation (like X-rays and UV light), chemicals, heat, salt concentration and extreme pH. Endospores have calcium dipicolinate in them, which keeps the DNA stable. It is not fully understood what causes it to be so resistant.
A bacterial cell will make an endospore when it is low on food so it can survive until there is more food available in the environment. An endospore will actually contain all of the important parts of the bacterial cell, such as its DNA. Only two genera of bacteria can undergo sporulation to form endospores. They are the "Bacillus" and "Clostridium" species. Bacteria that can form endospores but are not in the endospore state are known to be in their vegetative state.
Endospores are highly dangerous bio-terrorist weapons. This is because they are smaller than the vegetative state. A bacterium, in itself, is already smaller than a eukaryotic cell. Therefore, considering the small size of endospore, a small volume of it can already contain a large quantity of it. Endospores are hard to eradicate.
The bacteria cell does fission and conjugation. Fission is a form of reproduction. Conjugation is not considered reproduction.

= = = WonderSwan Color = = =
The WonderSwan Color is a handheld video game system. It was made by Bandai in 2000. It was a little bigger than the old WonderSwan.
Colors.
The an Color came in 5 basic colors: Pearl Blue, Crystal Pink, Crystal Black, Crystal Blue, and Crystal Orange.

= = = Gel electrophoresis = = =
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate mixtures like DNA and proteins. The separation is based on how positively or how negatively charged a molecule is, and its size. Gel electrophoresis uses a gel (like gelatin) and an electric field is put through the gel. 
The word electrophoresis comes from –electro, because an electric field is used, and –phoresis, which means movement.
Gel.
The gel is made up of large and branched molecules called polymers. The amount of branches in the gel determines how easily molecules can squeeze through, depending on their size. 
If there are a lot of branches, small molecules will be able to move through easily while big molecules will move through slowly or not at all. If there are few branches, both big and small molecules can move through more easily.
Charge on the molecule.
If a large molecule has a big charge, its attraction to the opposite charge is also large. But, since the molecule is large, it will have a difficult time moving through the thick gel. In gel electrophoresis, large molecules are going to move slower. 
A small charged molecule will move through the gel more easily. Shorter molecules move faster and move further than longer ones because shorter molecules get through the pores of the gel more easily. This phenomenon is called "sieving".
If the molecule does not have any charge, it will not move.
Visualization.
After the gel has been run by applying the electric field, you can look to see where the molecules have moved to. To do this, different stains can be applied to the gel: this allows the molecules to be seen. The stain makes the places where the molecules moved to appear as colored bands. Stains that are used to look at proteins, such as Coomassie blue, can often been seen by the human eye under normal light. Stains that are used to look at DNA, such as ethidium bromide and GelGreen, can only be seen with the help of an ultraviolet lamp.
Applications.
DNA separation.
Gel electrophoresis is the most commonly used technique to study DNA. DNA is a very large molecule that contains genetic information. DNA can be broken down to smaller pieces of different sizes and these pieces are then separated using gel electrophoresis. DNA always has a negative charge, and moves towards the anode.
Proteins are large and complex molecules made of amino acids. Proteins can be studied by gel electrophoresis in two ways. One way is to take a mixture of proteins and separate them in the gel. The other way is to break down a single protein into smaller pieces. The smaller pieces can then be separated in the gel. Proteins can be positively or negatively charged. To separate proteins by size only, protein mixtures can be coated with a chemical called sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to give all proteins a negative charge before putting the mixture into the gel.
Medicine.
In medicine, there is a special type of electrophoresis called iontophoresis. Iontophoresis uses the same idea of gel electrophoresis to deliver drugs into the human body through the skin without using needles to inject the drug.

= = = Heinrich Schliemann = = =
Heinrich Schliemann (January 6, 1822, in Neubukowin, Germany - December 26, 1890, in Naples) was a German archaeologist. He is famous for his work in discovering the ancient city of Troy.
Life.
Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukowin, Germany. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a minister. His mother, Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann, died in 1831 when Heinrich was 9 years old. When his mother died, Heinrich lived with his uncle in Neustrelitz. He went to a grammar school in the town for about a year. His father paid the school fees. Heinrich was very interested in history and was encouraged by his father to read history books. After he left school, he worked in a shop in Fürstenberg for about five years. He worked hard as an apprentice, but he continued to read in his spare time.
He was not able to work as an archaeologist at this time, so he moved to a company which imported and exported products. In this job, he visited many different countries around the world, and learnt to speak English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. His ability to speak languages was very important in his job. He later studied Latin and Ancient Greek in Paris.
In 1850, Heinrich's brother, Ludwig Schliemann, died, having got rich in the California Gold Rush. He moved to Sacramento, where he opened a bank, just like his brother. The new bank bought gold dust and sold it on to make money. In six months, the bank bought and sold millions of dollars' worth of gold dust.
Heinrich married his wife, Ekaterina, in 1852, but the marriage was troubled. Ekaterina kept encouraging her husband to make more money, but Heinrich felt that they were rich enough.
His work.
Nobody knows how Heinrich became an archaeologist, but he continued to travel to see famous historical icons around the world. He even disguised himself to get into Mecca, the holy Muslim city. He became very interested in Troy, which was involved in a big dispute at the time. He was inspired by many people in the city, especially Ferdinand Fouqué and Frank Calvert, who he met in 1868.
Many reports have said Heinrich buried a 'treasure' he found in Troy, dubbed Priam's gold.

= = = Cyclone Nargis = = =
Cyclone Nargis was a tropical cyclone. It was the first in the Indian Ocean in 2008. It was a Category 4 storm. It made landfall (went on land) in Myanmar (Burma) in April and May 2008. It was possibly one of the worst storms to have hit the country.
The United Nations estimated in its report that 1.5 million people were severely affected by this cyclone. Officially at least 78,000 were killed with 58,000 missing. After the disaster, the Burmese government called for help in dealing with the situation. Some people said the government had problems coping with the situation.
More recent reports from the government say that about 80,000 have died. Some non-governmental organizations estimate that the final number will be well over 100,000. Aid workers that came into the country estimate that 2 to 3 million are homeless, in the worst disaster in Burma’s history. They say it is comparable with the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Andrew Kirkwood, country director of a British charity organisation said: "We're looking at 50,000 dead and millions of homeless. I'd characterise it as unprecedented in the history of Burma. [It has had about the same effect as] the tsunami on individual countries. There might well be more dead than the tsunami caused in Sri Lanka." The United Nations said that up to 2.5 million people needed help urgently. The Red Cross said there could be up to 128,000 dead.
The storm caused the government to declare five regions as disaster areas. - Yangon, Ayeyarwady, Bago Divisions, Mon and Kayin States. Thousands of buildings were destroyed; in the town of Labutta, located in the Ayeyarwady Division, state television reported that 75% of buildings had collapsed, and 20% had their roofs ripped off. It is believed that the cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone in the world since Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which killed about 18,000 people. At least 10,000 people have been reported to have died in the delta town of Bogale.
A diplomat in the city of Yangon spoke to the Reuters news agency. He said that the area around him looked like a 'war zone' as a result of the cyclone. Burst sewage mains caused the landscape to flood with waste, ruining the rice crop. An official from the United Nations also talked about the situation, at the time of the event. "It's a bad situation. Almost all the houses are smashed. People are in a terrible situation," he said. Another UN representative reported that "The Irrawaddy delta was hit extremely hard not only because of the wind and rain but because of the storm surge." The "Daily Telegraph", a UK newspaper, reported that food prices in Myanmar could be affected by this disaster.
International Help.
On 6 May 2008, the Burma government representation in New York formally asked the United Nations for help. But in other ways, it remains resistant to the most basic assistance. As of 7 May 2008, the government of Burma has not officially endorsed international assistance, but stated that they are, "willing to accept international assistance, preferably bilateral, government to government." The biggest challenge at present was obtaining visas for entry into the country.
According to Thai Rath Newspaper of Thailand on 8 May 2008, in the afternoon (Bangkok time) of 7 May 2008, the Burmese junta permitted Italian flights containing relief supplies from the United Nations, and twenty-five tonnes of consumable goods, to land in Myanmar. However, many nations and organizations hoped to deliver assistance and relief to Burma without delay. Most of their officials, supplies and stores were waiting in Thailand and at the Yangon airport, as the Burmese junta did not want to issue visas for many of those people. These political tensions raise the concern that some food and medical supplies might become unusable, even before the Burmese junta officially accepts the international relief effort.
It happened on 2 May 2008. The storm was estimated to be category 4 (105 mph) Cyclone Nargis Caused destruction and at least 138,000 fatalities. There were around 55,000 people missing and lots of other deaths were found in other places. In Sri Lanka the cyclone produced masses of rainfall which led to flooding and landslides across ten districts across the country. The districts Ratnapura and Kegalle were the most affected, where more than 3,000 families were dead. Thousands of houses were flooded, with 21 reported destroyed. The rainfall left 4,500 people homeless, and more than 35,000 people were affected on the island. Three people were reported injured on the island, with two others dead. The power of the cyclone lowered temperatures along the Indian coastline. Estimates of the people still missing were 53,836, with 84,537 confirmed dead. Thousands more people were still missing or washed out at sea and drowned, it was feared up to 1 million people might have died in this disaster. Thailand sent US $100,000 in supplies, thirty tones of medical supplies and twelve tones of food supplies. As well as this, Italy provided 30 tons of emergency relief equipment, like stretchers, generators, and water purifiers. The United Kingdom committed ₤17 million. Australia gave $25 million and 31 tonnes of supplies, whilst Belgium sent €250,000. China sent $10 million in relief resources. France gave 1,500 tons of medicine, food, and water, and Germany sent $3.0 million. All to help the people who had been affected.

= = = Toilet paper = = =
Toilet paper is soft paper, used to wipe urine or feces after using the toilet. It is usually sold in white rolls, made up of square sheets. Modern toilet paper is very absorbent (and also very thin) and is designed to break up in the sewage system. The paper is often available in different textures and colours. One square sheet of toilet paper is called a "ply". 4-ply toilet paper has a thickness of 4 square sheets of toilet paper.
There was a shortage in 2020 because of the covid 19 virus, its shortage was also caused by people rushing to buy toilet paper.
History.
In former times people had no toilet paper and used other things. The Greeks, for example, used stones or human hair, Germans used leaves and straw. Some people used maize leaves. Some used sand instead of toilet paper.
In the Middle Ages people used moss and the rich ones preferred sheep wool. In the 6th century AD, people in China were the first to use paper for hygiene, but at the time it wasn't specially designed to clean feces. The first toilet paper was produced in China in the 14th century. In 1857 Joseph Gayetty produced toilet paper in cartons in the USA. The first rolls of toilet paper were produced in 1890 in Great Britain. In many parts of the world, newspaper is used instead of toilet paper.

= = = Fox Interactive = = =
Fox Interactive was a video game publisher and developer that made games based on 20th Century Fox works, such as "The Simpsons". The company was founded in December 1994. It went out of business in 2006.

= = = Sauropod = = =
Sauropoda are an infraorder of saurischian ("lizard-hipped") dinosaurs. They had very long necks, long tails, small heads (in comparison to the rest of their body), and thick, pillar-like legs and peg-like teeth.
They are notable for the enormous size of some species. The group includes the largest animals ever to have lived on land. Well-known genera include "Brachiosaurus", "Diplodocus", "Apatosaurus" and "Brontosaurus". 
Sauropods first appeared in the Upper Triassic period. Their probable ancestral group was the Prosauropoda.
By the Upper Jurassic (150 million years ago), sauropods had become widespread (especially the diplodocids and brachiosaurids). 
By the Upper Cretaceous, the diplodocids and brachiosaurs been replaced by the titanosaurs, which had a near-global distribution. They were larger relatives of the brachiosaurs. As with all other non-avian dinosaurs, the titanosaurs died out in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Fossilised remains of sauropods have been found on every continent, including Antarctica. 
The name Sauropoda was coined by O.C. Marsh in 1878. Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, and have become a fixture in popular culture due to their large sizes. Complete sauropod fossil finds are rare. Many species, especially the largest, are known only from isolated and disarticulated bones. Many near-complete specimens lack heads, tail tips and limbs.
Life style.
Sauropods and water.
Most studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries suggested that sauropods were too large to have supported their weight on land, and therefore that they must have been mainly aquatic. Most life restorations of sauropods in art through the first three quarters of the 20th century depicted them fully or partially immersed in water. 
This early notion was doubted by Kermack (1951). He showed that, if the animal were submerged in several metres of water, the pressure would be enough to fatally collapse the lungs and airway. However, this and other early studies of sauropod ecology had a flaw. They ignored evidence that the bodies of sauropods had many air sacs. In 1878, paleontologist E.D. Cope had even referred to these structures as "floats".
Beginning in the 1970s, the effects of sauropod air sacs on their lifestyle began to be explored. Evidence from sedimentology and biotechnology showed that sauropods were primarily terrestrial animals. In 2004 D.M. Henderson noted that, with their extensive system of air sacs, sauropods could not submerge their bodies completely below the surface of the water. in other words, they would float. So they would not have been in danger of lung collapse due to water pressure when swimming.
Evidence for swimming in sauropods comes from fossil trackways that have occasionally been found to preserve only the forefeet (manus) impressions. Henderson showed that such trackways can be explained by sauropods with long forelimbs floating in shallow water, deep enough to keep the shorter hind legs free of the bottom, and using the front limbs to punt forward. However, floating sauropods would have been very unstable and poorly adapted for long periods in the water.
There definitely is evidence that they preferred wet and coastal habitats. Sauropod footprints are commonly found following coastlines or crossing floodplains. Sauropod fossils are often found in wet environments or mixed with fossils of sea animals. A good example of this is be the massive Jurassic sauropod trackways in lagoon deposits on Scotland's Isle of Skye.
Group behaviour.
With much evidence, sauropods lived in groups, often large groups. They lived as a group, laid their eggs in the same places year after year, and were followed by bipedal theropods who preyed on them. Their breeding grounds had many thousands of eggs, and were laid at a particular time of the year. The cycle was repeated year after year. This suggests a seasonality in their behaviour, and also that their group behaviour was part of their defence against predators ("safety in numbers"). The evidence for all this is now overwhelming.
Evidence shows that some other groups of herbivores also had group behaviour, moved from place to place, and laid their eggs in the same or similar places each year. This group behaviour of dinosaurs is also a feature in most birds today.
Sauropod necks.
There is a long-running debate about sauropod necks. How flexible were they, how high or low was the neck in life: these are some of the issues. Many displays in museums are faulty. A review of the issues is available in free text.
Here's another view: "Sauropods held their necks erect".

= = = Blockade = = =
A blockade is a physical blockage of a port or other place. Usually used of enemy ships surrounding a port.
By extension, a blockade is any effort to make sure that supplies, troops, information or aid do not reach an opposing force. Blockades are used in nearly all military campaigns and the tool of choice for economic warfare on an opposing nation. The International Criminal Court planned to include blockades against coasts and ports in its list of acts of war in 2009.
Historical blockades.
Historical blockades include:

= = = Bursa, Turkey = = =
Bursa is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province. The population of city is about 2 million. It has a mixed humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: "Cfa") and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: "Csa"). Bursa is the fourth largest city, and also one of the most industrialized cities in the country. Sometimes the city is called "Yeşil Bursa" which means "Green Bursa" because of the large parks, forests and gardens in the urban area of the city. Bursa is home of Uludağ University. Uludağ is an important ski resort in Turkey and is a national park to protect the nature in the mountainous area.

= = = 2008 United States presidential election = = =
The 2008 United States presidential election happened on November 4, 2008. Barack Obama, the Democratic candidate and junior U.S. Senator from Illinois, won the election. He defeated John McCain, the Republican candidate, who was the senior U.S. Senator from Arizona. Obama's victory in this election made him the first African-American president.
Incumbent Republican President George W. Bush was not eligible to serve a third term by law. McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008, defeating former governors Mitt Romney, Mike Huckabee, and other challengers. Obama secured the Democratic nomination in June 2008, after facing strong competition against former First Lady and Senator from New York Hillary Clinton. Clinton's victory in the New Hampshire primary made her the first woman to win a major party's presidential primary.
Obama won a decisive victory over McCain. He won states that had not voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since 1964 (Indiana and Virginia) and 1976 (North Carolina). Obama won nine states that had voted Republican in 2004: Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia, as well as Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. He received the largest share of the popular vote won by a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and was the first Democrat to win an outright majority of the popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976. Obama won 69.5 million votes, the most ever won by a presidential candidate; this total would be surpassed in 2020 by both Joe Biden and Donald Trump.
Background.
 of the United States Constitution provides that for a person to be elected and serve as President of the United States, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years.
Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf.
President George W. Bush was unable to seek re-election for a third term because of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states that a president may only serve up to two terms. His term as president ended at noon eastern standard time on January 20, 2009.
Democratic Primaries.
The candidates running for the nomination of the Democratic Party were Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, John Edwards, Joe Biden, Dennis Kucinich, Mike Gravel, Chris Dodd, and Bill Richardson.
The main contest during the Democratic primaries was between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, which was a very close race. Clinton won the popular vote, but ultimately Obama won more unpledged delegates and therefore the nomination.
All candidates except Mike Gravel, who switched to the Libertarian Party during the election, supported Barack Obama.
Barack Obama chose Joe Biden as the vice-presidential candidate on August 23, 2008.
Republican Primaries.
The candidates running for the nomination of the Republican Party were John McCain, Mitt Romney, Mike Huckabee, Ron Paul, Rudy Giuliani, Fred Thompson, Tom Tancredo, Alan Keyes, Jim Gilmore, Sam Brownback, and Duncan Hunter.
Republican President George W. Bush was unable to run for re-election since a president is only able to be elected twice. Vice president Dick Cheney chose not to run.
Most of the candidates withdrew early. As a result, John McCain, Mike Huckabee, and Mitt Romney emerged as the three people most likely to win the nomination. Ron Paul became popular among libertarians.
John McCain was nominated by the Republican Party (by a decisive victory).
He chose Sarah Palin as the vice-presidential candidate.
The Campaign.
The biggest issue during the campaign was the bad economy. Other issues included health care, the Iraq War, the war on terrorism, and energy independence.
The president during the election, George W. Bush (who eventually supported John McCain), was very unpopular due to the 2007-09 Great Recession, and because of that, the Obama campaign compared McCain to Bush several times.
There were four television debates during the campaign: three of them were between the two presidential candidates, and one of them was between the two vice-presidential candidates.

= = = 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries = = =
The Democratic Party presidential primaries of 2008 was an American political event. In various states, various Democratic candidates asked people and delegates to vote for them in primaries and caucuses. Candidates won delegates based on a percentage of votes (in primaries). There were 4,233 delegates. A candidate would have to get 2,110 delegates to win the nomination. The two front-runners of the campaign were New York Senator Hillary Clinton and Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Although Clinton led in the beginning, Obama soon gained the lead. Obama went on to become the first African-American presidential candidate in American history.

= = = Theodor Schwann = = =
Theodor Swan (7 December 1800 – 11 January 1880) was a english scientist who isolated and named the enzyme He also played a key role in promoting the idea of the cell as the foundation of, and discovered pepsin in 1836. His work on the cell has recently been re-assessed, because the idea had been discussed before him.
Cell history.
Cells were discovered by (1635–1703). He used a compound microscope with two to look at the structure of cork, and to look at leaves and some insects. He did this from about 1660, and reported it in his book "Micrographica" in 1665. 
Many other naturalists and philosophers tried out the new instrument. The structure of plants was investigated by Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Grew's major work was "The anatomy of plants" (1682). It is not clear who first saw animal cells, Malpighi, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) or Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723).p17
Leeuwenhoek's discoveries and drawings of 'little animalcules' opened up a whole new world for naturalists. Protozoa, and microorganisms generally were discovered. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg's book "Die Infusionsthierchen" summarised what was known in 1838. Lorenz Oken (1779–1851) in 1805 wrote that infusoria (microscopic forms) were the basis of all life. 
The work of the Czech Jan Purkyně (1787–1869) and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9 
Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. It was, however, his student Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the "cell theory", despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97 "As understood now", the cell theory includes these important ideas:
The key works of Schwann and Schleiden were published in 1838 and 1839.
These ideas still are the basic ideas of cell theory.

= = = Dubbo = = =
Dubbo () is a large town in the central west area of New South Wales, Australia. Dubbo has a campus of the Charles Sturt University. A major tourist attraction in Dubbo is the Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

= = = Antiwar.com = = =
Antiwar.com is an English language website containing news and opinions related to the opposition to war. The site was founded in December of 1995, as a response to the Bosnian War.
Justin Raimondo is a founder and editorial director.

= = = Barium chloride = = =
Barium chloride is a chemical substance. It is among the most important salts of barium. It is soluble in water. It is a poison. When it is heated, it gives a yellow or green color to the flame. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it attracts water from the air. It is mainly used to purify brine but applications include fireworks. 
Barium chloride is toxic. Sodium sulfate may be an antidote.

= = = North Atlantic Treaty = = =
The North Atlantic Treaty is the treaty that founded NATO. It was signed in Washington, DC on April 4, 1949. 
Members.
The original twelve nations that signed it and thus became the founding members of NATO were the following:
Later the following nations joined:
When Germany was reunified in 1990, the country as a whole became a member of NATO.
Article V.
The key section of the treaty was Article V which says that each member state has to consider an armed attack against one state to be an armed attack against all states. The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, but the mutual self-defense clause was never used during the Cold War. It was used for the first time in 2001 when the September 11, 2001 attacks against the World Trade Center and The Pentagon had taken place.
US-NATO relation.
In the United States, the treaty was approved by the Senate in a vote of 82 to 13 on July 21, 1949.

= = = Blockade of Germany = = =
The blockade of Germany was part of the First Battle of the Atlantic between the United Kingdom and Germany during World War I.
The British established a naval blockade of Germany early in the war. As was shown later in the Battle of Jutland, the German fleet could not defeat the British fleet to break the blockade. The blockade was unusually restrictive in that even food was stopped, as it was said to help the war. The Germans regarded that as an attempt to starve the German people into submission. They wanted to fight back and so blockaded Britain and France.
As Germany could not fight with the huge British Royal Navy on an even basis, the only possible way for Germany to impose a blockade on Britain was through the submarines. The Chancellor of Germany was against that sort of blockade because it meant attacking neutral ships, such as those of the United States, as well. However, the military pushed unlimited submarine warfare forward.
On 4 February 1915, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany declared the seas around the British Isles a war zone. Effective 18 February, Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning. British ships hiding behind neutral flags would not be spared, but some effort would be made to avoid sinking clearly-neutral vessels.
Up to 750,000 civilians may have died because of starvation caused by the blockade during the war. Many more would die from starvation after the armistice in November 1918, as the blockade was continued into 1919 to force Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919.
Fighting.
The German U-boat force was primarily based at Ostend, Belgium so that German submarines had better access to the sea lanes around England. The Germans made use of the advantage and sent out about 20 U-boats to begin the naval blockade. In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare", as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats. The number of sinkings then steadily increased, with 168,200 tonnes going down in August.
Losses of British warships were small. Although the battleship "Formidable" had been sunk by "U-24" on New Year's Day, the fast destroyer screens soon made successful attacks on battleships and cruisers a thing of the past. On the other hand, there was little a Royal Navy warship could do to sink a U-boat if the submarine's captain was reasonably alert. The U-boat was generally safe from shelling once it had submerged. It could be rammed if it were at periscope depth, but ramming was hardly a reasonable tactic as a standard practice.
Destroyers could not hunt the U-boats as they were protecting the fleet and so the British pressed every vessel they could into service, including yachts and trawlers, as auxiliary patrol vessels. However, the U-boats easily evaded the patrols and sank merchant vessels traveling unescorted.
Militarily, unrestricted submarine warfare proved to be a great success, and the U-boats stood a good chance of starving Britain into surrender. However, in terms of the propaganda war, it was a great disaster for Germany.
The Americans wanted to stay out of the European war, but public opinion turned against Germany, as unrestricted submarine warfare seemed to confirm the German reputation for brutality. The deaths of American citizens travelling on British vessels that were torpedoed by U-boats began to make headlines in the US.
On 7 May 1915, the British liner "RMS Lusitania" was sunk by a German submarine, American outrage brought the the country closer to declaring war on Germany. Under threat of US retaliation, on 27 August, the Kaiser imposed severe restrictions on U-boats attacks against large passenger vessels. On 18 September, he called off unrestricted submarine warfare completely.
Under military pressure on Germany early in 1917, the Kaiser declared full unrestricted submarine warfare once more. Some German diplomats believed that the Americans would avoid war at all costs, and if not, germany could hopefully Germany bring Britain to its knees before American power made much difference in Europe. In February, 86 vessels were sunk, followed by 103 in March and then 155 in April. The US finally declared war on Germany in April 1917 after the Zimmermann Telegram. The Americans and the British together later defeated the U-boats.

= = = LeBron James = = =
LeBron Raymone James Sr. (born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player who plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA) on the Los Angeles Lakers. He is married with Savannah Brinson James and has 3 children. They are Bronny James, Bryce James, and Zhuri James. He is also a film producer and a business man. Among the best basketball players of the twenty-first century, he has a lot of experience. Both and Train wreck featured him as himself. He is the proprietor of the SpringHill Company.
The Cleveland Cavaliers picked him in the 2003 NBA Draft with the first pick in the draft, not only for his athletics ability but for the revenue he could bring to the team and city. James did not play college basketball, and entered the NBA Draft immediately after high school. He went to high school in Akron, Ohio.
James played with the Cavaliers for his first seven seasons. During that time, he was one of the NBA's top scorers. He was selected as an All-Star several times. In 2007, he led Cleveland to the NBA Finals. He was the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the NBA for the 2008-09 NBA season and 2009-10 NBA season. In his MVP years, Cleveland had the best record in the NBA, but did not make it to the NBA Finals.
On July 8, 2010, on a show in ESPN called "The Decision" LeBron said that he would next play for the Miami Heat. On December 2, 2010, James played in Cleveland for the first time since leaving, scoring 38 points for the Heat as they beat the Cavaliers, 118-90. Many fans angry at James for leaving Cleveland booed him throughout the game and held up signs with negative statements against James.
In the 2011 season the Miami Heat came in second place right behind the Chicago Bulls lead by Derrick Rose in the NBA. They made it to the finals of the NBA and lost in six games to the Dallas Mavericks This caused celebration in Cleveland because they hated LeBron for what he did to them.
In the 2012 Finals, LeBron James won his first championship after the Miami Heat defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 4-1 games, after battling with the Boston Celtics 4-3 games the previous round. The next year, LeBron James won his second title when the Heat defeated the San Antonio Spurs in seven games. In both years he won the MVP title of finals and of regular season.
In 2014, James competed a good season but he wasn't the MVP. In the 2014 Finals, the Heat's Finals streak ended after being defeated by the San Antonio Spurs in five games (4-1). Shortly after those Finals had ended, LeBron James said he would use an early termination option in his contract, leaving the Miami Heat and becoming a free agent. He said this on June 24, 2014.
Then, on June 25, 2014, in a first-person essay in "Sports Illustrated," he said he would return to the Cleveland Cavaliers. On July 12, 2014, James signed a two-year, $42.1 million contract to return to the Cavaliers. The deal also contains an option to become a free agent again after the 2014–15 NBA season. LeBron now plays on the Los Angeles Lakers.
In 2015, he took the Cleveland Cavaliers to the NBA Finals, without Kevin Love but lost to the Golden State Warriors in 6 games after losing Kyrie Irving after he had an ankle injury. He led the Cleveland Cavaliers to an NBA championship after being down 3-1 games to their first-ever title in 2016 and later played a crucial role in bringing glory to the Los Angeles Lakers. No team had ever come back from a 3-1 deficit in the Finals before. He had a historic moment where he blocked Andre Iguodala on possibly the game winning layup. The Cavaliers went on to lose to the Golden State Warriors the following season. Now with the Lakers he passed Kobe Bryant.
On August 18, 2022, James re-signed with the Los Angeles Lakers on a two-year, $97.1M deal. The contract extension made James the highest-paid athlete in NBA history at $528.9M, surpassing Kevin Durant in all-time earnings.
In 2021, James starred in "" where he played a version of himself.
LeBron is widely considered to be the greatest basketball player of all time, as well as one of the most influential athletes and sports players in the world.
Awards.
On February 7, 2023, James surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's 38,387-point total during a game against the Oklahoma City Thunder. Currently, LeBron is staying at 39,747, which is 1360 higher than Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. He was the youngest player to reach this point. He is also well known for his assists, and with 10,759, he is now the player with the fourth-most assistances. 
James and Michael Jordan are the only players to win an NBA MVP award, NBA title, NBA Finals MVP, and Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year. The USA would go on to win the Olympics twice.
Job as a Business.
Since even before he made his NBA debut, James has been associated with Nike. In 2003, he agreed to a seven-year contract with the business that was worth little under $90 million. Many people at the time questioned whether Nike put a little too much faith in an 18-year-old who had never played a professional game. LeBron became one of the biggest players in the NBA and a four-time MVP as a result of the risk, which paid off brilliantly.
James has been a success for Nike off the court as well, in addition to on it. Until now the sales of his signature sneaker reached $340 million between February 2014 and January 2015, making him the highest-paid employee at the company.

= = = Silesian Voivodeship = = =
Silesian Voivodeship Silesia Province is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the south Poland and in east Silesia (called Upper Silesia). The capital city is Katowice. 

= = = First Battle of the Atlantic = = =
The First Battle of the Atlantic (1914–1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Isles and in the Atlantic Ocean. Both the German Empire and United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed their population and supply their war industry; thus both aimed to blockade each other. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate within the British Empire. The German Navy could not destroy the British Navy, as seen at the Battle of Jutland.
The German fleet mainly used unrestricted submarine warfare. Neutral countries disliked the blockades and the sinking of RMS Lusitania especially angered the United States. The successful blockade of Germany contributed to its military defeat in 1918, and still in effect, enforced also the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in mid-1919.
The Battle in Numbers.
Allied and Neutral Tonnage sunk by submarines in World War I.
Grand Total 12,850,814 gross tons
Note that unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917 and the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. The heaviest losses were suffered in April 1917 when a record 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats.
Source: Fayle, C. Ernest, "Seaborn Trade", Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I[a]; London: John Murray, 1924.

= = = Sukhoi = = =
Sukhoi is a company that primarily makes fighter jets for the Russian Air Force, and many other countries like China, India, Algeria, and Malaysia. Sukhoi has made some of the world's most popular fighter jets, mainly the Su-27. Most of Sukhoi's shareholdings belong in other countries than Russia.
The United States has bought aircraft from Sukhoi for aggressive training operations. However, Sukhoi sold aircraft to Iran, and thus the United States banned Sukhoi from ever doing business with them again.

= = = Biomedical engineering = = =
Biomedical engineering is the study of medical equipment used in an environment of care or training and how this equipment interfaces with the human body. BE applies electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, & other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological systems
"Biomedical engineers" design, test, modify, recommend modification of, and evaluate all medical equipment used to interface or interact with the human body. In addition to these functions, clinical engineers usually supervise the biomedical equipment maintenance function within an environment of care.
The medical devices include man-made hands, arms, and legs to replace lost ones and, also, Dialysis machines which clean the blood of a person with damaged kidneys.

= = = This Love (The Veronicas song) = = =
"This Love" is a 2008 song by Australian band The Veronicas.

= = = VeggieTales = = =
VeggieTales is a children's animated direct-to-video series created by Big Idea. They have vegetables in stories with moral themes based on Christianity. The original series lasted from December 23, 1993 to March 3, 2015. It was eventually cancelled around 2018. In March 2019, Phil Vischer announced on his Twitter that a revival spin-off titled "The VeggieTales Show" would be released in the fall of that year, along with an untitled '"VeggieTales"' movie with an unclear release date.
History.
The show was created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki when they wanted to create a series of videos teaching children about stories and lessons from the Bible, while making it fun and entertaining.
Phil originally started out in 1990 when he wanted to use candy bars as a basis. However, his wife objected the idea as she thought it was a bad influence on kids. So he drew a cucumber and thought that was the best choice, vegetables. He chose these objects as he said they were easy to animate as compared to characters with limbs, clothes, or hair because of the limitations on 3D graphics during the early 1990s.
In order to create VeggieTales, Phil had to follow a few rules given to him by his mother. They included: 1) you will not portray Jesus Christ as a vegetable, and 2) try not imply that vegetables can have redemptive relationships with God.
Phil then joined with Mike Nawrocki, who they both did puppet shows in Bible college. Phil did one on "The Princess and the Pea," but telling it from the pea's perspective, but never made it as a puppet show. Ultimately, the sketches Phil drew became the basis for "VeggieTales".
The name itself came from Mike Nawrocki, as he felt it was a good title as it was about vegetables telling stories.
While "Toy Story" is considered the first animated film to use computer imagery for film, "VeggieTales" is the first video series using that type of animation prior to the film's release.
The series started with only either one or two episode(s) per year, until the company grew and produced three videos per year as of 2014. Since then, no new episodes of the series have been produced, likely due to Big Idea being too busy making and focusing on the Netflix series.
In 2014, shortly after the release of Beauty and the Beet (the last episode to feature the original look of the characters), Netflix released 11 minute shorts exclusively along with new redesigns of the original cast. In a recent podcast, Phil says that they have colored iris' (similar to the Sonic the Hedgehog series) and their mouths are more dynamic. He also says that Archibald's hair looks swirly.
"Cancellation"/Hiatus.
Following the release of the episode Noah's Ark on March 3, 2015, Big Idea did not announce any new plans for further "VeggieTales" home video releases, seemingly focusing solely on the Netflix series. In June 2017, Mike Nawrocki appeared on the Christian talk show Today's Life, and said "If there's ever an opportunity to do something VeggieTales-related again, I would love to do that." Furthermore, Nawrocki's LinkedIn profile states that he left his position at Big Idea in February 2016. The second and final season of VeggieTales in the City subsequently premiered on Netflix in late 2017.
At the 2018 Christian Worldview Film Festival, Mike Nawrocki confirmed that he was no longer working on "VeggieTales", and there was nothing in production. Phil Vischer stated that he was not returning to work on new episodes, and on July 1, 2018, he explained on Twitter that the team who specifically produced home video releases was dismissed in 2015, while the Netflix series team wrapped up their work in Summer 2017. Comcast shut down Big Idea's offices in Nashville shortly afterward. Vischer has confirmed that Big Idea's employees continue to work for Big Idea, and have not been laid off. This could mean that the show may still continue in the future.
Revival.
On March 28th, Eric Metaxas posted a tweet featuring him with Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki. He said that TBN had purchased the rights to "VeggieTales" and are making a new series. Later on, Phil posted a tweet correcting the misconception; it turns out TBN only purchased licensing rights and will use the characters. Phil and Mike are going to be key writers for a new spin-off show that is currently known as The VeggieTales Show, which was released in late 2019. On the same day, Phil Vischer confirmed that Universal had also started early development on a VeggieTales feature film. It will also have Phil's involvement, possibly as a key writer.

= = = Kroppenstedt = = =
Kroppenstedt is a town in the Börde district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is southwest of Magdeburg. It is part of the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft" ("collective municipality").

= = = Righteousness = = =
Righteousness is the quality of a person being morally right or justifiable. It is an important concept and theological concept. It is a concept in Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and also in Dharmic traditions. The quality of true righteousness is pleasing to God. It is a concept similar to integrity. Perfect righteousness is who God is. (See Psalm 30:4) 

= = = I Decided = = =
"I Decided" is the first single released by Solange Knowles from her album "Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams". The single was released as a digital download to both iTunes and Amazon.com on April 22, 2008.

= = = Here I Stand (Usher album) = = =
Here I Stand is the fifth album by R&B singer Usher, released on 27 May 2008.

= = = Social equality = = =
Social equality is a state where people are treated fairly and given equal chances without any discrimination.

= = = JavaServer Pages = = =
JavaServer Pages (JSP java) is a programming language used by server applications. It was created by Sun Microsystems. A software server such as Apache is needed to run it.

= = = Match = = =
A match is a tool for making fire under controlled circumstances. Most often, it is a small piece of wood, or hardened paper. At one end, the match is coated with a material that will ignite from friction. The lighting end of a match is known as the match "head". It either contains an oxidizing agent such as potassium chlorate, mixed with sulfur, fillers and glass powder as the active ingredient and gelatin as a binder. Matches are sold in multiples, packaged together either in a box, or in matchbooks. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface; and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.
There are also electric matches, which use electricity and not friction to produce a fire.
Early matches.
Matches that used sulfur were mentioned by Martial in ancient Rome. He called them "sulphurata".
Around the year 1530, Matches appeared in Europe. The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by K. Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris, though. The head of the match was made of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, and rubber. They were ignited by dipping the tip of the match in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive and its usage was dangerous, so Chancel's matches never gained much popularity.
Special-purpose matches.
Storm matches, also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, have an easy to strike tip like a normal match, but much of the stick is coated with a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a wax coating to make them waterproof. They are a component of many survival kits. This particular match was used in the first mass-produced Molotov cocktails.
"Bengal matches" are actually small hand-held fireworks akin to sparklers. They are similar to storm matches in form, but they include compounds of strontium or barium in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.

= = = Bill Gothard = = =
William W. "Bill" Gothard (born November 2, 1934) is an American speaker and writer. At the age of 15, he gave his life to helping teenagers and their parents live their life in Christian principles. Much of his reputation comes from his efforts to finish that goal. He founded the Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) in 1961. He has also spoken at conferences, and has written many books.
Biography.
Early life.
Gothard was born the third of six children to be "born" to "William" and "Carmen Gothard". His father was the manager of an engineering firm. He later served with several ministries. When Gothard was in the 5th grade, he says that God brought made him know of his need for a personal Savior. Shortly after beginning to believe that Jesus was his savior, he and his family joined a fundamentalist church. Gothard received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Bible from Wheaton College. In 1957 he also got his Master of Arts degree, in Christian Education.
Middle years.
He worked with gangs, church youth groups, high school clubs, youth camps, and families that had problems. He later wrote out seven principles of life he believed were not optional. In 1964, Gothard was given youth work in the LaGrange Bible Church, in suburban Chicago. Also, Gothard's Alma mater, Wheaton College, let him design and teach a program based on his work with youth. The course was given the name Basic Youth Conflicts; two hours of upper-division undergraduate and graduate credit were awarded to students completing the course. Forty-six students, youth pastors, and teachers registered for that first class. The next year over one hundred students joined the class.
Later years.
Gothard started an organization in 1961 called Campus Teams, which in 1974 changed its name to Institute in Basic Youth Conflicts. Later, in 1989, the name changed again to Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP). Gothard is now the president and a board member of this organization. In the 1970s they started the Basic Youth Conflicts Seminar (also called Basic Seminars) across the United States. More people came, averaging between 10,000 and 20,000 people at each seminar. In the early 1980s the seminar attendance began to get smaller. Today seminars keep being held around the world and have an alumni base of more than 2.5 million.
In 1984, under Gothard’s leadership, a homeschooling program, the Advanced Training Institute of America was founded. He is the author of many books. In 2004, Gothard received his Ph.D. in Biblical Studies. Gothard is not married, and has no children.
Teaching.
Gothard's teaching focuses on seven "life principles", 49 character qualities, and 49 commands that Jesus gave. He views the Bible as the word of God and teaches that while there is only one interpretation of scripture. However, Gothard's use of the Bible has met with criticism. On his website he states "the goal of my teaching is to provide Biblical principles and concepts of life to guide people in their choices."
Gothard tells people not to listen to "un-Christian" music, including all popular and contemporary Christian music. He is in favor homeschooling; IBLP publishes its own homeschooling material. He has discouraged the use of contraceptives or other family planning.
As a part of the IBLP, Gothard organized the "Medical Training Institute of America" (MTIA). The main purpose of the ministry is to "train men and women to assist families in making wise decisions about health care issues." The "Medical Training Institute of America" is not a medical school and does not give degrees.
Criticism.
A group called the "Personal Freedom Outreach" (PFO) has criticized Gothard in several ways. Such as say that Gothard's views and his interpretations of Scripture are legalistic teachings, and that IBLP and such are "cult-like". Gothard was also accused by some of being contemporary for not practicing what he preaches about conflict resolution, and for his "quiverfull" teachings that married Christians should have as many children as possible. Even when Gothard himself is not married and has no children, even into his 70s.
Don Veinot claimed in his critical book on Gothard that Dr. Ronald Allen, a conservative evangelical, went to a Gothard seminar in 1973 and wrote that "In this seminar, I was regularly assaulted by the misuse of the Bible, particularly of the Old Testament, on a level that I have never experienced in a public ministry before that time (or since)."

= = = Institute in Basic Life Principles = = =
The Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) is Christian organization in Oak Brook, Illinois. It was founded by Bill Gothard in 1964.

= = = Master of Arts = = =
A Master of Arts (Latin:"Magister Artium") is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities and colleges in many countries.
Often called an MA, students can earn this certificate after completing their bachelor's degree. It is usually awarded when one has studied subjects such as literature, history, sociology, education, political science, social sciences, social work, design or art. 

= = = American Fork River = = =
The American Fork River, in Utah, leaves the Wasatch Mountains out of American Fork Canyon about southeast of Salt Lake City. The river starts on Mount Timpanogos and the river runs down through American Fork Canyon. On the way it goes through the Uinta National Forest and Timpanogos Cave National Monument. Leaving the canyon, the river runs through northern Utah County and empties into Utah Lake on the north shore.

= = = Frank O'Connor = = =
Charles Francis O'Connor (September 22, 1897 – November 9 1979), called Frank O'Connor, was an American actor and painter. He was the husband of writer Ayn Rand.
Biography.
O'Connor and Rand met on a movie set, in the years of silent movies. They were appearing as extras. Rand was also writing scripts, and O'Connor building a movie and stage career. Rand admired O'Connor's looks, and tripped him on the set, to get him to notice her. They married in 1929. 
To make sure they had enough income to succeed, O'Connor let his acting career go, becoming a rancher so Rand could succeed as an author, which was her ambition. He appeared in a presentation of her play "Night of January 16th", after she became better known. O'Connor also proposed the name "Atlas Shrugged" for Rand's book, which she formerly called "The Strike" before publication. 
The couple had no children, but were friends with some college students and young professionals, including Nathaniel Branden (who later wrote psychology books, including important works on self-esteem), Alan Greenspan (economist, who was Federal Reserve chairman for the United States government) and Leonard Peikoff (later author of philosophy works, and editor of Rand's works). O'Connor "played host" to many discussions and forums about human interaction, relationships and societies, while wife Rand led the conversations.
He found a new pursuit, as he developed a talent for painting. Some of Rand's books used his paintings for book covers. 
Actor Peter Fonda appeared as O'Connor in a 1999 television movie, "The Passion of Ayn Rand", which also starred Helen Mirren.

= = = Alma mater = = =
Alma mater is the singular form of the Latin word for "nourishing mother". It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary. In current days, it is most often used to refer to the university or college a person went to. However, it may also refer to the song or hymn of a college or university.
The term alma mater can be traced back to eleventh-century Europe. The first known use of the term in reference to university was in 1088. The University of Bologna coined their motto “Alma Mater Studiorum,” (translated: “nourishing mother of studies”). 

= = = Amplitude modulation = = =
Amplitude Modulation, usually shortened to AM, is a simple way to send a radio signal. The signal can travel long distances, and appear in faraway places, because of the earth's ionosphere. 
Amplitude is the height of a wave. A carrier wave is modulated (changed) by adding audio. The combined signal is transmitted over a frequency. AM signals can be received by a crystal-powered radio set, that needs no batteries or electrical power source. Many early radios were homemade, and used earphones.
AM signals are mostly sent out on medium wave and shortwave frequencies. They do not carry high fidelity sound, but the sound is good enough to hear most things. Analog signals can fade in and out, or have interference from power lines and power stations. Sunspot activity can also weaken signals.
In the early years of commercial broadcasting in the 1920s, medium wave AM (from 540 to 1600 kilocycles) was the only kind of radio widely used. Radio programs were much like today's television programs, including news, sports, drama, music, comedy, and other entertainment.
Later Frequency Modulation (FM) radio was developed. It had better fidelity, but the signals could not travel as far, so AM was still important. After television became common in the 1950s, AM became a major format for popular music. As FM became common in the 1970s, AM stations featured more news, and talk shows.
Shortwave radio signals (from 3000 to 30,000 kilocycles) can travel around the world, and are used by countries to send programs to distant places. These programs feature news about the country, examples of their native culture and history, and sometimes foreign language lessons.

= = = Biberach (district) = = =
Biberach ( ]; Alemannic German: "Landchrais Bibra") is a district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is surrounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Ravensburg, Sigmaringen, Reutlingen and Alb-Donau, and the Bavarian districts Neu-Ulm, Unterallgäu and the district-free city Memmingen. The most important towns in the district of Biberach are Biberach (Riß), Riedlingen, Ochsenhausen and Laupheim.
Geography.
The district has hilly countryside between the rivers of the Danube and the Iller. The Danube crosses the district in its westernmost part from south to north. The Iller forms the eastern border of the district. Another river is the Riß, an affluent of the Danube (the river Riß goes into the Danube). It goes across the district from south to north.
The Federsee is a small lake in the southwest of the district. Its area is only 1.4 km2, but it is famous for Neolithic findings and birds that are not seen a lot.
Media.
The local newspaper is the "Schwäbische Zeitung" ("Swabian Newspaper"). The Biberach Independent Film Festival focusses on experimental shorts and documentaries. The festival starts at the end of October and runs into November.
Coat of arms.
The imperial eagle symbolizes the imperial city of Biberach. At first, the coat of arms of the city showed an eagle as well as a beaver as a canting symbol. In 1488 the coat of arms of the city was changed to show only the beaver. The crosier symbolises the monasteries of the area.

= = = Sam Allardyce = = =
Samuel Allardyce (born: 19 October 1954) is an English football manager and former football player. He was most recently the manager of Premier League club Leeds United.
Career statistics.
Club.
Source:
Honours.
Player.
Bolton Wanderers
Preston North End
Individual
Manager.
Limerick
Notts County
Bolton Wanderers
West Ham United
Individual

= = = Chief Constable = = =
A Chief Constable is the top police officer in a police force in the United Kingdom. Every police force in the United Kingdom has a Chief Constable except the City of London Police and the Metropolitan Police.

= = = Hugh Orde = = =
Hugh Stephen Orde OBE was the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland. He became the Chief Constable on 29 May 2002 and was it until 2009. His first police job was in 1977 at the Metropolitan Police Service. He was made a member of the Order of the British Empire in 2001, and was given a knighthood in 2005.

= = = Candy Lo = = =
Candy Lo (born October 18, 1974) is a C-rock singer-songwriter and actress from Hong Kong. She has released 9 studio albums, over 40 singles, 2 compilations, 1 live album and 1 EP with Sony Music to date. On June 11 she released her first EP on her new label WOW Music.

= = = Say It Right = = =
"Say It Right" is an R&B song performed by Nelly Furtado. It has background vocals by Timbaland. The song is from Nelly Furtado's album "Loose". It was written by Nelly Furtado, Tim Mosley, Nate Hills. It was released on March 5, 2007 as a single and digital download in the United Kingdom. It was very successful worldwide reaching number one in many countries. The song is 3 minutes and 43 seconds long.

= = = Greater Poland Voivodeship = = =
Greater Poland Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the western part of Poland. It is mostly in the historical land Greater Poland. The capital of the Voivodeship is Poznań.
It was created on 1 January 1999.
Protected areas.
Protected areas in Greater Poland Voivodeship include two National Parks and 12 Landscape Parks. These are listed below.

= = = Northumbria = = =
The Kingdom of Northumbria (), was a medieval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland. It later became an earldom in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of England. The name reflects the southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the River Humber.
History.
Northumbria was formed in the early 7th century by Athelfrith, King of Bernicia. He conquered the kingdom of Deira and several British kingdoms and combined them under his rule. The kingdom of Northumbria also included Lindsey at times. Northumbria was a part of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber river, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh). The name 'Northumbria' wasn't in common use until the time of Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria. The name is first used in the preamble to the council of Hatfield (680). Ecgfrith was described as king of the Humberfolk'. After the loss of Lindsey (kingdom) which was south of the River Humber, the name became Northumbria in Latin is "Northanhymbrenis." It comes from the Old English "be northan Hymbre" meaning 'to the north of the Humber'. The name Northumbria was still used during the reigns of Kings Canute and Edward the Confessor. William the Conqueror broke up Northumbria into several parts. Yorkshire became the new name for the heartlands of the former kingdom.
Earldom.
Northumbria became an earldom when the southern part of Northumbria (which had been Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The northern part (which had been Bernicia) was a kingdom for a short time but under the Danish kingdom it also became an earldom. Some of this land was claimed by both England and Scotland. The Earldom of Northumbria was later a part of England by the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of York in 1237. On the northern border, Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is north of the Tweed but had changed hands many times, was defined as subject to the laws of England by the Wales and Berwick Act 1746. The land once part of Northumbria at its peak is now divided by modern administrative boundaries:

= = = Hanging (death) = = =
Hanging is caused when a person is held by a rope around the neck. The "Oxford English Dictionary" says that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck". Hanging is often used as a form of execution or suicide. 
The first known account of execution by hanging was in Homer's "Odyssey" (Book XXII). In this meaning of the common word "hang", the past and past participle is "hanged" instead of "hung".
As a form of death penalty, it is still used in Japan and certain African countries.
Differences between long and short drop.
Long drop is when the condemned is dropped from a trapdoor a few feet above the ground and mostly causes the dislocation of the neck, resulting in almost instant death.
Short drop is when the condemned is made to stand on an object, then the object is taken from under them and they die from strangulation.

= = = Moons of Mars = = =
Mars has two little moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are thought to be captured asteroids. They were found by Asaph Hall in 1877.

= = = James Horner = = =
James Roy Horner (August 14, 1953 – June 22, 2015) was an American music director. He scored the music for the 1997 movie "Titanic". He won two Academy Awards in 1998. Horner was born on August 14, 1953 in Los Angeles, California.
Horner was killed in an airplane crash near Los Padres National Forest, California, aged 61. 
Influences.
Horner stated composers like Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, Henry Mancini, Buddy Baker, Bruce Broughton, Howard Shore, Leigh Harline, Max Steiner, Sergei Prokofiev, Ludwig Von Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Frank Churchill, Carl Stalling, Richard Straus, Gustav Holst, Bernard Herrmann, John Barry, Benjamin Britten, John Williams, Thomas Tallis, Maurice Jarre, Roger Sessions, Arnold Schoenberg, Giacomo Puccini, Aaron Copland, Dimitri Tiomkin, Bela Bartok, Richard Wagner, Jakob Gimpel, Hamilton Harty, Jan Kubelík, Carl Nielsen, Lalo Schifrin, Oliver Wallace, Frank Churchill, Alex North, Marty Paich, Leigh Harline, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Alfred Newman and Nino Rota as influences.
Awards and nominations.
Horner won two Academy Awards, both in 1998:
Horner also won two Golden Globe Awards, three Satellite Awards, and three Saturn Awards. He was nominated for three British Academy Film Awards.
In October 2013, Horner received the Max Steiner Award at the Hollywood in Vienna Gala. That award is given for extraordinary achievements in the music for movies.

= = = MP3 player = = =
An MP3 player is a portable audio device people can use to listen to songs saved in the MP3 format. They can use USB cords or Wi-Fi to connect the device to computers, so that computer files can be transferred to players internal memory.
MP3s are audio files that have been made smaller by removing sounds that the human ear cannot hear. Many newer MP3 players can also be used to view images or movies, or play games, and can also play other formats, such as FLAC and MPEG-4 AAC. The most well-known MP3 player is the iPod. MP3 players can also be built-into a car or home stereo. 
They were popular around the early 2000 but slowly lost popularity to the introduction to smartphones and apps like Spotify. Even with this loss in popularity, you can still get one today that can even connect to Spotify.

= = = Wi-Fi Protected Access = = =
Wi-Fi Protected Access (also known as WPA and WPA2) is the name for a number of standards to use encryption on a Wireless LAN. They were made because people found many weaknesses in Wired Equivalent Privacy, the standard that came before WPA. 
Products that have the label "WPA" were made to work with most cards, even those that came out before there was WPA. This is not true for access points.
Products with the "WPA2" use all of the standard. This started in 2004 and is more secure, but it may not work with some older hardware. 
There are two types of WPA. They are called "WPA Personal" and "WPA Enterprise." WPA Personal is used a lot in casual places like people's homes. To connect, you enter a password. WPA Enterprise is used for bigger networks like businesses. To connect, you must enter a username and password given to you by the people in charge of the network. 

= = = Wired Equivalent Privacy = = =
Wired Equivalent Privacy (also known as WEP) is a standard to use encryption in Wireless LANs. It was introduced in 1999. 
In 2001, mathematicians showed that WEP is not very strong. A WEP connection could be decoded, with software that can be easily found, within minutes. Because of this finding, IEEE created a new 802.11i group to fix the problems. By 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) would replace WEP, which was a subset of then upcoming 802.11i amendment. Finally in 2004, they made it official and said that it would go ahead. It was part of the full 802.11i standard (also known as WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 are not recommended because they are not secure enough. 
Even though it only offers low security, WEP is still widely in use. WEP is often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools even. Today, WEP provides a level of security that deters only accidental use. As a result, people can invade and enter the network.
People sometimes call it "Wireless Encryption Protocol", which is wrong.

= = = Congress of Vienna = = =
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe. 
It was held in Vienna from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. The chairman was the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. 
Its purpose was to decide about the political situation in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. 
To be precise there was never "one" "Congress of Vienna". Instead, there were discussions in informal sessions among the Great Powers. 
The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris, signed a few months earlier, on May 30, 1814.
The four victorious powers (the Concert of Europe) hoped to exclude the French from participation in the negotiations, but Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord managed to get into "her inner councils" in the first weeks of negotiations.

= = = Coin collecting = = =
Coin collecting is the hobby of keeping different coins. Some people do it just for pleasure, while others collect coins for the history of the coins. People can collect coins that are old, rare, beautiful, investing or just interesting. 
Coin collecting is a very old hobby. Even Julius Caesar collected coins. Some coins are very expensive, because more people want them than there are copies of the coin. Some coin collectors like to collect one coin of each date, or one coin of each King or Queen of a country.
The condition of a coin is very important in finding the value of the coin for collectors. Some coins which are worth almost nothing in poor condition can be worth thousands of times as much in new condition. The term "mint condition" means the coin has never been used ("in circulation"), just like it came out of the mint where it was made. 
The largest group of American coin collectors is the American Numismatic Association, while the Royal Numismatic Society, which was started in 1826, is one of the largest societies outside the US. 
Many catalogs are produced around the world, generally for the coins of the country where the catalog is produced. In the U.S., one guide, the "Red Book" has been produced annually since 1946. In the U.K., the coin dealer Seaby produced catalogs on U.K. coins as well as ancient coins. The catalogs were purchased by Spink's in 1996 and are continuing under the Spink's name. Spink's was founded in 1666.

= = = Blood Red Shoes = = =
Blood Red Shoes are an indie music band from Brighton, England. Blood Red Shoes's first album was "Box of Secrets". There are two members: Laura-Mary Carter and Steven Ansell. They are often compared to "The White Stripes" due to the boy-girl drum-guitar setup, but they dislike this comparison and, indeed, the White Stripes themselves. Laura-Mary plays guitar while Steven plays drums.

= = = Bret Hart = = =
Bret Hart (born July 2, 1957) is a semi-retired Canadian professional wrestler, writer, and actor. He is a member of the well-known Hart wrestling family of Calgary, Alberta. His father was wrestling legend Stu Hart. He is considered to be one of the most technically sound wrestlers ever. His athletic ability and in-ring knowledge have also been highly praised.
Career.
Bret Hart had an amazing career in the WWF, having some of the greatest matches of all time. Some of his best matches were against Mr. Perfect, his one-time brother-in-law British Bulldog, his brother Owen Hart, Stone Cold Steve Austin and Shawn Michaels.
Hart said that he was going to leave the WWF for the companies then biggest competitor, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and he refused to lose the title in front of his Canadian fans to Michaels. During Survivor Series 1997 in Montreal, Quebec, a real-life screwjob took place when Shawn Michaels put Hart in Hart's own finishing move, the Sharp Shooter. Vince McMahon ordered referee Earl Hebner to call for the bell even though Hart didn't submit. This made Michaels become the WWF Champion. This incident would later become known as the Montreal Screwjob.
Injury.
Hart retired after being kicked in the head by his opponent, Goldberg, in a match. Soon after he suffered a stroke. He has since partially recovered and has done some stage acting. He wrote a column for The Calgary Sun until 2004.
WWE Return.
On January 4 2010, Hart returned to the WWE to be a special guest host for Raw. This was the first time that Hart made a live appearance on Raw in over 12 years. During the night he and Shawn Michaels agreed to a truce, shook hands and hugged. Many fans didn't know if it was real or not but Hart and Michaels later said that their truce was real and not part of a storyline. He also shook hands with Vince but Vince later kicked Hart in the gut which was part of a storyline. Hart along with his family beat Vince McMahon at WrestleMania XXVI in a No Holds Barred Match.
Championships and accomplishments.
DVD (2006) 

= = = La Grange, Illinois = = =
La Grange is a village in Cook County, in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 16,321 at the 2020 census. The name "La Grange" is French for "the barn."

= = = Eurovision Song Contest 2008 = = =
The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was a talent contest hosted in Belgrade, Serbia. It was won by Dima Bilan of Russia, singing the song "Believe". It was a big television event, watched by 250 million people around the world.
In 2008 the contest was split into two semifinals, with 19 countries in each semifinal. The first semifinal was held on May 20, second semifinal on May 22, and the final on May 24.
Final.
The final was held on 24 May 2008.

= = = All We Know = = =
"All We Know" is a 2006 song by Paramore, off the album "All We Know is Falling". It was the last single released off the album.

= = = Misery Business = = =
"Misery Business" is a 2007 song by the band Paramore. It is from the album "RIOT!". The song was released on June 18, 2007. The video features the band playing in a room filled with the graffiti found on the bands album cover, and a person being mean at a school.
At the end of the video, singer Hayley wipes off the other girls makeup and takes something out from under her shirt exposing the girl for what she really is.
This song was controversial. Hayley did regret the use of God in the chorus and said she did not want people to use his name wrongly.

= = = Wesfarmers = = =
Wesfarmers is an Australian company headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, Australia. It was founded in 1914 as Westralian Farmers Limited. It is one of the two largest retailers in Australia. The other is Woolworths. It used to own Coles Supermarkets (demerged in 2018 and it has now sold off most of its shareholding in Coles), K-Mart, Target Bunnings Warehouse and Bi-Lo Supermarkets.
Wesfarmers employs approximately 114,000 people, operates mostly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. It is also listed on the Australian Securities Exchange under the code WES.

= = = Pressure (Paramore song) = = =
"Pressure" is the first single from the album "All We Know is Falling", by the band Paramore. The song was ranked #62 on the "Billboard" Hot Digital Songs in 2007.

= = = Hazelwood North, Victoria = = =
Hazelwood North is a town in Victoria, Australia. Most of people who live there live on farms, about 5 acres big.

= = = Hasselt, Belgium = = =
Hasselt is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of the Belgian province Limburg. It lies about half way between Liège and Antwerp. The city is at the river demer and the albertchannel. The city has city privileges since 1232. Today, about 79.089 people live there, the people who live there are called Hasselaars.Most of them are native Dutch speakers.
Well-known people from Hasselt include Hendrick van Veldeke, probably one of the first writers who did no longer write in Latin, but rather used the German of the time, 12th century. Willy Claes, who was NATO secretary in 1994 and 1995, and Axelle Red a contemporary singer-songwriter.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 05° 20 East.

= = = Focus on the Family = = =
Focus on the Family (FOTF, or FotF) is an American evangelical group. The non-profit organization was founded in 1977 by James Dobson, and is based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. They have started several ministries, such as Adventures in Odyssey, and Focus on the Family Action.

= = = Adventures in Odyssey = = =
Adventures in Odyssey (also known as AIO or just Odyssey) is an Evangelical Christian-themed radio drama and comedy. It was started by Focus on the Family in 1987.
The series takes place in the fictional town of Odyssey. Many episodes begin in an ice cream shop and discovery emporium called "Whit's End." It is owned by John Avery Whittaker. The show's episodes have many things in them, such as funny or dramatic stories. Its characters often talk about Christianity, and sometimes Bible stories are taught.
Characters.
"See" Character list "for more information."
"See" AIOHQ.com Voices "for a list of credited "AIO" voice actors."

= = = Youth for Christ = = =
Youth for Christ (YFC) is an international Christian ministry that promotes youth evangelism and biblical Christianity. In the early 1940s, during World War II, many young men, mostly ministers and evangelists, were holding large rallies in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. In an effort to coordinate these programs Youth for Christ was started in 1944. The organization was co-founded by the Rev. Billy Graham and then-evangelist Charles Templeton.

= = = Henry Luce = = =
Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967) was an important American publisher.

= = = Big Bear Lake, California = = =
Big Bear Lake is a city in San Bernardino County, California. It is along the south shore of Big Bear Lake. At the 2020 census, 5,046 people lived there. It is a popular place in Southern California, partly because of its skiing areas.

= = = Memorial = = =
A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something, usually a person who has died or a famous event. Statues are a popular type of "memorial".
A memorial hall is a building which serves to remind people of something, again usually people who have died. Memorial halls in the United Kingdom and United States are usually about World War I or World War II. Memorial halls in Germany and Poland are often about the Holocaust, when Nazi Germany killed many Jewish people. Memorial halls in China are usually about the Japanese part of World War II. Among important memorial halls, there are the Nanjing Massacre Museum and the Yad Vashem.

= = = Logging = = =
Logging is cutting down trees. It is done to fix forests or harvest logs. People move the logs out of the forest to use them for timber or paper or fuel or other purposes.

= = = Kølig Kaj = = =
Kølig Kaj (born 1971) is a Danish rapper who gained national fame in 1997 by winning the Danish Melodi Grand Prix with his song "Stemmen I Mit Liv". His real name is Thomas Lægaard. 
At the Eurovision Song Contest in 1997, he ended up 16th, with only 25 points. Following that, Kølig Kaj slowly went away, and has never really gained much success. "Kølig Kaj" literally means "Cool Kaj" (pronounced Kai, rhymes with "high"). He released an album called "Solgt Ud!"

= = = Forbidden Planet (bookstore) = = =
The Forbidden Planet is a popular comic book, toys, and other multimedia objects store.

= = = Tobey Maguire = = =
Tobias Vincent "Tobey" Maguire (born June 27, 1975) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the role of "Spider-Man" in all three movies and including the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie "".
Early life.
Maguire didn't finish high school because he wanted to be an actor. He got help from Alcoholics Anonymous for an underaged drinking problem. He has been sober ever since. Maguire has been a vegetarian since 1992. In 2009, he became a vegan.
PETA called him the World's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2002. He often makes changes in his diet to either gain or lose weight. For example, he dramatically decreased his calorie intake for "Seabiscuit". Then he quickly gained weight for "Spider-Man 2".
Personal life.
Maguire met Jennifer Meyer in 2003 while he was shooting the movie "Seabiscuit". They became engaged in April 2006. Their daughter Ruby Sweetheart Maguire was born on November 10, 2006. The couple married on September 3, 2007, in Kona, Hawaii. Their second child, a son, Otis Tobias Maguire was born on May 8, 2009. The couple divorced in 2020.
Poker.
In 2004, Maguire took up tournament poker. Maguire can be seen on ESPN's coverage of the 2005, 2006, and 2007 World Series of Poker Main Event Championship.

= = = Chaplain = = =
A chaplain is typically a priest, pastor, ordained deacon or other member of the clergy. They usually serve a group of people who are not organized as a mission or church, or who are unable to attend church for many reasons, such as poor health, confinement, or military or civil duties.
Chaplains may be members of a Christian church, or followers of Judaism, Islam or humanism. Schools, colleges, prisons, hospitals, and the armed forces commonly provide the services of chaplains.

= = = Northwestern College = = =
Northwestern College is in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is a four-year Christian college. The school was founded on October 2, 1902. Billy Graham was the school's president from 1948 to 1952. Athletic teams at the school are known as "Eagles".

= = = Walker (tool) = = =
A walker or walking frame is a tool for disabled people who need help to support and keep balance while walking. The rollator/walker is from Sweden. These are popular items in the mobility aid field.
Generally there are three or four wheel rollators. Most have some type of pouch or basket to carry items. Rollators are often used for long trips or when a person does not want to be slowed down by their mobility equipment. Rollators are often viewed as easier to use than a walker due to their ability to just be pushed instead of lifted.

= = = George Beverly Shea = = =
George Beverly "Bev" Shea (February 1, 1909 – April 16, 2013) was a Canadian-American singer and songwriter of gospel music, and has written several hymns. He gained American citizenship in 1941. He worked with Billy Graham for over 60 years.

= = = Walker = = =
Walker can be any of the following:
In geography:
In modern culture:
In other usage:

= = = James Dobson = = =
James Clayton "Jim" Dobson (born April 21, 1936 in Shreveport, Louisiana) is both the starter and chairman of the board of Focus on the Family. He is an Evangelical.
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= = = QuickTime = = =
QuickTime (also called QT) is a software made by Apple Inc. It can handle different types of digital video, media clips, sound, text, animation, music, and several types of interactive panoramic images.

= = = Subspecies = = =
Subspecies is a classification (taxonomy) in biology. It is directly below species. When looking at the Latin name, subspecies are indicated by the third name. Subspecies can mix with each other; animals or plants from different subspecies can have offspring together (This is usually not the case with animals from different species).
When looking at subspecies, they can also be told apart sufficiently by looking at the appearance or DNA of an animal or plant.
Very often, there are populations that are between two subspecies; this is because evolution is a continuous process. Subspecies can often be recognised by "subsp" or "ssp" (before the third part of the name) especially in botany.
Examples of subspecies are:
Nominate subspecies.
In zoology, when a species is split into subspecies, the first described population is known as the "nominate subspecies", and it repeats the same name as the species. For example, the "Daboia russelii russelii" (known as the Indian Russell's Viper) is a nominate subspecies of the species "Daboia russelii" (known as the Russell's Viper).

= = = Centrifugal force = = =
Centrifugal force is a force that acts on a body in a direction away from the centre, which contributes to making the body try to fly away. When you hold a rope with a heavy object attached to it, and rotate it around, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away. This is caused by centripetal force.
In physics, centrifugal force (from Latin centrum "center" and fugere "to flee") is a fictitious force that appears when describing physics in a rotating reference frame; it acts on anything with mass considered in such a frame. Centrifugal force is "fictitious" because although it may feel to a person like a certain force is being exerted on them, someone outside the scene will see something different.
Example: If Joshua is in a car that takes a sharp right turn, he will feel as though he is being pushed to his left. This is an imaginary force, called a centrifugal force, or a "running away from the center" force. Joshua feels it because he is inside the car and is affected by it. However, if Joshua's girlfriend, Andrea, is on the side of the road facing the front of Joshua's car and watches Joshua's car take a sharp right turn, Andrea will see the car push Joshua to the right with the car as it changes direction. This is a real force called centripetal force (or an "aiming towards the center" force) and acts towards the center of the circle of rotation.

= = = Peeter Volkonski = = =
Peeter Volkonski Peeter (also Piotr Andreevich Volkonsky) (born December 9, 1954, in Tallinn, Estonia) is an Estonian actor and rock-musician composer. He is a Prince from the Rurik Dynasty. He is the key art figure in Estonia.
Peeter Volkonski is a descendant of an aristocratic princely family, son of Prince Andrei Volkonsky. HSH Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky is a great-great-great-great-grandfather of Prince Peeter Volkonski.

= = = Bobby V = = =
Robert "Bobby" Wilson (born February 27, 1980), better known by his stage name Bobby V and formerly Bobby Valentino, is an American R&B singer.
Early life and career.
Born in Jackson, Mississippi, Bobby moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he attended North Atlanta High School. He returned there to appear in the debut episode of Once Upon A Prom aired on MTV May 19, 2007. He first entered the music scene in 1996, at that time using his real name - Bobby Wilson, with the now-defunct youth quartet Mista. Some years after Mista disbanded, he enrolled in Clark Atlanta University where he majored in Mass Communications, graduating in 2004 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mass Communications.
Discovered while singing on the bus, Bobby V first made his mark as the lead singer in the hit teen group, Mista. As a new found member of the Organized Noize Family, Bobby learned firsthand how great music was made from icons such as Outkast, TLC, and Goodie Mob. In 1996 the group released their self-titled debut album and produced chart topping single, "Blackberry Molasses," which still remains a classic to this day. A second unreleased album was recorded with hit makers, Tim & Bob and Delite, but creative differences split the group. After earning his degree in 2003, Bobby returned to the studio full-time and changed his name to Valentino ignoring the fact that the name Bobby Valentino was already in use by a UK singer, songwriter and violinist. Bobby V tried to jump start his career by auditioning for the first season of the hit reality show American Idol, but was rejected by judges, Simon Cowell and Randy Jackson. However, with three albums of demos and by chance one of them got in the hands of multi-platinum recording artist Ludacris. Immediately impressed by his talents, Ludacris and his business partner, Chaka Zulu (president of DTP) signed V as the first R&B artist on Disturbing Tha Peace Records. Soon after, V was re-introduced to the world as a solo artist and featured on the hit single, " Pimpin All Over The World " off of Ludacris' multi-platinum selling album " The Red Light District " in 2004.
Debut Album And Special Occasion.
His first single, 2005's "Slow Down", from his self-titled debut album became a top 10 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, receiving a huge amount of radio and TV airplay. V released a second single from his debut album, the remixed "Tell Me" featuring Lil Wayne, and a third single " My Angel ."
The first single of his second album, Special Occasion is titled "Turn the Page."The second single, "Anonymous" starring supermodel/co-writer of the song Amber Rives as his love interest and featuring Timbaland, was released and the video first aired on April 9, 2007 on BET.
Come With Me And Underground Love.
On April 29, 2008, V will release his first EP named Come With Me. Following the release, in summer 2008 he will release his third album named Underground Love. A single is out now called "Sexy Girl." It is rumored to be on either album.
Disturbing Tha Peace.
In a recent interview with DJBooth.net, V stated that he is no longer signed to either Def Jam or Disturbing The Peace. He said:
He was reportedly upset with the delays and poor sales of "Special Occasion," which caused his decision to leave the labels.

= = = Anonymous (song) = = =
"Anonymous" is the second single from Bobby Valentino's second album, Special Occasion. The song features Amber Rives and Timbaland and was produced by Timbaland and King Logan.
The song was written by Ezekiel "Zeke" Lewis, Balewa Muhammad, Candice Nelson, and Patrick Smith of the popular songwriting/production team "The Clutch"... along with Timbaland,Amber Rives and King Logan.The song shares an electronic drum track with Justin Timberlake's "My Love" due to fact that both singles were produced by Timbaland. The song shares a similar vocal and lyric from the Willie Hutch song "Tell Me Why Our Love Turned Cold".
The music video includes supermodel Amber Rives as Bobby's love interest. Timbaland does not appear, although his verse remains in the song.

= = = Mixed drink = = =
A mixed drink is a type of drink where two or more diffent drinks are mixed together to create a new drink. Very often, at least one of the ingredients contains alcohol. Usually, spirits like rum or vodka are used in the mixed drinks containing alcohol. 
Examples of mixed drinks are Rum & Coke and Bundy & Rum.
Alcopops are pre-fabricated mixed drinks. They were mainly made for the young. Often they are made so that the alcohol in them cannot be tasted easily.
Mixed drinks without alcohol are often called virgin.

= = = Smash Mouth = = =
Smash Mouth is a rock band from San Jose, California, USA and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Formed in 1994, the group is formed by Steve Harwell (lead vocals/Guitar), Greg Camp (guitar), Paul De Lisle (bass), and Kevin Coleman (original drummer). Their most famous song is "Walkin' on the Sun".
Influences.
Smash Mouth stated music artists include Joe Jackson, Green Day, Beastie Boys, Bob Marley, Elvis Costello, Fishbone, Madness, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Beat, The Specials, Billy Idol and INXS as influences.

= = = Mallacoota, Victoria = = =
Mallacoota () is a small town in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Less than 1000 people live there. It is 25 kilometres off the Princes Highway and kilometres from Melbourne. It is the last town on Victoria's east coast before the border with New South Wales. Mallacoota has a small airport (Mallacoota Airport) YMCO (XMC) for private small planes.
History.
The Bidawal Aborigines lived there before Europeans came. Europeans came after about 1830. Gold was found in 1894, and was mined for three years. In the 20th century the logging, farming and fishing industries declined, and the tourism and abalone industries grew. The town's largest business, the abalone co-operative, was started in 1967.

= = = Cancuén = = =
Cancuén is an archaeological site of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, It can be found in the Pasión subregion of the central Maya lowlands. It is located in the present-day Guatemalan Department of El Petén. The city is famous because it has one of the largest palaces in the Maya world.
Ancient Cancuén.
Cancuén was a major city during the Classic Period. It reached its peak during the seventh century A.D. The city was a major trade center. Especially jade, pyrite and obsidian were traded there. Its strategic position on the Río Pasion helped it dominate trade in the region. Tajal Chan Ahk, one of the city's most powerful rulers, built the city's palace in 770 A.D. The palace covered nearly 23,000 square meters and contained 200 rooms, making it the largest in the Maya area. The city had two ball courts, a large marketplace and a dock on La Pasion River. There are only few large temples or burial sites in the city; it is thought that the inhabitants of Cancuén worshipped and buried their dead in the mountains near the city. Several dozen bodies dressed in royal garments were discovered near the base of the central pyramid. Investigations have shown that the bodies, including the city's ruler at the time, Kan Maax, had been executed and dumped in a cistern. The massacre occurred around 800 A.D., at the time when the Mayan civilization collapsed.

= = = Rum = = =
Rum is an alcoholic spirit. It is made from molasses and other sugarcane by-products through fermentation and distillation. Rum is mostly made in or around the Caribbean. Rum is also made in other parts of the world, like Fiji or Australia.

= = = Pridon Khalvashi = = =
Pridon Khalvashi (; born 17 May 1925 – July 8 2010) is one of the famous Georgian writers who contributed Georgian poetry and literature, as well as its political and social life.
Early life.
He was born in western Georgia, in mountainous village of Adjara, called Gegelidzeebi on 17th of May in 1925.
In 1938-1940 he studied at cultural-educational centre of Batumi and in 1950 he graduated Batumi Pedagogical Institute. The starting point of his career is 1949, when his first book of poems called "In the country of Sun" was published.
Writing.
The poetry of Pridon Khalvashi is created on the basis of historical tragedy of south-western Georgia. At the end of 16th century, the south-western part of Georgia was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. Since then, the region of Ajara, where the writer was born became a part of Turkey until the end of 19th century. His poems and novels express the idea of national unity and feelings that Adjarians experienced while they were under the rule of Turkey.
Pridon Khalvashi is the author of more than 20 poetry books such as "Thought at Chorokhi" (1960), "Please" (1962), "Consolation" (1969). Pridon Khalvashi wrote several dramatic compositions, "The Call of Khikhani" (1958), "The Survived Eternity" (1959) and "Weeping of the Vine" (1962) that were performed at different Georgian theatres. Pridon Khalvashi's poems are translated into several foreign languages such as Russian and Turkish. For the book of poetry called "Hundred Sun of the Mother's Heart", he was awarded by Shota Rustaveli State Prize in 1979.
Politics.
From 1995 to 1999, Khalvashi was a member of the Georgian Parliament, serving as a member of the Committee On Education, Science and Culture; member of the Committee On Migration and the Compatriots Residing Abroad; and member of Revival Faction. He was also the former head of the Ajar branch of the Georgian writer's union.
Died.
Pridon Khalvashi died on July 8, 2010 in Village Gegelidzeebi, Adjara, Georgia.

= = = Bill Kaulitz = = =
Bill Kaulitz (born September 1, 1989 in Leipzig, Germany) is the lead singer of Tokio Hotel. He is an identical brother of Tom Kaulitz. Bill is ten minutes younger then Tom. They are originally from Magdeburg, Germany. Before Tokio Hotel, the band was called Devlish. Bill was on the German star search even though he lost in 2001. By Bill doing the German star search he gained attention from Peter Hoffman. Tokio Hotel soon got a contract with Sony but in 2005 Sony terminated their contract. After the first European tour, Bill lost his voice and found out he had cyst on his vocal cords. He had surgery and was in rehab for three weeks, then went back to performing concerts with the band. Currently, he is living life happily in Los Angeles, as he just released a new tour for 2025 for his band Tokio Hotel. 

= = = Western Front (World War I) = = =
The Western Front was started by the German Army invading Luxembourg and Belgium at the beginning of World War I in 1914 and gaining military control of many important industrial regions in France. Its quick advance was stopped by the Battle of the Marne. Both sides then dug defensive trenches, which eventually reached from the North Sea to the Swiss border with France.
From 1915 to 1917, many offensives were started from the trenches. Both sides used large numbers of artillery and thousands of infantry in the offensives. However, a combination of entrenchments, machine gun nests, barbed wire, and artillery stopped the advances. No major breakthroughs happened.
New military technology, like poison gas, aircraft, and tanks were developed to try and get through the lines of trenches.
The deadlock was caused mostly by both sides not allowing any piece of land to give some kind of advantage to the enemy, even if there was little advantage. As the war continued, and more blood was lost on both sides, the soldiers grew tired of war and had begun to make large threats to the government.
To keep the war effort going, the governments began to say that they would kill soldiers who did not attack and that the soldiers betrayed the army if they did not fight.

= = = Artifact = = =
Artifact or artefact can be any of the following:

= = = Artifact (culture) = = =
An artifact or artefact is an object made or modified by a human culture. It may be found during an archaeological dig.
Some artifacts are stone tools, pottery wheels, jewelry, and clothing. The study of artifacts is central to archaeology.

= = = Coba = = =
Coba () is a big ruined city of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It is about 90 km east of the Maya site of Chichen Itza, about 40 km west of the Caribbean Sea, and 44 km northwest of the site of Tulum. Coba was thought to have had around 50,000 people living in it.
Coba is an ancient city of the Mayan tribes, where the highest pyramid of the Yucatan is located, which is called «Nohoch Mul».
Its height is 42 m.
Previously, it was possible to climb the pyramid, but now it is closed to the public and you can only study the structure from below.

= = = Tectonics = = =
Tectonics is the study of the earth's structural features, especially the folding and faulting (cracking) of the Earth's crust.
Tectonics (from Latin, meaning "building") is a field within geology. It includes structures in the lithosphere of the Earth and the forces and movements that have operated to create these structures.
Tectonics is concerned with orogenies (mountain building) and major land features. This includes the earthquake and volcanic regions which affect certain parts of the world. This is discussed further in plate tectonics.
Tectonic studies are also important for understanding erosion patterns in geomorphology and as guides for the economic geologist searching for petroleum and metallic ores.

= = = Tajal Chan Ahk = = =
Tajal Chan Ahk, also T'ah 'ak' Cha'an, ruled the Maya city Cancuén from 757 to ca. 799.

= = = Buzău (disambiguation) = = =
Buzău can be any of these places in Romania:

= = = Elsa Einstein = = =
Elsa Einstein, (18 January 1876 - 20 December 1936), was the second wife of the German physicist, Albert Einstein. The couple were first cousins and second cousins. This is because their mothers were sisters and their fathers were first cousins. She was born in Hechingen, Germany.

= = = Prahova = = =
The word Prahova can be any of these places in Romania:

= = = Creation Museum = = =
The Creation Museum is a 75,000 square foot museum near Petersburg, Kentucky, United States. It was made to tell the story of Young Earth creationism. The museum shows its view of the theory of the start of the universe, life, mankind, and man's early history. It is based on the book of Genesis in the Bible. This book is the story of how God made the Earth, and all of its life forms in just six days. This is said to have happened about 6000 years ago. The museum rejects evolution, and points to alternative explanations to answer evolutionist's objections. 
The museum has a zoo, botanical gardens, planetarium, theater, bookshop, cafe, and zip-line.
"The state-of-the-art 75,000-square-foot museum brings the pages of the Bible to life, casting its characters and animals in dynamic form and
placing them in familiar settings. Adam and Eve live in the Garden of Eden. Children play and dinosaurs roam near Eden’s Rivers. The serpent coils cunningly in the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Majestic murals, great masterpieces brimming with pulsating colors and details, provide a backdrop for many of the settings." - The Creation Museum website
The Creation Museum is run by Answers in Genesis.

= = = George Whitefield = = =
George Whitefield (27 December 1714 – 30 September 1770), was a preacher on the Church of England. He was one of the lead of the Methodist movement. Colonists loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness as he had a different style of preaching compared to Old World priests. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians to Christianity. He helped establish the Evangelical movement, which was based on the idea that salvation could be achieved through believing in Jesus and following God’s word in the Bible.

= = = Timiș (river) = = =
The Timiş or Tamiš (; or "Tamiš"; ; ) is a long river coming up from the Semenic Mountains, the southern part of the Carpathian Mountains, in Caraş-Severin County, Romania. It flows through the Banat region and into the Danube near Pančevo, in the northern part of Serbia.
Characteristics.
The Timiş River's drainage area covers . This includes in Romania and in Serbia. 
The river starts at the joining of the headwaters Brebu, Grădiştea and Semenic in Lake Trei Ape.
Tributaries.
The river flows through Romania for .
These are the tributaries of the Timiş River: Râul Rece, Slatina, Valea Mare, Măcicaş River, Pârâul Lung, Armeniş River, Sebeş, Bistra, Şurgani River, Timişana, Pogăniş River, Timişul Mort River and Vena Mare. In its course through Serbia, it has only one tributary, Brzava, which is the longest one.
Settlements.
Romania.
Big cities in the rivers Romanian flow are Caransebeş and Lugoj.
These are the smaller smaller towns and cities along the Timiş River:
One of the big Romanian cities, Timişoara, though the name makes it seem like it, is not settled on the river. Although, the name comes from the river, when about 800 years ago the region was a swampy one and the Timiş had a very large flow area. In 1728 when the rivers Timiş and Bega were canalized, Timiş stopped to flow through the city.

= = = Timiş = = =
The name Timiş can be any of the following:
These names are close to Timiş:

= = = Nera = = =
Nera mcan be any one of the following:

= = = Communes of Romania = = =
A commune ("comună" in Romanian) is the second lowest level of division in Romania. There are 2,686 communes in Romania. There is no set limit to population in the communes, but once they exceed a population of 10,000 people, the commune gets the status of a city. The first lowest level of division in Romania is called "sat". "Satele" (pl.) are for the "comuna" just like the counties for the state.

= = = Municipalities of Romania = = =
A municipality ("municipiu" in Romanian, from Latin "municipium") is a kind of subdivision in Romania.
The following is a complete list of the municipalities of Romania, by county:

= = = The Way of the Master = = =
The Way of the Master (WOTM) is a Christianity based evangelism ministry. It was started in 2002. The show is hosted by American actor Kirk Cameron, and New Zealand-born evangelist Ray Comfort. The organization has a TV show, many books, and an online school.
Programs.
Television.
The television show, first aired in December 2003. It is a half-hour show hosted by Cameron and Comfort, teaching principles of biblical evangelism. It also shows interviews they have with people on the streets. Two 13-episode seasons have been put on television. They are broadcast by satellites to more than 100 countries. It is also available on DVD.
Radio.
"The Way of the Master Radio" program was hosted by Christian and former comedian Todd Friel. It also had regular appearances by both Comfort and Cameron. It has faith-related commentary, and humor from Friel, as well as many people evangelizing. The radio program ran from January 2006 until November 2008.
Living Waters Publications.
Living Waters Publications (LWP) is like an online store for WOTM. It sells around 80 different gospel tracts. Some of which are the "Million Dollar Bill," "Giant $100 Bill," and "Ten Commandments Coins."

= = = Don't Stop the Music = = =
"Don't Stop the Music" (also known as "Please Don't Stop the Music") is a song reocrded by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna. It was released September 7, 2007 from her third studio album "Good Girl Gone Bad". "Don'y Stop the Music" was written by Tawanna Dabney and Michael Jackson with producers StarGate. The song also samples "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" by Michael Jackson.

= = = Nick Carter = = =
Nickolas Gene Carter (born January 28, 1980) is an American actor, musician, and pop singer. He is a member of the music group the Backstreet Boys. In 2002, he released his first solo album called "Now or Never", the album reached #17 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified gold.

= = = Howie Dorough = = =
Howard Dwaine Dorough (born August 22, 1973), also known as Howie D, is an American singer. He is a member of the boy band Backstreet Boys. As one of the five singers of the Backstreet Boys, Dorough is notable for his high falsetto. As a Backstreet Boy, he has sold over 130 million albums.
On August 16, 2007, Dorough announced his engagement to long-time girlfriend, Leigh Boniello. He asked her to marry him on New Year's Day of that year. The two were married on December 8, 2007. They have one son, James, born in 2009.

= = = A. J. McLean = = =
Alexander James McLean (born January 9, 1978) is an American singer and member of the singing group Backstreet Boys.
In December 2003, McLean and his mother appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to talk about his recovery from clinical depression, alcoholism, and drug use.
In 2008, McLean performed two solo shows at the Anaheim House of Blues and The Roxy in Los Angeles. The show consisted of his solo material and a solo version of the Backstreet Boys hit, "Incomplete".

= = = Brian Littrell = = =
Brian Thomas Littrell (born February 20, 1975) is an American singer. He is best known as a member of the Backstreet Boys. He is also a contemporary Christian recording artist, and released a solo album, "Welcome Home (You)", in 2006.
In the summer of 2005, Littrell solo single "In Christ Alone" went to #1 on the Christian Charts on July 4th. Littrell was the winner of the 2006 GMA Music Award for Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year, "In Christ Alone," which won both the 1993 award in this category (when recorded by Michael English) and the 1994 Song of the Year at the GMA Music Awards. Brian's first solo album, "Welcome Home (You)" was released on May 2, 2006. As with the Backstreet Boys albums, is a Sony BMG release.
Littrell and his wife Leighanne Littrell have one son together, Baylee Thomas Wylee Littrell, who was born in November 26, 2002.

= = = Kevin Richardson = = =
Kevin Scott Richardson (born October 3, 1971) is an American singer. He is a member of the Backstreet Boys. In 2002, he played the role of "Billy Flynn" in the Broadway production of "Chicago". He also performed this role in London's West End and in Toronto from November 2006 – December 2006.
In June 2006, Richardson left the Backstreet Boys. He wanted to "move on with the next chapter of [his] life."In the next chapter of his life he spent the summer drawing fodder beet. He also drew home a few loads of turf in a little car trailer to have for the winter. Kevin and wife Kristin (née Willits) had a son named Mason on July 3, 2007.
In April 2012, Richardson officially rejoined the group.

= = = Spanish conquest of Yucatán = = =
The Spanish Conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish "conquistadores" against the Late Postclassic Maya states. This part of the conquest and colonization of the Americas began in the early 16th century, but it took more time than the similar campaigns against the Aztec and Inca Empires. It was about 170 years later before the last Maya stronghold fell, that of the Itza capital of Tayasal on Lake Petén Itzá, in 1697. But except for the Petén region and the Guatemalan highlands, the Spanish had control over Yucatán itself already by 1546. 
Unlike the campaigns against the Aztec and Inca states, the Maya had no single political center. Therefore the Spanish had to fight city by city to break resistance by the indigenous peoples. 
In the beginning the "conquistadores" were mainly interested to get as much gold and silver as possible. Because the Maya lands were poor in this respect, they were not very interesting for the Spanish at that stage. But when land workers became important for the colonies, the Spanish turned to the Maya region. That was around the 1520s.

= = = Becquerel = = =
The becquerel (symbol Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity, defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second.
A petabecquerel is 1015 times a becquerel, formula_1 s-1, s for second, dimensionally is it second minus one, i.e. inverse seconds.
The unit is named in honor of Henri Becquerel. 

= = = Popol Vuh = = =
The Popol Vuh ("K'iche" for "Council Book" or "Book of the Community"; "Popol Wu'uj" in modern spelling) is a book written in the Classical Quiché language. It contains mythological stories and a genealogy of the rulers of the Post-Classic Quiché Maya kingdom of highland Guatemala.
The book contains a creation myth followed by mythological stories of two Hero Twins: Hunahpu (Modern K'iche': "Junajpu") and Xbalanque (Modern K'iche': "Xb‘alanke"). The second part of the book deals with details of the foundation and history of the Quiché kingdom.
The book is written in the Latin alphabet, but it is thought to have been based on an original Maya codex. The original manuscript which was written around 1550 has been lost, but a copy of another handwritten copy in the early 18th century exists today in Chicago.
The significance of the book is enormous since it is one of a small number of early Mesoamerican mythological texts — it is often considered the single most important piece of Mesoamerican literature.
Contents.
Summary.
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Creation Myth.
The book begins with the creation myth of the K'ichee' Maya, which credits the creation of humans to the three water-dwelling feathered serpents:
and to the three other deities, collectively called "Heart of heaven":
who together attempted to create human beings to keep him company.
Their first attempts proved unsuccessful. They attempted to make man of mud, but man could neither move nor speak. After destroying the mud men, they tried again by creating wooden creatures that could speak but had no soul or blood and quickly forgot him. Angered over the flaws in his creation, they destroyed them by tearing them apart. In their final attempt, the “True People” were constructed with maize. The following is an excerpt of this myth:
Today.
The Popol Vuh continues to be an important part in the belief system of many Quiché.
Excerpt.
Here are the opening lines of the book, in modernized spelling and punctuation (from Sam Colop's edition):
Here is the opening of the creation story:

= = = Popol Vuh (disambiguation) = = =
Popol Vuh (Quiché for "Council Book" or "Book of the Community"; Popol Wuj in modern spelling) is the book of scripture of the Quiché, a kingdom of the post classic Maya civilization in highland Guatemala.
"Popol Vuh" may also refer to:
Music

= = = North Berwick = = =
North Berwick is a town in East Lothian, Scotland. It is known for its beaches, harbour and golf courses.
The town is close to Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland.

= = = Jean-Luc Picard = = =
Jean-Luc Picard is a "" character. Patrick Stewart played him. He was the captain of the USS Enterprise-D, and later of the USS Enterprise-E. He was born in la Barre, France, on Earth. He had a brother, named Robert Picard. Jean-Luc was proud of being French.
As a character, Picard is very similar to James T. Kirk, albeit slightly older. While Picard is understood to be French, Kirk is of Irish heritage.
Both require equal discipline of their crews, but are also fair toward them. Both are ready to sacrifice themselves for their crews when need be. Their encounter in the movie "Star Trek – Generations" gave the surviving Picard a great deal of newfound strength to carry on his demanding mission.
Picard was also known as Locutus of the Borg in the episodes "Best of Both Worlds" 1 and 2.

= = = McCune–Reischauer = = =
McCune-Reischauer romanization (Maek'yun-Raisyawŏ P'yogibŏp) is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. Another variant of McCune-Reischauer is used as the official system in North Korea.

= = = Revised Romanization of Korean = = =
The Revised Romanization of Korean is what South Korea uses to turn their writing system into the Roman alphabet. It is meant to replace the McCune–Reischauer system.
Vowel letters.
These are what the vowels of the Revised Romanization of Korean look like.

= = = Lake Annecy = = =
Lake Annecy ("Lac d'Annecy" in French) is a lake in the Haute-Savoie area of France. It is the second biggest lake in France.

= = = Haute-Savoie = = =
Haute-Savoie is a département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France, bordering Switzerland and Italy.
Name.
Before 1860, the territory of the modern Haute-Savoie and Savoie departments had been part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, as a Duchy, since 1713. Annexation of the region by France was made in 1860. In that year, the Emperor Napoléon III divided the territory in two departments: "Savoie", to the south, with the city of Chambéry, and "Haute-Savoie", to the north, with the city of Annecy.
"Haute" ("High") in the name Haute-Savoie is not because of the altitude but because of its position, to the north, in the territory.
History.
The department of Haute-Savoie was created in 1860 from the northern part of the Duchy of Sardinia with four "arrondissements": Annecy, Bonneville, Saint-Julien and Thonon. The capital was Annecy.
On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Julien was eliminated but became again an arrondissement in 1933.
During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy, from November 1942 to September 1943.
Geography.
The Haute-Savoie is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of .
The department borders with the Ain and Savoie departments, both in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and with Switzerland and Italy.
In the territory of the department is a part of the "Mont Bl"der with Italy. The average altitude of the department is of about . The highest point in the department is "Mont Blanc" (; it is high, the highest point of France, Italy and of Western Europe.
The Haute-Savoie department is within the watershed of the Rhône river but with short rivers. There are two important lakes in the department: the Lake Geneva, shared with Switzerland, and the Lake Annecy.
Climate.
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Annecy is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
Administration.
Haute-Savoie is managed by the "Departmental"
"of Haute-Savoie" in Annecy. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Administrative divisions.
There are 4 "arrondissements" (districts), 17 "cantons" and 281 "communes" (municipalities) in Haute-Savoie.
The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Haute-Savoie department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Demographics.
The inhabitants of Haute-Savoie are known, in French, as "Haut-Savoyards" (women: "Haut-Savoyardes").
Haute-Savoie had a population, in 2014, of 783,127, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The "arrondissement" of Annecy, with 276,382 inhabitants, is the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in Haute-Savoie
The "communes" in the department with more inhabitants are:

= = = Chartres Cathedral = = =
Chartres Cathedral (, "Our Lady of Chartres") is a cathedral. It is in Chartres, about 80 km south of Paris. It is built in the Gothic style. Together with Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral it is considered to be one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture (for churches) in France.
A church was inaugurated at the spot by Charles the Bald in the year 864. The cathedral as it stands now was built from 1194 to 1260. It was made a basilica minor in 1908. In 1964 it was made an World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

= = = Lough Neagh = = =
Lough Neagh is a lake in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It is the biggest lake in Ireland and it is also the biggest lake in the United Kingdom. It is the only lake on the islands that a person cannot see the other side.
Folklore.
In Irish mythology a giant called Fionn mac Cumhaill (finn mick cool) was fighting with a Scottish giant and he picked up a big stone to throw at the Scottish giant but he missed. The stone landed half way between Ulster and Wales and it became an island known as the Isle of Man. The hole in the ground where stone stone had been, filled up with water and became Lough Neagh.

= = = Intel Core 2 = = =
Intel Core 2 is a group of microprocessors created to replace Intel's previous Core brand. The group includes the single-core "Core 2 Solo", dual-core (2 cores) "Core 2 Duo", and quad-core (4 cores) "Core 2 Quad" microprocessors. Microprocessors with the name "Extreme" following the brand name, such as Core 2 Extreme, are higher in cost, and perform better than the others. The Extreme versions also come in dual-core and quad-core versions.
Processor Cores.
The processors with names ending in "XE" are the "Extreme" versions. 

= = = Deanna Troi = = =
Deanna Troi is a "" character. Actress Marina Sirtis played the character on the television series and several movies. 
Troi served as the ship's counselor. She is half-human and half-Betazoid. She can sense how others feel. 
She was born on March 29, 2336 on the planet Betazed. She had an older sister, called Kestra. She attended Starfleet Academy between 2355 to 2359. 
She also attended the University on Betazed were she studied psychology.

= = = Soulcalibur = = =
Soulcalibur, known in Japan as (�������ー Sourukyaribā), is a fighting video game made by Namco for the Arcades and the Dreamcast video game console.

= = = Disney's Aladdin Junior = = =
Disney's Aladdin Junior ("Aladdin Jr.") is a musical. It is based on the 1992 Disney animated movie, "Aladdin". The music was written by Alan Menken. The lyrics were written by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice. The musical is written to be performed by child actors. It is one of the musicals in the Broadway Junior series by Music Theatre International.

= = = Polynomial = = =
In mathematics, a polynomial is a kind of mathematical expression. It is a sum of several mathematical terms called monomials. That is, a number, a variable, or a product of a number and several variables. When an algebraic expression contains letters mixed with numbers and arithmetic, like formula_1, there is a good chance that it is a polynomial. Polynomials are taught in algebra, which is a gateway course to all technical subjects. Mathematicians, scientists and engineers all use polynomials to solve problems.
In algebra, when letters, numbers, and arithmetic symbols occur together, the understanding is that the letters stand for variables, which are either symbols of their own, numbers not yet known, or numbers that change during the course of the problem (such as time). A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the only arithmetic is addition, subtraction, multiplication and whole number exponentiation. If harder operations are used, such as division or square roots, then this algebraic expression is not a polynomial. Polynomials are often easier to use than other algebraic expressions.
Polynomials are often used to form polynomial equations, such as the equation formula_2, or polynomial functions, such as formula_3.
Terminology.
Given a series of formula_4 numbers formula_5, a polynomial of variable formula_6 generally takes the form formula_7. The parts of a polynomial separated by plus (or minus) signs are called "terms", and the signs are themselves part of the term. 
Thus, in the polynomial "formula_1", the terms are:
If a polynomial has only one term, it is called a "monomial". Monomial are also the building blocks of polynomials. For example, formula_21 is a monomial. 
In a term, the multiplier out in front is called a "coefficient". The letter is called an "unknown" or a "variable", and the raised number after the letter is called an exponent. On a calculator and some computers, instead of putting an exponent above and to the right of the variable, the symbol ^ is used, so that the monomial above could be written as formula_22^formula_23.
A polynomial with exactly two terms is called a "binomial". A polynomial with exactly three terms is called a "trinomial". Within a term:

= = = Unknown (mathematics) = = =
In mathematics, an unknown is a number that is not known. Unknown numbers are commonly used in algebra, where they are also known as variables . They are represented by symbols such as formula_1, formula_2 and formula_3.
In science, an unknown value is represented by a letter in the Roman or Greek alphabet. They are used most often in physics, where equations are used to describe the relationship between physical properties. For example, in the equation formula_4, the letter "formula_5" represents an unknown (in this case, mass), and the letter "formula_6" also represents an unknown (in this case the amount of energy). If we know the value of all but one of the unknowns, then we would be able to easily find out the value of the last unknown—by "solving" the equation in terms of that last unknown.
When letters in science are used this way, not all of them represent unknowns. Some of them might be physical constants, which are values that are known to be the same and do not change. In the example above, "formula_7" represents a known quantity, the speed of light, which is about 186 thousand miles per second. And because "formula_7" is so large, the formula formula_4 tells a person who understands algebra that in an atomic reaction, a small amount of mass can produce a very large amount of energy.

= = = Agnieszka Włodarczyk = = =
Agnieszka Włodarczyk (born 13 December 1980 in Sławno) is a Polish actress and singer, who won the Polish version of "Soapstar Superstar" ("Jak oni śpiewają") in 2007. She first rose to fame for her role as Agnieszka in the Polish sitcom "13 Posterunek", which was directed by Maciej Slesicki. In addition to series, she has also appeared in a number of other famous Polish sitcoms and movies, including "Świat według Kiepskich", "Nastroje" and in Waldemar Dziki's movie "Pierwszy Milion" (2000r.). In the TV series "Zostac Miss", she plays a student of philosophy, and in "Plebania" she plays Wiki, the sister of a vicar. In 2002, she had a role in Olaf Lubaszenko's comedy "E=MC2". Since 2003, she has had a role in the series “Czego sie boją faceci, czyli seks w mniejszym miescie”. In 2004, she took part in "Nigdy w Życiu!" as Jola. She also performed in the series "Dziki" (2004r.) and in its sequel "Dziki 2. Pojedynek" (2005r.). She has recently signed a contract with the Polish publishing-house My Music.

= = = The Last of the Clan McDuck = = =
The Last of the Clan McDuck is a comic about Scrooge McDuck. It is the first chapter of "The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck". The story is set from 1877 to 1880 when Scrooge is a child. At his 10th birthday, Scrooge goes with his father, Fergus, to visit the McDuck family castle. Fergus tells him the history of Clan McDuck.

= = = The Master of the Mississippi = = =
"The Master of the Mississippi" is the second chapter of "The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck".
Plot.
Scrooge comes to America. Here he begins to work on his uncle Pothole McDuck's boat. Scrooge has his first adventure with the Beagle Boys finding a lost treasure. The Beagles are arrested by the police and Scrooge buys his uncle's boat. The Beagles then escape and destroy Scrooge's boat.

= = = The Richest Duck in the World = = =
"The Richest Duck in the World" is the last chapter of "The life and times of Scrooge McDuck".
Plot.
The chapter began like the movie "Citizen Kane": opened at a huge dark mansion here somebody sit down on a chair say a word. At a street, Donald Duck and his nephews are watching TV: Scrooge is retired and lives in Manor McDuck, closed his empire. At Scrooge's mansion, Scrooge is irrited when Donald says that he spent most of his fortune into luxuries. To prove that he be wrong, Scrooge brings them up to Money Bin shows where his vault full of money. The Beagles try to steal the fortune but Scrooge and the boys pursuing us down the street and catch them. Scrooge decides to return to work and he vai begin to sell his mansion.

= = = Online pharmacy = = =
An online pharmacy is a pharmacy that operates on the Internet to sell medications to consumers. There are online pharmacies in many countries of the world—from India, the U.S., Germany, the UK—and many other nations that sell to consumers in their own countries and often to consumers worldwide.
Depending on its location and local regulations, an online pharmacy may or may not require prescriptions to purchase prescription medications.
Prices at a given online pharmacy can vary from one city or country to another. Typically, drug prices at online pharmacies located in countries with drug price controls in place (i.e., India, UK, Germany, South Africa) will have more affordable costs. In contrast, costs at pharmacies in countries where there are no drug price controls (i.e., U.S.) will usually be much higher. Especially for consumers seeking low-priced medications, it can be very worthwhile to compare prices at various online pharmacies. Prices can vary as much as 80 percent or more for one medication from one country to another.

= = = Juan Egenau = = =
Juan Egenau Moore (24 February 1927 – 22 April 1987) was a Chilean sculptor.
Egenau first worked in enamel and in engraving on metal.
While studying casting on a Fulbright scholarship in 1968 at the Rhode Island School of Design in Providence, Rhode Island, he developed a way of modelling for sand-casting in aluminium.

= = = Foramen magnum = = =
The foramen magnum is one of several holes in the base of the skull. Normally the spinal cord is attached to it.
The Foramen Magnum is the largest aperture in the primate body. This hole is located in the base of the human skull as part of the occipital bone, back of the monkey skull and in between those locations for apes. It is directly correlated with locomotion ( Humans are bipedal, monkeys quadrupedal and apes are knuckle walkers. )

= = = Bipedalism = = =
Bipedalism is a form of movement on the ground. Some tetrapods have evolved the ability to move on two limbs. Those that do, use their rear limbs. Some animals move on two limbs all the time, they are called "habitual bipeds". "Optional bipeds" can move on two or four legs.
Early quadruped animals used all four limbs for locomotion but many later ones are bipedal. The earliest dinosaurs were bipedal but millions of years later some reverted and became quadrupeds. Birds are descendants of bipedal dinosaurs, and are bipeds themselves. Their forelimbs have become wings. 
Some optional bipeds stand on two legs to drive away competitors and predators, to see farther, or as body language. Their locomotion is on four limbs. 

= = = Taung Child = = =
The Taung Child is a fossil of a skull. The skull also has an imprint of the brain. It belongs to an "Australopithecus africanus". It was discovered in 1924 by a quarryman working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, looked at the fossil, and saw its importance. Dart published his account in the journal "Nature" in 1925, describing it as a new species. 
British anthropologists at the time believed in the Piltdown Man. This hoax had a large brain and ape-like teeth – the exact opposite of the Taung Child – so Dart's finding was not appreciated for decades.
Description.
The fossil consists of most of the skull, face and mandible with teeth. It also has a natural endocast (imprint) of the braincase. It is about 2.5 million years old.
Taung Child is believed to have been about three years old at the time of its death. It was a creature standing 3' 6" (105 cm) at approximately 20-24 pounds. Taung Child had a cranial capacity of 340 cc, living mainly in a savanna habitat. Examinations of Taung Child compared to that of an equivalent 9-year-old child suggest that "A. africanus" had a growth rate to adolescence which is about the same as that found in modern apes like chimpanzees rather than that of modern "Homo sapiens". However, later species such as "Homo ergaster"/"Homo erectus" went through growth at rates between modern humans and apes. The evidence has mostly been based on that of Turkana boy discovered in 1984.
In early 2006 it was announced that the Taung Child was likely killed by an eagle (or similar large predatory bird). This conclusion was reached by noting similarities in the damage to the skull and eye sockets of the Taung Child to the skulls of primates known to have been killed by modern eagles.
The left hand side of the endocast of the Taung child is covered in beautiful calcium carbonate crystals.
History.
Its significance lies in the fact that this was the first of the fossils which had been found in the twenties and thirties to provide evidence that humans indeed have a 'natural history' all of their own – just as Darwin had predicted. 
The skull is now in repository at the University of Witwatersrand.

= = = Dennis Rodman = = =
Dennis Keith Rodman (born May 13, 1961) played basketball in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1986 to 2000. He won two championships with the Detroit Pistons and three more with the Chicago Bulls. Even though he was only 6'7" tall, many people think he was the best rebounder in NBA history. He led the NBA in rebounding for a record seven straight seasons. Only Wilt Chamberlain led the NBA in rebounding for more total seasons in a career. Rodman has the highest rebound rate since the statistic began in 1970-71. Although Rodman began his career as a bench player, he holds the highest rebounds per game average since offensive and defensive rebounds began in 1973-74. When he became a full-time starter, Rodman often got more rebounds than the other team's starting players got combined. He could predict where missed shots would go and knew how to tip the ball to himself for a rebound. Rodman watched film of player's shots to become a better rebounder. Rodman is also known as one of the greatest defensive players of all time, and not just for his defensive rebounds, but his hustle defense. During his time with the Detroit Pistons, Rodman was considered by many to be the best defensive basketball player in the world (Hakeem Olajuwon was the other main contender for the title), as highlighted by his back-to-back NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 1990 and 1991.
Rodman was famous for dyeing his hair different colors and having many tattoos and body piercings, which he began to have after being traded by the Detroit Pistons. He has been in a few movies and television programs.
His nicknames are Worm (later called The Worm), Dennis the Menace, D-Rod, Rodzilla (which he named himself towards the end of the Bulls championship dynasty), Demolition Man, and El Loco (given to him by Spanish-language announcers, which translates as "The Madman").

= = = Coconut water = = =
Coconut water is the liquid inside young coconuts. Coconut water is a popular drink in tropical islands especially in tropical Asia, Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean. It is packaged and sold. It is sometimes sold as a sports drink, but not everyone agrees that it should be called a sports drink. Coconuts hold the most water when they are young and green. Coconuts in different parts of the world do not taste the same. Pakistani Coconuts are salty, and Brazilian Coconuts have sweeter water. The water inside dark brown rotted coconuts is bitter.

= = = Ralph Ellison = = =
Ralph Waldo Ellison (March 1, 1913–April 16, 1994) was an African-American writer. He was born in Oklahoma and studied at the Tuskegee Institute. 
Ellison is most famous for writing "Invisible Man", a novel about racism and African American identity. The narrator of the book calls himself an invisible man because people refuse to see him for who he really is. "Invisible Man" won a National Book Award and is still read today by many students and scholars. 
Besides "Invisible Man", Ellison wrote many essays. He was very interested in music, especially jazz. He started a second novel, called "Juneteenth", but never finished it. 

= = = Federal government of the United States = = =
The federal government of the United States has three branches of government: the legislature, executive, and judiciary, as established in the United States Constitution. 
When the Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution, they wanted to make sure that their new government would not have any of the problems that the colonial British government did. For example, they did not want there to be any person in the government who had complete power and could do whatever he wanted, like a king. They also did not want any part of the government to get so powerful that nobody could control it. Because of this, they split the government's power into three different branches. Each branch has ways of balancing out the power of another branch if it gets too powerful. This is called the system of checks and balances.
Executive branch.
The executive branch is the part of the government that enforces the law. Members of the U.S. Electoral College elect a President, who is the leader of the executive branch. The President is also the leader of the Armed Forces.
The President cannot make laws. This is a "check" on the President's power, so he cannot make laws to give himself more power. However, when the Legislative branch passes a law, the President can decide whether or not to veto the law. In this way, the President can "check" the power of the Legislature.
The President may also make "executive orders" to make sure that people follow the law. One famous executive order was President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Another was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's order to send 1,200 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division to allow the Little Rock Nine into a school that refused to admit African American students.
The President is in charge of many departments that control much of the day-to-day business of government. For example, the Department of Commerce makes rules about trade and business. The President chooses the heads of these departments, and also nominates judges at the federal (nation-wide) level. However, the United States Senate, part of the legislative branch, must agree with all of the people the President chooses. This is another check on the President's power, so he cannot just fill these departments and courts with people that will always agree with him.
The President may serve two 4-year terms, making 8 years in all. The purpose of this rule is to prevent a person from staying President for his whole life, like a king. In special times, the President could serve more than this, but the Constitution does not allow them to be President for more than 10 years.
Judicial branch.
The Judiciary branch is made up of federal courts: the United States Supreme Court; 13 appellate (appeals) courts, and 94 district courts, as well as some other special courts. The Judicial branch interprets the laws. This means that if there is a question about what a law means, or whether something is illegal, these courts decide.
The duties of the judicial branch include:
Most cases brought before the Supreme Court are appeals that have been tried in the district or appellate courts, but the Supreme Court does not have to accept a case. Once a decision has been made by the Supreme Court, that is the final decision. Only another Supreme Court decision, in another case, can change it.
Of the nine Supreme Court justices (judges), one is selected to be the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice assigns justices to write the Court's opinions and decisions.
Cases normally go through trial with a judge, and sometimes a jury, in the District Courts. If a Defendant thinks that their rights were violated, or denied to them, during trial, then they can appeal to a Court of Appeals. These court hearings are decided on by a group of three judges, with no jury.
Legislative branch.
The legislative branch is the part of the government that makes laws. The legislative branch is called Congress. Congress is divided into two "houses."
House of Representatives.
One house is the United States House of Representatives (often just called "The House"). The House of Representatives is made up of Representatives (also called Congressmen). They are each elected by voters from their own state. Each state has a different number of Representatives. The number depends on how many people live in the state. The more people a state has, the more representatives it gets. Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau does a census, or count, of the population of the United States. States may gain or lose Representatives if the Census shows that the state's population has changed. As of 2016, there are 435 Representatives in the House.
Representatives serve two-year terms. The leader of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House, who is also the person who would become president if the President and Vice President were unable.
Every state also has its own state House of Representatives. This should not be confused with the United States House of Representatives. Each state's House of Representatives only deals with issues that affect that state. The United States House of Representatives deals with issues that affect the whole country.
United States Senate.
The other house is the United States Senate. In the Senate, each state is represented equally, by two Senators. Because there are 50 states, there are 100 senators. Before the President makes treaties or hires officials, the Senate must approve them.
Senators serve six-year terms. The Vice President of the United States serves as president of the Senate, but may only vote on something to break a tie vote. The Vice President is usually absent from the Senate, and a Senator is selected to serve as president pro tempore, or temporary president, of the Senate.
Each state also has its own state Senate. Like with the House, this should not be confused with the United States Senate, which deals with federal issues.
How laws are made.
Representatives and Senators suggest laws, called "bills", in their separate houses. A bill may be voted upon by the entire house right away, or may first go to a small group of members of that house, known as a committee, which may recommend a bill for a vote by the whole house. If one house votes to pass a bill, the bill then gets sent to the other house. if both houses vote for it, it is then sent to the President. The President may sign the bill, ignore it, or veto it. If the President signs or ignores the bill, it becomes a federal law. If the President vetoes the bill, it is sent back to Congress. If Congress votes again and at least two-thirds of Congress votes for the bill, it becomes law. The President cannot veto it again. This is another check on the President's power.
Under the American system of federalism, Congress may not make laws that directly control the states. Instead, Congress may use the promise of federal funds or special situations, such as national emergencies, to encourage the states to follow federal law. This system is both complex and unique.
Related pages.
Executive branch:
Judicial branch:
Legislative branch:
The whole federal government is based on:

= = = Draco Malfoy = = =
Draco Ferret Malfoy is a fictional character from the "Harry Potter" series written by J. K. Rowling. Malfoy is an antagonist, a Slytherin student in Harry Potter's year and Harry's main rival in school. In the "Harry Potter" movies, he is played by Thomas Felton.
Appearance.
The fictional Draco Malfoy is described as having a pale, pointed face, sleek white-blond hair and light icy gray eyes that seem cold.
Character.
Draco Malfoy is depicted as a manipulative villain, exhibiting cunning use of magic and an ambitious attitude to get what he wants in the stories. 
Family.
Draco Malfoy is the only child of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy, a member of the Black family, whose cousin is Harry Potter's godfather. Draco’s family was “one of the first to come back to the good side after the Wizarding War ended and Voldemort was defeated.” In a stage play towards the end of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2," Malfoy married Astoria Greengrass, a fellow housemate and had an only child, Scorpius Malfoy, who is identical to Draco. Astoria later died from blood malediction in 2017, which leaves Draco devastated.
Story.
Draco Malfoy's father taught Draco Malfoy to bully Harry and his friends Ron, Hermione and Neville Longbottom. In the second book, he mocks Hermione by calling her "Mudblood", insulting her for her Muggle origins. In the sixth book of the Harry Potter series, Draco becomes a Death Eater, thinking it will make his father proud. But, he realizes his mistake and when asked by Voldemort to murder Professor Dumbledore, he is unable to do so. Severus Snape commits the murder after he took the unbreakable vow to protect Malfoy. With Dumbledore's death, Malfoy becomes the master of the powerful Elder Wand. He disarms Dumbledore and he is later disarmed by Harry Potter. 

= = = PCLinuxOS = = =
PCLinuxOS is a Linux operating system. It is a free operating system for personal computers. It was made to be easy to use.
History.
The start of PCLinuxOS was a set of RPM packages created to improve successive versions of Mandrake Linux (now Mandriva Linux). These packages were created by Bill Reynolds, a packager better known as "Texstar". From the year 2000 to 2003, Texstar maintained his repository of RPM packages in parallel with the PCLinuxOnline Web site. In an interview, Reynolds said he started PCLinuxOS "to provide an outlet for [his] crazy desire to package source code without having to deal with egos, arrogance and politics."
In 2003 Texstar created a fork of Mandrake Linux 9.2 (which was released in October 2003). Working closely with The Live CD Project, Texstar has since developed that fork independently into a full-fledged distribution. The initial releases were successively numbered as "previews" i.e. p5, p7, p8 up to p81a, then p9, p91, p92.
In August 2006 three new CDs/ISOs, numbered 0.93a, were released: "MiniMe", "Junior" and "Big Daddy". At the same time, the original packages that make up the KDE desktop environment were split into smaller ones, while some less essential portions of KDE were not on the CD. As a result, Texstar was able to fit the OpenOffice.org package into the BigDaddy release. MiniMe remains a minimal "Live & Install" CD for experienced users wishing to add their own selection of packages, while Junior adds a few essential desktop-oriented packages, meeting the user somewhere between the two other releases. PCLinuxOS 2008 "MiniMe" edition, was released on 2008-01-07.
With the advent of PCLinuxOS 2007, also known as .94, PCLinuxOS became rebased on Mandriva Linux 2007. This implied a shift to a more modern code which would require a complete reinstall to this version. The new version features a new look, and built-in 3D effects. Both Beryl and Compiz come pre-installed, and can be configured with the PCLOS Control Center. A new logo was designed for the new version, and is incorporated in the boot screen. A new login screen has been designed, entitled "Dark". PCLinuxOS 2007 final version was released on 2007-05-21.
GNOME edition.
PCLinuxOS Gnome 2008, a remastered, community edition of PCLinuxOS featuring the GNOME 2.21.2 desktop (and sporting a look similar to Microsoft's Windows Vista), was released on March 21, 2008, and is currently hosted at linuxgator.org .
Features.
PCLinuxOS is distributed as a Live CD, which can also be installed to a local hard disk drive. When used as a Live CD, it can work with a USB flash drive, where the user's configuration and personal data are saved. The entire CD can be copied to and run from memory (if the system has sufficient RAM) increasing speed. PCLinuxOS uses the Advanced Packaging Tool (or APT), a package management system (originally from the Debian distribution), together with Synaptic Package Manager, a GUI front end to APT, in order to add, remove or update packages. If there is enough memory on the machine and a network connection, the Live CD can update packages. PCLinuxOS is also designed to be easy to remaster after installation, creating a personalized CD, using the mklivecd tool.
Relationship with Mandriva Linux.
Although it retains a similar "look and feel" to Mandriva Linux, PCLinuxOS has changed significantly. The code was officially forked into an independent project in 2003, but after three years of contiguous development, the devs took advantage of further development in (the renamed) Mandriva, and forked the code again for PCLinuxOS 2007.
PCLinuxOS maintains its own software repository, available via the Advanced Packaging Tool and its Synaptic front-end, completely replacing Mandriva's urpmi. PCLinuxOS endeavors to maintain a fully valid upgrade path for version 1.0. This means that an installation could be continuously updated to the latest versions of packages, without the need to re-install the entire distribution upon each successive release. In the test releases before 1.0, it has sometimes been necessary to perform a reinstallation.
Other differences include its own menu arrangement and custom graphics and icon sets.
PCLinuxOS places specific emphasis on desktop computing, concentrating its efforts for home or small business environments, hence paying less attention to other more "traditional" uses, like servers (although packages for most server tasks are available).
Projects.
There are several community projects associated with PCLinuxOS. Since PCLOS includes the mklivecd script, there are several third-party distributions based on PCLOS. Some include: 
The PCLinuxOS Magazine project is a community driven free publication focused on the users of PCLinuxOS by MyPCLinuxOS.com. This online publication was started in September 2006 by a group of PCLOS users with some publication experience. All content for the publication is solicited from the PCLOS user base.
The PCLinuxOS beautification project encourages and hosts user submitted media for visual aspects of PCLinuxos.
All the above projects are tracked and have forums on the larger MyPCLinuxOS , whose stated purpose is to be "the home site of all community projects related to PCLinuxOS", and offers help and support "whether you're looking to start a project,[or] join a project"

= = = Nutrition = = =
Nutrition provides the cells of an organism with food, in a form they can use. Organisms need food to be able to keep their bodies working properly. They also need food to be able to do certain things. Malnutrition can happen when a person does not eat the right amount of nutrients. They can get better by changing their diet to have the right amount of the various nutrients.
Different organisms have different food requirements, and they eat different things in order to meet those requirements. Animals that do not eat meat, for example, will have to get certain nutrients like protein from other foods.
A nutrition expert is called a dietician. Nutritionists are different because they do not need the government to recognize them as experts. Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist.
The six main types of nutrient are carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. A macronutrient is a nutrient that needs to be eaten a lot. A micronutrient, such as a vitamin, is needed in smaller amounts, but it is still important. Carbohydrates are not needed by the body but most people eat a lot of them. Complex carbohydrates are more nutritious than simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are found in vegetables while simple carbohydrates are found in processed foods. They take longer to digest because they have more fiber. Because they stay in the stomach for longer they leave the person who has eaten them feeling fuller for longer. Protein is needed for building cells. It is found in milk, meat, fish, beans, eggs and other foods like quinoa. Protein is made of amino acids.
Fat is found naturally in some foods. People often eat it in processed foods such as cakes and chocolate. It is high in energy. Omega 3 and omega 6 fats are needed by the body. There are saturated fats and unsaturated fats. It is recommended that people avoid the saturated type. It has been linked with heart disease. Trans fats is also a fat people should avoid. A lot of people think that fat is bad in general, but it is still controversial. People are also advised not to eat too much sugar or salt.
Most people eat three meals a day. Eating every few hours keeps blood sugar stable. Some foods are good for us and some foods are bad.

= = = Lei (Hawaii) = = =
A lei is a flower necklace from Hawaii. The flower used most is the hibiscus or the orchid. May First is called "Lei Day" in Hawaii.

= = = Orchid = = =
The orchids are a large family of flowering plants, the Orchidaceae. They are herbaceous monocots.
There are between 22,000 and 26,000 species in 880 genera. They make up between 6 and 11% of all seed plants. Orchids can be found in almost every country in the world except for Antarctica.
People have grown orchids for a number of years. They grow orchids for show, for science, or for food (for example, vanilla).
Some orchids have very special ways of pollination. For example, the Lady's Slipper can trap insects and make them pollinate the flower. Another instance is the Austrian orchid, which grows underground and is pollinated by ants.
Many orchids are myco-heterotrophs, meaning their roots need fungi to break down organic material for them to absorb.
Distribution.
Colombia and Ecuador have many different species. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest has over 1500 species. Other places with great variety are the mountains in the southern Himalayas in India and China. The mountains of Central America and southeastern Africa also have various species, especially on the island of Madagascar.
Ecuador has 3459 species, the greatest number recorded. After Ecuador is Colombia, which has 2723.[2] Following Colombia are New Guinea (2717 species) and Brazil (2590 species).
In warm places where there is much grass, or in places where there is dry savanna and rocky fields, orchids grow in the ground. They have firm underground roots and sometimes have tubers to help protect themselves against cold or snow. The tubers also help protect them against long droughts or fires. The cold would freeze the roots if they were not protected to store the nutrients they need for blooming in the spring.
It is thought that some species are becoming extinct in the wild. This is mainly because people cut down forests for agriculture.
Reproduction.
Pollination.
The complex cross-pollination mechanisms were described by Charles Darwin in his 1862 book, "The Fertilization of Orchids". Orchids have developed special pollination systems. The chances of being pollinated are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods, and most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass. Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of ovules can be fertilized. "Catasetum", a genus discussed briefly by Darwin, actually launches its sticky pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a seta (hair), knocking the pollinator off the flower.
Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and color of the flower. The flowers may produce attractive odors. In some extremely specialized orchids, such as the Eurasian genus "Ophrys", the labellum is adapted to have a color, shape, and odour that attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.
Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male orchid bees, which visit the flowers to gather the volatile chemicals they require to synthesize pheromonal attractants. Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination. After pollination, the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary.
An underground orchid in Australia, "Rhizanthella slateri", is never exposed to light and depends on ants and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it.
Some orchids mainly or totally rely on self-pollination, especially in colder regions where pollinators are rare.
Fruits and seeds.
The ovary typically develops into a capsule that splits along three or six longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends. The ripening of a capsule can take two to 18 months.
The seeds are extremely small and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule. After ripening, they blow off like dust particles or spores. They lack the food reserve called endosperm, so must have symbiosis with fungi to get nutrients to germinate. All orchid species rely on fungi to complete their lifecycles. As the chance for a seed to meet a fitting fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into adult plants.
In cultivation, germination typically takes weeks. Horticultural techniques have been devised for germinating seeds on a nutrient-containing gel, so they do not need the fungus for germination.
The main component for the sowing of orchids in artificial conditions is agar. The substance is put together with some type of carbohydrate (actually, some kind of glucose) which provides qualitative organic feed. Such substance may be banana, pineapple, peach or even tomato puree or coconut milk. After the "cooking" of the agar agar (it has to be cooked in sterile conditions), the mix is poured into test tubes or jars where the substance begins to gel.

= = = Lei = = =
Lei could mean:
LEI could mean:
LEIS might mean:

= = = Steve Buscemi = = =
Steven Vincent Buscemi (born December 13, 1957) is an American actor, director, producer, writer and former firefighter. He is best known for his roles as Mr. Pink in "Reservoir Dogs", Carl Showalter in "Fargo", and Seymour in "Ghost World". With a long career, he has worked in several movies and television shows like "The Sopranos" and "The Simpsons". He was married to Jo Andres from 1987 until her death in 2019. They have a son, Lucian Buscemi.

= = = Survey = = =
Survey could mean:

= = = Closet = = =
A closet is a small room in which people put their clothes. It is usually not bigger than a garage or a basement. It is not a wardrobe, it is a room. Some people put things inside it other than clothes.

= = = FreeDOS = = =
FreeDOS is a free and open source operating system. It is made to work just like MS-DOS. Almost all programs that will run on MS-DOS will run on FreeDOS too. It was created because Microsoft did not want to make MS-DOS anymore. FreeDOS can be installed with a floppy or with a CD.

= = = List of The Buzz on Maggie Episodes = = =
This article contains information on every episode in Disney's "The Buzz on Maggie".
2005 Aired Episodes.
Episode 1A: The Flyinator.
Maggie wants to see an FM-rated movie called The Flyinator 3, but she gets frightened from seeing it. And when she comes home, her entire family, even Bella, turn into a bunch of Flyinators, but that's only in Maggie's imagination.
Episode 1B: Ladybugged.
A ladybug comes to Buzzdale Academy and bosses other students, and lies about what a superior life she had in Beverly Gardens, but Maggie unveils the lies.
Episode 2A: Funball.
When Maggie realizes that her older brother, Aldrin, can beat Pupert, Maggie's younger brother, at everyething, she devises a new game called "funball" so that Pupert can beat Aldrin at something. But Aldrin gets the hang of things and eventually wins.

= = = Coahoma County, Mississippi = = =
Coahoma County is a county in the northwestern part of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 21,390 people lived there. Its capital is Clarksdale. It was started on February 9, 1836. "Coahoma" is a Choctaw word that means "red panther."

= = = Province of Trento = = =
The Province of Trento (), also called Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy.
Trentino is an alpine region of northern Italy. The population has been neolatin since the fall of the Roman empire. Trentino and Trento are famous tourist destinations.
History.
During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church controlled Trento, while Austria controlled the area since the beginning of the Renaissance.
In the 16th century Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which started the Counter-Reformation. The introduction of the Counter-Reformation in Trentino brought also a general recovery of Italian language over German, as the Protestant ideas had found more followers in the small German-speaking population.
During WWI, Trentino was at the center of bloody battles between Italians and Austrians: Trentino was united to Italy in 1918. Italian irredentism welcomed the union. It was followed by fascist improvements of the Italian nationalism in Trentino.
In the 1960s and 1970s Trentino witnessed strong economic development, spurred mainly by tourism and by the new autonomy. It is currently one of the richest and most developed Italian provinces.
Its capital is the town of Trento, historically known in English as "Trent". The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of about 0.5 million.
In 1996, the "Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino" was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of Alto Adige/South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common office to the European Union in Brussels.

= = = King Power Stadium = = =
The King Power Stadium is a football stadium in Leicester, England, where Leicester City Football Club play their home football matches. Built to replace the aging filbert street ground, it can have up to 32,500 people inside it, more than 10,000 more than the ground it replaced. Originally called the Walkers Stadium, it was renamed to the King Power Stadium in 2011 following the end of the sponsorship deal, and re-branded the King Power Stadium following a take over by the current club owners and consultation with fans.

= = = Botoșani = = =
Botoşani (pronunciation in Romanian: is the capital city of Botoşani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania. It has a population of 115,609 people as of the year 2002
Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu and Nicolae Iorga.
Sport.
Football is represented in Botoşani by the team FC Botoşani.

= = = Little Ice Age = = =
The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling after the so-called Medieval Warm Period.
Climatologists (people who study climate) and historians find it difficult to agree on either the start or end dates of this period. Some say the Little Ice Age started about the 16th century and continued to the mid 19th century. It is generally agreed that there were three minima, one beginning about 1650, one about 1770, the last one about 1850. Each time was separated by slight warming intervals.
At first, it was believed that the LIA was all over the world. Now it is not clear if this is true.
Solar activity.
During the period 1645–1715, in the middle of the Little Ice Age, there was a period of low solar activity known as the Maunder Minimum. The physical link between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures has not been established, but the coincidence of the Maunder Minimum with the deepest trough of the Little Ice Age is suggestive of such a connection. The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period near the beginning of the Little Ice Age. Other indicators of low solar activity during this period are levels of the isotopes carbon-14 and beryllium-10.
Volcanic activity.
Throughout the Little Ice Age, the world also experienced heightened volcanic activity. When a volcano erupts, its ash reaches high into the atmosphere and can spread to cover the whole of Earth. This ash cloud blocks out some of the incoming solar radiation, leading to worldwide cooling that can last up to two years after an eruption.
Ocean conveyor shutdown.
Another possibility is that there was a shutdown or slowing of Thermohaline circulation, also known as the "great ocean conveyor" or "meridional overturning circulation". The Gulf Stream could have been interrupted by the introduction of a large amount of fresh water to the North Atlantic, possibly caused by a period of warming before the little ice age. There is some concern that shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of global warming.
End of Little Ice Age.
Beginning around 1850, the climate began warming and the Little Ice Age ended. Some global warming critics believe that Earth's climate is still recovering from the Little Ice Age and that human activity is not the decisive factor in present temperature trends, but this idea is not widely accepted.

= = = Michael Morgan = = =
Michael Morgan is the name of several people:

= = = Trade route = = =
A trade route is a series of paths or roads that is used for the commercial transport of cargo.
Historically, the period from 1500 BC–1 AD saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major networks for trade, such as the silk road. Europe's early trading routes included the amber road, which served as a network for long distance trade. Maritime trade along the spice route became prominent during the Middle Ages; nations tried to control this influential route. During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.
In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines. In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.

= = = Zircon = = =
Zircon is a silicate mineral. It is found in many different places in almost all kinds of rock. The chemical it is made up of is called "zirconium silicate": ZrSiO4. Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond. It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made zirconium dioxide. In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.
Long lasting zircons.
Zircons from the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U–Pb (uranium–lead radioactive dating) ages up to 4.404 billion years. This is judged to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data, but is also the subject of debate.

= = = Labradorite = = =
Labradorite is one kind of feldspar. It is a silicate mineral, and is special because it is often pretty enough to be used in jewelry. Some kinds of labradorite are called moonstone or sunstone.

= = = Beryl = = =
Beryl is a cyclosilicate, and is the second main ore of beryllium metal. It is sometimes found as very, very large crystals, as much as 18 m. (59 ft.) long. Colored clear beryl is often used for jewelry, including emerald (green), aquamarine (bluegreen), bixbite (red), morganite (pink), and heliodor (golden).

= = = Hallstatt = = =
Hallstatt is a village in Upper Austria. Currently, a little over 900 people live there. It is in the Salzkammergut, a mountain regionin Austria. It lies on a lake. 
Because of its position, Hallstatt could only be reached by boat (or by using narrow, difficult mountain trails) for a long time. At the end of the 19th century a road was built. Despite this, even in the Neolithic people might have lived there. This is because there is a lot of natural salt there. In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (a salt miner) found a cemetery from the neolithic age just above the village. A cultural epoch in Europe is named after this. It is called Hallstatt culture. Other finds in the region include a Shoe-last celt (a special kind of wedge, probably used to treat wood). A blacksmith site has also been excavatzed. 
Today, the village lives mainly on tourism. There is a copy of the village in China.

= = = Mayflower Compact = = =
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic on the "Mayflower", looking for the freedom to belive in Christianity according to their own beliefs in God. It was signed on 11 November 1620 (OS) by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, where they first landed. According to the customs of the time, the signers were all male. Of the 41 men who signed the Compact, 21 died during the first year in United States of America.
List of men who signed.
This is a list of names of the 41 men who signed the Compact.

= = = John Piper = = =
John Piper could mean:

= = = John Piper (theologian) = = =
John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946, Chattanooga, Tennessee) is a Reformed Baptist theologian, preacher, and author. He is the pastor for preaching of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and has written many books. He started the evangelical ministry named "Desiring God", after his book "Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist".
Biography.
Early life.
Piper was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He is the son of Bill and Ruth Piper. When he and his older sister were still young, the Pipers moved to Greenville, South Carolina where he spent the rest of his childhood. He later graduated from Wade Hampton High School. His father was an evangelist who worked with international radio and Bible programs until his death on March 6, 2007.
College years.
Piper went to Wheaton College in 1964-68. He majored in literature, and minored in philosophy. Because he studied Romantic Literature in college, he went on to enjoy it in life. Today he writes poems for special family events, as well as writing story-poems about the lives of biblical people.
After college, he studied for and received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California (1968-71). While there, he took several courses where he studied the writings of Jonathan Edwards. He also did some doctoral work in New Testament Studies in Munich, West Germany from 1971-1974.
Middle life.
In 1980, after what he said was something that he could not turn down, he became a preacher. Piper became Pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He has been working there ever since. Piper became popular when his book "Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist" was published. He has written many books since. In 1994, he started Desiring God Ministries. Today "Desiring God" puts all of Piper's sermons and articles from the last three decades online for free, as well as offering books, CDs, and DVDs.
On January 11, 2006, Piper was told that he had prostate cancer. According to a letter sent to his church, he and his doctors thought that the cancer was not a big problem. When Piper talked about this he said, "This news has, of course, been good for me. The most dangerous thing in the world is the sin of self-reliance and the stupor of worldliness. The news of cancer has a wonderfully blasting effect on both. I thank God for that. The times with Christ in these days have been unusually sweet." Piper had surgery on February 14, 2006. He married Noël Henry in 1968, and they now have four sons, a daughter, and several grandchildren.
Beliefs.
Christian hedonism.
Piper calls himself a Christian Hedonist and teaches that "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in him." He also teaches that God's highest pursuit and man's deepest happiness are the same in one pursuit – namely, "the pursuit of joy in God." He was learned this theory in the writings of Jonathan Edwards, Blaise Pascal, and C. S. Lewis, among others. 
Salvation.
Piper believes in justification by faith alone apart from good works. His teachings talk about the need for the Christian to have faith, sanctification, as this is evidence of God's saving grace. Piper says that someone who says they are a Christian, but does not act Christian, shows that they were never a true believer.
Rapture beliefs.
Piper believes in the Post-Tribulational view of the Rapture and leans towards historical premillennialism. He believes that Romans 11 teaches many ethnic Israeli people will be saved at Jesus' second coming.
Old Testament.
Piper is very neutral about the Torah in Judaism. He says that it was made by God to reveal sin and show that man does not live up to God's righteous standards. Christians, living under the New Testament, are not under the Old Testament law, and are able to complete it through faith in Jesus Christ.
Piper teaches that God has only one chosen people, mostly Jews in the Old Testament. but he believes now that relationship has been won by the Christian church. So, the Church is rightful inheritor of all the promises made to Israel, and Jews who do not take Jesus as Messiah have no right to this blessing.
Spiritual gifts.
On the topic of spiritual gifts, Piper believes that supernatural gifts such as miracles, healings, and speaking in tongues are around today. He does not believe that the job of apostle is worked today. He also believes that the gift of prophecy in the church is from God, (that is inspired by Him) but is not infallible because of the medium (namely men). Thus, while prophecies are to be embraced scripture reveals that they be sifted or tested in order to decipher that which is good (i.e.in accord with God's revealed word, the Bible).
Books by Piper.
Most of Piper's books can be read online for free at Desiring God.org

= = = Bill Gates = = =
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American businessman and the co-founder and former chairman of Microsoft. He is the third-richest person in the world behind Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in net worth as of January 2021. 
Biography.
William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955 at Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, U.S. He has British and German ancestry. His father William H. Gates, Sr. was a lawyer. His mother Mary Maxwell Gates served on the board of directors for First Interstate Banksystem and the United Way. His parents wanted him to be a lawyer. At the age of 13, Bill went to Lakeside High School.
College career and the Founding of Microsoft.
He was a freshman at Harvard University in 1973. He left Harvard to make software. Bill Gates saw an opportunity to transform the personal computer, which was expensive and difficult to use. He decided that computers could be made less expensive and easier to use. Gates started Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen in the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Gates then went on to develop the Windows operating system, which at first wasn't well-received but with time became the most used system in the world.
Retirement, philanthropy and charity work.
In 2006, Gates announced he was going to quit his job at Microsoft. This was so he could do more charity work with his wife, Melinda. Their charity is called the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Gates' philanthropy projects have included vaccination of children in sub-Saharan Africa, scholarship programs in the United States, and a mission to help organize other billionaires to redistribute their wealth. He likes to give money and support to human rights, education, and technological innovation.
Gates stepped down from his CEO position in Microsoft in 1998 and Steve Ballmer did the job instead. On June 16, 2007, Microsoft said that Gates, the chairman of Microsoft, will come in on a day-to-day schedule to continue working with his charity organization full-time for the years to come. On 2014, Satya Nadella became the new CEO of Microsoft and Bill Gates came back as the Chief Technology Adviser. On March 13, 2020, Bill Gates completely left Microsoft so that he can focus on charity work. He is now focusing on charity work for climate change, global health and development, and education.
He was awarded an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 for his services to philanthropy and charity. As an American citizen, he cannot be called "Sir Bill Gates", but can use the letters "KBE" after his name.
Melinda French divorced with Bill Gates since May 3, 2021. Even though they divorced, they stated that they will keep working on charity events.
Net worth.
In 1986, Gates took Microsoft public. The company's stock was worth $520 million. Gates owned 45 percent of the stock himself, which was worth $234 million. The company continued its rapid growth and the stock price soared. At one point, Gates' stock was worth over $100 billion. This made him the richest man in the world, until October 2017, when Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos became even richer than him.
He was the richest man in the world. In October 2017, his net worth was surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos. Bezos had an estimated net worth of US$90.6 billion compared to Gates's net worth of US$89.9 billion at the time. As of January 2021, Gates had an estimated net worth of US$163 billion, making him the third-richest person in the world. And now, he is the third-richest person in the world behind Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk in net worth as of January 2021.
Personal life.
Bill Gates enjoys reading. He owns a large home library, and its ceiling is decorated with a quote from "The Great Gatsby". He also enjoys playing bridge, tennis and golf. Every day, he writes down a daily schedule for every minute of the day, similarly to the U.S. president's schedule. Even though Gates is rich and frequently travels to work, he formerly flew in an economy class aircraft until 1997. Since 1997, the year when he bought a private jet, he travels in his private jet instead.
In 2016, he revealed that he was color-blind.
On May 10, 2022, Gates said that he tested positive for COVID-19. He was experiencing mild symptoms of COVID-19. Gates has received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.

= = = Fibula (brooch) = = =
A Fibula is an ancient brooch. (Plural: fibulae). Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world. Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks. Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age. In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons. Their descendent, the modern safety pin, remains in use today.
There are hundreds of different types and variations of fibulae. They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping. Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.

= = = United States Supreme Court building = = =
The Supreme Court building is home of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is in Washington, D.C. It was designed in the neoclassical style by an architect named Cass Gilbert.

= = = Bethlehem Baptist Church = = =
Bethlehem Baptist Church can mean:

= = = Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis) = = =
The Bethlehem Baptist Church (BBC) is a megachurch in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The church was started in 1871 as the First Swedish Baptist Church of Minneapolis. Since 1980, their pastor has been John Piper.

= = = Megachurch = = =
A megachurch is a large church. It usually has around 2,000 or more people come every week. About 1,300 Protestant churches are megachurches.

= = = T.N.T. (song) = = =
"T.N.T." is a 1976 song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC and was taken from their second studio album of the same name. It went to number 19 in Australia. It was covered by American heavy metal band Anthrax in 2013.

= = = Medieval Warm Period = = =
The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region. It was not a planet-wide phenomena. It lasted from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. In discussions of global warming this period is often mentioned. 
Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly because this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important.

= = = Motor sports = = =
Motor sports are sports where the people taking part use a motor vehicle. The usual vehicles are a car, motorcycle or boat. Some motor sports use aircraft or snowmobiles.
Motor sports can be based either on speed (the first one to reach the finish line wins) or on skill (the one with the least amount of penalty points wins). Speed-based motor sports are often called "races". Motor sports based on skill are often called "trials".
Well known motor sports are rally, Formula 1 and Nascar.

= = = Niagara IceDogs = = =
The Niagara IceDogs are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1998. The team currently plays in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). They play their home games in St. Catharines, Ontario at the Meridian Centre.

= = = Haan = = =
Haan is a town of the district of Mettmann in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Since 1975, Gruiten belongs to Haan.
Twin towns.
Haan is twinned with:
The local Gymnasium is also twinned with Liceo Scientifico of Forte dei Marmi, Italy.

= = = Gas chamber = = =
A gas chamber is an airtight room used for killing people or animals with poison gas. The people or animals are put into the gas chamber, the door is sealed airtight from the outside, and a gas, such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide, is put into the chamber. The victims die from inhaling the poisonous gas.
In the United States.
In the United States, prisons have used gas chambers to execute prisoners who have been sentenced to death. The first person in the United States to be executed in a gas chamber was Gee Jon, in a prison in Nevada, in 1924. The government of Nevada did not want to use an electric chair, and thought hanging was cruel and inhumane.
The gas chamber is usually a small chamber, which is made air-tight with a door (typically with rubber strips around) into which the prisoner is escorted and either placed or fastened to a chair with straps, and left inside. After this, the gas is inserted either through a hose or a pellet is dropped into a solution which combined produces deadly gas, and the person(s) is asphyxiated within minutes. In the United States, one or two people maximum were executed at a time, although recently it has become extremely uncommon. After California stopped using it in favour of lethal injection, it became nearly redundant. But it is still possible in several states, typically as a second method, in case there would not be drugs for an injection to be performed, or if the prisoner prefers to be executed by gas for any reason.
Recently, there have been proposals and a law has been enacted in Oklahoma for a variation, so-called nitrogen gas, either by chamber or a mask. It is believed to be less painful and anxious than the method previously used. In the beginning, actually, the idea of a gas chamber was to let the prisoner condemned to death sleep in a cell which would then be exposed to lethal gas during the night, without the prisoner's knowledge. However, because of poor isolation techniques it was too difficult and so the gas chamber was introduced instead. It was introduced in several states, including Mississippi, North Carolina, Missouri, Colorado, California, Arizona and New Mexico, but it never was as popular as the electric chair and later execution by injection. The method is in fact expensive and thought to be painful because the prisoner must breathe deeply to hasten the death, which is difficult when the body wants to reject the fumes. (With nitrogen, it is different because the body doesn't reject it as strange or fatal.) It is also extremely dangerous to the audience and personnel in case there is a leak, and impossible to halt in case there is an attempt to stop the execution, such as in the cases of Caryl Chessman and Burton Abbott. In the case of an electric current or injection the switch can be turned off and the needle ripped out, and while it might not be enough there is no risk for the people trying to save the prisoner. In one case, when the mechanism jammed, the executioner had to drop the pellet into the acid (producing the deadly fumes beneath the chair where the prisoner was sitting) and jump out of the chamber as the warden stood ready to slam the door and tighten it.
By the 1990s, the gas chamber had become unpopular in the United States. It never became as popular as execution by electric chair or (more recently) lethal injection. When Donald Eugene Harding was executed in Arizona in 1992, witnesses described his death as "violent" and an "ugly event". The last prisoner to be executed in the gas chamber in the United States was Walter LaGrand, in Arizona in 1999. All states that still have the death penalty use lethal injection.
However, in April 2015, Oklahoma made a law using nitrogen gas to execute people. It's not certain whether the gas would be used by a mask or similar contraption or in a gas chamber. They approved this after it took over an hour to execute Clayton Lockett by lethal injection.
In Nazi Germany.
During The Holocaust, Nazi Germany used gas chambers to kill between two and three million people.
Nazi Germany first used gas chambers to kill people with disabilities. The Nazis thought that people with disabilities were "life unworthy of life," and did not deserve to live. Between 1939 and 1941, the Nazis killed 70,273 people with disabilities at hospitals like Hartheim Euthanasia Centre.
Nazi Germany planned to kill all of the Jewish people. They called this plan the Final Solution. In 1942, the Nazi regime held a meeting where it was decided to kill all Jewish people that fell under German control. After this, they started constructing death camps with gas chambers. In 1942, the Nazis started killing hundreds of people at a time in gas chambers at the Belzec, Sobibór, and Treblinka death camps.
The Nazis also built gas chambers at some of the concentration camps that already existed, like Auschwitz (Auschwitz II, called "Birkenau") and Majdanek.
The camps used either carbon monoxide or cyanide gas, with the first gassing occurring late 1941 and the last in August 1944. Cyanide was introduced in Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp by the use of Zyklon B, an insecticide, which was thought to be more effective. Carbon monoxide took many minutes to kill, even with the chamber crowded with hundreds of people. Also, in Auschwitz-Birkenau the method of introducing the people to the chambers were more efficient, with large underground rooms disguised as shower rooms, into which the victims walked mostly without resistance and calmly left their clothes and belongings. Because of these reasons, Auschwitz-Birkenau was thought of as the most efficient part of the Nazi killing machine during the Holocaust, and could kill up to 2,000 people a day if a proper schedule was made and followed.
However, most killings took place elsewhere, including other camps and by shooting. Gas was thought to be a better method because it involved fewer people and the ones who helped could be Jews who were replaced gradually. After gassing, the victims were dragged out and quickly burned in large ovens, and the gas chambers cleaned and fanned. After the war and the destruction of the camps, the method was probably disgraced because of the association with the Nazis.
Historians estimate that the Nazis killed around three million people in these camps, mostly by use of gas, but also by shooting and through disease and starvation. These people included:
In other countries.
The gas chamber has also been used in Lithuania, a small country in the Baltics, before it was annexed (taken over by) the Soviet Union in 1940. After that, Lithuania executed prisoners by the Soviet method of a bullet shot into the back of the head.

= = = Total Nonstop Action Wrestling = = =
Total Nonstop Action (TNA) Wrestling is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down. They are the main rivals for World Wrestling Entertainment. They made a video game called TNA iMPACT! and a sequel to it called TNA Impact! 2011 after it's weekly program which was of the same name before it was renamed Impact Wrestling. The Impact name lasted until 2024 when they went back to using the TNA name.
Jeff Jarrett left the company in December 2013 and announced that he was starting his own professional wrestling promotion called Global Force Wrestling. It was later clarified that he still remains an "investor" of TNA.
On November 19, 2014, it was announced that TNA would be ending their relationship with Spike, and that they would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute their shows beginning in January 2015. In the United States, TNA programs, which include Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America. Discovery will also hold rights in selected international markets. Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was only estimated to reach 59 million households.
On October 21, 2023 during Bound for Glory, it was announced that the company would be rebranding and would be going back to their previous name Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), starting at the Hard To Kill event on January 13, 2024.

= = = Battle of the Bulge = = =
The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German attack near the end of World War II, in Belgium, France and Luxembourg. The attack surprised Allied forces. It was the worst battle in terms of casualties for the United States. It also used up huge amounts of Germany's war-making resources. 
The press made up "Battle of the Bulge" to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps and itbecame the best known name for the battle.
The German attack was supported by several other operations. Germany's goal was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capture Antwerp, and then encircle and destroy four Allied armies. They hoped this would force the Allies to make a peace treaty with Germany. If they did this, Hitler could focus on the eastern front of the war.
The attack was planned in secret. Germany moved troops and equipment in the dark. United States intelligence staff predicted a major German attack, but this still surprised them. The Allied forces were too confident and too focused on their own attack plans, and they also did not have good aerial reconnaissance.
The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line. They attacked while there was bad weather. This was because the Allies could not use planes if the weather was bad. Violent resistance blocked German access to important roads. The thick forests helped the defenders. This slowed down the German advance and allowed the Allies to add new troops. Better weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces, which led to the failure of the attack.
After the defeat, many experienced German units lacked men and equipment. The battle involved about 610,000 American men, of whom some 89,000 were casualties, including 19,000 killed. It was the largest and most deadly battle fought by the United States in World War II.
Background.
After moving from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and landing in southern France on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than expected. Allied troops were tired from weeks of continuous fighting and supplies were very low. While the supply situation improved in October, the lack of troops was still a major problem.
General Eisenhower and his staff chose the Ardennes region, held by the First United States Army, as an area that could be held by as few troops as possible. The Ardennes were chosen because the terrain offered good defence and there were not many roads.
The speed of the Allied advance and a lack of deep-water ports made it hard for the Allies to supply their troops. Beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas could not supply enough provisions. The only port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg, near the original invasion beaches, but the Germans had wrecked and mined it. It took the Allies many months to build up their ability to move cargo. The Allies captured the port of Antwerp, Belgium, fully intact, in the first days of September, but it was not working until 28 November. The Scheldt River had to be cleared of both German troops and naval mines.
The limitations led to disagreements between General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over whether Montgomery or American General Omar Bradley in the south would get access to supplies.
German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast until May 1945. The destruction of the French railway system before D-Day made it hard for the Germans to respond to the invasion. It was also a problem for the Allies, as it took time to repair the tracks and bridges.
A trucking system brought supplies to front-line troops, but transportation took huge amounts of fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October the Allies stopped major attacks to improve their supply lines. Montgomery and Bradley both asked for delivery of supplies to their armies so they could continue to attack the Germans. Gen. Eisenhower wanted Montgomery's northern forces to open the port of Antwerp and capture the Ruhr area, the industrial part of Germany.
With the Allies paused, German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the German armies into an organized defense.
Field Marshal Montgomery's Operation Market Garden only achieved some of its goals. Its gains in territory left the Allied supply situation worse than before. In October the Canadian First Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October the supply situation got better.
Despite a pause in fighting after the Scheldt battles, the Germans had serious problems. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the Lorraine Campaign, the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest, the situation in the west changed little.
The Allies were slowly pushing towards Germany, but they did not get there. The Western Allies already had 96 divisions at or near the front, with ten more divisions coming from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans had a total of 55 divisions.
Adolf Hitler promised his generals 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions. The plan was to use 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six panzer divisions from reserves. On the Eastern Front the Soviets' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's Army Group Center. The operation ended only when the advancing Red Army forces ran out of supplies. By November, Soviet forces were preparing for a winter attack.
Meanwhile, the Allied air attacks of early 1944 had made the German Air Force unable to fly. This meant that the German Army had little battlefield intelligence and no way to stop Allied supplies. The daytime movement of German forces was easily noticed and stopping supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields meant Germany had no oil and gasoline.
One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been shortened and were much closer to the German borders. This reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air. Their telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra code breaking. Nevertheless, some 40—50 coded messages were sent per day by ULTRA. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces and noticed that an attack was planned. ULTRA also picked up information about a lot of rail and road movements in the region.
Drafting the offensive.
German leader Adolf Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to do one major attack. Although he realised nothing could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies could succeed. Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and make the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union. Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as jet aircraft, new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks) and permit the build-up of forces in the east. Given the reduced manpower of their land forces, the Germans believed that it was better to attack in the West against the smaller Allied forces rather than against the vast Soviet armies. Even the destruction of entire Soviet armies would still have left the Soviets with more soldiers. Several senior German military officers, such as Field Marshal Walter Model did not think the attack would work. They offered different plans, but Hitler would not listen. The plan needed bad weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would make it hard for Allied planes to fly. Hitler originally set the attack for late November, before the start of the Russian winter offensive.
In the west supply problems began slowing down Allied operations, even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation. The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. The Germans wanted to attack the thin line of Allied forces. They thought this would stop Allied advances on the Western Front. Several plans for major Western attacks were prepared. A first plan was for an attack on the U.S. forces around Aachen, to encircle the U.S. Ninth Army. A second plan was for a "blitzkrieg" attack through the weakly defended Ardennes Mountains. This aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.—British lines and capturing Antwerp.
Hitler chose the second plan. He liked the idea of splitting the Anglo-American armies. There were many disputes between Montgomery and Patton. Hitler hoped he could make use of these disagreements. If the attack captured Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines. Both plans aimed at attacks against the American forces. Hitler believed the Americans were not able to fight well. He thought that the American people would lose hope upon hearing of an American loss.
"Generalfeldmarschall" (Field Marshal) Walther Model and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt were ordered to lead the attacks. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too difficult, given Germany's lack of resources in late 1944. At the same time they felt that being just defensive would only delay defeat. They developed plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River; Model's being "Unternehmen Herbstnebel" (Operation Autumn Mist) and von Rundstedt's "Fall Martin" ("Plan Martin"). The two field marshals showed their plans to Hitler, who rejected them in favor of his "big solution".
Operation names.
The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was made up by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps. After the war ended, the U.S. Army issued the Ardennes-Alsace medal to units that took part in operations in northwest Europe. The medal covered the Ardennes sector where the battle took place and units further south in the Alsace sector.
Planning.
OKW decided by mid-September, on Hitler's orders, that the attack would be started in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. Many German generals objected, but the attack was planned and carried out. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before attacking the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest. The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels. The thick forests of the Ardennes would make movement difficult. There was open ground beyond the Meuse where the Germans could move quickly to the coast.
Four armies were selected for the operation. First was the Sixth Panzer Army, under SS General Sepp Dietrich—newly created on 26 October 1944, it used the most senior and the most experienced "Waffen-SS": the 1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler" as well as the 12th SS Panzer Division "Hitlerjugend". The 6th Panzer Army was the northernmost attack force. It was ordered to capture Antwerp. The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was ordered to capture Brussels. The Seventh Army, under General Erich Brandenberger, was ordered to the southernmost attack. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no armoured groups. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle. Also participating in a secondary role was the Fifteenth Army, under General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen. It was located on the far north of the Ardennes battlefield. It was ordered to hold U.S. forces in place. It could also attack if conditions were right.
For the attack to be successful, four elements were needed: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to stop Allied air superiority; the progress had to be rapid. Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured because the Wehrmacht was short on fuel. The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one-third to one-half of the ground to Antwerp.
The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen panzer and panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line. By this time, however, the German Army suffered from a manpower shortage and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were "Volksgrenadier" units formed from a mix of veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young or too old to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were inadequate. Materials and supplies that could not be transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel. The mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the attack was delayed from 27 November to 16 December.
Before the offensive the Allies were not aware of German troop movement. During the liberation of France, the French resistance had provided information about German movements. Once they reached the German border, this information was not available. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter, and a special radio silence order was made on all communications about the attack. The major crackdown in the "Wehrmacht" after the 20 July plot to kill Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer information leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from seeing the Germans on the ground. German units in the area were given charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers realizing a troop build up was underway. 
Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector. Allied intelligence services said that the Germans were unable to launch any major attacks this late in the war. The Allies thought that the Germans were getting ready for defence. The Allies thought that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhine. The Germans tricked the Allies by increasing the number of flak batteries in the area and making more radio transmissions in the area.
The attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. The U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel Oscar Koch, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer had warned that the Germans might attack the U.S. VIII Corps area. These warnings were ignored by the U.S. 12th Army Group. Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, the Allies used it as a training ground for new units and a rest area. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the U.S. 99th and 106th "Golden Lions" Divisions), and veteran troops sent to that sector to rest (the 28th Infantry Division).
Two major special operations were planned for the attack. By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny, the German commando was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms. They would go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River between Liège and Namur. By late November, another special operation was added: Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a "Fallschirmjäger" (paratrooper) "Kampfgruppe" in Operation Stösser, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing an important road near Malmedy.
German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet attack.
After the 20 July plot attempt to kill Hitler's life, and the advance of the Red Army, Hitler and his staff left the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler travelled on his "Führersonderzug" (train) to Giessen on 11 December, taking up residence in the Adlerhorst command complex at Kransberg Castle.
Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Alderhost.
In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walther Model and Friedrich von der Heydte, who was put in charge of Operation "Stösser", von der Heydte gave Operation "Stösser" less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt.
Initial German assault.
On 16 December 1944, at 5:30 am, the Germans began the attack with a 90-minute artillery attack using 1,600 artillery pieces. The Americans thought was that this was an attack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north. In the northern sector Dietrich's 6th Panzer Army was held up for almost 24 hours by a single platoon and four U.S. Forward Artillery Observers. They then attacked Losheim Gap and Elsenborn Ridge to get through to Liège and Antwerp. Heavy snowstorms occurred in the Ardennes area. This kept the Allied aircraft grounded, but it also slowed the German advance. There were massive traffic jams and fuel shortages. von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army moved towards Luxembourg.
Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen-SS had tried to recapture the town of Vianden from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden. The SS lost.
Attack on the northern shoulder.
The battle for Elsenborn Ridge was an important part of the Battle of the Bulge. The attack was led by one of the best equipped German divisions on the western front, the 1st SS Panzer Division. The division made up the lead unit for the entire German 6th Panzer Army. SS Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles. 
The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north did badly because of strong resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions. On the first day, a German battalion of 500 men was held up for 10 hours. The infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division had been ordered to attack the village first. A single 18-man platoon from the 99th Infantry Division and four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset causing 92 casualties among the Germans. This stopped the German advance. Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of the SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army had been ordered to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road. Peiper did not begin his advance until nearly 4:00 pm, more than 16 hours behind schedule. Kampfgruppe Peiper reached Bucholz Station in the early morning of 17 December and captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment. They seized a U.S. fuel depot at Büllingen, where they refuelled before continuing westward.
To the north, the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and positions of 2nd Infantry Division. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry (Panzergrenadier and Volksgenadier) divisions, took Losheimergraben and attacked the villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt. 
Their intention was to control the villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to Elsenborn Ridge. This would give the Germans control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored force.
The American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa. After more than ten days of battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but were unable to move them from the ridge. The V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the roads to their west. The 99th Infantry Division was outnumbered but it caused a lot of German dead and wounded. The division lost about 20% of its strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries or fatigue. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of sixty tanks and big guns. Historian John S.D. Eisenhower wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."
Kampfgruppe Peiper drives west.
Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfield, one of the 99th Division's rest centres. They killed many, destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were murdered. Peiper easily captured the town and of fuel for his vehicles. Peiper then advanced north-west towards Büllingen. Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen.
Malmedy massacre.
At 12:30 on 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez when he met the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, U.S. 7th Armored Division. After a battle the Americans surrendered. They were sent to stand in a field. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war was sent through Allied lines. Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper, including Joachim Peiper and SS general Sepp Dietrich, were put on trial at the Malmedy massacre trial.
Chenogne massacre.
Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, after having previously received orders to take no prisoners, American soldiers shot sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne (8 km from Bastogne).
Germans advance west.
By the evening the Germans had pushed north to fight the U.S. 99th Infantry Division. Peiper's forces were late because of the American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, they blew up bridges and emptied fuel storage. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from Eifel to Stavelot. 
Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans emptied a large fuel depot. Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead tank was disabled by a mine. 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by American fire. After a tank battle the next day, the Germans entered the village when Peiper rushed toward the bridge at Trois-Ponts, leaving the most of his force in Stavelot. When they reached it at 1130 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up. Peiper went north. At Cheneux, he was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks. The group got moving at dusk at 1600. Of the two bridges now remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. 
Peiper turned north and stopped his forces in the woods between La Gleize and Stoumont. He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up new troops from Spa. To Peiper's south, the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stopped. SS Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot, but the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both were at risk of being cut off.
German advance halted.
At dawn on 19 December, Peiper attacked the American defenders of Stoumont. He sent infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 1030. Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east. Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. He thought Kampfgruppe did not have enough fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont. On the same evening the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division under Maj. Gen. James Gavin arrived at La Gleize. Kampfgruppe Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to help Peiper's Kampfgruppe, but Prieß was unable to break through.
Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion of the 119th Regiment attacked the Kampfgruppe Peiper during the morning of 21 December. They were pushed back and a number captured, including their battalion commander, Maj. Hal McCown. Attempting to withdraw from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in violent fighting. The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December. Although the Germans had run out of food and had no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly, parachuting supplies to American troops in Stoumont. In La Gleize, Peiper set up defences. He decided to break through back to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the "Kampfgruppe" abandoned their vehicles and heavy equipment.
Operation Stösser.
Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens area. The goal was the "Baraque Michel" crossroads. It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. The II Parachute Corps sent 100 men from each of its regiments. They had little time to train together. The parachute drop was a failure. Von der Heydte ended up with around 300 troops. Their force was too small and too weak to counter the Allies. They withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his tired men finally reached the German rear.
Wereth 11.
Another, much smaller massacre was committed in Wereth, Belgium, on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers, after surrendering, were tortured and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division, belonging to Kampfgruppe Knittel. Men from Third Company of the Reconnaissance Battalion were responsible.
Attack in the center.
The Germans did better when the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the strength that they had in the north, but they still had more troops and weapons than the 28th and 106th divisions. They surrounded two regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division and forced their surrender.
The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand [men] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand."
Battle for St. Vith.
In St. Vith, it was hard for von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders resisted the German attacks. This slowed down the German advance. Montgomery ordered St. Vith to be evacuated on 21 December. U.S. troops got into trenches, which made the German advance hard. By 23 December, U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, they were behind schedule.
Meuse River bridges.
To protect the river crossings on the Meuse, Montgomery ordered units to hold the bridges on 19 December. The German advance in the center was the most successful. Fifth Panzer Army was led by the 2nd Panzer Division while Panzer Lehr Division came up from the south. The Ourthe River was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the attack continued towards the towns of Hargimont and Marche. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche was defended by the American 84th Division. Gen. Lüttwitz, commander of the XXXXVII Panzer Corps, ordered the Division to turn west towards Dinant and the Meuse. 2nd Panzer Division was still advancing quickly. On 22/23 December the woods of Foy-Notre-Dame were reached, near Dinant. On 24 December the furthest point was reached. Panzer Lehr Division took the town of Celles. Farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were close to the Meuse. An Allied force prevented the German forces from approaching the Dinant bridge. By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped by Allied forces.
Operation Greif and Operation Währung.
For Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny got English-speaking Germans in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the bridges over the Meuse, they caused confusion and rumors spread quickly. Even General George Patton was worried and described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower.
Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment. American MPs at these checkpoints asked troops about things that every American was expected to know. The tightened security made things very hard for the German soldiers to move about, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they spread lies. when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower. Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was kept in his headquarters.
Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies. This was the standard practice of every army at the time. Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he doesn't order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate trick. Skorzeny and his men wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for violating the laws of war from his leadership of Operation Greif, but was acquitted.
In Operation Währung, a small number of German agents went behind Allied lines in American uniforms. They tried to bribe rail and port workers to cause problems with Allied supply operations. However, this operation was a failure.
Attack in the south.
Further south attacking divisions crossed the River Our. The 112th Infantry Regiment kept German troops from using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days, before withdrawing.
The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division did badly. They had so few troops that the Germans got around their positions. Both resisted and slowed down the German schedule by several days. Panzer groups captured villages and advanced near Bastogne within four days. The battles for the villages and American strongpoints, and transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack down. This allowed the 101st Airborne Division to reach Bastogne on 19 December. The defense of Bastogne made it impossible for the Germans to take the town. The "panzers" went past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December. In the south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were stopped by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps. Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger's command was able to move forward.
Eisenhower and his commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a small attack, and they ordered many new troops to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. Gen. Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne. The 82nd had to battle the SS Panzer Divisions.
Siege of Bastogne.
By the time the senior Allied commanders met on 19 December, the town of Bastogne and its 11 roads had been held by the Germans for several days. Two separate westbound German columns got stopped by defensive positions up to ten miles from the town. 
Gen. Eisenhower realized that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open. Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three plans for a northward turn. On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery's 21st Army Group. 
By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the town were tough. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day, however, and supplies (ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days. Despite German attacks, the town held. The German commander, Lt. Gen. Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe was told of the Nazi demand that he surrender, he refused. 
Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer Lehr moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December. The 26th VG received one panzergrenadier regiment on Christmas Eve for its attack the next day. Because it lacked troops and those of the 26th VG Division were tired, the XLVII Panzer Corps concentrated its attack on several locations on the west side. The attack was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. The next day, 26 December, Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division broke through and opened a passage to Bastogne.
Allied counteroffensive.
On 23 December, the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They bombed the German supply points in their rear. P-47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating. 
By 24 December, the German advance was stopped near the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had no supplies, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming serious. Up to this point the German losses had been light, especially in armor, which was almost unharmed with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, General Hasso von Manteuffel recommended to Hitler a stop to all operations and a withdrawal. Hitler said no.
However, confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse. The 4th Cavalry Group attacked the 9th Panzer Division at Marche. As result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts. Further Allied attacks near Marche led the Germans to know that no further action towards the Meuse was possible. In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to help the US troops in Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the Company D, 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division, reached Bastogne, ending the siege.
German counterattack.
On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the "Luftwaffe" launched "Unternehmen Bodenplatte" (Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. However, the "Luftwaffe" lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb attacks and using proximity fused shells, but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y-29, losing 24 of their own planes while downing only one American plane. While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days, the operation left the "Luftwaffe" weak and ineffective for the remainder of the war.
On the same day, German Army Group G ("Heeresgruppe G") and Army Group Upper Rhine ("Heeresgruppe Oberrhein") launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched, line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as "Unternehmen Nordwind" (Operation North Wind), was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits.
By 15 January, Seventh Army's VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609. Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded. First, Third and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold.
Allies prevail.
While the German offensive had ground to a halt, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize.
The temperature during January 1945 was extremely low. Weapons had to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless.
Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans, trapping them in a pocket. However, Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January, by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to fall back successfully, but at the cost of losing most of their heavy equipment.
At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about . American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer a day. The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area, although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned. On 7 January 1945, Hitler agreed to withdraw all forces from the Ardennes, including the "SS Panzer" divisions, thus ending all offensive operations. However, considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks; St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until 25 January.
Winston Churchill, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory."
Controversy at high command.
As the Ardennes battles began, Montgomery commanded the American First and Ninth armies. This was approved by Eisenhower, as the northern armies had lost all communications with Bradley, who was based in Luxembourg. The northern side had lost all communications with the US command and with nearby units. Without radio or telephone communication Montgomery managed to improvise a way of communicating orders.
This change of leadership did not become known until a message was released.
Montgomery asked Churchill if he could explain the situation. On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order, 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference. Montgomery praised the "courage and good fighting quality" of the Americans. He also praised Eisenhower. Then Montgomery described the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had used the whole power of the British Group of Armies. He called the battle "the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled." Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the Americans thought he took credit for the success of the campaign. They thought he made it sound like he had rescued the Americans.
Patton and Eisenhower both felt he did not describe the share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes. They thought that he did not tell about the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. Montgomery did not mention of any American general beside Eisenhower. This was seen as insulting. Montgomery saw his error and later wrote: "I think now that I should never have held that press conference." Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower had decided to fire Montgomery. Eisenhower allowed Montgomery to apologize.
Aftermath.
Casualty estimates from the battle vary widely. The official U.S. account lists 80,987 American casualties, while other estimates range from 70,000 to 108,000. According to the U.S. Department of Defense the American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing. An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists some 108,347 casualties, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded and 26,612 captured and missing. The Battle of the Bulge was the most violent battle that U.S. forces experienced in World War II; the 19,000 American dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement. British losses totaled 1,400.
The German High Command's official figure for the campaign was 84,834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000.
The Allies continued to push on in the battle. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery toward Aachen; in the center, under Courtney Hodges; and in the south, under Patton.
The German losses in the battle were serious in several ways. The last of the German reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been destroyed and the remaining German forces in the West were being pushed back to the defenses of the Siegfried Line.
The initial success of Hitler's Ardennes offensive, launched 16 December 1944, caused Churchill to ask Stalin on 6 January 1945 for Soviet help by launching a Soviet attack. On Friday, 12 January, the Soviets began the Vistula–Oder Offensive, planned to begin on 20 January.
During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only as truck drivers and as stevedores. In the midst of the Battle of the Bulge, General Eisenhower was short of replacement troops so he allowed African American soldiers to join the white military units to fight in combat for the first time. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front. This was an important step toward a racially integrated United States military. A total of 708 African Americans were killed in combat during World War II.

= = = Nothing = = =
Nothing is a concept of being without any form of matter, space, or being.

= = = Moon = = =
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. We usually see it in the night sky and also during the day. Some other planets also have moons or natural satellites.
Our moon is about one-fourth of the width of the Earth. Because it is far away it looks small, about half a degree wide. The gravity on the moon is one-sixth of the Earth's gravity. It means that something will be one-sixth as heavy on the Moon than on Earth. The Moon is a rocky and dusty place. It moves slowly away from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 cm per year, due to the effect of tidal dissipation.
For the origin of the Moon, see the giant impact hypothesis.
Phases.
Because the Moon is round, half of it is lit up by the Sun. As it goes around (or orbits) the Earth, sometimes the side that people on Earth can see is all lit brightly. Other times only a small part of the side we see is lit. This is because the Moon does not send out its own light. People only see the parts that are being lit by sunlight. These different stages are called Phases of the Moon.
It takes the Moon about 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes) to complete the cycle, from big and bright to small and dim and back to big and bright. The phase when the Moon passes between the Earth and Sun is called the "new Moon". The next phase of the Moon is called the "waxing crescent", followed by the "first quarter", "waxing gibbous", then a full Moon. A full Moon occurs when the Moon and Sun are on opposite sides of the Earth. As the Moon continues its orbit it becomes a "waning gibbous", "third quarter", "waning crescent", and finally back to a new Moon. People used the Moon to measure time. A month is approximately equal in time to a lunar cycle.
The Moon always shows the same side to Earth. Astronomers call this phenomenon tidal locking. This means that half of it can never be seen from Earth. The side facing away from Earth is called the far side or dark side of the Moon even though the Sun does shine on it—we just never see it lit.
History of exploring the Moon.
Before people stood on the Moon, the United States and the USSR sent robots to the Moon. These robots would orbit the Moon or land on its surface. The robots were the first man-made objects to touch the Moon.
Humans finally landed on the Moon on July 21, 1969. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar ship (the "Eagle") on the surface of the Moon. Then, as half the world watched him on television, Armstrong climbed down the ladder of the "Eagle" and was the first human to touch the Moon as he said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."
Even though their footprints were left on the moon a long time ago, it is likely that they are still there, as there is no wind or rain, making erosion extremely slow. The footprints do not get filled in or smoothed out.
More people landed on the moon between 1969 and 1972, when the last spaceship, Apollo 17 visited. Eugene Cernan of Apollo 17 was the last person to touch the moon.
Characteristics.
Because it is smaller, the Moon has less gravity than Earth (only 1/6 of the amount on Earth). So if a person weighs 60 kilograms on Earth, the person would only weigh 10 kilograms on the Moon. But even though the Moon's gravity is weaker than the Earth's gravity, it is still there. If a person dropped a ball while standing on the Moon, it would still fall down. However, it would fall "much" more slowly. A person who jumped as high as possible on the Moon would jump higher than on Earth, but still fall back to the ground. Because the Moon has no atmosphere, there is no air resistance, so a feather will fall as fast as a hammer.
Without an atmosphere, the environment is not protected from heat or cold. Astronauts wore spacesuits, and carried oxygen to breathe. The gloves of the spacesuit, were never taken off on the Moon. The suit weighed about as much as the astronaut. The Moon's gravity is weak, so it was not as heavy as on Earth.
On the Earth, the sky is blue because the blue rays of the Sun bounce off the gases in the atmosphere, making it look like blue light is coming from the sky. But on the Moon, because there is no atmosphere, the sky looks black, even in the daytime. There is no atmosphere to protect the Moon from rocks that come from space, and these meteorites crash right into the Moon and make wide, shallow holes called craters. The Moon has thousands of them. Newer craters overlie older ones. On Earth, meteorites burn in the atmosphere, and most burn up completely.
Origin of the Moon.
The giant impact hypothesis is that the Moon was created out of the debris from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This is the favored scientific hypothesis for the formation of the Moon.
Water on the Moon.
In 2009 Chandrayaan-1 found a lot of water on the Moon. The water is not liquid but is in the form of hydrates and hydroxides. Liquid water cannot exist on the Moon because photodissociation quickly breaks down the molecules. However, from the data received from Chandrayaan-1, liquid surface water may have once existed on the Moon.
Legal status.
During the Cold War, the United States Army thought about making a military post on the Moon, able to attack targets on Earth. They also considered testing a nuclear weapon on the Moon. The United States Air Force had similar plans. However, both plans were brushed-off as NASA moved from a military to a civilian-based agency.
Even though the Soviet Union left remains on the Moon, and the United States left a few flags, no country has control over the Moon. The U.S. and Soviet Union both signed the Outer Space Treaty, which calls the Moon and all of outer space the "province of all mankind". This treaty also banned all use of the military of the Moon, including nuclear weapons tests and military bases.

= = = Will Ryan = = =
William Frank Ryan (November 13, 1939 – November 19, 2021) was an American actor, singer and musician.
Career.
His music career first began when he was in high school. He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.
He got back into music and after moving to California. He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney. He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's "Welcome to Pooh Corner". Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.) for the Focus on the Family radio series "Adventures in Odyssey". 
He also voiced Rabbit in "Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore". He was also the original voice of Petrie in "The Land Before Time".
Death.
Ryan died from cancer in Santa Monica, California on November 19, 2021, at the age of 82.

= = = Captivity (animal) = = =
Animals who live under human control or care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos. Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity.

= = = Choctaw = = =
The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the southeastern United States, also called the Southeastern Woodlands. This is today in Mississippi and Alabama. Their language is the Choctaw language. It is part of the Muskogean family. It is also similar to Chickasaw. Three tribes are recognized today. They are the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, and Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in Louisiana.
History.
The people were originally mound builders. Early Choctaw lived in thatched-roof cabins of logs in communities. Agriculture was the main supply of food, such as the Three Sisters. There was also fishing and hunting. Sports were also important and often replaced war. 
The tribe supported the Americans during the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the Creek War. Europeans thought the tribe was civilized. It was part of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeast. 
Most of the tribe was forced out of their land from 1831 to 1833. This was part of the Indian Removal. The remaining Choctaw became citizens. The tribe supported the Confederates in the U.S. Civil War. Several chiefs of the Choctaw were at the US Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Choctaw worked as codetalkers during World War I. They used their own Choctaw language. The Choctaw reorganized after the Indian Reorganization Act. 

= = = Native Americans in the United States = = =
Native Americans in the United States (also known as American Indians) are the indigenous people from the areas of North America now part of the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. The US government recognizes 574 tribes. There are about 310 Indian reservations in the US. Most Native Americans do not live on a reservation anymore.
There were and still are many diverse groups of Natives in what is now the US. The diversity includes various and rich languages and cultures. The arrival of Europeans in the Americas drastically changed Native Americans in the US. The history of these Native Americans is a story of suppression and the forced removal from their lands. During American history, there were various Native responses to European colonization and American expansion. In the 20th century, Natives got more rights and were recognized as citizens.
There are still problems today that impact Native Americans in the United States. Natives Americans face discrimination from other groups. There is also racism and cultural appropriation. There are also public health issues connected to historical trauma and generations of misstreatment.
Cultural Areas.
Historians often break up the cultures of Indigenous peoples of North America in the United States into two ten regions: 
History.
Settlement and Pre-Columbia Era.
Native Americans most likely originally came from Asia to the Americas. They most likely crossed over Beringia. This was a geographical bridge that connected what is now Russia and Alaska. This migration may be over 30,000 years old. The Clovis culture was one of the earliest cultures.
The Pre-Columbian Era was before Columbus and Europeans conquered the Natives. Scholars break this era into different stages. The lithic stage was important for the usage of new rock technologies. In the archaic period, there was mainly subsistence farming. After the archaic period, societies were more developed. There were more crafts, urban centers, military structures, and usages of metals. Examples of tribes include Eastern Woodlands culture, the Pacific Northwest Coast Indigenous peoples, the Mississippian culture (including Cahokia), Pueblo peoples and Iroquois League of Nations.
European Exploration and Colonization.
Europeans started to arrive in the 16th century. This caused diseases to spread, and many Natives died. The population of Natives became much smaller. There were many conflicts between American Indians and colonists even into the 19th century. Natives fought to protect their lands. Europeans also brought animals. Natives began to hunt more and move around more with these new animals. European trade led to the Columbian Exchange.
There were several wars. Native Americans often fought against each other and Europeans. They also made many alliances. The  Beaver Wars were in the 17th century. Iroquis became powerful and destroyed other tribes like  Huron, Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock, and Shawnee. Natives fought with the French and British during the Seven Year's War. King Philip's War was between Metacom and Colonists in New England. It was the last major war between Natives and Colonists.
During the American Revolution, many Natives fought with the British. At the Treaty of Paris (1783), Britain gave most Native lands to America. George Washington and Americans wanted to civilize and educate Natives. The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 supported this process. Americans thought that some Natives were civilized. These were the Five Civilized Tribes. They included the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole tribes.
19th Cenury.
In the 19th century, most of the lands in the Eastern United States were conquered. The lands in the west were still Native American Territory. Soon diseases also came to the Western territories. The Americans wanted to move west. There was Native American resistance. Conflicts included  Tecumseh's War, the Creek War and Seminole Wars. However, Native Americans were in the Union and Confederate Armies during the Civil War.
President Andrew Jackson forced Natives to leave their lands. He passed the  Indian Removal Act of 1830. This led to the Trail of Tears. Americans justified this removal. This was called Manifest Destiny. In 1851, the Indian Appropriations Act set up preservations for Natives. Natives resisted in the Indian Wars. There was also the Dakota War, Great Sioux War, Snake War, Colorado War, and Texas-Indian Wars. In the Wounded Knee Massacre, the US army killed many Natives.
The Cherokee were the first Natives to become US citizens.
In 1871, Ulysses S. Grant recognized more Native tribes in the Indian Appropriations Act. The US government also created many boarding schools for Native Americans. The schools only taught Christianity and not Native American religions. Navajo were against teaching. Eventually, the schools included Indian history and self-esteem.
20th Century.
In the 20th century, there were more rights for Natives. Politicians were more open to Natives. Woodrow Wilson allowed Natives who fought in World War I to become citizens. Calvin Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act. This made all Natives American citizens. Republican Charles Curtis was a Native and Congressman. He became the Senate Minority Whip and Senate Majority Leader for several years. Today Americans have all the rights of the US constitution. The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 supported vocational training.
Many Natives fought and died in World War II. Soldiers respected the Natives. The legacy of the Native American warrior was still there.
There was also more self-determination for Natives. There was more activism with Natives. Notable events in the 1960s are the occupation of Alcatraz Island (1969–1971) and the formation of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In 1968, the Indian Civil Rights Act gave Natives protection to tribe members. The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act was passed in 1975. Tribal colleges were created. Many universities have added study programs about Natives Americans. This is partly due to Native activism.
Contemporary Problems.
Native Americans are affected by some problems more than White Americans. For example Native Americans are six times more likely to suffer from alcoholism than average. About 24% live in extreme poverty. Native American and Native Alaskan women are more likely to be targets of sexual violence than other women. Natives says that they often face prejudice and mistreatment. Many Native Americans live in cities. They face poverty and bad working conditions.
Another problem is cultural appropriation. This is when a culture wrongly adopts and takes elements from another culture. This is a problem in sports with mascots. There are often Native American stereotypes. The Golden State Warriors stopped using Native American logos in the 1970s. In 2020, the Washington Redskins changed their name to Washington Commanders.
There has been controversy with names of Native Americans in the US. Native Americans were historically called "Indians". This word has racist stereotypes. The term Native Americans is viewed to be more historically accurate. There is no agreement among Native Americans on what is the best term. Some criticize the term "Native Americans", because the government chose it. Several Native tribes prefer the term "American Indian". Native Americans prefer to be called by their tribal names.

= = = Brian Cowen = = =
Brian Cowen (born 10 January 1960) was the Taoiseach (prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland. He became the taoiseach on 7 May 2008, after Bertie Ahern, he resigned after losing a general election on 9 March 2011. He was the leader of a political party called Fianna Fáil. They were in a coalition government with the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats. Independent TDs (Irish members of parliament) also support his government.

= = = Web chat = = =
A web chat is a chat system to exchange information via the Web. People use a web browser to communicate with others. Apart from the browser you do not need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.
On the technical side web chats are often written with Java, Flash or Ajax.

= = = British Grand Prix = = =
The British Grand Prix is a grand prix motor race organised in Great Britain by the Royal Automobile Club. First held in 1950 and after that every year since today.
Winners.
Multiple winners (drivers).
"Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."
Multiple winners (constructors).
"Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br>
"A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.<br>
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
Multiple winners (engine manufacturers).
"Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br>
"A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.<br>
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
By year.
A green background indicates an event which was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship."<br>
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship. 

= = = Ob (river) = = =
The Ob is a river in Siberia. Together with the Lena and the Yenisei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia. Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long. Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard. The Irtysh is the Ob river's main tributary. Other tributaries include the Omsk, Parabel, Chaya, Tobol and Ishim.

= = = Deductive reasoning = = =
Deduction is one of the two main types of reasoning. The other is induction. In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.
Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
Aristotle, the first person we know who wrote down laws of deduction, gives this example of deduction:
The first two statements are called "premises". The last statement is called the "conclusion". The conclusion is taken from the premises. 
Deductive reasoning is often called "top-down logic", whereas inductive reasoning is called "bottom-up reasoning".

= = = Inductive reasoning = = =
Induction is one of the main forms of logical reasoning. The other is deduction. In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases. For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.
Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one. 
Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. If he had stopped there, his name might not be known today. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was an hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.
Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”. Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?” Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known "As" are "B", then "probably" all "As" whatever are "B"". 
Criticism.
Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:
1. Humans exist.2. Birds also exist.3. Therefore, birds are human. 
This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.
Other websites.
Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:

= = = Oklahoma Territory = = =
Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state. It was made up of the western area of what is now the state of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remaining part of Indian Territory.

= = = Scientific theory = = =
In everyday speech, the word "theory" is used as a "best guess". In modern science, a scientific theory is a tested and expanded hypothesis that explains many experiments. It fits ideas together in a framework. If anyone finds a case where all or part of a scientific theory is false, then that theory is either changed or thrown out.
An example of a scientific theory that underwent many changes is the germ theory of disease. In ancient times, people believed that diseases were caused by the gods, or by curses, or by improper behavior. Germs (microorganisms) were unknown, because germs are too small to see. With the invention of the microscope, germs were discovered, and the germ theory of disease was proposed. Thanks to the germ theory of disease, many diseases can now be cured. However, the germ theory of disease had to be modified, because some diseases are not caused by germs. The flu and scurvy are examples of diseases that are not caused by bacteria, but viruses or poor nutrition. Scientists modified the germ theory of disease, so that today we would state that theory as "Some diseases are caused by germs".
To be a scientific theory, a theory must be tested a large number of times, by different scientists in different places, and must pass the test every time. The theory must be stated exactly, sometimes using mathematics. And it must fit in with all of the other scientific theories. Science has many branches. Physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy are some of the major branches of science. A scientific theory in one branch of science must hold true in all of the other branches of science. For example, the atomic theory of matter, that all matter is made up of atoms, was discovered using physics, but the chemicals used in chemistry, the living tissue used in biology, the rocks studied in geology, and the planets studied in astronomy are all made up of atoms. The atomic theory of matter holds in every area of science.
Sometimes scientists come up with a theory that is wrong. The discovery of an exception to a scientific theory is a major event, and a scientist can become famous by discovering an exception to a rule. Einstein became famous for his theory of relativity, which found an exception to Isaac Newton's laws of motion. Newton's theory, which had been accepted for hundreds of years, had to be changed, and has been changed.
Here is a list of some of the major theories of modern science. These theories have been tested thousands of times, and no exception has been found.

= = = Marin-Epagnier = = =
Marin-Epagnier was a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.
It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.
The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. "(See also La Tène culture.)" La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland. La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.

= = = Magdalenenberg = = =
Magdalenenberg is the name of a tumulus grave which dates from the Iron Age. It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany. The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture. With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.
In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years. Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another. Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar’s observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.
Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.

= = = Sacred Cenote = = =
Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza. One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza. The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.

= = = Cenote = = =
A cenote is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at. 
Definition and description.
Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes. 
Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers. They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.
Cause.
Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.
Famous cenotes.
Mexico.
Yucatán Peninsula:
Central and Northern Region:

= = = Monkton, Kent = = =
Monkton is an English village on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road. It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet. The church there is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war. Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.
In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time. However, fortunately, all of Monkton's twenty people were evacuated into safety to nearby Minster. However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement. Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.

= = = Electric chair = = =
An electric chair is a specially built chair which is used to execute condemned criminals by electrocuting (giving them a strong electric shock) them. This means that they are being killed as a punishment for a crime that they were accused of, usually murder.
An electric chair is a strong wooden chair which has electrodes (which are objects often made out of metal that conduct electricity) for running electric current through the convict's body. One electrode is placed on the convict's head, and another is placed on the convict's right shin. When the switch is turned on, a 2,000 volt current goes through the convict. The current is to stop the heartbeat, cause unconsciousness, and cause death. Sometimes, the chair was made from the wood of the gallows which it replaced.
The electric chair is sometimes used as the very symbol of death penalty. It is also a part of Americana (that is: cultural symbols of USA) and the electric chairs of many states have ironic nicknames like Old Sparky, Yellow Mama, Gruesome Gertie, Sizzling Sally or Hot Seat. The execution itself is sometimes called "riding the lightning".
History of the electric chair.
The electric chair was designed by Dr. Alfred Southwick, and first built by Harold Brown in 1888. Dr. Southwick had seen a drunk man falling in a generator and dying immediately from electric shock. There had been a very gruesome hanging in New York in 1886 that did not go right. The drop had been too long and the convict's head was torn off. Many people wanted a less cruel method of execution. The state of New York chose the electric chair.
This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for several decades, in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976). The electric chair has become a symbol of the death penalty, and a part of American folklore. However, it is becoming replaced as a method of executing criminals in the United States by lethal injection. Altogether, 25 US states and the US federal government have used the electric chair.
The decline of the electric chair.
Death in the electric chair is usually quick as the convict dies from electric shock which stops the heart. However, if something goes wrong, the death is more like frying the convict alive. The electric chair has been declared as a cruel and unusual punishment in many states and is no longer used in most states. In fact, there are no longer any states that use the electric chair as its main way of executing criminals. All states that use the death penalty use lethal injection as its main way of executing criminals now.
So far, the latest person executed in an electric chair has been Nicholas Todd Sutton, an American serial killer, who was responsible for murdering two acquaintances and his own grandmother in North Carolina and Tennessee from August to December 1979. Convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for these crimes, Sutton, among three other inmates, later participated in a 1985 prison killing over drugs. For this final crime, he was sentenced to death and executed by electric chair on Feb. 20, 2020 in Tennessee at the Riverbend Maximum Security Prison.

= = = Santiago Bernabéu Stadium = = =
The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain. It is the second largest stadium in Spain. It has a capacity for 81,044 people. The stadium is called Estadio Santiago Bernabéu in Spanish.
The 1982 FIFA World Cup and the final, were held at the Santiago Bernabéu.
History.
The stadium was built at the same site of Campo de Chamartín. Construction began in 1945. On December 14, 1947, the stadium officially opened. The first match was against Portuguese champions Os Belenenses (3-1).
At that time, the stadium consisted of two uncovered tiers that could hold about 75,000 spectators. Capacity was further increased to 125,000 in 1954, when one of the long sides got expanded with a third tier. The Bernabéu was together with the Camp Nou as the playing venue of the UEFA 1964 European Nations' Cup, hosting one of the two semi-finals and the final between Spain and the Soviet Union (2-1).
Towards the end of the 1970s, the stadium had already started to age. Club officials started making plans to build a new stadium in the north of the city.
However, with the coming of the 1982 World Cup it was instead decided to renovate the Bernabéu. The renovation included the construction of a roof over the three two-tiered stands and the installation of seats in half of the stadium. As a result, capacity was reduced to 90,800. During the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the Santiago Bernabéu hosted three matches in the second group stage and the final between Italy and West Germany (3-1).
In the 1990s, UEFA required the stadium to become an all-seater, which would have reduced capacity to 50,000 seats. The club president therefore started a redevelopment program. The changes included extending the third tier over the entire stadium, the creation of corporate facilities, and four access towers in each corner of the stadium. Works started in 1992 and were completed two years later.
The stadium was further refurbished and upgraded between 2001 and 2006. Works most of all focused on improving corporate facilities. Construction was concluded in 2006 with the construction of a roof over the one remaining uncovered stand. The expansion design was done by Madrid-based architect Antonio Lamela.
Additional improvements, such as a retractable roof, were delayed due to financial reasons. In 2013 club president Florentino Pérez announced Real was seeking to sell the naming rights for its stadium. In 2014 German architects GMP revealed a plan for the improvements. A sponsorship agreement was finally made with IPIC.

= = = Electrocution = = =
Electrocution or electric shock is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock". 
The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive. In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current. Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle. A large Tesla coil can burn and kill. 
Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA (0.005 to 0.03 Amps). Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.

= = = Stora Enso = = =
Stora Enso is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation. It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world. It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998. 
Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees. In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes. The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.
The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name "Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag" (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)). It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world. It later became also a paper and cellulose maker. Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland. It was founded in 19th century. Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries. It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.

= = = SpeechWeb = = =
A SpeechWeb is a collection of SpeechWeb applications. The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.
The goals of the SpeechWeb are: 
A SpeechWeb browser is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application. A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others. An example browser using X+V is available here .
A SpeechWeb application is an application that provides a special interface. The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications. SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a JSGF grammar.

= = = Tikal = = =
Tikal (or Tik’al, according to modern orthography) is the largest of the ancient ruined cities of the Maya civilization. It is in modern day Guatemala at . Now it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a popular tourist spot. 
Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization. The oldest monumental architecture at the site dates to the 4th century BC. The best time of Tikal was during the Classic Period, from 200 AD to 900 AD. In this period, Tikal was in charge of the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily. This is because it was linked with areas throughout Mesoamerica, such as central Mexican, the center of Teotihuacan. After the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built. Some palaces were burned and the population declined. The site was abandoned by the end of the 10th century.
Site characteristics.
The ruins are on lowland rainforest, but Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored underground. Archaeologists working in Tikal during the last century used the underground facilities to store water for their own use. The absence of springs, rivers, and lakes nearby is unusual for a major city. However, Tikal did well with intensive agricultural techniques. These were more advanced than the slash & burn methods originally theorized by archeologists. The reliance on seasonal rainfall made Tikal open to drought. This is now thought to play a major part in the "Classic Maya Collapse".
Rulers.
The known rulers of Tikal, with general or specific dates attributed to them, include the following:

= = = Resistance = = =
Resistance could mean:

= = = Bard = = =
The bard probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely were in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

= = = Operation = = =
Operation may refer to:

= = = Mausoleum = = =
A mausoleum is a building used to store the remains of people who have died. Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor. The word came from the name of an ancient king.
Lenin's Mausoleum.
Soviet leader Lenin is a mausoleum. In 1953, Joseph Stalin was buried next to him but his body was removed during destalinization.

= = = Venus figurine = = =
Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are figurines that show women. Most often the women are shown as being pregnant, with breasts well visible. The figurines occur from Western Europeto Siberia. Most are about 30.000 years old; Two figurimes have been found that are much older, the Venus of Tan-Tan has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago. It was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 300.000 to 200.000 years ago. It may be the earliest thing that shows the human form. 
Different kind of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.
Today it is not known what the figurines meant for the people who made them. There are two basic interpretations:
Scientists have excluded that they were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not yet been discovered.
The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. It contained traces of Iron and Manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that this could not have been done by nature alone

= = = Venus of Tan-Tan = = =
The Venus of Tan-Tan is a venus figurine. It was found in Morocco. It has been dated to be between 300.000 and 500.000 years old. Unlike the other venus figurines, it appears neither male nor female.

= = = Venus of Berekhat Ram = = =
The Venus of Berekhat Ram is a stone that was found on the Golan Heights in 1981. Scientists have proposed to classify it as a Venus figurine, because there are traces it was worked on with a stone tool. The things that have been worked can clearly be told apart from the natural stone. It is therefore agreed that the pebble has been modified by human action, even though it bears little resemblance to the much later "Venus figurines" of about 30.000 years ago.

= = = List of Baptists = = =
This is a list of Baptists. This list is not complete.

= = = Joy = = =
Joy is an emotion of great happiness. 
Joy can also be interpreted as a person's name.
Joy may also refer to:

= = = Grace = = =
Grace could mean:
in music:
A song:
in religion:
Grace may also be:

= = = Chattanooga, Tennessee = = =
Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee, a state in the United States of America. Cities larger than it are Nashville - the capital and largest city of the state; Memphis; and Knoxville. Chattanooga is in the southeast of Tennessee.
The first people to live in the Chattanooga area were Native American Indians with sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. The city became a transport hub, which made it a target in the American Civil War.
Geography and climate.
The United States Census Bureau say that the city has a total area of 150.1 square miles (388.7 km2). This is made up of 142.4 square miles (368.7 km2) of land, and 7.7 square miles (20.0 km2) of water (5.15% of the total area).
The most well known natural feature near Chattanooga is the Tennessee River and the surrounding highlands. The city is between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge.

= = = Greenville, South Carolina = = =
Greenville is a city in South Carolina, United States. Bob Jones University is in Greenville. Greenville is in the Blue Ridge region of the state and is the county seat of Greenville County. As of 2020, there were 70,720 people living in the city, and 387,271 people living in the urban area.

= = = Jonathan Edwards = = =
Jonathan Edwards can mean:

= = = Jonathan Edwards (theologian) = = =
Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. He was one of the most important people in the Great Awakening, a religious movement in the United States. He preached a sermon called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".

= = = Prostate cancer = = =
Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It is often treated with prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy.
Aggressive prostate cancer is now known to have a genetic basis. Men with gene BRCA2 are more likely to get the cancer, and more likely it will be in its most aggressive form.

= = = John Edwards = = =
Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician. He served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.
Early life.
Johnny Edwards was born at Prisma Health Oconee Memorial Hospital in Seneca, South Carolina, He was the son of Wallace Edwards and Catharine Edwards, He studied Clemson University and North Carolina State University, He graduated with a Bachelor's degree of textile technology in 1974, After that he graduated as a Doctor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law .
Lawyer.
Before his time in the Senate, he was a lawyer. He argued and won several big cases about doctors who gave bad care and caused harm to patients. He also won lawsuits for people who had been injured by negligence of businesses or by using their products.
His best known case was for a Cary, North Carolina three year old girl. She was badly injured by being sucked into an open drain in a swimming pool playpool for toddlers. Her family won enough money from the drain company to pay for her medical care for the rest of her life.
Political career.
Edwards served for one term in the United States Senate from 1999 to 2005, serving his state of North Carolina. He decided not to run for re-election as he was running for president, and later vice-president, in the 2004 election cycle. He ran for President of the United States twice, in 2004 and 2008, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries. He was later chosen to be the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 2004 on the Kerry ticket, but he was defeated by incumbent Vice-President Dick Cheney.
Personal life.
In 2008, he admitted to having an affair while his wife, Elizabeth was dying. He has written several books.

= = = Fuller Theological Seminary = = =
The Fuller Theological Seminary is in Pasadena, California. It is one of North America's largest seminaries. The Seminary has over 4,300 students from over 67 countries and 108 denominations.

= = = Bachelor of Divinity = = =
In Western Christian theology, a Bachelor of Divinity (BD or BDiv) is usually an undergraduate academic degree given for courses taken in the study of divinity. At some institutions, the BD is a higher degree than the Bachelor of Arts. 

= = = Freespire = = =
Freespire is a Linux distribution made with parts from Ubuntu. It was made to make using free software easy, while giving the choice to use non-free (not open source) parts. These parts might be programs, drivers, or codecs. Linspire, a commercial Linux distribution, is made from Freespire.

= = = Spiritual gift = = =
In Christianity, the spiritual gifts are gifts given to Christians. Each Christian has his or her own gift (or gifts). They are talked about in the New Testament, mainly in First Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Some believe that they only worked in early Christianity.

= = = Sanctification = = =
The word sanctification refers to the act of making holy or setting apart as special. The word is used five times in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (1 Corinthians 1:30, 1 Thessalonians 4:3,1 Thessalonians 4:4, 2 Thessalonians 2:13, and 1 Peter 1:2).
To sanctify means “to set apart for special use or purpose,” and “to make holy or sacred,” and etymologically from the Latin verb 'sanctificare' which in turn is from "sanctus" “holy” and "facere" “to make.”
When an object or place is made holy, usually a ceremony is performed. Then people see that it is a special object or place and treat it with respect. A person may also be "set apart for special purpose", as when a priest or pastor is ordained. 
Sanctification can also refer to how a person becomes a good moral person, or someone with a close relationship to God. This may not include any ceremony. Persons who achieve this holiness are sometimes called Saints. Some churches have a list of saints who have been recognized as having been especially holy persons. 
Generally in Protestant teaching, all Christians are considered saints. All are expected to become people who are close to God and who live a life like that which Jesus taught. Reading the Bible, prayer, worshiping God and Jesus and telling others about their faith are important in becoming sanctified. 

= = = Glossolalia = = =
Glossolalia, or speaking in tongues, is speaking rapid speech-like syllables which cannot be understood. In some cases it is part of religious practice. Some consider it as a part of a sacred language. It is a common practice amongst Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity.
Linguistics.
In 1972 a linguist from the University of Toronto published an assessment of Pentecostal glossolalia. His assessment was based on a large sample of glossolalia recorded in public and private Christian meetings in Italy, the Netherlands, Jamaica, Canada and the US.
Samarin found that glossolalic speech is like human language in some respects. The speaker uses accent, rhythm, intonation and pauses to break up the speech into distinct units. Each unit is itself made up of syllables. The syllables are formed from consonants and vowels taken from a language known to the speaker:
It is verbal behaviour that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels... in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are taken apart and rearranged pseudogrammatically... with variations in pitch, volume, speed and intensity.p120
Samarin found that the resemblance to human language was just on the surface. He concluded that glossolalia is "only a facade of language".p128 The syllable string did not form words, the stream of speech was not internally organized, and – most importantly of all – there was no systematic relationship between units of speech and concepts. Humans use language to communicate but glossolalia does not. Therefore, he concluded that glossolalia is not "a specimen of human language because it is neither internally organized nor systematically related to the world man perceives".p128 On the basis of his linguistic analysis, Samarin defined Pentecostal glossolalia as "meaningless but phonologically structured human utterance, believed by the speaker to be a real language but bearing no systematic resemblance to any natural language, living or dead".p2

= = = Christian hedonism = = =
Christian hedonism is a controversial Christian doctrine in some evangelical churches, partly those of the Reformed tradition. This term was made by Baptist pastor John Piper in his 1986 book "Desiring God". Piper talks about this philosophy of the Christian life as "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in Him."

= = = Yucatec language = = =
Yucatec Maya ("Maaya T'aan" in the revised orthography of the "Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala") is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is also spoken in northern Belize and parts of Guatemala. To native speakers, it is known only as Maya - "Yucatec" is a label linguists use to distinguish it from other Mayan languages (such as K'iche' and Itza' Maya).
In the Mexican states of Yucatán, northern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Maya remains many speakers' first language today, with approximately 800,000 speakers.

= = = Uxmal = = =
Uxmal is a large pre-Columbian city. The ruins are in Mexico today, in the state of Yucatán. According to the records of the Maya, the city was built around the year 500 AD. According to current research, about 25.000 people lived there. Most of the buildings that can be seen today were built between 700 and 1100. After 1200, there seems to be no new construction. The ruling family moved their capital elsewhere, and the population of the city declined. 
According to the documents of the Spanish conquerors, the city still had some importance in the 1550s. It was probably abandoned soon afterwards, as the Spanish built no city nearby.

= = = Tayasal = = =
Tayasal is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period. The site is in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala. Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish "conquistadores" and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697. 
As an archaeological site, it was heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall. The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake. 
The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it "Noh Petén", or literally "City Island". It was also called "Tah Itzá", or Place of the Itzá.
In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position. 
The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic Church and other buildings in the city of Flores. 

= = = Archaeological site = = =
An archaeological site is a place where physical remains of the past survive. The archaeologists working there will carefully record what they find. They may also change the site so that what has been found can be preserved better.
The site will have trenches so that people can excavate better. To start the excavation, the topsoil will be removed. Special tools like pickaxes and mattocks are used to break up and remove very hard compacted soil. Shovels and spades are used to clear away bulk debris. Other hand tools used in bulk cleanup work are hoes, rakes, forks, and the wheelbarrow to cart it away.

= = = Copán = = =
Copán was a Maya city. Today, the ruins are in Honduras, near the border to Guatemala. The kingdom of Copan flourished from the 5th to the 9th century. The people would hire slaves to build houses. If they hired 80 - 100 workers it would usually take them around 2-3 months to finish it
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= = = Stephenie Meyer = = =
Stephenie Meyer (born December 24, 1973 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American author. She was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. She is the author of the "Twilight" series. "The Host", Meyer's first adult novel, was released on May 6, 2008.
Critical reception.
Meyer's first novel, "Twilight", has won numerous honors, including: 

= = = Flora Thompson = = =
Flora Jane Thompson (5 December 1876 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet that was famous for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, "Lark Rise to Candleford".
She was born in "Juniper Hill", a hamlet in north-east Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of six children of the stonemason Albert and the nursemaid Emma Timms. In her books her favourite brother, Edwin, is mentioned as important companion during her childhood. He was killed near Ypres in 1916. Flora was educated in the village "Cottisford" and worked in various post offices in southern England. The first of these was "Fringford", a village about four miles north-east of Bicester. Flora started work here in 1891, as assistant to the postmistress, Mrs. Kezia Whitton. Among other post offices where Flora worked was that at "Grayshott", in Hampshire, and she later moved to Bournemouth. In 1903 she married John William Thompson, with whom she had two sons and a daughter.
Flora benefited from good access to books when the public library opened in Winton, in 1907. Not long after, in 1911, she won an essay competition in "The Ladies Companion" for a 300-word essay on Jane Austen. She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was a keen self-taught naturalist and many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.
Her most famous works are the "Lark Rise to Candleford" trilogy, which she sent as essays to "Oxford University Press" in 1938 and which were published soon after. The books are a, if autobiographical, but fictionalised social history of rural English life in the late 19th and early 20th century and are now considered minor classics.
Flora Thompson died in 1947 in "Brixham", Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

= = = ClamWin = = =
ClamWin Free Antivirus is a free, open source antivirus software for Microsoft Windows. It provides a graphical user interface to the ClamAV engine.
ClamWin is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and can be downloaded from the official website for free.

= = = Marco van Basten = = =
Marcel "Marco" van Basten (; born 31 October 1964) is a former Dutch footballer. He was most recently the manager of the Netherlands national football team. He had to quit playing football early because of an injury that kept him from playing for more than a year.
Van Basten was known for his strength on the ball, his tactical awareness and spectacular strikes and volleys. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.
Awards.
Van Basten was named FIFA World Player of the Year in 1992 and won the Ballon d'Or three times, in 1988, 1989 and 1992. He was named "UEFA best Player of the Year" three times (1989, 1990 and 1992) and "FIFA World Player of the Year" in 1992. In a French magazine named "France Football," he was voted as one of the eight best Football Players of the Century. In 1999, he was ranked sixth in the FIFA Player of the Century internet poll.
Honours.
Ajax
A.C. Milan
Netherlands
Individual

= = = Masonry = = =
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. The term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves.
The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.
Applications.
Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. Brick is the most common type of masonry. Concrete block masonry is rapidly gaining in popularity as a comparable material.

= = = Lark Rise to Candleford = = =
Lark Rise to Candleford is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels set in the English countryside in the late 19th century. They were written by Flora Thompson, and first published in that form in 1945. The trilogy includes the previously published stories "Lark Rise" (1939), "Over to Candleford" (1941) and "Candleford Green" (1943).
The stories relate to three communities, a hamlet, the nearby village and the nearest town in Oxfordshire, England. The stories are loosely based around Flora's childhood experiences. The books describe village life through the seasons of the year.
The plays.
The television scriptwriter and playwright Keith Dewhurst adapted Thompson’s trilogy into two plays, "Lark Rise" and "Candleford", which were performed in the Cottesloe auditorium of London’s National Theatre in 1978–9. Dewhurst selected just two days: the first day of harvest for "Lark Rise" and the first hunt meet of the new year, a winter’s day in January, for "Candleford". The plays try to make the audience recognize the value of a way of life, close to the land and countryside, that they could never know for themselves. “It will send most spectators out wiser and happier human beings...one of those rare theatrical occasions with a genuine healing quality”, wrote theatre critic Michael Billington of "The Guardian".
Television.
A ten-part BBC adaptation, starring Dawn French and others, began on BBC One in the UK on 13 January 2008.

= = = Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series) = = =
Lark Rise to Candleford is a British television costume drama series, adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside. The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD. Its cast includes actors from other late 2007 and early 2008 BBC costume dramas such as "Sense and Sensibility" and "Cranford".
The story set in Oxfordshire. It is about Laura Timmins, a teenage girl from the village of Lark Rise who is sent by her parents to work as an assistant at the post office in the nearby town of Candleford. The post office is run by Miss Dorcas Lane, who is a cousin of Laura's mother. Laura's father, the stonemason Robert Timmins, at first misses her but later becomes proud of her for doing well in her new job. Laura's friend Alf Arless is in love with her, but, as Laura becomes used to life in Candleford, he realises that she will never return his feelings.
The other post office workers are the postman, Thomas Brown, a very religious man who tries not to get involved in any kind of mischief or fun; the maid Zillah, who has been with Miss Lane for many years and considers herself in charge of the household; and Mrs Macey, the senior assistant who decides to leave when other people find out that her husband has been in prison.
A second series began in January 2009, introducing some new characters. These include a new maid, Minnie, and a rich hotel-owner, James Dowland, who falls in love with Dorcas Lane.
In the end, the series had a four season run. The BBC stopped a fifth season, because the team felt that after four seasons, the time was right to bring in new dramas. It was said they hoped viewers would love the new programmes in the same way. The last episode on BBC was in early 2011.
Changes from source material.
The Debtors Act of 1869 abolished putting people in prison for debt they could not pay. The series makes much of Mrs Arless', played by Dawn French, imprisonment for debt. In the novels the events are played out in the 1880s and later. So imprisonment for debt would therefore be a mistake in the chronology of time.

= = = Cinnabar = = =
Cinnabar is a mineral. It is the main ore of mercury and is made up of the chemical mercuric sulphide (HgS). 
Cinnabar exists in two crystal forms. Red cinnabar is used for the pigment vermilion. It is poisonous, and may go black with age. The other crystal form is black, and does not react chemically to anything except strong acids. Cinnabar has a Mohs hardness of 2–2.5. 
Cinnabar has been mined since the Neolithic age. 

= = = Rattlesnake = = =
The rattlesnake is a kind of snake, a reptile. About 50 species of rattlesnakes are known: they are a kind of pit viper. 
There are two groups of rattlesnakes: the genera "Crotalus" and "Sistrurus". All have a venomous bite, and some are much more dangerous than others. Pit vipers have a set of heat-sensing "pits" on their heads which help them find prey and move towards it, even in the dark.
The name "rattlesnake" is used because they have a special tail with several parts on the end that can make a loud "bzzzz" sound, or rattle. This defends them against predators and large animals. It acts as a warning signal. 
Rattlesnakes are native to the Americas from southwest Canada to central Argentina. They usually live in dry areas. They eat small animals such as birds and rodents.
When they are young, many are eaten by birds. When they are adult, they have a particular enemy: the common kingsnake, "Lampropeltis getula", a colubrid snake.

= = = 12 Rounds (movie) = = =
12 Rounds is a 2009 movie. It is directed by Renny Harlin and produced by WWE Films. The actors include John Cena, Steve Harris, Aidan Gillen, and Brian J. White. Filming took place in New Orleans between February 25 and May 12, 2008. It was released in the United States on March 27, 2009.
The Story.
The movie follows Danny Baxter (Cena), a New Orleans police detective, as he begins a 12-round battle of wits to recover his kidnapped girlfriend, Janine, from criminal master Miles Jackson III.

= = = Miami Seaquarium = = =
The Miami Seaquarium is an aquarium on Virginia Key, in Miami, Florida. The park has animals such as dolphins, whales, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, sharks, fish, parrots, turtles or sea turtles, etc. It has been open since 1955.
The main attraction is Lolita, the world's oldest captive orca. She is now the park's only orca. Animal rights activists have long argued that the tank does not meet federal minimum requirements (Animal Welfare Act). The USDA has recently made statements in support of the activists' argument. However, Lolita is a special case.

= = = Winter solstice = = =
The winter solstice is the time when the sun has the biggest distance to the Tropic of Cancer. After this, the sun is going to move to back in the direction of the equator.
The Earth revolves around the Sun. The sunlight reaches the Earth at an angle. On each day of the year, the sun will be perpendicular at a given latitude. At the start of spring and at the start of autumn it passes over the equator. On the June Solstice it is over the Tropic of Cancer, at 23.5 degrees north. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice. On the December Solstice it is over the Tropic of Capricorn, at 23.5 degrees south. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice.
For the northern hemisphere, the Winter solstice is around 21 December. This means that the sun is at the southern tropic. For the southern Hemisphere, the winter solstice is around 21 June. This means that the sun is at the northern tropic.
The word solstice comes from Latin "Sol" (sun) and "sistere" (to not move), winter solstice meaning Sun standstill in winter.
The earth prone and moves in an elliptic way around the sun. Because of this, the point from where the sun is shining moves between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.
The winter solstice is celebrated around 21 December since 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar.

= = = Sergio Castillo = = =
Sergio Castillo (13 May 1925 – 19 August 2010 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.
He began as an architect. In 1948 he travelled to Paris and took painting courses. After returning to Chile he attended the Faculty of Arts of the University of Chile, where he studied with two known teachers, Lily Garafulic and Marta Colvin. In 1956 he studied at the Art Student League of New York. From 1967 he taught at the University of Chile. He lived and worked for many years at San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain. In 1985 he joined the faculty of Boston University, in the US. He built several large pieces on the campus of Boston University.
He won the National Award in Art (1997). “50 años creando mis animales en acero” (50 years making my steel animals) is his recent exposition, including things that look a little like animals.

= = = Summer solstice = = =
The summer solstice is when the Sun is at its highest point in the sky during a year. The solstice itself is one moment, but many use the word to mean the day when the solstice happens. The summer solstice does not always happen on exactly the same day.
The word solstice comes from Latin and means that "the Sun stands still". 
For the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is around 21 June (20, 21 or 22 of June). This means that the sun is at the northern tropic. For the southern hemisphere, the summer solstice is around 21 December. This means that the sun is at the southern tropic.

= = = Bearded dragon = = =
Bearded dragons are agamid lizards in the genus "Pogona".
The central bearded dragon is the common name for "Pogona vitticeps", which lives in dry areas of Australia The name "bearded dragon" refers to the fringes around and under the head. The underside of the throat turns black if they are stressed or see a potential rival.
Description.
Central bearded dragons can grow to about 2 feet long. Half of the length of a bearded dragon's body is its tail. Females are usually smaller than males. If a bearded dragon is scared, it will flatten its body against the ground, puff out its spiky throat, and open its jaws to make itself look larger. Bearded dragons sometimes open their mouths wide to allow hot air to warm them better when they are lying in the sun. They also open their mouths to help them cool down; the warm air and heat escapes through their mouths. This behavior is similar to panting.
Diet.
Central bearded dragons eat small and large insects, such as grasshoppers and worms. They also eat leaves, fruit, vegetables and flowers. They get most of their water from the food they eat, but they also need to drink sometimes. You can also give them horn worms (tomato worms) as a treat once or twice a every two months as a treat. 

= = = Mensa International = = =
Mensa International (or just Mensa) is the largest, oldest and most famous high-IQ group of people in the world. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised intelligence test. In many cases the IQ you have to have to join is 130.

= = = Mensa = = =
Mensa, meaning "table" in Latin, could mean:
When a plural exists, it is often Mensae, such as Cydonia Mensae.

= = = Intertel = = =
Intertel is the second oldest and third largest high IQ society. Members must score in the top one percentile on a standardized, supervised IQ test.
The name was originally "The International Legion of Intelligence" and members are called "ILIans".

= = = Coweta (disambiguation) = = =
Coweta can mean:

= = = Dow Jones Industrial Average = = =
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (, also called the DJIA, Dow 30, The Dow Jones or The Dow) is a stock market index. It was created by Charles Dow, who started the "Wall Street Journal" newspaper and later Dow Jones & Company.
The stock prices of 30 companies are used to calculate the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The 30 companies are picked by experts who work for Dow Jones. They are supposed to represent the general economy of the United States. The rules to pick companies say that all the companies must be from the USA. The rules also say the companies' stocks must be traded on either the NYSE or the Nasdaq Exchange. 
In the past the companies were all heavy industries companies and made things like steel, oil, autos, and appliances. Now the it has many different kinds of companies including some that offer products and services like medicine or software.
Since 2020, these are the companies that currently make up the Dow Jones:
For a list of companies that have once been a part on the Dow Jones but are no longer part of it, see .

= = = Old Major (Animal Farm) = = =
Old Major is a character in the book "Animal Farm". He is an award winning elderly Middle White boar. He is twelve years of age, and had 400 piglets. Old Major has a wise and benevolent look but his tushes are never cut. He had given inspiration to the other pigs about the fair rules on the farm once the farmers were gone, before Old Major died. Old Major is based on Marx and Lenin of the Russian Revolution, whose ideas changed into Communism.
Role in the Story.
One evening, Old Major said that he had a dream the night before. Because of the dream, a meeting was to be held in the big barn at night. At the meeting, he talked with the other animals about the cause of their suffering, Man. He gave them the way to end their problem, rebellion. Later, he told the farm animals about his dream. In the dream he saw the Earth after Man was no longer on it. He also remembered a song sung by the animals of old, "Beasts of England", which the animals learned very fast.
While the animals were singing "Beasts of England", the sound woke their owner Mr. Jones. He fired his gun six times. This ended the meeting immediately. Old Major died peacefully in his sleep 3 days later.

= = = Yanomami = = =
The Yanomami (also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama) is a local tribe living in southern Venezuela (Amazonas department) and northern Brazil (Amazonas state and Roraima). There are approximately 35,000 Yanomami people who live in some 200–250 villages. They live in "shabonos", which are villages made with wood, straw and palm leaves.
They are also called Yanomamo and Yanam.
The word "Yanomami" means "human being".
The Yanomami tribe have lived in the rain forests of South America for centuries.
They live in small groups, and shelter in one huge house and it is called a Yanos which can hold up to 250 Yanomami.
The Yanomami tribe is also known as the Yanomamo. There is an average of 20,000 Yanomami. 
About 12,000 of them are Yanomamo. They eat plantains which is the most important food. The Yanomami love to hunt. Most of the child 
raising is done by the females of the family. Yanomami tribe villages sometimes have different languages so people from one may not understand the others. Rituals are a very important part of being a Yanomami. There are about 200-250 Yanomami villages in the area between the tropic of cancer to Capricorn. 

= = = Glamis Castle = = =
Glamis Castle is one of the most famous castles in the United Kingdom. It is near the village of Glamis, in Angus, Scotland. It is the home of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Glamis Castle was the childhood home of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, best known as the Queen Mother. Her daughter, Princess Margaret, was born there. A picture of the castle is featured on the Royal Bank of Scotland ten pound note. 
Parts of the castle and its gardens are open to the public. There is also a tea room for visitors.
There are many famous stories and legends about Glamis Castle.
Setting.
Glamis Castle is set in the wide valley of Strathmore, near Forfar, the capital of Angus. It is between the Sidlaw Hills to the south and the Grampian Mountains to the north, about 12 miles (20 kilometres) from the North Sea. 
The estate (the castle's land) covers more than 14,000 acres (57 km2). There are gardens and walking trails, as well as a farm which produces beef and a plantation (planted forest) which produces timber. There are two streams run through the estate. Near one stream, called the Glamis Burn is an "arboretum" (a tree garden) which has trees from all over the world, many of them rare and several hundred years old. Birds and other small wildlife can often be seen in the grounds.

= = = Oasis = = =
In geography, an oasis is an isolated place in the desert where there is vegetation. Most often, this occurs around a source of water. Oases provide a habitat for animals and are used as a source of water for humans.
The knowledge of the location of oases has been important for trade and transportation routes in desert areas. Caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be refilled. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames and Kufra, in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and East-West trade in the Sahara desert. The word "oasis" came into English via Greek ����� , which was borrowed from Egyptian "wḥ3t" or Demotic "wḥỉ". It was not borrowed from Coptic "ouaḥe" (*/waħe/), as is sometimes suggested; the Greek word is attested several centuries before Coptic existed as a written language.

= = = Ancient Near East = = =
The Ancient Near East is the name given to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), Persia (modern Iran), Anatolia (modern Turkey), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan), and Ancient Egypt, from the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BCE until the region's conquest by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, or covering both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region. As such, it is a term widely used in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology, ancient history and Egyptology.
Some would exclude Egypt from the ancient Near East as a geographically and culturally distinct area. However, because of Egypt's intimate involvement with the region, especially from the 2nd millennium BCE, this exclusion is rare.
The ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; it gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the potter's wheel and then the vehicular- and mill wheel, created the first centralized governments, law codes and empires, as well as introducing social stratification, slavery and organized warfare, and it laid the foundation for the fields of astronomy and mathematics.

= = = Boxer (Animal Farm) = = =
Boxer is a character from the book Animal Farm by George Orwell. He is a horse, and is nearly eighteen hands high. In the book he is as strong as two horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose, and that gives him a strange appearance. But still he was respected for his great power in work and his good character. He works as a cart-horse, as does Clover. And, though well hidden, Benjamin does actually admire Boxer for his courage and considers him a good friend and companion who he wishes to spend the rest of his time with in Animal Farm (though that wish is unfortunately unachievable). 
In the book Boxer falls into the quarry when he was pulling a cart full of rock and is sent to a veterinarian on another farm by Napoleon. Squealer, Napoleon's spokesman, then claims he died peacefully, but Benjamin realizes he has actually gone to the knacker's (slang for slaughterhouse, where animals are killed). Boxer was the most hard-working animal in the farm and was respected by all. When Boxer tried to support Snowball against Squealer, Napoleon tries to attack Boxer with his dogs but Boxer easily crushes the dog. Boxer is an ideal character showing loyalty along with his great hard work. 
His slogans are: 
He is a very loyal, caring character, but he is flawed in his lack of intelligence and does not see the real truth behind situations.

= = = Benjamin (Animal Farm) = = =
In the fictional story "Animal Farm", Benjamin is the oldest animal on Manor Farm, and very cool-tempered. He seldom speaks, except to make some cynical remark. He is the only animal on the farm that never laughs, saying that there was nothing to laugh at when asked about it. Without admitting it, Benjamin is devoted to Boxer, grazing with him in a small paddock near the orchard on Sundays. He was not changed by the rebellion that took place towards the beginning of the novel.

= = = Atari 2600 = = =
The Atari 2600 is a video game console released in the United States in October 1977. The Atari 2600 was originally called the Atari Video Computer System (or VCS). The Atari 2600 uses game cartridges which can be swapped in and out to change games, which was a new idea in video games at the time. Over 30 million Atari 2600 consoles were sold.
Name.
While Atari designed their console, they code-named it Stella. When released in 1977, they called it the Video Computer System (VCS for short). There was also a version that was sold at Sears called the Sears Video Arcade. It was not called the Atari 2600 until the Atari 5200 released in 1982. The 2600 is called this because that is the part number the company used to tell the difference in versions.
Launch.
When the Atari 2600 came out, it usually came with two joystick controllers, a pair of paddle controllers, and a game cartridge. There were initially nine games available at launch, featuring "Combat" (packaged with the console), "Air-Sea Battle", "Basic Math", "Blackjack", "Indy 500", "Star Ship", "Street Racer", "Surround", and "Video Olympics". The 2600 originally sold for $199.
Colors and graphics.
The Atari 2600 uses different sets of colors depending on the television used with it:
Games.
When the Atari 2600 was released nine games were available. Those games were "Combat" (which came with the console), "Air-Sea Battle", "Basic Math", "Blackjack", "Indy 500", "Star Ship", "Street Racer", "Surround", and "Video Olympics". Later more games came out, including "Pac-Man", "Missile Command" and "Space Invaders". The best-selling Atari 2600 game was "Pac-Man", which sold 7 million copies.
"Combat".
"Combat" was chosen to be included in the box with the Atari 2600. It contained 27 games in one cartridge. Each game involved tanks, bi-planes, or jets.
"Space Invaders".
"Space Invaders" began as an intensely popular Japanese arcade game. In 1980 a version of the game was released for the Atari 2600. The pixelated aliens from this game are still used as a popular symbol for video games today.
"Pac-Man".
"Pac-Man" began as an arcade game developed by Namco. In 1982 a version was released for the Atari 2600. It sold the most copies of any game released for the Atari 2600 (7 million copies). Despite this, the game was not popular with critics and consumers, because of the major differences in gameplay between the 2600 version and the arcade version.
See for a bigger list of games.
Third-party game development.
In 1980 the Atari 2600 was at the middle of an important development in video games, the beginning of third-party developers for console video games. In 1980 a group of four dissatisfied Atari employees founded the company Activision, who then released four games: "Dragster", "Fishing Derby", "Checkers", and "Boxing". This was an important moment in video game history as now every video game console on the market depends on some third-party game support.
Atari emulators.
Today those who want to play the games designed for the 2600 do not have to try to find the original console and cartridge as many of the games have been recreated in video game emulators. One such emulator, Stella, will function on most any operating system. After downloading this emulator users can download games from other websites and use this program to play them.
Atari Junior.
In 1986, a cheaper version of the Atari 2600 was released. Some people called this the Atari 2600 Junior. It was smaller than the original version. This system cost $50.

= = = Master System = = =
The is a home video game console made in 1985. It was not very popular in North America and Japan but was very popular in Brazil. One of the most popular games of the Master System was "Sonic the Hedgehog".
, the Master System was still in production in Brazil by Tectoy. This would make it the world's longest-lived console.
Background.
Launch.
In October 1985, the Sega Mark III was released in Japan for ¥15,000.
The console was redesigned as the "Master System", and it was released in North America in 1986 at a price of $200 (). It included a multicart of the games "Hang-On" and "Safari Hunt". By the end of 1986, 125,000 Master System consoles had been sold. This was more than the Atari 7800's 100,000, but it was less than the NES's 1.1 million.
The console was re-released as the Master System in Japan in October 1987 for ¥16,800. It still sold poorly as did the Mark III. Neither model posed a serious challenge to Nintendo in Japan.
Transition to Genesis and decline.
Sega released the Mega Drive, a 16-bit video game console, in Japan on October 29, 1988. The last game released for the Mark III/Master System in Japan was "Bomber Raid" in 1989.
By early 1992, Master System production stopped in North America. By that time, between 1.5 million and 2 million units had been sold in the United States.
The Master System later became a success in Europe. In Europe, it sold more than the NES by a lot. As late as 1993, the Master System's active installed user base in Europe was 6.25 million units. That was larger than that of the Mega Drive's 5.73 million base that year. Combined with the Mega Drive, Sega had the majority of the console user base in Europe that year.
Continued success in Brazil.
The Master System has had the most success in Brazil. In Brazil, new versions have continued to be released. Tectoy has been manufacturing Master Systems since 1989. These versions include the Master System Compact and the Master System 3. In 2015, it was reported that the Master System sells around 150,000 units per year in Brazil. By 2016, the Master System had sold 8 million units in Brazil. Because Tectoy continued to produce the Master System years for so long, the Master System is considered the longest-lived in the history of video game consoles.
Reception and legacy.
It is estimated that 13 million Master Systems were sold. This does not include recent Brazil sales.

= = = Remote control = = =
A remote control is a device used to issue commands (controlling it) from a distance to televisions, DVD players, doorbells and so on. 
A remote controller does not have a wire and can be held by hand. It has buttons for volume, changing television channels and more.
Infrared or radio signals are used to communicate with the devices. Batteries make remote controls and controllers work. Mostly AAA, AA or coin battery size batteries are used.

= = = Spacewar! = = =
Spacewar! is one of the first known video games. It was released in 1962. It was made by Steve Russell and others. In this game, the player has to shoot the other spaceships while flying around a star. The ships shoot missiles (rockets) which were unaffected (nothing happened) by the gravity. Each ship had only a few missiles and only a little bit of fuel. The hyperspace could be used to avoid being hit by a missile but the ship would reappear at a random place. The more the player used hyperspace, the bigger the chance that the spaceship would explode.

= = = Giotto = = =
Giotto di Bondone (c.1267–8 January 1337), usually known as Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is generally thought of as the first in a line of great artists of the Italian Renaissance.
Giovanni Villani, who lived at the same time as Giotto, wrote that he was the king of painters, who drew all his figures as if they were alive. Villani says that, because he was so clever, the city of Florence gave him a salary.
In the 16th century, the biographer Giorgio Vasari says that Giotto changed painting from the Byzantine style of other artists of his day, and brought to life the great art of painting as it was made by the later Renaissance painters like Leonardo da Vinci. This was because Giotto drew his figures from life, rather than copying the style them from old well-known pictures in the way that the Byzantine artists like Cimabue and Duccio did.
Giotto's greatest work is the decoration of the "Scrovegni Chapel" in Padua, finished around 1305. The building is sometimes called the "Arena Chapel" because it is on the site of an Ancient Roman arena. This fresco series shows the life of the Virgin and the life of Christ. It is thought of as one of the greatest masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.
Although Vasari wrote about Giotto's life, it is not known how many of the stories are true, because Vasari was writing more than 200 years after Giotto died. Only two things are known for certain. It is known that in 1334 Giotto was chosen by the "commune" (town council) of Florence to design the bell tower next to Florence Cathedral which was being built at that time. It is also known for certain that Giotto painted the "Arena Chapel". But no-one can be certain where he was born, who his teacher was, what he looked like, whether he really painted the famous frescos at Assisi or where he was buried when he died.
Biography.
Early years.
Giotto was probably born in a hilltop farmhouse, perhaps at Colle di Romagnano or Romignano. He was the son of a well-respected man named Bondone. His name Giotto might have been a nickname from Ambrogiotto (little Ambrose) or Angelotto (little Angelo).
The year of his death is 1337, but the year of his birth (1267) is based on a poem by Antonio Pucci, the town crier of Florence, who said that Giotto was seventy when he died. Some people think that Pucci just used seventy because it fitted the rhyme of his poem, and that perhaps Giotto was a quite different age when he died.
In his "Lives of the Artists", Giorgio Vasari tells the story of how Giotto was a shepherd boy, a merry and intelligent child who was loved by all who knew him. One day the great Florentine painter Cimabue passed by and saw him drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock. They were so lifelike that Cimabue asked Bondone if he could take the boy as an apprentice. Many art historians think this story is just a legend. They think that Giotto's family was quite rich, and they moved to Florence where Giotto was sent to Cimabue's workshop as an apprentice.
Vasari tells several stories to show how clever Giotto was, and what a sense of humour he had. Vasari writes that when Cimabue was away from the workshop, Giotto painted a fly on the face of the painting that his master was working on. When Cimabue came back, he tried several times to brush the fly off.
Vasari also tells the story that the Pope wanted to see if Giotto would be a good artists to paint some important pictures. The Pope sent a messenger asking Giotto to send him back a small picture. Instead of doing a painting, which would take many days, Giotto drew, in red paint, a circle that was so perfect that it seemed as though it was drawn using a pair of compasses. Giotto told the messenger to give that to the Pope.
Early career.
Giotto's master, Cimabue, was one of the two most famous painters of Tuscany. He worked in Florence, while the other famous painter, Duccio, worked mainly in Siena. Around 1280, Giotto and Cimabue went to Rome, where there were several fresco painters. The most famous painter in Rome was Pietro Cavallini. The famous sculptor and architect from Florence, Arnolfo di Cambio, was also working in Rome. Giotto would have seen the paintings and sculpture by these different artists. Pietro Cavallini's paintings and Arnolfo's sculpture was far more realistic and three-dimensional than the paintings by Giotto's teacher Cimabue.
From Rome, Giotto's teacher Cimabue went to Assisi to paint several large frescoes at the "Upper Church" of the newly built Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi. Through the 19th century,and for much of the 20th century it was believed that Giotto had also painted a famous series of frescos in the "Upper Church". These pictures show the "Life of St. Francis". From 1912, some art historians who studied these frescos more closely, decided that they were the work of several different artists (probably four), probably from Rome, and that probably none of the pictures were by Giotto. Nowadays, most art historians agree with this, but some books and some websites continue to say that these paintings are by Giotto. All the papers that belonged to the monastery were destroyed by Napoleon's soldiers, so there is no record of which artist was paid to do the job.
Vasari wrote that Giotto's earliest works were for the Dominican Friars at the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. These paintings include a fresco of the Annunciation and the enormous suspended "Crucifix" which is about 5 metres high painted in about 1290 In 1312, a rich Florentine gentleman called Ricuccio Pucci left money in his will so that a lamp could be kept burning before the crucifix "by the illustrious painter Giotto".
In 1287, when he was about 20, Giotto married Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela, known as "Ciuta". The couple had many children, perhaps eight. One of the sons, Francesco, became a painter. Giotto's fame as a painter spread. He was called to work in Rome, Padua, and Rimini, where his "Crucifix" can be seen in the Church of St Francis. Giotto became rich enough to buy land in the wealthy city of Florence. This probably means that he was the master of a large workshop.
"The Scrovegni Chapel".
Giotto's most famous works are the fresco paintings in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. These were painted sometime between 1303 and 1310. The Scrovegni Chapel is often called the "Arena Chapel" because it is on the site of an Roman arena.
Giotto was "commissioned" (given the work) by a rich Paduan man called Enrico degli Scrovegni. Enrico built the chapel and had it painted as a place to pray for the soul of his dead father. It was next to a very old palace that Enrico was restoring to live in. The palace has gone now, but the chapel is still standing. The outside of the building is very plain, pinkish-red bricks.
The inside of the chapel is also very simple. It is long, with a chancel at one end where a priest can say the mass, an arched roof and windows down one side. The walls have been painted with three tiers (layers) of pictures. The "theme" (the main idea) in the pictures is God's Salvation of people through Jesus Christ.
In the usual way for churches of that date, the wall above the main door has a large painting of the "Last Judgement". At the other end of the building, on either side of the chancel archway are paintings of the Annunciation. One side shows the Virgin Mary and the other side show the Angel Gabriel who is bringing her the message that she will have a son, Jesus.
Around the walls, starting at the top layer, are scenes which tell the life of the Virgin Mary. Under them, in two layers, are the stories of the life of Jesus. There are 37 scenes altogether.
About the paintings.
Giotto's master Cimabue painted in a Medieval style. But Giotto's paintings look quite different. The writer Giorgio Vasari says that Giotto brought about a complete change in painting, with a more natural style. Giotto would have seen the paintings of Pietro Cavallini and some Ancient Roman sculpture, on his visit to Rome. He also saw the sculpture of Arnolfo di Cambio who worked in Florence. The style of these sculptured figures was solid and natural, not "elongated" (made longer) like most Medieval sculptured and painted figures.
The figures that Giotto painted are solid and three-dimensional. They have anatomy, faces and actions that look very natural, because they have been drawn from looking at real people. The clothes of the figures are not arranged to form a beautiful pattern, like the clothes in Cimabue's paintings. They fit the figures and hang in a natural way like real clothes. This more natural way of showing people was started by Pietro Cavallini, but Giotto took the new ideas much further.
In the paintings around the walls of the Scrovegni Chapel, each scene looks like a shallow stage with actors on it. There are always some buildings or landscape such as a rocky hill, so that the viewer can see where the action is happening. The figures in each scene are carefully arranged so that the viewer can imagine that they are right there, taking part in the action.
The figures are not just shown with natural bodies, clothing and action. Giotto is a brilliant story-teller, because he shows the emotions of the characters in each painting, in both their faces and their "gestures" (body movement).
A famous English critic of the 1800s, John Ruskin, said that while Giotto painted the Madonna and St. Joseph and the Christ Child, he also painted them to look like an ordinary "Mamma, Papa and Baby."
Giotto had pupils who copied his style. Many other artists were influence by him. These painters include Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero. In the next hundred years, there were many churches and chapels painted with scenes like the ones that Gitto painted. The Scrovegni Chapel paintings were so famous that many other artists, such as Michelangelo, who lived 200 years later, made drawing or copies of them.
Mature works.
From 1306 to 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, painting frescoes in the "Lower Church". The paintings are about "The Life of Christ", "the Teachings of the Franciscan Friars" and "The Lives of the Saints".
In 1311 Giotto returned to Florence. In 1313 He went to Rome to design a mosaic for the façade (front) of the old St. Peter's Basilica. This was destroyed when the building was demolished.
From 1314 until 1327 Giotto lived in Florence. At this time he pianted the famous altarpiece for the Ognissanti Church (Church of All Saints). This large tempera painting is called the "Ognissanti Madonna". It is now in the Uffizi where it is exhibited beside Cimabue's "Santa Trinita Madonna" and Duccio's "Rucellai Madonna". Giotto also painted a very large "Crucifix" to hang in Ognissanti Church.
The sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti wrote that in 1318 Giotto began to paint four Chapels at the Church of Santa Croce. The chapels were paid for by four different rich families and were given their names. Giotto painted the "Life of St. Francis" in the Bardi Chapel. He painted the "Life of St. John the Baptist" and the "Life of St. John the Evangelist" in the Peruzzi Chapel. He painted "Stories of the Virgin Mary" in the Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel and "Stories of the Apostles" in the Giugni Chapel. The Giugni Chapel has been destroyed. The Peruzzi Chapel was very famous during Renaissance times. More than 150 years later, Michelangelo came to studied Giotto's paintings.
Later life.
In the 1320s Giotto painted two large altarpieces. The first was the Stefaneschi Triptych, which is now in the Vatican Museum. (A triptych is a painting on three panels. Some triptychs are very small and can be folded up and carried around, but this triptych is a large altarpiece.) The second altarpiece is called the Baroncelli Polyptych. (A polyptych has lots of parts, big and small. They are usually made as great big altarpieces for important churches, and have big, carved gold frames.)
Giotto travelled around and did paintings in Rome, Naples and Bologna. He always took a group of students with him. Nowadays, many of the frescos that he painted in these cities have been destroyed by damp, by earthquakes, by war and by people demolishing the church to build a new one. Because Giotto was very famous, people always liked to believe that he painted the fresco in their church. Many frescos are probably by Giotto's students.
In 1334 Giotto was in Florence where the magnificent new Florence Cathedral was being built. Giotto was made the chief architect and was given the job of designing a huge tower to hold the cathedral bells. It is called Giotto's Bell Tower and was designed and begun by him on July 18 1334, but it was not completed to his design.
As he grew old, Giotto became friends with two writers, Giovanni Boccaccio and Sacchetti, who both thought that he was such an entertaining and famous person that they wrote about him in their stories. The most famous writer of that time, Dante, also wrote about him in his book "The Divine Comedy". Dante said that Giotto was the greatest painter in the world, even greater than his famous master, Cimabue.
Giotto's bones.
Giotto died in January 1337. Vasari wrote that Giotto was buried in Santa Maria del Fiore, the Cathedral of Florence, on the left of the entrance and with the spot marked by a white marble plaque.
In the 1970s, some bones were discovered underneath the paving near at a spot described by Vasari. In 2000 the bones were examined by experts.
The bones were those of a very short man, just over four feet tall. In a fresco in the Church of Santa Croce, there is a figure of a man who is a dwarf (a person who is very short). People at that church have always said that the dwarf was Giotto himself. The bones that were found at the cathedral support this story. Also, the bones had lots of unusual chemicals in them, such as arsenic and lead, which were found in the artist's paints. After the bones had been examined, they were buried with great honour, because many people believed that they were the remains of the great artist. Not everybody believes this.

= = = Pliny the Younger = = =
Gaius or Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius or Caius Plinius Caecilius (61/63 in Como - ca. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, a remarkable writer, an author, and natural philosopher of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24th, 79 AD.

= = = Moura Photovoltaic Power Station = = =
The Moura Photovoltaic Power Station is in the municipality of Moura, in the interior region of Alentejo, Portugal. It has an installed capacity of 62 MWp. The first stage of construction was finished in 2008 and the second and final stage was finished in 2010. Together with the construction of the power station, a solar panel factory is currently being built and there are plans for a research lab dedicated to solar energy.
The brainchild of Prof Mario Baptista Coelho, the founding partner of Renatura and a Professor of Geostrategy of Natural Resources at the Faculty of Sciences of Lisbon, Moura was the first step in proving the feasibility of Very-Large Scale Photovoltaic Plants.
Originally conceptualized in 1999, Moura is a stepping stone in addressing the issue of carbon dioxide by way of solar energy.
Moura is currently operated by Acciona, which purchased the project in 2007.
Coped with Moura is the Sunflower Sustainability Project, as in integrated package of the paradigm of sustainability and Zero-Carbon Communities (www.sunflower-project.net).

= = = Jérémie = = =
Jérémie (Kréyòl: "Jeremi") is a city in southwest Haiti. It is the capital city of the Grand'Anse "Département".
Jérémie is also called the "City of Poets" because of the many writers, poets, and historians that were born or live there, such as Etzer Vilaire and Émile Roumer. The father of the French writer Alexandre Dumas, père, General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, was born at Madère, near Jérémie.
History.
The town was founded in 1756 when the country was the French colony of "Saint-Domingue". It was built where there was a small fishing town called "Trou-Jérémie".
Geography.
The city is on the north coast of the Southern Peninsula, on a small bay. It is among low mountains (Bordes, Rochasse and Caracol) and almost isolated from the rest of the country, about 280 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. To the southeast of the city is the River Grande-Anse.
It is also the chief town of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name. The "arrondissement" has five "communes" (a "commune" is like a municipality): Jérémie, Abricots, Bonbon, Chambellan and Moron.
Economy.
Jeremie is an important Haitian port; bananas are send to other countries from this port.
Places to visit.
There are several interesting places to visit and see in Jérémie and near the city. Some of them are:

= = = Maratone Studio = = =
Maratone is a music production company, started by two music producers and songwriters, Max Martin and Tom Talomaa. It was started in January 2001 after the closing of the Cheiron Studios.
The first songs to be written and produced at Maratone were four tracks for Britney Spears � third album "Britney".
With Kelly Clarkson's hits "Since U Been Gone" and "Behind These Hazel Eyes", which were produced at Maratone, Max Martin had reinvented himself (together with Lukasz Gottwald) by using a completely different sound than the "Cheiron sound" which he was so famous for. He has continued to use the new rock sound on hits for a-ha, Pink and many more.

= = = About.com = = =
About.com is an online source for information and advice. It is written in English, and is aimed mostly at North Americans. It is owned by The New York Times Company.
About.com is divided into topic sites, which are grouped into channels and subjects such as home repair, pediatrics, and weather. The content is written by a network of writers, referred to as Guides, who have experience in the subject they look after. Each Guide looks after one subject only.
Guides receive money of about $100,000 per year, although the exact number is not told.

= = = Blogcritics = = =
Blogcritics is a blog network and online magazine of news and opinion. The site—a self-proclaimed "sinister cabal of superior writers"—was founded in 2002 by Eric Olsen and Phillip Winn. Blogcritics features hundreds of original articles every week, and keeps an archive of all their published content.

= = = Digital Spy = = =
Digital Spy is a British entertainment and media news website. According to comScore figures, it is the fourth largest British entertainment website with 2.1 million special users on its news site. According to Alexa Internet traffic statistics, as of February 2011, Digital Spy is the 93rd most popular website in the United Kingdom, with an overall Alexa ranking of 2,088.

= = = George Beadle = = =
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American geneticist.
He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum; they shared the prize with Joshua Lederberg, who worked with Tatum on bacterial genetics.
Beadle and Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical synthesis in cells.
Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mould "Neurospora crassa" to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in pathways making proteins. They proposed a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.
Life & career.
George Wells Beadle was born at Wahoo, Nebraska, on October 22, 1903. He was the son of farmers; his parents owned and operated a 40-acre (160,000 m2) farm.
George might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers had not directed his mind towards science, and the College of Agriculture at Lincoln, Nebraska.
In 1926, after his degree, he worked on hybrid wheat and "Zea mays". In 1931 he was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period he continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Dobzhansky and Sturtevant work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, "Drosophila melanogaster".
In 1935 Beadle visited Paris for six months to work with Boris Ephrussi at the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique. Together they began the study of the development of eye pigment in "Drosophila" which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the "fungus" "Neurospora".
In 1937 Beadle was appointed Professor of Biology (Genetics) at Stanford University and there he remained for nine years, working for most of this period in collaboration with Tatum.
In 1946 he returned to the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology. Here he remained until January 1961 when he was elected Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, in the autumn of the same year, President of this university.
George Beadle died on June 9, 1989.
Later work.
The work of Beadle & Tatum was continued later by E.B. Lewis who worked on the way genes control the development of embryos, and by Phillip Sharp & Richard Roberts who discovered of introns and RNA splicing. All three won Nobel Prizes for their work.
In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.
The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA that is not involved in protein expression. The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process called "splicing". The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes. For this reason, one gene–one enzyme does not hold in the simple way put forward by Beadle and Tatum. This is because
However, their work was a great step forward in its time.

= = = Nur Muhammad Taraki = = =
Nur Muhammad Taraki (1917–1979) was an Afghan politician. With other people he founded the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, who stopped the monarchy in Afghanistan. Taraki was president of Afghanistan in 1978 and 1979. Taraki started economic reforms in mid-1978.

= = = KMFDM = = =
KMFDM (originally Kein Mehrheit Für Die Mitleid, loosely translated by the band as "no pity for the majority") is a German industrial metal band. The four members of the band are leader, singer, and bassist Sascha Konietzko, singer Lucia Cifarelli, guitarist Andee Blacksugar, and drummer Andy Selway. The band has sold more than 2 million albums.
KMFDM formed on February 29, 1984, in Paris, France. They made eleven albums between then and 1999, when the band broke up. The band got back together in 2002, and has made twelve albums between then and 2024.

= = = V. C. Andrews = = =
Cleo Virginia Andrews (V. C. Andrews) (June 6, 1923 – December 19, 1986) was an American writer from Portsmouth, Virginia. Her best-selling stories included "My Sweet Audrina" and two series of books about the "Dollanganger" and "Casteel" families. 
Her stories were written in English and translated into French, Italian, German, Spanish, Dutch, Japanese, Korean, Turkish, Greek, Finnish, Hungarian, Swedish, Portuguese and Hebrew.
Her first novel, "Flowers in the Attic," was published in 1979. 
V. C. Andrews died from breast cancer in 1986, leaving behind some unpublished stories. The estate of V. C. Andrews hired a ghostwriter, Andrew Neiderman, to continue the stories, which are still published under the name V. C. Andrews. 
Novels.
The Cutler series.
This series and all subsequent novels were written by Neiderman, but are attributed to Andrews.

= = = LGBT rights in Pakistan = = =
Since 6 October 1860, it has been a crime to participate in homosexual acts. Unlike in India, this Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) is still the law. Homosexuality is also thought of as a taboo vice in Pakistan. There is not a lot of opposition to the law. If individual orientation and acceptance is not enough, young boys in some cases are forced to delve into sexual activities with older predatory men. The major religions in Pakistan do not say that homosexuality is okay. Because of this, many people in the country do not like homosexuality and other forms of alternative sexual orientation. The LGBT community can socialize, organize, date, and even live together as couples, but they have to mostly do it in secret.
Changes in society.
Pakistan is officially an Islamic Republic. However, in reality, Pakistan is largely secular. It mainly has Anglo-Saxon laws which were inherited from the British. It is slowly becoming more liberal. Globalization and social tolerance are also increasing. Because of this, public gay parties have been taking place in the country, and these parties have been thriving for a number of years.
Laws.
The Constitution of Pakistan does not mention sexual orientation or gender identity. There are certain parts in the Constitution that may affect the rights of LGBT Pakistani citizens. In 2018, Parliament passed the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act which established broad protections for transgender people. Earlier, in a historic 2009 ruling, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in favour of civil rights for transgender citizens, and further court rulings upheld and increased these rights. Pakistan does not have civil rights laws to stop discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation. Same-sex marriages or civil unions are not allowed. There are more people—especially those born to parents who have been educated in the developed world, who are usually University graduates and have some sort of understanding about evolution and sexuality—who are Coming out to their friends and introducing them to their same-sex partner.
Transsexualism and Intersexuality.
Most South Asian nations have a concept, or idea, called "hijra", or third gender. While the term is commonly used in South Asia, it is considered derogatory in Urdu. The term "Khawaja Sara" is used instead. They are sometimes referred to as Transgender, Intersex or Eunuchs in English language publications. People who belong the third gender are thought of as being neither man nor woman. In Pakistan, there is a lively culture of hijras. They are sometimes called transsexuals in English writings. Like transgender people in many countries, hijras are sometimes made fun of, abused, or treated violently. They are accepted in some ways. This is because of the position they held in precolonial Desi society. At weddings they often dance as entertainment for the men. They are also welcome among the women. As most of the government and business documents in Pakistan are in English, the term "third gender" has been chosen to represent individuals that identify themselves as transsexual, atransgender person, a cross-dresser, a transvestite or as Eunuchs.<ref name="https://www.theguardian.com"></ref> 
Hijras are usually tolerated in Pakistani society. They are thought of as blessed in the Pakistani culture. Most hijras are thought to be cultural descendants (or relatives) of court eunuchs from the Mughal era. Hijras are thought to be born with Genital dysphoria. People sometimes feel afraid that the hijras might curse them so that they become the same way. Because of this, people listen to the hijras' needs, give them alms (or charity), and invite them to events and special occasions, like the birth of a child, a child's circumcision, or weddings. Hijra communities live a very secretive life. Because of this, many people see the hijras as mysterious. 
The Asian slur is usually a pejorative term used to refer to effeminate gay men. It is often rooted and shortened to . That is an Indian/Pakistani slang/swear word. It would translate to 'of the Arse'. The English translation for subtitles is often 'Arsehole' or rudely as Bummer/Bumsex). It is the same contexed offensive word used as in the Occidental term of faggot for gay men.
2000s.
In 2004, it was reported that Lahore alone has 10,000 active transvestites.
People started accepting acts of Sex reassignment surgery to change their sex as compelled by Gender dysphoria. Some such cases have come into the limelight. A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.
2010s.
On the 18th of June in 2016 a small clerical body in Lahore know as Tanzeem Ittehad-I-Ummat declared Transgender marriages legal under Islamic law. These clerics are affiliated to the Pakistan-based organization issued a Fatwa on Pakistani transgender people where a trans woman (born male) with "visible signs of being a woman" is allowed to marry a man, and a trans man (born female) with "visible signs of being a man" is allowed to marry a woman. Pakistani transsexuals can also change their gender. Muslim ritual funerals also apply. Depriving transgender people of their inheritance, humiliating, insulting or teasing them were also declared Haraam. Although there are no Fatāwās by a Mufti for it or against the ("Zenanas") or Eunuchs and Hermaphrodites within the country, that remains a debatable issue for the existing various sexual minority diverse communities.
On the 5th of February in 2018, a Senate committee determined that transgender people could inherit property without being required to have their gender decided by a medical board. Some hijras in Pakistan use hormones and silicone to bring focus on their feminine characteristics; however, this is usually done in terrible medical conditions without proper equipment and supervision, as expensive Sex change surgeries in Pakistan are not done mostly due to lack of education on the topic and the taboos of society.
Even though the Pakistani Government recognizes a third gender on ID cards, many people from the LGBT community do not apply for it as they will not be allowed to enter the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia as a transgender person.
LGBT Pakistani history.
Despite the British Raj law, Pakistan was still a very much an open society. Gay Pakistanis had a much better experience in Pakistan than they did in London or elsewhere. But that changed in the 1980s, under Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, His government took the law to lifetime imprisonment, and even death in certain areas under Sharia law. More and more Wahhabi-style religious schools or madrasas were opened in the country, generally with money from the Middle East as well as teachers educated in that region.
The British Broadcasting Corporation noted in 2005 that gay life in Pakistan was still “less inhibited than in the west.” This is because the culture is much stronger than the laws. People deny the history of gay life in Pakistan. While in Pakistan speaking to the National Public Radio, Pakistani-American scholar Taymiya R. Zaman, an expert in Islamic History, said that “You can’t look at something that already existed – and there is a shrine devoted to it – and now say it was unacceptable.” In March 2012 at the Human Rights Council, Hina Jilani, who was then also Chair of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and former Special Representative of the Secretary-General said, "it was very important to emphasize that a serious obstacle was the persistent denial of protection for people from violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. That denial and rejection was not prudent for any Government that claimed commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights. It was not convincing when culture and religion were used as a shield and an excuse for failure to protect. There was no notion of responsibility that allowed duty bearers to selectively hold out on protection."
Pre-Independent Colonial era (1857-1947).
The 18th century British colonists in the Mughal-Muslim Indian subcontinent, were repulsed by the sight of Hijras (transgenders) and baffled over why they were accorded so much respect in royal courts and other spheres of life. After deposing the Mughals, and in discharging the white man’s burden of civilising the inferior races, the British colonists enacted the so-called Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 to declare what they called Eunuchs (transgenders) a criminal tribe on the theory that certain tribes were genetically criminal and must be placed under surveillance. By invoking the power of criminal law the British colonists attacked the dignity of transgender community and eventually forcing them to adopt begging, and prostitution. Transgenders lost their royal status and gradually were excluded from all respectable social circles. In order to survive, some transgenders took to dancing performances at the birth of a new child in the community, collecting Wadhais (tips). Some developed the art of clapping and dancing. Some developed the art of lampooning and were invited to the wedding feasts of the well-to-do to make fun of the groom, the guests, and even the politicians. They played the same role of amusing private gatherings as do late-night TV comedians in the United States. After formal dissolution of the British Empire the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed with respect to transgenders. However, the damage done to transgenders was irreparable. A pejorative word Khusra is in active currency to denigrate the personality of transgenders. Friends might tease a feminine-looking friend as a Khusra. An incompetent politician is called a Khusra. In both modern India and Pakistan, the word Khusra is associated with impotence, incompetence, and powerlessness. In Pakistan, the people have forgotten the spiritual role that the transgenders played in Islam. Transgenders are ridiculed and insulted. Popular TV shows, such as Khabarnaak and Khabardaar, make cruel jokes against transgender community. One of these shows is headed by a lawyer licensed to practice before the high courts of Pakistan.
LGBT politics.
A number of the more liberal, secular parties in Pakistan to agree in principle to granting rights to various LGBT communities in the country, but are afraid to act too openly or quickly due to fear of extremist religious groups such as the Taliban who are against any such rights.
Such parties and leaders have said that Pakistan needs to be more open, in public, about sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Yet, the sense persists that no public organization, club, or society would be allowed to endorse (or officially support) LGBT human rights, or even act as a social network for LGBT people, in the Islamic State. Only the "Pakistan Greens" has publicly expressed support for LGBT rights for its citizens in general and abroad and has called for greater public openness and awareness about sexual orientations and gender identity issues. 
Surprisingly, 60% of Pakistanis would have no concerns about having a gay or lesbian neighbour, and 32% of Pakistani people support gay marriage.
Pakistani media strictly censors LGBT related news stories. In late 2013, the Government of Pakistan censored the website Queerpk.com from being viewed.
Restoring the Dignity of Transgenders.
In 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered that the NADRA issue National Identity Cards to members of the T Community showing their distinct gender.
"It's the first time in the 62-year history of Pakistan that such steps are being taken for our welfare", Almas Bobby, a Khawaja Sara association's president, said to Reuters, "It's a major step towards giving us respect and identity in society. We are slowly getting respect in society. Now people recognize that we are also human beings."
The Supreme Court of Pakistan officially recognised a third gender category for Pakistani passports in December 2018. Pakistan now allows transgender, intersex, and hijra individuals to obtain documents that match their gender identity, whether male, female, or third gender.
In 2009, the Pakistan Supreme Court, delivered a ruling, recognizing the dignity of transgenders and declaring them the third gender under the equal protection clause of the Pakistani Constitution. Article 25 states that “There Shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex.” The Supreme Court noted that transgender persons had been neglected "“On account of gender disorder in their bodies.”" They had been denied the inheritance rights as they were neither sons nor daughters who inherit under Islamic law. To remedy discrimination against transgenders, the Court ordered provincial and federal governments to protect transgenders’ gender identification, right to inherit property, right to vote, right to education, and right to employment. This shall include the recognition of trans identity in legal documents such as passports, ID cards, and driver licenses, and prohibiting discrimination in employment, schools, work-place, public transit, healthcare... etc, as well as the right for inheritance in accordance to their chosen gender. Furthermore, the law tells the government to build protection centres and safe houses for the transgender community.
On the 23rd of September in 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan acted in a very bold manner and defied the religious right, by granting for the first time, three basic rights to transsexuals:
The 'Third gender' was officially protected from discrimination by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2010. 
On the 9th of January in 2017, the Lahore High Court ordered the Government to include transgender people in the national census. The Pakistan Supreme Court compares transgender persons with “disabled persons“ and articulates their gender status as “gender disorder.” Before the British invasion gender ambiguity and transgender Identity was seen as normal,
On the 29th of December in 2018, Pakistan's first trans pride parade was held in Lahore to celebrate the landmark Transgender rights law passed earlier during that year.
In 2018, Nisha Rao attained her law degree from Karachi's Sindh Muslim Law College and became Pakistan's first transgender lawyer. 
In early 2019 The word "TRANSGENDER" translated as ���������� / Mutajannis for the first time in the Urdu language by the Lahore-Pakistan based Organization HOPE - Have Only Positive Expectations. Earlier than this there was no translation which covered the whole Transgender spectrum.
In 2020, a transgender woman named Gul Panra was shot dead in the Pakistani city of Peshawar. This is the latest case of attacked on the LGBT community in the county. Along with her, a friend of was also injured, but escaped death. Gul was a Pashto singer in her professional life. Since 2015, it is reported that 68 transgender people were murdered in Pakistan. A total of 479 transgender people were attacked since 2018 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These figures may not include the actual figure, as recording of anti-trans violence is poor.
LGBT rights in Kashmir (PAK).
Homosexuality is still illegal in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Pakistan was one of the 67 signatory nations opposing the UN declaration on Sexual orientation and Gender Identity, which failed to pass. In Kashmir same-sex marriages, civil unions, and domestic partnerships are not recognised. There are no legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

= = = Spain Davis Cup team = = =
The Spain Davis Cup team represents Spain in the Davis Cup tennis competition.
Spain has won the Davis Cup four times (2000, 2004, 2008 and 2009), and finished at second position three times (1965, 1967, 2003).

= = = Wilby, Suffolk = = =
Wilby is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk part of Suffolk in eastern England. It is around nine miles south-east of Diss, in 2001 there was 231 people living in Wilby. It has a primary school, village hall, Church, Trucking company (TG Askews) and a phone box (cards only).
Transport.
Between 1908 and 1952 the village had a railway station on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway.

= = = Road Warrior Hawk = = =
Michael James Hegstrand (September 12, 1957 – October 19, 2003) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring name, Road Warrior Hawk. He is probably best known for wrestling as one half of the tag team, Road Warriors in WCW and The Legion of Doom in WWF. On April 2, 2011, He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Dusty Rhodes as part of The Road Warriors along with their manager, Paul Ellering.
Championships.
Hegstrand held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

= = = Developing 8 Countries = = =
The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countries with large Muslim populations that have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey.

= = = Next Eleven = = =
The Next Eleven (or N-11) are eleven countries—Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey and Vietnam—that Goldman Sachs investment bank says will probably become some of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, together with the BRICS. The bank chose these states on December 12, 2005 because they are good places for people to invest money, and are likely to become a lot richer soon. 

= = = Industrial metal = = =
Industrial metal is a heavy metal musical genre that draws from industrial music and many different types of heavy metal, using repeating metal guitar riffs, sampling, synthesizer or sequencer lines, and distorted vocals. Founding industrial metal acts include Ministry, Godflesh, and KMFDM. Industrial metal's popularity led to some criticism from other artists associated with the industrial scene. Subsequently, it is most well known in various European permutations. Industrial metal groups have produced many acclaimed music videos.

= = = John Rawls = = =
John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American political philosopher. His is known best for writing the book on social justice, "A Theory of Justice" (1971).

= = = Melinoe = = =
In Greek mythology, Melinoe is the goddess of ghosts. She is the daughter of Persephone and Hades. She lives in the Underworld. She has a pale complexion and a short temper and takes after her father in almost every way, except from her beauty that she gets from her mother Persephone. Melinoe has the powers to turn any mortal insane by her phantoms.
Little is known about Melinoe, but ancient Greeks used to conduct rituals and acts of praises to her as a sign of devotion and to garner protection from ghosts.

= = = 2. Liga = = =
Admiral Zweite Liga is the name of the second division in Austrian football.
History.
The league was formed in 1975. The name "Erste Liga" was not new, because before the Second World War the name was in use for the second division in football. From 1949 to 1975 the 3 Regionalligen were the second level. With some modifications the league still exists.
There were ten clubs in the league. The champion promotes to the Bundesliga, the last team of the Bundesliga is relegated to the Erste Liga. The last three teams of this league are relegated to the Regionalliga, the champions of the 3 Regionalligen are promoted to the Erste Liga as fare they are licenced. Beginning with the 2018–19 season the former First League changed its name to the Second League and expanded from ten teams to 16 teams. Also amateurteams of a club from the Bundesliga are allowed.
In the 2020-21 season the Regionalliga was suspended due to the COVID-pandemic. Therefor no team was relegated from Liga 2. SK Rapid Wien II , SK Vorwärts Steyr and SV Horn stayed in the league. 
The 3rd of the league Austria Klagenfurt played relegationmatches versus SKN St. Pölten and won 5:0 (4:0 and 1:0) and was promoted to the Bundesliga.

= = = SV Kapfenberg = = =
The Kapfenberger SV is a football club from Kapfenberg, Styria.
History.
The club was founded in 1919. Before the Second World War he played under the name Kapfenberger SC and was an important part of Styrian football. 1947 the club was new founded and got new sections (table tennis, ski and handball). During the 1950 �s and 60 �s Kapfenberg played in the Staatsliga A and in the 1980 �s in the 2.Division. In 1997 the club, which was only a section of the SV, was dissolved from the Kapfenberger SV and became a legaly independent club. From 2002/03 to 2007/08 the club played in the Erste Liga and became Champion in the 2007/08 season.
In the season 2008/09 the club played in the Bundesliga for the first time since 41 years. In the 2009/10 season the LASK was beaten 7:2, which was the highest victory in the club history.
The club plays in the Franz-Fekete-Stadium, which was built in 1951 and named after a former mayor of Kapfenberg. 

= = = Religious segregation = = =
Religious segregation is the idea that people should be separated based on their religion. Certain laws of a country may only apply to one religious group. As an example, Sharia only applies to Muslims. The term religious apartheid has also been used. Apartheid was the term used to refer to racial segregation in South Africa. Other examples for religious segregation are that in Iran, certain students have been expelled from university because they were not Muslims, but Baha'i.
According to the Times Higher Education, Bahá'í are required to give up their faith in order to teach in Iranian universities. 
Bahá'í is not among the recognized "recognized religious minorities" in the Constitution of Iran. The Bahá'í faith is considered apostate in Iran
because it believes in a prophet (Bahá'u'lláh) more recent than Muhammad. This goes against Islamic teachings, which teach the belief that Muhammad is the last and final messenger sent to mankind.
Saudi Arabia sees the cities of Mecca and Medina as holy. Only Muslims may enter or travel through these cities. A Non-Muslim who enters one of them may be fined. People who are not Muslims will be deported from Mecca.

= = = Paraphyly = = =
Paraphyly is a term in cladistics. It means a group which does not include all its descendents. So Sauropsida without birds is paraphyletic, since birds are definitely descended from archosaurs, probably small theropod dinosaurs (origin of birds).
Paraphyly is corrected to monophyly when the missing group(s) are included. So if birds are included in Sauropsida, the larger group is then monophyletic. 
Traditional Linnaean classification is often paraphyletic. Many common terms, like "fish", are paraphyletic, but still very useful for everyday purposes.

= = = Polyphyly = = =
Polyphyly is a term in cladistics. It describes a group of organisms whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group. Another way of expressing this is to say that polyphyly includes groups some members of which are descended from ancestral populations.
The diagrams show that birds and mammals are indeed related, but only at the level of the early amniotes. In terms of evolution, there is a vast gulf between them.
More common in traditional taxonomy is to include all descendants (say, living mammals) without the group they evolved from (which would be some clade in the therapsida). This is done for convenience; but it makes the mammals polyphyletic.
Biological classification aims to group species together such that every group is descended from a single common ancestor. A polyphyletic group can be "fixed" either by excluding clades or by adding the common ancestor.
According to cladistics it should be the aim of classification to ensure that all groups are monophyletic. However, other taxonomists argue that there is a valid place for groups that are paraphyletic. These would contain their most recent common ancestor but not all the descendants of that ancestor.

= = = Apache License = = =
The Apache License is a free software license made by the Apache Software Foundation to set rules on how the software they created may be used by others. Some of these rules are about not only using the software, but also making changes to the software. All of the Apache Software Foundation's software and projects, such as the Apache HTTP Server, use this license. Some software that is not made by the Apache Software Foundation also use this license rather than trying to create another type of license on their own.
In May 2004, Google said that 25.8 percent of software projects hosted on Google Code used this license.

= = = The All-American Rejects = = =
The All-American Rejects are an American alternative rock band from Stillwater, Oklahoma. The All-American Rejects have four members in the band; the current band members are Tyson Ritter, Nick Wheeler, Mike Kennerty and Chris Gaylor.
Career.
The All-American Rejects first became a band in 1999 when band member Tyson Ritter and Nick Wheeler were in high school. The name All-American Reject was made from either a mix of two suggestions, "The Rejects" and "The All Americans" or the other being that it came from a song "Reject" by Green Day and had the chorus, "your reject all-american".
Band members.
Matt Rubano - bass guitar backing voice
scotty - pianist, backing voice
kevin "toad" silnaur - backing voice
Discography.
So far as of 2011, The All-American Rejects have made 3 studio albums and 8 EPs:

= = = Mark Boal = = =
Mark Boal (born January 23, 1973) is an American journalist, screenwriter and film producer. Boal won 2 Academy Awards in 2009 for The Hurt Locker in the categories of Best Writing (Original Screenplay) and Best Picture.

= = = Vampirates = = =
Vampirates is a series of young adult fantasy books. It is written by British author Justin Somper. The series is about two twin children, Connor and Grace Tempest, who get separated at sea. They are saved by two very different ships. Connor is saved by a normal pirate ship called the Diablo, Grace by the mythical Vampirate ship called the Nocturne. The word "Vampirate" refers to a vampire living on the Nocturne.

= = = Sidney Lumet = = =
Sidney Lumet (June 25, 1924 – April 9, 2011) was an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He directed more than 200 plays for live television. He also directed more than 40 movies. His movies include "Serpico", "Dog Day Afternoon", "12 Angry Men", "Network", "Prince of the City" and "Q&A". He died of lymphoma in New York City.

= = = Incertae sedis = = =
In taxonomy, the term incertae sedis (abbreviated inc. sed.) is used for a taxon when its broader relationship to other taxa is unknown. The first person who used the term in botany was probably Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. In his book "Genera Plantarum" of 1789 he listed a few "plantae incertae sedis". 
Reasons why a taxon might be classified as "incertae sedis" include:

= = = Dorudon = = =
Dorudon ("spear-tooth") was a genus of ancient cetacean. It lived alongside "Basilosaurus", 41 to 33 million years ago, in the Eocene.
They were about five meters (16 ft) long and were most likely carnivorous, feeding on small fish and molluscs. "Dorudon" lived in warm seas around the world., Fossils have been found along the former shorelines of the Tethys Sea in present-day Western Sahara, Egypt, Pakistan, the United States, and New Zealand. Most finds have been in Egypt.

= = = Moeritherium = = =
Moeritherium is a extinct genus of primitive mammals. It represents a very early stage in the evolution of elephants. These prehistoric mammals are related to the elephant and, more distantly, the sea cow. They lived during the later Eocene in what is now North Africa.
"Moeritherium" did not look like living elephants. It was about as large as a tapir. It had short, strong legs, a relatively long body, and a short tail. The feet of "Moeritherium" were broad and had flat-hoofed toes. 

= = = Somatic nervous system = = =
The somatic nervous system (SNS) is part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls various muscles and the sensory input from external stimuli 
The SNS controls voluntary body movements by skeletal muscles. Its outgoing (efferent) nerves stimulate muscle contraction. Its incoming (afferent) nerves relay sensation from the skin, and sense organs to the central nervous system. This includes touch, hearing, and sight.
The SNS does not, however, control reflex arcs.

= = = National Basketball League (Australia) = = =
The National Basketball League is a basketball competition in Australasia.
It's current sponsor is Hungry Jack's, so it is also known as the Hungry Jack's NBL Championship. It is the top-level basketball competition in Australasia. The Singapore Slingers once played in this league, meaning it is the first Australasian sporting league ever to have a team from Asia. The league started in 1979, and its most successful time is during the 1980s and 1990s. However, it started to struggle in the 20th century. At the start of the 2004/05 season the league had a deal with Fox Sports of Australia. On September 18, 2007, the National Basketball League had Hummer as their sponsor. one HD started broadcasting in 2010, the first time a game has been on TV for eight years.
Sponsors.
Broadcasting.
Since 1995, the league has had a broadcasting deal for paid programming with Fox Sports of Australia. For free TV, they were first sponsored by ABC from 1979 to 1987. Then they were sponsored by Seven Network for three years, and then from Network Ten from 1992 to 1997. From 1998 to 2001, they were again sponsored by ABC. The league did not have free TV for almost a decade, until in 2010 when Network Ten HD started broadcasting. This contract ended in 2015. The current broadcasting rights are owned by SBS.
NBLxNBA.
The NBLxNBA is an annual series involving clubs from the NBL and the National Basketball Association (NBA) of the United States. The series started in 2017 for each league's 2017–18 season, and each season includes between three and seven games. The games have previously always been held in the US and Canada, and are normally held during September and early October.

= = = ASEAN Basketball League = = =
The ASEAN Basketball League (ABL) is a men's basketball competition in Southeast Asia, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. Six teams compete, all from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Teams that participated in the first season were the Philippine Patriots, Thailand Tigers, SM BritAma, Kuala Lumpur Dragons, Brunei Barracudas and former National Basketball League (Australasia) team the Singapore Slingers. Similar to the Euroleague in Europe, the ABL has its own set of rules in terms of its roster and salary Teams are allowed two players of non-ASEAN citizenship and two ASEAN imports. Teams are allowed to have a team of all local players if they want. The KL Dragons were renamed the Westports KL Dragons and the Thailand Tigers were renamed Chang Thailand Slammers at the start of the 2nd (2010) season. ABL CEO Kuhan Foo said that 3 teams may be a part of the ABL for the next season.

= = = Kuala Lumpur Dragons = = =
The Westports Malaysia Dragons are a team in the ASEAN Basketball League. They are based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were previously known as the Kuala Lumpur Dragons and Westports KL Dragons. They are coached by Goh Cheng Huat. They play home games in the MABA stadium.

= = = Republican People's Party = = =
The Republican People's Party (, CHP) is the oldest political party in Turkey. Their ideologies are social democracy and Kemalism.
They are currently the second largest party in the Turkish Parliament, with 132 out of 550 seats and they form the Main Opposition of Turkey. Their founder is Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and their current leader is Özgür Özel.
On September 7, 1919, Turkish nationalists established a resistance organisation against the invasion of Turkey. On September 9, 1923, the organisation officially declared itself as a political party and it was the Republican People's Party.

= = = Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu = = =
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (born 17 December 1948) is a Turkish former politician. He was the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the leader of the Main Opposition in Turkey. He has been the Member of Parliament for İstanbul since 2002.
He became popular with the documents about lawlessness. The CHP nominated him as candidate for Mayor of Istanbul in 2009 local elections, in which he gained 36.8% of all votes. Despite this result he could not be first. However this result was a big success for social democrats because they had not ruled Istanbul for many years and this city had become the power centre of AK Parti for long years. This popularity provided him with a great advantage. Upon Deniz Baykal's resignation in 2010, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu became the leader with a record voting rate.
Firstly he took part in the Turkish general election in 2011. The Republican People's Party gained 25.98% of all votes with an increase of about 6 points. However, this was not enough to be ruling party.

= = = Turkish people = = =
The Turkish people (), or Turks, are the world's largest Turkic ethnic group; they speak different dialects of the Turkish language and live mainly in Turkey and Cyprus. There are Turkish communities in the Balkans as well.
Culture.
Religion.
Turkish people are predominantly Sunni Muslims, the largest branch of Islam. Many Turks are practising its Hanafi denomination. The most followed branch after Sunnism is Alevism-Bektashism, few belive in Tengrism.
Traditions.
Turkish traditions can be found in Turkey but can also be found in other Turkic countries. This includes Turkish Oil Wrestling, Sünnet-Partys of Boys, Belly dance, Karakucak Guresh, Camel wrestling etc.
Diaspora.
 They are a big Turkish diaspora. There are also large Turkish minorities in the Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Arab world.
Turkish people are the largest minority group in Bulgaria. There are large Turkish communities in the Western Thrace region of Greece, the Dobruja region of Romania, the Akkar region in Lebanon as well as in North Macedonia. Turkish people are also the largest ethnic minority group in Austria, Denmark, Netherlands, and in Germany (see Turks in Germany).

= = = İsmet İnönü = = =
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer, who was the first Prime Minister and second President of Turkey. In 1938, Republican People's Party gave him "National Chief" title.
İsmet İnönü was by the standards of his time a highly educated man, speaking Arabic, English, French and German in addition to his native Turkish. His resting place is in Anıtkabir with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He was close friend of Atatürk. He had two sons, Erdal and Ömer.

= = = Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution = = =
The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the twenty-fourth time the United States Constitution has been amended (revised). The twenty-fourth amendment prevents the United States Congress and US states from charging a poll tax on federal elections. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964.

= = = Polemic = = =
A polemic is a forceful argument or controversy made against one opinion, doctrine, or person. 
It is one-sided and extreme, not a debate or discussion. It often occurs in disputes. 
The word is derived from the Greek "polemikos" (���������), meaning "warlike, hostile". 
History.
Polemic journalism was common in continental Europe, when defamation laws were less strict as they are now. 
To support study of the polemics and controversies of the 17th-19th centuries, a British research project has placed thousands of pamphlets of that era online.

= = = Thesis = = =
A thesis (plural: 'theses') is a document written in support of an idea that is presented for discussion or disputation. In modern usage it usually refers to a document presented as a requirement for an academic degree or professional qualification. It presents the author's research and findings. In the academic context it means the same as dissertation. The term dissertation can be used to describe an argument without relation to academic degrees. The term thesis may also be used for the central claim of an essay or other work.
Thesis types.
There are different types of thesis for different fields, for example, if you are an English major then for your thesis you may be asked to write a short story, a media student can be asked to submit a short film.
A graduate thesis is also known as graduate dissertation. A student may work with a member of the faculty who has specialized in the relevant field.
A thesis may be much longer. In the French system, a thesis (PhD), also called "Doctorat" is generally far longer and is up to 500 pages long.
History.
Originally, the words "dissertation" and "thesis" had separate meanings. When, at ancient universities, the professor had completed his lecture, there would be a disputation. During this, students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the "thesis", while the "dissertation" was the line of reasoning with which one supported it.
Etymology.
The word "thesis" comes from the Greek , meaning "position", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin "dissertātiō", meaning "discourse".

= = = Charmin = = =
Charmin () is a brand of toilet paper. It is made by Procter & Gamble.
History.
The Charmin name was first created in 1928 by the Hoberg Paper Company in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 1950, Hoberg changed its name to Charmin Paper Company and kept making toilet paper, paper napkins, and other paper products. Procter & Gamble (P&G) bought Charmin Paper Company in 1957, but sold the right to make and sell it in Europe (where it is now called "Cushelle") to SCA in 2008.
Advertising.
Older American adverts had actor Dick Wilson in them. He played the fake grocer Mr. George Whipple. He told customers "Please don't squeeze the Charmin!" in more than 500 commercials between 1964 and 1985. 
The Charmin Bear began being used in 2000. This happened at the same time that Charmin became available in Canada. The Charmin Bear is now the mascot for Charmin Ultra Strong and Charmin Ultra Soft.
European name change to "Cushelle".
From February 2010, Charmin's European name was changed to Cushelle by SCA.
There is also a new mascot, Koala which is a koala. Cushelle adverts are voiced-over by Robert Webb.
Environment.
In February 2009, Greenpeace asked people not to use Charmin toilet paper. They said that it does not use recycled paper and uses ECF bleaching.
German rename to Zewa.
In 2008, Charmin was renamed to Zewa in Germany. There was no mascot in the adverts. However, in the first Zewa advert, the Charmin Bear was seen.

= = = Follicle-stimulating hormone = = =
Follicle-stimulating hormone (abbreviated FSH, sometimes called "Follitropine") is a glycoprotein and hormone. It is synthesised in the adeno hypophysis of pituitary gland. In females, it controls the synthesising process of progesteron and will cause the growth of follicles in the ovaries. In males, it will lead to the production of sperm. Other hormones control the release of FSH. Luteinizing hormone will cause ovulation in females, or the production of testosterone in males.
This hormone is made by the pituitary glands in the brain.

= = = FSH = = =
FSH may refer to:

= = = Henderson, Nevada = = =
Henderson is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Henderson was 317,610 in 2020. Henderson is the second largest city in the state of Nevada behind Las Vegas. The city of Henderson is named after Senator Charles B. Henderson.

= = = Primm, Nevada = = =
Primm is a small unincorporated community in Clark County, Nevada, United States. Primm was featured in the video game, where it had Vikki and Vance Casino which was based on Primm's Whiskey Pete's and the Bison Steve Hotel which was based on Buffalo Bill's Casino and had the roller coaster.

= = = Provincial Assembly of Balochistan = = =
The Provincial Assembly of Balochistan is one of the four provincial assemblies of Pakistan. The Balochistan assembly is the unicameral (single chamber) legislature of the province of Balochistan. It was set up by Article 106 of the Constitution of the Pakistan. The Assembly has 51 directly elected Members of the Provincial Assembly, representing constituencies from each district, as well as 11 seats reserved for women and 3 for non-Muslims.

= = = Baloch Lions = = =
Baloch Lions is a member internal hockey team for the Balochistan Province in Pakistan part of Pakistan Hockey Federation.

= = = Platybelodon = = =
Platybelodon was an extinct type of four-tusked elephant. It is now placed in the Amebelodontidae, a sister group of the Gomphotheres. These were large herbivores related to modern elephants. They lived in wet forests in Africa, Asia and the Caucasus.
They are commonly known as shovel tuskers. "Platybelodon" lived during the Miocene, about 1510 million years ago.
Palaeobiology.
"Platybelodon" was previously believed to have fed in the swampy areas of grassy savannas, using its teeth to shovel up aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. 
However, wear patterns on the teeth suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees. They may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

= = = George Reeves = = =
George Reeves (January 5, 1914 – June 16, 1959) was an American actor.
Biography.
Reeves was born with the name of George Keefer Brewer in Woolstock, Iowa, U.S., son of Don Brewer and Helen Lescher. He moved to California at a young age with his mother Helen. Reeves started acting in high school and then continued to serve on student productions. In 1943, 17 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Reeves enrolled in aviation until the end of World War II, putting his acting career on hold. 
After a successful career, Reeves died on June 16, 1959. However, the manner of death is controversial. He was officially found to have committed suicide, but some people think he was murdered or a shooting victim.
Career.
He began his career playing small roles in short movies and movies as Ride, Cowboy, Ride (1939 short). In the classic movie starring Clark Gable, Gone with the Wind (1939), Reeves played of role Stuart Tarleton. In the 1940 Reeves continued to make appearances in movies such as Blood and Sand (1941) with Tyrone Power, So Proudly We Hail! (1943), Winged Victory (1944), Samson and Delilah (1949), and the Western starring by William Boyd Border Patrol (1943), Colt Comrades (1943), Bar 20 (1943). George Reeves got his first starring role in 1948 movie Jungle Goddess (1948), as Mike Patton, an explorer rescuing a young woman who has been kidnapped by an African tribe. He also accompanied Johnny Weissmuller in the Tarzan saga Jungle Jim (1948).
In the 1950s Reeves starred in several movies including Rancho Notorious (1952) with Marlene Dietrich - Arthur Kennedy and directed by Fritz Lang, Bugles in the Afternoon (1952) with Ray Milland, The Blue Gardenia (1953) by Fritz Lang, and without being listed in the credits had a role in Fred Zinnemann movie, From Here to Eternity (1953) with Burt Lancaster, Reeves as Sgt. Maylon Stark.
Superman.
He started work in television in 1948, and in 1952 he was hired to play the double character of Superman and Clark Kent in Adventures of Superman. The series was a success without precedent in American television and made Reeves famous. George Reeves played Superman for 102 episodes broadcast between 1952 and 1958.
Television work.
Reeves had guest appearances in television series such as "Kraft Television Theatre" (1949-1952), "Believe It or Not" (1950), "The Ford Television Theatre" (1952), "Fireside Theatre" (1952), and "I Love Lucy" (1957) playing Superman.

= = = Goodsprings, Nevada = = =
Goodsprings is a census-designated place in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Goodsprings was 162 at the 2020 census. Goodsprings was featured in the video game, where it is the first place the player wakes up in.

= = = Johnny Guitar = = =
Johnny Guitar is a 1954 western movie. It was directed by Nicholas Ray. It stars Joan Crawford and Sterling Hayden. The movie received mixed reviews. The movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. "Johnny Guitar" was adapted to a campy stage musical in 2004.
Story.
Vienna is a strong-willed, aggressive woman. She has built a saloon near an Arizona cattle town with money earned in her past life as a prostitute. She has a fiery relationship with the local cattlemen and townsfolk for many reasons. She supports the construction of a railroad across her land. This construction will make her land very valuable. The cattlemen oppose the railroad because it will bring sheepmen into the area. Sheepmen fence the land, making it difficult to herd cattle. She also permits a suspected stage robber called The Dancin' Kid to share her bed. His gang members hang out in her saloon. Vienna summons her ex-lover and reformed gunslinger Johnny Guitar to her side. She needs protection. The two renew their love.
One day The Dancin' Kid and his gang rob the town bank. The townsfolk suspect Vienna has played a part in the heist. Emma Small is a cattle rancher who has long hated Vienna. She leads the posse to Vienna's saloon and burns it to the ground. Emma persuades the men to hang Vienna. At the last second she is saved by Johnny Guitar. Vienna and Johnny escape. They find refuge in The Dancin' Kid's secret hideaway. The posse tracks them. The Kid and his men are killed. Emma challenges Vienna to a showdown. Vienna is wounded in the duel, but she kills Emma. A halt is called to the bloodbath by the posse's leader, McIvers. Vienna and Johnny depart, hopeful that better days lie ahead.

= = = Tequixquiac Municipality = = =
Tequixquiac is a municipality in the state of México in Mexico. About 30,000 people live there.

= = = Boyz n the Hood = = =
Boyz n the Hood is a 1991 American hood movie that was produced by Steven Nicolaides and DJ Pooh and was directed by John Singleton. "Boyz n the Hood" was released on July 12, 1991 in North America. 
The movie received positive reviews with a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 73 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was selected to be in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress to be preserved because it was considered to be "culturally significant" in 2002. This movie was the directorial debut for John Singleton.
Plot.
1984.
The movie starts with a fight at school in Inglewood, California after a boy tells another that he is from Africa. The attacker's teacher calls his mother Reva. The attacker gets expelled for three days and comes home. 
In Crenshaw, Tre reunites with his childhood friends, Darrin "Doughboy" Baker, Doughboy's half-brother Ricky, and their friend Chris. That night, Tre's father shoots at a burglar. The next day, Doughboy and Chris are being taken to prison for stealing.
7 years later.
The movie shifts 7 years later when a party is held outside. Later, an augment the Bloods and Crips happens. Tre and Ricky are pulled over and an officer threatens Tre with a gun. 
The next afternoon, Ricky has a fight with Doughboy. Ricky is later found dead. 
The epilogue reveals that Ricky buried the next day and two weeks later Doughboy was murdered. ‎

= = = Top Gun = = =
Top Gun is a 1986 American action-drama movie set in San Diego, California. It was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. "Top Gun" was released on May 16, 1986 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie a 2.5 out of 4 stars.
Awards.
The movie won an Academy Award in 1987 for "Best Music, Original Song" – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away" and a Grammy Award for "Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)" – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

= = = Crimson Tide (movie) = = =
Crimson Tide is an 1995 submarine action/thriller movie that was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. Crimson Tide was released on May 12, 1995 in North America.
The movie received positive reviews with a 87% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Sound, and Best Sound Editing.

= = = Face/Off = = =
Face/Off is an 1997 American science fiction action crime thriller movie that was directed by John Woo. "Face/Off" was released on June 27, 1997 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 82 out of 100 from Metacritic.

= = = Broken Arrow (1996 movie) = = =
Broken Arrow is an 1996 action/thriller movie that was produced by Bill Badalato, Terence Chang and Mark Gordon and was directed by John Woo. Broken Arrow was released on February 9, 1996 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 57% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 61 out of 100 from Metacritic.

= = = Windtalkers = = =
Windtalkers is an 2002 American war movie that was directed by John Woo and produced by Terence Chang, Tracie Graham-Rice and Alison Rosenzweig. It is based on the real story of Navajo code talkers during World War II. The movie was released on June 14, 2002 in the United States.
It was a box office bomb, which made $77.6 million worldwide at the box office, compared to its budget of $115 million.
The movie also received negative movie reviews with a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie 2 stars out of 5.

= = = Ghost Rider (movie) = = =
Ghost Rider is a 2007 American supernatural superhero horror fantasy action movie that was produced by Avi Arad, Stan Lee, David S. Goyer, Michael DeLuca and Gary Foster and was directed by Mark Steven Johnson. The movie was based on the Marvel Comics character of same name. Ghost Rider was released on February 16, 2007 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 27% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave the movie a 35 out of 100.

= = = The Jayhawks = = =
The Jayhawks are an American alternative country and rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. They have released several studio albums. The band formed in 1985. They did not work together between 2005 and 2009, but reunited in 2010.
History.
The band formed with Mark Olson (acoustic guitar and vocals), Gary Louris (electric guitar and vocals), Marc Perlman (bass) and Norm Rogers (drums). 
The Jayhawks.
Their first album "The Jayhawks" was released in 1986. Their music at the time, mostly written by Olson, showed a strong roots/country-rock influence. It was released on the Bunkhouse Label, a small independent label. 
Blue Earth.
"Blue Earth", the second album, was released in 1989 on the Twin Tone label. Gary Louris shared more of the songwriting together with Olson for this album. After touring the U.S. in support of "Blue Earth", Spencer left the band. He was replaced by Ken Callahan in 1988 who stayed with the band until 1993.
In 1991, Dave Ayers, the president of Twin Tone, was on a phone call with A&R representative George Drakoulias from Def American while "Blue Earth" played in the background. Drakoulias asked about the music, and eventually met with and signed the band to the label later that year.
Hollywood Town Hall.
In 1992 album "Hollywood Town Hall" was the first to be released on the major label Def American. The album was produced by Drakoulias. The album was a hit, powered by the single "Waiting for the Sun", and it brought the Jayhawks more fans. With Karen Grotberg on the keyboards and vocals, the band toured a lot. 
Tomorrow the Green Grass.
In 1995 they went into the studio to make "Tomorrow the Green Grass". It was released on the renamed American Recordings label. Lead track "Blue" turned out to be a Top 40 hit in Canada (peaking at #33). The record's production had been very expensive and the album did not to sell as was expected in the U.S. Among the album's songs is "Miss Williams' Guitar," a love song for Olson's then-girlfriend, singer-songwriter Victoria Williams (the pair later married, but divorced in February, 2006). Drummer, singer and songwriter Tim O'Reagan joined the band for the 1995 tour.
By the end of 1995, Olson unexpectedly left the band to spend more time with Williams (with whom he would later form the Original Harmony Ridge Creekdippers). The band continued to record as The Jayhawks, adding Kraig Johnson on guitar. 
Sound of Lies.
The album "Sound of Lies" was released in 1997. It has Gary Louris composing most of the songs. The album mixed straight rock (the ironic "Big Star"), psychedelic elements, acoustic elements and even some dub elements. The album did not sound like the band's country-influenced earlier work. 
Smile.
The 2000 album "Smile" was produced by Bob Ezrin. It had more of a pop music feel, which some fans did not like. Though still a member through the recording of the album, Grotberg left the band before the "Smile" tour, and was replaced by Jen Gunderman. The song "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" appeared in a Ralph Lauren commercial. 
Rainy Day Music.
"Rainy Day Music" (2003) was stripped down and more acoustic. It was generally seen as a return to their alt-country roots. The band now consisted of founding members Louris and Perlman, along with drummer O'Reagan, and touring band member ex-Long Ryder Stephen McCarthy, from Richmond, VA. McCarthy added pedal steel, lap steel, banjo, guitar and backing vocals to the album and subsequent live shows. This lineup toured in 2003 and early 2004.
Mockingbird Time.
After not playing together for a number of years, the Jayhawks reunited in 2010 and released Mockingbird Time in 2011. The album sees both Mark Olson and Karen Grotberg playing with the band again. Gary Louris also produced the album.
Other recordings.
In addition to their studio albums, the Jayhawks released "Live From the Women's Club", an all-acoustic live recording of Louris/Perlman/O'Reagan from 2002. It was sold only at concerts as an "Official Jayhawks Bootleg."
Olson and Louris toured together in the winter of 2005 and spring of 2006, billed as "From the Jayhawks: An Evening with Mark Olson & Gary Louris, Together Again." Both old and new Jayhawks members progressed to solo efforts and side projects, and the band as a whole was generally considered to be broken up, and not expected to produce new material soon. However, the band members appear to keep in touch, tour together in their other projects, and have been known to "reunite" on occasion.
In September, 2008, the 1995 lineup of Louris, Olson, O'Reagan, Grotberg and Perlman reunited for the Azkena Rock Festival in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
In January, 2009, Olson and Louris released an acoustic album titled "Ready for the Flood".

= = = Mayan pyramid = = =
The Maya pyramids are structures built in the jungles of Central America by the Maya civilization between 200 and AD. Unlike the straight sides of the more commonly known Egyptian pyramids, the sides of Maya pyramids are stepped–sometimes for the purpose of enabling people to ascend to the top. Moreover, Egyptian pyramids have sharper tips, while Mesoamerican (including Maya) pyramids tend to have flatter tops. These flatter tops accommodate certain ceremonies, such as sacrificial rituals, and temples for gods. 
The pyramids served a variety of very important functions. Apart from the religious ceremonies, Maya pyramids were used as landmarks to aid in navigation. In the jungle where these pyramids were built, the pyramids were so tall that they could be seen above the trees. Finally, inpyramids, there were burial chambers for the highest-ranking officials, just as in
Tikal.
A whole complex of Maya pyramids can be found at the ruins of the ancient Maya city of Tikal. The pyramids at Tikal were the tallest structures in all of the Americas for around 1,000 years, until 1903, when the Flatiron building was constructed in New York City. There are a total of sixteen pyramids at Tikal, which is now a national park in Guatemala. 
Tikal was one of the largest urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Its population may have reached 90,000 people, which is surprising because the swampland at Tikal was unstable for habitation or agriculture. It is located in the tropical rainforests which today is northern Guatemala. The name Tikal comes from "ti ak'al" which means "water hole". 
The pyramids at Tikal all face one another. The rooms at the top of the pyramids have depressions in the walls which amplify sound and project it in all directions. Because of this, the normal speaking voice of a person at the top of one pyramid can be heard by someone standing at the top of another pyramid a great distance away.

= = = Edward Tatum = = =
Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist. 
He shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.
Beadle and Tatum's experiments exposed the bread mold "Neurospora crassa" to x-rays, causing mutations. They showed the mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments, published in 1941, led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.
Tatum went on to study genetics in bacteria. Tatum and his student Lederberg showed that "Escherichia coli" could share genetic information through recombination.
Ed Tatum was born in Boulder, Colorado. He attended college at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934. Starting in 1937, he worked at Stanford University, where he began his collaboration with Beadle. He then moved to Yale University in 1945 where he mentored Lederberg. He returned to Stanford in 1948 and then joined the faculty of Rockefeller Institute in 1957. A heavy cigarette smoker, he died in New York City of heart failure complicated by chronic emphysema.

= = = François Jacob = = =
François Jacob (17 June 1920 – 19 April 2013) was a French biologist. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Jacques Monod and André Lwoff.
Jacob and Monod discovered a fundamental control system in cells. Enzyme levels in all cells is regulated by feedback on transcription.
Like his colleague Monod, Jacob was an almost lifelong atheist. He was also of Jewish descent.
Research.
In 1961 Jacob and Monod explored the idea that the control of enzyme expression levels in cells is a result of feedback on the transcription of DNA sequences.
For many years it had been known that bacterial and other cells could respond to external conditions by regulating levels of their key metabolic enzymes, and/or the activity of these enzymes.
For instance, if a bacterium finds itself in a broth containing lactose, rather than the simpler sugar glucose, it must adapt itself to: 
It was known that cells increase the enzymes for these steps when exposed to lactose.
With work on DNA, it became clear that all proteins were being produced from their genetic code. Jacob and Monod demonstrated that, in the bacterium "E. coli"), there are specific proteins that repress the transcription of the DNA to its product (RNA. This reduces the production of those particular enzymes.
The lac repressor.
The lac repressor is a DNA-binding protein which inhibits the expression of genes which code for lactase enzymes. The repressor is active in the absence of lactose.
This repressor (the lac repressor) is made in all cells. It binds directly to DNA at the genes it controls, and physically prevents transcription. When lactose becomes available, it is converted into allolactose, which inhibits the lac repressor's DNA binding ability.
In this way, a robust feedback loop is constructed that allows the set of lactose-digesting enzymes to be made only when they are needed.
The regulation of gene activity has developed into a very large sub-discipline of molecular biology. There are many mechanisms and many levels of complexity. Current researchers find regulatory events at every level of the processes that express genetic information. In the relatively simple genome of baker's yeast, ("Saccharomyces cerevisiae"), 405 of its 6,419 protein-encoding genes are directly involved in transcriptional control, compared to 1,938 that are enzymes.

= = = Abbey Dawn = = =
Abbey Dawn is a clothing line designed by musician Avril Lavigne. It was designed only for Kohl's in the US. The name is from Lavigne's childhood. Her father had nicknamed her "Abbey Dawn", and her high school friends would often call her "Abbey". 
Abbey Dawn is featured in Lavigne's 2011 single, "What the Hell". There, the latter enters a vintage clothing store.

= = = Eimear = = =
Emer, in modern Irish Éimhear, or, Eimhear or Éimear, is the wife of the hero Cú Chulainn in Irish mythology. She is the daughter of Forgall Monach. 
Emer was a very common name for girls around the Midlands of Ireland. The name means that she has the "Six Gifts of Womanhood" – "beauty, a gentle voice, sweet words, wisdom, needlework and chastity".
As a child, She was to one day be married to the warrior Cuchulainn. They loved each other very much. But Cuchulainn was attracted to many women. Emer accepted this. She believed that "everything new is fair." But, when he made love to Fand, wife of the sea god Manannan, Emer had to say something. After seeing how much Fand loved him, Emer said she would leave him and let them be together. Fand felt this showed that Emer thought more of others than she did of herself. Fand left Cuchulainn to be with Emer and went back to the sea. When Cuchulainn died, Emer spoke lovingly at his graveside.

= = = Capital Dynamos = = =
Capital Dynamos is the internal hockey team for the Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan. It is part of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.

= = = Northern Cavaliers = = =
Northern Cavaliers is a field hockey team for the Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan. They are part of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.

= = = Precocial = = =
Precocial in biology is a developmental strategy. It refers to species in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. It applies mainly to mammals and birds. 
The opposite developmental strategy is called altricial, where the young are born or hatched helpless. These two categories are at ends of a continuum. All degrees exist in birds and mammals. With the tiny eggs of invertebrates, different strategies have evolved. Many use some kind of metamorphosis, in which different stages of growth occupy different environmental niches.
Checklist.
A checklist is used to score a species between precocial and altricial. In each case, 'yes' means precocial:
Birds.
The contrast between the two extremes is seen most clearly in birds. Precocial species leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching. Megapodes are a family of birds found in Australasia. Their eggs are not incubated by the parents. They are buried in compost, covered with sand and left, though the males test the temperature of the heap and make small adjustments. The eggs, which have a large yolk, hatch with full wing feathers. The hatchlings can run and purse prey, and many species can fly on their first day. These birds are super-precocial.
At the other extreme are the most intelligent birds: the passerines (the dominant group of birds, including crows) and hawks, owls and parrots.
Mammals.
Mammals never feed themselves at first. Mother's milk is part of the 'contract' a mammal inherits. But there is a big difference between some new-born deer and antelopes, which can run within an hour or so of birth, and a baby marsupial which is in the pouch for days or weeks.
Of advanced mammals, human beings have a long period before they are independent. This is partly because their brains have to grow and mature after birth, and partly because humans depend more on learning and less on inherited behaviour compared to other mammals. Mammalian carnivores take a long time to perfect their prey-catching skills, and some herd species like elephants also have to do a lot of learning.
Trade-offs.
Most accounts of the altricial/precocial differences point out that it is a trade-off. Altricial young require a great investment of parental time and care, and are in constant danger of predation. However, that system permits a long period of supervised learning. Also, their brains grow more after birth, fueled by rich food provided by parents.
Precocial young require more pre-birth preparation for larger eggs, but they are less open to predation and take less parental care after birth. Their brains are ready-to-go, but end up smaller in relation to body size.
Humans.
Humans are rather a special case, for a baby makes great demands on the parent both before and after birth. A human baby looks precocial. But few of the bits are working, and a baby is completely helpless on its own. The key fact is that the cerebral cortex is not yet working properly. Nerve growth is still going on. During the first 18 months the cortex is getting larger and getting into working order. Then, after about 18 months to two years, the infant starts to learn language and from then on there's no stopping them.
There is an interesting reason why the brain is not more advanced at birth. It is that the baby's head (during natural birth) has to get through the female birth canal, which is a space between the bones of the female pelvis. Any larger, and the baby's head would not get through.
There is a cost to the human method. It greatly reduces the average number of offspring that any couple can raise.

= = = Jaclyn Linetsky = = =
Jaclyn Linetsky (January 8, 1986 – September 8, 2003) was a Canadian teenage actress who has voiced many different people. She was best known for voicing Caillou in the animated television show between 2000–2003. She later played as Megan in the television show "15/love". She died in a car crash on September 8, 2003 at the age of 17.

= = = Judith Barsi = = =
Judith Eva Barsi (June 6, 1978 – July 25, 1988) was an American child actress. She was born in Los Angeles, California and started her acting career in commercials. She also played Thea Brody in the movie "Jaws 4: The Revenge" in 1987 and voiced "Ducky" in "The Land before Time" and Annie-Marie in "All Dogs Go to Heaven" in June 1989. Her father, Jozef, was jealous and paranoid. He abused Judith and her mother for some years.
Barsi was the daughter of Hungarian immigrants József Barsi and Maria Barsi (née Benkő). Her parents fled the 1956 Soviet occupation of Hungary and then immigrated to Los Angeles. Maria Barsi wanted to be an actress herself, but later hoped that her daughter would be one, instead. Judith was discovered at a skating rink when she was five years old, but could still pass for age three. She went on to appear in over 70 commercials and soon appeared in movies. Later in her life, Barsi had growth hormone injections to help her growth.
On July 25, 1988, she and her mother were shot dead by her father, Jozsef who later committed suicide.
Career.
In 1984, Barsi began her career as a actress.
Abuse, murder and burial.
Judith's parents met at a restaurant in Los Angeles that was well known as a meeting place for immigrants. Maria worked there as a waitress. Jozsef was a plumber. He had problems with alcohol and was arrested three times for driving drunk. In the first years of their marriage, they were a happy couple. Soon Jozsef became jealous of the success of Maria's daughter. When Judith was getting ready to go to the Bahamas for the movie "", her father entered her bedroom. He locked the door and put a kitchen knife to her neck saying: "If you do not return after finished shooting, I'll slit your throat." She came back after two months, but the atmosphere at the house was not better. Over time, there were more problems. Judith's father called her a "spoiled brat". Judith's mood began to get bad. She did not do anything wrong and was not "full of life, a happy girl." Unable to deal with the problems at home, Judith pulled out her eyelashes and the whiskers of her cat. Jozsef had said many times that he would kill his wife. Sometimes he said he would kill himself and his daughter. In December 1986, Maria made a report to the police. She said he was abusing her mentally and physically. The police saw no injuries. In May 1988, Ruth Hansen saw the poor condition of the girl. Because Judith cried a lot and could not speak, Hansen told Maria to take Judith to a psychologist. She was taken to Children's Services. They could get no help from government organizations. Maria rented an apartment in Panorama City, where she wanted to move with Judith. Hansen told her to get a divorce from her husband. In July, Maria said she did not want to lose the house purchased with the money from her daughter's career.
Judith was seen riding her bike in the morning of July 25, 1988, one month after her 10th birthday. On the same day, she had an audition for the role in a new production studio, Hanna-Barbera. When Judith was sleeping, her father shot Judith in the head. She was killed instantly. Her mother ran down the hall to see what was going on, and he fatally shot her. Jozef later went down to the garage and took his own life.
The funeral was held on August 9, 1988. Judith was buried with her mother in unmarked graves in the cemetery Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles. The short ceremony was attended by about 75 people. Many of these people were children.
Legacy.
The Judith Barsi Memorial was dedicated the song "Love Survives" from the movie "All Dogs Go to Heaven". The movie premiered over a year after the death of the girl. Judith Barsi's tombstone was placed on August 23, 2004. It says: "In Memory of the lovely Judith Eva Barsi "Our Concrete Angel Yep! Yep! Yep!". A similar plate was mounted at January 25, 2005 commemorating her mother Maria."

= = = Lego minifigure = = =
A Lego minifigure (a.k.a. Lego person) is a small figure as part of Lego toys. Minifigures are found in Lego sets, although they are also sold separately as keychains and magnets, also can be found in Lego minifigures bags. Minifigures in 1975 were the same size as minifigures today, but did not have any moving arms or legs. They had a small variety of headpieces, including caps, pigtail hair and cowboy hats. Since 1978, Lego minifigures have had more clothing, hats, shirts and pants to choose from. They started packing them in sets, including Star Wars.
Minifigures are still used in many Lego sets we know today. There are many minifigures such as mermaid with a identical tail to the ocean king and many shorter characters such as the evil dwarf.

= = = Chilean Spanish = = =
Chilean Spanish ( or "") is the variety of Spanish spoken in most of Chile. Though still entirely mutually intelligible with standard Spanish, Chilean Spanish has distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usage. Spanish speakers often say that Chileans speak very quickly and "mix up words". Non-native speakers who are competent in Spanish may find the Chilean variety to be difficult to understand unless they have built up an ear for it.

= = = Pacific Electric Railway = = =
The Pacific Electric Railway Company was a private transportation system in Los Angeles, California. It started when Henry E. Huntington began building and buying streetcar railroads in and around Los Angeles to help people reach his properties.
Most of its lines carried people but there was also some freight. Pacific Electric also owned a mountain tourist attraction called the Mount Lowe Railway.
In the 1920s, with hundreds of miles of track, it was the largest system in the world. While Huntington lost money running Pacific Electric, he made money by selling the land it reached. 
After Henry Huntington died and the land was all sold, the system started to break down and there was no money coming in to repair it. The city of Los Angeles decided it would be cheaper to move passengers with buses and close the whole system. 
And so the last Pacific Electric train ran in 1961. The tracks were all ripped up and all of the old trains were either destroyed or sold to other countries.
Almost thirty years after the last train, with traffic becoming worse and buses becoming slower, the city remembered the old system. They decided to start rebuilding it because they realized trains do not slow down when there is a traffic jam.
Today, a small part of the old Pacific Electric rail network is now part of the new and growing Los Angeles Metro and people are riding trains again.
Network.
The Pacific Electric ran lines from Los Angeles to the following cities:

= = = Brickfilm = = =
A brickfilm is a stop-motion movie using Legos, Mega Blocks, or other Lego-like products. Brickfilms are often used to help the Lego Group advertise more sets and themes. The first known Brickfilm was called "The Magic Portal". It was made from
1980–1989 in Perth, Western Australia by Lindsay Fleay.
A brickfilm can be made by taking a Lego character and placing it on a board. The creator takes a picture, slightly moves the character, and repeats this step many times. The pictures are then streamed together using video editing software. Fifteen frames per second (15 fps) is a common frame-rate.

= = = Extreme Rules (2011) = = =
Extreme Rules was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by WWE. The event took place May 1, 2011 at the St. Pete Times Forum in Tampa, Florida. It was the third Extreme Rules event. Nine matches overall took place, with eight airing live on PPV.
Background.
Raw matches.
On the April 11th edition of Raw held a 5-man gauntlet match which would decide the number one contender to face The Miz for the WWE Championship. This match featured John Cena, Randy Orton, John Morrison, R-Truth and Dolph Ziggler. The last two men in the final round were John Cena and R-Truth. After The Miz and Alex Riley beat down both wrestlers, the match was resulted in a double disqualification, which would then lead to the anonymous Raw general manager stating that both John Cena and R-Truth would compete for the WWE Championship against The Miz in a Triple Threat match. The following week on "Raw", John Morrison challenged R-Truth for Truth's spot in the match and won, but Truth turned heel and attacked Morrison after the match. Later in the night, it was revealed that the match would be contested inside a steel cage.
Also on Raw, commentators Michael Cole and Jerry Lawler are also continuing their rivalry from WrestleMania XXVII. At the event, Lawler made Cole submit to the ankle lock, but the anonymous Raw General Manager reversed special guest referee Stone Cold Steve Austin's decision, thus making Cole the winner via disqualification. On the April 11 edition of Raw, Lawler defeated Cole's trainer, Jack Swagger, allowing him to announce that he would team up with his former broadcast partner, Jim Ross, to face Cole and Swagger at Extreme Rules. Two weeks later, the Raw General Manager declared that the teams would face each other in a Country Whipping match.
SmackDown matches.
Meanwhile on "SmackDown", Edge was scheduled to defend his World Heavyweight Championship against Alberto Del Rio in a ladder match at Extreme Rules after Del Rio won a number one contendership match against Christian on the April 8 edition of SmackDown. But less than a week later, on the April 11 edition of "Raw", Edge announced he was being forced to retire due to a real injury to his neck. That Friday, on the April 15 edition of SmackDown, Del Rio demanded to be crowned champion as he was the number one contender. SmackDown general manager Teddy Long didn't see it that way and announced that the match would still happen but that it would now be for the vacant title. Del Rio would be one contender. He also announced his opponent would be the winner of a 20-man over-the-top-rope Battle Royal. Later in the final match of the evening, Edge's real best friend for the past 20 years Christian won. Following this, on the April 25 edition of Raw, Del Rio was drafted to Raw as part of the year's draft. As such if Del Rio wins, he will bring the title to Raw, making the title a "Raw only" title.
Another feud from the SmackDown brand is between Layla and Michelle McCool, formerly known together as LayCool. Disagreement between the two divas started on the April 8 edition of SmackDown when McCool refused to tag Layla in a tag team match against Beth Phoenix and Kelly Kelly. The following two weeks, the two attended couple's therapy sessions, but the latter session ended with McCool attacking Layla, making their break up official. During the 2011 WWE Draft, after Layla lost her match against Eve, she attacked McCool for distracting her. On the April 29 edition of SmackDown, after fighting to a double count-out in their match, Layla and McCool agreed to have a No Count-out, No Disqualification match at Extreme Rules with the loser leaving WWE.

= = = Dorgon = = =
Dorgon (, 1612 - 1650) was the Prince empire of Qing Dynasty. His surname was Aisin Gioro. His reign names were Sing Cong and Chong De.
Dorgon was the 4th illegitimate son of Taizu Emperor (Nurhaci). Half brother of Huang Taiji, Half Uncle of Shunzhi Emperor.

= = = Slingshot = = =
A slingshot is a kind of projectile weapon which is used to launch small things. It is small and made to be handheld. It is made of a Y-shaped body with an elastic band such as rubber tied to the two top ends of the Y. The projectile is placed in the band, which is pulled back and let go of.
How strong and dangerous the slingshot is depends on how it is made and especially the elastic band. Although a slingshot is a type of weapon and a strong one can hurt people, they are not often used in modern war because there are many better weapons. Strong slingshots may be used to hunt small animals, or weaker ones may be used as toys.
In some places, a slingshot may be illegal because it can be a weapon.

= = = Mortal Kombat (1995 movie) = = =
Mortal Kombat is an 1995 live-action/adventure movie that was produced by Lauri Apelian and Lawrence Kasanoff and was directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. It is based on the video game franchise, "Mortal Kombat". "Mortal Kombat" was released on July 13, 1995 in Argentina & Israel, August 18, 1995 in North America, October 20, 1995 in the United Kingdom and on December 26, 1995 in Australia. The movie received mixed reviews with a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave it a 58 out of 100. The movie gained a sequel called "" and it was released in 1997.

= = = X-wing fighter = = =
The X-wing is a starfighter from the "Star Wars" fictional universe. It is seen in the original trilogy movies and many books, games, toys, and other things. It is shown as a main starfighter for the Rebellion and later the New Republic.
Creation.
The X-wing was first made for the movie "" by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Joe Johnston drew and Colin Cantwell made models that became the final X-wing fighter in "A New Hope". ILM made miniatures in different sizes, with wing markings showing which prop was for each pilot. Each X-wing model was built around a hollow core to hold parts for effects such as lighting.
Besides the models, the crew made one full-size X-wing for scenes in the Rebels' Yavin IV base hangar; they used editing and cardboard cutouts to make it seem as if there are dozens of fighters. The crew also made a full-size X-wing cockpit that was used for all actors; the astromech droid behind each actor was changed for each starfighter.
Story.
According to "Star Wars" backstory, the X-wing was designed by Incom Corporation, who left the Empire and gave the X-wing design to the rebels. It is a one-man starfighter which also has a socket for a droid.
The starfighter has four laser cannons and two proton torpedo launchers. Its four wings (called s-foils) can fold open or closed. It has four engines and can use hyperspace travel. It also has energy shields for defense.

= = = One Step Closer = = =
"One Step Closer" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released as the first single and second track off the band's first album, "Hybrid Theory".
Tracks.
All songs are written by Linkin Park except for "High Voltage", which is written by Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson and Joe Hahn; and "My December", which is also written by Shinoda.
US promo:
10" vinyl:
Music video.
The video starts out with a group of teenage friends hanging out around a dark alley. Two of them follow a strange man wearing a black hooded robe into a door which leads them to an underground room where the band is playing. Strange figures are around doing martial-arts moves. Midway through the song, they knock over a box, and run away when the martial arts people notice them. Towards the end of the song, lead singer Chester Bennington is upside-down.
Joe Hahn, the band's DJ, made the story of the video. Since bassist Dave Farrell has not returned to the band yet, Scott Koziol plays the bass. Gregory Dark directed the video.
Live shows.
"One Step Closer" is the ending song the band's concerts until 2007, where the song was always performed first. In 2008, the band's concerts ended with either the song or "Bleed It Out". From 2003 to 2007, the performances of the song has the verse of Jonathan Davis from his remix of the song in "Reanimation". In their recent concert tour, "A Thousand Suns World Tour", the song is either the final song of the concert or the final song of the main set.

= = = Áras an Uachtaráin = = =
Áras an Uachtaráin (), is the official home of the President of Ireland. The name means "House of the President" in Irish. It is in the Phoenix Park on the northside of Dublin. It used to be known as the Viceregal Lodge.
Origins.
The original house was designed by park ranger and amateur architect, Nathaniel Clements in the mid eighteenth century. It was bought by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. His official residence was in the Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle. The house in the park then became the "Viceregal Lodge", the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant (also known as the Viceroy), where he lived for most of the year from the 1820s onwards. During the Social Season (January to St. Patrick's Day in March) he lived in Dublin Castle.
Phoenix Park Murders.
In 1882, the grounds around the house became the location for a famous murder. Two men were stabbed to death with surgical knives while walking back to the residence from Dublin Castle. They were the Lord Frederick Cavendish, the British Cabinet minister with responsibility for Irish affairs, and Thomas Henry Burke, chief civil servant. A small insurgent group called the Invincibles was responsible for the deed. The Lord Lieutenant, the 5th Earl Spencer, heard the victims screams from a ground floor window in the drawing room.
Residence of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State.
In 1911, the house got a large extension for the visit of King George V and Queen Mary. After the Irish Free State was established in 1922, it became the home of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State until 1932. After that the new Governor-General, Domhnall Ua Buachalla, personally leased a private mansion in the southside of Dublin.
Residence of the President of Ireland.
The house was left empty for some years, until the office of President of Ireland was created in 1937. In 1938, the first President, Douglas Hyde lived there temporarily while plans were made to build a new presidential palace on the grounds. The outbreak of World War II saved the building, which had been renamed "Áras an Uachtaráin" as plans were put on hold. By 1945 it had become too closely identified with the presidency of Ireland to be demolished. But because it had not been lived in, a lot of work was needed to rebuild and improve it, especially to the kitchens, servants' quarters and chapel. 
The first President, Douglas Hyde lived in the residential quarters on the first floor of the main building. Later presidents moved to the new wing attached to the main house that had been built on for the visit of King George V in 1911. However, in 1990 Mary Robinson moved back to the older main building. Mary McAleese lived in the 1911 wing. The current occupant is Michael D.Higgins
Beside it being the home of the president, it has a few state rooms for official occasions. Áras an Uachtaráin also houses the headquarters of the Garda Mounted Unit.
Visitors.
Various visiting British kings and queens stayed at the Viceregal Lodge, notably Queen Victoria and George V. American presidents that visited include Presidents John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton, who are all of Irish descent. Other famous visitors to the Áras an Uachtaráin have been Princess Grace of Monaco and her husband, Prince Rainier III; King Baudouin of the Belgians; King Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia; Pope John Paul II; Prince Charles, and Prince Philip.
Guests do not normally stay at Áras an Uachtaráin. Although it has ninety-two rooms, many of these are used for storage of presidential files, for household staff and official staff, including military "aides-de-camp", a Secretary to the President and a press office. In 2001, the Irish state opened a guest residence nearby in Farmleigh, a former Guinness mansion.
On 1 May 2004, during Ireland's six-month presidency of the European Union, Áras an Uachtarain was the Venue for the "European Day of Welcomes" (Accession Day) in which ten new members joined the EU. All 25 heads of government attended the flag raising ceremony in the gardens of the palace. 
Áras an Uachtaráin is now open for free tours every Saturday.

= = = Hangar = = =
A hangar is a closed structure made to hold aircraft while it is on the ground. It is like a garage but for aircraft instead of cars. A hangar is most often made of metal, but may be made of other things like wood and concrete. It protects the aircraft from weather and sun damage.

= = = Phoenix Park Murders = = =
The Phoenix Park Murders were the fatal stabbings on 6 May 1882 in Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland. Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke were killed. Cavendish was the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Burke was the Permanent Undersecretary, the most senior Irish civil servant. The assassination was carried out by members of the "Irish National Invincibles".
Murders.
Cavendish and Burke were attacked as they walked through Phoenix Park to the Viceregal Lodge. This was the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ("the King's representative and head of the Irish affairs"). Thomas Myles, surgeon at the nearby Dr Steevens' Hospital, was called to help the victims.
The Lord Lieutenant, Lord Spencer, described suddenly hearing screams, before seeing a man running to the Lodge grounds shouting "Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke are killed." Responsibility for the political murders was claimed by a small, until then unknown Republican organisation called the "Irish National Invincibles".
Investigation.
The hunt for the murderers was led by Superintendent John Mallon, a Catholic who came from Armagh. Mallon had a pretty good idea of who was involved. He suspected a number of former Fenian activists. A large number of suspects were arrested and kept in prison by claiming they were connected with other crimes. Mallon got several of them to reveal what they knew about the murders.
The Invincibles' leader James Carey, Michael Kavanagh and Joe Hanlon agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were convicted of the murder. They were hanged in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 4 June 1883. Others were sentenced to serve long prison terms.
Political results.
Irish politician Charles Stewart Parnell made a speech condemning the murders in 1882. This increased his popularity in both Britain and Ireland.
In March 1887, "The Times" printed letters that said they were written by Parnell. The letters said that he agreed with the murderers of the English politicians, and that his speech saying otherwise was not true. It later came to light that the letters were not written by Parnell. They were forgeries written by journalist Richard Pigott. Parnell was personally shown to be innocent by the Parnell Commission in 1888-89.

= = = Garage = = =
A garage is a place for storing cars. There are many kinds of garages used for different things.
Residential garage.
A residential garage is a garage that is part of a house or similar building. Some garages are directly connected (called "attached") to the house, while others are separate and called a "detached" garage". The garage will have a large garage door that opens to let cars in and out, which is often opened by a motor.
Parking garage.
A parking garage is a large covered structure, often made of concrete, which is used for holding many cars. Parking garages may have more than one level.
Automobile repair shop.
An automobile repair shop may also be called a garage, although it is for repairing cars rather than just storing them.

= = = Melatonin = = =
Melatonin is a hormone found in animals, plants, and microbes. In animals, levels of melatonin have a daily cycle. It drives the circadian rhythms of several biological functions.
Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland which is outside of the blood–brain barrier. It acts as a hormone, and is released into the blood.
Melatonin acts on melatonin receptors. It also acts directly because it is a powerful antioxidant, which protects DNA.
Melatonin supplements for humans can be given. Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, not a drug. A prescription-only, timed release melatonin product for people aged 55 and over was approved for use by the European Medicines Agency in 2007, despite having shown only small effects, and in Australia in 2009.
It is often given to young people with sleep problems.

= = = Luria–Delbrück experiment = = =
The Luria–Delbrück experiment, 1943, also called the 'Fluctuation Test', asks the question: are mutations independent of natural selection? Or are they directed by the selection?
Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria showed that in bacteria, DNA mutations happen randomly. This means they happen at any time, rather than being a response to selection. 
So, Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. 
Delbrück and Luria won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine partly for this work.
The experiment.
In their experiment, Luria and Delbrück grew bacteria in tubes. After a period of growth, they split up the bacteria into separate cultures and put them onto agar containing phage (virus). If virus resistance were not due to random gene mutations, then each plate should contain roughly the same number of resistant colonies. This, however was not what Delbrück and Luria found. Instead, the number of resistant colonies on each plate varied to a great extent.
Luria and Delbrück proposed that these results could be explained by the occurrence of a constant rate of random mutations in each generation of bacteria growing in the initial culture tubes.

= = = Polydactyly = = =
Polydactyly is a birth defect which may affects the hands, feet, or both. It causes one or more extra fingers or toes. It can affect people, and other mammals such as dogs, and cats.

= = = Screen Actors Guild = = =
The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) is an American labor union representing over 200,000 film and television principal performers and background performers worldwide. According to SAG's Mission Statement, the Guild was created to negotiate and enforce reasonable salaries, benefits, and working conditions for its performers; collect compensation for exploitation of recorded performances by its members, and provide protection against unauthorized use of those performances; and preserve and expand work opportunities for its members.
The Guild was founded in 1933 in an effort to end exploitation of actors in Hollywood who were being forced into oppressive multi-year contracts with the major movie studios that did not include restrictions on work hours or minimum rest periods. They often had clauses that automatically renewed at the studios' discretion. These contracts were notorious for allowing the studios to dictate the public and private lives of the performers who signed them, and most did not have provisions to allow the performer to end the deal.
In addition to its main offices in Hollywood, SAG also maintains local branches in several major US cities, including: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, Nashville, New York City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington DC.
Since 1995, the guild has annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards.
The membership of the Screen Actors Guild voted to merge with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists on March 30, 2012. It was later renamed as SAG-AFTRA.
SAG Presidents.
"Later merged as SAG-AFTRA"

= = = Screen Actors Guild Award = = =
A Screen Actors Guild Award is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) to recognize outstanding performances by its members. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.
SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. Nominations for the awards come from 4200 randomly selected members of the union, with the full membership (120,000 as of 2007) available to vote for the winners. The awards have been televised for the past several years on TNT, but now also airs on TBS.
The first SAG Awards aired live on February 25, 1995 from Stage 12, Universal Studios. The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while later awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center. Bob Hope was given the first award.

= = = Machair = = =
Machair or machar is a Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) word used to describe a fertile low-lying grassy plain found on some of the north-west coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular the Outer Hebrides. There are machairs in the Isle of Skye, The Isle of Barra, the Isle of Harris and all throughout the west coast and islands.

= = = Max Delbrück = = =
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a German-American biophysicist and Nobel laureate.
Delbrück was one of the most influential people in the movement of physical scientists into biology during the 20th century.
Delbrück's big idea was to explore genetics by means of the bacteriophage viruses which infect bacteria. This was important in the early development of molecular biology.
Biography.
Delbrück was born in Berlin, German Empire. Trained as a physicist, he got his Ph.D. in 1930. he traveled through England, Denmark, and Switzerland. He met Wolfgang Pauli and Niels Bohr, who got him interested in biology.
In 1937, he moved to the United States to pursue his interests in biology, taking up research in the Biology Division at Caltech on genetics of the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster". While at Caltech Delbrück became acquainted with bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophage or 'phage').
Delbrück remained in the US during World War II, teaching physics at Vanderbilt University in Nashville while pursuing his genetic research. In 1942, he and Salvador Luria of Indiana University demonstrated that bacterial resistance to virus infection is caused by random mutation and not adaptive change. This research, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, was also significant for its use of mathematics to make quantitative predictions for the results to be expected from alternative models. For that work, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, sharing it with Alfred Hershey.
During the 1940s Delbrück developed a course in bacteriophage genetics at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory to encourage interest in the field. In 1947, Delbrück returned to Caltech as a professor of biology where he remained until 1977.

= = = Salvador Luria = = =
Salvador Edward Luria (Turin, Italy, August 13, 1912 – Lexington, Massachusetts, February 6, 1991) was an Italian microbiologist.
He won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering work with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey on phages in molecular biology.
Biography.
Luria was born Salvatore Edoardo Luria in Turin, Italy to an influential Italian Sephardic Jewish family. He attended the medical school at the University of Turin. There, he met two other future Nobel laureates: Rita Levi-Montalcini and Renato Dulbecco.
In Rome, he was introduced to Max Delbrück's theories on the gene as a molecule and began to formulate methods for testing genetic theory with bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria.
In 1938, he received a fellowship to study in the United States, where he intended to work with Delbrück. Soon after Luria received the award Benito Mussolini's fascist regime banned Jews from academic research fellowships.
Without funding sources for work in the U.S. or Italy, Luria left his home country for Paris, France in 1938. As the Nazi German armies invaded France in 1940, Luria fled on bicycle to Marseilles where he received an immigration visa to the United States.
Phage research.
Luria arrived in New York City on September 12, 1940 and soon changed his first and middle names. With the help of physicist Enrico Fermi, whom he knew from his time at the University of Rome, Luria received a fellowship at Columbia University. He soon met Delbrück and Hershey, and they collaborated on experiments at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and in Delbrück's lab at Vanderbilt University.
His famous experiment with Delbrück in 1943, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, demonstrated that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles and that mutant genes occurring randomly can still give viral resistance without the virus being present. The idea that natural selection affects bacteria has profound consequences, for example, it explains how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.
From 1943 to 1950, he worked at Indiana University, Bloomington. His first graduate student was James D. Watson, who went on to discover the structure of DNA with Francis Crick. In January 1947, Luria became a naturalized citizen of the United States.
In 1950, Luria moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. While investigating how a culture of "E. coli" was able to stop the production of phages, Luria discovered that specific bacterial strains produce enzymes that cut DNA at certain sequences. These enzymes became known as restriction enzymes and developed into one of the main molecular tools in molecular biology.

= = = Maya calendar = = =
The Maya calendar is a system of calendars and almanacs used in the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and in some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala.
It very like calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars. Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements of it were the most sophisticated. Along with those of the Aztecs, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood.
Types.
There are three main Maya calendars: the 260 day ritual calendar called "Tzolk'in", the 365 day "Haab"', and the "Long Count". Approximately 52 years pass before the Haab and Tzolkin calendars converge and are back in the same alignment. This is called the Calendar round. The Tzolk'in is still in use today by the Ixil, Kek'chi and Quiche peoples of the Guatemalan highlands.
Here is an example of a Maya calendar date: 12.18.16.2.6, 3 Cimi 4 Zotz. The “12.18.16.2.6” is the Long Count. Going from right to left, the units are: kin (1 day), uinal (20 kin = 20 days), tun (18 uinal = 360 days), katun (20 tun = approximately 20 years), baktun (20 katun =394 years). The Long Count was used to track periods of time longer than the 52 years of the Calendar Round. The mythical starting date of the current creation was August 11, 3114 BCE (Gregorian). “3 Cimi” is the Tzolkin date. The Tzolkin date is a combination of thirteen days numbered one-thirteen and twenty day-names. “4 Zotz” is the Haab' date. The Haab' year contains 18 months (each named) with 20 days each. The number before the word is the day of that month. The Maya then added five days to the calendar after the last month, Cumku, ends, in order to make the year 365 days long. Those five days, called "Uayeb," were considered to be unlucky.
December 21, 2012.
A common conspiracy theory myth about the Maya calendar was that it predicted that the world would end on December 21, 2012. This belief was mistaken. According to the Maya, there were three previous worlds. The first began with “the creation of the Earth, and it had upon it vegetation and living beings. Unfortunately, because they lacked speech, the birds and animals were unable to pay homage to the gods and were destroyed. In the second and third Ages the gods created humans of mud and then wood, but these also failed to please and were wiped out. The "zero date" 13.0.0.0.0 on the Long Count was when, according to the Maya, the third world ended and the fourth one, the current world, began. Another 13.0.0.0.0 would occur on December 21, 2012. There is no evidence that the Long Count would end on 13.0.0.0.0 or that the Maya believed that this would be the date of the apocalypse. Still, a variety of popular books and movies have contributed to the publicity surrounding the Maya calendar's supposed prediction of the end of the world in 2012. Some believers have taken advantage of this publicity to sell guides to surviving the apocalypse.

= = = Mexican coat of arms = = =
The flag of Mexico contains a coat of arms which is derived from an Aztec symbol depicting an eagle with a snake in its mouth.
In the early 14th century, the Mexica people were a wandering tribe looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus. The legend relates that the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow Texcoco lake. The Mexica invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there. That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire, which dominated central Mexico until its destruction by Spanish Conquistadores led by Hernando Cortes.
After winning its independence from Spain in 1810, the newly created nation of Mexico–whose capital was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan–adopted the symbol of the eagle and the snake to commemorate its Aztec heritage. The symbol can be found at the center of the Mexican flag.

= = = San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan = = =
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan started out as an agricultural and population center for the Olmec civilization, which inhabited a region of what is today southeastern Mexico. The Olmecs emerged as early as 1500 BC as the earliest complex society in the Americas. San Lorenzo is best known as the first city established in the Americas.
The main reason San Lorenzo flourished at such an early period is its location within the Coatzacoalcos flood plain, which provided fertile land for farming. Thus, the settlement of San Lorenzo follows the pattern of settlement of the world’s very first urban centers, which emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia. Because of the high farming value of the surrounding land, San Lorenzo ranked as the Olmecs’ most populous settlement from 1200-900 BC. During that period, San Lorenzo had the biggest trade market in all of the Olmec Heartland.
For unknown reasons, many people migrated out of San Lorenzo in 800 BC to the nearby city of La Venta. However, San Lorenzo was repopulated in 600 BC, when it became a center for Olmec ritual sacrifices until the population faded away in 400 BC along with the Olmec civilization. Today, San Lorenzo remains a significant archaeological site because the artifacts found there–including the famous Colossal Heads and jade masks–shed some light on Olmec culture and its profound influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya.

= = = Terrace farming = = =
Terrace farming (also called step farming) is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. The rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are an example and are considered a World Heritage Site.
This method of farming uses "steps" that are built into the side of a mountain or hill. On each level, various crops are planted. When it rains, instead of washing away all of the nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried down to the next level. These steps prevent water from washing away the soil and plants. This system also allowed them to build aqueducts, which carried water to each level.
The idea was also independently developed by the Inca people. The Incas built their aqueduct system so well that it is still used today.

= = = Sapa Inca = = =
Sapa Inca was the Inca emperor. "" means "The Great Inca" or "The Only Inca" in Quechua, the Inca language. According to legend, the first Sapa Inca, Manco Cápac (c. 1200 CE- 1230) was the son of the sun god, Inti. Manco Cápac became Sapa Inca by founding the city of Cuzco after he was sent on a quest by a god to find a good location for a city and build one. He also united the tribes around Cuzco.
The position of Sapa Inca was hereditary, which means that it passed from father to son. The Sapa Inca was the sole and absolute ruler over the Incas. His word was law, and he was the supreme commander of the military. The Sapa Inca lived in great luxury with many wives, slaves, and riches. Another privilege that he had was that he was allowed to (and usually was prohibited for common people. When the Sapa Inca died he would be mummified.
The Inca Empire reached its height under Huayna Capac (1493–1527) when it stretched from modern-day Argentina to Ecuador, although Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-1493) was responsible for expanding much of the empire to those borders. Tupac Yupanqui conquered the Kingdom of Chimor, the biggest rival to the Inca. He expanded the empire into modern-day Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Atahualpa was the last pre-conquest Sapa Inca. He was killed by the invading Spaniards in 1533 and after that, there were several Sapa Inca who was installed by the Spanish. The last person to hold the title was Tupac Amaru who was killed by the Spanish in 1572.

= = = STS-1 = = =
STS-1 was the first flight of the space shuttle. It launched on April 12, 1981 and landed on April 14. It was launched 20 years after the first manned space flight. The space shuttle used was "Columbia". Space Shuttle Columbia orbited the Earth 37 times in this mission.
External tank.
STS-1 was the first of two missions with a painted external tank. The paint was put to protect the external tank from ultraviolet light when it was standing on the launch pad. After STS-2, the paint was removed

= = = Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir = = =
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir (; born 1944) is the former President of Sudan. He came into power in 1989 and resigned in 2019 following massive anti-protests and a coup. In October 2004, Omar's government negotiated an end to the second Sudanese civil war, one of the longest-running and deadliest wars of the 20th century. However, there has been a violent conflict in Darfur that has resulted in a death toll between 200,000 and 400,000. During his presidency, there have been several violent struggles between the rebel groups such as the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in the form of warfare in the Darfur region. The civil war has resulted in over 2.5 million people being displaced, and the relations between Sudan and Chad are at a crisis.

= = = Regression (psychology) = = =
Regression is a word used in psychology on defense mechanism. It means the act of reversing the ego into an earlier state which allows one to avoid dealing with impulses in a mature manner.
A common example of regression is “curling up into a ball” (also known as the fetal position) when stressed, ill, or wounded.

= = = Displacement (psychology) = = =
Displacement is a word used in Freudian psychology for is an unconscious defence mechanism. Example: the mind redirects thoughts, emotions, desires from an object or person felt to be dangerous or unacceptable to an object or person felt to be safe or acceptable.
More generally, the substitute of one response by another, when the original response is blocked: displaced aggression.

= = = Ego depletion = = =
Ego depletion is the idea that people get tired of making decisions because it is a neuro-chemical process that requires energy.

= = = Central dogma of molecular biology = = =
The central dogma of molecular biology is a phrase by Francis Crick, who proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
It means that information passes from DNA to proteins via RNA, but proteins cannot pass the information back to DNA.
Crick first wrote it in 1958, and repeated it in 1970.
The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information. 
There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers: DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3×3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these. The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3: 
The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information: DNA can be copied to DNA (DNA replication), DNA information can be copied into mRNA, (transcription), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template (translation).
The dogma is a modern version of the Weismann barrier (after August Weismann). This is the principle that hereditary information moves only from genes to body cells, and never in reverse. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells.

= = = Ubar = = =
Ubar is a ruined city in Oman. English adventurer Ranulph Fiennes discovered the city in 1992. According to Nicolas Clapp, this probably is the lost city Iram of the Pillars the Qu'ran talks about. 
Today, ruins are left, which can be reached in a four-wheel drive. Part of the area forms the ceiling to underground vaults, which have collapsed. These vaults hold water supplies for a nearby settlement, which houses a small museum.

= = = Wavves = = =
Wavves (pronounced "waves") is an American noise pop band based out of San Diego, California. They formed in 2008, and are currently signed to Fat Possum Records.

= = = Daniel Catán = = =
Daniel Catán Porteny (3 April 1949 in Mexico City - 9 April 2011 in Austin, Texas) was a Mexican opera composer of Jewish descent. He is best known for turning the Italian movie, "Il Postino", into an opera. He was working at the University of Texas at Austin on a new opera based on the Frank Capra movie, "Meet John Doe".

= = = Rick Perry = = =
James Richard "Rick" Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American former politician. He was the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from March 2, 2017 through December 1, 2019. He was the Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015. He is a Republican. He became governor when George W. Bush became President, and has been elected three more times. Perry was the longest governor in the United States for 14 years. 
On December 13, 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump nominated Perry to serve as United States Secretary of Energy during his administration. He was confirmed by the United States senate on March 2, 2017.
Early life.
Perry was born in Haskell, Texas. His parents were Joseph Perry and Amelia Holt. He grew up in West Texas and studied at Texas A&M University. During his early years, he was a farmer and a pilot.
Early career.
In 1984, Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64, which included his home county of Haskell. He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office. 
In 1990, as a newly Republican, Perry challenged Jim Hightower, the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner. Karl Rove was Perry’s campaign manager. Perry won the election.
In April 1993, Perry, while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner, expressed support for the effort to reform the nation's health care, describing it as "most commendable".
In 1994, Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin.
In 1998, Perry chose not to seek a third term as Agriculture Commissioner, running instead for Lieutenant Governor to succeed the retiring Democrat Bob Bullock. He won the election.
Governor of Texas (2000-2015).
Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21, 2000, following the resignation of George W. Bush – who was preparing to become President of the United States. In the 2001 legislative session, Perry set a record for his use of the veto, rejecting 82 acts, more than
any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction.
 He was elected again in 2002. In 2002, Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as "appropriate".
Perry's campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime. He has supported block grants for crime programs. In 2007, Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession.
Perry supports the death penalty. In June 2002, he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates. As of September 18, 2014, there have been 278 executions since Perry first took office in December 2000.
Perry was re-elected in 2006 and in 2010. In 2014, Perry announced that he would not run for a fourth term.
Indictment.
On August 15, 2014, Perry was indicted by a grand jury on felony charges for abuse of power. He was accused of threatening a Democratic District Attorney who had been convicted of drunk driving to resign by threatening to veto funding for state public corruption prosecutors. The indictment received some support and also wide criticism from all sides of the political parties, and editorial criticism from major US newspapers.
Presidential runs.
2012 presidential campaign.
Perry also ran for President of the United States in the 2012 Republican primaries. He was one of the last candidates to enter the race. He was a frontrunner for the nomination during the first month of his campaign, but he did not do well in many of the debates. On January 19, 2012, Perry withdrew his campaign and endorsed Newt Gingrich.
2016 presidential campaign.
On June 4, 2015, Perry officially announced his bid with a new web site and a press conference at Addison Airport outside Dallas, Texas. Perry then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference. On September 11, 2015, Perry dropped out of the race after poor polling after the first debate. He later announced his support for Ted Cruz and later Donald Trump for president.
2018 Texas United States senate race.
Perry has been mentioned as a possible challenger to U.S. Senator and fellow 2016 Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz in 2018. Speculation about Cruz being challenged in the Republican primary arose during the 2016 Republican National Convention, when Cruz refused to endorse Donald Trump, the eventual Republican presidential nominee, whom Perry had endorsed after Cruz suspended his campaign. In a poll conducted from August 12 to 14 of that year by "Public Policy Polling", Perry had a 46%-37% lead over Cruz. In November 2016, Perry declined to enter the senate race and endorsed Cruz in the elections.
United States Secretary of Energy (2017–2019).
On December 12, 2016, multiple sources reported that Perry is to be nominated by President-elect of the United States Trump to serve as Secretary of the United States Department of Energy. His nomination was approved by a 16-7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31, 2017.
On March 2, 2017, Perry was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62-37 vote.
On October 17, 2019, Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year. He officially stepped down on December 1, 2019.
Trump–Ukraine controversy.
A July 25, 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump. Two weeks after the inquiry was launched, Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perry's urging. Perry denied ever mentioning Joe Biden in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials.
Personal life.
Although Perry is a Methodist, he now attends an Evangelical "megachurch". He is also an Eagle Scout. Perry married Anita Thigpen in 1982. Together, they have two children.
"Dancing with the Stars".
On August 30, 2016, Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of "Dancing with the Stars". He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater. Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place.

= = = Jerry Jones = = =
Jerral "Jerry" Wayne Jones (born October 13, 1942 in Los Angeles, California) is the owner and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL. He has owned the team since 1989.

= = = Texas Motor Speedway = = =
Texas Motor Speedway is a racetrack in Fort Worth, Texas. It hosts two races a year in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. It first opened in 1996. Its layout is similar to the track layout of Atlanta Motor Speedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway (which used to be known as Lowe's Motor Speedway).

= = = Little Caesars = = =
Little Caesars is a pizza company in the United States. It is the 4th biggest pizza company in the United States. It was founded on May 8, 1959 in Garden City, Michigan by Mike Ilitch. It is a subsidiary of Ilitch Holdings, Inc.

= = = Whataburger = = =
Whataburger is a fast food restaurant that specifically makes hamburgers. It was founded in 1950 in the city of Corpus Christi, Texas. The restaurant chain was completely on portable stands until the first permanent store was built in 1961. Most Whataburger locations are open for all 24 hours in the day.

= = = Monday Night Football = = =
 ESPN Monday Night Football is a television show about the NFL which is broadcast on the channel ESPN and is on every Monday during the NFL season. Monday Night Football's first run was on September 21, 1970. It is currently airing.

= = = The Human League = = =
The Human League is a British pop music band from Sheffield. The Human League has 3 members: Philip Oakey, Joanne Catherall, and Susan Ann Sulley. The band originally had 6 members. The other 3 members were Ian Burden, Jo Callis, and Philip Adrian Wright. They all left The Human League in the late 1980s.
The Human League started in 1977 and they had their greatest success during the 1980s. They continue to make new music today. Philip Oakey, the band's singer, is the only Human League member that has been with the band since it started. The other 2 members, Joanne Catherall and Susan Ann Sulley, joined The Human League in 1980.
The Human League has made 10 albums. Their newest album is called "Credo" and it was released in March 2011. Some of The Human League's hit songs are "Don't You Want Me", "Keep Feeling Fascination", "The Lebanon" and "Human".
Albums.
Below is a list of all the albums by The Human League.

= = = 20/20 (American TV program) = = =
20/20 is a television newsmagazine on ABC. It has been on ABC since June 6, 1978 and is currently airing. 20/20 is recently hosted by Chris Cuomo and Elizabeth Vargas, currently hosted by David Muir and Amy Robach.

= = = Mesoamerican ball game = = =
The Mesoamerican ball game is a sport that people in Mesoamerica have played since about 1,400 B.C.E. It was the first team sport in history, as far as historians know.
The Olmecs, who lived from 1,200 B.C.E. to 400 B.C.E., played the Mesoamerican ballgame. They may have created the game. The ancient Mayans played the game; they called it pitz in Classical Maya. Later, the Aztecs played it; in their language, Nahuatl, they called the game ōllamaliztli.
In some parts of Mexico, indigenous people still play a more modern version of the game, called "ulama". This means that people have played the Mesoamerican ballgame for over 3,400 years longer than any other sport in history. The Mesoamerican ballgame was also the first sport in history ever to use a rubber ball.
Rules.
The game's goal was to shoot a ball through a stone hoop about wide. The ball, called an "ulli", was made out of rubber. It weighed about , about as much as a brick. The court, called a "tlachtili", was around long. It had a wall on each side. The stone hoops hung on these walls.
The court was usually in the shape of an “I,” although the shape was sometimes different. A line ran down the center of the court. From that line, the floor sloped to meet the walls.
The players were only allowed to use their heads, elbows, legs, and hips to hit the ball. The ball was not allowed to touch the ground, so the players often dove to avoid losing points. If one of the teams got the ball through the stone hoop, the game was over and that team won. However, this was very hard to do, since the stone hoops could be as high as off the ground. Since getting the ball through the hoop was uncommon, a team could also score points by hitting one of six markers alongside the edges of the court.
Gambling.
Gambling played a large part in the culture surrounding the ballgame. People could bet nearly anything on which team would win the game. Some ancient people bet things like beautiful feathers. Others bet children or even their own lives. The losers sometimes sold themselves into slavery just so they could pay off their debt.
Sometimes, city-states would play the game instead of going to war with each other. The city-state whose team won the game would rule over the losing city-state. Winning or losing a game could turn into an excuse to start an attack or try an assassination.p. 97
Religious importance.
The Mesoamerican ballgame also held a very important religious meaning. In Aztec culture, for example, the game was meant to represent the combat that happened every day on the "ball court" in the underworld, where the sun fought with the night to get across.p. 173
The game's religious meaning was linked to the Mayan and Aztec practices of human sacrifice. Sometimes, the Mayans would make prisoners of war play the game, and would sacrifice them if they lost. However, Mayan art suggests that Mayan ballplayers, maybe team captains, were sacrificed too.
The Aztecs also sacrificed losing teams (or, according to some historians, winning teams) after some games. The ancient Aztecs believed that without human sacrifice, the sun would stop and the earth would be plunged into darkness. Sometimes, ancient Aztecs would decorate the ball court with the skulls of people who had been sacrificed. The ball itself was a symbol of a sacrificed person's head. Sometimes, the actual head or skull of a sacrificed person was used as a ball in the game.
Modern version.
In modern times, the Aztec ballgame changed into "ulama." People still play this game in a few communities in the Mexican state of Sinaloa.
Ulama uses temporary courts, made by drawing thick lines in the dirt. There are three different ways to play ulama. In the different versions of the game, players may use their hips, forearms, or paddles to hit the ball.

= = = Hit the Road, Jack = = =
"Hit the Road Jack" is a rhythm and blues song from the 1960s.
History.
Percy Mayfield wrote and sang "Hit the Road, Jack" in 1960. 
Ray Charles made the song famous. Ray Charles's song was number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in fall of 1961. 
The song is ranked #377 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".
The first recording was a cappella. Ray Charles did it with his lover, Margie Hendrix. The song uses what is known as Andalusian cadence. 
Today, there are many versions. Richard Anthony did a version in French, Monica Zetterlund one in Swedish. 
Lyrics.
The chorus of the song is:
The words of this song are not standard English. In standard English, the words could be "Hit the road, Jack, and don't come back again" or "Hit the road, Jack, and don't come back anymore"
In this context, "hit the road" is an idiom meaning "get lost," as the following words indicate.
Recording Details.
For the most popular recording

= = = Olaf Scholz = = =
Olaf Scholz (; born ) is a German politician, and has been Chancellor of Germany since 8 December 2021. He was First Mayor of Hamburg from 7 March 2011 to 13 March 2018. From 2018 until 2021, Scholz was the Vice Chancellor of Germany and Federal Minister of Finance during the Angela Merkel cabinet.
Early life.
Scholz was born on June 14, 1958, in Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, but grew up Hamburg's Rahlstedt district. He began studying law at the University of Hamburg in 1978 as part of a one-stage legal training course.
Hamburg and national politics.
From May to October 2001, he was Minister of the Interior "(Innensenator)" of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and from 2002 to 2004 he was general secretary of the SPD.
In 2005 Scholz was elected a member of the sixteenth Bundestag, and succeeded Franz Müntefering as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, when the latter left office in 2007.
In 2010, Scholz took part in the annual Bilderberg Meeting in Sitges, Catalonia, Spain.
On 20 February 2011, the Social Democrats led by Scholz won the Hamburg state election, 2011 with 48.3% of the votes, resulting in 62 out of 121 seats in the Hamburg Parliament. Scholz resigned as a member of the seventeenth Bundestag on 11 March 2011 shortly after his election as First Mayor.
Merkel cabinet.
After the 2017 federal election, the CDU, CSU and SPD agreed to continue a coalition, Scholz was accepted by all parties as Federal Minister of Finance. Scholz was sworn in alongside the rest of the Government on 14 March 2018. He also took the role of Vice-Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel. Within his first months in office, Scholz became one of Germany's most popular politicians, reaching an approval rating of 50 percent.
Chancellor of Germany.
2021 federal election.
On August 10, 2020, the SPD party executive nominated him as its chancellor candidate for the 2021 federal election in Germany. Scholz led the SPD to a narrow victory in the election, winning 25.8% of the vote and 206 seats in the Bundestag.
On 8 December 2021, Scholz was elected and sworn-in as Chancellor by the Bundestag with 395 votes in favour and 303 against. At of age, Scholz is the oldest person to become Chancellor of Germany since Ludwig Erhard who was old when he assumed office on 17 October 1963.
Tenure.
During his campaign in the 2021 election, Scholz was against forcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate. However, since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant began to rise in late November 2021, he supported a vaccine mandate, including closure of non-essential retail stores to unvaccinated adults and a vaccine mandate for adults.
Personal life.
Scholz is married to SPD politician Britta Ernst since 1998. The couple live in Potsdam since 2018.

= = = Lemmy = = =
Ian Fraser "Lemmy" Kilmister (24 December 1945 – 28 December 2015), commonly known by Lemmy, was a British musician, singer-songwriter and actor. He was best known as the bassist of the heavy metal band Motörhead.
Early years.
Lemmy was born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. He went to school at Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones in Amlwch, Wales. At age 16 he attended a concert by The Beatles in the Cavern Club. Lemmy liked the sarcastic attitude of the Beatles, especially John Lennon. Around that time he began playing guitar in small local bands like The Sundowners.
In mid-1960, he played guitar in bands like The Rainmakers, then The Motown Sect, playing clubs in the north. In 1965, he joined the band The Rockin 'Vickers, and signed a contract with CBS. The band released three single albums and toured Europe. In 1967, he moved to London and got a job as a roadie on The Jimi Hendrix Experience. In 1968, he recorded an album titled "Escalator" with the band Sam Gopal. After that, Lemmy met Simon King in a shopping center in Chelsea and then joined the band Opal Butterfly for a short period.
Lemmy joined the Ladbroke Grove rock band Hawkwind as a bassist and vocalist. He gained experience as a bassist, because until then he had only worked as a guitarist. Lemmy was also lead vocals on several songs for the band.
Motörhead.
In 1975, Lemmy founded a new band called Bastard with guitarist Larry Wallis and Lucas Fox on drums. Later, Lemmy changed the name of the band to Motörhead. Wallis and Fox left the band and were replaced by the guitarist Eddie Clarke and drummer Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor. This new formation would begin Motörhead's success in live performances. In 1977, the band recorded their first album, "Motörhead", released 24 September 1977. The second album, titled "Overkill", contained two songs that would become Motörhead classics: "Louie Louie" and "Overkill". The peak of the band was 1980 and 1981 with a series of chart hits in the UK, including the classic single "Ace of Spades", one of the biggest hits of the band. 
Motörhead's members changed throughout the band's career, but Lemmy remained on bass and vocals from their start 1975 until his death in December 2015.
Acting career.
Lemmy's career as an actor began by playing small roles in low-budget UK films "Eat the Rich" (1988) and "Hardware" (1990). His credits include "Terror Firmer" (1998), "Frezno Smooth" (1999), and "Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV" (2000).
Death.
On 28 December 2015, Lemmy died of prostate cancer, cardiac arrhythmia and congestive heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 70.

= = = Ole von Beust = = =
Carl-Friedrich Arp Ole Freiherr von Beust, generally called Ole von Beust, born 13 April 1955, in Hamburg, Germany, was Ole von Beust First Mayor of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg () from 31 October 2001 to 25 August 2010, serving as President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 2007 on for one year. He was followed as mayor by Christoph Ahlhaus.
Life and work.
He is the son of Achim Helge Freiherr von Beust and Hanna, née Wolff, who was considered half Jewish in Nazi Germany. Through his father he is a descendant of Saxon and Austrian statesman Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust.
In 1971 von Beust became member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1973, after finishing high school, he worked for the CDU group in Hamburg's city-state parliament ("Bürgerschaft"), a position he held until he started to study law in 1975 at the University of Hamburg. From 1977 until 1983 he was Hamburg president of the youth organisation of his party. Since 1978 Beust has been a member of the Hamburg city-state's parliament. In 1983 he successfully completed his studies and became an independent lawyer.
He has been a member of the ruling council of the Hamburg Land CDU since 1992, and of the national ruling council of the CDU party since 1998.
First Mayor of Hamburg.
On 31 October 2001, Ole von Beust became First Mayor of Hamburg.
On 19 August 2003, Beust dismissed his vice-mayor Ronald Schill, causing a scandal. Beust had earlier dismissed Walter Wellinghausen, senator of the interior and Schill's most important official, without consulting Schill beforehand. This was due to public allegations of misconduct on Wellinghausen's part. In a private conversation, Schill then demanded that Beust take back the dismissal, allegedly using personal threats. Beust then decided to dismiss Schill as well.
In the press conference Schill held minutes after he had heard of his own dismissal, he spoke vaguely of "homosexual relationships", a "flat in an infamous hustler district" and "certain things happened that let one infer the occurrence of love acts" between Beust and Roger Kusch, who Beust had appointed minister (in German city-states "senator") of justice. Beust in turn stated that Schill threatened to make his alleged liaison with Kusch public under the premise that Beust intermingled public and private affairs. He said he had no sexual relationship with Kusch, that they merely knew each other for 25 years and were good friends, and that Beust was Kusch's landlord. "This is all – absolutely all", according to Beust.
His unprepared statement to the press quickly earned Schill an homophobic reputation. A popular radio-station broadcast a song calling him "Mega-Proll" (mega redneck) and gay and lesbian associations protested vocally. Schill however later affirmed Beust's version of the story, except for the accusations of blackmail, saying that he warned Beust to stay clear of nepotism, and that this had nothing to do with Beust's sexual orientation. He stated "I have nothing against homosexuals".
In a later interview, Beust's father confirmed that his son is indeed homosexual. Beust himself considers his sexual orientation a private matter; when asked directly he usually ironically refers the interviewer to his father.
The Hamburg elections of 29 February 2004, ended with an unprecedented landslide victory for Ole von Beust and the CDU, with the party achieving absolute majority in the city-state's parliament. The CDU gained 47.2 percent of the vote, a full 21-point increase from the previous election in September 2001. This was the first time since 1993 the city-state has had only a single ruling party. In the Hamburg elections of 24 February 2008, the CDU gained 42.6 percent of the vote. Thus, the CDU continued to be the strongest party in Hamburg. However, since the CDU lost its absolute majority, it formed a coalition government with the Greens.
On 18 July 2010 Ole von Beust declared his resignation effective 25 August. He was a finalist for the 2010 World Mayor prize.

= = = Sunny Day Real Estate = = =
Sunny Day Real Estate is an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. Sunny Day Real Estate formed in 1992 when they were originally called "Empty Set". The started in 1992 and broke up in 1995 because Goldsmith and Mendel were leaving to join Dave Grohl's band The Foo Fighters. They reunited in 1997 and disbanded again in 2001. They reunited once again in 2009.

= = = Volbeat = = =
Volbeat is an Danish heavy metal band from Copenhagen. Volbeat formed in 2001 when singer Michael Poulsen formed a death metal band called Dominus. He became tired of the death metal genre and left the band. He then formed a new band called Volbeat with other members of Dominus.

= = = Alfred Hershey = = =
Alfred Day Hershey (December 4, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist and geneticist.
He was born in Owosso, Michigan and received his B.S. in chemistry at Michigan State University in 1930 and his Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1934, taking a position shortly thereafter at the Department of Bacteriology at Washington University in St. Louis.
He began doing experiments with bacteriophages with Italian-American Salvador Luria and German Max Delbrück in 1940. He found that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.
He moved with his wife Harriet to Cold Spring Harbor, New York, in 1950 to join the Carnegie Institution for Science's Department of Genetics. There he performed the famous Hershey-Chase blender experiment with Martha Chase in 1952. This experiment provided additional evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.
He became director of the Carnegie Institution in 1962 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, shared with Luria and Delbrück for their discovery on the replication of viruses and their genetic structure.

= = = Blues Hall of Fame = = =
The Blues Hall of Fame is a list of people who are important in the development of blues music. The Hall is part of the Blues Foundation, and honors people who have performed, recorded, or documented blues.
Inductees.
1994.
Non Performers :
1995.
Non Performers:
1996.
Non Performers:
1997.
Non Performer:
1998.
Non Performers:
1999.
Non Performers:
2000.
Non Performer:
2001.
Non Performers:
2002.
Non Performer:
2003.
Non Performer:
2004.
Non Performer:
2005.
Non Performer:
2006.
Non-Performers:
2007.
Non-Performers:
2008.
Non-Performers:
2009.
Non-Performers:
2010.
Non-Performers:
2011.
Non-Performers:

= = = Night terror = = =
A night terror, also known as a sleep terror, is a sleep disorder that causes extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The person having the night terror wakes up suddenly, usually gasping, moaning, or screaming while waking. It is often impossible to wake up the person fully because they are so concentrated on waking, and after the terror the subject normally settles back to sleep without waking. A night terror can rarely be recalled by the subject. They typically occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep.

= = = David Hubel = = =
David Hunter Hubel (February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was a Canadian neurophysiologist noted for his studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex. He was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Roger W. Sperry), for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system. 
Career.
For much of his career, Hubel was the John Franklin Enders University Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. In 1978, Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
David Hunter Hubel (February 27, 1926 September 22, 2013) was a Professor of Neurobiology Emeritus at Harvard Medical School.
Hubel was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
Hubel died of renal failure.
Nobel award.
Hubel and Wiesel received the Nobel Prize for two major contributions:
Some details.
Cells detect features.
In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a microelectrode into the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. Some of these neurons responded differently to light patterns than to dark patterns. Hubel and Wiesel called these neurons 'simple cells'.
Still other neurons, which they called 'complex cells', detected edges regardless of how they were placed in the visual field, and could detect motion in certain directions. These studies showed how the visual system constructs complex pictures of visual information from simple stimulus features.
Flexibility of visual cortex.
They did important work in the study of cortical plasticity (flexibility).
By depriving kittens from using one eye, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye.
These kittens did not develop areas receiving input from both eyes, a feature needed for binocular vision. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that ocular dominance (dominance of one eye is normal) develops early in childhood development, and cannot be reversed. Several childhood vision problems were understood better after this work.

= = = Red Bull Arena (Harrison) = = =
The Red Bull Arena is a soccer stadium in Harrison, New Jersey in the United States. It is home to two teams that each play in the top level of American soccer—the New York Red Bulls, a men's team playing in Major League Soccer, and NJ/NY Gotham FC, which plays in the National Women's Soccer League.
The construction started in 2006, but through differences of the clubowner and the state of New Jersey there was a delay. After the buying of the former Metro Stars by the Red Bull Company the stadium was opened on March 20th, 2010 with a friendly match of the NY Red Bulls versus FC Santos from Brazil. One week later the first leaguematch was held in the new stadium versus Chicago Fire. The stadium has 30 luxury suites and 1,000 premium seats. The design is customized to the design of the owner company, Red Bull.

= = = Roger Wolcott Sperry = = =
Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was an American neurobiologist and Nobel Prize winner. 
He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science.
Before Sperry's experiments, some research evidence seemed to indicate that areas of the cerebral cortex were largely interchangeable. In his early experiments, Sperry showed that the opposite was true: after early development, circuits of the brain are largely hardwired. That is, they are set with a particular function.
Sperry's work was on 'split-brain' research. In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry tested ten patients who had undergone an operation developed in 1940 by William Van Wagenen, a neurosurgeon in Rochester, NY. 
The surgery, designed to treat epileptics with "grand mal" seizures, severed (cut) the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals between the right and left hemispheres. 
Sperry and his colleagues tested these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness. In his words, each hemisphere is
This research contributed greatly to understanding how each cerebral hemisphere works. 
Some activities, such as naming objects or putting blocks together in a particular way, can only be done when using one side of the brain or the other. It seems the left hemisphere usually specializes in language processes and the right is dominant in visual-construction tasks.

= = = Machair (TV series) = = =
Machair was a Scottish Gaelic television soap opera produced by Scottish Television Enterprises between January 1993 and April 1999.
"Machair" was written in English and translated into Gaelic, then given English subtitles and broadcast during primetime. At first, critics thought this process would not work, but when the show aired it got lots of praise from reviewers. Kenneth Roy, television critic of Scotland on Sunday, described it as "A credit to the company (Scottish Television) and a smack in the face to those of us who were doubtful" and after a few episodes said "It is even better than it looked at first glance quite simply the best thing to have happened to television in Scotland for a long time." Audiences liked the show too. "Machair" got 30% audience share and made it into the Top Ten of programmes viewed in Scotland, even though fewer than 2% of the Scottish population can speak Gaelic. It was nominated for awards for production and writing from "The Celtic Film Festival" and Writers Guild of Great Britain.

= = = Oil refinery = = =
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is made into useful petroleum products by fractional distillation and other processes. Products include gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.

= = = IP Phone = = =
An IP Phone is a VoIP-based telephone service. Because it uses the internet instead of a phone company, call costs are often lower.

= = = List of Rugrats episodes = = =
The following is a list of episodes from the American animated series "Rugrats". The first episode aired on Sunday, August 11, 1991. The first three seasons aired between 1991 and 1995. The series returned with two Jewish holiday specials in April 1995 and December 1996. From 1997 to 2004, the series began airing regular episodes again. The 10th anniversary special "All Growed Up" aired on July 21, 2001, on Nickelodeon. "Rugrats" ended on Sunday, August 1, 2004. "Rugrats" reruns still air on TeenNick’s late night programming block NickRewind. There are 9 seasons, 172 episodes, three movies, and two direct-to-DVD specials.
Series overview.
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Episodes.
Season 6 (1999–2001).
In the United States, episodes 127 to 130 were held over from this season and ended up airing during Season 7. The first Klasky Csupo logo still appeared after the second logo appeared at the end of "The Rugrats Movie". The second logo did not appear until "Runaway Reptar".
Season 7 (2001; 2004).
During season 7, "Rugrats" made a change with a different format that consisted of three segments per episode. Additionally, all half-hour stories from this point on had two ad breaks instead of one.
Season 8 (2001–03).
The original two-segment format for "Rugrats" was brought back in season 8. However, the half-hour episodes retain having two commercial breaks. The first Klasky Csupo logo appeared after the credits in the early airings of this season. However, the Season 8 DVD from Amazon.com, "The '90s Are All That" and the later airings kept the second logo.
DVD releases.
Nickelodeon and Amazon.com produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows through the CreateSpace service. Using a concept similar to print on demand, Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art. , Seasons 1–9 were available. , the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.
In Australia, Beyond Home Entertainment has released all 9 seasons on DVD.
In May 2017, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD. In February 2018, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.
"Rugrats Tales from the Crib" (2005–06).
These movies are direct-to-DVD movies that are part of the "Rugrats" series.

= = = American Express = = =
The American Express Company, (sometimes known as AmEx as variants) is a financial company which today is best known for its credit card business. Sometimes called Amex cards, these credit cards make up nearly a quarter of all credit card transactions in the USA.
Since 1958, the company's mascot has been a Roman centurion.
History of American Express Company.
Early years of the company.
When the American Express Company was founded in 1850 it was an “express business”. This meant that it was a private company whose business was to carry money, packages or valuable things from one place to another. The US Postal Service had only recently begun. They delivered letters, but not large parcels. This is why some people started small “express businesses”. An express messenger would carry money in a money bag. He would travel by train or stagecoach. The trains were very slow and often came off the rails. The stagecoaches travelled on terrible roads which were much too bumpy for the horses to trot. It was a time when many people were going to California and other areas in the west of the US. There was a lot of demand for money to be transferred from one part of the country to another. This is why the American Express company was started.
Two very important people in the express business at the time were Henry Wells and William G. Fargo. They had formed a partnership in 1844. When the American Express was formed its headquarters were in a building in Manhattan, New York. Three other companies merged to form the new company. They soon bought several other buildings nearby to use as stables for their horses. For many years it was the most successful company transporting goods, securities, money etc. (these were called “express shipments”). In 1874 the American Express moved its headquarters to 65 Broadway in the financial district of Manhattan. It has been there ever since.
Move to financial services.
Gradually American Express began to focus their attention on banks and other big financial groups because they found the American Express very reliable and paid them good money for their services. The American Express gradually changed to be a financial company. In the late 1890s they started to compete with the banks by issuing money orders. They had big offices in London, Paris, Antwerp, Zurich and Berlin.
By 1890 the company needed a new building, so they pulled down the old building and built a new ten-story building in its place. By 1903, the company had assets of about $28 million. In 1916-17 a new building was constructed. It was made of concrete and steel and was shaped like an H. This building was sold in 1975.
When their director J. C. Fargo travelled to Europe around 1890 he found it very difficult to get cash. He was very annoyed, because he was carrying with him letters of credit, and he felt that, as president of the American Express, it should have been no problem. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to invent a better way getting cash. Berry invented the Traveler's Cheque. The traveler’s cheque was a very safe way of getting cash from a bank when travelling. The American Express Traveller’s Cheque, started in 1891, was to be used worldwide for nearly a century, when credit cards took over. Traveler's cheques made American Express a great international company.
Effects of World War I.
In 1914, when World War I started, many people who happened to be travelling could not get at their money, but American Express offices in Europe were among the few companies to honor the letters of credit so that American tourists could get money to travel back home.
The war made American Express enter the travel business. In 1922 they provided a luxury steamship to take tourists round the world. The traveler’s cheque business made them hugely successful for many years.
Modern times: Charge card services.
The idea of a charge card for travel was discussed as early as 1946 but it was not until 1958 that American Express introduced their first cards. The early ones were paper. In 1959 plastic cards were introduced.
In 1966, American Express introduced the Gold Card and in 1984 the Platinum Card. The Platinum Card had a $250 annual fee (today it is $550). It was only offered to trusted customers. Today customers can apply for it.
In 1987, American Express introduced a credit card, known as the Optima card. Customers did not have to pay in full every month. They could now wait to pay later.
"Boston Fee Party".
From early 1980s until the early 1990s, American Express offered merchants and restaurants a discount if they accepted only American Express and no other credit or charge cards. However, in 1991, several restaurants in Boston started accepting Visa and MasterCards, even encouraging their customers to use them. These cards had a much lower fee than American Express fees, which at the time charged 4% for each transaction. Some restaurants even stopped accepting American Express cards. This revolt was called the “Boston Fee Party” (a pun on the name “Boston Tea Party”). In the end American Express decided to reduce their charges.
American Express today.
The director of American Express is Stephen Squeri. American Express continues to be one of the world’s biggest financial companies.

= = = Traveler's cheque = = =
A traveler's cheque (also traveller's cheque, travellers cheque, traveller's check or traveler's check) is a preprinted cheque for a fixed amount. The person who buys it must sign it and then sign it again when he "cashes" it. It is a good way for a traveller to take money when going on holiday. If a traveler's cheque is stolen it can be replaced so long as the person still has a receipt to prove that he bought it.
Traveler's cheques were a large part of the business of American Express. Since 2005 the American Express have been issuing "American Express Travelers Cheque Cards". These can be used in stores like a credit card.

= = = Catscratch = = =
Catscratch is an American animated television series. It was broadcast on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons Network from 2005 to 2007.

= = = Nabarlek = = =
The nabarlek ("Petrogale concinna"), also known as the pygmy rock-wallaby or the little Rock-wallaby, is a small marsupial, a type of wallaby from northern Australia. Nabarleks are small kangaroos. They can hop and jump with their powerful legs, and balance on their long tail.

= = = Matthias Grünewald = = =
Mathias Grünewald (c. 1470 in Würzburg, died 31 August 1528) was a German painter and artist. Today he is seen as one of the important German artists of the Renaissance. His real name was "Mathias Gothart" or "Mathias Neidhardt", his first name is also spelled "Mathis". Sometimes he is called Mathias of Aschaffenburg. Today, only ten paintings and 35 drawings survive. At first many of his works were attributed to Albrecht Dürer, even though Dürer's style of paining is completely different. All the surviving works have religious motifs.

= = = American Airlines Center = = =
The American Airlines Center (also known as the AAC) is a multi-purpose arena. It is in the Victory Park neighborhood, near downtown Dallas, Texas. It is currently used by the Dallas Stars, Dallas Mavericks and, Dallas Vigilantes. It is also used for concerts and entertainment.

= = = Torsten Wiesel = = =
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) is a Swedish neuroscientist.
He and David Hubel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries of information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
After serving as president of the Rockefeller University, he is now director of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior at the same institution. He is also an advisor to several countries and organizations, mainly helping young scientists do research. He is a member of the President's Council of University of the People.
Torsten was married to American editor Jean Stein from 1995 until they divorced in 2007.

= = = Yi Jun-yong = = =
Yi Jun-yong (or Lee Junyong, , hanja: , June 25 1870 March 22, 1918) was a Korean politician. He was a member of the Joseon Dynasty royal family. He was the grandson of Heungseon Daewangun, and elder nephew of Emperor Gojong of the Korean empire. He was rival of his uncle Kojong 1874 to 1907. His title was 'Prince Yeongseon' ().

= = = Keine Sorgen Arena = = =
The Keine Sorgen Arena ("No Worries Arena") is a football stadium in Ried, Austria. It is the homeground of SV Ried. The stadium is named after a slogan used by one sponsor of SV Ried, an upper Austrian insurance company. Since 2018 it is called Josko-Arena. Josko is another sponsor of SV Ried.
The stadium replaced the former stadium of SV Ried which had only 1 100 places and was a multipurpose stadium with a running track. The new stadium is only used for football and has 7 700 seats of whom 120 are a VIP-area. The weststand and the awaystand offer only standingroom.

= = = Barbara McClintock = = =
Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American biologist. She was a distinguished cytogeneticist who worked on inheritance in maize. McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
McClintock got her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. Maize cytogenetics was the focus of her research for the rest of her career.
From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She used microscopic analysis to show genetic recombination by crossing-over during meiosis—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information.
She produced the first genetic map for maize, and demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere. These are regions of the chromosome that are important in preserving genetic information.
She was recognized amongst the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.
During the 1940s and 1950s, McClintock discovered transposition and used it to show how genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on or off. She developed theories to explain the control of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next. Encountering skepticism of her research and its implications, she stopped publishing her data in 1953. Later, she made an extensive study of the cytogenetics of maize races from South America.
McClintock's research became well understood in the 1960s and 1970s, as researchers discovered the mechanisms behind the genetic change and gene regulation that she had shown in her maize research in the 1940s and 1950s.
Awards and recognition for her contributions to the field followed for the discovery of transposons; she is the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in the category 'Physiology or Medicine'.
Discovery of controlling elements.
In the summer of 1944 at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, McClintock began systematic studies on the inheritance of colour patterns of maize seeds. In early 1948, she made the surprising discovery that two genetic loci, "Dissociator" and "Activator" could transpose, or change position, on the chromosomes.
McClintock also found that the transposition of "Ds" and the is determined by the number of "Ac" copies in the cell.
Between 1948 and 1950, she developed a theory: these mobile elements regulated genes by inhibiting or modulating their action. She referred to "Dissociator" and "Activator" as "controlling units"—later, as "controlling elements"—to distinguish them from genes.
She suggested that gene regulation could explain how complex multicellular organisms made of cells with identical genomes have cells of different function. McClintock's discovery challenged the concept of the genome as a static set of instructions passed between generations.
In 1950, she reported her work on "Ac/Ds" and her ideas about gene regulation in a paper. In summer 1951, when she reported on her work on gene mutability in maize at the annual symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Her work on controlling elements and gene regulation was difficult and was not immediately understood or accepted by her contemporaries; she described the reception of her research as "puzzlement, even hostility". Nevertheless, McClintock continued to develop her ideas on controlling elements. She published a paper in 1953 where she presented all her statistical data, and undertook lecture tours to universities throughout the 1950s to speak about her work. She continued to investigate the problem and identified a new element that she called "Suppressor-mutator" ("Spm"), which, although similar to "Ac/Ds", displays more complex behavior. 

= = = Orlen = = =
Orlen S.A. (formerly "Polski Koncern Naftowy Orlen S.A"., "PKN Orlen") is a Polish oil and gas company. It has a lot of petrol stations in Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Lithuania and Slovakia. It is the biggest company in Poland and one of the biggest oil and gas companies in Europe.
History.
Orlen was founded in People's Repubic of Poland. In 1999 it was privatized.

= = = Richard Roberts = = =
Sir Richard John Roberts FRS (born 6 September 1943, Derby) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist.
He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Sharp for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".
Roberts has worked at Harvard University, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and New England Biolab. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.
Work.
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. Roberts and Sharp independently found out that the genes in adenovirus (which causes the common cold), were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.
In 1997 Roberts proved that in the adenovirus coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.
Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.
The second part of Robert's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version. This is now used in genetic engineering.
Suggested effect on evolution.
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.
Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:

= = = Asseco = = =
Asseco Poland S.A. is a Polish company in the technology sector, the biggest in Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Its headquarters are in Rzeszów, Poland.
History.
It was founded in 1991.
The company works in Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Lithuania, Germany, Romania, Hungary, Spain, United States, Israel, Japan, Turkey and the Balkans.

= = = Etta Baker = = =
Etta Baker (March 31, 1913 – September 23, 2006) was an American blues guitarist and singer from North Carolina, United States. She played in the Piedmont blues style.
Baker was born Etta Lucille Reid in Caldwell County, North Carolina of African American, Native American, and European American origin. Since the age of three she played 6- and 12-string guitar and Banjo. She was thought by her father, who was also a Piedmont blues musician. She did her first recording in 1956, when folk singer Paul Clayton was asked by her father to listen to his daughter. She played "One Dime Blues" and Clayton was very impressed. Next day he did some recordings with his taperecorder in Etta Bakers home.
Over the years she played with different musicians like Bob Dylan, Taj Mahal, and Kenny Wayne Shepherd. Etta Baker had nine children, one of them died in the Vietnam War. She died at the age of 93 in Fairfax, Virginia, while visiting a daughter who had suffered a stroke.

= = = Susumu Tonegawa = = =
Susumu Tonegawa (born 6 September 1939) is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987.
He discovered the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training. In his later years, he has turned his attention to the molecular and cellular basis of memory.
Tonegawa is best known for elucidating the genetic mechanism in the adaptive immune system. If each antibody was coded by one gene, it would take millions of genes to protect against antigens.
Instead, as Tonegawa showed in a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies. The main mechanism is called RNA splicing.
Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure. Tonegawa compared the DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice. He found that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to make the many versions of the variable region of antibodies.
The critical work.
The critical work was started in Basle, Switzerland, and later at MIT. "Our work resolved the long held debate on the genetic origin of antibody diversity. It turned out that this diversity is generated by somatic recombination of the inherited gene segments and by somatic mutation".

= = = Edexcel = = =
Edexcel is a UK examination board. It is one of England, Wales and Northern Ireland's five main examination boards. Edexcel is owned by the private-sector Pearson PLC. The company offers many qualifications including A levels and GCSEs. Edexcel's name is from the words "education" and "excellence".

= = = Chamber pot = = =
A chamber pot (also a chamberpot), a piss pot, a potty, a po, a gazunder, or a thunder pot) is a container with a handle, usually used as a urinal at night. It is kept in a bedroom under a bed or in a nightstand.
During Victorian times, some chamber pots were built into a cabinet with a closeable cover. 
History.
The chamber pot was originally designed for females. Called the "Bourdaloue", it allowed women to urinate squatting or sitting without accidents. It was supposedly named after the French Catholic priest Louis Bourdaloue, whose sermon were so long that women brought "Bourdaloue" so they could urinate without having to leave.
In the 19th century, water closets started to be more common than chamber pots, but chamber pots were still used until the mid-20th century. Today, they are used in countries that have no indoor plumbing.
In North America and the UK, "potty" refer to the toilets made especially for potty training. These toilets are similar to chamber pots.
In the Philippines, chamber pots are used as urinals and are commonly called "Arinola" in Philippine languages like Tagalog and Cebuano.
In Korea, chamber pots are referred to as yogang (��). Currently, they are still used in some country regions in the North.

= = = SimCity 2000 = = =
SimCity 2000 is a city building computer game released in 1994. It is the sequel to "SimCity". It had a lot of new things such as more power plants, hills and mountains, subways, water pipes, prisons, schools, libraries, museums, and hospitals. There were also roads, highways, and other buildings.
The game also had different scenarios.

= = = Jonathan Dickinson State Park = = =
Jonathan Dickinson State Park is a Florida State Park and historic site in Martin County, Florida, between Hobe Sound and Tequesta. The park has many kinds of areas, such as sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, mangroves, and river swamps. The Loxahatchee River, which was named a National Wild and Scenic River in 1985 (the first in Florida), runs through the park. The address is 16450 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound.
History.
The park is named after Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant who was shipwrecked in 1696, with his family and others, on the Florida coast near the present-day park. He wrote a journal about their encounters with local tribes, and their journey up the coast to St. Augustine.
A man known as Trapper Nelson lived on the banks of the Loxahatchee River after coming to the area in the 1930s, living off the land trapping and selling furs. He soon became known as the "Wildman of the Loxahatchee". After he died in 1968 the state got his land, and gave it to the park. 
The United States Army established Camp Murphy, a top-secret radar training school, in the area that is now the park, in 1942. The camp included over 1,000 buildings, and housed more than 6,000 officers and soldiers. The camp stopped being used in 1944, after only two years. Most of the camp buildings were torn down, but some of the building foundations remain. The property was given to the State of Florida in 1947, and opened as a state park in 1950.
Recreational activities.
The park has such activities as bicycling, boat tours, boating, cabins, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, swimming, wildlife viewing and full camping facilities. It also has the Elsa Kimbell Environmental Education and Research Center, with exhibits about the park's natural and cultural history. The park operates a 44-passenger boat for tours of Trapper Nelson's homestead.

= = = Phillip Sharp = = =
Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist.
He co-discovered gene splicing, and shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of pre-messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".
Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky. He completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1969. After completing his PhD he worked at the California Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied plasmids and, later, gene expression in human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory under James Watson.
In 1974 he was offered a position at MIT by biologist Salvador Luria. He was director of MIT's Center for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research) from 1985 to 1991; head of the Biology department from 1991 to 1999; and director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research from 2000 to 2004.
Work.
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. In 1997 Sharp and Roberts independently found out that genes were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing. 
Sharp and Roberts proved that the coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns. 
Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.
The second part of Sharp's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version.
Suggested effect on evolution.
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.
Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:

= = = Anti-Comintern Pact = = =
The Anti-Comintern Pact was a pact between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, which would later joined by more countries, in Berlin, Germany, on November 25, 1936. It was set up directly against the Comintern, or Communist International, an organization that was led by the Soviet Union. On November 6, 1937, Fascist Italy joined the pact, which was the beginning of the Axis Powers.

= = = Reichstag fire = = =
The Reichstag fire () was an arson on the Reichstag building, the meeting place of the German Parliament, in Berlin on 27 February 1933. It was an important event in the creation of Nazi Germany.
A Berlin fire station was called, and by the time the police and firefighters had arrived, most of the building was covered in flames. Inside the building, Marinus van der Lubbe was found. He was a Dutch communist. The Nazis said it proved that communists were beginning a plot against the German government. Van der Lubbe and four Communist leaders were arrested shortly after that. Adolf Hitler, who had become Chancellor four weeks before, urged President Paul von Hindenburg to pass an emergency law to fight back "the confrontation of the Communist Party of Germany". 
As a result, Enabling Act of 1933 was passed. The Reichstag Fire Decree was issued by President von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in response to the Reichstag fire. "The decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany". Many Communists were arrested, including all the Communist Party members of Parliament. This made the Nazis the majority of the Parliament, and made Hitler's the dictator in effect. The following elections gave Hitler more power. 
More investigation continued. In early March 1933, three men were brought to the court. All of them were senior Bulgarian Comintern agents. One Communist was found guilty and executed; the others were acquitted and went to the Soviet Union. 
Historians still do not know who planned the fire or who did it. It is still an ongoing topic of research.

= = = Operation Sea Lion = = =
Operation Sea Lion () was the plan to invade the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during World War II. However, Germany first had to control the sky and sea of the English Channel before a land invasion.
With the German Navy weakened during the German invasion of Norway and the Luftwaffe defeated at the Battle of Britain,the invasion was put off on 17 September 1940 and so never happened.
Some historians think Germany could have invaded Great Britain with exploitation of friendly countries and unity within the German military. Most historians however believe that the German plans would have had little chance of success.

= = = Max Perutz = = =
Max Ferdinand Perutz FRS OM CBE (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist.
He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and globular proteins. The method used was mainly X-ray crystallography.
He went on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Medal in 1979. At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962–79) The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, fourteen of whose scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Perutz's contributions to molecular biology in Cambridge are documented in "The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990)" published by the Cambridge University Press in 1992.
Perutz was born in Vienna, Austria. His family was Jewish. He had worked in Cambridge (Peterhouse College) since 1936, and moved to Britain permanently after the Anschluss, the Nazi takeover of Austria. He did his war work in Canada, and returned to Cambridge after the war. Max did some of his most important work after winning the Nobel award, and is still held in the highest esteem.

= = = Battle of Moscow = = =
The Battle of Moscow (, ) is a name given by Soviet historians to two periods of fighting on a 600 km area of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defenses stopped the German attack on Moscow, the Soviet capital, which was one of the Axis's primary military and political objectives in the invasion of the Soviet Union.
The German strategic offensive named Operation Typhoon was planned to attack Moscow from the north and south. The Soviets reacted by sending in more reserve from the Far East. Shortly, German attacks were stopped, and the Soviets began counter-attack and were forced to push the Axis back.

= = = Second Battle of El Alamein = = =
The Second Battle of El Alamein was a great turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. The battle lasted from 23 October to 5 November 1942. The First Battle of El Alamein had stopped the Axis from attacking deep into Egypt further. Thereafter, Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery took command of the British Eighth Army in August 1942. In the second battle he took the offensive, with great success.
The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign. It ended Axis's hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and reaching the Middle Eastern oil fields.
The battle forced Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Corps to retreat back to the former French fortifications in the Mareth Line in the border between Tunisia and Libya.

= = = John Kendrew = = =
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew CBE FRS (24 March 1917– 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer.
He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz. Their group in the Cavendish Laboratory was the first to determine the structure of proteins, using X-ray crystallography. He was also a Fellow (teacher) at Peterhouse College in Cambridge.
In what became the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells.
He spent the early months of World War II doing research on radar. In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters, holding the honorary rank of Wing Commander R.A.F.

= = = Chelsea Kane = = =
Chelsea Kane Staub (born September 15, 1988) is an American actress and singer professionally known as Chelsea Kane since December 2010. She is best known for her role as Stella Malone in the Disney Channel sitcom "Jonas L.A.". She also appeared in the Disney Channel Original Movies, "Minutemen" and "Starstruck". She also co-stars in the Disney Channel animated series, "Fish Hooks".
Career.
Kane grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended Mohave Middle School. She is an alumna of Valley Youth Theatre.
In 2007, she played her first starring role as well as her first theatrical role, in the theatrical motion picture "", as "Meredith Baxter Dimly", the film's primary antagonist. She performs two of the songs on the film's soundtrack.
In 2008, she acted in one of the Disney Channel Original Movies "Minutemen" as "Stephanie Jameson", which aired on Disney Channel in January 2008. She will be in the Jonas Brothers' brand new Disney Channel series "JONAS" as "Stella Malone", the boys' stylist and childhood best friend. She also has a song written about her performed by The Summer Set.

= = = Common marmoset = = =
The common marmoset ("Callithrix jacchus") is a very small New World monkey that lives in Brazil. Marmosets can found in many forest habitats. Common marmosets eat gum, sap, latex, and resin from trees the most out of all the members of the "Callithrix" family. 
A common group of marmosets is made up of 15 members, but usually has nine members. Common marmosets have a complex mating system. In a group of marmosets, there will usually be one or two females that will have babies and one male to be the father. The females are usually closely related, while the male is distantly related. If the male dies, the group will break up and form new groups. When marmosets get older, they leave the group they were raised with. It is not known why.
To show fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear-tufts close to their heads. Marmoset alarm calls tend to be brief and high-pitched. Marmosets monitor and find group members with calls called "trills".

= = = Intron = = =
An intron is a non-coding sequence in a gene.
It is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to get the final RNA product of a gene. The term "intron" refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene, and the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. 
Sequences of coding DNA which are joined together in the final RNA after RNA splicing are exons. They code for amino acids in the final polypeptide.
Introns are in the genes of most organisms and many viruses. They can be in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA splicing takes place after transcription and before translation.
The discovery of introns led to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 for Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts. The term "intron" was introduced by American biochemist Walter Gilbert.
Biological meaning.
There are many unanswered questions about introns. It is unclear whether introns serve some specific function, or whether they are selfish DNA which reproduces itself as a parasite.
Recent studies of entire eukaryotic genomes have now shown that the lengths and density (introns/gene) of introns varies considerably between related species. There are four or five different kinds of intron. Some introns represent mobile genetic elements (transposons).
Alternative splicing of introns within a gene allows a variety of protein isoforms from a single gene. Thus multiple related proteins can be generated from a single gene and a single precursor mRNA transcript. The control of alternative RNA splicing is performed by complex network of signalling molecules. In humans, ~95% of genes with more than one exon are alternatively spliced.

= = = Lake Clarke Shores, Florida = = =
Lake Clarke Shores is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,564 at the 2020 census.
Land.
Lake Clarke Shores is next to the cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth Beach. The Village of Palm Springs is west of the town. The town is roughly bounded by Interstate 95 to the east, Florida Mango Road to the west, Summit Boulevard to the north, except for the Lake Patrick neighborhood, and 10th Avenue North to the south, except for the Waterside neighborhood. 
Lake Clarke Shores is located at (26.645644, -80.075379). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of . of it is land and of it (10.8%) is water.
People.
As of the census of 2020, there were 3,564 people living in the town. The people made up 1,414 households. The population density was 3,860 people per square mile (1,490/km2). There were 1,478 housing units at an average density of 1,600 per square mile (618/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 67.1% White (60.0% were Non-Hispanic White), 3.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 6.6% from other races, and 21.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.7% of the population.
There were 1,414 households out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% were unmarried couples living together, 24.3% had a female householder with no husband or partner, and 12.4% had a male householder with no wife or partner. 20.4% of all households were made up of people living alone and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 
In the town the population was spread out with 19.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.1 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.
In 2021, the median income for a household in the town was about $133,997, and the median income for a family was about $142,708. The per capita income for the town was $53,160. About 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 84.76% of all residents, while Spanish was the mother tongue of 15.23% of the population.
As of 2000, Lake Clarke Shores had the forty-first highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 10.08% of the town's population.

= = = List of busiest Amtrak stations = = =
This article lists the 25 busiest Amtrak stations in the United States.

= = = Sacramento (disambiguation) = = =
Sacramento may refer to:

= = = New Haven (disambiguation) = = =
New Haven may refer to:

= = = Harrisburg = = =
Harrisburg may refer to:

= = = Flagler County, Florida = = =
Flagler County, in Florida, United States, was created in 1917. It was named for Henry Morrison Flagler, a famous railroad builder who built the Florida East Coast Railway. At the 2020 census, 115,378 people lived in the county.
In 1998, when two brush fires threatened to become one huge brush fire in Flagler County, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for the entire county. This was the first and so far the only time a whole county was evacuated in Florida. Flagler is also a sports town. Three Flagler baseball teams have made it to the State Tournament in the last 2 years.
Land.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 84.97%) is land and (or 15.03%) is water.
People.
As of the census of 2000, there were 49,832 people, 21,294 households, and 15,672 families living in the county. The population density was 103 people per square mile (40/km2). There were 24,452 housing units at an average density of 50 per square mile (19/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 87.27% White, 8.83% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.17% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.96% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. 5.09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 90.1% spoke English, 5.0% Spanish and 1.2% German as their first language.
1.8% of the population identified themselves as being of non-Hispanic West Indian Ancestry.
In 2000 there were 21,294 households out of which 21.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.80% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.40% were not related. 21.60% of all households were made up of people living alone and 12.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.67.
In the county the population was spread out with 17.90% under the age of 18, 4.80% from 18 to 24, 20.30% from 25 to 44, 28.30% from 45 to 64, and 28.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females there were 92.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $40,214, and the median income for a family was $45,625. Males had a median income of $31,184 versus $24,865 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,879. About 6.70% of families and 8.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.70% of those under age 18 and 4.40% of those age 65 or over.
Flagler county was ranked the fastest-growing county in the nation by the US Census Bureau from 2000 to 2005, with a 53.3% change, with a July 1, 2005 population estimate at 76,410.
Politics.
Because the demographics of the county are changing quickly, Flagler County is often an unpredictable county in presidential and other elections, although the general trend has been towards the Republican party in recent years.
Education.
Flagler County Public Schools enroll about 13,000 students. It includes two public high schools: Flagler Palm Coast and Matanzas High School. The county also has 5 elementary schools and 2 middle schools.
Flagler county schools are:

= = = Davis = = =
Davis may refer to:

= = = David McAllister = = =
David James "Mac" McAllister (born 12 January 1971) is a German politician of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). On 1 July 2010 he was elected Minister-President of the state of Lower Saxony, succeeding Christian Wulff, who resigned following his election as President of Germany. Until 2013, McAllister headed a coalition government with the liberal FDP, the Cabinet McAllister. In 2013, he was succeeded by Social Democrat Stephan Weil. Since 2014 he has been a Member of the European Parliament.
A lawyer by profession, he has been the chairman of the CDU parliamentary group in the Landtag of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010 and was elected chairman of the state party from 2008 until 2016. From 2010 until 2013, he was also a member of the supervisory board of Volkswagen.
McAllister is of German and Scottish descent, and he leads a state that has historic ties to Britain, as the old Kingdom of Hanover makes up parts of the state and the state capital is Hanover City.
Biography.
McAllister was born in West Berlin on 12 January 1971 to a Scottish father and a German mother. His father, James Buchanan McAllister, was a British civil servant, originally from Glasgow (where the family still has relatives). He had been stationed in West Berlin since 1969, attached to the Royal Corps of Signals. His mother, Mechthild McAllister, is a music teacher. David McAllister was raised bilingual (speaking English and German) and attended a British primary school in Berlin.
After his parents moved to the small town of Bad Bederkesa in Lower Saxony in 1982, he went to the Lower Saxon "Internatsgymnasium" (boarding school) in Bederkesa, where he took his Abitur in 1989. From 1989 till 1991, McAllister served as a soldier in the Bundeswehr, in Panzerbataillon 74 in Cuxhaven. From 1991–96 he studied law with a scholarship of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation at the University of Hanover. In 1994, McAllister became local chairman of the Junge Union, the CDU youth organisation, in the Cuxhaven district.
David McAllister is both a German and a British citizen, but says that he is "more or less completely German. I've lived in Germany all my life. I did all my school in Germany and my military service in Germany." His upbringing in West Berlin, however, he describes as "very British" with "British network, British schools". Holding dual citizenship, he could have relinquished his German citizenship to avoid compulsory military service in Germany (the UK does not have compulsory military service), but opted to serve instead.
McAllister has said that "my upbringing in West Berlin may have had an impact on my resentment towards communists. I became a member of the CDU when I was 17 – it was a birthday present. My parents said, 'What do you want for your birthday?’ I said I wanted to become a member of the CDU", explaining that his father was a Conservative, although none of his parents were involved in party politics.
Political career.
From 1996 till 2010, McAllister was a member of the Cuxhaven district council (Kreistag). He served as mayor of his hometown of Bad Bederkesa from 2001 to 2002. From 2002 to 2003, he also was secretary general of the CDU in Lower Saxony. Since 2003, McAllister has been the leader of the CDU parliamentary party group in the Parliament of Lower Saxony, of which he has been a member since 1998. McAllister succeeded Christian Wulff as party chairman of the CDU in Lower Saxony in June 2008, winning the election by a record margin. In 2016, he was succeeded by Bernd Althusmann. In the United Kingdom, McAllister is a supporter of the Conservative Party.
In 2005, Chancellor Angela Merkel offered him the position of Secretary General of the CDU, but McAllister declined, arguing he did not want to rise too far too fast.
Minister-President of Lower Saxony.
On 4 June 2010, he was chosen by his party to follow Christian Wulff as Minister-President of Lower Saxony, if the latter was to be elected President of Germany on 30 June. After the election of Wulff as President, David McAllister was elected the new Minister-President of Lower Saxony the following day. In 2013, he lost the re-election to Stephan Weil, of the Social Democrats. He was subsequently also appointed to the supervisory board of Volkswagen, the largest company of Lower Saxony and of which the state of Lower Saxony is a major stockholder.
Personal life.
He is married to Dunja McAllister, who is also a lawyer. They have two daughters, Jamie Elizabeth and Mia Louise. He lives in Bad Bederkesa in the district of Cuxhaven.
Proud of his Scottish heritage, McAllister proposed to his wife at Loch Ness, and married in August 2003, wearing a kilt. He later explained it was a family tradition.

= = = Dixie County, Florida = = =
Dixie County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020, 16,759 people lived there. Its county seat is Cross City, Florida.
History.
Dixie County was created in 1921 from the southern portion of Lafayette County. "Dixie" is a common nickname for the Southern United States.
Land.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 81.51%) is land and (or 18.49%) is water.
People.
As of the census of 2008, there were 14,957 people living in Dixie County. In 2000 there were an estimated 5,205 households, and 3,659 families living in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km2). There were 7,362 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 88.80% White, 8.98% Black or African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. 1.80% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 5,205 households out of which 27.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.90% were married couples living together, 10.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 23.90% of all households were made up of people living alone and 11.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the county the people were spread out with 22.10% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 26.60% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 17.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 113.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.20 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $26,082, and the median income for a family was $31,157. Males had a median income of $26,694 versus $17,863 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,559. About 14.50% of families and 19.10% of the people were below the poverty line, including 23.90% of those under age 18 and 16.10% of those age 65 or over.
Politics.
In Presidential elections, Dixie County tends to vote Republican, although both Democrat Bill Clinton and Reform Party candidate Ross Perot did very well in 1992 and 1996. During the 21st century, the county has become increasingly Republican.

= = = North Las Vegas, Nevada = = =
North Las Vegas is a suburban city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, in the Las Vegas Valley. As of the 2020 census, 262,527 people lived here. The city was founded on May 1, 1946. It is the fourth-largest city by population in the state.

= = = Gadsden County, Florida = = =
Gadsden County is a county in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, 43,826 people lived there. Its county seat is Quincy, Florida. Gadsden County is the only majority African American county in Florida. Gadsden county is home to two high schools - West Gadsden High School (a combination of former Chattahoochee High and Greensboro High) on the western edge of Quincy near Greensboro, and East Gadsden High School (a combination of former James A. Shanks High and Havana Northside High) located on Highway 90 East of Quincy.
The county is part of the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History.
Gadsden County was created in 1823. It was named for James Gadsden of South Carolina. He was Andrew Jackson's aide-de-camp in Florida in 1818.
There were once only two high schools that blacks in Gadsden County could attend: Carter-Parramore (which is now a middle school) and Stevens High Schools.
Land.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 97.66%) is land and (or 2.34%) is water.
Gadsden County is part of the Tallahassee Metropolitan Statistical Area. Gadsden County is in the Eastern Time Zone. Its western border with Jackson County forms the boundary in this area between the Eastern and Central Time Zones.
Politics.
Gadsden County is known for being a stronghold of the Democratic Party in north Florida, along with Leon County and Jefferson County to its east, and Alachua County to its southeast. 
People.
Gadsden County is the state's only county with an African American majority population. As of the census of 2000, there were 45,087 people, 15,867 households, and 11,424 families living in the county. The population density was 87 people per square mile (34/km2). There were 17,703 housing units at an average density of 34 per square mile (13/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 57.14% Black or African American, 38.70% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.76% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. 6.17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 15,867 households out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.50% were married couples living together, 22.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.00% were non-families. 23.90% of all households were made up of people living alone and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.40% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 12.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 90.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $31,248, and the median income for a family was $36,238. Males had a median income of $27,159 versus $21,721 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,499. About 16.40% of families and 19.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.50% of those under age 18 and 16.90% of those age 65 or over.

= = = Gulf County, Florida = = =
Gulf County is a county in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020, 14,192 people lived there. Its county seat is Port St. Joe, Florida.
History.
Gulf County, created in 1925, was named for the Gulf of Mexico. Wewahitchka was its first county seat and the 1927 Gulf County Courthouse is still there. In 1965, the county seat was moved to Port Saint Joe, which under its original name Saint Joseph, had been the site of Florida's first Constitutional Convention in 1838.
Land.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 74.48%) is land and (or 25.52%) is water.
Gulf County is one of a few counties in the United States to be in two time zones, Eastern and Central in this case. Other examples include Idaho County, Idaho, and Malheur County, Oregon, having parts in both Mountain and Pacific Time Zones as well as Cherry County, Nebraska which is in both the Mountain and Central Time Zones. 
People.
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,332 people, 4,931 households, and 3,535 families living in the county. The population density was 24 people per square mile (9/km2). There were 7,587 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 79.89% White, 16.94% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. 2.03% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,931 households out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.50% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% were not related. 25.50% of all households were made up of people living alone and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the county the people was spread out with 21.70% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 29.40% from 25 to 44, 26.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 114.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $30,276, and the median income for a family was $36,289. Males had a median income of $27,539 versus $20,780 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,449. About 13.70% of families and 16.70% of the people were below the poverty line, including 20.80% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over.
Politics.
Gulf County is heavily Republican. As of 2023, the county is represented by Republican Neal Dunn in the US House of Representatives.

= = = Spliceosome = = =
A spliceosome is a complex of special RNA and protein subunits. Spliceosomes are amazingly complex molecular machines. They remove introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment. This process is generally referred to as splicing.
Each spliceosome is composed of five small nuclear RNAs, (snRNA)s, and more than 50 proteins.

= = = Hamilton County, Florida = = =
Hamilton County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020, 14,004 people lived there. Its county seat is Jasper, Florida.
History.
Hamilton County was created in 1827 from portions of Jefferson County. It was named for Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
Land.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 99.14%) is land and (or 0.86%) is water.
The Suwannee River forms the borders it shares with all of the neighboring Florida counties - Suwannee County, Columbia County, and Madison County.
People.
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,327 people, 4,161 households, and 2,995 families living in the county. The population density was 26 people per square mile (10/km2). There were 4,966 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 58.79% White, 37.72% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.69% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. 6.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,161 households out of which 32.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.30% were married couples living together, 16.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.00% were not related. 24.10% of all households were made up of people living alone and 9.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the county the population was spread out with 23.50% under the age of 18, 10.80% from 18 to 24, 31.80% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 135.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 145.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $25,638, and the median income for a family was $30,677. Males had a median income of $26,999 versus $20,552 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,562. About 21.70% of families and 26.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.70% of those under age 18 and 16.10% of those age 65 or over.
Politics.
Hamilton County has become increasingly Republican in the 21st century.

= = = RNA splicing = = =
RNA splicing is a stage in gene transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which transfers the code from DNA to proteins, is built in two stages. 
In the first stage, each gene is translated into a pre-mRNA. Then the exons in pre-mRNAs are joined by splicing, which is done in the spliceosomes. 
This is needed because the gene is split into code sections called exons and non-coding sections called introns. The exons are brought together by splicing.
So, in molecular biology, splicing is a process where introns are removed and exons are joined. This makes the final mRNA. This messenger RNA is then used to produce a correct protein by translation. 
Alternative splicing.
In many cases, the splicing process creates a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same messenger RNA. This phenomenon is called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing can occur in many ways. Exons can be extended or skipped, or introns can be retained.
Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes.
Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life, however, the extent and types of splicing can be very different between the major divisions. Eukaryotes splice many protein-coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, splice rarely. Another important difference is that prokaryotes completely lack spliceosomes.
Discovery.
Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of introns and the splicing process.
In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule. 
The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA which is not involved in protein expression. The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process Sharp called "splicing". The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes.

= = = Holmes County, Florida = = =
Holmes County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020, 19,653 people lived there. Its county seat is Bonifay, Florida.
History.
Holmes County was named after an Indian Chief that lived in the area when the land was settled. Holmes County has had three county seats in its history, the first being Cerro Gordo, then Westville, and finally Bonifay. Bonifay has been the county seat since 1905.
Historic places.

= = = Monteggio = = =
Monteggio was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 18 April 2021, the former municipalities of Croglio, Monteggio, Ponte Tresa and Sessa merged to form the new municipality of Tresa.

= = = Morbio Superiore = = =
Morbio Superiore was a municipality in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

= = = Der er et yndigt land = = =
"Der er et yndigt land" (, meaning "There is a Lovely Land") is one of the two national anthem of Denmark. The melody of this song was created by Hans Ernst Krøyer in 1835, and the words of the song were written by Adam Oehlenschläger in 1819.
Denmark has another national anthem called "Kong Christian stod ved højen mast," which is usually used for royal and military purposes.

= = = Morcote = = =
Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is on the shore of Lake Lugano, about from Lugano in the district of Lugano.

= = = Mosogno = = =
Mosogno was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

= = = Muggio = = =
Muggio was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

= = = Muralto = = =
Muralto is a municipality of the district Locarno, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Muzzano, Ticino = = =
Muzzano is a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Lago di Muzzano is named after the village.

= = = Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc = = =
The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (; ) is a Ukrainian electoral alliance led by the politician Yulia Tymoshenko, current Prime Minister of Ukraine.
The alliance is especially popular in the West and Center of Ukraine but is also the only "Orange party" (Yulia Tymoshenko was an important player in the Orange Revolution) winning votes in the East and South of Ukraine where the Orange Revolution was not popular.
The bloc consists of:

= = = Robert Indiana = = =
Robert Indiana (born as Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist. He was known for being a part of the pop art movement. He was born in New Castle, Indiana.
Indiana moved to New York City in 1954 and joined the pop art movement. Indiana's work often has bold, simple, iconic images, especially numbers and short words like "EAT", "HUG", and "LOVE". His sculpture in the lobby of Taipei 101, called "1-0" (2002, aluminum), uses multicolored numbers.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Indiana made a series of "Peace Paintings", which were shown in New York in 2004.
Indiana died on May 19, 2018 in Vinalhaven, Maine of respiratory failure at the age of 89.
LOVE.
Indiana's best known image is the word "love" in upper-case letters, arranged in a square with a tilted letter "O". This image was first created for a Christmas card for the Museum of Modern Art in 1964. It was put on an eight-cent US Postal Service postage stamp in 1973, the first of their regular series of "love stamps."
Sculptures of the image can be found at many places in the United States: 
Sculptures of the image can also be found at many places outside of the United States:
An Indiana sculpture showing the Hebrew word for love "(ahava)" is displayed at The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Israel.

= = = Noam Chomsky = = =
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, and lecturer. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Linguistics.
Chomsky created the theory of generative grammar. This is one of the most important contributions to the field of linguistics made in the 20th century. He also helped start the cognitive revolution in psychology through his review of B. F. Skinner's "Verbal Behavior". He challenged the behaviorist way of looking at behavior and language. This was the main approach used in the 1950s. His natural approach to the study of language also changed the philosophy of language and mind. He also invented the Chomsky hierarchy, a way of looking at formal languages in terms of their power to explain language.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar during the 1980–1992 time period. He was the eighth-most cited scholar in any time period.
Politics.
In the 1960s he criticized the Vietnam War. Because of that, Chomsky became more widely known for his media criticism and politics. He is a key intellectual figure within the left wing of United States politics. Chomsky is widely known for his political activism, and for his criticism of capitalism and the foreign policy of the United States and other governments. Chomsky often calls himself a libertarian socialist and an anarcho-syndicalist, and he has talked and written extensively on these subjects. He is a member of the Industrial Workers of the World, following his father William Chomsky who was also a member.
In late 2015, Chomsky announced his support for Vermont U.S. senator Bernie Sanders in the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election.

= = = Neggio = = =
Neggio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Novaggio = = =
Novaggio is a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

= = = Novazzano = = =
Novazzano is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Olivone = = =
Olivone was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
In 2005, the people in charge of the cantons said that Olivone would merge with 4 other villages to become a new municipality of Blenio.

= = = Onsernone = = =
Onsernone is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Onsernone was created in 1995 when the municipalities of Comologno, Crana and Russo joined together to become Onsernone. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Vergeletto, Gresso, Mosogno and Isorno merged into Onsernone.

= = = Barracks = = =
Barracks are a group of military buildings where soldiers live and sleep. Barracks can be made stronger with sandbags or with barbed wire fences. Sometimes they are built underground. They have been used for many years by many countries in many wars.

= = = Barrack (disambiguation) = = =
Barrack can mean:

= = = Jacob Obrecht = = =
Jacob Obrecht (born Ghent, 1457 or 1458; died late July, 1505) was a composer from the south Netherlands. He was one of the greatest composers of his time. He is best known for his church music, including many masses as well as motets and songs.
His life.
Obrecht's father was a trumpeter. His mother died when he was about 2 years old and his father remarried. We know nothing about Obrecht's musical education. He may have learned to play the trumpet like his father, who worked for the Burgundian court. Perhaps his father introduced him to people at the court, such as the famous composer Antoine Busnois. He certainly must have known Busnois' music.
From 1480 to 1484 he was a choirmaster at Bergen-op-Zoom. Then he got a very good job as choirmaster at Cambrai Cathedral. However, a year later he took another job in Bruges. He wrote a lot of church music during his years in Bruges. He travelled to Italy and went to the town of Ferrara where a lot of famous musicians worked. He stayed there for several months. This may have been the reason why he then lost his job in Bruges. His next job was in Antwerp where he worked from 1492 to 1498. He then got his old job back in Bruges. From 1501 to 1503 he once again worked at Antwerp where he was choirmaster at the church of Our Lady. In 1504 he got the job of maestro di cappella at Ferrara, but the following year he died of the plague.
His reputation.
Obrecht composed extremely quickly. He is supposed to have written one of his masses in one night. This was different to Josquin des Prez who spent a long time composing his pieces and making changes to them before he let anyone have copies. Obrecht was influenced by the music of Busnois and Ockeghem. Obrecht himself was a big influence on Josquin, even though Josquin was older than Obrecht.
In recent years musicologists have studied Obrecht's music a lot and made many discoveries, including the correct dates for many of his works.

= = = Antoine Busnois = = =
Antoine Busnois (pronounce "AN-twun bew-NWAH") (also spelt Busnoys) (born about 1430; died 6 November 1492) was a French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School. He wrote church music, such as motets, as well as secular (non-religious) chansons. He was the most important composer of the late Burgundian school after the death of Guillaume Dufay.
Life.
We do not know where Busnois was born. It might have been in the tiny village of Business in the Artois district. Maybe he took his name from the village.
Nothing is known about his musical education. We know that he got into trouble in 1461 because he was said to be in a group of people who beat up a priest on five occasions. At that time he was a chaplain in Tours cathedral. While the attack was being investigated he went to mass. This led to him being excommunicated, but later the pope pardoned him.
In 1465 he moved from the cathedral to the collegiate church of St. Martin, also in Tours, where he became a subdeacon. Johannes Ockeghem was treasurer there, and the two composers seem to have known each other well. Later in 1465 Busnois moved to Poitiers, where he not only became "maîtrise" (master of the choirboys), but managed to get lots of good singers from the region. By this time he was famous as a singing teacher and composer. However he left the job for some reason in 1466 and then moved to Burgundy.
By 1467 Busnois was a composer at the court of Burgundy. Soon Charles the Bold was on the throne. Charles fought many wars, and sometimes took Busnois and other musicians on his military journeys. In 1477 Charles was killed at the Battle of Nancy. Busnois continued to work for the Burgundian court until 1482. Nothing is known about what he did after that. He died in 1492.
His music.
He was very well known as a composer and his music was sung in many parts of Europe. 
He was the probably the best-known musician in Europe between the time of Guillaume Dufay and Johannes Ockeghem. 
Busnois wrote sacred and secular music. It is likely that a lot of his music is now lost. Two of his masses and eight motets have survived. The style of his music is somewhere between the simple homophonic music of Dufay and Binchois, and the more elaborate imitation of Josquin..
Busnois may have been the composer of the famous tune "L'homme armé", one of the most popular tunes of the Renaissance. The tune was often used as a cantus firmus for mass composition. He may have been the very first composer to write a mass based on "L'homme armé". This mass was a big influence on many composers.
Busnois is remembered today for many of his chansons (French secular songs). Some of the tunes were used by later composers in their masses.

= = = Assassin's Creed = = =
Assassin's Creed is an award-winning historical third person, stealth action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. It was released in November 2007. A PC version of the game was released in 2008.
The game started a franchise of graphic novels, comics, apparel as well as sequel games including Assassin's Creed II, and more. The newest ones are and , which were both release on November 11, 2014.
Story summary.
The story is about a bartender, Desmond Miles, who is kidnapped and placed in a machine, called an "Animus" (plural "Animi"), which reads genetic memories and puts them on a screen in 3D. Desmond is forced against his will to relive the memories of his ancestor Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad (first name pronounced "Al-ti-ear") who lived in during the Third Crusade. The player must play as Altaïr as he attempts to regain his status as a Master Assassin in the Assassin Order by taking nine Templar lives. The Assassins being the mortal enemy of the Templars who are wanting to 
use mind control in order to have complete control of society. The Assassins want to preserve free will, and with the gift of freedom creating tools like swords, crossbows, knives, axes, tomahawk, bow and arrow, AK-47, hidden blades, kill the Templars who oppress them with the government mind control. 
The Templars later own Abstergo industries.
While in modern day segments the player, as Desmond, must discover who Abstergo Industries (the company who kidnapped him) is, and why the Assassin's and Templars are fighting eachother. The story focuses on finding an object called a "Piece of Eden" which can control other people supernaturally.

= = = The Undertaker = = =
Mark William Calaway (born March 24, 1965) is a retired American professional wrestler. He is most well known by the name (The) Undertaker. He worked for World Wrestling Entertainment from 1990 to present, where he's a former three-time World Heavyweight Champion and four-time WWE Champion.
He made his debut with Dallas, Texas based World Class Championship Wrestling. In 1988 he joined USWA.
He began working for the WWE at the Survivor Series pay-per-view in 1990 on Ted DiBiase's team. His team won the match, though The Undertaker was eliminated by count-out. Undertaker did not lose a match that entire year. He also won the WWF Championship. Soon after, he suffered his first championship loss after a match against Hulk Hogan for the title.
Undertaker has a 25-2 record at WrestleMania
Championships.
<br>

= = = Sinology = = =
Sinology is studying Chinese language(s) and culture along with the connection and comparison between China and other Asian cultures. "Sino-" etimologically Greek "����", China, and -logy from "-�����", "treatise", "study", "science".

= = = Patriarch = = =
A patriarch was the head of an extended family, originally. 
Today, the word is mostly taken to have a meaning within Christianity. There, the word is used to refer to the highest-ranking Bishops of the respective churches, that is the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East

= = = Intellectual = = =
An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect and critical thinking skills to work, study, reflect, or ask and answer questions about a wide variety of different ideas. Intellectuals are often times authors, artists, writers for newspapers, and college professors.
There are some people who do not like intellectuals because they are not traditional or practical. This is called "anti-intellectualism".

= = = List of The Simpsons episodes = = =
The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom. It was created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its eponymous family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society and television, and many aspects of the human condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a pitch for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks. Groening created a family and named the characters after members of his own, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of "The Tracey Ullman Show" on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and was an early hit for Fox.
"The Simpsons" holds several American television longevity records. It is the longest-running prime time animated series and longest-running sitcom in the United States. In May 2007, "The Simpsons" reached its 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. The year 2007 marked the twentieth anniversary of "The Simpsons" franchise. With its twenty-second season (2010–2011) concluded, the series has surpassed "Gunsmoke" in seasons to claim the spot as the longest-running American prime-time scripted television series. However, "Gunsmoke"'s episode count of 635 episodes far surpasses "The Simpsons". 2009 marked the 20th anniversary of the half-hour series. Episodes of "The Simpsons" have won dozens of awards, including 27 Emmy Awards (with ten for Outstanding Animated Program), 27 Annie Awards and a Peabody Award.
Since its debut on December 17, 1989 the show has broadcast 574 episodes and the twenty-sixth season began airing on September 28, 2014. "The Simpsons Movie", a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 26 and July 27, 2007, and grossed US$526.2 million worldwide. Currently, the first fourteen seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 with the twentieth season released on both DVD and Blu-ray on January 12, 2010 in Region 1 and on January 20, 2010 in Region 4.
The list is ordered by when the episodes were first shown on television. It does not include "The Tracey Ullman Show" shorts.

= = = Robosexuality = = =
Robosexuality is where a person is sexually attracted to machines, such as robots. The word "robosexuality" comes from combining the words "robot" and "sexual". Robosexuality is different from mechanophilia and technosexuality, but they can still be interconnected. A person who is sexually attracted to robots can be referred to as a robosexual. A person who is robosexual may have different gender preferences than another person who is "Robosexual". 
Robosexuality can be used an umbrella term to describe the sexual attraction to robots of any kind, whether they are humanlike or not. Many prefer a robot with conscience and emotion, or even the illusion of it. 
Robosexuality in the world.
Robosexuality in the East.
Roughly 50% of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australia and 1% in Africa.
40% of all robots in the world are found in Japan.
In Japan and South Korea, ideas of future robots have been mainly positive. The number of robots in Japan means more people in Japan are likely to have a love of gadgets. Manga and anime series in both countries often show love or sex between robots and humans. This would mean more robosexuality.
Japanese religious beliefs allow the idea that robots have souls. This also makes the idea of love between humans and robots more acceptable or ordinary.
Robosexuality in the West.
The idea of physical sexuality is less accepted in the west than in Japan. Western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robots. This is because a lot of films and books show robots as replacing humans instead of helping them.
'RealDoll' is a life-size sex-doll sold in America, that can be sold with robotic implants. People who feel sexually attracted, or have sex with these, are robosexual. However, one important thing to notice is that this American machine does not move and think by itself, unlike their Japanese and South Korean counterparts.

= = = Rye = = =
Rye is a type of grass, usually grown as a grain or forage crop (meaning that it is fed to animals). It is a member of the wheat family of plants and is similar to wheat and barley. It is used to make flour, food for animals, and many types of alcoholic drinks.
History.
Rye has not always been a plant humans can use. It was originally a wild plant. There are several wild plants in Turkey that are similar to rye.
Since the Middle Ages, rye has been used widely in Central and Eastern Europe. In these parts of the world, it is still one of the main ingredients in making bread. However, the number of people and businesses using rye is becoming lower. Rye is usually sold to buyers near to where it is grown.
Science.
Rye can be planted to feed animals or can be harvested for hay (dry grass). Rye is a strong plant that can survive in soil with a high or low pH. This means it can survive even if the soil is very acidic or alkaline. Other plants may struggle to survive in these pH levels.
Uses for humans.
Rye has been used to make many foods for humans. It includes rye breads, like pumpernickel, a popular bread in north and east Europe. It has also been used to make some alcoholic drinks, such as rye whiskey.

= = = List of environment topics = = =
This is a list of topics about the natural environment.

= = = Sensitivity = = =
Sensitivity can mean:
Psychology:
Science:
Finance:
Music:

= = = Highly sensitive person = = =
A highly sensitive person (HSP) is very easily affected by things. They are said to have a 'high sensitivity' (or "innate sensitiveness" as Carl Gustav Jung originally called it). 
According to some researchers, highly sensitive people are about one fifth of the population. They process sensory data much more deeply and thoroughly because their nervous systems are biologically different. This is a specific trait with key effects that have often been confused with shyness, inhibitedness, fearfulness, introversion, as well as other effects. The existence of innate sensitivity was shown using a test. The term is mainly used to describe humans, but may also describe animals.

= = = Pixies = = =
Pixies are an American alternative rock band. The band started in 1986. They broke up in 1993, but they started to play together again from 2004 to the present. There are four members in the band: Black Francis (vocals, rhythm guitar), Joey Santiago (lead guitar), Kim Deal (bass guitar, vocals), and David Lovering (drums).
History.
Pixies' band members came together during the mid-1980s. Joey Santiago and Frank Black met at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where they were students. Santiago introduced Black to new music, such as David Bowie.
In 1985, they decided to create a band. Kim Deal joined on bass guitar after answering an advertisement in a Boston newspaper. The band's musical style was influenced by bands such as Hüsker Dü. David Lovering, the drummer and a friend of Deal, joined in late 1985.
Success.
The band released their first album, "Come on Pilgrim", in 1987. The released one album every year from 1987-1991. Although they were not very successful in the USA, they were popular for alternative rock fans in Europe. In 1988, they recorded a session with British radio DJ John Peel because he felt they were a good band.
The band had many problems, with band members disagreeing on certain issues. In 1989, the band nearly asked Kim Deal to leave because of her laziness. She was also trying to take more control as a songwriter. These problems got worse and in 1993, they split up.
Pixies influenced many bands that were more successful, such as Nirvana and OK Go.
Reunion.
They re-united and went on a tour in 2004-2005. However, they have yet to release a new album.
Musical style.
The lyrics to Pixies' songs are well known for being unusual. The band are also well known for combining loud music with more quiet melodies, and for combining pop with rock.

= = = Dance-punk = = =
Dance-punk (also known as disco-punk or punk-funk) is a music genre that started in the late 1970s, and is closely related to the post-punk and No Wave movements. Groups, such as !!! and The Rapture are examples of Dance-punk. 
The Dance-punk genre has become popular again since it started as part of New York's underground scene from 1978 to 1982. The influence of bands like Talking Heads, Liquid Liquid, ESG, and Blondie can be heard throughout the genre.

= = = LG Prada = = =
The LG KE850, also named The LG Prada Phone, is a mobile phone manufactured by LG Electronics and designed by Prada. It was first announced on 12 December 2006. An official press release showing an image of the device appeared on 18 January 2007.
Prices in Countries it is sold.
Prices are expected to start from 600 Euros.
iPhone copying LG Prada.
LG Electronics says that the iPhone's design was copied from the LG Prada. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference:
“We think that Apple copied the LG Prada phone after it was shown in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006.”
LG later claimed that Apple stole both the ideas and concept of the Prada phone. A lawsuit by LG had been rumored prior to this announcement; however, LG has remained silent on whether or not they will file a lawsuit.
Related pages.
Other designer phones:

= = = Cloverfield = = =
Cloverfield is a 2008 science fiction monster movie about a giant monster that attacks New York City. The movie was filmed to look like it was done by a personal camera. It is produced by J. J. Abrams and directed by Matt Reeves.

= = = Tilly and the Wall = = =
Tilly and the Wall is an indie pop group from Omaha, Nebraska. Their name came from a children's book called "Tillie and the Wall", written by Leo Lionni. They are noted for having a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, instead of a drummer.

= = = Origlio = = =
Origlio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Origlio is found in this municipality.

= = = Orselina = = =
Orselina is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Osco = = =
Osco was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

= = = Osogna = = =
Osogna was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.

= = = Palagnedra = = =
Palagnedra was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Palagnedra is found below the village, on the Melezza river. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the municipality of Centovalli.

= = = Lago di Palagnedra = = =
Lago di Palagnedra is a lake at Palagnedra, Ticino, Switzerland. The lake has a volume of . Its surface area is .

= = = Moulin Rouge! = = =
Moulin Rouge! is a 2001 Academy Award-winning Australian-American romantic drama musical movie directed by Baz Luhrmann. It stars Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. The movie is set in Paris, France in 1900. It tells the story of a young British writer called Christian, who falls in love with an actress called Satine, the leading lady of the famous nightclub, the Moulin Rouge.
"Moulin Rouge!" was mostly filmed at Fox Studios in Sydney, Australia. It was nominated for eight Oscars. It won two; for art direction and costume design. In 2006 it was ranked #25 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals.
Background.
The "Moulin Rouge".
The "Moulin Rouge" is a famous nightclub with a cabaret (or dance show). The name "Moulin Rouge" means "Red Windmill". In the late 1800s there was a real windmill where the nightclub stands near Montmartre in Paris. Now there is a large model of a windmill on the roof of the building. Since 1889 this nightclub has been famous for its dancing, in particular for the "can-can", a very lively dance in which the dancers, wearing long frilly skirts, kick their legs very high and show their underwear. (In the 1890s, women wore long dresses, to their ankles.) Even though this entertainment was not thought of as very polite, it was very popular and the "can-can" became a symbol of Paris. The "Moulin Rouge" is still very popular.
Bohemians.
The word Bohemian was first used in Paris to mean a gypsy because many people thought that gypsies came from Bohemia. The word was then used for poor artists and writers, who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money by their painting or writing. Paris was a famous city for both painters and writers to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city. Many of them lived at Montmartre, not far from the "Moulin Rouge". One of the most famous painters to live in Montmartre was Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. He loved to paint the can-can dancers and prostitutes. He did many posters to advertise the nightclubs. The posters are now famous works of art.
"La boheme".
"La bohème" means "the Bohemian". It is the name of a famous opera written by Giacomo Puccini. It is about a young man who lives in a group of poor artists and writers, and who meets and falls in love with a beautiful girl. The opera is very well known and Baz Luhrmann deliberately used parts of the story in his movie. The plot of the movie is very much like another opera called "La traviata" written by Giuseppe Verdi. It is also thought that Luhrmann may have got the idea to make "Moulin Rouge!" after watching "Dil Se". This movie was made in 1998 and directed by Mani Ratnam. It is a love story set in India.
Other movies.
There have been four previous movies called "Moulin Rouge". The earliest was a silent movie made in 1928. The latest was made in 1956 and was about the life of the painter, Toulouse-Lautrec. Baz Luhrmann used Toulouse-Lautrec as an important character in his movie.
The movie.
Idea.
Baz Luhrmann had directed another movie in which a love story is set against a background of dance, costumes and colourful scenes. This is "Strictly Ballroom" made in 1992. In "Moulin Rouge!", he chose the colourful life of Paris in a time often called "the Naughty Nineties" as a background. But Lurhmann's plan was not to make a movie about history. He wanted to make a movie that the people of today would enjoy, just as much as the people of Paris had enjoyed the can-can in the 1890s. So Luhrmann did not use the music, dance-styles and lighting of the 1890s. He used popular modern music that young people already knew, and he used modern lighting, special effects and costume ideas to create a movie that young people would think was very entertaining.
Production.
Kate Winslet, Charlize Theron, Renee Zellweger, and Catherine Zeta-Jones were all thought of for the part of Satine. Courtney Love was almost cast in the role, but lost out to Kidman at the last minute because Luhrmann felt that Love would not fit into the movie well. Heath Ledger, Hugh Jackman, and Russell Crowe were all considered for the part of Christian.
Production on the movie began in November 1999 and was finished in May 2000, with a budget of just over $50 million. Nicole Kidman reportedly wasn't interested in doing the musical until she heard Baz Luhrmann would be directing it. Filming generally went smoothly, with the only major problem being when Nicole Kidman injured her knee while filming one of the more complicated dance sequences. The production also overran in its shooting schedule and had to be out of the Fox Studios in Sydney to make way for "" (in which Ewan McGregor also starred). This meant some parts had to be filmed in Madrid, Spain.
Plot summary.
The movie is set in the year 1900. Christian (played by Ewan McGregor) is a British writer who came to the village of Montmartre in Paris in 1899, when the Bohemian movement was at its most popular. He sits in a flat looking down on the closed-down theatre called the Moulin Rouge while writing on a typewriter. The story he is writing is about the woman he loved, Satine (played by Nicole Kidman).
In 1899, Christian arrives in Paris, and makes friends with a group of Bohemians who visit the Moulin Rouge regularly. They are trying to produce a musical called "Spectacular Spectacular", which the owner of the Moulin Rouge, Harold Zidler (played by Jim Broadbent), plans to show at the cabaret. The Bohemians' leader, Toulouse-Lautrec (played by John Leguizamo), is pleased with Christian's talent at writing and insists that he write their musical, "Spectacular Spectacular". Once they find out that Christian is an amazing writer, they come up with an complicated plan of presenting Christian to Satine, who is a beautiful courtesan, in the hopes that she will be impressed with him and persuade Zidler to hire Christian as the writer of the musical.
Satine understands what her work involves, although she hopes of leaving the Moulin Rouge to become a "real" actress. Through a series of misunderstandings, she mistakes Christian for the rich and powerful Duke who will invest in the musical, "Spectacular Spectacular". She is enchanted by his poetry. She declares that she has fallen in love with him, but is shocked to realize he's actually a poor Bohemian poet.
After a bit, the real Duke (played by Richard Roburgh) finds Christian and Satine together. They manage to trick him into believing that they were working on the musical, "Spectacular Spectacular". The main cast arrive and improvise the plot of the show on the spot: a beautiful Indian courtesan has her kingdom invaded by an "evil maharaja". She sets out to seduce him to save her kingdom, but accidentally seduces and then falls in love with a penniless sitar player. The two must hide their love and avoid the maharaja, though it is implied that one of them may die at the end of the story. (It is soon realized that the theme of their play foreshadows what happens in the movie's plot.) The Duke agrees to support the show. But, he quickly shows that he is a violently jealous man who will shut down the Moulin Rouge if he does not get Satine to himself. Nevertheless, he accepts that Satine will be busy with rehearsals and in close contact with Christian, the writer of the musical.
Christian and Satine fall in love, while Zidler struggles to keep the Duke interested in the musical "Spectacular Spectacular" even though Satine has not yet slept with him. Harold Zidler also discovers that Satine is dying of a disease called tuberculosis, but does not tell anyone because of his motto, "The show must go on". Meanwhile, Christian continues to work on the play, in which the courtesan and the penniless sitar player end up together. The Duke, however, does not appreciate the ending and tells the cast that the courtesan must end up with the maharaja. To convince the Duke to change his mind, Satine finally agrees to spend the night with him. Christian is overcome with jealousy while Satine has dinner with the Duke, who offers her everything she has dreamt of. However, when Satine spots Christian on the street below, she refuses the Duke's offer, and he tries to rape her. After she escapes, Satine and Christian plan to run away.
By now, the Duke has realized Satine's tricks, and tells Zidler that, if the "maharaja" does not get his "courtesan", he will have the "penniless sitar player" killed. Nonetheless, Zidler must inform Satine of her final condition before she agrees to give up on the escape plan. She goes to Christian and lies to him, convincing him that her love was an act in the hopes that this will make him want to leave Paris and therefore save his life.
As the show opens, Satine performs tiredly, knowing that her life is almost up. Christian, refusing to give up on Satine, confronts her backstage. When she tries to force him off again, he takes the place of the show's hero, throwing money at her feet to "pay his whore", and storming off the stage. Satine confesses her love for him in the form of his secret song, and Christian and Satine get back together in full view of the audience and the Duke. The Duke attempts to shoot Christian, but Zidler forces him off. The audience applauds what they think is a good drama, but backstage, Satine is overcome by her illness and dies in Christian's arms. As her final wish, she asks Christian to tell their story.
A year later, still in his flat overlooking the empty red windmill, Christian finally types the last page of his work, ending it with the couplet, "The greatest thing you will ever learn, is just to love, and be loved in return."
Soundtrack.
The following is a list of some of the songs featured in the movie along with the artist that popularized them.
Elephant Love Medley
Two soundtrack albums were released, with the second coming after the huge success of the first one. The first volume featured the smash hit single "Lady Marmalade", performed by Christina Aguilera, Lil’ Kim, Mýa and Pink. The first soundtrack, "Moulin Rouge! Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film", was released in May 2001, with the second "Moulin Rouge! Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film, Vol. 2" following in 2002.
Awards.
Award wins:
Award nominations:

= = = Paradiso = = =
Paradiso may mean:

= = = Paradiso, Ticino = = =
Paradiso is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Lago d'Origlio = = =
Lago d'Origlio is a lake in the municipality of Origlio, in Ticino, Switzerland.

= = = Personico = = =
Personico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Pianezzo = = =
Pianezzo was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged to form the municipality of Bellinzona.

= = = Piazzogna = = =
Piazzogna was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

= = = Pollegio = = =
Pollegio is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Ponte Capriasca = = =
Ponte Capriasca is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Ponte Tresa = = =
Ponte Tresa was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. With an area of 0.28 km2, Ponte Tresa is the smallest municipality in Switzerland. On 18 April 2021, the former municipalities of Croglio, Monteggio, Ponte Tresa and Sessa merged to form the new municipality of Tresa.

= = = Porza = = =
Porza is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Prato (disambiguation) = = =
Prato could be one of many places:
In the Tuscany region of Italy:
In South Tyrol, Italy:
In Switzerland:

= = = Prato (Leventina) = = =
Prato Leventina (Prato) is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Truth in Numbers? = = =
Truth in Numbers? Everything, According to Wikipedia is a movie about Wikipedia. It was shown at Wikimania 2010 in Gdańsk.

= = = Jena (disambiguation) = = =
Jena can mean:

= = = Pali = = =
Pali is an new Indo-Aryan language. It used to be spoken in India, and is similar to Sanskrit. Pali is used in religious services by Theravada Buddhists. The Theravada holy texts, called the Pali Canon and also known as the Tripiṭaka, are written in Pali. Pali is usually called a dead language. Bengali originates from the Pali.

= = = Han Chinese = = =
Han Chinese (also called Han; ) is an ethnic group within . 92% of the Chinese population and more than 97% of the Taiwanese population are Han. Out of the entire human population in the world, 19% are Han Chinese. Han Chinese have the highest concentrations in the Eastern Provinces of China, particularly in the Hebei, Jiangsu and Guangdong regions. There are tens of millions of overseas Han Chinese. The majority live in Southeast Asia. Many big cities around the world have enough "overseas Chinese" to make a "Chinatown".
The name.
The name "Han" comes from the Han Dynasty that united China as one country. During the Han Dynasty, many tribes felt that they belonged to the same ethnic group. Also, the Han Dynasty is said to be the high point in Chinese civilization. During the Han Dynasty, China was able to increase its power and influence to other parts of Asia.
There are some slang words and different names for Han amongst some Han people, especially in southern China and in Vietnam. In languages like Cantonese, Hakka and Min Nan, the word "Táng Rén" is also used. "Táng Rén" is written as "��" and it literally means "the people of Tang." It is pronounced "Tong Yan" in Cantonese. "��" comes from another Chinese dynasty, the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty is also another peak point of the Chinese civilization. Within English-speaking Han communities, the word "Chinatown" in Chinese is "Táng Rén Jiē" which means "street of the Tang people."
Another phrase used by the Han people, especially overseas Chinese, is "Hua Ren" (). It comes from "Zhong Hua" (), a poetic name for China. The translation of this is "ethnic Chinese".
Culture.
Han China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years. Some Han people believe they share common ancestors, distantly related to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, who existed thousands of years ago. Hence, some people of Han call themselves "Descendants of the Yan Emperor" or "Descendants of the Yellow Emperor."
Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history, and becoming a professional of Confucian texts was needed to be part of the imperial bureaucracy.

= = = Motorola RAZR V3 = = =
Motorola RAZR V3 (said "Razer", IPA://) is a thin clamshell mobile/cellular camera phone designed and made by Motorola. The phone was originally a fashion phone, but has now grown to many different versions in many different designs, when in 2005 the phone went into the main market and was sold at a medium price. On May 15, 2007, Motorola showed the new RAZR 2, with a bigger screen, easier to use, and Linux, with a high price of $600 with service agreement and $800 without. In 2005, "PC World" put the RAZR at #12 in "The 50 Greatest Gadgets of the Past 50 Years".
V3.
Silver version (The first version of the phone).
The original RAZR GPRS phone was on these networks:
Australia
Brazil
Canada:
Mexico
New Zealand
USA:
and many other networks in other countries.
Black version.
A black version was produced for the 77th Academy Awards gift bags, and was released in early May 2005.
At September 2005, the black version was sold on these networks:
Brazil:
Canada:
UK:
USA:
Pink version.
The first pink version was sold in October 2005, and at June 2006, was sold on these networks:
USA:
Canada:
UK:
It is also sold in all Movistar-serviced countries and Claro (Telcel).
Blue version.
The blue version was sold in the United Kingdom. It is named the "RAZR V3 Light Blue" but the color is mainly silver with a light shade of blue. It is sold on these networks:
Canada:
Peru:
UK:
USA:
As of July 2006, Australian Telecommunications giant Telstra is offering the V3x Blue (as well as Pink) version for $0 upfront on a $20 plan.
The dark blue version available from Tesco in the UK is a V3r with no memory slot or iTunes, (and more difficult to unlock).
Tattoo version.
At October 30, 2006, the phone was sold with a tattoo design on it on T-Mobile in USA. The tattoo designs were made by Ami James from the TLC reality television show, "Miami Ink".
V3i.
After the "RAZR V3", Motorola sold the RAZR V3i. This newer version of the phone improved some of the things that were bad about the original phone, for example, it had a better (1.23 megapixel) camera with 8x digital zoom, better screens, and allowed people to use memory cards in them. The V3i software is very similar to the Motorola V635.
The V3i can has iTunes music player, which has a 50 or 100 song limit on the phone, depending on where the phone was made.
Networks.
The Motorola RAZR V3i was on most networks in the world in 2005–2006. In the U.S. the phone was released through Cingular Wireless on September 6, 2006, with a new activation price of $299.
Silver Quartz version (original version of the phone).
This was the original color.
Dolce & Gabbana Gold version.
At December 8, 2005 Motorola worked with Dolce & Gabbana, the Italian fashion company, to produce a special version of the RAZR V3i, the "Motorola RAZR V3i Dolce & Gabbana". The phone was gold in color. Only 1,000 of the original limited version phones were made and sold.
On June 1, 2006, Motorola and Dolce & Gabbana started selling the RAZR V3i Dolce & Gabbana again. This version had a D&G leather holder, Bluetooth headphone, and FM earphones. It was sold at all big Motorola shops and some D&G shops.
(PRODUCT)RED Red version.
A red version was sold for the (PRODUCT)RED charity. A percentage of the profit went to the charity to help fight AIDS in Africa.
V3r & V3t.
The RAZR V3r and RAZR V3t are different versions the RAZR V3i. Instead of having iTunes, they have Motorola's Digital Audio Player (DAP) music player, which has no song limit, but takes longer to load, and uses more battery. However, it takes considerably longer time to load and uses the V3's battery at a much faster rate than iTunes does.

= = = Babi Yar = = =
Babi Yar () is a ravine in Kyiv, Ukraine.
During the Holocaust, Nazi soldiers massacred 33,771 Jewish people at Babi Yar. This may have been the worst two-day mass murder of Jews in all of the Holocaust.
Background.
Nazi Germany and other Axis countries occupied Kyiv on September 19, 1941. By September 26, the military governor and the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) and Police Leader had decided to kill all of the Jews in Kyiv. They said this would be revenge for German soldiers being attacked by some Jewish guerrilla fighters.
The Nazis tricked the Jews into coming to Babi Yar by telling them they were going to be sent to another place to live. On 28 September 1941, they put up an order in the town. Part of it said:
The massacre.
Later, one of the soldiers in charge of the massacre would say:
On September 29 and 30, special units of the SS called "Einsatzgruppen", and some local Ukrainians who supported the Nazis, took these people to the ravine at Babi Yar. They made them put all of their things in piles. They made them strip naked. The area was so crowded that by the time people heard gunshots, there was no way to escape. The Nazis took people ten at a time into the ravine, made them lay down, and shot them with machine guns.
Between September 29 and 30, the Nazis killed 33,771 Jewish people at Babi Yar.
The Nazis buried these people in a mass grave. People who had survived being shot were buried alive, along with the dead. Only 29 people survived and were able to escape.
The murdered Jews' property was given to Nazi leaders in Kyiv.
On 1 March 2022, Babi Yar is attack by Russian army.

= = = Clea DuVall = = =
Clea Helen D'Etienne DuVall (born September 25, 1977 ) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in the movies "But I'm a Cheerleader" (1999), "Girl, Interrupted" (1999), "21 Grams" (2003) and "Zodiac" (2007). She is also in the television series "Carnivàle" and American Horror Story: Asylum.

= = = Ewan McGregor = = =
Ewan Gordon McGregor (born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor who has had a lot of success in both mainstream and indie movies. He is ranked #36 in Empire magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. He played the lead role in Danny Boyle's "Trainspotting", Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy of "Star Wars", and in his motorcycle adventures with friend Charley Boorman. 
McGregor starred as Christopher Robin in the 2018 Disney movie "Christopher Robin". He also starred as the villain Black Mask in the 2020 DCEU movie "Birds of Prey".
McGregor lives in Los Angeles, California. He also has a home in North London, England.

= = = Bartholomew I of Constantinople = = =
Bartholomew I (, "Patriarchis Bartholomaios A' ", ; born 29 February 1940) is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, since 2 November 1991.
He is the "first among equals" in the Eastern Orthodox Communion, and the spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians around the world.
Contributor.
Bartholomew wrote a chapter with Pope John Paul II in “Earth Toward Our Children’s Future".
He wrote an essay, "To Commit a Crime Against the Natural World Is a Sin” in "Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril" (Trinity University Press, 2010 ).

= = = Taxi Driver = = =
Taxi Driver is a 1976 American crime drama thriller movie directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader. It stars Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, Cybill Shepherd, Harvey Keitel, Peter Boyle, Leonard Harris and Albert Brooks. Set in a decaying and morally bankrupt New York City following the Vietnam War, the film tells the story of Travis Bickle, a lonely taxi driver who descends into insanity as he plots to assassinate both the presidential candidate for whom the woman he is infatuated with works, and the pimp of an underage prostitute he befriends.
A critical and commercial success upon release and nominated for four Academy Awards, including for Best Picture, Best Actor (for De Niro) and Best Supporting Actress (for Foster), "Taxi Driver" won the Palme d'Or at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. The movie generated controversy at the time of its release for its depiction of violence and casting of a 12-year-old Foster in the role of a child prostitute.
In 2012, "Sight & Sound" named it the 31st-best movie ever in its decennial critics' poll, ranked with "The Godfather Part II", and the fifth-greatest movie of all time on its directors' poll. The film was considered significant by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1994.
John Hinckley saw the movie many times. He wanted to impress Foster. He tried to assassinate President Ronald Reagan by shooting him. Reagan survived the 1981 attack.

= = = Patriarch Alexius II = = =
Patriarch Alexius II (23 February 1929—5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

= = = Romeo + Juliet = = =
See also the play by William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is an Academy Award nominated 1996 American movie adaptation of William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy "Romeo and Juliet". It was directed by Australian Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the title roles.
The movie is a version of Shakespeare's play designed to appeal to a younger modern audience. It is set in present-day fictional Verona Beach, Florida, but uses the style of language from the original novel. The fighting families (the Montagues and the Capulets) are represented as competing business empires, swords are replaced by guns etc. Despite the adaptation, the movie retains Shakespeare's original dialogue, though edited for modern cinema audiences.
Response.
Critics gave the movie good reviews. On the review given by Rotten Tomatoes, 74% of critics gave the movie positive reviews, based on 38 reviews. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" disliked the movie, giving it 2 stars and said "This production was a very bad idea. I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of Romeo & Juliet makes of Shakespeare's tragedy." Ebert wrote that Pete Postlethwaite and Miriam Margolyes were "the only actors in the movie who seem completely at home" and said "In one grand but doomed gesture, writer-director Baz Luhrmann has made a movie that (a) will dismay any lover of Shakespeare, and (b) bore anyone lured into the theater by promise of gang wars, MTV-style."
The movie won several awards. At the Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, Leonardo DiCaprio won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actor and director Baz Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Award. Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture.

= = = Paul Rudd = = =
Paul Stephen Rudd (born April 6, 1969) is an American actor.
Early and personal life.
Rudd was born on April 6, 1969 in Passaic, New Jersey. His father, Michael Rudd, was a historical tour guide and former vice-president of Trans World Airlines who died of cancer when Rudd was 39. His mother, Gloria Irene (Granville), was a sales manager at the television station KCMO-TV in Kansas City, Missouri. His parents were born in England; his father was from Edgware and his mother from Surbiton, both in London. Rudd's parents were both Jewish (descended from Jewish immigrants who moved to Britain from Russia, Belarus, and Poland). Rudd's parents were second cousins. His father's family's original surname, "Rudnitsky", was changed by his grandfather to "Rudd", and his mother's family's surname was originally "Goldstein". Rudd had a Bar Mitzvah service. Growing up, he loved reading British comics, "The Beano", and "The Dandy", which his uncle in the U.K. would send to him.
At age ten, his family moved to Lenexa, Kansas. They spent three years living in Anaheim, California, because of his father's occupation. Rudd attended Broadmoor Junior High and graduated from Shawnee Mission West High School in the class of 1987. Rudd attended the University of Kansas, where he majored in theater. He was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity's Nu Chapter there. He studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts/West in Los Angeles with fellow actor Matthew Lillard. Rudd spent three months studying Jacobean drama at the British American Drama Academy based in Oxford, England. While attending acting school, Rudd worked as a Bar Mitzvah disc jockey.

= = = Epithelium = = =
Epithelium (plural: epithelia) is one of the four main types of tissue in the body of animals. It is made up of one or more layers of cells. 
The outermost layer of the skin is a special type of epithelium. It has an important function: it forms a mechanical defence against infection: see innate immunity. 
Epithelia are found on the surface of organs and many other parts of the body. One main function of epithelia is moving fluids into or out of an organ or body part. It also protects organs and carries sense organs. 
There are many different types of epithelium that do different things in the body, including the excretory system. The epithelium covers blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and kidneys. All glands are made from epithelial cells. In some areas, the epithelium secretes sweat, oil, or mucus.
The functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing. Epithelial layers have no blood vessels: they get oxygen and nourishment from the underlying connective tissue, through their basement membrane.

= = = Tibetan Buddhism = = =
Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan: ���་������་��་����།; Chinese: ����) are Buddhist teachings from Tibet. It encompasses all three vehicles, but mainly Vajrayana and Mahayana Buddhism. The other is Theravada. It is most widely practiced around the Himalayas, Mongolia, Tibet and Siberia. 
It includes all of the Buddhist teachings (or "three vehicles"). All traditions of Tibetan Buddhism practice the vows of moral discipline ("Pratimoksha") of the hearer's vehicle (Shrāvakayāna); the vows of universal liberation or "Bodhisattva vow" and philosophy of the great vehicle (Mahāyāna); and the pledges and special methods of the secret mantra vehicle or Vajrayāna. 
History.
In the 7th century, Songtsen Gampo married two Buddhists: Tang Dynasty Princess Wencheng and Nepali Princess Bhrikuti. They helped spread Buddhist teachings to Tibet. Buddhism was merged with local Bön religion of the Zhangzhung to create a new kind of Buddhism: Tibetan Buddhism. The Tibetans also began translating texts from Sanskrit and Chinese; and began writing some of their own texts. In the 8th century, an Buddhist monk from Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan), Padmasambhava brought some more Buddhism while Trisong Detsen was king of Tibet. He also wrote a number of important texts. 
In the 11th century, Tibetan Buddhism strong influenced the peoples of Central Asia, Mongolia and Manchuria. It was very popular during the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty of China.
Schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
Tibetan Buddhism has four main schools. Two of these schools hold practice as more important and two hold scholasticism (study of philosophy) more important. The four schools are:
Teachings.
Some of the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism are Mahamudra, the Six Yogas of Naropa, and Dzogchen.
Language.
Classical Tibetan is the main language for Tibetans. But texts have also been translated into Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese.
Monasteries (places of worship).
Monasticism was the foundation of Buddhism in Tibet. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, however nearly all of these were destroyed by Chinese Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. Most of the major monasteries have been at least partly restored while many others remain in ruins.
Today.
Today, Tibetan Buddhism has spread throughout the Eastern world excluding Southeast Asia. It is practiced in the Tibetan Plateau, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Siberia, Russian Far East, northeast China, Arunachal Pradesh. It is the state religion of Bhutan. The Indian regions of Sikkim, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal are also home to small Tibetan Buddhist populations. 
Tibetan Buddhism has expanded to the West and throughout the world. Celebrity practitioners include Brandon Boyd, Richard Gere, Adam Yauch, Jet Li, Jackie Chan, Sharon Stone, Allen Ginsberg, Philip Glass, Mike Barson and Steven Seagal. 

= = = Berlinale = = =
The Berlinale, or "Berlin International Film Festival", is the world's leading film festival held in Berlin, Germany.
The Berlinale was first held in 1951, and since 1978 has been held every February. More than 200000 tickets are sold and around 400000 admissions it is the biggest publicly-attended film festival worldwide. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick.
The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair, is held at the same time as the Berlinale. It is also one of the most important events for the international film industry.
Judging.
An international jury makes sure films from all over the world are chosen for the Berlinale.
Around twenty films competing for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears.
The 61st Berlin International Film Festival will be held 10 to 20 February 2011.

= = = Santa Fe = = =
Santa Fe can mean multiple things:

= = = Tokio Hotel = = =
Tokio Hotel is a German pop-rock band. The band began in 2001, and were first called Devilish. The people who are in the band all came from Magdeburg in Germany. The youngest, the Kaulitz twins, were born two months before the Berlin Wall was taken down.
History.
Tokio Hotel was started by singer Bill Kaulitz and guitarist Tom Kaulitz, who are identical twin brothers. Their step father owns a music school named "Rock School". The drummer is Gustav Schäfer and bass-guitarist is Georg Listing. The four met in 2001 after a live show in a Magdeburg club, where Listing and Schäfer, who knew each other from music school, watched from the audience while Bill and Tom Kaulitz played on the stage. Using the name "Devilish", the band began playing in talent shows and small concerts. After Bill Kaulitz took part in a children's Star Search in 2003 at age thirteen (which he lost in the quarter-final), he was discovered by music producer Peter Hoffmann. Devilish changed their name to "Tokio Hotel": "Tokio", the German spelling of the Japanese city Tokyo, because they love the city, and "Hotel" because of their constant touring and living in hotels. Soon after Sony BMG took them under contract, Hoffmann hired David Jost and Pat Benzner into the team. They guided the teens on songwriting and instrument playing. Most of the songs of the first album were written by Hoffmann, Jost, Benzer, and Bill Kaulitz (including the singles "Scream" and "Rescue me" which were completely written by them). Only the single "Unendlichkeit" was written completely by Tokio Hotel themselves. However, shortly before release of their first album, Sony ended their contract. In 2005, Universal Music Group took Tokio Hotel under contract and developed a marketing plan. The band has now become one of the biggest acts from Germany.
Members.
Bill Kaulitz (born September 1 1989, in Leipzig, Germany) is the lead singer of Tokio Hotel. He is the twin brother of Tom Kaulitz. Bill is ten minutes younger than Tom. They used to live in Magdeburg, Germany. Bill was on the German star search but he lost in 2001. After the first European tour, Bill lost his voice and found out he had a cyst on his vocal cords. He had surgery and it took three weeks to get better. He then went back to having concerts with the band.
Tom Kaulitz was born on September 1 1989, in Leipzig ten minutes before his identical twin brother, Bill. He is from Magdeburg in Germany. Tom and Bill now live in Berlin. As of September 2007, Tom is using Gibson guitars. He has stated his musical influences to be Aerosmith and German hip-hop such as Samy Deluxe. 
Georg Listing was born on March 31 1987. His hometown is Halle. He began playing bass when he was thirteen years old. As of September 2007, uses a Sandberg bass. He has said that his playing style was heavily influenced by Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers, and other musical influences include Die Ärzte and Oasis.
Gustav Schäfer was born on September 8 1988, in Magdeburg, and has an older sister. Gustav has been playing the drums since he was five. His musical influences include Metallica, Joe Cocker and Rod Stewart.

= = = Toy Fox Terrier = = =
The Toy Fox Terrier (also known as American Toy Terrier, Amertoy) is a small terrier breed of dogs. They are related to the Fox Terrier, but are considered a separate breed.

= = = New York Mets = = =
The New York Mets are a professional baseball team based in New York City, New York in Citi Field. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the National League (NL) east division. The team started in 1962. The Mets won the World Series in the years 1969 and 1986. They play in Corona, New York and play in their stadium Citi Field, completed in 2009. Their colors are blue and orange. Their retired numbers are 42 (Jackie Robinson), 41 (Tom Seaver), 14 (Gil Hodges), 37 (Casey Stengel), 31 (Mike Piazza), 36 (Mike Piazza), and 24 (Willie Mays).
The name "Mets" is short for "Metropolitans". There was an old team in the 1880s called the New York Metropolitans. The words "Metropolis" and "Metropolitan" are often used to describe very large cities. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Opera, and Metropolitan Transportation Authority are among the other New York users of that word.
The Mets first played their home games at the Polo Grounds. They opened Shea Stadium in 1964. After 45 seasons at Shea, they opened Citi Field in 2009, nextdoor to Shea. Shea was torn down during the 2009 season.
The Mets have won the World series two times, in 1969 and 1986. In 1973, 2000, and 2015, the Mets went to the World Series, but lost to the Oakland Athletics, New York Yankees, and Kansas City Royals, respectively.
Rivalries.
Atlanta Braves.
The Braves–Mets rivalry is a rivalry between two teams in the National League East, featuring the Atlanta Braves and the Mets.
Philadelphia Phillies.
The rivalry between the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies from 2006 to 2008 was said to be among the "hottest" rivalries in the National League.
New York Yankees.
The first regular season non-exhibition game between the Mets and the New York Yankees took place in 1997. Three years later, the teams met in the 2000 World Series. A series of games between the two New York City teams is called a Subway Series.
New York Mets Foundation.
A registered 501(c)(3) charity, the New York Mets Foundation is the philanthropic organization of the New York Mets. Founded in 1963, it funds and promotes charitable causes in the Mets community. One of these causes is Tuesday's Children, is a non-profit family service organization that "has made a long term commitment to meet the needs of every family who lost a loved one in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001".

= = = Bond market = = =
The bond market (also known as the debt, credit, or fixed income market) is a financial market where people buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bonds. In 2006 the size of the international bond market was about $45 trillion. The size of the outstanding U.S. bond market debt was $25.2 trillion. 

= = = Security = = =
Security means to prevent dangers or losses. In general, security is similar to safety. The difference between the two is that security cares more than general safety about dangers from the outside.
Airports and banks usually have a lot of security measures. Prison security is used mainly to stop prisoners from escaping. It is also used to stop prisoners from harming prison employees or other prisoners.
Maximum security is found in or around prisons or other types of places where people need to be kept in or kept out. It is the highest security level for a building or area.

= = = Security (disambiguation) = = =
Security is the sense of protection from hostile action.
Security could also mean:

= = = Preonzo = = =
Preonzo was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

= = = Pura = = =
Pura could mean:

= = = Pura, Switzerland = = =
Pura is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = 532 Herculina = = =
532 Herculina "(herr'-kew-lye'-nə," ) is a very big asteroid, with a diameter of around 225 km.
Discovery.
It was found on April 20th, 1904, by Max Wolf in Heidelberg, and initially catalogued as 1904 NY. Where its name came from is not known; it may be named after the mythical Hercules, or after an unknown woman of that name. Most of the asteroids found by Wolf around this date were named for characters in operas, but if this name was also drawn from such a source, no explanation has been recorded.
Physical characteristics.
Herculina is one of the twenty or so biggest members of the main asteroid belt.
It has often been noted for its complex lightcurves, which made finding its shape and rotation somewhat hard. A set of 1982 speckle inferometry observations led to a simple preliminary model of Herculina as a three-axis object, perhaps 260 by 220 by 215 km. 1985 analysis of this data concluded there was a nonspherical shape with one bright spot, whilst a 1987 photometric astrometry study concluded the object was spherical with two dark spots (and rotated around a completely different pole), which was in turn negated by a 1988 thermal study which showed the object could not be spherical. By the late 1980s, the generally accepted model was a three-axis object with major albedo or topographical features.
Recent (2002) modelling of photometric data shows that Herculina is not spherical, but a blocky shape not unlike a battered cuboid - or, as the analysis described it, it "resembles a toaster". This analysis indicates the presence of many big craters, similar to 253 Mathilde, but no major changes in albedo. The approximate ratios of the axes were suggested as 1:1.1:1.3, broadly consistent with earlier models if a bit more stretched.
Moons.
Following anomalous sightings during an occultation of the star SAO 1220774 in 1978, Herculina became the first asteroid to be "confirmed" to have an asteroid moon, with the parent asteroid estimated at a 216 km diameter and a moon of about 45 km orbiting at a distance of around 1,000 km. However, careful studying in 1993, using the Hubble Space Telescope, could not locate a moon.

= = = Duroplast = = =
Duroplast is a resin plastic made up mixing formica and bakelite reinforced with fibres (either cotton or wool) or glass fibres.
Uses.
Duroplast was used by Eastern European automobile manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau to produce the body of the popular Trabant motor car, toilet seats, and parts for the BMW X3.
Duroplast was first used in the body of the IFA F8 and later also the AWZ P70 or Zwickau P70 and later used in the body of the Trabant. Apart from the use in cars duroplast was also used to make suitcases.
Properties.
Duroplast is light, flexible, and strong. It was also made of recycled material, cotton waste from Russia and phenol resins from the East German dye industry making the Trabant the first car with a body made of recycled material . Because it can be made in a press similar to shaping steel, it's easy to produce.
Critics.
Duroplast cannot be completely recycled, and burning it produces toxic fumes, so disposing of the bodies of old Trabants is a problem. There are stories of pigs, sheep or other domestic farm animals consuming duroplast.
A Berlin biotechnology company claims that it has developed a solution to the duroplast problem: a bacterium that will eat a Trabant in 20 days and leave only compost.
In the last years the Duroplast was smashed and put cement blocks for pavement construction.

= = = Will & Grace = = =
Will & Grace is an Emmy winning American television sitcom. The show is set in New York City. It features four best friends, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), Grace Adler (Debra Messing), Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes) and Karen Walker (Megan Mullally). It was first aired in series beginning 1998 and series finale aired in 2006. It ran for 8 seasons for a total of 194 episodes.

= = = Ken Akamatsu = = =
 is a Japanese manga writer and artist. After not passing the test to go to Tokyo University, Akamatsu choose to be an illustrator. He became well known as an illustrator at "Comiket". Comiket is the largest comic convention in Japan. Akamatsu has created the illustred works "A Kid's Game for One Summer", "A.I. Love You" and "Always my Santa". In October 1998, his most famous work, "Love Hina" began being shown in Weekly Shonen Magazine. The series has been made into a book form that has sold over 6 million copies in Japan. Akamatsu received the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen in 2001 for this series.
After finishing "Love Hina" in 2001, Akamatsu began to illustrate another manga, "". Both "Negima!" and "Love Hina" have been made into anime series. Altogether there are about 25 episodes, and 14 volumes of "Love Hina".

= = = Will Truman = = =
William "Will" Truman is a character in "Will & Grace". He is a lawyer and is gay. He was played by Eric McCormack. Will lived in the hotel with his Jewish friend. Grace Adler lived next door with Jack McFarland.

= = = Grace Adler = = =
Grace Elizabeth Adler is a character from Will & Grace played by Debra Messing. She was married with doctor, Dr. Leo Markus and lived with Will and friends with Jack and Karen.

= = = Karen Walker = = =
Karen Delaney St. Croix Popeil Finster Walker or Karen Delaney was a character on the NBC television series "Will & Grace". She was played by Megan Mullally. Karen was a friend with gay actor and dancer, Jack McFarland. She was in a relationship with Stanley Walker but ended it and married Beverley. 
Karen appears with Megan Mullally in "The Megan Mullally Show".

= = = Jack McFarland = = =
Jack McFarland is a character from the television show "Will & Grace". He is a camp, openly gay man. The character was played by Sean Hayes.

= = = Pacific hurricane = = =
A Pacific hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. For organizational purposes, the Pacific Ocean is divided into three parts: the eastern (North America to 140°W), central (140°W to the International Date Line), and western (west of the Date Line). A Pacific hurricane, then, is a tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific Ocean east of the Date Line. Tropical cyclones that form in the western north Pacific are called typhoons. This separation between the two basins is convenient, however, as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific and few ever cross the dateline.

= = = Plain English Campaign = = =
Plain English Campaign Limited (PEC) is a commercial editing and training firm based in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1979 by Chrissie Maher. The company advocates for the use of simple ("plain") English. It tries to persuade organisations in the UK and abroad to communicate with the public simply. In 1990, Plain English Campaign created the Crystal Mark, its "seal of approval." This is a symbol printed on documents which the Plain English campaign thinks are very easy to understand. According to the Plain English Campaign, the symbol appears on over 20,000 documents worldwide.
The Plain English Campaign also gives out an annual "Foot in Mouth Award" for "a baffling comment by a public figure." The name of this award comes from a humorous English idiom. If a person has their "foot in their mouth," that means they are speaking badly and not paying attention to what they are saying. The plain English Campaign also gives out a "Golden Bull Award" for "the worst examples of written tripe". The name of this award also comes from a common English idiom. "Bull" is short for "bullshit," which literally means the excrement of a bull, but is often used to mean stupid, dishonest or unbelievable speech or writing. The word "tripe," similar to "bullshit," has both a literal and a figurative meaning. Literally, it means a food made from an animal's stomach lining. As it is used here, "tripe" means something very close to "bullshit."
In other words, the Plain English Campaign's "Foot in Mouth Award" is given to someone famous who speaks stupidly. The "Golden Bull Award" is given to someone famous who writes stupidly. Both awards are sarcastic. They are different from normal awards because they criticise, rather than honor, the people they are given to. Famous winners of the Foot in Mouth Award include George W. Bush and Donald Rumsfeld.
Plain English Campaign has worked for many organisations. Many UK forms and bills carry the Crystal Mark, including the British passport application form. Plain English Campaign is often described in the media as a "pressure group." 
It regularly makes public comments about language-related news stories and about jargon. For example, in 2006 its supporters voted Bill Shankly the author of the greatest football quotation of all time. Plain English Campaign did a survey in 2004 and announced that ‘At the end of the day’ was considered the most irritating cliché. Chrissie Maher, who created Plain English Campaign, was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1994 for her services to plain communication. Famous supporters of PEC include Margaret Thatcher and broadcaster John Humphrys.

= = = Kilakarai = = =
Kilakarai (aka Keelakarai, Tamil - ��������) is a panchayat town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

= = = Bart Simpson = = =
Bart Simpson is a fictional character in "The Simpsons". At the age of 10, he is the oldest child of three children to Marge and Homer Simpson. He is the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart is someone who does not like school. At the time when the Simpsons was launched T-shirts were released that had a picture of Bart saying "Underachiever. And proud of it". Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart. Bart had a 10 year old love interest named Niki/Nikki. He's a skateboarder. He made his first appearance in the Simpson short, "Good Night", on "The Tracey Ullman Show".
He likes to ride on a skateboard and makes Prank phone calls to Moe's Tavern to annoy the owner, Moe Szyslak.
School.
Bart goes to Springfield School along with his 8-year-old sister Lisa. Bart often gets grade Fs in school, whereas Lisa gets A grades. At Springfield Elementary, Bart's best friend is Milhouse Van Houten. Bart has received detention multiple times, and during the start of the show he is seen writing things repeatedly on a blackboard as a form of punishment. He is a good pranker.
Name.
The character of Bart is an anagram of brat. Matt Groening was going to name the character Matt, but he realized that would be a giveaway, so he decided to name him Bart. 

= = = Vajrayana = = =
Vajrayana is one of the major schools of Buddhism which originated in Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan). It is sometimes called esoteric Buddhism. Padmasambhava from Gandhara brought Buddhism to Tibet. It later spread to Mongolia and Bhutan. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959, the Tibetan form of Vajrayana has spread to many Western countries and has gained great popularity.
Vajrayana is a third and separate major school of Buddhism, the other two being Theravada and Mahayana. Vajrayana Buddhism comes from Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism has its own texts in the Tibetan and Sanskrit languages. It also contains the older Mahayana texts in Sanskrit and Theravada texts in the Pali language.
Vajrayana is sometimes known as Tantric Buddhism in the west. Tantric practice is one kind of Vajrayana Buddhism, but there are also other forms. 
Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as "The Diamond Vehicle". 
Features of Vajrayana.
The main features of Vajrayana are:
Followers are introduced to these practices through initiation which is also called empowerment.
Tibetan Vajrayana.
There are four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism: Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk. All four schools identify themselves as belonging to the Mahayana or "Great Vehicle" tradition, which is the most popular form of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan.
Levels of practice.
In the "ancient" or Nyingma school, the teachings are divided into six levels:
The "new" schools (Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk) divide the teachings into only four levels. The first three are the same as in the Nyingma school. The last level is simply called Anuttarayogatantra ("Highest Yoga Tantra"). These Highest Yoga Tantras are divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras. The new schools use a practice called Mahamudra in place of Dzogchen.

= = = Bart = = =
Bart may refer to:

= = = Alpha = = =
Alpha (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, used to stand for the "a" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. Letters that came from it are the Roman A and Cyrillic �.
Alpha is often used in physics and chemistry as a symbol or in the names of things, for example alpha particles (which are two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle the same as a helium nucleus). The symbol is also used a lot in mathematics in algebra, for example in naming angles, and in statistics, to represent statistical significance level.

= = = Beta = = =
Beta (uppercase/lowercase � �), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "b" sound in Ancient Greek and "v" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. Letters that came from it include the Roman B and Cyrillic �.
The sounds [b] and [v] resemble each other a lot. In Ancient Greek the "b" sound became "v" around 200 BC. Therefore, the letter B means the "v" sound in the Cyrillic alphabet, and a new letter, �, was made for [b]. 
The letter beta is also used in finance, science and mathematics. For example. the beta function is named after the capital letter �, and the probability of type II error in statistics is written with the lowercase �.

= = = Gamma = = =
Gamma (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the third letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "g" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 3. Letters that came from it include the Roman C and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the lowercase � is used to represent Euler–Mascheroni constant, and the uppercase � is used to represent gamma function and gamma distribution. 
In physics, gamma rays (�-rays) are a kind of radiation that result from nuclear decay. In the physics and engineering, gamma is used to represent many different things, depending on the subject. 

= = = Epsilon = = =
Epsilon (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "e" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 5. Letters that came from it include the Roman E and Cyrillic �. It is also used in calculus to represent a very small number (particularly in proofs involving limit). In set theory, a typographical variant of epsilon can be used to represent the statement "a is a member of set A" (symbolically formula_1).

= = = Digamma = = =
Digamma or Wau (uppercase/lowercase � � �) was an old letter of the Greek alphabet. It was used before the alphabet converted its classical standard form. It looked like a Latin "F", but it was pronounced like "w". In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it because they could no longer pronounce the sound "w" in Greek. However, they kept it as a sign for the number "6" in the system of Greek numerals. It was originally called "Wau" because of its sound. Later, when the sound was lost, it was called "Digamma", which means "double Gamma", because it looks like a Gamma (�) with two hooks. The Latin letter F was also taken over from Wau.
In mathematics, the name "digamma" is used in digamma function, which is the derivative of the logarithm of gamma function (that is, formula_1).

= = = Tom Kaulitz = = =
Tom Kaulitz ( September 1, 1989 in Leipzig) is a guitarist and songwriter in the German band Tokio Hotel. He is also known because of his wife Heidi Klum. He has an identical twin brother Bill Kaulitz, who is also in the band and is the lead singer. Tom dated the German model Ria Sommerfeld from 2011 to 2016. They were married for over a year, until Tom filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences in September 2016. Tom also dated the German model Mai Schiller from December 2017 to March 2018. Tom is now married to German-American model and television host Heidi Klum since 2019.
Tom’s and Bill’s parents, Simone Kaulitz and Jörg W., separated when the Kaulitz twins were seven years old. Their mother Simone married Gordon Trümper, the guitarist from the German rock band Fatun. Bill Kaulitz showed an early interest in singing, as did Tom in playing guitar. Trümper noticed the twins’ musical inclinations and helped the twins to start their band. According to Bill in several interviews, he and Tom started writing music at seven. Their friends Georg Listing (Bass guitar) and Gustav Schäfer (Drummer). 
They have been creating music since 2001 (under the band name "‘Devilish’", but later changed the band name to Tokio Hotel). They were trendy in the 2000s. They had many tours, many concerts, and fans ("‘Aliens’"). They released albums together (‘"Schrei’ (2005)", ‘"Zimmer 483’ (2007), ‘Scream’ (2007)", ‘"Humanoid’ (2009)", ‘"Kings of Suburbia’ (2014)", ‘"Dream Machine’ (2017)" and ‘"2001’ (2022)"). Tom has been using a Gibson guitar since 2007. Tom also plays piano, keyboards, backing vocals, and percussion.
Personal life.
Tom was known for his style and hairstyle. He wore baggy clothes, a cap, a lip piercing, and dreadlocks or braids. He speaks 3 languages: German, English, and French. He got his first guitar from his stepfather when he was nine years old. He owns 17 guitars and 50+ caps. Once when he was on tour he had an entire luggage just for his caps. 
Tom and Bill used to live in Hamburg but moved to Los Angeles in October 2010 in response to an incident involving stalkers and a robbery. They are currently living in Los Angeles making music.
Stalking incident.
In late 2008- early 2009, several female stalkers pursued the band relentlessly, even following Tom Kaulitz to his parent’s home in Germany and attacking the twins’ mother. The issue seemed to end after Tom allegedly hit one of the stalkers at a gas station in April 2009 and drove off. However, an article in "Bild" stated that the issue had resurfaced and that Tom Kaulitz may stand trial for assault. In late December 2009, the charges against himself - against the girl he allegedly hit - were on grounds of stalking. Kaulitz cited a break-in at their home in Germany as a deciding factor in their move to the United States. 
Other activity.
On August 4, 2010, Tom Kaulitz got his own Reebok shoes commercial. Reebok signed the 20-year-old Tokio Hotel guitarist and sneaker addict to model shoes for the company. “At home, I created a little room, like a little storage room,"”" he said of his sneakers. He also said that he gets 10 new pairs a week. 
Tom and Bill released an app named “BTK Twins” for Android on December 19, 2011, and on iOS on January 16, 2012, to keep in touch with their fans. On the app, Tom and Bill posted photos, videos, and text messages, and fans could leave messages which the twins often respond to. In November 2013, the app was removed from both the Android and IOS stores, due to the imminent release of Tokio Hotel’s new album. 
Car maker Audi hired the two frontmen to star in their new advertising campaign to attract the younger generation. They were featured in an episode of ‘Tokio Hotel TV’ (on Tokio Hotel’s website) and also in a commercial.

= = = Stigma (letter) = = =
Stigma (uppercase/lowercase � �), is a sign that was used in the Greek alphabet for the combination of the two letters Sigma (�) and Tau (�). It is also used as a symbol for the number 6 in the system of Greek numerals.

= = = Zeta = = =
Zeta (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "z" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 7. Letters that came from it include the Roman Z and Cyrillic �.

= = = Eta = = =
Eta (uppercase/lowercase � �) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. In very early Greek writing it stood for the consonant sound "h", but in Classical Greek it stood for a long vowel "e". In Modern Greek, it is pronounced as "i". In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 8. Letters that came from it include the Roman H and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the lowercase � is used to represent Dirichlet eta function. The same letter is also used to represent conformal time in cosmology, efficiency in telecommunications and elasticity in economics.

= = = Heta = = =
Heta (uppercase/lowercase ) is another name for the letter Eta (�), a letter of the Greek alphabet, and also for some other variant forms of it. This name is used to show that this letter at first was pronounced as "h", just like in Latin. Later, in the Ionian dialect of Greek, people stopped pronouncing the sound "h", and therefore they gave the letter a new meaning and used it for a long "e" sound instead. Some other dialects then took over this new letter "Eta", and so they had to find a new form for the letter for "h". In some dialects they invented a new letter "" to stand for "h". Today, the name "Heta" is also used for this letter.

= = = Theta = = =
Theta (uppercase � / lowercase �), is a letter in the Greek alphabet. It represents the "th" sound (as in "think") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. The Cyrillic letter � came from theta.
In mathematics, the lowercase � is used as a variable to represent an angle, and the uppercase � is used in big-theta notation (a variant of big-O notation). The lowercase � is also used to represent the potential temperature in meteorology.

= = = Iota = = =
Iota (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "i" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 10. Letters that came from it include the Roman I and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the lowercase formula_1 is used to represent the inclusion function in set theory. The term "iota" is also used to refer to an infinitesimal amount or an insignificant quantity.

= = = Lambda = = =
Lambda (uppercase/lowercase � �) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "l" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 30. Letters that came from it include the Roman L and Cyrillic �. 
In mathematics, the lowercase � is used as a variable for eigenvalues in linear algebra, and as the parameter of both exponential distribution and Poisson distribution. In physics, the same symbol is used as a variable representing wavelength. 

= = = Mu (letter) = = =
Mu (uppercase/lowercase � �) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "m" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 40. Letters that came from it include the Roman M and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics and statistics, the lowercase � is used to represent population mean and the Möbius function. It is also used to represent coefficient of friction, micrometre and muon in physics.

= = = Coat of arms of Haiti = = =
The first coat of arms of Haiti was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986.
It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom. 
The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: "L'Union Fait La Force" (French for "Union Makes Strength").

= = = Nu (letter) = = =
Nu (uppercase/lowercase � �) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "n" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 50. Letters that came from it include the Roman N and Cyrillic �.
In statistics, the lowercase formula_1 can be used to represent degrees of freedom. In physics, the same letter can also used to represent kinematic viscosity and the frequency of a wave.
When typesetting mathematics, sometimes the roman lowercase formula_2 is used in conjunction with formula_1, sometimes leading to problems with both letters being indistinguishable from each other in some fonts.

= = = Flag of Haiti = = =
The flag of Haiti was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.
The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the "Tricolore"); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.
From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

= = = Xi = = =
Xi (uppercase/lowercase � �) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "x" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. The Roman letter X and Cyrillic letter � came from Xi.
In mathematics, both uppercase � and lowercase � are used to refer to variants of Riemann Xi function (itself a variant of Riemann zeta function). In physics, the uppercase � is used to represent the cascade particle and xi baryon.

= = = Omicron = = =
Omicron (uppercase/lowercase � �) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "o" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 70. Letters that came from it include the Roman O and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics and computer science, the uppercase � is used in big-O notation, while the lowercase � is used in little-o notation (a variant of big-O notation).

= = = Pi (letter) = = =
Pi (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "p" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 80. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the uppercase pi is used for the Pi product operator (for example. formula_1), similar to the way summation is used. The lowercase pi is used as the mathematical constant pi, also known as Archimedes's constant.

= = = San (letter) = = =
San (uppercase/lowercase � �) was an old letter in the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classical standard form. It looked like the letter Mu (M), but was spoken like S. In the 6th century BC, people stopped using it and wrote Sigma (�) instead.

= = = Sho (letter) = = =
Sho (uppercase/lowercase � �), was a letter added to the Greek alphabet in order to write the Bactrian language. It was used for the "sh" sound in Bactrian. 

= = = Koppa (Greek letter) = = =
Koppa or Qoppa (uppercase/lowercase ) was a letter of the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classic standard form. It is no longer used in normal writing today. It was pronounced as "k", just like Kappa (�). In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it and it fell out of use. Kappa then replaced it. In the order of the letters in the alphabet, it came between Pi and Rho, just like in the Latin alphabet the letter Q comes between P and R. However, they kept Koppa as a sign for the number "90" in the system of Greek numerals, but in a third numerical form. People still sometimes use it in this way, even though they do not use it as a letter to write words.
The letter Koppa at first looked like a circle with a small bar under it. Later it was written more like a pointed S.
The letter Q in the Latin alphabet and the letter � in the Cyrillic alphabet come from Koppa. 

= = = Rho = = =
Rho (uppercase/lowercase � �) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "r" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. Letters that came from it include the Roman R and Cyrillic �.
In statistics, the lowercase Rho ("�") is used to represent population correlation. In physics, the same letter is used to represent density.

= = = Sigma = = =
Sigma (uppercase/lowercase � � �) is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic �.
Mathematics.
The uppercase � is the shorthand symbol for summation (the symbol is also known as the summation operator). It is often used to condense Taylor series and to write out trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent as series.
The lowercase � is used to represent population standard deviation in statistics, and permutation function in abstract algebra.

= = = Tau = = =
Tau (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "t" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 300. Letters that came from it include the Roman T and Cyrillic �.
Other Uses.
Some people want to use Tau in place of Pi, the special number that comes from circles. Tau would be equal to two times pi, or about 6.283.
These people want to use Tau because they think it would be easier for everyone to understand. There are many reasons in math why Tau could be useful or helpful. One of the simplest is that it would make learning about radians easier.
A radian is a way of measuring the angle of a circle. It says that the number of radians in an angle is equal to the length of the outside of the circle, or the 'arc length', that is covered by an angle, divided by the radius, or distance from the point in the center of a circle to anywhere on the outside (see the picture on the bottom right of the page).
If the distance covered around the outside of a circle is equal to the radius, than one radian is being covered. Around the whole outside of a circle, there are about 6.283 radians - or, Tau radians (Tau is just a number, like 0, or 7, or 100).
The advantage of this is that one quarter of a circle would simply become Tau / 4 radians, and one half of a circle Tau / 2 radians, which is more in line with our intuition on circles (see also the drawing below).
Not many people use Tau yet, but more and more are.

= = = Upsilon = = =
Upsilon (uppercase/lowercase � �) is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "u" sound in Ancient Greek and "i" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 400. Letters that came from it include the Roman U, V and Y, and the Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the uppercase formula_1 is used to represent the upsilon function (a variant of Riemann zeta function), while the lowercase formula_2 is used as a general variable. In physics, the uppercase formula_1 is used to represent an upsilon meson. In astrology, the same letter is used for the sign of Aries.

= = = Phi = = =
Phi (uppercase/lowercase � �), is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ph" sound in Ancient Greek. This sound changed to "f" some time in the 1st century AD, and in Modern Greek the letter denotes the "f" sound. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 500. The Cyrillic letter � came from Phi. In English, � is pronounced like "f" but transliterated (re-written) as "ph" in words which originate in Ancient Greek. In those words which originate in Modern Greek, such as feta cheese, � is transliterated as "f". The letter Phi is used to represent the golden ratio (which is about 1.618).

= = = Chi (letter) = = =
Chi (uppercase/lowercase � �) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "ch" sound (as in Scottish "loch" or German "Bauch") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 600. Letters that came from it include the Roman X and Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the lowercase formula_1 is used to represent characteristic function, chi-square distribution in statistics and Euler characteristic in geometry.

= = = Psi (letter) = = =
Psi (uppercase/lowercase � �) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "ps" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 700. Letters that came from it include Cyrillic �.
In mathematics, the uppercase formula_1 is used as a variable for sets of sentences (in logic), and the lowercase formula_2 is used to represent the sum of reciprocals of Fibonacci numbers. Other applications include the polygamma function, the gamma function and the super golden ratio.

= = = Omega = = =
Omega (uppercase/lowercase � �) is the 24th and the last letter of the Greek alphabet. It stood for a long "o" sound in Ancient Greek. It still stands for "o" in Modern Greek, but there is no longer a difference between long and short vowels, so it sounds the same as Omicron. In the system of Greek numerals, it stands for the number 800. 
There was also once a letter "Omega" � in the Cyrillic alphabet. It was there so people could spell Greek names both in Cyrillic and in Greek in the same way. However, this letter is no longer used today.
In mathematics, the uppercase omega � is used in big-Omega notation (a variant of big-O notation). It is also used to represent the Omega constant. In electromagnetism and engineering, the uppercase � is used as the symbol for ohms, which are the units of electrical resistance. In physics and other sciences, the lowercase � is often used to represent angular frequency. 
In modern English, the phrase "From alpha to omega" expresses the idea of "everything".

= = = Sampi = = =
Sampi or Disigma is a mysterious Greek symbol. Its meaning is still debated today. Some believe it to be a replacement of 'san'. Before that, it was a letter that was used in the Greek alphabet in a few Greek cities in the 5th century BC. At that time, it looked like or . It was probably pronounced like "ts" or "tch" in the dialect of those cities. Over time, it was changed from to or and at last to . Eventually, the letter came out of use, while it was still used to denote "900" in the system of Greek numerals.

= = = Aliteracy = = =
The starting-point for this is to realize that speech is a relative newcomer in human evolution. Recently evolved behaviours are almost always less reliable than long-existing functions. Speech is evolutionarily recent and is unique to humans. Reading is built on speech (presupposes it). If speech itself is an evolutionary novelty, how much more should we expect reading to be a difficult skill?
If that were not enough, the problem of aliteracy exists. This is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so. Teachers and school librarians are trying to deal with this problem. 
Fortune magazine article.
Stratford P. Sherman wrote, in a November 18, 1991 article in Fortune magazine, about the need for America to read more. He began by saying that most Americans could not understand the article. He referred to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading. He mentioned the continuing decline in newspaper sales, and referred to a guess by Leonard Riggio, CEO of Barnes & Noble, that 50% of books sold by his company were never read. He quoted Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book. Sherman went on, in his article, to mention the growing need for skillful commmunication in American business but also the decreasing quality of the same activity. He quoted Monsanto CEO Richard Mahoney on the importance of reading in helping a business manager to see connections between events. He described print media as being first among different media with respect to (1) the amount of information conveyed by so few widely understood symbols, (2) portability, (3) suitability for the user's own speed of use, and (4) economical distribution of broad and deep information which can be used immediately.
Sherman said that Motorola was making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach workers reading and other basic skills, and that, since 1982, Ford Motor Company had already sent 32,000 workers on a similar program. He said that Simon & Schuster predicted a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations. He quoted a spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters as saying that "the biggest predictor of scholastic success is the time parents spend reading to their children." However, Sherman said that the amount of time thus spent meant that the outlook was "not bright". 

= = = L'Anse aux Meadows = = =
L'Anse aux Meadows is a historical settlement on the island of Newfoundland in eastern Canada. It was settled by Vikings from Greenland, Iceland, and Norway around the year 1000, almost 500 years before Christopher Columbus came to the Americas. It is the only known Viking place in North America outside of Greenland. The remains of the settlement were discovered in 1960, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. 

= = = The Wealth of Nations = = =
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is better known simply as The Wealth of Nations. It was written by Adam Smith in 1776, who was a Scottish man. It looks at division of work, following self-interest, and freedom of trade.
The book was the beginning of classical economics, and market economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury or by the gold and silver in the country. 
Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labor, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.
Prices naturally adjust to having more or less of something: supply and demand. If there is too much of something (more supply), prices go down so that people have more reason to buy it. If a lot of people want something (high demand), there may not be enough of it (scarcity); there will be a competition among the people who want to buy it, and some people will agree to pay more to get what they want, and prices go up. 
Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.

= = = La Dessalinienne = = =
La Dessalinienne (, ; "The Dessalines Song") is the national anthem of Haiti, honoring Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The lyrics (words of the song) were written by Justin Lhérisson and its music composed by Nicolas Geffrard; it was adopted in 1904.

= = = Aisin Gioro Yuhuan = = =
Aixinjueluo Yuhuan (; ) (October 1929 – 23 June 2003) was a recent Chinese traditional artist in both traditional Chinese paintings and traditional Chinese music. He is also one of the few descendants of the royal family of the Qing Dynasty. He is the great-great-grandson of the Daoguang Emperor. He was born in the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing, China.
Art career.
In 1957, he joined the China Artists' Association, and in 1981 he was added into The Chinese Great Artists' Dictionary. He has won many art prizes in China dealing with Chinese traditional art, his pieces are mostly landscapes, people, and close-up flowers and bamboo.
Early art career.
YuHuan was an only son of Aixinjueluo Pu Shu Ming who has lived in the Prince Gong Mansion for some time after the Qing Dynasty was overruled. Good links to his uncle Pu Xin-Yu, who was a famous traditional artist of China, provided him with art lessons which set his appetite for painting Chinesetraditional art. In Junior High School, he has already started publishing his own comics on the newspapers, he became more and more interested in the arts, he eventually applied and was accepted by the Arts Department of the Beijing Normal University. The art he was taught at the Beijing Normal University was Western art although he was used to Chinese paintings.
Music career.
Artist YuHuan was also a sanxian musician, his lessons with traditional Chinese instruments started when he was a child, and still living in the Prince Gong Mansion. At his death, he had already mastered many difficult pieces and he played until his late 60s.
The Song of Qing Dynasty.
At the age of eight, he started to learn the sanxian, a 500-year-old Chinese three-string, plucked instrument. The song he learned was a song from the Qing Dynasty(the dynasty of his great-great-grandfather), it consisted of 13 pieces, with each piece about 20–45 minutes long. He did not learn all of the pieces of the song because his tutor only knew 13 of them (there were more that his tutor did not know); even so, it took him 2 years to master it, with courses of one 2-hour lesson per week. He had already passed on the song to a lecturer in the Central Conservatoire of Music in Beijing, his student also took two years to master it.
Influences.
The leaders of many countries and foreign ministers have met with Yuhuan and either bought or received his paintings as donations or presents, the countries include: Hungary, Germany, the US, Canada, Japan, and many more. He has also lectured in many universities Japan, Singapore and Indonesia. Galleries and exhibitions of his work were also presented to and hosted at many of the above countries.
Family.
Mr. Aixinjueluo has three successful sons, whose names are Aixinjueluo Hengyue(writer), Aixinjuelo Hengkai(artist), and Aixinjueluo Hengjun(IT specialist).

= = = New Castle, Indiana = = =
New Castle is a city in Henry County, Indiana, 44 miles (71 km) east of Indianapolis, on the Big Blue River. In 1900, 3,406 people lived in the town; in 1910, 9,446; in 1920, 14,458; and in 1940, 16,620. The population was 17,396 in 2020. The city is the county seat of Henry County. New Castle is home to New Castle Fieldhouse, the largest high school gymnasium in the world.

= = = Pop art = = =
Pop art is a modern art movement that developed in the 1950s and 60s. It was created by the Scottish sculptor and artist Eduardo Paolozzi in London, 1952. Andy Warhol, Robert Indiana and Roy Lichtenstein are examples of pop artists.
Pop art has themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising and comic books. Pop art employs images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art..
Origin.
The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1951, is regarded as the starting point of the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of "fine art". The group discussions centered on popular culture implications from such elements as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology.
At the first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled "Bunk!" that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947–1949. This material consisted of 'found objects' such as, advertising, comic book characters, magazine covers and various mass-produced graphics that mostly represented American popular culture. One of the images in that presentation was Paolozzi's 1947 collage, "I was a Rich Man's Plaything", which includes the first use of the word "pop′′, appearing in a cloud of smoke emerging from a revolver. After Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising.
Methods.
The artists use mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques which downplay the expressive hand of the artist.
Pop artists went for absolute clarity. Most forms were bordered with black lines as in comic books. The objects are often plain like a poster, and without perspective. The colours are clear, achromatic and primitive colours.
Objects of the everyday life get isolated and modified or processed in collages. Pop art is a connection between reality and art, handled with abstract means. Some of their catchwords are: popular, consumable, cheap, funny and outstanding.
Much of pop art is rather academic, as the unconventional organizational practices used often make it difficult for some to understand. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be the last modern art movements and so the precursors to postmodern art, or some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.

= = = Museum of Modern Art = = =
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is a modern art museum in New York, New York, United States, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been called the most important museum of modern art in the world. Some of the artists featured at the museum include Jackson Pollock, Vincent van Gogh, Andy Warhol and Robert Indiana.

= = = Rankine scale = = =
The Rankine scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. It is based around absolute zero. Rankine is similar to the Kelvin scale in that it starts at absolute zero and 0 °Ra is the same as 0 K but is different as a change of 1 °Ra is the same as a change of 1 °F (Fahrenheit) and not 1 °C (Celsius). Note that the abbreviation °R is ambiguous, as it can also refer to the Réaumur scale. 
The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvins (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F.
The Rankine scale was originally used in the United States and France.

= = = High fidelity = = =
High fidelity or hi-fi is a way of describing a very good home music system. "High fidelity" means that the sound is as close to the original as possible with no changes or added noise. People who like hi-fi are sometimes called audiophiles. Hi-fi is often now called "high-end audio".
History.
In the 1930s and 1940s, vacuum tubes were used to make radios and electronic amplifiers. Radio was becoming popular, and microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers began to be sold. Manufacturers began to compete to produce the best product. A lot of research was done at Bell Laboratories and products were made by Western Electric.
Then a new kind of vinyl record with less noise and better sound was invented. Manufacturers began to call their equipment and records "high fidelity" to help sell them. In the 1950s, "hi-fi" became the popular term, replacing "phonograph" and "record player". Rather than playing a record "on the phonograph," people would play it "on the hi-fi".
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westrex invented the stereo record that used two speakers. This led to more improvements in home audio. The word "stereo" replaced the word "hi-fi." Records were now played on "a stereo". 
Some people bought individual parts (separate speakers and amplifiers), and even built their own equipment. The term "high fidelity" is still used for very good music systems.

= = = Derby = = =
Derby is a city in the East Midlands region of England. It is on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, 233,700 people lived there. At that time, Derby was the 18th largest place in England.
History.
Origins.
The city has Roman, Saxon and Viking origins.
The Roman camp of 'Derventio' was probably near to Derby. The site of the old Roman fort is at Chester Green. Later the town was one of the 'Five Boroughs' of the Danelaw.
The town name is seen as 'Darby' or 'Darbye' on early modern maps, such as that of Speed (1610).
Modern research into the history and archaeology of Derby has shown that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons probably co-existed, occupying two areas of land surrounded by water. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (c. 900) says that "Derby is divided by water". These areas of land were known as Norþworþig and Deoraby, and were at the "Irongate" (north) side of Derby.
Modern History.
In World War I, Derby was targeted by German Zeppelin air bombers. They killed five people in a 1916 raid on the town.
All Saints Church was designated as a cathedral in 1927. That showed that the town was ready for city status.
In the 1920s and 1930s, slums were cleared out and people were moved to new council estates in the suburbs. There were also houses for sale there. Rehousing, council house building and private housing developments continued on a large scale for some 30 years after the end of World War II in 1945.
Derby became a high profile town internationally in sport following the appointment of Brian Clough as manager of Derby County F.C. in 1967. Promotion to the Football League First Division was achieved in 1969, and County won of the English league three years later. Following the Clough's resignation in 1973, his successor guided County to another league title in 1975, but this is the club's last major trophy to date; relegation followed in 1980 and top flight status was not regained until 1987, since when Derby have spent a total of 10 seasons (across two spells) in the top flight. The club moved from its century-old Baseball Ground in 1997 to the new Pride Park Stadium.
Derby was awarded city status on 7 June 1977 by Queen Elizabeth II. Until then, Derby had been one of the few towns in England with a cathedral but not city status.
Despite its strategic industries (rail and aero-engine), Derby suffered comparatively little damage in both world wars (contrast Bristol and Filton). This may in part have been due to the jamming of the German radio-beam navigations systems (X-Verfahren and Knickebein), camouflage and decoy techniques ('Starfish sites') were built, mainly south of the town, e.g. out in fields near Foremark.
Sport and Culture.
Sport.
Derby has several sports clubs.
Derby's main football club is Derby County who've won the FA Cup and the Football League. There are also three senior non-league football clubs based in the city. Derby also had a short lived baseball team, which played at Derby's former ground.
Arthur Keily the marathon runner and Olympian was born in Derbyshire in 1921 and has lived his whole life in Derby. In Rome in 1960 he broke the English Olympic record, recording a time of 2hours 27mins.
Recreation.
Derby has the first public park in the country to have an arboretum, which is south of the city centre. The arboretum was set up by the philanthropic landowner and industrialist Joseph Strutt in 1840. The arboretum's website states that the arboretum's design was the inspiration for the vision of great urban parks in the USA, notably Central Park in New York City.
There are four museums: Derby Museum and Art Gallery; Pickford's House Museum; The Silk Mill and The Royal Crown Derby Museum.

= = = Stereo = = =
Stereophonic sound, also simply called stereo, is the reproduction of sound using two or more audio loudspeakers. This creates a pleasant and natural sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing. 
The word "stereophonic" comes from Greek "stereos" = "solid" and "phōnē" = "sound". It was coined by Western Electric.
In popular usage, stereo usually means two-channel sound recording and sound reproduction using data from two speakers. The electronic device for playing back stereo sound is often called "a stereo".

= = = Ely, Cambridgeshire = = =
Ely (; , rhyming with "freely") is a cathedral city in the East Cambridgeshire district of Cambridgeshire in the east of England and north north-east of Cambridge.
Ely has been called a city for a long time because it has a cathedral. However, the Royal Charter making it a city was only issued in 1974. Ely's population was 15,102 in 2001. This means Ely is the third smallest city in England. Only after Wells in Somerset and the City of London which are smaller.
The University of Cambridge rowing team has a boathouse on the bank of the river and train there for the annual Boat Race against the University of Oxford.
The 1944 Boat Race was raced on the River Great Ouse near Ely, the only time it has not been held on the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford despite Cambridge being ahead early in the contest.
Landscape.
Ely is built on an clay which is one of the highest points in the Fens. This is very different to the West of Cambridgeshire which is made up of limestone. The river Great Ouse runs through the city, and is one of the longest rivers in the UK with many others flowing into it. The drainage area of the rivers that form the Great Ouse is around 6000 square miles (16,000 square kilometres). This is five times larger than the Fens itself The landscape was a large marsh until the 18th century, when much of the Fens was drained, making Ely no longer an island. Because of this, the ground around the city is very fertile and most of the region is used for farming. The marshes also had many different animals in them such as the Eel, which the city is named after.
Climate.
Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in Britain. It is protected from coastal wind from the east. It gets an average of 24 inches (600mm) of rain per year. Because of this, Cambridgeshire is warm in summer and cold and frosty in winter.

= = = Tube sound = = =
Tube sound (or valve sound) is the sound produced by a vacuum tube-based audio amplifier. All amplifiers distort to some degree; some audiophiles prefer the sound produced by tube amplifiers. The reasons for the difference in sound between tube and solid state electronic devices is a continuing debate among audiophiles.

= = = Derby (disambiguation) = = =
Derby is the county town of Derbyshire. It may also refer to:
Places.
In Australia:
In South Africa:
In the United Kingdom:
In the United States:

= = = Gamma (disambiguation) = = =
Gamma is a Greek letter. Used as a symbol or name it may refer to:
Science and Mathematics.
The Greek letter gamma is used in both science and mathematics very often.

= = = Chi = = =
CHI could mean:
Chi.
Chi could mean:

= = = Mu = = =
Mu can be:
� is used as a symbol for:
In Asian languages:
Mu may also refer to:
MU may stand for:

= = = Nu = = =
Nu could mean:
In universities:
In other abbreviations:
In codes:
In music:

= = = Omega (disambiguation) = = =
Omega is the last letter in the Greek alphabet. See that article for more uses of the upper case (�) or lower case (�) letter as a symbol.
Omega could also mean:

= = = Phi (disambiguation) = = =
Phi could mean:

= = = Pi (disambiguation) = = =
Pi (math), formula_1, or �, is the mathematical constant equal to a circle's circumference divided by its diameter.
Pi may also refer to:

= = = Psi = = =
Psi could mean:

= = = Sound recording and reproduction = = =
Sound recording and reproduction is the storage of sound and playing it back so that a person can hear the same sound more than once. It is a process wherein sound waves are captured by a machine. The machine converts the waves into electrical signals or digital data, that are then stored on recording media (such as gramophone records, cassette tapes, compact discs or computer hard drives). The sound can then be played back by reversing the process.
Most recordings are of music, people speaking or singing, and sound effects. They are usually used for entertainment (fun), or for scientific and historical reasons.
Sound is recorded onto a medium by different methods. The ways that recordings are made have changed a lot since sound was first recorded.
Technology.
Analog cylinder.
The first machines for recording sound were mechanical, not electrical. The phonograph was invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1877. Phonographs have a spinning cylinder covered in a soft material such as tin foil, lead, wax, or amberol. Sound waves shake a small needle so that its motion carries the waves. As the cylinder turns, the needle draws the motion of the sound waves in the soft coating. This made the cylinder a recording of the sound that was in the needle.
This recording is played back by tracing another needle through the groove in the cylinder. This recreates the small vibrations in the playback needle. These vibrations could be amplified (made louder) to create louder, more audible sound.
The phonograph was useful for making single recordings, but a big disadvantage was the difficulty of making copies of the cylinders.
Analog disk.
The problem of copying recordings got better with the invention of the gramophone (also called the "phonograph" in American English) around 1888. The gramophone works in much the same way as the phonograph, but instead of a cylinder, the needle's grooves are etched into a disk record which turns on a spinning table. Because the record media was flat, copying recordings was much simpler. Pressing the original recording onto a plate of shellac created a negative master, where the grooves were bumps on the surface instead of being scratched into the surface. The master could be used to produce many copies through the opposite process.
The first records were made mostly of rubber or shellac, but later records were made of vinyl.
Originally, records spun at a rate of 78 rotations per minute, or 78 rpm. As technology got better, records could spin more slowly, but still reproduce sound better and play for longer amounts of time. 45 rpm became common in the middle 20th century, and by the late 1900s most records were 33 rpm.
Tape.
In the late 1930s the tape recorder appeared. Tape recorders use a magnetic tape as a medium, with a "recording head" to store the sound on the tape. Sound waves are converted into an electrical signal inside the recorder. This signal goes into the head, where it changes the polarity of very small magnets. Tape moves past the head at a constant speed, and its magnetic particles are rearranged by these magnets to a pattern that represents the sound wave. These magnetic patterns are much like the small grooves of a cylinder or disc record in the way that they represent the vibration energy of sound waves.
When a tape is played back, it runs past a "playback head" which reads the magnetic patterns off the tape and converts them back into an electrical signal. The electrical signal can then be converted into sound waves or copied to some other kind of sound-processing machine.
A magnetic tape is divided into several "tracks". Each track uses up part of the width of the tape, and can store a completely different recording that can be played back at the same time as the other tracks. A two-track tape has one track on half of the tape and another track on the other half. A four-track tape has four tracks all lying next to one another, like a highway with four lanes. Most tape recordings today are stereophonic (or "stereo"), meaning that they have two tracks which are meant to be played together. Usually one is played on the listener's left side and the other is on the listener's right side, to match the listener's two ears.
Early tapes were wound flat on a storage reel and transferred to a "take-up reel" as they were recorded or played. After recording or playback, they were "rewound" so that they were stored only on the storage reel. This kind of system is usually called "reel to reel" today. It is still used today for some professional recording and playback, but for home use reels were mostly replaced with other kinds of tape in the 1970s. Cassettes are small cartridges containing two reels inside. Cassettes move a four-track tape in either of two directions, corresponding to their "side A" and "side B" labels. The reel on the left contains the unplayed or unrecorded tape, and the reel on the right contains the tape that has already passed the recording or playback head. When you turn the cassette over, the tape still moves from left to right, but this is really the opposite direction. The "side A" recording plays two tracks as stereo, and the "side B" recording plays the other two.
Eight-track tapes were popular for a while in the 1970s and 1980s. Eight-tracks work much like cassettes, but the tape is a loop: it repeats after being played all the way through. Because it has eight tracks, there are four "programs" to select from, each in stereo. Eight-tracks are not very popular anymore, but can still be found in hobbyist collections.
Professional tape-recording systems may have even more tracks, or might use them differently. Usually a system like this is designed to allow someone to mix the tracks in different ways than they were originally recorded. However, there is a kind of recording called quadraphonic that uses four-track tape to play four different tracks at the same time. A good quadraphonic recording can sound much more "real" than stereo or monophonic recordings.
Digital Audio Tape.
Tape recording technology was used from the early days of computing to store digital information. As computer technology improved, so did magnetic tape technology. In the 1980s Digital Audio Tape (DAT) technology emerged. DAT is designed to work much like cassette, except DAT's magnetic patterns represent digital data instead of sound vibrations. This digital data is a digital audio recording which can be copied and reproduced with many different computer systems. Moving to digital takes the medium one step farther from the original sound. Instead of being a sound medium, the DAT is a data medium, and the data is a sound medium. This is more technically complex, but also more flexible. DAT has been used for many kinds of data recording, in addition to sound.
Compact Disc.
The compact disc (CD) medium was developed in the 1980s as a new way to bring digital recordings of music to the market. Except for the introduction of the CD-ROM and several kinds of recordable CD, the CD has not changed much since then. Like DAT, it is a data medium rather than a way of recording vibrations directly. It was introduced to provide music in a way that is cheap for manufacturers but relatively high-quality, but it has since been adapted to meet many data-storage needs. Like DAT, the CD requires computer technology to record and to play.
By the 1990s, CDs had replaced cassettes and records as the main kind of commercial music media. Today, although CDs are still very popular, "online" digital recordings like MP3s are gaining fast.
Techniques.
The earliest methods of recording sound involved the live recording of the performance directly to the recording medium. This was an entirely mechanical process, often called "acoustical recording". The sound of the performers was captured by a diaphragm with the cutting needle connect to it. The needle made the grooves in the recording medium.
To make this process as efficient as possible the diaphragm was located at the apex of a cone and the performer(s) would crowd around the other end. If a performer was too loud then they would need to move back from the mouth of the cone to avoid drowning out the other performers. As a result of this, in early Jazz recordings a block of wood was used in place of the bass drum.
The introduction of electrical recording made it possible to use microphones to capture the sound of the performance. The leading record labels switched to the electric microphone process in 1925, and most other record companies followed their lead by the end of the decade. Electrical recording increased the flexibility and sound quality. However once the performance was still cut to the recording medium, so if a mistake was made the recording was useless.
Electrical recording made it possible to record one part to disc and then play that back while playing another part, recording both parts to a second disc. This is called "over-dubbing". The first commercially issued records using over-dubbing were released by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the late 1920s. However overdubbing was of limited use until the introduction of analog audio tape. Use of tape overdubbing was pioneered by Les Paul and is called 'sound on sound' recording. In this way performances could be built up over time.
The analog tape recorder made it possible to erase or record over a previous recording so that mistakes could be fixed. Another advantage of recording on tape is the ability to cut the tape and join it back together. This allows the recording to be edited. Pieces of the recording can be removed, or rearranged. See Audio editing
The introduction of electronic instruments (especially keyboards and synthesisers), effects and other instruments has led to the importance of MIDI in recording. For example, using MIDI timecode, it is possible to have different equipment 'trigger' without direct human intervention at the time of recording.
In more recent times, computers (digital audio workstation) have found an increasing role in the recording studio, as their use eases the tasks of cutting and looping, as well as allowing for instantaneous changes, such as duplication of parts, the addition of affects and the rearranging of parts of the recording.
History.
The French bookseller and printer Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville was the earliest known inventor of sound recording. It is believed he invented the first ever sound recording device known as the Phonautograph.

= = = San = = =
San or SAN (acronym) may refer to:
In mathematics:
In technology:
In biology:
In history:
In fiction:
In geography:
In organizations and groups:
In transportation:
In Music:
In other languages:
Other uses:

= = = Sho = = =
Sho could mean: 
Shō could mean several things:

= = = Stigma = = =
Stigma (plural: stigmata) may refer to:
In biology:
In discrimination:
In literature:
In music:
In sociology:
In other fields:

= = = Storage area network = = =
A Storage area network (SAN) is a computing solution for accessing and storing data. To the user, Storage Area Networks appear to be local to the operating system, but they are actually remote.
To understand the difference between a SAN and Network Attached Storage (NAS), the difference between the file system and storage must be made clear.
The file system is the interface that allows the user to access their data that is stored in physical storage (such as hard disks). From the point of view of the user, their data is saved as files. The file system takes care of storing the file data, which might actually be broken up into pieces and stored in different locations in storage.
On a personal computer, the file system and storage are on the same machine (Direct Attached Storage). In Network Attached Storage, the file system and storage are on a remote server. In a Storage Area Network, the file system is on the local machine, and the storage is on a remote machine.

= = = Zeta (disambiguation) = = =
Zeta or ZETA can refer to:

= = = Rings of Saturn = = =
The rings of Saturn are the planetary rings around the planet Saturn, which can be seen with a small telescope. They consist of many small particles, ranging in size from microscopic to the size of a bus (or bigger) that form clumps that move around Saturn. The particles in the rings are made almost entirely of water ice, with just a small amount of dust and other chemicals. There are some gaps in the rings. The moon Pan causes the gap called the "Encke gap" in Saturn's A ring. The "Cassini Division", discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, is a gap between the A ring and the B ring. It is a product of orbital resonance.

= = = Network-attached storage = = =
Network attached storage (or NAS) is a computing solution. It means that storage (like a number of hard disks) is put on a computer network, so different users can access it. Today, boxes that already can do this are available rather cheaply. Also, such boxes can be built easily using a small or old computer. NAS is similar to, but easier to set up than a Storage area network.

= = = Republic of Lakotah = = =
The Republic of Lakotah is a proposed enclave nation inside the United States. It was created by a Native American group called the "Lakotah Freedom Delegation". The group believes that the Republic of Lakotah should be treated as a separate country. At the moment, no other country agrees that it is. The area includes parts of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana.
Background.
When European settlers first came to North America, the had been living there for thousands of years. The Lakotah are a Native American tribe that lives in the north central part of the United States. The Lakotah first signed treaties with the United States in the 1800s. Since that time, the Lakotah have been citizens of the United States. 
The Lakotah Freedom Delegation espouses principles aligned with that of the global movements, and has stated several reasons for its assertion of sovereignty, all a result of what they refer to as the " " of the in the United States. The group claims that control by the United States has led to massive unemployment, poverty, and disease among the Lakota peoples and alleges that 150 years of U.S. administration is responsible for the statistical poverty of Lakota lands. The group claims that withdrawal from the United States will reverse these problems, and help re-establish the and culture. The group claims there have been persistent violations by the United States of their treaties with the Lakota. 
On December 17, 2007, the Lakotah Freedom Delegation, consisting of Russell Means, Tegheya Kte (also known as Garry Rowland), Duane "Canupa Gluha Mani" Martin, and Phyllis Young, traveled to Washington D.C. and delivered declaring that Lakotah tribe should no longer be a part of the United States. They wanted to return to the way things were before they signed the treaties.
They drew up borders for the Republic. The area included parts of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana. No other country has supported them. Most people feel these are to still belong to the United States.
Reasons for wanting independence.
In December 2007, the Lakotah Freedom Delegation traveled to Washington, D.C. to speak with the State Department. They said that the Lakota were withdrawing from several treaties that had been signed with the United States citing violations by the federal government. For example, the US and the Lakotah made an agreement called the . It said that the Lakotah could keep the Black Hills. The Black Hills are a very sacred place for the Lakotah. The US broke the agreement and invaded the Black Hills when gold was found there. Today, the Black Hills is home to the National monument of Mount Rushmore.
The group does not think that the Republic of Lakotah is a new country but that it is an old country that has been revived. None of the existing, recognized, Lakota tribal governments support the proposed republic, and they were not consulted about the proposal. Traditionally, a vote is needed to change a treaty. Seventy-five percent of the Lakotah males need to vote to approve the change. There was no vote on the plans to create the Republic of Lakotah.
The group argues that it is legal for the Lakotah to be its own country. They have referenced the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article Six of the United States Constitution and the United Nations to support their plans.
In a news release on January 15, 2008, the Republic of Lakotah proposed that independence from the United States might follow a , and suggested that the independence process could resemble that of the , , the , or the .
Government.
Proposed boundaries.
The proposed boundaries of Lakotah would be the to the north, the to the south, the to the east and an irregular line marking the west. These borders coincide with those set by the . The Republic of Lakotah announced its provisional capital as , with hopes in the long run to move the administration closer to .
Proposed governmental structure.
Citizenship in the proposed republic would be open to people of all and to any resident of the land Lakotah claims. The group said they planned to issue their own passports and driver licenses in the name of the proposed nation. The group proposed that the nation be organized as a that would respect the of ' and '; would offer "individual liberty through community rule;" and would collect no nationwide taxes. Individual communities within the proposed nation, however, would be allowed to levy taxes with the consent of the taxed. Means suggested that the proposed nation should not use but instead adopt a . Means stated that this system of government is derived from the traditional Lakota government system, saying, "...we are going to implement how we lived prior to . Each community will be a mini-state unto itself... They will form the federation known as Lakotah." Leaders of communities would be informally chosen by of the community.
On January 1, 2008, the republic announced that it would begin to file the on all U.S. government-held lands within their claimed borders; however, the first round of liens, in an unnamed county in South Dakota, were rejected. In July 2008, Means announced that the Republic of Lakotah would be creating an all-Lakota "grand jury" to investigate corruption by U.S. government officials on the seven reservations in the republic's claimed territory. In early 2008, Means stated that he intended to treat the result of the upcoming 2008 , in which he was a candidate, as a "/" on Lakota independence. He lost that election 1,918 to 2,277.
At the moment, supporters of the Lakotah Freedom Delegation are in discussion over the name of the country. Some people like the name "Republic of Lakotah." Others prefer "Lakotah Oyate" where "Oyate" is the Lakotah word meaning "nation".
Response.
Federal government.
The referred queries on the subject of Lakotah to the , which oversees the . Gary Garrison of the BIA said that the group's withdrawal "doesn't mean anything." He went on to say, "These are not legitimate tribal governments elected by the people ... when they begin the process of violating other people's rights, breaking the law, they're going to end up like all the other groups that have declared themselves independent—usually getting arrested and being put in jail."
Regarding the government response, or lack thereof, Russell Means stated that, "I don't expect the federal government to do anything. I don't believe they even know what to do."
Lakota tribes.
Contrary to Means' claims, none of the existing Lakota tribal governments supported the proposed republic, and they were not consulted about the proposal. "" reporter Bill Harlan reported on his that "...most folks I talk to hadn't heard about the declaration. The ones who had heard the news, to a person, did not want to talk about it on the record." The "Journal" noted that "...there were no tribal presidents in the group which made the announcement, no one from the top ranks of any of the Lakota Sioux tribes..." Nanwica Kciji, an and first president of the Native American Journalists Association, has discredited the December 2007 developments, arguing that the Lakotah Freedom Delegation "never considered that treaties are made between nations and not individuals." According to scholar Hiroshi Fukurai, "...the declaration of independence by the Republic of Lakotah in 2007 has been largely ignored by the US, as well as by the UN and its Member States."
Other tribal governments and domestic groups.
Rodney Bordeaux, chairman of the , said that has no interest in joining the Republic of Lakotah and said that the Lakota Freedom Delegation never presented their plan to the tribal council. Bordeaux stated that the group does not represent the Lakota people nor the support of the elected tribal governments. He did say, however, that Means "...made some good points". Joseph Brings Plenty, chairman of the , agreed that the Lakota Freedom Delegation "...are not representative of the nation I represent..." but would not say whether he agreed or disagreed with their goals and message, noting there was some value in the group's actions in raising awareness for the history of the Lakota people.
The , in an announcement dated December 21, 2007, "applauded" the independent Lakota nation and granted it "full recognition". The secessionist movement has also announced its support, and encouraged other American Indian groups to similarly declare independence from the United States.
International contacts.
In February 2008, the Lakotah Freedom Delegation handed over a formal petition, asking for recognition of the Republic of Lakotah, to the embassies of , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . 
According to Means, Venezuela's ambassador to the United States stated to the group that his country would not recognize Lakotah's independence based on Venezuela's interpretation of what the Lakotah Freedom Delegation is doing.

= = = Chanson = = =
Chanson is the French word for "song". The word is often used in music to mean any song with French words, but it is more often used when talking about songs in which lyrics have been set to music by French classical composers.
Very often "chansons" refers to the French songs that were sung in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. People who sang these chansons were called "chansonniers". They had various forms, including ballade, rondeau and virelai. Some composers at the time liked to set popular poetry to music. The earliest chansons were for two, three or four voices, many of them being for three voices. By the 16th century most were for four voices. Sometimes, the singers were accompanied by instruments. 
Early chansons.
The first important composer of chansons was the medieval composer Guillaume de Machaut. In the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois wrote many simple chansons. Later Johannes Ockeghem and Josquin des Prez composed chansons which had lots of imitation between the voices. Clément Janequin wrote more simple, homophonic chansons. He worked in the area around Paris. Later composers such as Orlando de Lassus were influenced by the Italian madrigal. The style of music started to be used in music for instruments.
The first book of sheet music printed from movable type was "Harmonice Musices Odhecaton", a collection of 96 chansons by many composers, published in Venice in 1501.
Later chansons.
During the 16th century French songs started to be composed with lute or keyboard accompaniment. In the 19th century many composers wrote songs with piano accompaniment. These chansons were often called mélodies.
Popular Chanson.
In France today "chanson" often refers to the work of more popular singers such as Georges Brassens, Jacques Brel, Édith Piaf, Camille, Olivia Ruiz.
French chansons of Jacques Brel have been translated and are interpreted in English by Arnold Johnston, Professor at West Michigan University. More than 100 chansons of Brel, Brassens, Barbara, Bécaud, Ferrat, Aznavour, Trenet et Ferré have been translated and are interpreted in German language by the Duo Stéphane & Didier (see www.deutsche-chanson-texte.de).

= = = A-type asteroid = = =
A-type asteroids are fairly uncommon closer asteroids that have a strong, broad 1 �m olivine feature and a very reddish spectrum shortwards of 0.7 �m. They are thought to come from the completely differentiated mantle of an asteroid.
A-type asteroids are so rare that as of 2005 only 17 had been found.

= = = C-type asteroid = = =
C-type asteroids are asteroids made of carbonates. They are the most common variety taking up around 75% of known asteroids, and an even higher percentage in the farther part of the belt beyond 2.7 AU, which is dominated by this asteroid type. The amount of C-types may actually be higher than this, because C-types are much darker than most other asteroid types except D-types and others common only at the extreme farther edge of the Main Belt.
Characteristics.
This type of asteroid has very similar spectra to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (types CI and CM), whose chemical make-up is about the same as the Sun and the primitive solar nebula, except that they do not contain hydrogen, helium and other volatiles. Hydrated (water-containing) minerals are present.
C-type asteroids are very dark with albedos usually in the 0.03 to 0.10 range. Consequently, whereas a number of S-types can normally be viewed with binoculars at opposition, even the biggest C-types require a small telescope. The potentially brightest C-type asteroid is 324 Bamberga, but that object's very high eccentricity means it rarely reaches its maximum magnitude.
Their spectra contain moderately strong ultraviolet absorption at wavelengths below about 0.4 �m to 0.5 �m, while at longer wavelengths they are very featureless but slightly reddish. The so-called "water" absorption feature around 3 �m, which can be a sign of water content in minerals is also present.
The biggest unequivocally C-type asteroid is 10 Hygiea, although the SMASS classification places the biggest asteroid 1 Ceres, here as well, because that scheme lacks a G-type.

= = = Marcus Aemilius Lepidus = = =
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (born 88/89 BC, died 12/13 BC) was a Roman politician. He was one of the closest men to Julius Caesar. He was Caesar's deputy in Rome when Caesar was away from Rome defeating Pompey in the battle of Pharsalus in Greece. He served as "Pontifex Maximus" (High Priest) after Caesar's death. 
Together with Octavian and Mark Antony he formed the Second Triumvirate to oppose the conspirators. The Triumvirate was set up to sideline the Consuls and Senate, which means it was the effective end of the Roman Republic.
Lepidus was older than the other two triumvirs. After the Battle of Philippi, he governed Spain and part of North Africa. He was blamed for a revolt in Sicily. This gave Octavian the excuse to strip him of his offices, except for Pontifex Maximus. He died peacefully in Circeii in Italy about end 12 to early 13 BC.

= = = Chicago (disambiguation) = = =
Chicago, Illinois is the third largest city in the United States of America.
"Chicago" may also mean:
There are several Chicago schools of thought, generally named after distinguished programs of the University of Chicago. These include:
In Entertainment:

= = = Lacrosse = = =
Lacrosse, invented by the Native Americans, is a popular team sport in North America and a national summer sport for Canada. It involves the use of nets, or "heads" as they are called, which consist of a wooden or metal shaft with a net on the end. Hockey is a game based on this sport. Lacrosse is the most growing sport in the world. It is also the fastest sport on 2 feet 
There are about three different forms of lacrosse based on the different Native American tribes or places of how they played it. One of the ways still played today is called double stick; you play by using a two and a half foot stick in each hand and tossing a deer skin ball in between the two sticks.
The name “lacrosse” was named by the French settlers; with “Crosse” meaning curved stick it is called the curved stick. Lacrosse played a more serious role in Native American culture than anywhere else. It was often used to settle tribal disagreements. Lacrosse was not a very well-known sport until the late nineteenth century. Now more than half a million people are playing, making it the most growing sport in the world. 
How the game is played.
Lacrosse has two teams, each with ten players. There is one goalie(using a head much larger than a normal players), three defensemen(using a stick with a longer shaft), three midfielders and three attack men. The goalies defend the goals, and if the ball goes into the goal, the team who scored the goal gains a point. Whoever scores the most goals by the end of the game wins, with an overtime period being played if the game is tied. The game has four quarters and starts with a "face off" at the beginning of each quarter. A face off is when the ball is on the ground to start the game, and one person from each team fights for possession of the ball, but in women's lacrosse the game begins with a draw, where the ball is above the ground and it is pressed between 2 sticks and each team fights for possession of the ball

= = = Steve Reich = = =
Stephen Michael "Steve" Reich (Born October 3, 1936) is an American composer of music in the style of minimalism. He is known for his music made with tape recordings, and instrumental music with a steady beat (such as Music for 18 Musicians).
He also wrote pieces that used what is called a phasing technique. With phasing technique, two parts might be playing the same part but at slightly different speeds. It is almost like a canon, or round. He wrote pieces like these for piano, violin, and, again, for tape recordings.
He also composed such pieces like In C and Different Trains, some of his most popular works. Others include, Drumming, City Life and The Cave. 
The critic Kyle Gann has said Reich "may...be considered...America's greatest living composer."
On January 25, 2007, Reich was named the 2007 recipient of the Polar Music Prize, together with jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins. On April 20, 2009, Reich was awarded the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his "Double Sextet".

= = = Girl group = = =
A girl group is a music group with a group of female singers who normally harmonise together.
The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in English-speaking countries. It suggests the American female pop singing groups of the late 1950s and early 1960s. They were hugely successful for a time, between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion. Many of them were influenced by doo-wop style.
In the 1950s and 60s, the groups were mostly self-organised, girls who knew each other and often grew up together. The Chantels, for example, were four girl choristers from a Catholic high school in the Bronx, 1957. The Ronettes were two sisters and a cousin.p197 The Supremes were girls from a public housing estate in Detroit, Michigan. They were, and still are, America's most successful vocal group of all time. These groups had managers, of course, because they needed someone to deal with the music industry. But the managers did not set up the groups; they came after the groups were formed.
Later, almost all groups were created by public relations professionals to meet a market need. The Spice Girls were a good example of this. They were put together in the mid-1990s by a family management team. Their managers' idea was to create a girl group to compete with popular boy bands that dominated the pop music scene in the mid- to late-1990s. The Spice Girls sold most albums, and had the best-selling album of all time.
One obvious difference between the earlier groups and the later ones was in their social backgrounds. Earlier American groups, having grown up together, were all of the same social origin and colour. What is more, they had usually sung together, and socialised together, before they formed up as a group. This is also true of most of the earlier British boy groups. The later groups, on the other hand, were deliberately chosen for variety. This was done so that all sections of the audience would have at least one member they could identify with. They had not sung together, or maybe met each other, until their PR manager introduced them.
With the changing times, the marketing of popular music changed greatly, so that direct comparison of sales is not simple. but in many parts of the world digital sales are now the most important.

= = = Heath Ledger = = =
Heath Andrew Ledger (April 4, 1979 – January 22, 2008) was an Australian Oscar-winning actor.
Ledger started acting on television in the 1990s and then began acting in Hollywood movies. He was an important actor in many movies, including "The Patriot", "Monster's Ball", and "Brokeback Mountain". He acted as The Joker in "The Dark Knight". 
Ledger died in New York City on January 22, 2008. His last movie, "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus", came out in 2009.
Early life and family.
Heath Ledger was born in Perth, Western Australia. Heath and his sister Katherine were named after the two main characters in the book "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Brontë. Ledger went to Guildford Grammar School, where he started acting. When he was 10 years old, he acted in a school play as Peter Pan.
Career.
Early career.
When he was sixteen years old, Ledger graduated school early to become an actor. With his best friend, Trevor DiCarlo, Ledger drove across Australia to Sydney. He came back to Perth in to act in the television series "Sweat" which was on television in 1996. In this series, he played a gay bicycle rider.
In 1996, Ledger acted in the fantasy-drama television series "Roar". In 1999, Ledger had the main role in the teen comedy movie "10 Things I Hate About You". He also had the main role in the Australian movie "Two Hands", directed by Gregor Jordan.
2000–2008.
From 2000 to 2005, Ledger had main acting roles in many movies, like "The Patriot", "Monster's Ball", "A Knight's Tale", "The Four Feathers", "Ned Kelly", "The Order", and "The Brothers Grimm". In 2001, he won a prize called the ShoWest Award for the "Male Star of Tomorrow" for his acting in "The Patriot" and "A Knight's Tale". In 2003, he was named one of Australian GQ's "Men of the Year" for acting.
Ledger was given the "Best Actor of 2005" award from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his acting in "Brokeback Mountain". In this movie, he plays a worker on a ranch in Wyoming named Ennis Del Mar, who is in love with a rodeo performer named Jack Twist, who is played by Jake Gyllenhaal. He also was nominated to win a Golden Globe award "Best Actor in a Drama" and the Academy Award for Best Actor for this acting, but he did not win either prize.
Also in 2005, Ledger acted as the character Giacomo Casanova in the romantic comedy movie called "Casanova". This movie also included actress Sienna Miller.
In 2006, Ledger was asked to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 2007, he was one of six actors to act as different sides of singer Bob Dylan in the movie "I'm Not There".
Ledger acted in the role of the comic book villain The Joker in the movie "The Dark Knight". This movie follows the 2005 movie "Batman Begins". The movie was released on July 18, 2008. He was given respect and many awards for how well he acted in this movie, even though he died six months before it was shown in movie theaters. Some of these awards were the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Also after he died, the movie "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus" was first shown in movie theaters in 2009. Ledger was supposed to act as the main role of Doctor Parnassus, but he only filmed about half of the scenes before he died. The director for this movie, Terrry Gilliam, decided that the movie would be changed so that three other actors would also act as this character in some parts of the movie. The other actors were Johnny Depp, Colin Farrell, and Jude Law, who were all friends with Heath Ledger before he died.
Music.
Ledger started a record company with a singer named Ben Harper. In 2006, Ledger was the director of three music videos. The songs for these music videos were "Cause an Effect" and "Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)" by Australian hip-hop musician N'fa, and "Morning Yearning" by Ben Harper.
Public image.
Press reception.
Ledger had problems with paparazzi. It is said that he spat at and assaulted a photographer in Sydney in 2004. His relative is also said to have spat on a photographer in 2005. Ledger said this was not true.
Ledger caused problems after he was quoted in January 2006 in Australia's "Herald Sun" saying that West Virginia had banned "Brokeback Mountain" when it had not. He also said the state had lynchings as recently as the 1980s. These statements have been said to not be true by historians, who said that the last illegal public hanging in West Virginia happened in 1931.
Personal life.
From August 2002 to April 2004, Ledger had a relationship with actress Naomi Watts. They met when they both acted in the movie "Ned Kelly". Before that, he dated the actresses Lisa Zane and Heather Graham.
Ledger was engaged to actress Michelle Williams, whom he met while making the movie "Brokeback Mountain". They had one daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on October 28, 2005 in New York City.
In August 2007, the magazine "Us Weekly" said that Ledger and Williams ended their relationship. Ledger and Williams both said that the rumor was not true at that time. In September 2007, Williams' father, Larry, told the "Sydney Daily Telegraph" that Ledger and Williams had separated.
Death.
Ledger was found dead in his apartment in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City on January 22, 2008. Ledger's body was found by a housekeeper and a massage therapist, who entered the bedroom to find him face down on the floor with sleeping pills on a nearby table. The police said that it did not look like the death was suicide. They also did not think his death was caused by someone else.
On January 23, 2008, Ledger's parents and sister appeared outside Ledger's mother's house in Applecross, Western Australia and read a short statement to news reporters:
The Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd released a statement saying, "It was with great sadness that I have learned of the passing of Heath Ledger... It is tragic that we have lost one of our nation's finest actors in the prime of his life."
Awards and nominations.
If an award in this list is marked as "Nominated," it means that people were thinking about giving that award to Heath Ledger but chose to give it to someone else.

= = = Exposure = = =
Exposure comes from the Latin word "expōnere" which means to put out. It can mean:

= = = Exposure (photography) = = =
In photography, exposure is used to mean two things. Photograhic films or sensors have a certain senitivity. That means that a certain amount of light needs to be able to reach the film or sensor, before the image is correctly exposed. An exposure can also refer to a photo exposed that way.

= = = Bury (disambiguation) = = =
Bury can mean the following:

= = = Metropolitan Borough of Bury = = =
The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is one of the ten Metropolitan boroughs in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, England.
It was set up in 1974 from the county borough of Bury and the boroughs of Prestwich and Radcliffe, along with the urban districts of Tottington and Whitefield, and part of the urban district of Ramsbottom.
The metropolitan borough, has an area of .

= = = Metic = = =
In Ancient Greece, a metic () was a foreigner living in a Greek city-state ("polis"). The metic did not have the same citizen rights as a citizen who was born in the state he was living in.
The term 'metic' was especially used in ancient Athens in the 4th and 5th centuries BC. A notable metic was Aristotle, who was born in Stageira but lived in Athens for a long time.
Regardless of how many generations of the family had lived in the city, metics did not become citizens unless the city chose to bestow citizenship on them as a gift. This was rarely done. Citizenship at Athens brought eligibility for numerous state payments such as jury and assembly pay, which could be significant to working people. During emergencies the city could distribute rations to citizens. None of these rights were available to metics. They were not permitted to own real estate in Attica, whether farm or house, unless granted a special exemption.
Metics shared the burdens of citizenship without any of its privileges. Like citizens, they had to perform military service and, if rich enough, were subject to special tax contributions. Citizenship was very rarely granted to metics. More common was the special status of "equal rights" ("isoteleia") under which they were freed from the usual liabilities.
The system came to an end in Hellenistic Athens, when the purchase of citizenship became very frequent. The census of 317 BC gave 21,000 citizens, 10,000 metics and 400,000 slaves in Attica.
In the Greco-Roman world, free people (non-citizens) living on the territory of a polis were called "paroikoi" (see etymology of parish), in Asia Minor "katoikoi".

= = = Democracy in Athens = = =
The Democracy in Ancient Athens was very different from modern democracy. Citizens had the right to help govern but most people were not citizens.
To be classed as a citizen in fifth-century Athens you had to be male, born from two Athenian parents, over eighteen years old, and completed your military service. Women, slaves, metics and children under the age of 20 were not allowed to become citizens.
Citizens could be involved in the running of Athens and could be chosen for important positions. They were also allowed to own land. Citizens were between 10% and 20% of the total population at various times in the 5th and 4th centuries. 
The Ecclesia (Assembly of Men).
Ancient Athens had a direct democracy. This meant that each citizen had an equal say and opportunity in the governing of Athens. The citizens of Athens would meet on a hillside (the Pnyx) 30 to 40 times a year to discuss how to run the city better. Usually a few thousand actually came to the meeting.
All citizens could attend the meetings. People would stand on a raised platform called the bema to speak. Speakers wore a garland whilst speaking. Any citizen could speak.
All major decisions concerning the running of Athens were decided here – taxes, war, policy, etc. Any decisions were made by a show of hands.
A black pig would be sacrificed to the gods at the start of the meeting to make sure the meeting went well.
All democratic countries now have an indirect democracy. This means members of parliament are elected to make decisions concerning government. There are now too many people in countries for them to meet on a hillside, and many people are too busy to be able to go many times each year.
The Boule (Council of 500).
Cleisthenes, a democratic reformer, divided Attica into ten tribes in 510 BC. The Boule was made up of 50 male Athenian citizens chosen at random from each of the ten tribes (all over 30 years old). This meant that 500 men were elected, but only 50 served at any one time.

= = = Gucci = = =
Gucci, is an Italian fashion house (fashion design company).
It was started by Guccio Gucci (1881 – 1953) in Florence in 1909. Gucci is one of the most famous, successful, and easily recognizable fashion brands in the world. Gucci is now owned by the French conglomerate company, Kering.
BusinessWeek magazine says that Gucci made more than US$7 billion in 2006, and was 46th in the magazine's yearly "Top 100 Brands". Gucci is the second biggest selling fashion brand after LVMH. It is the biggest selling Italian brand in the world. It has about 425 shops around the world and it sells its products to other shops by franchisees and department stores.
History.
Gucci was started in 1906 by Guccio Gucci. In 1938, Gucci grew bigger, and a small shop opened in Rome. Guccio Gucci designed many of the company's famous clothes. In 1947, Gucci made the bamboo-handle handbag, which is still used. In the 1950s, Gucci also made the striped webbing (a type of material), and the suede and metal moccasin shoes.
Guccio Gucci's wife, Aida Calvelli had a large family, with six children, but only their sons (Vasco, Aldo, Ugo, and Rodolfo), not their daughters helped lead the company. After Guccio's death in 1953 , Aldo helped lead the company to being a major fashion shop in more countries. He opened the company’s first small shops in London, Paris, and New York. Arguments about inheritances, stock holdings, and day-to-day operations of the shops often divided the family, and caused alliances to be made. Gucci grew in other countries. Gucci decided to grow a lot in East Asia in the late 1960s. He opened shops in Hong Kong (China), Tokyo (Japan), and Korea. At that time, the company also made its famous GG logo (Guccio Gucci's initials), and the Flora silk scarf (worn most by Hollywood actress Grace Kelly), and the "Jackie O shoulder" bag, which was made famous by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, the widow of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
Gucci was one of the biggest luxury clothes companies in the world, until the late 1970s, when some bad business decisions and family arguments almost made the company bankrupt. At the time, the brothers Aldo and Rodolfo controlled equal 50% shares of the company. In 1979, Aldo made the 'Gucci Accessories Collection', or 'GAC', which was meant to increase sales for the Gucci Parfums sector, which his sons controlled. GAC sold small accessories, such as cosmetic bags, lighters, and pens, which were cheaper than the other items in the company’s accessories catalogue. Aldo gave control of Parfums to his son Roberto in an effort to weaken Rodolfo’s control of the overall operations of the company.
Aldo Gucci grew into new markets, such as an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC), so that in 1972 AMC Hornet small "Sportabout" car became one of the first American cars to give a special luxury made by a famous fashion designer. The Gucci cars had striped green, red, and buff material inside, as well as the Gucci's logos and outside color selections.
The "Gucci Accessories Collection" was popular, but it brought the Gucci strength down. After a few years, the "Parfums section" started to sell better than the "Accessories section". The newly-made wholesaling business brought the once-exclusive brand to over a thousand stores in the United States alone with the GAC line. This damaged the brand’s standing with fashionable customers. "In the 1960s and 1970s," writes Vanity Fair editor Graydon Carter, "Gucci had been at the pinnacle of chic, thanks to icons such as Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, and Jacqueline Onassis. But by the 1980s, Gucci had lost its appeal, becoming a tacky airport brand."

= = = Ghoul = = =
A ghoul is a monster from ancient Arabian folklore. Ghouls live in burial grounds and other uninhabited places. The English word comes from the Arabic name for the creature: ����� "ghūl", which literally means "demon". The "ghul" is a devilish type of jinn believed to be sired by Iblis.
The female form is given as "ghouleh" in Muhawi and Kanaana (see ref below). The plural is "ghilan".
"Ghoul" is also a shapeshifting demon that lives in the desert. The demon can take the form of an animal, especially a hyena. It lures unwary travellers into the desert. It will then kill and eat them. The creature also preys on young children, robs graves, and eats the dead. Because of this habit the word "ghoul" is sometimes used to refer to an ordinary human such as a grave robber, or to anyone who likes the macabre. 
The star Algol takes its name from this creature.
In Iran.
In Iranian mythologies, Ghouls are creatures very similar to humans, but larger. Usually they are less intelligent and not necessarily evil.
Most Persian speakers use Ghoul to describe large people (figuratively "giants"). This may or may not be considered an insult, depending on the situation.
How ghouls are shown.
Ghouls and ghoul-like creatures have been portrayed in different ways in fiction, including a series of dark fantasy, short stories by Brian McNaughton, a Michael Slade novel, "Ghoul", Larry Niven's "Ringworld" series, J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, "The Chronicles of Narnia", the works of Caitlín R. Kiernan, Laurell K. Hamilton's Anita Blake series, and Jim Butcher's The Dresden Files.
Literature.
Morlocks are a fictional species of cannibalistic ghouls, created by H. G. Wells for his 1895 novel, "The Time Machine". The Morlocks, as well as another supposed offshoot of humans, the , exist in the future world in the year 802,701 A.D. in "The Time Machine".
Bram Stoker's 1897 novel "Dracula" has a character that acts much like a ghoul. The character is named Renfield. Under the vampire's influence, Renfield becomes his willing slave. He develops a craving to eat living creatures in the hope of obtaining their life-force for himself. After being confined to an asylum, he considers eating a human hospital orderly, but finds he can only capture and consume flies, spiders, and the occasional bird.
In the fiction of H. P. Lovecraft, a ghoul is a member of a nocturnal race that lives underground. Some ghouls were once human, but a diet of human corpses, and perhaps the tutelage of proper ghouls, changed them into horrific bestial humanoids. In the short story "Pickman's Model" (1927), the first of Lovecraft's ghoul stories, they are unutterably terrible monsters; however, in his earlier novella "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath" (1926), the ghouls are somewhat less disturbing, even comical at times, and both helpful and loyal to the protagonist. Richard Upton Pickman, a noteworthy Boston painter who disappeared mysteriously in "Pickman's Model", appears as a ghoul himself in "Dream-Quest". Similar themes appear in "The Lurking Fear" (1922) and "The Rats in the Walls" (1924). Both of stories claim there are subterranean clans of degenerate, cannibals or carrion-eating humans.
In modern and contemporary fiction, ghouls are often confused with other types of undead, usually the mindless varieties of zombies. Although modern fiction (post-1954), particularly 1954's "I Am Legend", suggests that the latter beings share cannibalistic habits with ghouls, it is nonetheless generally believed that vampires and zombies prefer live prey.
In 's Dune series, a "Ghola" is a deceased person who has been brought back to life, via a secret, almost illegal Tleilaxu technology. Traditionally, the "Ghola" is stripped of memories from his or her past life and taught new skills. "Ghola" are often sold to nobles by the Tleilaxu as servants and retainers. Given their highly superstitious nature, Fremen are distrustful of ghola, despite the potential usefulness of the living dead. The ambiguity as to whether or not latent memories of the "old self" are still present in the ghola's mind is a long-drawn debate throughout the story. It has been suggested that the term "ghola" originates in Arabic, as do other terms in the Dune series.
Movies and television.
Although many screenplays have featured ghouls, the first major motion picture of this theme was the 1933 British movie entitled "The Ghoul". The actor Boris Karloff plays a dying Egyptologist who possesses an occult gem, known as The Eternal Light, which he believes will grant immortality if he is buried with it, and thereby able to present it to Anubis in the afterlife. Of course, his bickering covetous heirs and associates would rather keep the jewel for themselves. Karloff vows to rise from his grave and avenge himself against anyone who meddles with his plan, and he keeps this promise when one of his colleagues steals The Eternal Light after his death.
In 1968, George A. Romero's movie "Night of the Living Dead" combined reanimated corpses (zombies) with cannibalistic monsters (ghouls). With this, it created new movie monsters more terrifying than either of the two alone. The term "ghoul" was the one actually used in the movie. The term zombies came later, after the movie was released. Romero had never thought of them that way; he said he thought of the Caribbean creatures, when he heard the term "zombies".
The 1976 Turkish movie 'Milk Brothers' (original story by H. Rahmi Gurpinar's 'Ghoul') is a Turkish comedy. Here, a ghoul is a monster with extra power. Ghoul is a monster that was used to frighten little children in the old times, so here the ghoul is used to frighten not only little children, but as well big people.
The 1975 British movie "The Ghoul" (unrelated to the Karloff movie) stars Peter Cushing as a defrocked missionary whose son has developed a taste for human flesh while traveling in India. As the son's mind and body degenerate, Cushing has several young people dispatched and prepared as food for his offspring, whom he keeps locked up in the attic.
The 1975 anthology movie "The Monster Club" featured a scene where a village of ghouls stumbled upon by an unwary traveller (Stuart Whitman), who temporarily escapes the creatures with the help of one half-human girl, but he is recaptured when it turns out that the ghouls have representatives inhabiting our normal human world.
In the anime and manga series "Hellsing", ghouls are zombie-like creatures that are created when a "chipped" (technological) vampire drains a victim to death, or, in the Manga, where a vampire drains the blood of someone who is not a virgin. If fatally wounded, they instantly crumble to dust. They are under the control of the vampire who bites them, eat human flesh, and are intelligent enough to use firearms. It is not rare to see a vampire make a small army of Ghouls for attack or defense.
"The Ghoul" is the stage name of Cleveland-area horror television host Ron Sweed.
The Batman comics-based franchise, including the 2005 movie, "Batman Begins", has an antagonist named, Rā's al-Ghūl, whose name derives from the original Arabic name for the star Algol in the constellation Perseus meaning "the monster's (i.e. Medusa's) head".

= = = Most Haunted = = =
Most Haunted is a British paranormal television program based on investigating possible paranormal activity. It is shown on the satellite and cable channels Living, Living2 and Virgin 1 (Formerly Ftn), mainly for the UK market. It is also shown in the United States on the Travel Channel and on the W Channel in Australia. It is made by Antix Productions, and is led by Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie.
The show started their 10th series on February 19, 2008.
Production.
The team travel around the UK, and also Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States, investigating possible paranormal 'hotspots' for 24 hours.
The "Most Haunted" team.
Most Haunted has a main presenter, a psychic medium and a parapsychologist. The parapsychologist's role is to be the skeptic, and to give possible scientific suggestions for the paranormal activity that happens during the night. These are supported by some of the production crew, who appear in the show and generally have some involvement with many parts of the investigation as they are performing their normal crew role. Most of these on-screen crew members also take part in séances.
The show has also featured guest mediums. So far these have been Ian Lawman, Ian Shillito, Gordon Smith, Uri Geller and Kevin Wade. Some episodes have also included at least one celebrity. So far celebrities have included Vic Reeves, Nancy Sorrell, Gaby Roslin, Scott Mills, Mark Chapman, Simon Gregson, Sue Cleaver, Carol Thatcher, Paul O'Grady and Lee Ryan.
Former team members.
The following is a list of former team and crew members who have given a lot of their time to the show.
Controversy.
Many times, former "psychic medium" Derek Acorah was possessed by a spirit, sometimes evil or sometimes "lost and confused". One such case that exposed Acorah was at Bodmin Gaol, Cornwall. Before the filming, Acorah had been fed misinformation about a non-existent ghost of Kreed Kafer by the show parapsychologist Dr. Ciaran O' Keeffe. During the investigation, which was later broadcast, he presented the information as fact and even behaved as though he was possessed by the fictional ghost. O'Keeffe later revealed Kreed Kafer is an anagram of 'Derek Faker' in the "Daily" "Mirror". O' Keeffe exposed Acorah. The paper also claimed that O' Keeffe had exposed the rest of the "Most Haunted" team. O'Keeffe later reported that he had been grossly misquoted and misrepresented in the article, and produced a response outlining his version of the show based on his observations and findings, saying he had exposed Derek Acorah and NOT "Most Haunted". The show's presenter and executive producer, Yvette Fielding said in an interview that she believes it was a fake possession.
Although not mentioned by O'Keeffe, the "Mirror" article also brought into question unedited footage which appeared to show Fielding and Karl Beattie faking 'paranormal' occurrences such as ghostly bumps and knocks. Fielding denied the claims. Thus far none of this footage has come to light, leading to the belief that the "Mirror"'s claims were false. Videos purporting to show the team faking paranormal activity have often popped up on the web but show no proof.
Further controversy centred on Derek Acorah in Devon. On the first night filming "Terror in Torbay", Acorah mentioned a woman incarcerated by her jealous sister in the cellar of Lupton House, even coming up with the names Margaret and Eleanor. In this case, the facts were right, but the location was wrong. This is the well-known legend of Berry Pomeroy Castle which was to be the last night's location. On the final night, at Berry Pomeroy, Fielding reminded Acorah that he had mentioned the incarcerated sister two nights prior. Acorah glossed over his mistake and changed the subject.

= = = List of Most Haunted episodes = = =
Most Haunted is a British television programme based on a group of paranormal investigators (people who investigate things) going and doing paranormal investigations of places. The following is a list of episodes and locations for the series since it began in 2002.
Series 1 (2002).
Note: Most of these episodes were only 30 minutes long, however, some have been made the full hour and titled 'Most Haunted Unseen'. Footage added has a note that says that it is not part of the original broadcast. The first episode to be produced, and the last to appear in the series was "Michelham Priory". In Series 8, the team revisited this location to mark the 100th episode.
Series 4 (2004).
Note: Phil Whyman left at the end of the 4th Series.
Series 6 (2005).
Note: David Wells became a medium on this show in this series alongside the long-time favorite, Derek Acorah. This was the last series that Derek Acorah would be the medium in and he did not appear in the final episode at Sinai House. The original run for Series 6 was only to be 18 episodes, with the last 11 as Series 7, but due to the leaving of Acorah, the series was made longer.
Series 8 (2006).
Note: The last 3 episodes were meant to be from Series 7, but were made part of the eighth series. They are known as the "lost episodes" and had more guest showings from Medium Gordon Smith. Also appearing were Ian Lawman, Ian Shillito and Kevin Wade. Richard Felix departed the programme after Series 8 because their producers dropped his role from the show.
Series 9 (2007).
Note: The series became known as New Most Haunted after Episode 4 in the television listings on screen, with the word 'New' covering the corner of the logo for the show.

= = = Yvette Fielding = = =
Yvette Fielding (born 23 September 1968) is an English television presenter. She is the presenter of the shows "Most Haunted", "Most Haunted Live!" and "Ghosthunting with...". She is also the executive producer of the shows.
Early life.
Yvette was educated at Pownall Green Primary School and Bramhall High School in Bramhall, Stockport, in Greater Manchester and Poynton. She also attended Hillcrest Grammar School, Davenport.
Career.
Fielding presented the children's television show, "Blue Peter" from 1987 to 1992, and was the youngest ever person to do so; she was only 18 years old when she started. Previously, she had acted in the children's television comedy series "Seaview".
Since leaving "Blue Peter", Fielding has worked on television shows such as "What's Up Doc?", "Heaven and Earth", "The General" and "City Hospital", and also had acting roles in "Last of the Summer Wine" (making an appearance in the series while making a "Blue Peter" report on the show) and "Juliet Bravo". She also appeared as a regular alongside Fred Dineage and Toyah Willcox on a property-pricing based game-show called "Under Offer" made for Meridian Television.
She appeared in a guest-role in the popular BBC drama "Holby City" in 2007 and appeared in the ITV2 reality television programme "Deadline", finishing second.
Since 2002, Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie have both made "Most Haunted" for the British TV channel Living through their production company, "Antix." Viewers can see Fielding at many possible haunted locations around Britain, in the hopes for paranormal activity that could be caught on film.
Personal life.
Fielding and her husband have a daughter, Mary.
Eccentric British pop duo, Astrojade, started their musical career with a song titled "Yvette Fielding" as a homage to her and "Most Haunted".
She likes cars and has 3 Aston Martins, a Land Rover and a Range Rover.

= = = Eurotrash = = =
Eurotrash could mean:

= = = ASUS Eee PC = = =
The ASUS Eee PC is a very small laptop made by ASUS and Intel. It is designed to have a light weight and low price. It runs Linux as its operating system.
The name "Eee" (pronounced as the letter "e", IPA /iː/) comes from "the three Es," ASUS used in their advertisements for the device: "Easy to learn, Easy to work, Easy to play".

= = = Tutsan = = =
Tutsan () is a bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers. Its fruit are red berries, which turn black when they are fully ripe. The leaves and flowers of the plant grow and blossom in the spring and are shed in the fall. Its scientific name is "Hypericum androsaemum" L. The Tutsan has medical properties. A similar plant to it is the H. perforatum.

= = = Telluride Bluegrass Festival = = =
The Telluride Bluegrass Festival is an annual music festival held in Telluride, Colorado. The festival is put on by Planet Bluegrass. The festival mainly focuses on bluegrass music. It has had artists in the past such as Nickel Creek, Bela Fleck, and Chris Thile.

= = = Singer-songwriter = = =
A singer-songwriter is a person who writes and performs their own works. They often accompany themselves on a musical instrument. Singer-songwriters write the music, the lyrics, sing, play the musical instruments, and often manage themselves.
The term became popular in the 1960s. It referred to a specific type of performer who wrote certain kinds of music and lyrics.

= = = List of current champions in WWE = = =
World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., doing business as WWE, is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows. It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business. Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1963. His son, Vince K. McMahon is currently the chairman and CEO of the company and runs the company along with his daughter Stephanie McMahon and her husband Paul Levesque, better known as Triple H.
The company used to be known as the World Wrestling Federation or the WWF. They changed their name to World Wrestling Entertainment after a lawsuit filed by the World Wide Fund for Nature, formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund, which uses the "WWF" initials in the United States. In 2011, the company rebranded itself as WWE, although its legal name is still World Wrestling Entertainment.
Current champions.
Tables with a "Days recognized" column means that WWE officially recognizes a different number of days that a wrestler has held a title due to an event airing on tape delay. In some cases, particularly recent NXT UK events, the actual date an event took place is unknown.
Main roster.
Raw
SmackDown
Shared
The colors indicate the home brand of the champions.
Developmental.
NXT 2.0
NXT UK

= = = Complutense University of Madrid = = =
The Complutense University of Madrid (, UCM) is one of the oldest universities in the world and the top public university in Spain. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighbouring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón.
According to the annual university rankings conducted by "El Mundo", the Complutense University ranks as the top public university in Spain.

= = = Opera = = =
Opera is a drama set to music. An opera is like a play in which everything is sung instead of spoken. Operas are usually performed in opera houses. The singers who sing and act out the story are on the stage, and the orchestra is in front of the stage but lower down, in the orchestra pit, so that the audience can see the stage.
Musical numbers of an opera.
An opera is normally divided into two, three, four or even five acts. In older operas the music was mostly recitative and arias. During the recitative things would happen in the story. The aria was a song for a solo singer, a setting of a lyric. As well as recitative and aria there would be choruses. The chorus were a group of singers who sing in the crowd scenes. The opera would start with an overture for the orchestra. The overture would usually include tunes that are going to be heard later in the opera. 
In operas from the 19th century onwards there is often little or no difference between recitative and aria. Composers like Wagner wanted to get away from operas which had lots of separate arias in which the singers showed off, with the audience clapping loudly after each one. He wanted continuous music so that the mood would not be broken.
Sometimes operas have a lot of dancing in them. French opera especially would often have one act which was full of dances.
Types of opera.
Not all operas have music all the time.
Grand opera is opera which is all set to music.
Opéra bouffe (French) or Opera buffa (Italian) is comic opera. The story is very light-hearted and funny.
Opéra comique is a French term for opera which has some spoken words. Surprisingly it does not mean a “comic” opera. An opera like "Carmen", which is a tragedy, is still an opéra comique due to the fact that it uses spoken dialogues instead of recitatives.
Singspiel is a German term for a type of opera with lots of magic and fantasy in the story. There were spoken words between the songs. Mozart’s "Magic Flute" is an example.
Operetta is a short opera which is light-hearted and usually has some spoken words.
The singers.
Opera singers have to have powerful voices as well as a good technique. Most opera houses are very big, and the singers need to be heard at the back. They also need to be good at acting. They need to be able to learn their music quickly and to sing from memory. It is a help to be good at languages because operas are often in Italian, German, French, English or Russian etc. Some opera companies, like the English National Opera, sing their operas in English. Others, like the Royal Opera House, sing operas in whatever language they were composed in. Translations are printed on a screen above the front of the stage ("surtitles") so that the audience can understand what is being sung.
Although singers train to get a wide range (good top and bottom notes) they cannot be expected to sing any role in their voice range. For example: some sopranos may have big, dramatic voices, suitable for parts like Tosca in Puccini’s opera "Tosca". Some may have a very light and high voice, called “coloratura”, suitable for parts like the Queen of the Night in Mozart’s "Magic Flute". Some may have a medium range, called mezzo-soprano, suitable for parts like Carmen in Bizet’s opera "Carmen".
Very often in opera the heroine is a soprano and the hero is a tenor. Basses may often have the part of a powerful king, or he may be the bad guy.
Operatic conventions.
The 18th century lexicographer and critic Dr Johnson described opera as an “exotic and irrational entertainment”. By “exotic” he meant that it came from a foreign country (which in those days was true: all opera at the time came from Italy). By “irrational” he meant that the things which happened in the stories were strange and not like real life. A play can be like real life, but an opera is being sung, so things are not going to happen like they normally do in real life. A singer might be singing “I must go, I must go!” and he may stand on the stage and sing this for several minutes before at last he goes! A singer may be pretending to die, and will sing a beautiful song before he or she finally dies. These things are “conventions”, which means that they are a kind of habit we have to accept when watching and listening to opera. Another convention of earlier operas was to have the part of young men sung by women. This is sometimes called a breeches role or trouser role. They are often small parts such as page boys, or teenagers who flirt with older women, such as the part of Cherubino in Mozart’s " The Marriage of Figaro" or Oktavian in Richard Strauss’s "Der Rosenkavalier". It should be remembered that in the 18th century it was usual for the main female part to be sung by a man who was a castrato.
There are lots of famous operas, and the best ones have some of the greatest music ever written. The music could not have been written like that if it had not been written for opera. For example: Mozart is very clever at writing music where maybe six people are all singing different things at once because they all have different ideas about the situation in the story.
The history of opera.
Medieval Opera (mid 12th century)
One of the first operas ever written was by Hildegard of Bingen. Ordo Virtutum (Latin for "Order of the Virtues") is an allegorical , or , composed c. 1151, during the construction and relocation of Bingen's Abbey at Rupertsberg. It is the earliest morality play by more than a century, and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music.
A short version of "Ordo Virtutum" without music appears at the end of "", Hildegard's most famous account of her visions. It is also included in some manuscripts of the "Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum" ("Symphony of the Harmony of Celestial Revelations"), a cycle of more than 70 liturgical songs. It may have been performed by the convent nuns at the dedication of the St. church in 1152 or possibly before the at the convent .
Baroque opera (1600-1750).
The first Baroque opera ever written was performed in 1597 in Florence in Italy. It was called "Dafne" and the composer was Jacopo Peri. This opera is now lost, but three years later, in 1600, he worked together with another composer called Giulio Caccini to write an opera called "Euridice". The music for this still exists. It was nearly all recitative. This kind of writing was new, but if opera was to tell a story it was important to have a solo voice singing words that could be heard. They were trying to produce something like an ancient Greek tragedy. It was performed at a kind of club, called “camerata”, for intellectual (clever) people to a small audience. It was not great music, but the amazing thing was that there was a composer of genius around. His name was Claudio Monteverdi, and only seven years later, in 1607, he wrote the first really good opera: "Orfeo", which was produced in Mantua. Monteverdi must have realized that opera had the possibilities of putting poetry, music, scenery and acting all together. He took the kind of songs that were popular at the time and joined them with speaking or recitative. Later in life he joined these so that the music flowed more dramatically.
In 1637 the first public opera house was opened in Venice. Soon lots of theatres in Italy started to produce operas. The stories were usually about ancient times, like the Roman Empire or Greek myths. They started to put in comic (funny) bits to make people laugh. Soon there was opera in Paris, Vienna, Hamburg and in the small courts of Germany which in those days was lots of little countries, each with their own prince who ruled and who kept musicians at court. The composers who are best remembered today include Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) who was an Italian who moved to France and wrote operas for the French king, and George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) who was a German who moved to England and wrote operas for the opera houses in London. In Italy there were composers like Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676) who had been a choirboy in Monteverdi’s church choir in Venice, and Alessandro Scarlatti 1660-1725 who lived in Naples.
During this period, known as the Baroque period, the opera was an entertainment for the upper classes who went to the opera to be seen in public. Opera was a social occasion where you could meet people and talk, even during the music. Both the singers and the audience behaved in ways that we would think were bad manners.
Classical opera (late 18th century).
Christoph Willibald Gluck was a composer who tried to make people take opera more seriously. In 1762 he wrote an opera called "" which was performed in Vienna. It had lots of choruses and ballet numbers, like French opera, but the words were in Italian and the music really concentrated on the story rather than being just a display for clever singers to show off. Some of its music is very famous today, e.g. the "Dance of the Blessed Spirits" which is played on a flute, and Orfeo’s aria "Che faró senza Euridice?" ("What shall I do without Euridice?").
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart learned from Gluck’s ideas about opera. This can be seen in his opera "Idomeneo" which is about a Greek story. Other Italian operas by Mozart include: "Don Giovanni", "Le Nozze di Figaro" and "Cosi fan tutte". He also wrote operas in German: "The Abduction from the Serail" and "The Magic Flute". These are Singspiel: operas which tell magic and fantasy stories.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) only wrote one opera: "Fidelio". It is a story of a woman who rescues her lover from prison. Rescue operas were popular in France, but this one is in German. It is a serious opera about how a woman can save a man by being true and faithful.
Romantic opera (19th century).
In the 19th century Richard Wagner (1813-1883) continued Gluck’s ideas. Wagner had very personal ideas about how his operas should be performed, and he liked to train the singers himself. He wanted them to take the drama of his operas seriously instead of treating the music as a way of showing off their voices. He always wrote the libretti (words for the opera) himself, and they were always in German. They are mostly about serious subjects from German folklore and myths, although he did write one comic opera: "The Mastersingers of Nürnberg". Wagner used “leitmotifs” which means that there are tunes which are used for particular characters or ideas in the opera. This allows the music to develop with the story, and can be used in interesting ways. For example: when Sigmund (in the opera "Die Walküre") says that he does not know who his father is, we hear his father’s tune in the orchestra! The audience, of course, know (this is called: dramatic irony).
In Italy Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868) wrote lots of operas. There was no difference in style between his comic and his serious operas. Often the same overture was used for both. He wrote exactly all the notes that the singers were to sing, he did not want to leave it to them to improvise their own ornamental notes. Everything was carefully thought out. Musicians are not sure whether to call him a Classical or Romantic composer. Composers like Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) and Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) are definitely Romantic. They had the ability to write lovely lyrical tunes. The most famous Italian opera composer of the 19th century was Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). His music is not always continuous like Wagner’s. Sometimes it stopped for the audience to applaud. Verdi had a wonderful sense of drama, and could write beautiful melodies which captured people’s hearts. He loved Shakespeare, and based several of his operas on Shakespeare plays: "Othello", "Macbeth" and "Falstaff". 
The 19th century was the time when Nationalism was important. Composers were writing music typical of their own countries. Wagner, as we have seen, took German myths for his opera stories. In Spain they had their own kind of opera called “zarzuela”. In Russia Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857) wrote "Ruslan and Lyudmila" which was based on a Russian fairy tale. Other Russian composers include Alexander Borodin who wrote "Prince Igor", and Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) who wrote "Boris Godunov". Both these operas are about stories from Russian history. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) wrote a fairy tale opera "Sadko", and Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) used some very Russian tunes in "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades". 
Czech composers wrote national operas. The most famous Czech opera composers were Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904), Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) and Leoš Janáček (1854-1928). In France the most famous composer was Charles Gounod (1818-1893) who wrote an opera called "Faust".
Opera in the 20th century.
In the 20th century composers had many different styles of composing. This was true of all kinds of music, including opera. Richard Strauss (1864-1949) was really a Romantic, although almost all his operas were written in the 20th century. His harmonies show that he had studied Wagner’s operas. "Der Rosenkavalier" (1909) has lots of romantic tunes, although it is a story about Vienna in the Classical period. In Italy composers like Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) wrote operas in the verismo style. This meant operas with stories that felt like real life. The characters in the stories were usually from the lower classes. 
Alban Berg (1885-1935) also wrote operas about poor or simple people. He wrote an opera called "Wozzeck" which is the tragedy of a man who is too simple to understand that people are being unkind to him and using him. Berg’s music is often built on the twelve tone series which he had learned from Schoenberg. Stravinsky’s (1882-1971) "The Rake's Progress" is in yet another style called Neo-classical because the music is made to sound a bit like music of the Classical Period. In England Britten wrote many great operas like "Peter Grimes" and "Billy Budd". In Russia Dmitri Shostakovich wrote "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District". Most of them are about unfortunate people who want to be part of society but are not accepted. 
More recent composers who wrote operas include the Hungarian György Ligeti (1923-2006), the Polish Krzysztof Penderecki (b.1933), the English Sir Harrison Birtwistle and the Americans Philip Glass (b.1937) and John Adams (b.1947).

= = = West Sussex = = =
On 1 April 1974, the old county of Sussex in South East England was split into East Sussex and West Sussex. About 810,000 people live there.
Unlike many of the changes made by the Local Government Act 1972, the new counties are popular with the local people.
The ceremonial county contains the districts of Adur, Arun, Chichester, Horsham, and Mid Sussex as well as the boroughs of Crawley and Worthing.
The West Sussex County Council was formed in 1889 in the ceremonial County of Sussex. Because of the Local Government Act 1972, the East and West Sussex County Council took over the ceremonial responsibilities in the two halves with Mid Sussex and parts of Crawley being given to West Sussex from East Sussex.

= = = Avon (county) = = =
Avon was a county that existed from 1 April 1974 until 31 March 1996. It was in South West England. It was not popular, and was broken up between parts of Somerset, Bristol and Gloucestershire.

= = = Hereford and Worcester = = =
Hereford and Worcester was a county in England set up after 1974. It was not popular because Hereford and Worcester used to be two separate counties.
In 1997, the county was split up in Hereford and Worcester again

= = = Humberside = = =
Humberside was a non-metropolitan county of England. It existed from 1 April 1974 until 31 March 1996. It was not popular, because the north and south banks of the River Humber used to be in different counties, and there were no links between the two. Even the building of the Humber Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe at the time, did not encourage the two sides of the river to mix.

= = = Dave Farrell = = =
David Michael Farrell (born February 8, 1977), also known as Phoenix because he is believed to have a tattoo of a phoenix on his back, is Linkin Park’s bassist.
Biography.
Farrell was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, but when he was five he moved to Mission Viejo, California where he attended Mission Viejo High School. He graduated in 1999 at the University of California, Los Angeles. He can play bass guitar, electric guitar, cello and violin.
Farrell was a member of a Christian punk/ska band called Tasty Snax. While he was at the college, he shared the room with his friend Brad Delson, and they practiced together. 
He had to go on tour with the Tasty Snax so he could not play with Delson and his band. Then, Farrell left his band to play bass with Brad Delson in the band Xero in 1996 but then left in 1998. He then rejoined Xero now called Linkin Park in November 2000 and has been playing with them ever since.

= = = Audi = = =
Audi AG is a German automobile manufacturer with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, and has been an almost wholly-owned (99.7%) subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group since 1964. Audi AG was founded by August Horch and the current CEO of Audi AG is Rupert Stadler. 1909
Models.
old model range.
The following tables list Audi production vehicles that are sold as of 2021

= = = Armani = = =
Armani is an Italian fashion house (fashion designer company). It started in Milan in 1975 by Giorgio Armani and Sergio Galeotti, with $10,000. The company designs and makes several different types of things, including fashion accessories, clothing, cosmetics, fragrances, home decorations, jewelry, glasses, and watches.
Labels.
These are sold with several different named labels such as:
Armani Collezioni.
"Armani Collezioni" is a label from fashion designer Giorgio Armani. The label is more expensive than the "Armani Exchange", "Armani Jeans" labels but less expensive than the "Giorgio Armani" label(sometimes named the "Armani black label") and "Armani Privé".
The label is usually for older buyers who do not want new designs, but has older high quality clothes.
It replaced the "Giorgio Armani Le Collezioni" line. As well as being sold as the only product in some small shops, it is also sold in expensive department stores such as Harrods, Harvey Nichols, David Jones, Nordstrom and Neiman Marcus.
Emporio Armani.
'The label features high-end, ready-to-wear, and accessories. Emporio Armani line has a high quality in luxury fashion clothes and focus on trends and modern traits. Emporio Armani is sold in freestanding Emporio Armani boutiques in high-end department store and its official website'
Armani Exchange.
"Armani Exchange" (often "A|X") was made in 1991. It is for younger buyers, often in their older teenage years. It uses city fashion, quick and easy to wear clothes, especially T-shirts, jeans, polos, and sports coats. Armani Exchange is the cheapest of all the Armani labels and is mainly sold in the USA.
The label has 69 shops and 6 outlets in the United States and over 50 shops in other countries. The UK's first shops opened at Bluewater in Kent, "The Trafford Centre" in Manchester and in the Metquater in Liverpool.
Size.
At the end of 2005, sales were $1.69 billion.
Today, the company has 4,700 workers and 13 factories in the world. It has nearly 300 shops in the world, which are in 36 different countries. The company has started a very high-class collection named Armani Privé, which can be seen in the "Haute Couture fashion week" in Paris.
Armani Hotels.
Armani agreed in 2004 with Emaar Properties to make some expensive hotels in some big cities, such as London, Paris, New York City, Tokyo, Shanghai, Dubai and Milan. The company already has many cafes in the world, as well as a bar, a restaurant and a nightclub.
Emaar Hotels agreed to build and operate at least seven expensive hotels and three holiday resorts under the "Armani" name. Armani would design the inside of the buildings and the style of the hotels. The first hotel in Dubai is thought to be ready in early 2008.
The bottom 37 floors of the Burj Khalifa skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, will have the world's first Armani Hotel, and Giorgio Armani is also designing the inside of the skyscraper.

= = = List of Linux distributions = = =
Linux can be changed, so there are many versions and distributions of Linux, each containing different software or made for different purposes. A list of distributions can be found below:
Debian-based.
Debian is a distribution that only accepts free software. It is supported on many hardware platforms.
Knoppix-based.
Knoppix is itself based on Debian.
Ubuntu-based.
Ubuntu is based on Debian.
Gentoo-based.
Gentoo is a distribution designed to have highly optimized and frequently updated software.
RPM-based.
Red Hat Linux and SUSE Linux were the original major distributions that used the RPM file format, which is today used in several package management systems. Both of these later divided into commercial and community-supported distributions.
Fedora Linux-based.
Fedora Linux is Linux distribution by Fedora Project.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux-based.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux is based on Fedora Linux.
Slackware-based.
Slackware is known as a highly customizable distribution,generally considered a distribution for expert users.
SLAX-Based.
SLAX's distributions are known for be really good in branch of quality.
Others.
The following distributions either use another packaging system, do not use any, or are simply not categorized.

= = = Giorgio Armani = = =
Giorgio Armani (born 11 July 1934) is an Italian fashion designer. He was born in Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna. He is famous for designing men's clothes. He made his company, Armani, in 1974, and in 2001 was said to be the most successful designer to come from Italy, with a yearly turnover of $1.691 billion, and having $4.1 billion. 

= = = Calenzano = = =
Calenzano is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about 11 km northwest of Florence. Calenano has an area of 76.9 km2 and a population of 15,557 inhabitants.
Calenzano borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Campi Bisenzio, Prato, San Piero a Sieve, Sesto Fiorentino, Vaglia, Vaiano.
Connection.
Calenzano has a station on the regional railway connecting it to Prato, Florence, Pistoia and Lucca. It can be reached by road from the highway "A1". Buses connect Calenzano to Prato, Florence, Campi Bisenzio and Barberino di Mugello.

= = = Giorgio Armani (disambiguation) = = =
Giorgio Armani can mean:

= = = Silk tree = = =
Silk tree Albizia julibrissin is a species of genus "Albizia" from southeast and east Asia, from east Iran to China and Korea.
This Genus honoring Italian noble Filippo del Albizzi, who introduce it in Europe at middle XVIII century, sometimes incorrectly named "Albizzia". The specific name "julibrissin" is a corruption of farsi "Gul-i Abrisham" (�� ������) meaning silktree, by its flowers ("Gul" �� is "flower" and "Abrisham" ������ means "silk").

= = = Corbin Bleu = = =
Corbin Bleu Reivers (born February 21, 1989) is an American actor and singer. He appears as Chad in High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and . He was a guest star as one of Miley's friends, Johnny Collins, in Hannah Montana and as Spencer in Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. He also works in Disney Channel's original movie, "Jump in" working with Keke Palmer ("Akeelah and the Bee").

= = = Lucas Grabeel = = =
Lucas Grabeel (born November 23, 1984) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He played Ryan Evans in the Disney Channel's original movies "High School Musical" and "High School Musical 2". He is also known for playing a role in "Halloweentown High" and "Return to Halloweentown".

= = = WWE Championship = = =
The WWE Championship is a professional wrestling world championship in WWE for the men of the SmackDown brand. It is the first world title of WWE. The title is said to be the biggest prize in professional wrestling and millions of people around the world watch matches for it.
It is one of three world championships in WWE, along with the WWE Universal Championship (with which it is currently defended together as the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship) and the World Heavyweight Championship from the Raw brand.
History.
Beginning.
The WWE World Championship was created in 1963, and Buddy Rogers became the first world champion on April 29. It may have been created because of things that happened in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) which is a wrestling company (or promotion) that had many "territories" in North America and some around the world. In the 1950s, Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) was an NWA territory, and in 1963, people in CWC had a lot of control over the rest of the NWA. During this time, Buddy Rogers held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, the world title of the NWA, until Lou Thesz defeated Rogers for the championship on January 24, 1963. After an argument over who should have won, CWC left the NWA and created a new promotion called the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). The new company then made up a story for its new title, and said that the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship was separated from the NWA World Championship, and there was a tournament in Rio de Janeiro to decide a new champion. They said that Buddy Rogers won this tournament, by beating Antonino Rocca in the finals. (The tournament actually did not happen.) The WWWF came back to the NWA once again, and the WWWF was renamed to World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979. After WWF left the NWA forever in 1983, the championship was named the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, and later, the WWF World Championship or WWF Championship in the 1990s.
Importance.
In 1991, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), another NWA territory, created the WCW World Heavyweight Championship and it was just as important as the NWA world title. WCW then left the NWA and became a rival promotion to the WWF. Both promotions became popular, and fought the "Monday Night Wars". This was a fight to see who could get better ratings on TV. Near the end of the ratings war, WCW started to lose money, and the Monday Night Wars ended in March 2001 with WWF buying WCW. After that, WWF had all of WCW's videos, some of their wrestlers and championships, and other things. The group of wrestlers who were in WCW joining the WWF was called "The Invasion". After this, the WCW World Championship was made one with the WWF World Championship, at Vengeance 2001 in December. At the show, Chris Jericho beat The Rock to win the WCW World Championship, and Stone Cold Steve Austin to win the WWF World Championship. Because of this, Chris Jericho was the last WCW World Champion and the Undisputed WWF World Champion as there was no dispute over what the most important prize in professional wrestling was anymore.
Undisputed World Championship and going back to a normal world championship.
By 2002, the number of wrestlers in WWF was twice as big because they now had wrestlers from WWF before the end of WCW, and wrestlers who came from WCW and ECW. As a result of the increase, the WWF split its wrestler numbera with each half performing on one of WWE's two weekly TV shows - "Raw" and "SmackDown!". Each show also had different championships and bosses. This was called the Brand Extension. In May 2002, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and the championship was called the WWE Undisputed World Championship. After these changes, the WWE Undisputed Championship was not on "Raw" or "SmackDown" and wrestlers from both brands could challenge the WWE Undisputed World Champion. When Eric Bischoff became the General Manager of "Raw" and Stephanie McMahon became the General Manager of "SmackDown", McMahon brought the WWE Undisputed World Champion at the time, Brock Lesnar, to the "SmackDown" brand, and left the Raw brand without a world title. On September 2, after arguing about the brand that the Undisputed Championship should be on, Eric Bischoff announced the creation of the World Heavyweight Championship, separate from the Undisputed Championship. Then, the WWE Undisputed World Championship was called the WWE World Championship or just the WWE Championship. In 2011, there were two WWE Champions - John Cena and CM Punk. On the August 1 episode of Raw the Chief Operating Officer of WWE Triple H, announced a match to decide who would be the WWE Champion between Cena and Punk. At SummerSlam, Punk beat Cena to be the only WWE Champion, but that night Alberto Del Rio cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and became the new WWE Champion. The holders of the contract gets a world title match whenever they want (they could also fight for the ECW Championship when the ECW brand was around).
On December 15, 2013, Randy Orton beat Cena for the World Heavyweight Championship at . He was already WWE Champion when he won the championship and made the World Heavyweight Championship one with the WWE Championship, which from then an was called the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Wrestlers stopped fighting for the old World Heavyweight Championship the next day. The title was renamed the WWE World Championship shortly after the start of the second brand extension. The WWE Universal Championship was created "Raw" and the original title became exclusive to "SmackDown" "Live". Soon after, it was changed back to the WWE Championship.
Undisputed WWE Universal Championship.
At the second night of WrestleMania 38 on April 3, 2022, SmackDown's Universal Champion Roman Reigns defeated WWE Champion Brock Lesnar in a Winner Takes All match to win both championships and become the Undisputed WWE Universal Champion. WWE called the match a championship unification match; however, both titles's histories are still separately active with Reigns being a double champion, defending both titles together across both brands as the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship. On the April 24, 2023, episode of Raw, WWE Chief Content Officer Triple H announced that regardless of what brand Reigns was drafted to in the 2023 WWE Draft, he and his undisputed championship would become exclusive to that brand. Triple H then presented a new World Heavyweight Championship for the opposing brand, which was won by Seth "Freakin" Rollins at Night of Champions. Reigns was drafted to SmackDown and the World Heavyweight Championship became exclusive to Raw. On the June 2, 2023, episode of SmackDown, Triple H gave Reigns with a new singular championship belt to represent the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship. Despite this, Reigns' manager Paul Heyman continued to carry the old WWE and Universal Championship belts until the end of July.
Brands.
After the WWE brand extension, WWE started having drafts each year, where some wrestlers changed brands. After three years on the "SmackDown" brand, the WWE Championship switched brands during the 2005 draft, when the WWE Champion John Cena was sent to "Raw" while the World Heavyweight Champion Batista was sent to "SmackDown". On June 11, 2006, Rob Van Dam used his Money in the Bank contract at ECW One Night Stand for a WWE Championship match against Cena. Van Dam beat Cena to win the WWE Championship, moving the title to the "ECW" brand, a brand WWE created after buying the Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion. On July 3, Edge beat Cena and Van Dam in a Triple Threat Match to win the WWE Championship and with Edge on the "Raw" brand at the time, Edge brought the title back to Raw. After the 2008 WWE Draft, the WWE Champion Triple H was drafted to "SmackDown", moving the WWE Championship to the "SmackDown" brand. The following year, the title returned to Raw after Triple H was drafted back to "Raw" during the 2009 WWE Draft, and the championship stayed there. When "SmackDown"'s Batista won the title from "Raw"'s John Cena at Elimination Chamber, it still stayed on "Raw" because Batista was sent there.
From August 2011 to July 2016, all WWE TV programming became "Supershows" that had wrestlers from both "Raw" and "SmackDown". This meant that the WWE Championship matches could happen at any WWE event. The brand extension came back in 2016 and the WWE Champion at the time Dean Ambrose was drafted to "SmackDown Live", making the title "SmackDown"-exclusive. WWE then made the Universal Championship for Raw.
Custom belt designs.
Special belts have been made to match the characters of some champions:
A much bigger version of the belt was created for André the Giant before WrestleMania III, but he never wore it as champion. The belt Brahma Bull logo in the center that was made for the Rock was lost and was never on TV. Edge had created a special belt different from the "Rated R Spinner" one that he used for his second reign, but the plans were scrapped because of little time.

= = = Micrometre = = =
A micrometre (the American spelling is micrometer; symbol is �m) is a unit of length in the SI measurement system. It can also be called a micron. It is one millionth of a metre. A micrometre is often used as a measurement for small things like bacteria. Like the Angstrom it is used for radiation in or near the visible spectrum.

= = = Detention = = =
A detention can be:

= = = Trochenbrod = = =
Trochenbrod (; ) was a Jewish shtetl (village) with an area 1,728 acres once in what is now western Ukraine, about 30 kilometers northeast of Lutsk. It used to be a part of Poland. It was also known as Sofievka or Zofiówka in Polish, named after Sofia, a Russian princess who donated land for the Jewish settlement.
History.
Trochenbrod was founded in 1835, at first a farming colony which grew into a small town. The population grew from around 1,200 (235 families) in 1889 to 1,580 in 1897.
During the Polish-Soviet War, the town was captured by Poland. By 1938 the town's population, which was only Jewish, had grown to at least 3,000. Most of the people worked in farming, dairy farming, or tanning. 
There were seven synagogues in Trochenbrod. In 1940, the town, along with the rest of Western Ukraine, became part of the Soviet Union (see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). The rabbi at this time was Rabbi Gershon Weissmann. The Communists exiled him to Siberia after accusing him of being involved in underground salt trading.
When the Nazis later occupied Ukraine, they created a ghetto at Trochenbrod, bringing in Jews from nearby villages and towns. The Jews in the Trochenbrod ghetto were killed by the Nazis in August and September 1942. Most of the Jews of Trochenbrod as well as of the neighbouring village Lozisht were killed, as were the other Jews of Volhynia. The local Ukrainian police force helped to round up the Jews. Fewer than 200 Jews from the Trochenbrod ghetto and nearby areas lived through this killing. The village itself was burned. Now only fields and a forest can be found there.
A few of the people escaped the execution and destruction. At the end of the war, the number of people left was between 33 and 40; most were found in the area near Lutzk.
Trochenbrod in fiction.
A fictional version of the shtetl, "Trachimbrod", was featured in the 2002 novel "Everything Is Illuminated" by Jonathan Safran Foer as well as in the 2005 film based on the novel.
Safran Foer's story describes fictional events in the village between 1791, the year in which the shtetl was first named, and 1941, when it was destroyed in the war. The main character of the book (who goes by the author's name and also by the name "The Hero") comes to Ukraine to look for a woman named Augustine, who saved his grandfather in the war.

= = = Judith = = =
Judith [ joo-dith ] is a female given name. It comes from the Hebrew word "Yəhûḏîṯ", meaning either "praised one" or "a woman from Judea." The Judith from the Book of Judith was a Biblical hero. This name was ranked #959 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

= = = Book of Judith = = =
The Book of Judith is part of the Bible. It was written in or near 100BC. It is in Bibles that follow the Catholic and Orthodox Canon. Protestants and Jews treat the Book of Judith as part of the apocrypha and not part of the official canon.
In the book, an evil general named Holofernes is invading Israel. He is waiting with his army outside the town of Bethulia and will not let the people in the town get any water to drink. Judith tells the people of Bethulia not to give up. She sneaks to Holofernes' camp and pretends to make friends with him. He invites her to a meal, where he drinks much alcohol. When he falls asleep, she cuts off his head.
History.
The Book of Judith is probably not a story about something that really happened. The book says that Holofernes was an Assyrian who worked for Nebuchadnezzar, but the real Nebuchadnezzar was a Babylonian ruler.
The book starts with, "In the twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, who reigned over the Assyrians in Nineveh." Many ancient Hebrew stories started with words like these. It is like saying "once upon a time": it tells the reader to expect a fairy tale.
In culture.
Many, many artists have painted paintings of Judith killing or preparing to kill Holofernes. For example, Artemisia Gentileschi and Gustav Klimt.

= = = Quinto, Ticino = = =
Quinto is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Rancate = = =
Rancate was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

= = = Riva San Vitale = = =
Riva San Vitale is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Rivera (disambiguation) = = =
Rivera is a surname of Spanish beginnings that was the old spelling of "ribera", the Spanish word for “riverbank”.

= = = Rivera, Switzerland = = =
Rivera was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged into the new municipality of Monteceneri.

= = = Ronco sopra Ascona = = =
Ronco sopra Ascona is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Rovio = = =
Rovio was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2022, the former municipalities of Maroggia, Melano and Rovio merged to form the new municipality of Val Mara.

= = = San Nazzaro, Switzerland = = =
San Nazzaro was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

= = = Sant'Abbondio = = =
Sant'Abbondio was a municipality of the district Locarno, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

= = = Sant'Antonino = = =
Sant'Antonino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Sant'Antonino is not to be confused with the municipality of Sant'Antonio in the same district.

= = = Sant'Antonio = = =
Sant'Antonio was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
This municipality is not to be confused with the municipality of Sant'Antonino of the same district.

= = = Savosa = = =
Savosa is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Sementina = = =
Sementina was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

= = = Semione = = =
Semione was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle.

= = = Sessa = = =
Sessa was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 18 April 2021, the former municipalities of Croglio, Monteggio, Ponte Tresa and Sessa merged to form the new municipality of Tresa.

= = = Sigirino = = =
Sigirino was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged into the new municipality of Monteceneri.

= = = Sobrio = = =
Sobrio was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2016, it was merged into the municipality of Faido.

= = = Sonogno = = =
Sonogno was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It can be found in Valle Verzasca.
On 17 October 2020, the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

= = = Sonvico = = =
Sonvico was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

= = = Sorengo = = =
Sorengo is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Muzzano is in this municipality.

= = = Lago di Muzzano = = =
Lago di Muzzano is a lake in Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the municipalities of Sorengo, Muzzano and Collina d'Oro. Its surface area is . It flows into Lake Lugano.

= = = Nidfurn = = =
Nidfurn is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland.
It used to be its own municipality, until it was put together with 2 other municipalities to form Haslen.

= = = Leuggelbach = = =
Leuggelbach is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland.
It used to be its own municipality, until it was put together with 2 other municipalities to form the new municipality, Haslen.

= = = Agra, Switzerland = = =
Agra is a village in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
This former municipality was put together with two other villages to form the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

= = = Gentilino = = =
Gentilino is a village in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
The former municipality was merged with two other villages to form the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

= = = Munro (disambiguation) = = =
A Munro is any Scottish mountain with a height over 3,000 feet (914.4 metres).
Munro could also mean:

= = = Brave New World (disambiguation) = = =
The phrase "brave new world" comes from Miranda's speech in Shakespeare's "The Tempest", Act V, Scene I:
It could also mean:
In literature:
In film and television:
In music:
Other meanings:

= = = Miranda (Shakespeare) = = =
In Shakespeare's play "The Tempest", Miranda is the beautiful daughter of the old Duke Prospero.
Miranda is a naive 15-year-old girl. She and her father were cast away by her uncle Antonio who wanted the throne and has been on a deserted island since she was three. Her father Prospero sends Ariel, his spirit servant, to fetch Ferdinand and arranges things so that the two will come to love one another. 

= = = Homograph = = =
A homograph is one of a group of words that have the same spelling but have different meanings. They can also have different pronunciations.
For example:

= = = Orlande de Lassus = = =
Orlande de Lassus (whose name is also spelt Orlandus Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Roland de Lassus, or Roland Delattre) (born Mons, Hainaut, probably in 1532 ; died Munich, 14 June, 1594) was a Franco-Flemish composer who lived in the last part of the Renaissance. Lassus and Palestrina are the two most famous composers of that time who were writing church music in a polyphonic style. 
Life.
He was born in Mons in the province of Hainaut in the Low Countries which is mostly what is today the south part of the Netherlands and Belgium. We know very little about his childhood. There is a story that, when he was a choirboy, he was abducted three times by another church who wanted him to sing in their choir because he had a beautiful voice. There is no proof that this story is true. At the age of twelve he left his country and went to Mantua, Sicily, and later to Milan in Italy and then to Naples where he worked until the early 1550s. Next he moved to Rome, where he worked for the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had a large household there. In 1553, he became "maestro di cappella" of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome. This was an excellent job for a man who was only 21 years old. However, he only stayed there a year. Later, in 1555, Palestrina took that job. Lassus left Rome to go home to the Low Countries to see his parents who were ill, but by the time he got home they were both dead.
We are not sure what he did between then and 1554. He may have gone to France and England. In 1555 he returned to the Low Countries and had some of his first works published in Antwerp. In 1556 he joined the court of Duke Albert V of Bavaria who was very keen on music and was trying to make music in his country as good as the music in Italy. Lassus was one of several Netherlanders to work there, and by far the most famous. He seems to have been happy in Munich and he stayed there. In 1558 he married the daughter of a maid of honour of the Duchess; they had two sons who both became composers. By 1563 Lassus had been made "maestro di cappella". He stayed there for the rest of his life, although several other kings and aristocrats offered him jobs in other places. He had many honours, including being knighted by the Pope.
In 1590 his health started to be bad. In 1594 his employer decided it was costing him too much to employ Lassus, so he wrote a letter to him to say that he was dismissed (that he no longer had a job). Lassus never saw the letter, because that very same day he died.
His music.
Lassus composed a lot of church music. He had to compose masses for the morning and evening services. Many of these are parody masses, which means they were based on tunes from other compositions. Others were influenced by composers from Venice. 
He wrote many motets which were probably sung at services as well. In some of these motets he shows a sense of humour. For example, one of his motets makes fun about bad singers: the music stops and starts and stutters. It was a kind of musical joke. Sometimes he had to write music for special occasions. He had visited Italy several times and learned the Italian way of writing polyphonic music.
Lassus also wrote many songs in French (chansons) as well as German (Lieder). He also wrote madrigals. He even wrote drinking songs.
He never wrote anything that was strictly instrumental music.

= = = Mons = = =
Mons is a town in Belgium and the capital of the Province of Hainaut. It is the fourth largest city of the Walloon part of Belgium where French is spoken. The town's name takes its roots from the Latin word "mons" which means "mountain". In 2015, the city becomes the European Capital of Culture for the calendar year.
In 2007, 91,196 people lived there.
It is at 50° 27 North, 03° 56 East.

= = = Hainaut Province = = =
Hainaut (, , , , , ) is a province of the Walloon Region, one of the three regions of Belgium. Its capital is the city of Mons.
It is the westernmost province of the Walloon Region.
Geography.
To the south of the province of Hainaut lies the French Nord department, while within Belgium it borders (clockwise from the North) on the Flemish provinces of West Flanders, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant and the Wallonian provinces of Walloon Brabant and Namur.
The province has an area of with a population of about 1,351,000 in 2022. It is the province of the Walloon Region with the highest population.
The province of Hainaut is divided into seven arrondissements ("arrondissementen" in Dutch) with 69 municipalities.
The altitude of the province is between , in Celles, and , in L'Escaillère.
Administrative divisions.
The province of Hainaut is divided into seven "arrondissements" (Ath, Charleroi, La Louvière, Mons, Soignies, Thuin, and Tournai-Mouscron) and a total of 69 municipalities.
Population by arrondissement.
Population x 1,000 (on 1 January since 1980).
1 Established in 2019.
2 Change of municipalities in 2019.

= = = Kannur = = =
Kannur is a city in the Kerala state of India. Kannur district derived its name from the location of its headquarters at Kannur town. The old name ‘Cannanore’ is the anglicised form of the Malayalam word Kannur. According to one opinion, ‘Kannur’ is a derivation from Kanathur, an ancient village, the name of which survives even today in one of the wards of Kannur Municipality. Another version is that Kannur might have assumed its name from one of the , deities of the Hindu pantheon, a compound of two words, Kannan (Lord Krishna) and Ur (place) making it the place of Lord Krishna. In this context, it is worth mentioning that the deity of the Katalayi Sreekrishna temple was originally installed in a shrine at Katalayi Kotta in the south eastern part of the present Kannur town.
History.
The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Taliparamba-Kannur-Thalassery area abounds in rock-cut caves, dolmens, burial stone circles and menhirs, all of megalithic burial order. The district was part of the Chera kingdom, which ruled most of Kerala during the first several centuries CE. Later Kannur was the capital of the Kolattiri Rajas, whose kingdom had trading relations with Arabia and Persiain the 12th century and 13th centuries.
Kannur District witnessed one of the longest and bloodiest resistance to British rule in India. This revolt led by Pazhassi Raja in the 1792–1806 period kept a large part of the district in a state of war.
Kannur District played an important role in the Indian freedom movement. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, established a Malabar District committee in 1908. A branch of the All India Home Rule League, founded by Dr. Annie Besant, functioned in Thalassery during this period and among its active workers was V.K. Krishna Menon. By the end of 1939, a branch of the Communist Party of India was formally established at Pinarayi, a village near Thalassery.

= = = New Kingdom of Egypt = = =
The New Kingdom, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between (1570–1070 BC). During the New Kingdom Egypt was richer and more powerful than in all other periods of its history. It includes the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties.
Egypt expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria and Egyptian territory reached its maximum extent.
Important Pharaohs.
The Eighteenth Dynasty was ruled by some of Egypt's most famous Pharaohs including Akhenaten, Tutankhamun and Hatshepsut. Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade and sent a commercial expedition to the land of Punt. Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen.
Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten. He started a religion based on one god, Aten. 
Ramesses II ("the Great") of the 19th Dynasty tried to get back territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. In the Battle of Kadesh he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. He was caught in the first recorded military ambush, but won the battle.

= = = Moral Code of the Builder of Communism = = =
The Moral Code of the Builder of Communism was a set of twelve rules. It was made in the Soviet Union by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Every member of the Party was supposed to follow these rules. So was every member of the "Komsomol" (a Communist group for young people ages 14-28).
History.
The Moral Code was written at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU in 1961. It was part of the third CPSU Program, which was a plan for how to make the entire Soviet Union communist as part of the new Party Programme.
Some popular Soviet cliches are written in the Code. In fact, the Code was written to include special phrases, either invented by Soviet thinkers, or borrowed. (For example, the famous quote "'One for all, and all for one" was taken from "The Three Musketeers" by Alexandre Dumas, père.)
The Moral Code.
The Moral Code of the Builder of Communism (as reported on Wikisource), with simple English explanations below, is:
1. Devotion to the cause of Communism, love of the socialist Motherland and of the socialist countries.
2. Conscientious labor for the good of society: he who does not work, neither shall he eat.
3. Concern on the part of everyone for the preservation and growth of public property.
4. High sense of public duty; intolerance of actions harmful to the public interest.
5. Collectivism and comradely mutual assistance: one for all and all for one.
6. Humane relations and mutual respect between individuals: man is to man a friend, a comrade, and a brother.
7. Honesty and truthfulness, moral purity, unpretentiousness and modesty in social and private life.
8. Mutual respect in the family, concern for the upbringing of children.
9. Irreconcilability towards injustice, parasitism, dishonesty, careerism, and profiteering.
10. Friendship and brotherhood among all peoples of the USSR, intolerance of national and racial hatred.
11. Intolerance towards the enemies of communism, peace, and freedom of nations.
12. Fraternal solidarity with the working people of all countries, and with all peoples.
Comparisons to religion.
These rules may be compared to the Ten Commandments or the Bible. For example, the Bible says: "he who does not work, neither shall he eat" (2 Thessalonians 3:10). This line was used in the Soviet Constitution of 1936 as well as the Moral Code. Another example is the Commandment "you shall not commit adultery." This is similar to the Code's rule about "mutual respect in a family, concern about the upbringing of children."
The Ten Commandments focus more on personal virtue - what a person should do, and how to treat other people. The Code talks about how people should act as members of the society they live in.
A Russian legislator and Communist Party leader, Gennady Zyuganov, said the moral code could be compared to the Sermon on the Mount.

= = = Wario = = =
Wario is a character from Nintendo's popular video game series "Mario". He has appeared in most of the "Mario Party" and sports-related games, and has been the subject of a few video games of his own.
Characteristics.
Wario wears purple overalls with a yellow shirt, and green, pointed shoes. He has a purple inverted letter M (ꟽ) on his hat, which is similar to how Mario has a red letter M on his. Wario is Mario's rival. He is greedy, and loves money and garlic. He is fat, but he is also very strong. He often works together with his brother Waluigi as his partner.
Reception.
Wario ranked 10th on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. He also ranked seventh on GameDaily's top 10 ugliest game characters list; the authors referenced his snarling smile, moustache, and outfits. They also included him in a top 25 list of video game anti-heroes, stating that in spite of his greed, he's actually a "cool dude". Screwattack rated Wario as the 10th Biggest Douchebag in Gaming. IGN editor Travis Fahs commented that while he was not the most likable character, he has incredible confidence that overshadows his flaws and makes him an entertaining character. In an article written by Kombo editors Agustin Olvera and Stephen Smith, they exclaim their surprise that he had not appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" as a playable character, stating that he would be a great addition to the game.

= = = Iconoclasm = = =
Iconoclasm is a belief that people should reject religious images (like icons or monuments) by destroying or avoiding them. This is the opposite of idolatry, the worship of icons. Iconoclasm happens during important political or religious changes. It is generally distinct from destruction by foreigners, for example by Spanish conquistadors in America. The term does not generally include the specific destruction of images of a ruler after his death or overthrow ("damnatio memoriae"), for example Akhenaten in Ancient Egypt. 
People who support iconoclasm are called iconoclasts. This word is also used for people who are against established dogma or conventions. Similarly, people who revere or venerate religious images are called idolators. In an Eastern Orthodox context they are known as iconodules, or iconophiles.
Iconoclasm may be carried out by people of a different religion, but is often the result of sectarian disputes between factions of the same religion. The two Byzantine outbreaks during the 8th and 9th centuries were unusual because the use of images was the main issue in the dispute, rather than a by-product of wider concerns. In Christianity, iconoclasm has generally been motivated by a literal interpretation of the Ten Commandments, which forbid the making and worshipping of "graven images" of God.

= = = United Church of God = = =
The United Church of God (UCG) is a denomination of Christianity. It is one of many denominations to come out of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG) in 1995. The Worldwide Church of God was started by Herbert W. Armstrong.
UCG calls itself "The United Church of God, "an International Association"", with the last three words italicized. This is so people do not confuse it with other churches. UCG is its own denomination.
Beginning.
After Herbert Armstrong's death in 1986, leaders in the WCG began to change the teachings of the church. This started in 1994. They changed the teachings to be more like other Christian churches. Many of the members wished to keep the original teachings, which they believed were the same beliefs as the early church of the First Century. Because of this, they left to start their own churches. UCG was established in May 1995 and is the largest church to come out of the WCG.
UCG began when former WCG ministers met in Indianapolis, Indiana in the spring of 1995. The were concerned about the changing teachings of the church. UCG's first president was David Hulme. He was later removed from office because he refused to move the church's home office to Ohio in 1998, among other reasons. After this, he started a new church called "Church of God, an International Community." After Hulme, church elders elected other new presidents. They elected Les McCullough in 1998, Roy Holladay in 2002, Clyde Kilough in 2005 and Dennis Luker in 2010. Victor Kubik was elected to serve for three years in May 2013.
Government.
UCG is led by twelve men called the "Council of Elders". They are elected by a group of church ministers called the "General Conference of Elders." This is not like the WCG, which was led by one man only. The General Conference of Elders meets once a year in May to decide how money should be spent and how the church should be run. They also decide the teachings of the church and go to seminars. The council meets four times a year.
UCG's "Home Office" and is in Milford, Ohio, (a suburb of Cincinnati). This office is led by UCG's president, who is also the church's main spokesperson. He also leads the church's ministers and controls the printing of the church magazine, newsletter, and booklets. He is elected by the Council of Elders (COE) and can be removed by them.
Teachings.
The UCG believes and worships like many other Christian churches, except:
Ambassador Bible College.
Ambassador Bible College (ABC) is an in-depth nine-month program where students can learn about the Bible, Christian living and the teachings of the United Church of God. The program also prepares young people to lead and serve, and it prepares them to teach future generations. Students study church teaching and all the books of the Bible thoroughly.
Mission and Media.
UCG states: "The mission of the Church of God is to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and the Kingdom of God in all the world, make disciples in all nations and care for those disciples." Their goal is to preach about "The Kingdom of God" to everyone, through the UCG website, through Twitter and YouTube, and through radio, magazines, booklets, and television.
UCG produces the following:
UCG also has 33 booklets on different Bible teachings, and a 12-lesson Bible study course. It also has a monthly Bible reading program where the Bible is explained, and a number of articles. "Kingdom of God Bible seminars" began in September 2011 and are held at different locations around the world.

= = = Jewish–Roman wars = = =
The Jewish–Roman Wars is the name given to a number of revolts of Jews in the province of Judea in the Roman Empire. These were directed against the Roman rule. 
Further revolts by the Jews in Iudaea Province:

= = = Triple Zero = = =
Triple Zero (000) is the national emergency number within Australia. If someone has an emergency situation that is life threatening or time critical, this number will connect them to a Telstra operator who will then connect them to the police, fire or ambulance service as required. 112 is a secondary emergency number that will direct calls to the Triple Zero answering point. It is against the law to use this number if there is no emergency. 
History.
Before 1961, Australia did not have a national number for emergency services; each of the different emergency branches (police, fire department or ambulance) had their own number. In 1961, the Postmaster General (PMG) introduced the Triple Zero (000) number in most of the major Australian cities and by the end of the 1980s it had become nation-wide. The number Triple Zero (000) was chosen for several reasons, one of which was that it was easy to dial in darkness because the number zero was next to the finger stop on most Australian telephones.
Possible uses.
A person would dial Triple Zero (000) if they require a response from police, fire or ambulance for life threatening or time critical events.
Procedure.
When Triple Zero (000) is dialled, a Telstra operator will answer and ask the caller the following: “Emergency, police, fire or ambulance?”. The Telstra operator will then connect the caller to the required emergency service. The emergency service call taker will then ask the caller further, and send assistance as required.

= = = Districts of Germany = = =
German districts () are administrative units used in Germany for local government. 
The districts are in between the (German states) and the local / municipal levels (). They are not to be confused with the larger . 
Their equivalent in other nations is the county or arrondissement. 
Types of districts.
Most of the districts are rural districts (). There are 295 "Landkreise". 
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (and smaller towns in some states) are not usually part of a district, but do the work of a district themselves. These are known as urban districts ( or "Stadtkreise") The equivalent in the United Kingdom is a unitary authority, they do the work of a town and a county. There are 107 of these Kreisfreie Städte.
This makes a total of 402 districts.
In North Rhine-Westphalia, there are some cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants which are not urban districts, for example Iserlohn, Recklinghausen, Siegen, Paderborn, Bergisch Gladbach, Witten and Neuss. These cities belong to a district, but still do so the districts jobs themselves, as though they were independent.
Responsibilities.
The districts are responsible for the following:
All these tasks are carried out by local (municipal) authorities operating together. Urban districts have these responsibilities and also those of the municipalities.
District council.
The district council, the , is the legislative body of the district and is responsible for local self-administration. The parliament is elected every five years, except in Bavaria where it is elected every six years.
District administration.
The person in charge of the district's government is the or . In parts of northern Germany, this is also the name of the district administration, in southern Germany it is known as "Kreisverwaltung".

= = = Rural districts of Germany = = =
Germany is divided into 401 administrative districts. There are 294 rural districts (), listed here. There are also 107 urban districts (' / ') listed in List of German urban districts.
Urban districts are large towns or cities which handle their own local government. Rural districts provide services for the smaller towns and villages in an area. In some states the towns and villages in a district are joined into ämter (although "amt" is not always the name used). This is because the towns and villages in the area are too small to provide the local services (for example fire brigade or cemeteries). If the "Amt" system is used towns or settlements might be "amtfrei" that is, not part of an amt because the town can handle its own local affairs.
In some states there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things like land-use planning which can affect several districts.

= = = Mary, Queen of Scots = = =
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until 24 July 1567. 
Then she was forced to give up her kingdom ("abdicate)". She was executed because it was said she had been plotting to assassinate her cousin, Elizabeth I of England.
Early life.
Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland, who died just after she was born. She was crowned queen when she was only 6 days old. Her grandmother Margaret Tudor was the oldest surviving daughter of Henry VII of England. 
Mary went to live in France when she was very young. Scotland would be ruled by "regents" until she was 18 years old. The first regent was the Earl of Arran. After 1554, the regent was Mary's mother, Mary of Guise.
Life in France.
King Henry VIII of England tried to get Lord Arran to agree that Mary would marry his son. This led to a series of battles called the "Rough Wooing". In the end, Lord Arran turned to the French for help. Lord Arran and King Henry II of France agreed that France would protect Scotland if Mary could marry the King's son Francis. When she was 15 years old, Mary married Francis, who was now King Francis II of France. But their marriage was short. Francis became very ill and later died from an ear infection that had spread to his brain. This left Mary a widow shortly before her 18th birthday.
Reign in Scotland.
When Mary was born, Scotland was a Catholic country. While she was living in France, Protestant ideas were spreading to Scotland. Her mother tried to stop this but could not. In 1560, the Parliament of Scotland said it wanted Scotland to be a Protestant country.
In 1561, Mary returned to Scotland. She found that she was not popular in her kingdom. She had been brought up as a Catholic, but many people in Scotland had become Protestant. It was difficult for Mary to avoid siding with either the Catholics or the Protestants. 
As Mary was now free to marry again, there were lots of noblemen who wanted to become her husband. For her second husband, she chose an English lord named Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who was of royal blood. Mary and Darnley were both grand-children of Henry VII and were half first -cousins. Darnley was good-looking and charming, but he was often very childish, and he was jealous of Mary's secretary, an Italian named David Rizzio.
Mary became pregnant. While she was expecting the baby, Darnley and his friends got drunk one night and decided to kill David Rizzio. They came into Mary's private rooms at Holyrood Palace while she was talking with Rizzio and they stabbed him to death. Darnley got away with the murder because he was the queen's husband, but Mary never forgave him for murdering her friend Rizzio and avoided being with him again. When her baby was born, it was a boy, who would later become King James VI of Scotland.
In 1567, Darnley was murdered. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell was put on trial for the murder but found not guilty. He was a powerful Scottish nobleman who was loyal to Mary and hated Darnley. Mary then married him. This caused her problems, because Bothwell had many enemies and many still believed he had murdered Darnley. Mary's enemies forced her off the throne and made her young son the king in her place. Mary was put in prison in Loch Leven Castle. She escaped and crossed the border into England, which was ruled by her cousin, Elizabeth, Queen of England.
Imprisonment and death.
Mary, Queen of Scots hoped that her cousin Elizabeth I would help her regain her throne, but Elizabeth did not trust her as it was believed that Mary might try to take her throne. As a result, Mary was imprisoned for many years. However, things took a dark turn when Mary was accused of planning to murder Elizabeth. She was put on trial and found guilty of treason by a jury of thirty noblemen, and was sentenced to death by beheading.
On February 8, 1587, Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, England, at the order of Queen Elizabeth I. Following the execution, the executioner held up Mary's head and famously declared, "God save the Queen." While this was meant to demonstrate his loyalty to Elizabeth I, some accounts suggest that the crowd was horrified by the display, which only added to the public sympathy for Mary.
The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots was a significant event in the history of Scotland and England, and it is still remembered and debated today. Some believe that Mary was a victim of Elizabeth's political plotting. Others argue that she was a threat to English security and had to be dealt with accordingly. Some people in Scotland saw Mary as a victim, a Catholic queen who was unfairly treated by her Protestant cousin Elizabeth I. They mourned her death.

= = = Administrative divisions of Germany = = =
This is a list of the administrative divisions of Germany. It includes the "Kreise"/"Landkreise" as well as the "kreisfreie Städte". The list is sorted alphabetically, by state.

= = = Jack Peñate = = =
Jack Fabian Peñate (born 2 September 1984) is a British singer-songwriter and musician, of English and Spanish heritage. He is signed to XL Recordings, the record label. Well known for his soulful ska-fuelled songs and eccentric dancing whilst on stage, his live performance has received some very high praise. He attended Alleyn's School and spent one year at University College London studying Classics before leaving to start his musical career. He performs with friends and band members Joel Porter (bass) and Alex Robins (drums).
Discography.
Singles:
Albums:

= = = Guillaume Dufay = = =
Guillaume Dufay (pronounce "GHEE-oam Doo-FYE", sometimes spelt Du Fay) (born Beersel? 5 August 1397?; died Cambrai, 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. He was the most important composer of his time. He belonged to the group of composers known as the Burgundian School. He had more influence on music in Europe than any other composer of the 15th century.
Life.
From what it says in his will it seems likely that he was born in Beersel which is near Brussels in what, today, is Belgium. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman called Marie Du Fayt. When he was small, Dufay moved with his mother to Cambrai where they stayed with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Dufay soon showed musical talent, and he was given a musical education at the cathedral. He sang in the choir there. When he was only 16 he was given a benefice as chaplain near Cambrai. He travelled to Konstanz for a meeting.
From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, and worked in Rimini in Italy at the house of a rich family. In 1424 he returned to Cambrai because the relative in whose house his mother was staying was ill. After the relative died he went back to Italy. He worked in Bologna for a cardinal. He became a deacon and then a priest.
When the Cardinal was made to leave Bologna in 1428 Dufay went to Rome to work for the pope. He became a member of the Papal Choir. In 1434 he was made "maistre de chappelle" in Savoy. He seems to have left Rome when the papal choir had money problems. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet "Nuper rosarum flores", one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence.
During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance. He may have got to know them during his first stay in Italy. Rimini was not far from Ferrara, and he spent time in both towns where he got financial support.
At this time the arguments between the Pope and the Council of Basel continued. Dufay thought he might find himself without a job, so he went back to Cambrai. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he got in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he was given 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist. We do not know how long he took to drink it.
Dufay stayed in Cambrai during the 1440s. At the same time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he worked with Nicolas Grenon on completely renewing the cathedral collection of music. This meant that he had to write a big collection of polyphonic music for services. He also worked in the administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the person who had been canon just before. He kept this home for the rest of his life, although he did spend six more years in Italy where he wrote many of his compositions. When he returned again to Cambrai he was made canon of the cathedral. He was the most famous composer in Europe by that time. He often composed music for the court of Burgundy, and he met many younger composers who were becoming famous, such as Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère. During this period Dufay probably wrote his mass based on the song "L'homme armé", as well as the chanson based on the same song. Maybe he wrote this when Philip the Good called for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost.
After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had asked for his motet "Ave regina celorum" to be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy to be read between some of the movements, but there was not enough time for this to be arranged, so it was sung at his funeral instead. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. In later years the cathedral was destroyed, and the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in the Palais des Beaux Arts museum in Lille.
Music and influence.
Dufay’s music was performed all over Europe. People who wanted to perform his music had to write it out by hand. There was no music printing in those days.
Dufay wrote church music including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings and antiphons. His secular (non-religious) music includes rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other kinds of chanson. His style of composition laid the foundation for the next generations of Renaissance composers. Some of his techniques were old-fashioned. He used isorhythms in his motets, which had been popular in medieval music. He used a way of harmonizing chants which became known as fauxbourdon. He was popular because he was skilled at writing melodies which were beautiful to sing.

= = = Upper Egypt = = =
Upper Egypt is a narrow strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends from modern-day Aswan to the area south of modern-day Cairo. The northern part of Upper Egypt, between El-Aiyat and Asyut is sometimes called Middle Egypt.
Upper Egypt was known as "Ta Shemau" which means "the land of reeds." It was divided into twenty-two districts called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih (Aphroditopolis), just to the south of Cairo.
For most of pharaonic Egypt's history Thebes was the administrative centre of Upper Egypt. 
Upper Egypt was represented by the tall White Crown "Hedjet", and its symbol was the flowering lotus.
It is in this region that the Arab Bedouin were installed before settling between Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Constantinois)

= = = Brandenburg an der Havel = = =
Brandenburg an der Havel () (Upper Sorbian: "Branibor", Low German: "Brannenborg an de Havel") is a town in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the banks of the Havel river. Population: 74,129 (December 31, 2005).
The town of Brandenburg is less known than the state of Brandenburg: But the state is named after the town, and so is the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margravate of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but once it was the start of the countries of Brandenburg and Prussia.
History.
Brandenburg was only on western bank of the Havel until 1196. But even after that year the parts on either side of the river were regarded as two different towns (Old and New Brandenburg) for centuries.
In 1314 the two towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) the towns were robbed and destroyed. Potsdam became the new capital, and the Royal Court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 the two halves of the town were merged to form a single town.
The concentration camp Brandenburg-Görden was in Görden, a suburb of Brandenburg, during the years of Nazi Germany.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall the population dropped from over 100,000 in 1989 down to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration mainly affects the young people and thus the future of the city is uncertain.

= = = Earl Hooker = = =
Earl Hooker (born January 15, 1929 in Clarksdale, Mississippi; died April 21, 1970 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues guitarist.
Life and career.
Early life.
Earl Hooker was born Earl Zebedee Hooker in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar around the age of 10 and began going to the Lyon & Healy Music School in 1941 soon after.
Teen life.
While a teen, Hooker played on Chicago street corners, sometimes with Bo Diddley. He also became friends with slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk, which led to Hooker playing slide guitar and some performances with Nighthawk's group outside of Chicago.
First band.
In 1949, Hooker moved to Memphis, joined Ike Turner's band, and played in the South.
Hooker made his first recordings mainly 78 rpm and 45 rpm records in 1952 and 1953 for small labels Rockin', King, and Sun. Hooker spent most of the '60s playing in Chicago clubs with his band.
First album.
In 1969 he recorded an album, "Hooker 'n Steve", with organist Steve “Mr. Blues” Miller for Arhoolie Records. Hooker also played slide guitar on the 1962 Muddy Waters recording "You Shook Me". The 1970 album "Sweet Black Angel", co-producer Ike Turner contain songs "I Feel Good", "Drivin' Wheel", "Country and Western", "Boogie", Don't Blot! "Shuffle", "Catfish Blues", "Crosscut Saw", "Sweet Home Chicago", "Mood", and "Funky Blues".
Death.
Earl Hooker died at the age of 41 from tuberculosis. He is buried in the Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. His story was told in a 2001 book by author Sebastian Danchin titled "Earl Hooker, Blues Master".

= = = Roma people = = =
The Roma are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin, found mainly in Europe. In English, they are often called Gypsies. Some Roma, but not all consider "Gypsy" to be a slur. The old word "Chingar" is now rarely used. The Roma are people that left India around 500 AD and entered Europe around 1000 AD.
Genetic.
A DNA study by Indian and Estonian researchers shows that the Roma people's ancestors originate from Chandala (untouchables), Dalit and Shudra community of their ancestral homeland Gene flow from Turks into the Roma people population at the Ottoman Empire , happened through the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans and Byzantine Empire. Much DNA from the People of the Host Countrys where the roma live in flow also into the Romani people through intermarriages
Another gene study shows South Indian Tamil people DNA to Romani people, also the Y-DNA H in Roma community if from India. View Romani Men share the R1a1 Y-DNA Haplogroup, who show a Brahmin Ancestry. It is also claimed the Roma people came from Sindh. Also the J and R Y-DNA from Jats can be found in Roma people
The newborns of the Romani people from different countries, as a Indian study shows, have the blue-greyish so called Mongolian spot. Another study show's that many Romani Men from the Zargari tribe in Iran at Qazvin Province are born without a foreskin or a very short foreskin, a rare condition called Aposthia.
There are populations of Roma all over Europe, but the largest populations are in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans. 
There are various groups of Roma: the Roma of East European birth; the Sinti in Germany and the Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; the Romanichals of Britain; and the Romanlar in Turkey.
Language.
The Romani language is now an official language in many European countries under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
History.
The 18th-century idea on the Indian birth of the Roma is based on the likeness between Romani and the languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent. The theory is now supported by genetic evidence. The origins of the Roma were not known until 1763, when a theology student, Stefan Vali, met Indian medical students. He noticed that they were physically similar to the Roma he saw in Hungary. He also noticed that they used similar words.
It is believed that the remnants from the Indo-Greeks , the Atsinganos (Untouchables) left the Indian subcontinent as traders about Indo-Roman trade via the Silk Road through Byzantine Empire to Egypt at the time of the Migration period , where they live for centuries. The Copts named them ���� ("man or human", also "these people there") in Coptic. Around the 12th or the 13th centuries, the Roma reached the Balkans, in the wake of the Crusades. From there, they dispersed in Western Europe.
The first arrivals were well accepted. European people thought they were Christian pilgrims. The local people of Europe were fascinated by their nomadic way of life and their new sciences. A Roma was often recruited as a musician, for Horse training and circus artists, a lion tamer, a Blacksmith, a town crier, a hawker, avgroundskeeper, a dishwasher, a cleaner, a lumberjack, a caretaker, a locksmith, and other low jobs. Roma were crossing Europe aboard large caravans, which contained their luggage.
The Egyptians Act of 1530 expelled Roma people from England, and 10,000 expelled Roma people went to the Ottoman Empire and became Muslims. Their descendants have , call themself until today Egyptians.
During World War II, Roma people suffered from the Nazis' persecution and ethnic cleansing policies. Statistics show that about 500,000 Roms died in Nazi concentration camps. The Xoraxane Roma from Bosnia, also named white sedentary muslim gypys was not deportated, because Muslims of Bosnia decleared they belong to us.
Culture.
The culture of roma people differs from country to country where there live in and also many differences from group to group. The different Religions also have a big influence of the difference of roma-culture. The Roma left a musical heritage. Guitars and violins are part of their traditions. The Roma influenced musical styles in Europe, such as the belly dance, flamenco, rumba, and jazz. 
On 8 April 1971, the Roma nationality was legally recognized in Europe. Since then, 8 April is the Roma national day.
Most Romani people practise endogamy and arranged marriage's in very young age. Exogamy, marrying a Gadjo (non-Roma), is seldom. In some groups Cousin marriage is prohibited.
Romani cuisine differs from one country to another
"Didicoy" is a term used by Roma people for people who are of mixed Roma blood. The ancestry of these people is not completely Roma. Full blooded Roma and didicoy do not get along well with each other. The Romanichal (full blooded Roma people) often believe that their reputation for criminality is based on the actions of didicoys and other nomadic groups that are refered to as "Gypsies". Some families of mixed blood often call themselves "kyes". 
Often, the non-nomadic population of Roma people in the United Kingdom use the term Didicoy as slang for all Roma people. An example of an old Romani song about a mixed blooded Roma is the "Romano Rai".
Beliefs.
The Roma's religions are mostly Eastern Christianity, Catholicism, and Islam. Baptism by the Dasikane (Christian Roma) and male circumcision by the Xoraxane (Muslim Roma) are practiced. Their ancient religion was Hinduism and Buddhism. 
Some formally Christian and Muslim Roma have embraced the Noahidic faith. According to Jewish law, non-Jews do not have to convert, but are supposed to obey the Noahide commandments. Persons who submit to the commandments are called children of Noah (B'nei Noach) Noahids. In Hungary there are many former Christian Roma who adopted Buddhism, especially in Hungary. There are also some Christian Roma groups, who taken one of the several evangelicalism faith. Several Muslim Roma belong to one of a Sufism Tarika.
The Old Dualist-Religion of the Roma people called "Romanipen" is a simple belive in "Devla-God and Beng-Satan ". There is no holy books but Priests called Rashai derived from Rishi, the Priests wife is called Rashani. Only Roma or partial roma may be members.
Some Roma belonges to Bahá'í Faith and Mormonism
Persecutions.
Even though they have been recognized, they still suffer from discrimination and antiziganism. Some countries still apply discriminatory attitudes towards Roma, especially in workplaces and schools, where they are not accepted.
Their squatting communities also irritate locals. The Romani created an association in 1978 to defend their rights.

= = = Scrubland = = =
Scrubland is plant community with scrub vegetation. "Scrub" means low shrubs, mixed with grasses, herbs, and geophytes. 
Scrublands are sometimes known as heathlands. Scrublands may develop naturally or as result of human activity. They may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as a major fire. 

= = = Lower Egypt = = =
Lower Egypt is the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur, south of modern-day Cairo, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Lower Egypt was known as "Ta-Mehu" which means "land of papyrus." It was divided into twenty districts called nomes. Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, undeveloped for human life and filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs.
The climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt. Temperatures are less extreme and there is more rainfall.
The capital of Lower Egypt was Buto. Its patron goddess was the cobra goddess Wadjet. Lower Egypt was represented by the Low Red Crown "Deshret", and its symbol was the papyrus.

= = = Evelyn Barbirolli = = =
Evelyn Barbirolli (born Wallingford-on-Thames, Berkshire, 24 January 1911; died 25 January 2008) was a famous oboist. She was an honorary member of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Only 116 people have ever been made honorary members. She was the wife of the conductor Sir John Barbirolli. She was born Evelyn Rothwell, and was always known by that name until after the death of her husband, John Barbirolli, when she changed her professional name to “Evelyn Barbirolli”. She became famous at a time when there were very few women in orchestras.
Life.
Early years.
Evelyn Rothwell’s father was a tea dealer in the City of London. Her mother was related to Charles Reade, a 19th century novelist. She started to learn the oboe at her school, Downe House, near Newbury. Her father did not want her to study music, but in the end she was allowed to go to the Royal College of Music. She studied the oboe there, and the piano as a second instrument. She also played the cello and timpani. She was a student there at the same time as Benjamin Britten, who sometimes asked her to play some of the oboe music he had just written.
Evelyn started her professional career as an oboist in the Drury Lane orchestra. She soon got a job with the Royal Opera House touring company whose conductor was John Barbirolli. Barbirolli was married, but his marriage did not last long.
Barbirolli was then made conductor of the Scottish Orchestra (now called the Royal Scottish National Orchestra). He gave Evelyn the job of first oboe in this orchestra. He made an arrangement of a concerto by Handel for her to play. She played several other concertos with him conducting, and they made several recordings. Vaughan Williams was very pleased with their recording of his oboe concerto. Several composers wrote music especially for her. Henry Wood made her first oboist in the New Queen’s Hall Orchestra. 
Years of marriage.
Evelyn married Barbirolli in 1939, after he had divorced his first wife. By this time Barbirolli was conductor of the New York Philharmonic. He had taken this job after Toscanini had left. Barbirolli and his new wife lived in New York until 1943 when they returned to England so that Barbirolli could be the conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester. Sometimes she played in the orchestra, but not very often because she thought people might say that it was because her husband was the conductor. When the Hallé Orchestra went to Austria in 1948 she played Mozart’s oboe concerto with them. People at that time only knew this work in an arrangement for the flute.
In Manchester Evelyn helped her husband by being his secretary. She drove him everywhere, and was always by his side at rehearsals to help him. As Barbirolli gradually became ill she spent nearly all her time with him instead of playing the oboe. She travelled with him to America when he became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra. Barbirolli kept working hard although he was not well. During his last years they had financial problems when Barbirolli’s manager caused them to lose a lot of money.
After Barbirolli’s death.
After Barbirolli’s death in 1970 she started to play her oboe again. She taught at the Royal Academy of Music, and was always known as “Lady Barbirolli” (or “Lady B”). She often adjudicated at music competitions. Her pupils respected her for her honesty and kindness. She wrote a book about "Oboe Technique" and the "Oboist’s Companion", a book in 3 volumes. She also wrote an autobiography called "Living with Glorious John". She was made an OBE in 1984. She died the day after her 97th birthday.

= = = List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants = = =
This is a list of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
The following table lists all towns in Germany that currently have a population greater than 100,000. The federal capital is shown in yellow, state capitals (except Schwerin, which does not meet the list rules because it is too small) in light blue.
List.
Where a city has different names in English and German, the English name is given first.

= = = Regierungsbezirk = = =
A Regierungsbezirk is a government region of Germany in some federal states ("Bundesländer"). 
"Regierungsbezirke" are divided into districts ("Kreise"), either "Landkreise" or urban districts: cities which constitute a district in their own right ("kreisfreie Städte"). The "Regierungsbezirk" is governed by a "Bezirksregierung" and led by a "Regierungspräsident".
Not all "Bundesländer" have this sub-division; some are directly divided into districts. Currently, five states are divided into 22 "Regierungsbezirke", ranging in population from 5,255,000 (Düsseldorf) to 1,065,000 (Gießen):
History.
The first "Regierungsbezirke" were created by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808/16, which divided its provinces into 25 "Regierungsbezirke". The "Regierungsbezirke" of North Rhine-Westphalia are in direct continuation of those created in 1815. Other states of the German Empire created similar entities, named "Kreishauptmannschaft" (in Saxony) or "Kreis" (in Bavaria and Württemberg) (not to be confused with the "Kreis" or "Landkreis" today). During the Third Reich, the Nazi government unified the naming; since then all these entities are called "Regierungsbezirk".
On January 1 2000 Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three "Regierungsbezirke" Koblenz, Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier - the employees and assets of the three "Bezirksregierungen" were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the "Bezirksregierung".
On January 1, 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three "Regierungsbezirke": Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg. The responsibilities are now covered by a "Landesverwaltungsamt" with three offices at the former seats of the "Bezirksregierungen". 
On January 1, 2005, Lower Saxony disbanded its four "Regierungsbezirke": Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg, and Weser-Ems.
In 2005, North Rhine-Westphalia planned to abolish its five "Regierungsbezirke" and create three self-government entities. The old, "Prussian-style", Regierungsbezirk had no self-government organs.

= = = Joschka Fischer = = =
Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer (born 12 April 1948) was German foreign minister and Vice Chancellor in the government of Gerhard Schröder from 1998 to 2005. He was a leading figure in the German Green Party and according to opinion polls , he was the most popular politician in Germany for most of the government's duration. He left office on 22 November 2005.
Early life.
Fischer was born in Gerabronn in Baden-Württemberg. His parents were Germans from Hungary. His nickname Joschka is from "Jóska", which is the Hungarian nickname for Joseph (). Fischer dropped out of high school in 1965, and started working for a photographer which he quit in 1966.
In 1967 he became active in the German student movement and Left-wing politics. Working in a left-wing bookstore in Frankfurt was when he started going to leftist university events as a guest student. He studied the works of Marx, Mao and Hegel and became a member of the militant group "Revolutionary Combat" ().
Fischer took part in some street battles when the anarchist "Putzgruppe" attacked the police and hurt some officers a lot. (In German the word "Putz" can mean a cleaner, but in "Putz-group" it is an acronym. That means the letters stand for other words. "Proletarische Union für Terror und Zerstörung", i.e. "The Workers Union for Terror and Destruction"). Photos of one battle in March 1973 show Fischer clubbing policeman Rainer Marx . getting a workout (photo)
In the German Autumn () of 1977, there were a lot of terrorist attacks by the Red Army Faction (RAF). Fischer says that these attacks, especially the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, made him give up violence as a way to get political change.
Instead, he became involved in the new social movements and later in the newly founded German Green Party, mainly in the state of Hesse.
In May 1981 the Minister of Economics of the state of Hesse, Heinz-Herbert Karry, was murdered. The gun that killed the minister was stolen from an American army base in 1973, and Fischer's car was used in the robbery.
As Foreign Minister, Fischer apologised for the violence of his "Putzgruppe" days,
Green politician.
From 1983 to 1985, Fischer was a member of the Bundestag for the Green party. In 1985, he became Minister for the Environment in Hesse in the first Social Democrat-Green coalition (1985-1987). Fischer caused a stir when he arrived to take his oath of office ceremony wearing trainers. These trainers are now on display in a museum in Bonn.
Fischer was again Environment Minister in Hessen from 1991 to 1994, and, later on, became co-chairman of the Greens parliamentary party in the Bundestag. During his years in opposition, Fischer was respected for his speeches. For a large part of the 1990s, with the SPD was not very popular, and Fischers friends often called him "real" Leader of the Opposition.
Foreign Minister.
In September 1998 the Social Democrats, led by Gerhard Schröder, beat the Christian Democrat government of Helmut Kohl. With the SPD's 42% and the Greens' 7%, a coalition government could be formed. After several weeks of talks between Social Democrats and Greens, the new government took power on 27 October 1998. Fischer became Minister of Foreign Affairs.
In 1999 Fischer supported German participation in the Kosovo War. This was very extremely controversial within the largely pacifist Green Party, because it meant that, for the first time since World War II, German soldiers would actively go into combat. He justified this war with allegations that Serbia was planning to commit genocide against the Kosovo Albanians.
Fischer was also in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, but he advised Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. He is known as a good friend of Kofi Annan. By 2005 he was the second longest-serving foreign minister in German postwar history (after Hans-Dietrich Genscher).
In 2005 Fischer was accused by critics of carelessly relaxing controls on visa regulations for Ukraine, thus allowing many illegal immigrants to enter Germany with fake identities. A parliamentary committee was established to examine the case, and unlike in other such committee hearings, Fischer's statement (and that of other top officials) was shown live on public TV. Fischer's appearance before the committee took twelve hours. (See German Visa Affair 2005).
After the defeat of the coalition government in the 2005 election, Fischer announced that he would retire to the backbench. "After 20 years of power, now I want my freedom back", he was quoted as saying. On 13 October 2005, it was announced that Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) would succeed Fischer as Foreign Minister.
Life after politics.
Since the beginning of September 2006 Joschka Fischer has been a senior fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, a visiting professor at Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He has also spoken at other American universities, notably Brandeis University, on various topic in foreign affairs and international relations.
Private life.
Fischer has often been the most popular German politician, even among supporters of other parties.
Until 1996, Fischer had been an outspoken lover of good wines and food. He often bet cases of expensive wine with other politicians on the outcome of elections. Fischer had also been overweight. Within a short time he lose a lot of weight. Fischer said that this was due to his giving up alcohol completely and changing his diet. He had also been doing fitness training and even running marathons. He cashed in on his weight loss by writing the book "My long race towards myself" about his experience, which became an immediate bestseller. Recently he has been putting on weight again.
Fischer has been married five times: his first four marriages, to Edeltraud Fischer (1967-1984), Inge Vogel (1984-1987), Claudia Bohm (1987-1999), and Nicola Leske (1999-2003), all ended in divorce. In October 2005 he married (in Rome) Minu Barati, who was his common-law wife for 2 years. With Inge, his second wife, he has two children: David and Lara. In April 2005 Fischer became a grandfather for the first time.
Further reading.
The following sources reflect the views of U.S. adversaries of Fischer and his policies, especially Germany's decision not to participate in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.
Other websites.
Fischer writes a monthly commentary series, "The Rebel Realist", for Project Syndicate, a non-profit association of newspapers around the world.

= = = Flora family = = =
The Flora family of asteroids is a big group of S-type asteroids in the closer part of the main belt, whose origin and properties are not well understood right now. About 4-5% of all main belt asteroids belong to this family.
Because of its poorly defined edges, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, this asteroid group has also sometimes been called the Ariadne family, when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappala 1995).
Characteristics.
The biggest member is 8 Flora, which mesures 140 km in diameter, and takes up about 80% of the total family mass. Nevertheless, the parent body was almost for sure destroyed by the impact/s that made the family, and Flora is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%, with the remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter.
Unrelated asteroids.
Because of the high background density of asteroids in this part of space, one might expect that a great number of asteroids unrelated to the collision that made the family would be present. However, few have been found. This is because unrelated asteroids are hard to distinguish from family members because the family is of the same spectral type (S) that dominates the closer main belt overall. The few unrelated asteroids that have been found are all small (Florczak "et al." 1998, and also by inspection of the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set for non S-type members.) They include 298 Baptistina, 422 Berolina, 2093 Genichesk, 2259 Sofievka (the biggest, with a 21 km diameter), 2952 Liliputia, 3533 Toyota, 3850 Peltier, 3875 Staehle, 4278 Harvey, 4396 Gressmann, and 4750 Mukai.

= = = Tseax River Cone = = =
The Tseax River Cone (also known as Aiyansh Volcano) is a cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano and the area around it are protected as a provincial park called the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park. 
In the 18th century it caused the death of about 2000 people.

= = = Mike Dirnt = = =
Mike Dirnt (born Ryan Pritchard on May 4, 1972, in Berkeley, California) is the bass guitar player from the punk rock band Green Day, he also sings back up vocals.
Personal life.
Dirnt was adopted. His adoptive parents divorced when he was 7, and both are now remarried. Dirnt owns a restaurant in California called "Rudy's Can't Fail Cafe". He married his long time girlfriend Anastasia in 1996 and their daughter, Estella-Desiree, "Stella", was born in April 1997. He recently was remarried in 2004, however his wife left him because he spent too much time in the studio recording American Idiot. Dirnt lives in Oakland, California.

= = = Tré Cool = = =
Tré Cool (born Frank Edwin Wright III on December 9, 1972) is an American drummer for the punk band Green Day.
Appearance.
He has red hair and blue eyes. 
Personal life.
He has two children, Ramona, born January 1995 to ex-wife, Lisea Lyons; Frankito ("Little Frank"), born 2001 to Claudia. Tré grew up with his father and 2 siblings. He dated The Donnas drummer Torry Castellano in 2003, they then separated in mid 2005. Tre' Cool is currently single.

= = = Plain White T's = = =
Plain White T's are an alternative rock band from Chicago. Their newest release, "Every Second Counts" (2006), was the first Plain White T's album to reach the mainstream. When the album came out, one song, "Hey There Delilah", an acoustic love song, was played on many radio stations daily. Another famous song of theirs is "Our Time Now".
Biography.
Formation.
The singer of the band, Tom Higgenson, first wanted to be a drummer. He was in many bands during his High School. However, when Plain White T's were made, he decided to become a singer and a songwriter. Bassist, Ken Fletcher, and drummer, Dave Tirio, joined the band began performing in Downers Grove, Illinois.
Early Career, 1999- 2001.
They started out by playing other people's songs, but in the summer of 1999 the band was beginning to become known by record labels like Atlantic Recordings. In 2000 they released their first album, "Come On Over". They toured around Chicago to try and make the album sell more and to get more fans.
Stop 2001-2004.
At the end of 2001, Plain White T's left Atlantic Recordings and signed to Fearless Records. They began recording for their next album, called "Stop". They chose in Downers Grove, Illinois and Santa Barbara, California. The album took four months to record, being finished in April 2002. The album was shown around Plain White T's home town before being released finally on August 20th 2002, a whole twenty months after it was started.
In October, the band went on their first big tour. The tour in the band ending up stopping being friends, this was solved with new members, with Dave switching from drums to guitar, Steve being replaced by Tim Lopez, Ken being replaced by Mike Retondo and De'Mar Hamilton taking up drums.
All That We Needed 2004-2006.
The band went into the studio to record their next album, called "All That We Needed",in May 2004. After recording the album, they toured the US. During this tour, they released their first single, "All That We Needed". They then promoted the album internationally, gathering a growing fanbase, before heading back for the 2005 Take Action Tour.
During the "Take Action Tour '05", Plain White T's recorded their first music video with a single which they hoped would be more famous than "All That We Needed" .
Every Second Counts era 2006-present.
In 2006 they signed to another new label, Hollywood Records, and then began recording a new album. Shortly before the release of the album, the single "Hate (I Really Don't Like You)" was released, it was the first single by them to achieve noticeable success.
Plain White T's started touring in Winter and Autumn of 2006. By this time they were starting to get noticed in the music industry at last. Although they were beginning to get noticed in the minor US rock industry, internationally Plain White Ts were not doing so well, by this point, they had not even sold 100,000 copies of any album anywhere outside of the US. Hollywood Records thought that re-releasing "Hey There Delilah" would make the band famous.
Breakthrough: "Hey There Delilah".
"Hey There Delilah" is an acoustic song, first released as a single in May 2006 as chasing cars, and was the last track in the band's first album, All That We Needed. One year later, in 2007, the song became the band's first mainstream hit. On 11 July 2007, the song reached number one for sales in the Billboard Hot 100. One month later, the song became a hit single all over the world. "Hey There Delilah" reached number two in the UK Singles Chart and Ireland Singles Chart, number four in the Australian chart and number six in the United World Chart. Its popularity made it to #1 in other countries like Germany and Canada.

= = = Suharto = = =
Suharto (February 20, 1921 - January 27, 2008) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He served as the country's president for over three decades, from 1967 to 1998. While in power, Suharto's regime was characterized by authoritarianism, human rights abuses, and widespread corruption. His rule was marked by suppression of political dissent, censorship of the media, and the violent suppression of opposition groups. Suharto's government was accused of widespread corruption, with his family and cronies amassing vast wealth at the expense of the Indonesian people. His presidency ended in 1998 amid mass protests and economic instability, leading to his resignation.
Political power.
In the early morning of October 1, 1965, a group of soldiers claiming to be supported by the Indonesian Communist Party killed six generals in the army and one assistant because they thought he was a seventh. Many friends and supporters of Soeharto claimed they were members of the communist party itself. The people of Indonesia then started killing anybody they thought was communist with Soeharto's tacit approvement. Estimates range around half a million. Suharto then seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as "Orde Baru". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War. His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of about half a million of suspected Indonesian communists; many of them Chinese-Indonesians. He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese.
His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Soeharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Soeharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After mass demonstrations in 1998, Soeharto was forced to resign. Soeharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad.
Like many Javanese, Soeharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used.
Death.
Soeharto was admitted to hospital on January 4; on 23 January, Soeharto's health worsened further, as a sepsis infection spread through his body. His family consented to the removal of life support machines if his condition did not improve and he died on 27 January at 1:09 pm. He died at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia of congestive heart failure. He was taken off life support. He was buried at a family mausoleum near Solo town.
Soekarno, Soeharto and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo/Slaughter of Indonesian "Communists".
The balance of power was shifted in favour of anti-Communists in December 1965, when personnel from both the Army Para-commando Regiment and 5th Brawijaya Military Region units arrived in Bali after having carried out killings in Java. Led by Suharto's principal troubleshooter, Sarwo Edhie Wibowo who with Javanese military commanders permitted Balinese squads (led by Anwar Congo, Adi Zulkadry, Safit Pardede) to kill until reined in. In contrast to Central Java where the Army encouraged people to kill the "Gestapu", Bali's eagerness to kill was so tremendous and spontaneous that, having provided logistic support initially, the Army eventually had to step in to prevent chaos. Sukarno's choice of Bali's provincial governor, Suteja, was recalled from office and accused of preparing a communist uprising, and his relatives were tracked down and killed. A series of killings similar to those in Central and East Java were led by black-shirted PNI youth. For several months, militia death squads went through villages capturing suspects and taking them away. Hundreds of houses belonging to communists and their relatives were burnt down within one week of the reprisal crusade, with occupants being butchered as they ran from their homes. An early estimate suggested that 50,000 people, including women and children, were killed in this operation alone. The population of several Balinese villages were halved in the last months of 1965. All the Chinese shops in the towns of Singaraja and Denpasar were destroyed and many of their owners who were alleged to have financially supported the "Gestapu" killed. Between December 1965 and early 1966, an estimated 80,000 Balinese were killed, roughly 5% of the island's population at the time, and proportionally more than anywhere else in Indonesia. Most of the people killed had little to do with Communist Party or other allegations thrown at them.
Soekarno continued to command loyalty from large sections of the armed forces as well as the general population, and Soeharto was careful not to be seen to be seizing power in his own coup. For eighteen months following the quashing of the 30 September Movement, there was a complicated process of political manoeuvres against Soekarno, including student agitation, stacking of parliament, media propaganda and military threats.
In January 1966, university students under the banner of KAMI, begin demonstrations against the Soekarno government voicing demands for the disbandment of PKI and control of hyperinflation. The students received support and protection from the army. Street fights broke out between the students and pro-Sukarno loyalists with the pro-Soeharto students prevailing due to army protection.
In February 1966, Soekarno promoted Suharto to lieutenant-general (and to full general in July 1966). The killing of a student demonstrator and Soekarno's order for the disbandment of KAMI in February 1966 further galvanised public opinion against the president. On 11 March 1966, the appearance of unidentified troops around Merdeka Palace during a cabinet meeting (which Soeharto had not attended) forced Soekarno to flee to Bogor Palace (60 km away) by helicopter. Three pro-Soeharto generals, Major-General Basuki Rahmat, Brigadier-General M Jusuf, and Brigadier-General Amirmachmud went to Bogor to meet Soekarno. There, they persuaded and secured a presidential decree from Soekarno (see "Supersemar") that gave Suharto authority to take any action necessary to maintain security.
Using the "Supersemar" letter, Soeharto ordered the banning of PKI the following day and proceeded to purge pro-Soekarno elements from the parliament, the government and military, accusing them of being communist sympathisers. The army arrested 15 cabinet ministers and forced Soekarno to appoint a new cabinet consisting of Soeharto supporters. The army arrested pro-Soekarno and pro-communist members of the MPRS (parliament), and Soeharto replaced chiefs of the navy, air force, and the police force with his supporters, who then began an extensive purge within each service.
In June 1966, the now-purged parliament passed 24 resolutions including the banning of Marxism–Leninism, ratifying the Supersemar, and stripping Soekarno of his title of President for Life. Against the wishes of Soekarno, the government ended the Konfrontasi with Malaysia and rejoined the United Nations (Soekarno had removed Indonesia from the UN in the previous year). Soeharto did not seek Soekarno's outright removal at this MPRS session due to the remaining support for the president among some elements of the armed forces.
By January 1967, Soeharto felt confident that he had removed all significant support for Soekarno within the armed forces, and the MPRS decided to hold another session to impeach Soekarno. On 22 February 1967, Soekarno announced he would resign from the presidency, and on 12 March, the MPRS session stripped him of his remaining power and named Soeharto acting president. Soekarno was placed under house arrest in Bogor Palace, little more was heard from him, and he died in near seclusion in June 1970.

= = = IG Farben = = =
IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie
AG), was a group of German chemical companies formed in 1925. "Farben" is German for "paints", "dyes", or "colors". 
Initially most of these companies produced dyes, but soon began to do more advanced chemistry. The founding of IG Farben was a reaction to Germany's defeat in World War I. IG Farben held a near total monopoly on chemical production. 
IG was the company which produced chemical weapons which were available to the Wehrmacht in WWII. These included nerve gases which were never used against the allied armies for the reason that the Allies were though to have the same capability. However, Zyklon B was used in the Holocaust to murder Jewish prisoners. The SS was an authorized applier of the chemical.

= = = Sukarno = = =
Soekarno (6 June 1901 - 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country win its independence from the Netherlands. He was President from 1945 to 1967, presiding with mixed success over the country's rough switch to independence. Sukarno was forced to resign by one of his generals, Suharto. Soeharto formally became President in March 1967.
The spelling "Sukarno" has been official in Indonesia since 1947. It is still common to see the older spelling Soekarno, mainly because he signed his name with the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from 1947 - 1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling.
Indonesians also remember him as Bung" Karno or Pak" Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had only one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as 'Achmad Sukarno'.

= = = Cybele asteroid = = =
The Cybele asteroids are a group of asteroids in the asteroid belt with an orbital radius usually between 3.27 AU and 3.7 AU, with an orbital eccentricity less than 0.3, and an inclination less than 25°.

= = = Mettembert = = =
Mettembert is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

= = = Montsevelier = = =
Montsevelier was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Montsevelier, Vermes and Vicques merged into the new municipality of Val Terbi.

= = = Movelier = = =
Movelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

= = = Pleigne = = =
Pleigne is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

= = = Rebeuvelier = = =
Rebeuvelier was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat became part of the municipality of Courrendlin.

= = = Rossemaison = = =
Rossemaison is a municipality of the district of Delémont of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

= = = Saulcy = = =
Saulcy is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

= = = Soulce = = =
Soulce was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Soulce, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

= = = Soyhières = = =
Soyhières is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

= = = Screamo = = =
Screamo is a musical genre which came from both emo and hardcore punk in the mid 1990s. This genre usually consists of minor chord progressions on guitar with both dissonance and reverb, the time signatures used are usually not in 4/4 instead bands and artists use less used time signatures to create a more tense feel, This genre has both a mellow and chaotic feel to it. The vocals are usually high-pitched screams and lyrics are often poetic or political.
An example of some Screamo bands include Saetia, Orchid, Circle Takes the Square, Envy, pageninetynine, and Thursday.

= = = Comcast = = =
Comcast Corporation is the biggest cable television company, the second biggest Internet service provider and the third-biggest telephone company in the United States.
History.
In 2007, Comcast was accused of bandwidth throttling, or the provider slowing the Internet connection they have, by its customers. The FCC has launched an investigation regarding the situation.
On January 28, 2011, Comcast bought 51 percent of NBCUniversal (owner of NBC and Universal Studios) from General Electric, but Comcast owns 51 percent of NBCUniversal while General Electric remains 49 percent of NBCUniversal until 2013. In March 2013, Comcast completed the purchase by acquiring the remaining 49 percent of NBCUniversal from General Electric.
In February 2014, Comcast settled a deal to purchase the second-largest cable television provider, Time Warner Cable for US$45 billion.
On April 28, 2016, Comcast NBCUniversal announced that it would acquire DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion. The Comcast NBCUniversal-DreamWorks Animation acquisition was completed on August 22, 2016.
Business.
Comcast offers cable TV, High Speed Internet, telephone and home security. Their products are branded as Xfinity.
Comcast has launched their own streaming service called Peacock. It has many movies and TV shows made by NBC and Universal, as well as those made by companies that they own, such as DreamWorks they own Classic Media (CM's subsidiaries are Bullwinkle and Harvey together) and Illumination.

= = = List of victims of Nazism = = =
Millions of people were arrested, tortured or murdered by the Nazis. This is a list of victims of Nazism who were famous for some reason.
This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, lost their lives as a result of Nazism. This list includes those whose deaths were part of The Holocaust as well as people who died in other ways at the hands of the Nazis during World War II. People who died in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the National Socialists or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered.
This list is sorted by occupation and within by nationality.
Music.
"See also: List of composers influenced by the Holocaust"

= = = Aeolian Islands = = =
The Aeolian Islands is an archipelago of seven islands, which are north of Sicilly. The islands are of volcanic origin. About 13.000 people live on the islands, which belong to Italy. The biggest of the islands is "Lipari". For this reason, the islands are also known as Lipari islands. There are two active volcanoes on these islands, called Stromboli and Vulcano. Stromboli is the only volcano that is active all the time. The volcano on Vulcan is called "Grande Fossa". It is dormant or slightly active. It is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe.
The islands have been inhabited since the Stone Age. They were important for the obsidian that can be found there.

= = = Volcanology = = =
In geology, volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the part of geology that studies volcanoes, lava, magma, and other related things. The term "volcanology" comes from the Latin word "vulcan", the Roman god of fire. 
A volcanologist is a person who studies volcanoes and their eruptions. Volcanologists visit volcanoes often, especially active ones. This makes it a dangerous science. They analyze physical and chemical variations related to historical and current activity of the volcanoes. 
Volcanologists look at volcanic eruptions, collect material from the eruptions, such as ash or pumice, rock and lava samples. 

= = = Birmingham Small Arms Company = = =
The Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) was a British company that started making guns and bicycles in the 19th century. From 1910 the company started making motorcycles. At one time, It was the most popular maker of motorcycles in the world. Over half a million of the company's most popular model, the Bantam, were sold. The company went out of business in the 1970s. It has started again as a gun making company.

= = = BSA Bantam = = =
The BSA Bantam is a small two-stroke motorcycle that was made by the Birmingham Small Arms company from 1949 to 1972. 
History.
The bike originally came from a German design, the DKW RT 125, from before World War II. There were more than 8 different versions of the bike, from the D1 to the B175, these bikes has engines that range from 125cc to 175cc

= = = Caló language = = =
Caló is a dialect spoken by the Gitanos or Zincarli (also "calés", "dark ones") that came to Spain. Caló uses Romani vocabulary with Spanish grammar,
 as Spanish Roma lost the full use of their ancestral language. The language is mainly used for private talking between Roma people.

= = = Industrialisation = = =
Industrialisation (or industrialization) is a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. Industrialisation changes the things people do. Industrialisation caused towns to grow larger. Many people left farming to take higher paid jobs in factories in towns.
Industrialisation is part of a process where people adopt easier and cheaper ways to make things. Using better technology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. More things can be produced by fewer people. 
After industrialisation people also do more specialised jobs. For example before industrialisation, a cobbler made the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. Industrial shoemaking involves many people in making shoes in a factory. An individual worker has a smaller task, however. One person cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour. They make even more shoes when they use cutting machines, sewing machines and other special machines. The factory may be owned by a rich person who can afford the machines, or by a company.
Industrialisation started in England with the industrial revolution in the 18th century. It spread first to parts of Europe, and to North America. In the 20th century industrialisation spread to most other countries.

= = = The Falling Man = = =
The Falling Man is the title of an article about a photograph taken by Richard Drew at 9:41:15 a.m., on September 11, 2001. The story was written by Tom Junod and appeared in the September 2003 issue of Esquire magazine. It is about the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City. The man in the photo, Jonathan Briley, is known as "The Falling Man". He himself had worked in the twin towers and was shown on video attempting to climb down the side of the tower using a rope likely made from clothing. He either lost his grip or the rope broke, and he plunged to his death. His fall was captured in the famous photo.

= = = Avon = = =
Avon can mean:
Places.
United States.
There are also several Avon Townships.

= = = BSA = = =
BSA could stand for:

= = = Blues-rock = = =
Blues Rock is a type of music which mixes blues with rock and roll, and uses mostly electric guitar as a main instrument. It began in the mid 1960s in England and the United States with bands such as Cream and The Rolling Stones, who experimented with music from the older bluesmen like Elmore James, Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf and Bo Diddley.

= = = AboutUs.com = = =
AboutUs.com is a wiki Internet domain directory. It lists websites along with information about their content. As a wiki, AboutUs allows Internet users to add entries or modify information. It was created by Ray King in 2006. It started in Portland, Oregon, where the website's headquarters is today. Ray King started AboutUs with only five people working with him, but, now he has more than thirty-five employees. AboutUs is in two different continents now, and they have an office in the city of Lahore, Pakistan.

= = = Nile Delta = = =
The Nile Delta () is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers some 240 km of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately 160 km in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo. Dams at Aswan farther upstream on the Nile have stopped further addition of the silt that built the delta in past centuries. Because of this, the delta is shrinking.
Shape and composition.
The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), and resembles a triangle or lotus flower when seen from above. 
Climate.
The Nile Delta has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by little rainfall. Only 100 to 200 mm of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in the winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, averaging 30 °C, with a maximum of around 48 °C. Winter temperatures are normally in the range of 5° to 10 °C. The Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the summer months. The Nile Delta is currently eroding.
References.
1. p87 in W. Hayes, 'Most Ancient Egypt', JNES, 23 (1964), 73-114.

= = = Lotus = = =
Lotus may refer to:
in horticulture:
in culture (Asian):
in corporate and computing:
in geography:
in maritime
in other meanings:

= = = Lotus position = = =
The lotus position (Sanskrit: "Padmasanam") is a cross-legged sitting position which is common in meditative practices of Hinduism. It is a part of the Hindu Yoga tradition. The position is said to resemble a lotus plant and to encourage proper breathing and to be helpful for physical stability.

= = = Polypropylene = = =
Polypropylene (PP), or polypropene, is a type of plastic. It is a thermoplastic polymer which can be made into a fibre for yarn and fabric, film for packaging, or many other shapes. 
As a plastic it can be made translucent but usually is opaque and often brightly colored. It is tough, and resists many solvents, acids and bases.
It can be formed into a thin thread and woven into a strong strap, often used on backpacks, bags, and other things.
In 2008, the global market for polypropylene had a volume of 45.1 million metric tons, which led to a turnover of about $65 billion (~ €47.4 billion).

= = = Millau Viaduct = = =
The Millau Viaduct is a large bridge in Millau, France in the Département of Aveyron. It was designed by the French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Sir Norman Foster. it is the tallest bridge in the world, at tall.
Before the bridge was built, people had to use the national route N9 near the town of Millau. This meant that there was a lot of traffic in July and August. The bridge now crosses the Tarn valley above its lowest point, linking the Causse du Larzac to the Causse Rouge, and is inside the Grands Causses regional natural park.
The bridge forms the last link of the A75 autoroute, (la Méridienne) from Clermont-Ferrand to Béziers. The A75, with the A10 and A71, provides a continuous quick route south from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, Béziers and Spain. Many tourists going to southern France and Spain use this route because it is direct and has no tolls for the 340 km between Clermont-Ferrand and Béziers, except on the bridge. 

= = = Shemale = = =
Shemale (also she-male) is a slang word. It describes a transwoman or intersex person with a penis, but a female body (e.g. breasts).
Some people think "shemale" is a bad word to describe trans or intersex people because it is often used in pornography and sex work.

= = = Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche = = =
The Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church (in German: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche, but mostly just known as Gedächtniskirche ), known in English as the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, is a ruined church in Berlin. It belongs to the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany
It is on the Breitscheidplatz, at the end of the Kurfürstendamm.
The old church was built between 1891 and 1895 according to plans by Franz Schwechten.
Emperor Wilhelm II ordered the building of the church to honour his grandfather Wilhelm I. The neo-romanesque style is a reminder of the many Romanesque churches in the Rhineland like Bonn Minster.
Mosaics inside the church showed the life and work of Emperor Wilhelm I. During World War II, the church was destroyed during a British RAF bombing raid in 1943. The only remainder of the old building is the ruin of the belfry, which is also called ("the hollow tooth").
After the war, from 1951 to 1961, a new church was built right next to the site of the old one. the new church was designed by Egon Eiermann.
The new church has a cross made of nails from the old Coventry Cathedral, destroyed by German Luftwaffe bomb attacks in what was called the Coventry "Blitz". It was consecrated on May 25, 1962, the same day as the new Coventry Cathedral. Both churches were built next to the ruins of the old building, which were kept as reminders of the horrors of war.
As well as the Coventry cross, the "Gedächtniskirche" has a cross of the Russian Orthodox Church and a design known as the Stalingrad Madonna by Lieutenant Kurt Reuber, created in December 1942 in Stalingrad (now Volgograd), as symbols of peace between the three countries that were once at war.
In December 2007, Charles Jeffrey Gray, a former British pilot who carried out World War II bombing raids over Germany, joined a campaign to rescue the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church from decay. After reading about the condition of the Church, Gray contacted Wolfgang Kuhla, the chairman of the church's advisory board, asking for its tower be restored. A fund was launched to help raise the costs of its repair.

= = = Catherine Zeta-Jones = = =
Catherine Zeta-Jones CBE (born 25 September 1969) is an Academy Award-winning Welsh actress, living in the United States. She started acting in theatre from a young age. After this, she had many small roles in British and American films and television shows. She established herself as an actress once she began starring in Hollywood films such as "The Phantom", "The Mask of Zorro", and "Entrapment" in the late 1990s.
She won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for acting as Velma Kelly in the 2002 film "Chicago". She is the first and only Welsh actress to win that award. 
In 2010 Zeta-Jones was given a CBE.
Zeta-Jones is married to American actor Michael Douglas, with whom she shares a birthday. They have two children - Dylan (named after Dylan Thomas) and Carys.
Zeta-Jones said in 2011 that she has been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder.

= = = John Bodkin Adams = = =
John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was a British doctor, fraudster and suspected serial killer.
Early years.
Adams was born in Randalstown in what is now Northern Ireland. His parents were from a very strict Christian sect called the Plymouth Brethren - and they believed that what ever they did in life, they would go to heaven anyway. He had one brother, William, born in 1903. His father died in 1914 and Adams was brought up by his mother. The family moved to Belfast but in 1918 William died from flu. Adams studied medicine at university.
Job.
Adams worked for one year in a hospital in Bristol. He then moved to Eastbourne, England where he became a general practitioner. He cared for a lot of old female patients and many of them were very rich. 132 left him money or gifts when they died. Rumours started that Adams was killing them with heroin and morphine and the police decided to investigate. Many of the possible victims had been cremated (burnt), so there were few bodies for the police to analyse.
Trial.
Adams was arrested and tried for the murder of one patient in 1957, but found not guilty. Another charge was withdrawn - an event the judge later criticised. The trial was reported in newspapers around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time".
Claims of unfairness.
Some have claimed that the trial was not held fairly. Police files show that the prosecution gave secret records to the defence to help them defend Adams. Evidence (some notebooks written by the patient's nurses) was lost by the prosecution and then found later by the defence. When it was produced during the trial, the prosecution pretended that it had never seen it. Also, the case that was chosen (Mrs Morrell) was probably one of the least likely to succeed.
One historian claims that the government did not want Adams to be convicted, because he would then have been hanged. If this had happened, many doctors would have refused to treat government (NHS) patients and the government would have become very unpopular.
Other crimes.
Adams was later found guilty of 13 other crimes - prescription fraud, lying on cremation forms, obstructing a police search and failing to keep a register of the dangerous drugs he used.
He had his license to be a doctor taken away in 1957 but it was given back in 1961. He was banned for life from prescribing dangerous drugs.
Scotland Yard's files on the case were meant to be secret until 2033, but special permission was given in 2003 to open them.
Opinions.
Even though he was found not guilty, most experts now consider him to have been a serial killer. The judge in his trial later wrote a book in which he said Adams was probably guilty. The police thought that Adams killed 163 of his patients.

= = = Alex Andrew Kelly = = =
Alexander Andrew Kelly (born May 8, 1967) is an American from Darien, Connecticut, who was convicted of rape in 1997. He is an Irish American who is the middle of three children, having both an older and a younger brother.
Crimes.
Alex Kelly was charged with having done two aggravated assaults in Darien, Connecticut, in 1986. Before his trial was due to begin in 1987, Kelly fled the United States and spent the next seven years on the run, mostly in Europe. In 1995, Kelly gave him self up to the authorities in Switzerland and was extradited to the United States in order to stand trial on rape and kidnapping charges. Kelly faced two trials in 1997. After the first was declared a mistrial, the second resulted in his conviction for the first rape and a sentence of 16 years in prison.
Release.
In 2005, after having served eight years of his 16-year sentence, Kelly appeared before a Connecticut parole board; his bid for release was rejected. On November 23, 2007, Kelly was released from prison on "good behavior". He is now has to serve 10 years probation, perform 200 hours of community service, pay a $10,000 fine, and register with the Connecticut Sex Offender Registry. While in prison, Kelly claims that he earned a bachelor's degree in economics and third-world development.

= = = Dr. Phil (TV series) = = =
Dr. Phil is an American talk show hosted by Phil McGraw. It debuted on September 16, 2002, after McGraw had success with the "Tuesdays With Dr. Phil" segment on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". On both shows McGraw offers advice in the form of "life strategies" from his experience as a clinical psychologist. Dr Phil order his shows January 4 2001
The show is in syndication throughout the United States and Canada, as well as a number of other countries. Also, the show's syndication contracts specifically state that if "Dr. Phil" is on another station, it cannot air at the same time as "Oprah". Dr Phil anncoued his shows In January 2001 to order the first episode in early 2001 with Lea Michele for his shows to exercise.
In 2007, Dr. Phil was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Talk Show Host".
In January 2023, it was announced that the series would end after 21 seasons.

= = = Phil McGraw = = =
Phillip Calvin McGraw (born September 1, 1950), best known as Dr. Phil, is an American television personality, psychologist and author. He is the host of the psychology-themed television show "Dr. Phil". He became a celebrity after appearances on "The Oprah Winfrey Show".
Early life.
McGraw was born in Vinita, Oklahoma. He is the son of Jerry Stevens and Joe McGraw. He grew up with two older sisters, Deana and Donna, and younger sister, Brenda. They lived in the oil fields of North Texas. His father was an equipment supplier there. During McGraw's childhood, his family moved so his father could become a psychologist. McGraw attended Shawnee Mission North High School in Mission, Kansas. In 1968, he was awarded a football scholarship to the University of Tulsa. He played middle linebacker. His coach was Glenn Dobbs. Glenn Dobbs is the father of Gary Dobbs. Gary Dobbs went into business with McGraw. On November 23, 1968, McGraw's team lost to the University of Houston 100-6. This is one of the most badly played games in college football history.
After that season, McGraw moved to Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas. He graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology. He next got a Master's degree in experimental psychology in 1976. He then got a Ph.D in clinical psychology in 1979 at the University of North Texas. At the University of North Texas, his dissertation was titled "Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention."
Career.
After obtaining his Ph.D., McGraw joined his father, Dr. Joe McGraw, in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the elder McGraw had a private psychology practice.
In 1983, McGraw and his father joined Thelma Box, a successful Texas businesswoman, in presenting "Pathways" seminars, "an experience-based training which allows individuals to achieve and create their own results."
In 1990, McGraw joined lawyer Gary Dobbs in co-founding Courtroom Sciences Inc. (CSI), a trial consulting firm through which McGraw later came into contact with Oprah Winfrey. After some time, CSI became a profitable enterprise. It advising Fortune 500 companies and injured plaintiffs about achieving settlements. McGraw is no longer an officer or director of the company. After starting CSI, McGraw ceased the practice of psychology.
Oprah Winfrey and the "Dr. Phil" show.
In 1995, Oprah Winfrey hired McGraw's legal consulting firm CSI to prepare her for the Amarillo Texas beef trial. Winfrey was so impressed with McGraw that she thanked him for her victory in that case, which ended in 1998. Soon after, she invited him to appear on her show. His appearance proved so successful that he began appearing weekly as a "Relationship and Life Strategy Expert" on Tuesdays starting in April 1998.
The next year, McGraw published his first best-selling book, "Life Strategies", some of which was taken from the "Pathways" seminar. In the next four years, McGraw published three additional best-selling relationship books, along with workbooks to complement them.
As of September 2002, McGraw formed Peteski Productions and launched his own syndicated daily television show, "Dr. Phil", produced by Winfrey's Harpo Studios. The format is an advice show, where he tackles a different topic on each show, offering advice for his guests' troubles.
Weight loss products.
In 2003 Dr Phil started selling weight loss products. They were called, "Shape It Up, Woo, Woo!" McGraw said science showed they could help users control their weight. Many people criticized this and the Federal Trade Commission investigated. McGraw stopped selling weight loss products in March 2004 In October 2005, several people who used McGraw's products said they would file a class action lawsuit against him because although the supplements cost $120 per month they did not cause weight loss. McGraw paid $10.5 million in September 2006 to stop the lawsuit.

= = = Dr. Phil = = =
Dr. Phil could mean:

= = = Miss USA = = =
The Miss USA pageant is a beauty contest. It has been held every year since 1952. Winners compete in the Miss Universe pageant.
On November 29, 2021, Elle Smith of Kentucky became Miss USA 2021. 
It used to be owned by billionaire businessman and television personality Donald Trump who is currently the 45th President of the United States since 2017. Since September 2015, the pageant has been owned by and the which are collectively known as WME-IMG.

= = = The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale = = =
"The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" is a story from the well known book "The Canterbury Tales". It is about a knight who sets on a quest to find the object that women most desire. The story has been changed into many plays.
The story begins when a man rapes a young lady. He is sentenced to death by the King, but the Queen asks for mercy. She gives the knight a year and a day to find out what women really want. The man hunts the entire year, and gets many different answers, from the different women he asks. 
After a year passed he was on his way to back the castle to tell the queen his answer when he saw many young women. They disappeared and left one old lady. The old lady gives him the answer but in return wants to marry him. The man is forced to marry the old woman after she gives him the correct answer, which was mastery (sovereignty) from their husbands/men. On their honeymoon he hides from her and she gives him the choice of her old ugly self, who would never cheat on him or a pretty woman who might cheat on him. He gives her the power to make the decision on her own, and in return she turns herself into a pretty and faithful young woman he had truly wanted.

= = = Vuze = = =
Vuze (formerly Azureus) is a Java-based BitTorrent used for file sharing. The program's logo is the Blue Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates azureus). The Azureus name was given to the project by co-creator Tyler Pitchford, who uses the Latin names of poison dart frogs as "nickname" for his development projects.
Azureus was first released in June 2003 at SourceForge.net. It is now one of the most popular BitTorrent clients
License.
Since version 2.5.0.4, Azureus was distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

= = = Stabio = = =
Stabio is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Tegna = = =
Tegna was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged into the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.

= = = Tenero-Contra = = =
Tenero-Contra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Torre = = =
Torre may refer to:

= = = Torre, Switzerland = = =
Torre was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It came together with 3 other villages to become the new municipality Blenio.

= = = Girolamo Savonarola = = =
Girolamo Savonarola (21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498), was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. Savonarola is famous for burning books, and for the destruction of what he considered immoral art. Savonarola was a priest but he preached against the moral corruption of the clergy and the Church of Rome. His main enemy was Pope Alexander VI. He is sometimes seen as a forerunner of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, however he remained a devout Roman Catholic.
In the twentieth century, a movement for the canonization of "Frà Savonarola" began to develop within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly among Dominicans. Many believe that his excommunication and execution were not legal. However, his beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits, who think Savonarola's attacks on the papacy to have been a serious crime.
Early years.
Savonarola was born in Ferrara, which was the capital of the independent Duchy of Ferrara.
In his youth he studied the Bible, and then went to the University of Ferrara. He wrote two poems which showed his anger at morally corrupt clergymen. The first, about the end of the world, was written when he was only 20. Savonarola wrote the second poem "De Ruina Mundi" ("On the Downfall of the World") in 1475. In this poem he said the Roman Curia was "a false, proud whore".
Florence.
Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475, and entered the convent of San Domenico in Bologna. He studied theology. In 1479 he went to the convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli. In 1482 the Dominicans sent him to Florence, the ‘city of his destiny’. After five years, he went back to Bologna where he became 'master of studies’.
He returned to Florence in 1490 and began to preach about the end of the world. He had visions and prophecies which he said had come to him from God and the saints. Several disasters made his prophecies real. He spoke about the failing power of the ruling Medici family. Savonarola never tried to make war on the Roman Curia. He wanted to put an end to the sins of the popes who cared more about their riches and power than they did about God .
After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494, the ruling Medici were removed. Savonarola became the new leader of the city, both as a secular leader and priest. He set up a rather modern democratic republic in Florence. Savonarola wanted to make Florence a city devoted to God, a good “Christian and religious Republic.” Homosexuality had been acceptable in Florence, and many were important people. One of Savonarola's first laws was to make sodomy a crime which would be punished by death.
In 1497, he and his followers went to the Piazza della Signoria, and began to burn mirrors, cosmetics, obscene pictures, pagan books, gaming tables, musical instruments, fine dresses, women’s hats, and the works of immoral and ancient poets. They also burnt paintings by some famous artists, such as Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo. This event is now called the "Bonfire of the Vanities".
The Fall.
Florence soon became tired of Savonarola. The city had become an unhappy place to live. Savonarola's promises that God would change things in the city did not come true, and his predictions of the end of the world did not happen. During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4, 1497, groups of young men rioted in the streets, people began singing and dancing, and the taverns reopened. The riot became a revolution.
Excommunication and execution.
On May 13, 1497, Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI. In 1498, Alexander demanded his arrest and execution. On April 8, soldiers attacked the Convent of San Marco and after a bloody battle Savonarola's guards and religious supporters were killed. He surrendered and for a few weeks was tortured to make him say that he was guilty of heresy, corruption, and other crimes against the Church.
On the day of his execution he was taken out to the Piazza della Signoria with Fra Silvestro and Fra Domenico da Pescia, two religious friends of Savonarola. They were stripped of their clerical clothing, and called heretics and schismatics. The three men were put on crosses,and burned alive. Savonarola died in the same place where he had burnt the paintings and books.
Niccolò Machiavelli, author of "The Prince", also saw and wrote about the execution. The Medici soon retook control of Florence.

= = = Crepe myrtle = = =
The common crepe mirtle was introduced in South Carolina by Andre Michaux. 
This multistemmed shrub with crepe-like texture petals, and diverse colors is resistant to frosts.
The genus is dedicated to Magnus von Lagerstroem, who supplied Linnaeus plant he collected.

= = = Torricella-Taverne = = =
Torricella-Taverne is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Tremona = = =
Tremona was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

= = = Valcolla = = =
Valcolla was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Geography.
Valcolla is in the upper part of the Val Colla, the mountain valley in which the Cassarate River rises. It has villages of Colla, Cozzo, Curtina, Insone, Maglio di Colla, Molino, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra. It borders the following municipalities: Bidogno, Bogno, Capriasca, Cavargna (Italy), Certara, Cimadera, Corticiasca, Ponte Capriasca and Sonvico.
History.
In 1956 the municipality was created from the merger of Colla, Insone, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla merged into the city of Lugano.

= = = Vergeletto = = =
Vergeletto was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History.
Since 1803, the municipality of Vergeletto also contained the current municipality of Gresso. Both municipalities were moved away from each other in 1882. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.
Coat of arms.
The coat of arms of the municipality are taken from the Garbani, or Garban family for its French and Northern American branch, starting from the village, who are people who sell things or people of power.

= = = Vernate, Ticino = = =
Vernate is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Verscio = = =
Verscio was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.

= = = Vezia = = =
Vezia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Vico Morcote = = =
Vico Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

= = = Villa Luganese = = =
Villa Luganese was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Villa Luganese was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2008.

= = = Vira (Gambarogno) = = =
Vira (Gambarogno) was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

= = = Vogorno = = =
Vogorno was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village can be found above Lago di Vogorno. There is an old church with frescos from about 1400 in the village.
On 17 October 2020, the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

= = = Lago di Vogorno = = =
Lago di Vogorno is a lake near Tenero, in Ticino, Switzerland. The reservoir on the Verzasca river is made by the Verzasca Dam, built 1961-1965. The water surface area is 1.68 km2

= = = Alt St. Johann = = =
Alt St. Johann was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus merged into the new municipality of Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann.

= = = Mika Pohjola = = =
Mika Pohjola (born December 1, 1971, in Helsinki, Finland) is a jazz pianist and composer. He lives in New York City.
Biography.
Mika Pohjola lived in Vantaa, Finland, outside Helsinki until 1987. He started studying piano and music theory with his father, Heikki Pohjola in 1979. In 1982, he started singing in the Helsinki Cathedral boy choir, Cantores Minores. He then studied classical piano, music theory and counterpoint at the Vantaa Music Institute. After completing his classical studies, Pohjola moved to Stockholm, Sweden to study jazz music. He met Alvaro Is Rojas while studying at the Södra Latin Gymnasium. Is Rojas taught him piano improvisation and jazz ear-training for five years. Pohjola received a Master's Degree in Jazz Education at the Royal Swedish College of Music in 1992. 
Encouraged by Alvaro Is Rojas, Pohjola moved to Boston, Massachusetts to study at Berklee College of Music. His teachers included Herb Pomeroy, Gary Burton, Phil Wilson, Ed Bedner and Hal Crook. Pohjola also met many new music collaborators, such as Johanna Grüssner, Matt Penman, Roberto Dani, Fernando Huergo, Sophie Dunér and Yusuke Yamamoto. Pohjola graduated from Berklee with honors in 1994. That same year he recorded his first album, "Myths and Beliefs" (GM Recordings) produced by Gunther Schuller.
In 1995, Pohjola moved to New York City and became a part of the downtown jazz scene. He briefly studied with pianist Sal Mosca. Pohjola performed at New York clubs such as the Blue Note, Birdland, the Five Spot, Smalls, The Jazz Standard and Visiones. His many bands featured saxophonists Chris Cheek, Mark Turner and Miguel Zenón, guitarist Ben Monder, bassists Matt Penman, Johannes Weidenmüller and Fernando Huergo, drummers Roberto Dani, Marlon Browden, Darren Beckett, Matt Wilson and Mark Ferber. In the 1990s, Pohjola often toured Europe, and performed in his native Finland, Sweden, Denmark, The United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. Pohjola was also invited to play in Ukraine in 1999, 2001 and 2002. In 2002 to 2005 Pohjola spent much time in his own recording studio, documenting ambitious arrangements of Scandinavian traditional and popular music. He released the catalogue of the original Moomin music on "Moomin Voices" (2003 in Swedish; 2005 in Finnish). His main collaborators included vocalists Theo Bleckmann, Rigmor Gustafsson, Lisa Werlinder, Sanni Orasmaa and Eeppi Ursin; and instrumentalists Alan Ferber, David Ambrosio, Christof Knoche, Laura Arpiainen and Ayumi Takeshima. He also recorded Scandinavian Christmas music on "Scandinavian Yuletide Voices" (2005), and a tribute to the Finnish legendary tango composer, Toivo Kärki on the album, "Leivonen lumimyrskyssä (A Lark in a Snowstorm)" (2006).
Pohjola has since 1995 been a jazz piano principal at the Nilsiä Music Camp in Finland. Additionally, he has been a guest lecturer at many conservatories in Scandinavia. In 2006 Pohjola was invited as a lecturer to Berklee College of Music as a major visiting artist.
Pohjola plays chacarera and jazz compositions with Argentinean bassist and composer Fernando Huergo. Pohjola also leads several groups in Finland, such as the popular Moomin Voices (in Finnish Muumilauluja-bändi) which often performs at children's events and festivals.

= = = Zug = = =
Zug is a small town in Switzerland. It is at the northeastern corner of Lake Zug.

= = = BitTorrent = = =
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer program, first developed in mid-2001 by Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, Inc., to use for uploading and downloading files under the BitTorrent protocol. In the protocol, a "Tracker" hosts information about any active computers which are trying to share data. Trackers are used to find other active computers, but do not store or share file data. Using the .torrent files, BitTorrent users can "Leech" (download) the files. Once a "Leecher" gets 100% of the file(s), they become a "Seeder" and helps "Seed" (upload) the files to other Leechers.
BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. Before version 6.0, BitTorrent was written in Python, and was free software. The source code for versions up to and including 3.4.2 were distributed under the MIT license and versions 4.x and 5.x were released under the BitTorrent Open Source License, a modified version of the Jabber Open Source License. Since version 6.0, BitTorrent is a rebranded version of �Torrent. As a result, its source is closed.
The BitTorrent protocol now has many clients, for example :

= = = List of BitTorrent clients = = =
A BitTorrent client is a program that downloads files using the BitTorrent protocol.
The first client, known as BitTorrent, was created by Bram Cohen in the summer of 2001. Programs that use BitTorrent protocol are:
† - this program is no longer being developed

= = = Bali Nine = = =
The Bali Nine is the name of the nine Australian citizens arrested and convicted for drug trafficking on April 17, 2005, in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. The group tried to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at about 4 million AUD from Indonesia to Australia. 
Members of the group are: Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran. All of them are between ages 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests. 
After the trial, two of the Bali Nine received death sentences, and the others got 20 years or life sentences. Renae Lawrence finished serving her 20-year sentence in Kerobokan Prison together with Schapelle Corby. Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015.

= = = Eunuch = = =
A eunuch is a castrated man. His genitals have been removed. This can be cutting off the testicles. The term "castration" is sometimes used to refer to emasculation where both the testicles and the penis are removed together.
Over the millennia since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different cultures such as domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, government officials, military commanders, and guardians of women or harem servants. When eunuchs ran a harem, a monarch could be sure he was the one who fathered his wives' children since eunuchs were always infertile.
In Byzantine art, angels and eunuchs were often shown in a similar light and manner.

= = = Antares Telescope = = =
The ANTARES Experiment is a telescope that is built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. But it is not a normal telescope that uses light to see distant objects. Instead, it uses neutrinos, very small and light particles that can fly through the earth. The name comes from Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch project. There is also a star called Antares.
Functions.
It uses 900 light sensors attached to 12 strings that float in the sea to detect neutrinos. The strings are held onto the sea floor by an anchor and straight up by a buoy floating in the sea. Although the neutrinos are invisible, they can create a different particle, a muon, in water. The muon then gives off light by the Cherenkov effect because it travels faster than light in water. 
The sensors are so sensitive that they need only very little light and can even detect single photons. This is necessary because the muons produce only very little light.
Location.
The detector is located in the Mediterranean, about 40 kilometres off Toulon in southern France. There the sea is 2500 metres deep. It is built by a group of physicists from 12 European countries. Currently, 10 strings are running. The last two strings will be installed in May 2008.
Trivia.
It is the largest neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere. Two similar detectors are located in the ice of the South Pole (AMANDA and IceCube).

= = = Cherenkov radiation = = =
Cherenkov radiation, also known as Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation (; Russian: ��������) is a type of electromagnetic radiation produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at a speed which is greater than the speed of light in that medium. (It doesn't violate special relativity because the refractive index slows down the speed of light in a medium. So, the particle doesn't have to travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.) It is named after Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov, who discovered this phenomenon in 1934 under the supervision of Sergey Vavilov. Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank developed a theory on this effect in 1937. Pavel Čerenkov, Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics because of their contribution in cherenkov radiation.
Theory.
According to special relativity, a particle cannot move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. However, when light travels in a transparent medium (such as water or glass), it moves more slowly than it would in a vacuum. This means that particles can actually move faster than the speed of light in certain mediums. When a particle with an electric charge moves faster than light in a medium which can be polarized, it causes the medium to send out photons (light particles) and thereby loses energy. The photons that are sent out can be measured, as they are simple light.
Explanation.
The formation of Cherenkov radiation is analogous to the bow wave caused by a power boat traveling faster than the speed of water waves or to the shock wave (sonic boom) produced by an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound in air.
When an aircraft passes through the air, it creates a series of pressure waves in front of the aircraft and behind it. These waves travel at the speed of sound and, as the speed of the object increases, the waves get compressed as they cannot get out of each other's way quickly enough. When the aircraft gets the velocity of sound wave, the pressure waves get merge into a single shock wave. As the velocity keeps increasing, the single shock wave extends mostly to the rear and extends from the craft in a restricted widening cone. We hear this as sonic boom. Similarly, a bow wave forms when something moves through a fluid at a speed greater than the speed of a wave moving across the fluid. The mechanism of Cherenkov radiation is same but it occurs for light waves.
When a charged particle moves inside a polarizable medium, it excites some the ellectrons of that medium. As the excited ellectrons return to their ground state, they emits electromagnetic radiation. According to the Huygens principle, the emitted waves move out spherically at the phase velocity of that medium. If the particle moves faster than the speed of light in that medium, the emitted waves add up and at an angle with respect to the particle direction a radiation is emitted which is known as Cherenkov radiation.
Because nothing can move faster than light in a vacuum, there is no Cherenkov light in a vacuum. However, if we say that light in water moves only with 75% of its speed in vacuum, particles with very high energy are now able to move faster than light (through water) and create Cherenkov light.
The reason Cherenkov light often appears blue is because its effect is proportional to the frequency, in that the higher the frequency, the higher the effect of the radiation. Because higher frequency light equates to shorter wavelengths, and blue light has one of the shortest wavelengths of visible light, Cherenkov light is usually blue.
Emission angle with respect to the first image.
In the first image, a charged particle (red) moves at a speed of formula_1 where 
Ratio between the speed of the particle and the speed of light is
In this medium, the velocity of light is (n is the refractive index)
Left side of this image is the initial point ("t" = 0) and the right side is the location of the particle after "t" time। 
So, the distance passed by the particle in "t" time is
And the distance passed by the light is
So, the emission angle is (using trigonometry)
We can also derive the emission angle from the second image too.

= = = List of cities and towns in Germany = = =
Complete list of 2,073 cities in Germany (as of September 1, 2005)
Only municipalities with independent administration and that have the "Stadtrecht" (city rights) are included.

= = = Foot-pound (energy) = = =
The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb), is a unit of energy and also a unit of torque. By definition it is one foot times one pound-force.
Unit of energy.
As a unit of energy, one foot-pound is the energy it takes to push with one pound-force one pound for a distance of one foot. 
1 foot-pound is equivalent to:
Unit of torque.
As a unit of torque, one foot-pound is the torque created by one pound force acting at a perpendicular distance of one foot from a pivot point. 
1 foot-pound is equivalent to:

= = = Dachau (disambiguation) = = =
Dachau can mean:

= = = Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach = = =
Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach (also known as Aeschlen) was a municipality of the district Konolfingen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the municipality of Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach merged into the municipality of Oberdiessbach.

= = = Büren District = = =
The district of Büren is a district of the Swiss canton of Bern. Its capital is Büren an der Aare.
It contains 14 municipalities in an area of 88 km2:

= = = Burgdorf District = = =
The district of Burgdorf in the Swiss canton of Bern has 24 municipalities in an area of 197 km2:

= = = Budai = = =
Budai, pronounced Hotei in Japanese, also known as the Laughing Buddha, was a Buddhist monk in China. Many Chinese Buddhists believe he was a reincarnation of Maitreya, the person who will become the next Buddha after Gautama Buddha.
He has become incorporated into Buddhist, Taoist and Shinto. Images of him can be found in many temples, restaurants, and businesses. Budai has become a god of happiness and plenty in some forms of Taoism and Buddhism. In Japan, Hotei is one of the Seven Lucky Gods ("Shichi Fukujin"). He is almost always shown smiling or laughing, hence his nickname in Chinese, the "Laughing Buddha".
History.
As Angida Arhat.
Budai may be based on a monk that lived in the time of Sakyamuni Buddha. This monk's name was "Angida", whose name means "calico bag". According to legend, Angida was an Indian snake catcher who caught poisonous snakes to stop them from biting people. Budai and Angida look similar because they are both depicted as plump, laughing and carrying a bag.
As a Chinese Buddhist monk.
In the Chinese tradition, Budai was a monk who lived in China around 907 to 923 CE. He was a man who was good and loving. Apart from his character, his likeness with the Maitreya Bodhisattva (the future Buddha) come from a Buddhist hymn which he said before his death:
Description.
Budai is almost always shown carrying a sack, which never empties, and is filled with many precious things, including rice plants (symbolizing wealth), sweets for children, food, and the sadness of the world. His duty is to protect the weak, the poor and children.
In Chinese Buddhist temples, Budai's statue is put in the front part of the entrance hall. He is shown as a stout, smiling or laughing man in robes with a largely bare belly, which represents happiness, good luck, and plenty.
Some statues show small children at his feet. Another item that is usually seen in Budai statues, is a begging bowl, which shows that he is a Buddhist. All of these images show Budai as a wandering monk who goes around and takes sadness from people. Because he represents richness and happiness, statues are often found in homes and businesses in China and Japan.
Chán Buddhism.
The main story that concerns Budai in Chan is a short koan.
Phra Sangkadchai/ Phra Sangkachai.
In Thailand Budai is sometimes confused with another monk that is respected in Thailand. Phra Sangkadchai or Shanghai, a Thai spelling of Mahakaccayanathera, was a Buddhist monk in the time of the Buddha. The Buddha praised "Phra Sangkadchai" for his excellence in explaining complicated dharma (or dhamma) in an easily understandable way.
 Although both Budai and Phra Sangkadchai may be found in both Thai and Chinese temples, Phra Sangkadchai is found more often in Thai temples, and Budai in Chinese temples. Two points to distinguish them from one another are:
1. Phra Sangkadchai has a bit of hair on his head while Budai is bald.2. Phra Sangkadchai wears the robes in Theravadin Buddhist fashion with the robes folded across one shoulder, leaving the other uncovered. Budai wears the robes in Chinese style, covering both arms but leaving the front part of the upper body uncovered.
Folklore.
One belief surrounding the figure of Budai in popular folklore is that if a person rubs his belly, it brings wealth, good luck, and prosperity. This belief however is not part of any Buddhist ritual, but is a part of a Chinese folk belief. He is often admired for his happiness, abundance, wisdom, and contentment.

= = = Juroujin = = =
In Japan, Juroujin (���), also known as Gama, is one of the Seven Lucky Gods, according to Taoist beliefs. He is the God of long life.
He has a staff and a fan. He is shown as an old man with a long beard, and a scroll is tied to the staff, which has the lifespan of all living things written on it. The deer, the crane and the tortoise, symbols of long life, sometimes follow him.

= = = Source code = = =
In computer programming, source code is (generally speaking) a text file version of a computer program or software that contains instructions that the computer follows to do something. Source code is written in a programming language which a human can read and change. A large program may contain many different source code files that all work together. Source code is in many cases compiled before running it. That means translating the code into assembly language or machine language which is much faster and easier for the computer to read, but hard for a human to read. Another very common way is to interpret the code, without needing a compilation step, while that's generally slower.
A computer program may be open source, which means the source code is shared with anyone who wants to look at it and change it. Many programs are however closed source, which means only the executable code is distributed and people are not allowed to look at and change the code. Many open source programs are also compiled to such code, that may or may not be allowed to be inspected, while to change it is most convenient to change the source code that came with it, or possibly can be downloaded.
Example of C source code.
int main()
 printf("Hello world!\n");
 return(0);
When compiled by a C compiler and executed, this will print "Hello world!" on the computer screen and then finish.

= = = Legendary Pokémon = = =
Legendary Pokémon are very rare Pokémon in the "Pokémon" world. Characters in the series often claim that very few people have seen them. They are hard to catch, and are stronger than most other Pokémon. They have powers that other Pokémon do not have. In the games some roam around, while others stay in one spot until the main character catches it. If the player defeats a legendary Pokémon, they will often not be available again, because there is only one of them, in rare cases they might reappear after certain conditions are met. Because of this, players usually save their game before going to battle the Pokémon. The Master Ball and Ultra Ball are popular choices for catching legendary Pokémon. But legendary Pokémon can also be caught with a normal Poké Ball. It is often advised to catch a legendary Pokémon with a Quick Ball since a Quick Ball has a high capture rate at the beginning of a battle. Legendary Pokémon typically have a 3/255 catch rate with Ultra Balls, and 1/255 catch rate with regular Poké Balls. There are about 1,013 Pokémon.
Kanto.
These Pokémon are in the Kanto region, which appears in "Pokémon Red and Blue", and its related games.
Johto.
These Pokémon are in the Johto region, which appears in "Pokémon Gold and Silver", and its related games.
Hoenn.
These Pokémon are in the Hoenn region, which appears in "Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire", and its related games.
Sinnoh.
These Pokémon are in the Sinnoh region, which appears in "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl", and its related games.
Unova.
These Pokémon are in the Unova region, which appears in "Pokémon Black and White" and "Pokémon Black 2 and White 2.
Kalos.
These Pokémon are in the Kalos region, which appears in "Pokémon X and Y".
Alola.
These Pokémon are in the Alola region, which appears in "Pokémon Sun, Moon, Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon"

= = = Gilles Binchois = = =
Gilles Binchois (probably born in Mons about 1400; died Soignies, 20 September, 1460), was a Franco-Flemish composer. His name is spelt in various ways: “Binchoys”, “Binch” or “Binche” or “Gilles de Bins”. He is one of the earliest composers of the group known as the Burgundian School. His style of composition had a very important influence on music at the Burgundian court. Together with Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstaple he belongs to the greatest of 15th century composers.
Life.
He was probably born in Mons in what is now Belgium. His father, a councillor to Duke Guillaume IV of Hainault, had a job in a church in Mons. Nothing is known about Gilles until 1419, when he became organist at the church of Ste. Waudru in Mons. In 1423 went to live in Lille. He may have worked as a soldier.
Sometime near the end of the 1420s he joined the court chapel of Burgundy. He sang with the choir there. He spent many years working at the Burgundian court. He was not allowed much time to be away, so he did not travel much. We know that he went to Mons in 1449 on which occasion he met Guillaume Dufay. When he retired he went to live in Soignes. He had a good pension.
Music and influence.
Binchois wrote beautiful melodies which were much simpler than a lot of the music of the Middle Ages. They are easy to sing and remember. Many later composers used melodies by Binchois as a basis for their own masses. Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century. Binchois did not often write in strophic form. He preferred to write music which did not follow the rhyming rhythm of the verse.

= = = Squirtle = = =
Squirtle is a character in the series, Pokémon, which has a TV show, games, and more. It is one of the three starter pokémon. It is a water-type Pokémon. Squirtle comes with the ability Torrent, which increases the power of Water-type attacks by 50% once the Pokémon has less than one-third of its maximum HP.
Squirtle evolves via level, into Wartortle starting at Level 16, then into Blastoise starting at Level 36. 

= = = John Dunstaple = = =
John Dunstaple or Dunstable (born about 1390; died 24 December 1453) was an English composer who lived in the last part of the medieval era and the early part of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the early 15th century. He had a lot of influence on music in England as well as on the continent. He helped to develop the style of the Burgundian School.
The spelling "Dunstaple" is more often used today because in documents from his time this is the spelling that is more common, although some documents spelt his name "Dunstable".
Life.
Dunstaple was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire around 1390. We know very little about his life. He was well educated and he worked for the Duke of Bedford who was the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. He may have spent some time in France because the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435. Dunstaple owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of 1436. He also worked for the Duke of Gloucester.
Many composers at that time were priests, but Dunstaple was not, although he had connections with St Albans Abbey. He was probably married.
During his life he was not just known as a composer but also as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician.
He died on Christmas Eve 1453, and was buried in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London which was later destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. 
Music and influence.
We hardly have any original manuscripts of Dunstaple’s music. England was a very musical country at the time, but almost all that music was destroyed between 1536 and 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when Henry VIII was ruling. Most of Dunstaple’s works which survive were works which were found on the continent, mostly in north Italy. This shows that he must have been famous throughout Europe. He influenced Dufay and Binchois. The Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris wrote in 1476 that he was the most important musician of new music which had started in England.
Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using one melody as "cantus firmus." He wrote many carols (religious songs), but we do not know which ones are by him because he did not sign his name to them. He wrote secular music, but it has been lost.

= = = Equals sign = = =
The equal sign "=" is a symbol used to indicate equality. It looks like two parallel horizontal lines. Computers display the equals sign with the Unicode or ASCII character 003D (in hexadecimal).
Similar symbols.
The symbol used to say when items are not equal is "≠" (slashed equal sign). 
There are several symbols that can be used to say items are "approximately the same," "similar to" or "about equal." Some of these symbols include:
Each of these symbols has more than one possible meaning, and are all used to state that two things are about equal (or equivalent in some way).

= = = Crimean War = = =
The Crimean War (1853–1856), also called the Eastern War (), was fought between the Russian Empire against the French Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. Most of the fighting, including the Battle of Balaclava, happened in Crimea, but some of it was what is now western Turkey and around the Baltic Sea. 
The Crimean War is sometimes called the first "modern" war since its weaponry and tactics were used for the first time and affected all later wars. It was also the first war to use a telegraph to give information to a newspaper quickly.
Background.
The Ottoman Empire was declining by the mid-1800s. The war started after the Ottoman Empire decided that France, not Russia, had the right to protect Christians in the Holy Land near the area of modern-day Israel. 
Russia sent an army to take part of Ottoman Romania and so the British and the French allies sent an army and a navy to help the Ottomans. When the allies got to their camp in Gallipoli, Russia retreated and so the allies decided instead to take back Crimea, where Russia had its naval base. Russia had taken Crimea from the Ottoman Empire in an earlier war.
Results.
The Allies won the war in Crimea but gave it back to Russia in return for Russia giving back other places and promising not to have a navy on the Black Sea. 
The Crimean War was a very important point in the history of warfare since new weapons were used. It was also the first war to be reported by the press via photography and journalists. Another very important factor was that it was the first war with real field hospitals, which were started by Florence Nightingale.
After it lost the war, Russia decided to make changes, including increasing its development of weaponry and ending serfdom in 1861.

= = = Homophobia = = =
Homophobia is the fear or poor treatment of homosexuals. The word was created in the 1960s by a psychologist named George Weinberg. The word "homophobia" is often used together with the word "transphobia" in documents explaining human rights violation of LGBT people by United Nations and Council of Europe.
There are events to stop homophobia, like the "gay pride parades" and "International Day Against Homophobia" on May 17. It was first celebrated on 17 May 2005 in more than 40 countries. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia have developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. In some places, it is illegal to treat people badly because they are homosexual, and it is a hate crime to hurt them for that reason. Laws against such discrimination have been made in several countries. Internationally, the Declaration of Montreal and the Yogyakarta Principles were adopted in 2006.
Successful strategies to prevent homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching students about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality. A person who is homophobic may be called a homophobe. 
Homophobia is often related to heterosexism, the belief that sex and love between men and women is better than other types of sex and love. Such as sex between two men or sex between two women.

= = = Tickling = = =
Tickling is to lightly touch, scratch, or rub a person or animal to make them laugh. For most people, it causes pleasure and happiness whereas others hate it. Tickle spots are feet, armpits, and sides of stomach.
Tickling yourself.
It is believed by many that tickling yourself is very hard and by some that it is nearly impossible. Research shows that the brain notices and senses our movements and actions. This lets the brain prepare itself when we try to tickle ourselves. The unexpected senses are then cancelled by our brain, so we do not feel the reaction we would have if someone else tickled us when we least expected it.
Unlike others, some people in the world know how to tickle themselves. This is because they know the tickling spots in their body and are able to use other objects to tickle themselves. For example, they can use a piece of tissue and rub it against their stomach to tickle themselves. Tickling may be relaxing, but may also be painful.

= = = English Springer Spaniel = = =
The English Springer Spaniel is a dog breed used as hunting dogs to retrieve animals. It is one of many spaniel breeds. They are clever and cheerful. Their coat can be brown and white, black and white, or have tan spots. They look like their cousins, the Welsh Springer Spaniel and Cocker Spaniel. Common colors include black, brown and white.

= = = Ottawa Hills, Ohio = = =
Ottawa Hills is a village in Ohio, United States. 4,790 people lived there in 2020. The village is a rich suburb of Toledo. They have a police and fire department. The high school is the second best public school in Ohio. Ottawa Hills is 13th out of 1065 places in Ohio by average income.

= = = Congo River = = =
The Congo River (also known as Zaire River) is the largest river in Africa. Its overall length of 4,700 km (2,922 miles) makes it the second longest in Africa (after the Nile). The river and its tributaries flow through the second largest rain forest area in the world, second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America.
The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon, and the second-largest watershed of any river, again trailing the Amazon. Its watershed is a little larger than that of the Mississippi River. Because large parts of the river basin sit north and south of the equator, its flow is steady, as there is always at least one river having a rainy season.
The Congo gets its name from the old Kingdom of Kongo which was at the mouth of the river. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, both countries sitting along the river's banks, are named after it. From 1971 to 1997, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was called Zaire and its government called the river the Zaire River.
The sources of the Congo are in the Highlands and mountains of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which feed the Lualaba River. This then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls. The Chambeshi River in Zambia is usually taken as the source of the Congo because of the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River.
The Congo flows mostly west from Kisangani just below the falls, then slowly bends southwest, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool, where the river narrows and falls through a few cataracts in deep canyons (collectively known as the Livingstone Falls), running by Matadi and Boma, and into the sea at the small town of Muanda.
History of exploration.
The mouth of the Congo was visited by Europeans in 1482, by the Portuguese Diogo Cão, and in 1817, by a British exploration under James Kingston Tuckey that went up the river as far as Isangila. Henry Morton Stanley was the first European to travel along the whole river.
Economic importance.
Although the Livingstone Falls stop ships coming in from the sea, almost all of the Congo is navigable in parts, especially between Kinshasa and Kisangani. Railways cross the three major falls that interrupt navigation, and much of the trade of central Africa passes along the river. Goods include copper, palm oil, sugar, coffee, and cotton. The river can also be valuable for hydroelectric power, and Inga Dams below Pool Malebo have been built.
In February of 2005, South Africa's state owned power company, Eskom, said that they had a proposal to increase the amount of electric power that the Inga can make through improvements and the building of a new hydroelectric dam. The project would bring the highest output of the dam to 40 GW, twice that of China's Three Gorges Dam.
Geological history.
In the Mesozoic period before the continental drift opened the South Atlantic Ocean, the Congo was the upper part of a river about 12,000 km (7,500 miles) long that flowed west across the parts of Gondwanaland, now called Africa and South America.
Tributaries.
Listed from down a river, to up a river:
Literature.
The Congo River was the location the novel "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad.

= = = Breast reduction = = =
Breast reduction is a plastic surgery to make human breasts smaller. The doctor takes out fat, skin, and glands. It is done on women most of the time, but men can also get it. In 2005, more than 113,000 women had breast reductions.
Aside from aesthetic reasons, many women choose to undergo breast reduction surgery to help reduce back strain, skin irritation, or breathing problems caused by large breasts.

= = = Bachelor of Arts = = =
A Bachelor of Arts or BA is a college degree. It takes three years to get it in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Quebec, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, and Switzerland. It takes four years in Canada, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Japan, United States, Republic of Korea, and the Philippines. "Bachelor of Arts" is often written as "BA" or "B.A." The Latin term is "artium baccalaureus" so some colleges use the abbreviation of "AB" or "A.B."
The word "arts" means the "liberal arts". Compared to Bachelor of Science degrees, Bachelor of Arts often require more courses outside the main field of study. A Bachelor of Arts can be awarded in the sciences, social sciences, or humanities.

= = = Izanami = = =
Izanami is a goddess of both creation and death in Japanese mythology. She is said to have died giving birth to one of her children {who Izanagi killed due to the grief of losing his beloved} and was sent to Yomi, the land of the dead. Izanagi, her husband, came down to Yomi to bring her back to earth. While she Izanami was in Yomi, she felt hungry and ate the fruit. After eating the fruit, she turned into one of the undead, a rotting, maggot-infested pile of flesh. When Izanagi arrived, she would not step out from the shadows and told her husband to go back to earth. Izanagi tried to persuade her to come back with him and she agreed if she could take a rest in her bedchambers, forbidding Izanagi to enter. Izanagi, anxious to return to earth, snuck into her chambers and, taking his comb from his hair, lit it on fire, showing him her rotting body. Izanami woke up and seeing him, became enraged. Izanagi fled from the underworld and sealed the way with a giant rock. Izanami then became known as the Shinigami, the goddess of death. Izanami vowed to kill 1,000 people everyday, and Izanagi vowed to create 1500 every day.

= = = Computer architecture = = =
In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is the technical drawings and functional description of all design requirements (especially speeds and interconnections), it is how to design and implement various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) operates internally and how it accesses addresses in memory.
It can be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.
Computer architecture includes at least three main subcategories:
Once both ISA and microarchitecture has been specified, the actual computing system needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called "implementation". Implementation is usually a hardware engineering design process.
Implementation can be further broken down into three but not fully separate pieces: 
For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design; it can also be a family of related CPU designs, such as RISC and CISC.
More sub-definitions.
Some practitioners of computer architecture use more fine subcategories:

= = = Mary Harrison McKee = = =
Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her father's First Lady for the remainder of his term. 

= = = Zella-Mehlis = = =
Zella-Mehlis is a town in the Schmalkalden Meinigen district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is in the Thuringian Forest, north of Suhl, and east of Meiningen.

= = = Port Said = = =
Port Said (Arabic �������,
transliterated )
is an Egyptian city near the Suez Canal, with a population of about 500,000.
Port Said has fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour both for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fuelling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal. 

= = = Food processing = = =
Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed.
Industries.
Food processing industries and practices include the following:

= = = 60 (number) = = =
60 (spelled sixty) is a number. It comes after fifty-nine and before sixty-one and is an even number.
It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60.

= = = 72 (number) = = =
Seventy-two is an even number. It comes after seventy-one and before seventy-three.

= = = CN Tower = = =
The CN Tower is a telecommunications tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is 1815 ft is (553 m) tall and is the tallest free-standing structure (meaning it cannot have wires to keep it standing) in Canada, North America, and the Western Hemisphere. It is not the tallest building as there are no floors for people to work or live in. That title goes to One World Trade Center in New York City, New York, United States, which is a bit shorter at tall. It is not the tallest structure of any kind in the Americas either, as the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, also in the United States, is taller at , but that needs wires to keep it upright.
Construction of the concrete tower started on February 6, 1973. In 1975, while it was still being built, it became taller than the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. When it opened to the public on June 26, 1976, it became the tallest free-standing structure on land in the world. It held this record for more than thirty years, until the Burj Khalifa, while it was still being built, became taller on September 12, 2007 . The CN Tower continued to be the world's tallest tower until the Canton Tower became taller in 2010. It is now the ninth tallest building in the world and the fifth tallest free-standing structure behind both of these, the Shanghai Tower, and the Burj Khalifa.
The "CN" in the tower's name came from the "Canadian National" Railway, the railway company that built the tower. In 1995, the railway sold the tower to the Canada Lands Company (CLC). Local residents wanted to keep the name "CN Tower", though, so the abbreviation is now a shortened form of Canada's National Tower instead of the original Canadian National Tower. Neither of these names are commonly used, though; the tower is usually called the CN Tower.
Today, the CN Tower is an important icon of Toronto and has more than two million tourists and visitors every year. It has been one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World since 1995.
It has a restaurant that spins around every 1 hour & 12 minutes.

= = = Freiburg im Breisgau = = =
Freiburg () is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its full name is "Freiburg im Breisgau".
Freiburg is on the western edge of the southern Black Forest ().
Twin cities.
Freiburg has many twin cities throughout the world:
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial comments, which included questioning the size of the Holocaust, have sparked questions about Freiburg's partnership with Isfahan. After the comments Freiburg's mayor postponed a trip to Isfahan, but most people involved, especially those in the Alliance '90/The Greens party, were opposed to cancelling the partnership.

= = = Baden-Baden = = =
Baden-Baden () is a spa town with around 50,000 inhabitants in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is at the border of the Rhine valley and the Black Forest. The town is well known as a spa town, as a place for rich people and for many cultural offers. In the 19th century the town played an important role as a meeting place for the nobles, rich and other important people. A rich cultural heritage from that time can still be found at Baden-Baden.
History.
The springs of Baden-Baden were known to the Romans, and the foundation of the town is referred to the emperor Hadrian by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of Aurelius Severus, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient sculptures are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman vapour baths, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle.
In 1931, the town of Baden-Baden was officially given its double name (a short form for "Baden in Baden", i.e. Baden in the state of Baden). In both World Wars, the town escaped destruction. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French forces in Germany and the site of a displaced persons camp.
From September 23 to September 28, 1981, the 11th Olympic Congress took place in the "Kurhaus" in Baden-Baden.
The Baden Airpark is west of Baden-Baden.
The Russian writer Dostoevsky wrote "The Gambler" while gambling at the famous Baden-Baden Casino.

= = = Coburg = = =
Coburg (East Franconian: "Coborch", "Coburch") is a town on the Itz River in Bavaria, Germany. Its 2005 population was 42,015. It joined with Bavaria by popular vote in 1920. Before 1918, it was the larger of the two capital cities in the united duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Coburg's Coat of Arms honoring the city's patron Saint Maurice was granted in 1493.
History.
Coburg is about 90 km south of Erfurt and about 100 km north of Nuremberg. Coburg was first mentioned in a document dated 1056, although there was a settlement at the site that before then called Trufalistat. Following several changes of noble owners, it came into the hands of the House of Wettin in 1353 when Friedrich III, the Strong, married Katherina von Henneberg. In 1596, it became the capital of one of the new Duchy of Saxe-Coburg under the leadership of Duke Johann Casimirs (ruled 1596-1633).
Due to the royal connections among the royal houses of Europe, Coburg was the site of many royal Ducal weddings and visits. Britain's Queen Victoria made 6 visits to Coburg during her 64-year reign. In 1896 one ceremony brought together Queen Victoria, her son Edward (future Edward VII), her second son Alfred (Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), her daughter the German dowager Empress Friedrich (Victoria), and many of her grandchildren, such as Tsar Nicholas and Alexandra of Russia, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and the future King George V of Great Britain.
In 1920, two years after the abdication of the last duke, the locals voted to join Bavaria. Thus whilst the other Saxon-Thuringian principalities were later incorporated into the German Democratic Republic after World War II, Coburg became part of West Germany As a result, the town spent the Cold War years lying right next to the Iron Curtain, surrounded by East German territory on three sides.
Main sights.
Coburg has the typical features of a former capital of German little states. There are numerous houses from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The most important landmarks include:
Religion.
Most residents of Coburg are members of the Evangelical Church (Lutheranism). Other Christian communities are Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, the ICF Movement, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, Old Catholics and the New Apostolic Church, as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There are also three communities of Muslims. Coburg had a large Jewish community until the 1940s. Jews have lived there since the 14th century. The old synagogue was a former church. Today it is used by Old Catholics. Coburg became Protestant after the Reformation. All Catholics were persecuted. A new Catholic community was founded in the 19th century.
Districts.
Coburg is divided into 15 districts:
Over two thirds of Coburg's population live in Coburg City.
Famous people.
Amongst the associated royalty, one individual's 20th century association with Coburg proved especially tragic. This was that of the British Royal Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who was arrested and tried as a Nazi.
Besides various royalty, other famous individuals associated with Coburg include Hans Berger (graduated), William Frishmuth (born), and Eduard Study (born).
In 1530, Martin Luther stayed in the "Veste Coburg" to follow negotiations at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg. He also preached at St. Moriz church. 
In 1887, Johann Strauss, the "Waltz King", left Vienna when the Roman Catholic Church would not let him divorce his 2nd wife. He moved to Lutheran Saxe-Coburg-Gotha with his future 3rd wife Adele, where he lived the last 13 years of his life in Coburg. He was however buried in Vienna.
In 1922, Adolf Hitler led several hundred stormtroopers in a march through the city, fighting pitched street battles with leftists. During the Nazi era, the Coburg Badge was one of the most prestigious party medals.
Hans Morgenthau, founder of International Relations as a field of study, was born here.
The US National Hot Dog and Sausage Council asserts that Frankfurt am Main is traditionally credited with originating the Frankfurter. According to the Council, this claim is disputed and that the hot dog was created in the late 1600s by Johann Georghehner, a butcher, living in Coburg. Coburg was the first German town to elect a Nazi Mayor.

= = = Görlitz = = =
Görlitz (, Upper Sorbian: "Zhorjelc", , , Upper Lusatian dialect: "Gerlz, Gerltz" or "Gerltsch") is a town in Germany on the river Lusatian Neisse, in the "Bundesland" ("Federal State") of Saxony, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec. Zgorzelec was a part of Görlitz until 1945.
Historically Görlitz has belonged at times to the regions of Lusatia and Silesia. Today it is the easternmost city in Germany.
History.
When Nazi Germany lost the war, German troops blew up all bridges crossing the Lusatian Neisse. The redrawing of boundaries in 1945 – in particular the relocation of the German-Polish border to the Oder-Neisse line – divided the town, the right bank becoming part of Poland, and named Zgorzelec in 1948, while the main portion became part of the German state of Saxony. When the East German states were dissolved in 1952, Görlitz became part of the Dresden Bezirk (region), but the states were restored upon German reunification in 1990.
Today Görlitz and Zgorzelec, two towns on opposite banks of the river, have friendly relations. Two bridges have been rebuilt, a bus line connects the German and Polish parts of the town, and there is a common urban management, with annual common sessions of both town councils.
On June 27, 1994, the town was became a Roman Catholic diocese.
Görlitz is the hometown of current German football players Michael Ballack and Jens Jeremies.
In 2006 Görlitz/Zgorzelec was a candidate for European City of Culture 2010. It was hoped that the jury could be convinced by the concept of a Polish-German Cooperation but Essen got the award, with Görlitz achieving the second place. The Campaign was renamed City of Culture to intensify German-Polish relationship and to attract tourists from all over the world.
In fiction.
The dramatic courtroom scene, at the conclusion of John le Carré famous Cold War spy novel "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold", takes place in a secret Socialist Unity Party of Germany installation near Görlitz, in the middle 1960s.

= = = Visible spectrum = = =
The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. 
A typical human eye will react to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm. 
The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the "pure spectral" or "monochromatic" colors. 
But there are no clear boundaries between one color and the next.
Color display spectrum.
Color displays (e.g., computer monitors or televisions) mix red, green, and blue color to approximate the color spectrum. In the illustration, the narrow red, green and blue bars show the relative mixture of these three colors used to produce the color directly above.

= = = Vision = = =
Vision can refer to:

= = = Aach, Baden-Württemberg = = =
Aach [] is a small town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Being situated close to Lake Constance and the Swiss border, it is mostly known for the Aachtopf — Germany's biggest natural spring in terms of production.
Aach has a city council with twelve seats. The last elections in 2004 brought three seats for the CDU, three seats for the SPD and four seats for independent voters' associations. Aach's mayor is Severin Graf (CDU).

= = = Aach, Rhineland-Palatinate = = =
Aach is a municipality in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is part of Trier-Land, a "Verbandsgemeinde".
Aach has a council with sixteen seats. The last elections in 2004 brought the CDU twelve seats, the other four went to the free voters' association (FWG Aach e. V.) In the same elections Mayor Josef Klein (CDU) was voted into office with nearly 74% of the votes.
Geography.
Aach is about 6 km north of the center of Trier. It is in the southern Eifel mountains.

= = = Aach = = =
Aach can mean:

= = = Joachimsthal, Brandenburg = = =
Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is northwest of Eberswalde, and northeast of Berlin-Mitte.

= = = Pieter Brueghel the Elder = = =
Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel.
Life.
There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel. 
Style.
In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch.
Themes.
Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake.
He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life. 

= = = Bad Tölz = = =
Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.
In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.
Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture.
Geography.
Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River, above sea level. It has an area of 

= = = Chris Brown = = =
Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor and rapper. He is one of the most successful R&B singers of the generation as said by "Billboard". He has often been called by many contemporaries as the "King of R&B".
"Forever" is one of Brown's most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and one Grammy Award.
Personal life.
He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, Barbadian singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007.
Brown has three children: Royalty Brown (born 2014 with Nia Guzman), Aeko Catori (born 2019 with Annika Harris) and Lovely Symphani (born 2022 with Diamond Brown)
Artistry.
Brown has a four-octave tenor vocal range and the useful of the falsetto.
He lists Michael Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Lil Wayne, 2Pac, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly as his musical influences.
Discography.
Brown has released 11 studio albums and 9 mixtapes:

= = = Bernau bei Berlin = = =
Bernau bei Berlin (English "Bernau near Berlin") is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about northeast of Berlin.
In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) ("General German Confederation of Trade Unions") opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.

= = = Bad Reichenhall = = =
Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on 2 January 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.
Ice rink disaster.
Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.

= = = Chris Brown (disambiguation) = = =
Chris Brown (born 1989) is an American R&B singer.
Chris Brown or Christopher Brown may refer to:

= = = Demmin = = =
Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District.
World War II.
German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.
Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.

= = = Red Army = = =
The Red Army was the army of the Bolsheviks that was led by Leon Trotsky during the Russian Civil War. It later became the army of the Soviet Union. The name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war, it was renamed as the Soviet Army, but many people continued to call it the Red Army. Even now, some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army. 
Some later communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group that they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the Soviets.

= = = Nienburg = = =
Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Geography.
Geographical location.
Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx. southeast of Bremen, and northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion.
Town's structure.
Nienburg, including quarters
Town council.
The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of:
Twin towns.
Nienburg has two twin towns:

= = = Querfurt = = =
Querfurt a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in a fertile country on the Querne, west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen.

= = = Saab 35 Draken = = =
The Saab 35 Draken ("kite" or "dragon") is a fighter aircraft made by Saab. It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1960. It was made to replace the Saab 29 Tunnan. The Draken used a delta wing, which gave it speed. In fact, it was Sweden's first aircraft to go twice the speed of sound.
What the Draken is like.
The Draken is 50 feet, 4 inches (15.35 meters) long, 30 feet, 10 inches (9.42 meters) wide, and 12 feet, 0 inches (03.89 meters) tall. It weighs 18,188 pounds (8,250 kilograms) empty and can weigh up to 27,050 pounds (12,270 kilograms) with things in it. It is powered by a Volvo Flygmotor RM 6C jet engine. It carries 2 30mm cannon and can carry AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.

= = = Departments of Haiti = = =
Haiti is divided into 10 departments (French, "départements"). When Haiti was the French colony of "Saint-Domingue", there were three provinces: North, South and West. Under Toussaint L'Ouverture, the provinces were converted into departments.
The departments are further divided into 41 "arrondissements", and 133 "communes".

= = = Turquoise = = =
Turquoise is an opaque (cannot be seen through), blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades. It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring. 
The word 'turquoise' means Turkish in French.

= = = Yotsuya Kaidan = = =
Yotsuya Kaidan, also known as "Tōkaidō yotsuya kaidan", is one of the most famous Japanese ghost stories of all time. It was written as a play in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku. 
The tale takes place in the Tōkaidō region.
Plot.
The story is a tale of murder, betrayal and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today.

= = = Battle of Midway = = =
The Battle of Midway was an important naval battle of World War II, between the United States and the Empire of Japan. It took place from 4 June 1942 to 7 June 1942. This was about a month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, and six months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
The United States Navy defeated a Japanese attack against Midway Atoll (northwest of Hawaii) and destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser.
The battle was a decisive victory for the Americans. It was the most important naval battle of the Pacific area in World War II. The battle weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy for the rest of the war. Japan could not build up its forces again. The United States replaced their lost ships and planes with better ones very quickly. Japan could only make a few poor quality replacements.
The Japanese planned to bring America's carriers into a trap and sink them. The Japanese also tried to take Midway Atoll to build defenses far from their homeland and prepare to invade Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii.
The Midway operation, like the attack on Pearl Harbor, was made to destroy the American strength in the Pacific Ocean. This way, Japan could become the biggest power in the area and unify Asia under its control. It was also hoped that another defeat would force the U.S. to ask for peace soon.
After the defeat, Imperial Japanese Navy forces retired. Japan lost four out of their six carriers, and hundreds of their best air pilots. This stopped the expansion of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific, and the Americans began to slowly advance towards Japan.
Background.
Japan had reached its first goals quickly, taking the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). This gave Japan petroleum, which it needed to make more war. Planning for a second part of the operations started in January 1942. However, disagreements between the Imperial Army and Imperial Navy, and among naval commanders, prevented finishing the plan until April 1942. Admiral Yamamoto said he would quit if his plan for the Central Pacific was not accepted. It was accepted.
Yamamoto's main goal was to destroy America's carrier forces, which he saw as the main threat to the Pacific campaign. This concern was increased by the Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942. In this raid, 16 US Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell bombers launched from bombed targets in Tokyo and several other Japanese cities. The raid, while militarily unimportant, showed that American bombers could reach Japanese territory. This and other successful raids by American carriers showed that they were still a threat.
Yamamoto thought that another attack on the U.S Naval base at Pearl Harbor would make all of the American fleet to sail out to fight, including the carriers. However, because of the many American land-based airplanes on Hawaii, he thought that it was too risky to attack directly. Instead, he decided to attack Midway, a tiny atoll at the northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, approximately from Oahu. The Japanese didn't need Midway but they felt the Americans would try hard to defend it.
The U.S. did consider Midway to be important. After the battle, they set up a submarine base on Midway. That meant submarines operating from Pearl Harbor could refuel and get new supplies, so they could go farther west. Midway's airstrips were also used for bomber attacks on Wake Island.
Yamamoto's plan: Operation MI.
Like most Japanese naval planning during World War II, Yamamoto's battle plan was very complex. His was also based on incorrect (wrong) information. He thought that and were the only carriers available to the U.S. Pacific Fleet. In May 1942, during the Battle of the Coral Sea, had been sunk and so badly damaged that the Japanese thought she had been sunk. The Japanese also knew that was being repaired on the US West Coast after getting torpedo damage from a submarine. and were in the Atlantic, but the Japanese were not sure this was so.
Yamamoto thought that the Americans had been demoralized by their defeats in the last six months. He thought a trick would lure the U.S. fleet into a dangerous situation. He spread out his ships, especially his battleships, so that they would be hard to find. Yamamoto's battleships and cruisers went behind Vice-Admiral Chūichi Nagumo's carrier force by several hundred miles. Japan's heavy surface forces would wait for the U.S. ships to come to defend Midway, and destroy them.
The plan was for Nagumo's carriers to cause so much harm to US ships that the Japanese could fire on them by daylight.
Yamamoto did not know that the U.S. had broken the main Japanese naval code. Yamamoto's choice to spread out his ships meant that none of his groups of ships could support each other. The only warships larger than the 12 destroyers that protected Nagumo's fleet were two battleships, two heavy cruisers, and one light cruiser.
Aleutian invasion.
The Japanese attacks in the Aleutian Islands (Operation AL) took away yet more ships that could have attacked Midway. Many histories once saw the Aleutians attack as a feint to draw American forces away. Early twenty-first century research shows that AL was supposed to be launched at the same time as the attack on Midway. However, a one-day delay in the sailing of Nagumo's ships resulted in Operation AL beginning a day before the Midway attack.
Prelude to battle.
American reinforcements.
To battle with an enemy expected to have four or five carriers, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, needed every U.S. carrier he could get. He already had Vice Admiral William Halsey's two-carrier ("Enterprise" and "Hornet") force. Halsey was sick with psoriasis and had to be replaced by Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Nimitz also called back Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher's force, including the carrier "Yorktown" (which had major damage at Coral Sea), from the South West Pacific Area. It reached Pearl Harbor just in time to sail.
The damaged "Yorktown" however, was not completely crippled. The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard worked all day and all night, and in 72 hours she was ready to battle for two or three weeks. Her flight deck was patched, sections of internal frames were replaced, and several squadrons of aircraft were taken from "Saratoga". The pilots did not get time to train. Repairs on Yorktown continued even as she sailed out.
On Midway, by 4 June the USN had stationed four groups of PBYs—31 aircraft in total—for long-range reconnaissance duties, and six new Grumman TBF-1 Avengers. The Avengers were taken from "Hornet"s VT-8. The Marine Corps had 19 Douglas SBD Dauntlesses, seven Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats, 17 Vought SB2U-3 Vindicators, and 21 Brewster F2A-3s. The USAAF sent a group of 17 B-17 Flying Fortresses and eight B-26 Marauders with torpedoes: in total 126 aircraft.
Japanese shortcomings.
During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier, the Japanese light carrier "Shōhō" had been sunk and the fleet carrier had three bomb hits, and was in drydock undergoing repairs. Although the carrier was undamaged, she had lost almost half her airplanes and was in port in Kure awaiting new planes and pilots. No new pilots were available because none had been trained. Flight instructors were used in an effort to make up the missing aircrew.
Japan's two most advanced aircraft carriers were not available and Admiral Nagumo would therefore have only four fleet carriers: and ; and . At least part of this was due to overwork; Japanese carriers had been constantly operating since 7 December 1941, including raids on Darwin and Colombo.
The main Japanese carrier-based aircraft were the Aichi D3A1 dive bomber and the Nakajima B5N2, which was used either as a torpedo bomber or as a bomber. However, production of the D3A had been reduced, while production of the B5N had been stopped. None were available to replace losses. In addition many of the aircraft being used during the June 1942 operations had been operating since late November 1941; many were almost worn out and had become increasingly unreliable. These factors meant that all carriers of the "Kido Butai" had fewer aircraft than normal and there were not enough spare aircraft or parts. I
Japan's main carrier fighter was the fast Mitsubishi A6M2 "Zero".
Japanese scouting before the battle was disorganized. A line of Japanese submarines was late getting into position. This let the American carriers reach their meeting point northeast of Midway (known as "Point Luck") without being found by the subs. A second attempt at scouting, using four-engine Kawanishi H8K flying boats to fly to Pearl Harbor prior to the battle and see whether the American carriers were there did not work out because Japanese subs could not refuel the planes. Japan did not know where the American carriers were before the battle.
Japanese radios did pick up more American submarine activity and messages. Yamamoto knew this before the battle, but Japanese plans were not changed. Yamamoto, at sea on , assumed that Nagumo had received the same message from Tokyo, and he did not send the message, because he did not want the US to hear the message. Nagumo's radio antennas could not get the message from Tokyo.
Allied code-breaking.
Admiral Nimitz had one advantage: code experts had broken the Japanese Navy's JN-25b code. Since the early spring of 1942, the US had been decoding messages stating that there would soon be an operation at objective "AF". They guessed that it was Midway and sent an uncoded radio message that Midway needed fresh water. The code breakers then picked up a Japanese message that "AF was short on water." was also able to determine the date of the attack as either 4 or 5 June, and to tell Nimitz exactly which Japanese ships were coming. Japan had a new codebook, but it was not used for several days. The new code, which had not yet been figured out, was used shortly before the attack began, but the important information had already been figured out.
Americans knew where, when, and in what strength the Japanese would arrive at Midway. Nimitz knew that the Japanese had ruined their advantage in number of ships by dividing their ships into four groups, all too separated to be able to support each other. Nimitz calculated that the aircraft on his three carriers, plus those on Midway Island, gave the U.S. rough parity with Yamamoto's four carriers, mainly because American carrier air groups were larger than Japanese ones. The Japanese, by contrast, remained almost totally unaware of their opponent's true strength and dispositions even after the battle began.
Battle.
Initial air attacks.
At about 09:00 on 3 June, a US Navy patrol plane spotted the Japanese Occupation Force to the west-southwest of Midway. Three hours later, the Americans found the Japanese transport group to the west. They attacked, but none of the bombs hit and no major damage resulted. Early the following morning the Japanese oil tanker "Akebono Maru" was hit by a torpedo from an attacking PBY. This was the only successful air-launched torpedo attack by the U.S. during the entire battle.
At 04:30 on 4 June, Nagumo launched his attack on Midway. It consisted of 36 dive bombers 36 torpedo bombers, escorted by 36 Mitsubishi Zero fighters. At the same time he launched a defensive combat air patrol. His eight search planes launched 30 minutes late.
Japanese reconnaissance plans were poor, with too few aircraft to cover the search areas. Yamamoto's decisions had now become a serious problem.
As Nagumo's bombers and fighters were taking off, 11 PBYs were leaving Midway to search for Japanese ships. They reported sighting two Japanese carriers with empty decks, which meant an air strike was on its way. American radar picked up the enemy at a distance of several miles, and planes were sent off to defend Midway. Bombers headed off to attack the Japanese carrier fleet. US fighters remained behind to defend Midway. At 06:20 Japanese carrier aircraft bombed and heavily damaged the U.S. base. Midway-based Marine fighter pilots, flying F4Fs and obsolescent F2As, intercepted the Japanese and had many losses. Most of the U.S. planes were shot down in the first few minutes; several were damaged, and only two could fly. In all, 3 F4Fs and 13 F2As were shot down. American anti-aircraft fire was accurate damaging many Japanese aircraft and destroying four.
Of the 108 Japanese aircraft involved in this attack, 11 were destroyed, 14 were heavily damaged, and 29 were damaged. The initial Japanese attack did not destroy Midway: American bombers could still use the airbase to refuel and attack the Japanese invasion force. Most of Midway's land-based defenses were intact. Another air attack to destroy Midway's defences would be necessary if troops were to be able to go ashore by 7 June.
American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier fleet. These included six Grumman Avengers from the s VT-8 (Midway was the first combat mission for the VT-8 airmen, and it was the first combat of the TBF), Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241 (VMSB-241), consisting of eleven SB2U-3s and sixteen SBDs, plus four USAAF B-26s, armed with torpedoes, and fifteen B-17s. The Japanese fought off these attacks. The US lost two fighters, five TBFs, two SB2Us, eight SBDs and two B-26s.
One B-26, after being seriously damaged by anti-aircraft fire, dove straight toward the "Akagi". The plane just missed the carrier's bridge, which could have killed Nagumo and his command staff. This may have made Nagumo decide to launch another attack on Midway, against Yamamoto's order to keep the reserve force for anti-ship operations.
Nagumo's decision.
Admiral Nagumo had kept half of his aircraft in reserve. These were two squadrons of dive bombers and torpedo bombers. At 07:15 Nagumo ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with bombs for use against land targets. At 07:40 a scout plane from "Tone" saw a big American naval force to the east. It seems that Nagumo did not receive the report until 08:00. Nagumo reversed his order, but it took 40 minutes before "Tone"'s scout finally radioed that there was a carrier in the American force. This was one of the carriers from TF 16; the other carrier was not sighted.
Nagumo was now unsure of what to do. Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi recommended that Nagumo strike with the forces at hand: 18 Aichi D3A dive bombers each on "Sōryū" and "Hiryū", and half the cover patrol aircraft. Nagumo's opportunity to hit the American ships, however, was now limited. The Midway strike force would be returning shortly and needed to land or crash into the sea. Because of the constant flight deck activity, the Japanese did not get their reserve planes on the flight deck for launch. The few aircraft that were ready were defensive Fighter aircraft. Launching aircraft would have required at least 30 to 45 minutes. By launching right away, Nagumo would be using some of his reserve without proper anti-ship weapons. He had just seen how easily unescorted American bombers had been shot down. Poor discipline caused many of the Japanese bombers to get rid of their bombs and attempt to fight intercepting F4Fs. Japanese carrier rules preferred full strikes, and since Nagumo did not know the American force included a carrier, his response followed Japanese rules. In addition, the arrival of another American air strike at 07:53 made Nagumo want to attack the island again. Nagumo decided to wait for his first strike force to land, then launch the reserve, which would by then be armed and ready.
Fletcher's carriers had launched their planes beginning at 07:00, so the aircraft that attacked Nagumo were already on their way. There was nothing Nagumo could do about it. This was the flaw with Yamamoto's plans.
Attacks on the Japanese fleet.
The Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese. Admiral Fletcher, in command aboard "Yorktown", and having PBY sighting reports from the early morning, ordered an attack on the Japanese as soon as possible. He held "Yorktown" in reserve in case any other Japanese carriers were found. (Fletcher's directions to Spruance were sent by Nimitz, who had remained ashore.)
Spruance thought that even though the range was far, an attack could succeed. He gave the order to launch the attack at around 06:00. Fletcher, upon completing his own scouting flights, followed at 08:00 from "Yorktown".
Admiral Fletcher, commanding the "Yorktown" task force, along with Captain Elliott Buckmaster,"Yorktown"s commanding officer, and their staffs had experience in doing a full strike against an enemy force in the Coral Sea. But they could not pass on what they had learned to "Enterprise" and "Hornet" which were ordered to launch the first strike. Spruance ordered the aircraft to go to the target right away, since destroying enemy carriers was important to the safety of his ships. Spruance decided it was more important to attack as soon as possible, rather than coordinate the attack by aircraft of different types and speeds (fighters, bombers, and torpedo bombers). American squadrons went to the target in several different groups. He hoped that he would find Nagumo with his flight decks full of planes.
American carrier aircraft had difficulty locating the target. The strike from "Hornet", led by Commander Stanhope C. Ring, did not fly in the right direction. Air Group Eight's dive bombers missed the Japanese carriers. Torpedo Squadron 8 flew in the correct direction. However, the 10 F4Fs from "Hornet" had run out of fuel and had to crash into the ocean. Waldron's squadron saw the enemy carriers and began attacking at 09:20, followed by Torpedo Squadron 6 (VT-6, from "Enterprise") whose Wildcat fighter escorts also ran low on fuel and had to turn back at 09:40. Without fighter escort, all fifteen TBD Devastators of VT-8 were shot down without being able to do any damage, with Ensign George Gay the only survivor. VT-6 lost 10 of their 14 Devastators, and 10 of "Yorktown's" VT-3's 12 Devastators were shot down with no hits. Part of the problem was the poor performance of the Mark 13 torpedoes. Senior Navy and Bureau of Ordnance officers never asked why six torpedoes, released so close to the Japanese carriers, produced no hits. The Japanese combat air patrol, flying Mitsubishi A6M2 Zeros shot down the unescorted, slow, under-armed TBDs. A few TBDs managed to get close enough to drop their torpedoes and shoot their machine guns at the enemy ships. This made the Japanese carriers to make sharp turns. The TBD Devastator was never again used in combat.
Despite their failure to get any hits, the American torpedo attacks made the Japanese carriers unable to prepare and launch their own strike. They also pulled the Japanese combat air patrol (CAP) out of position. As well, many Zeros ran low on ammunition and fuel. The appearance of a third torpedo plane attack from the southeast by Torpedo Squadron 3 (VT-3 from "Yorktown") at 10:00 made the Japanese CAP fly to the southeast corner of the fleet. Better discipline and using more Zeroes for the CAP might have enabled Nagumo to prevent the damage caused by the coming American attacks.
Three squadrons of SBDs from "Enterprise" and "Yorktown" (VB-6, VS-6 and VB-3, respectively) were approaching from the southwest and northeast. The two squadrons from "Enterprise" were running low on fuel because of the time spent looking for the enemy. However, the squadron commander decided to continue the search. He spotted the Japanese destroyer "Arashi". It was moving to rejoin Nagumo's carriers after having unsuccessfully depth-charged U.S. submarine . Nautilus had earlier unsuccessfully attacked the battleship . Some bombers were lost from lack of fuel before the attack started.
McClusky's decision to continue the search was a great help to the US carrier task force and the forces at Midway. All three American dive-bombers squadrons (VB-6, VS-6 and VB-3) arrived at the right time to attack. Most of the Japanese CAP were looking for the torpedo planes. Armed Japanese strike aircraft filled the hangar decks, fuel hoses lay on the decks and bombs and torpedoes were near the hangars, making the Japanese carriers very at risk of being damaged.
Beginning at 10:22, the two squadrons of "Enterprise"s air group split up and attacked two targets. By accident, both groups attacked the "Kaga". Lieutenant Commander Richard Halsey Best and two other planes headed north to attack "Akagi". Coming under an attack from almost two full squadrons, "Kaga" was hit by four or five bombs, which caused heavy damage and starting fires that could not be put out. One of the bombs landed near the bridge, killing most of the senior officers.
Several minutes later, Best and two planes dove on the "Akagi". Although "Akagi" getting one direct hit (dropped by Lieutenant Commander Best). It struck the deck elevator and went all the way through to the upper hangar deck. It exploded among the armed and fueled aircraft. Another bomb exploded underwater which bent the flight deck and caused rudder damage.
"Yorktown"s VB-3, commanded by Max Leslie, attacked "Sōryū". They got at least three hits and caused a lot of damage. VT-3 targeted "Hiryū", but got no hits.
Within six minutes, "Sōryū" and "Kaga" were on fire. "Akagi" was also seriously damaged. The Japanese hoped that "Akagi" could be saved or towed back to Japan. Eventually, all three carriers were eventually abandoned and sunk.
Japanese counterattacks.
"Hiryū", the sole surviving Japanese aircraft carrier attacked. "Hiryū"'s first attack consisted of 18 dive bombers and six fighter escorts. They followed the retreating American aircraft and attacked the "Yorktown", hitting her with three bombs, which blew a hole in the deck, put out her boilers, and destroyed several anti-aircraft guns. Despite the damage, repair teams were able to fix the flight deck and fix several boilers in an hour. Twelve Japanese dive bombers and four escorting fighters were lost in this attack.
Approximately one hour later, "Hiryū"'s second attack was made. It consisted of ten torpedo bombers and six escorting A6Ms. The US repair efforts had been so well done that the Japanese assumed she must be a different, undamaged carrier. In the attack, "Yorktown" was struck by two torpedoes; she lost all power and developed a tilt to port, which put her out of action. Admiral Fletcher moved his command staff to the heavy cruiser . Neither of the carriers of Spruance's Task Force 16 was damaged.
News of the two strikes, with the reports each had sunk an American carrier (actually "Yorktown" in both cases), greatly improved morale in the "Kido Butai". Its few surviving aircraft were all recovered aboard "Hiryū" where they were prepared for an attack against what was believed to be the only remaining American carrier.
American counterattack.
Late in the afternoon, a "Yorktown" scout aircraft located "Hiryū". "Enterprise" launched a strike of dive bombers (including 10 SBDs from "Yorktown"). Despite "Hiryū" being defended by more than a dozen Zero fighters, the attack by "Enterprise" was successful: four, possibly five bombs hit "Hiryū", leaving her on fire and unable to operate aircraft. ("Hornet"s strike aimed at the escort ships but it did not get any hits.) After hopeless attempts to control the fire, most of the crew remaining on "Hiryū" were taken off the ship. The rest of the fleet continued sailing northeast to catch the American carriers. "Hiryū" stayed afloat for several more hours. She was discovered by an aircraft from the light carrier "Hōshō". This led to hopes she could be saved or towed back to Japan. However, soon after being spotted, "Hiryū" sank. Rear Admiral Yamaguchi chose to go down with his ship, costing Japan her best carrier officer.
As darkness fell, both sides thought about the situation and made plans for action. Admiral Fletcher had to abandon the "Yorktown". He felt he could not command from a cruiser. He gave command to Spruance. Spruance knew the United States had won a great victory, but he was still unsure of what Japanese forces remained. He wanted to protect Midway and his carriers. He followed Nagumo during the day and continued to follow as night fell. Finally, fearing a possible night battle with Japanese ships and believing Yamamoto still intended to invade, Spruance pulled back to the east. He turned back west towards the enemy at midnight. Yamamoto decided to continue the attacks and sent his remaining ships searching eastward for the American carriers. He also sent a cruiser raiding force to bomb the island. The Japanese ships failed to make contact with the Americans due to Spruance's decision to pull back eastward, and Yamamoto ordered a withdrawal to the west. 
Spruance failed to regain contact with Yamamoto's forces on 5 June even though he made many searches. Towards the end of the day he launched an attack on any ships from Nagumo's carrier force. This strike missed Yamamoto's main group of ships. It did not hit a Japanese destroyer. The strike planes returned to the carriers after nightfall. Spruance to ordered "Enterprise" and "Hornet" to turn on their lights to aid the landings.
At 02:15 on the night of 5/6 June, Commander John Murphy's , in the water west of Midway, made the second of the submarine force's major contributions to the battle's outcome. Sighting several ships, neither Murphy nor his executive officer, Ray Spruance, Jr., could identify them. Considering that they might be US ships, Murphy did not fire, but reported the ships to Admiral Robert English, Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC). This report was sent to Nimitz, who then sent it to Spruance. Spruance assumed this was the invasion force and moved to block it while staying northeast of Midway.
The ships sighted by "Tambor" were the four cruisers and two destroyers Yamamoto had sent to bomb Midway. At 02:55 these ships received Yamamoto's order to pull back and changed course. At about the same time as the course change, "Tambor" was sighted, and to avoid a submarine attack and hit into each other, causing serious damage to "Mogami"s bow. The less severely damaged "Mikuma" slowed to . This was the most damage any of the 18 submarines deployed for the battle achieved. Only at 04:12 did the sky brighten enough for Murphy to be certain the ships were Japanese, by which time staying surfaced was hazardous, and he dived to approach for an attack. The attack was unsuccessful, and at around 06:00 he finally reported two westbound "Mogami"-class cruisers.
Over the following two days, first Midway and then Spruance's carriers launched several attacks. "Mikuma" was sunk by Dauntlesses, while "Mogami" survived damage and returned home for repairs. The destroyers "Arashio" and "Asashio" were also bombed and machine-gunned during the last of these attacks.
The "Yorktown" was towed by USS "Vireo". In the late afternoon of 6 June, however, fired torpedoes; two struck "Yorktown", but a third struck and sank destroyer , which had been providing power to "Yorktown". "Hammann" broke in two with the loss of 80 lives. "Yorktown" sank just after 05:00 on 7 June.
Japanese casualties.
By the time the battle ended, 3,057 Japanese had died. Casualties aboard the four carriers were:
"Akagi": 267; "Kaga": 811; "Hiryu": 392; "Soryu": 711; a total of 2,181. The heavy cruisers "Mikuma" (sunk; 700 casualties) and "Mogami" (badly damaged; 92) accounted for another 792 deaths.
In addition, the destroyers "Arashio" (bombed; 35) and "Asashio" (strafed by aircraft; 21) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank "Mikuma" and caused further damage to "Mogami". Floatplanes were lost from the cruisers "Chikuma" (3) and "Tone" (2). Dead aboard the destroyers "Tanikaze" (11), "Arashi" (1), "Kazagumo" (1) and the fleet oiler "Akebono Maru" (10) made up the remaining 23 casualties.
Aftermath.
After winning a victory, and as pursuing the Japanese ships became too dangerous near Wake, The American forces pulled back. Spruance pulled back to the east to refuel his destroyers and meet with the carrier "Saratoga", which was carrying replacement aircraft. The American carriers eventually returned to Pearl Harbor. Historian Samuel E. Morison wrote in 1949 that Spruance was criticized for not pursuing the retreating Japanese, allowing their fleet to escape. Clay Blair argued in 1975 that had Spruance followed Yamamoto, he would have been unable to launch his aircraft after nightfall, and his cruiser escorts would have been destroyed by Yamamoto's larger and more powerful ships, including the battleship , with 18-inch guns.
On 10 June, the Japanese Navy gave an account of the results of the battle that did not tell the whole story. Nagumo's battle report was given to the high command on 15 June. It was intended only for the highest officers in the Japanese Navy and government. It was guarded closely throughout the war. Nagumo stated that the enemy was not aware of our plans. The Japanese public, and much of the military, were not told about the defeat: Japanese news announced a great victory. Only Emperor Hirohito and the highest Navy officers were told about the carrier and pilot losses. Army planners continued to believe that the fleet was in good condition.
On the return of the Japanese fleet to Hashirajima on 14 June the wounded were transferred to naval hospitals. Most were called "secret patients" and kept away from other patients and their families. The Navy did this to keep this major defeat secret. The remaining officers and men were quickly spread out to other units of the fleet and sent to the South Pacific, where the majority were killed. None of the flag officers or staff of the Combined Fleet was penalized, with Nagumo later being placed in command of the rebuilt carrier force.
The Japanese Navy learned some lessons from Midway. Aircraft were refueled and re-armed on the flight deck, rather than in the hangars. All unused fuel lines were drained. The new carriers being built with only two flight deck elevators and new firefighting equipment. More carrier crew members were trained in damage-control and firefighting techniques. The losses later in the war of , ', and ' showed that there were still problems in this area. Replacement pilots went through a short training program, meeting the short-term needs of the fleet. This led to a decline in the quality of training. These inexperienced pilots were sent into front-line units, while the veterans who remained after Midway and the Solomons campaign were kept flying continually. As a result, Japanese naval air groups declined in quality during the war.
War crimes.
Three U.S. airmen, Ensign Wesley Osmus (pilot, "Yorktown"), Ensign Frank O'Flaherty (pilot, "Enterprise") and Aviation Machinist's Mate B. F. (or B. P.) Bruno Gaido (radioman-gunner of O'Flaherty's SBD) were captured by the Japanese during the battle. Osmus was held on the "Arashi", with O'Flaherty and Gaido on the cruiser "Nagara" (or destroyer "Makigumo", sources vary), and later killed. O'Flaherty and Gaido were tied to five-gallon kerosene cans filled with water and dumped overboard several days after the battle.
Impact.
The Battle of Midway has been called "the turning point of the Pacific". However, even after Midway, the Japanese continued to try to get more territory in the South Pacific. The U.S. did not become the more powerful navy until after several more months of hard combat. Midway was the Allies' first major victory against the Japanese.
However, it did not change the course of the war by itself. It was the combined effects of the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway that reduced Japan's ability to do major attacks. In addition Midway helped make US landings on Guadalcanal possible. The prolonged attrition warfare (a type of battle in which each side tries to wear down the other side) of the Solomon Islands campaign allowed the Allies to take an offensive stance for the rest of the Pacific War. Finally, Midway bought the United States time until the first of the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of 1942.
The battle also showed the worth of pre-war naval code breaking and intelligence-gathering. These efforts continued in both the Pacific and Atlantic areas of war. There were many successes. Navy code breaking made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's airplane.
Some authors have stated heavy losses in carriers and veteran aircrews at Midway permanently weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy. Parshall and Tully, however, have stated that the losses in veteran aircrew, while heavy (110, just under 25% of the aircrew embarked on the four carriers), were not as bad for the Japanese naval air-corps as a whole. The Japanese navy had 2,000 carrier-qualified aircrew at the start of the Pacific war. A few months after Midway, the JNAF sustained similar casualty rates at both the Battle of the Eastern Solomons and Battle of Santa Cruz. It was these battles, combined with the constant death of veterans during the Solomons campaign, which weakened Japan. However, the loss of four large fleet carriers, and over 40% of the carriers' aircraft mechanics and technicians, plus the flight-deck crews were very damaging to the Japanese carrier fleet. After the battle and were the only large carriers of the original Pearl Harbor strike-force left for offensive actions. Of Japan's other carriers, was the only Fleet carrier that could be used with "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku", while , , and , were second-rate ships. By the time of the Battle of the Philippine Sea, while the Japanese had somewhat rebuilt their carrier forces, the planes were flown by inexperienced pilots. 
In the time it took Japan to build three carriers, the U.S. Navy commissioned more than two dozen fleet and light fleet carriers, and numerous escort carriers. By 1942 the United States was already three years into a shipbuilding plan which aimed make the navy larger than Japan's. The greater number of USN aviators survived the Battle of Midway and subsequent battles of 1942, and combined with growing pilot training programs, the US had many skilled pilots.
Codebreaking success.
Yamamoto did not know that the U.S. had broken the main Japanese naval code (JN-25). This let the U.S. fleet go to the right place at the right time.
Yamamoto scattered his forces to keep the attack secret, but that meant his formations could not help each other. For instance, Nagumo's fleet had few big ships. When the carrier planes were carrying out the strikes, the carriers were relatively undefended. By contrast, the flotillas of Yamamoto and Kondo had more big ships, "none of which saw any action at Midway". Their distance from Nagumo's carriers also meant he could not use their reconnaissance planes, so he knew little of what was happening.

= = = Minnesota Wild = = =
The Minnesota Wild are a ice hockey team based in St Paul, Minnesota
The Wild joined the NHL in 2000. Their home is the Xcel Energy Center in downtown St. Paul.

= = = Ghassanids = = =
Ghassanids, are an Arab clan who came to the Levant from Yemen before Islam. Ghassanids were Christians. Some of them remain Christians until modern days especially in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel. The Ghassanids were a puppet of the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine-Sassanid wars during the war they fought against the Lakhmids. The Ghassanids were annexed by the Muslim Caliphate in the mid 600s AD.

= = = Boeing B-29 Superfortress = = =
The Boeing B-29 Superfortress was a heavy bomber aircraft with four engines used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, and by other countries' military after that. The name "Superfortress" came from its famous previous model, the B-17 Flying Fortress.
The B-29 Boeing Model 345 was one of the biggest aircraft to serve during World War II. It was one of the most advanced bombers of its time. It was the most used aircraft in the U.S. bombing against Japan in the final months of World War II, and B-29s carried the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The B-29 stayed in service for a long time after the war ended. By the time it was retired in the 1960s, some 3,900 planes had been built.
The American B-29 Superfortress was one of the most ambitious and expensive projects of WWII, even more expensive than the Manhattan Project. This enormous heavy bomber was equipped with numerous remote-controlled turrets and 4 powerful propellers. This heavy bomber  was used in later parts of the war, and was designed to finally supress the Japanese forces.

= = = Sewing = = =
Sewing is stitching cloth, leather, furs, or other materials, using a needle and thread. Sewing can be done on a sewing machine, or by hand.
"Plain" sewing is mostly done to make or mend clothing and household furnishings such as curtains, sheets, upholstery, and table linens. It is also used for sails, bellows, skin boats, banners and other items shaped out of flexible materials.
"Fancy" sewing is done to decorate materials, such as embroidery or quilting.
Sewing is an important part of shoemaking and bookbinding. Wounds are often sewn shut.
If a thread becomes loose in a sewn item, the stitches may unravel and require restitching to repair them. In repair sewing, pulling the threaded needle in and out of the fabric at the same lengths and places as the other remaining stitches can make a repair nearly invisible. Replacing a missing button on a garment follows the same procedure, although there are different possible ways to place the thread to sew on a button. While repairs are usually sewn by hand, most garments are created using a machine, which can range from simple to complex.

= = = Saipan = = =
Saipan (IPA: in English) is the largest island and capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of 15 tropical islands which are part of the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10’51”N, 145°45’21”E) with a total area of 115.39 km2 (44.55 sq mi). At the 2000 census, there were more than 62,392 people.
Saipan is at latitude of 15.25° north and longitude of 145.75° east, about 200 km (120 mi) north of Guam. Saipan is about 20 km (12.5 mi) long and 9 km (5.5 mi) wide. It is a popular tourist destination in the Pacific.

= = = Knitting = = =
Knitting creates flexible fabric by looping thread or yarn together using two or more knitting needles or a knitting machine.
Types of knitting.
Flat knitting.
Flat knitting, which is usually done on two straight needles, makes a length of cloth and is used to create things like blankets, scarves, and the backs, fronts, and sides of sweaters.
Circular knitting.
Circular knitting, which is done on circular needles, or needles that have points on both ends, produces a seamless tube and is used to create things like hats, socks, mittens, rings, and sleeves.
Cable knitting.
Patterns called "cables" are typically used on sweaters, particularly on fancy Aran sweaters from Ireland.
Different kinds of stitches create different patterns in knitting. For example, the stretchy ends of knitted sleeves are called "ribbing".
Materials.
Yarn.
Yarn for knitting can be made from any number of natural or synthetic (man made) fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.
Yarns come in many thicknesses or "weights" from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, Aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Thinner yarns are generally used with smaller knitting needles, and thicker yarns are used with larger knitting needles.
Needles.
Knitting needles come in various shapes: straight, double-pointed, cable, and circular. They can be made from bamboo, aluminum, steel, or plastic.

= = = Yarn = = =
Yarn is a long, continuous length of fibers that have been spun or felted together. Yarn is used to make cloth or different wearable accessories including shoes, hats, scarfs, etc. by knitting, crocheting or weaving. Yarn is sold in a shape called a skein to prevent the yarn from becoming tangled or knotted.
Yarn can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.
Yarns come in many thicknesses or weights from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Very fine yarn is called thread and is used in sewing and embroidery.
Yarn can also be used to crochet.

= = = Royal Australian Navy = = =
The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the navy of Australia. It is part of the Australian Defence Force. It was created in 1901, and was formed out of the Commonwealth Naval Forces to become the small navy of Australia. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom continued to defend Australia in the Pacific Ocean until World War II, when the RAN became much bigger and modern, adding many ships including aircraft carriers.
Today the RAN is one of the largest naval forces in the Pacific region and the Indian Ocean. As of December 2011, the RAN fleet consisted of 54 vessels. This includes frigates, submarines, patrol boats and auxiliary ships. Ships commissioned into the RAN are given the prefix "Her Majesty's Australian ships" (Or HMAS for short), because by constitution the Queen owns them and has command over them.
Organisation.
The head of the Royal Australian Navy is the Monarch presently Queen Elizabeth II. The professional head of the force is the Chief of the Navy who holds the rank "Vice-Admiral". The present Chief is Vice-Admiral Ray Griggs. He was appointed in 2011. The Navy is ran by the Department of Defence and the Naval Headquarters (NHQ). 
Beneath NHQ are two subordinate commands:
Fleet Command was previously made up of seven Force Element Groups. Due to changes it was made into four Force Commands:
Current Role.
The RAN currently has forces deployed on three major operations:
Bases.
The RAN has two primary bases for its fleet:
In addition, three other bases are home to the smaller warships (e.g. Patrol boats):
Personnel.
As of June 2011, the RAN has 14,215 permanent full time personnel, 161 gap year personnel, and 2,150 reserve personnel. The permanent full time force consisted of 3,357 commissioned officers, and 10,697 enlisted personnel. As of June 2010 male personnel make up 82% of the permanent full time force, while female personnel make up 18%. The RAN has the highest percentage of women in the ADF, compared to the RAAF's 17.8% and the Army's 9.7%.

= = = Takijirō Ōnishi = = =
 was a Vice-Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who came to known as the father of the "kamikaze".

= = = Torpedo = = =
The torpedo, is an explosive projectile weapon that moves by itself (using a propeller), launched above or below the water surface, that goes underwater toward a target, and made to explode when it hits a target or is near to it. Torpedoes may be launched from submarines, surface ships, helicopters, aircraft, land etc. Robert Whitehead invented the torpedo in 1866.

= = = Undercarriage = = =
In aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels) that supports an aircraft and allows it to move across the surface of the Earth when it is not flying.

= = = Seven Years' War = = =
The Seven Years' War lasted from 1756 to 1763 and involved most of the great powers in Europe. At first, the war was made up of two conflicts. One was mainly between Britain and France, and the other was between Prussia and its enemies: France, Austria, Russia, and Sweden.
An important cause of the war was the War of the Austrian Succession.
The war was known by different names in different places. In the United States, it is called the French and Indian War. In French Canada, it is called the War Of Conquest. In both Sweden and Prussia, it was called the Pomeranian War because they were fighting over Pomerania. In India, it is known as the Third Carnatic War.
As for the conflict between Prussia and Austria, it is called the Third Silesian War.
Colonialism was common at the time. During the war, the trade interests of the British Empire were opposed to those of the Bourbons, who ruled France and Spain. The Hohenzollerns, who ruled Prussia, and the Habsburgs, who were Holy Roman Emperors and archdukes in Austria, fought each other, mainly over Silesia.
A "diplomatic revolution" established an Anglo-Prussian camp, which was allied with some smaller German states and later the Portuguese Empire. It fought an Austro-French camp, which was allied with Sweden, Saxony and later Spain.
Results.
The Russian Empire left its offensive alliance with the Habsburgs when Empress Elizabeth died and her nephew Peter III became Tsar. Sweden also concluded a separate peace with Prussia in 1762.
The war ended with the Treaties of Paris (France, Spain, Great Britain) and of Hubertusburg (Hohenzollerns, Habsburgs, Saxon elector) in 1763. The war had been characterized by sieges and arson of towns as well as open battles involving extremely heavy losses. Overall, some 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died.
Great Britain succeeded in the contested overseas territories by gaining the bulk of New France, Spanish Florida, some Caribbean islands and Senegal and superiority over the French outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the peace settlement, and were unable to return to their former status after the resulting Pontiac's rebellion.
In Europe, Frederick II of Prussia failed to complete a preemptive strike against Austria, and his opponents repulsed and at Kunersdorf nearly destroyed his forces. Frederick, however recovered, regained ground and managed to avoid any concessions in Hubertusburg, where the status quo ante bellum was restored. William Pitt's said, "America was won in Germany". He referred to the Prussian war effort, which enabled Britain to limit its continental commitments and to focus on her "blue water policy," successfully establishing naval supremacy. While French and allied forces were able to occupy Prussian and Hanoverian territories up to East Frisia, French ambitions to invade Britain and to continue with their commerce raiding were thwarted by a British naval blockade, which impaired French supply routes to the colonies.
The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. Spain's short intervention resulted in the loss of Florida, but gained French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River in exchange. Also, Britain returned Cuba and the Philippines.
The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war for Britain and France.

= = = Battlefield 2 = = =
Battlefield 2 is a first-person shooter developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by EA Games.
By playing online the players can gather points for the global ranking. If a player has enough points, he is promoted to the next higher rank and can unlock new weapons and awards.
The storyline takes place in Middle- and Eastern-Asia in the near future. In this fictional war, the US Marine Corps fights against China and the fictional "Middle Eastern Coalition". So the players can use the most modern weapons like the F-35 Lightning II fighter or the T90 tank. It �s also possible to choose between different classes like medic, assault, sniper and others.
Because Battlefield 2 is a tactic shooter, teamplay is very important. One player by team can be the commander who issues instructions on his team. The other players can group themselves into squads.
In every round two teams are playing. At the beginning of the round, both teams have a certain number of tickets. By eliminating an enemy the teams can reduce the number of tickets of the other team. The team that has more tickets at the end of the round wins.
Battlefield 2 is the sequel of Battlefield 1942 and Battlefield Vietnam. The most recent game of the Battlefield series is .
There is also an addon named "Special Forces" in which several special forces (e. g. SAS) can be played. Also two so called "booster packs" are available: "Euro Forces" which brings the army of the European Union into the game and "Armored Fury" which relocates the storyline to North America.
Battlefield 2 is one of the most popular games in it �s genre. Although being released in 2005 it �s still played by many persons around the world and has a big community.

= = = Battlefield (series) = = =
The Battlefield series consists of the following first-person shooter games that were developed by Digital Illusions CE, and published by Electronic Arts:

= = = Tangent = = =
The word "tangent" can mean different things:

= = = Subset = = =
In set theory, a subset is a set which has some (or all) of the elements of another set, called superset, but does not have any elements that the superset does not have. A subset which does not have all the elements of its superset is called a proper subset. We use the symbol ⊆ to say a set is a subset of another set. We can also use ⊂ if it is a proper subset. The symbols ⊃ ⊇ are opposite - they tell us the second element is a (proper) subset of the first.
For example:

= = = Lemma = = =
Lemma may refer to:

= = = Middle Temple = = =
The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English bar as barristers. (The others are the Inner Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.) It is near the Royal Courts of Justice, within the City of London.

= = = Albanian Orthodox Church = = =
The Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania is one of the Eastern Orthodox churches. It is very new. It was created in 1922 by the fathers of the Albanian Orthodoxy Fan Noli, Visarion Xhuvani, and others. The Albanian Orthodox Church is autocephalous, meaning its bishop does not have to answer before any superior clerical authority.
Since its beginning it has had a difficult time. The church suffered during the Second World War, and in the communist period that came after. This became worse after 1967 when Albania was declared an atheist state, and no public or private expression of religion was allowed. After religious freedom returned in 1991, the church has become very active again. More than 250 churches have been created or repaired, and more than 100 clergy being ordained. 
The Church currently has four dioceses, Tirana, Durrës and Elbasan; Berat and Kanina; Gjirokastër; and Korçë.

= = = University of Padua = = =
The University of Padua (Italian "Università degli Studi di Padova", UNIPD) is in Padua, Italy. It was created in 1222. It is one of the oldest European universities and the second oldest in Italy. As of 2003, the university had about 65,000 students.
History.
The university is usually said to have been founded in 1222 when a big group of students and professors left the University of Bologna. They did this to look for more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica'). 
The first subjects to be taught were law and theology. The curriculum got bigger quickly, and by 1399 the institution had divided in two: a "Universitas Iuristarum" for civil law and Canon law, and a "Universitas Artistarum" which taught astronomy, dialectic, philosophy, grammar, medicine, and rhetoric.

= = = Anti-aircraft warfare = = =
Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defence, is any way of fighting military aircraft in combat from the ground. Different guns and cannons have been used for this since the first military aircraft were used in World War I. They have become more powerful over the years. After World War II, Surface to Air Missiles began to be used too. Today, both are used to fight against aircraft. 
Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation for anti-aircraft artillery", and flak or flack (from the German Flugabwehrkanone", "aircraft defence cannon"). An anti-aircraft missile is another name for a surface-to-air missile, also said SAM for short.

= = = National Museum of the United States Air Force = = =
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official national museum of the United States Air Force and is located on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio. Over 400 aircraft and missiles are on display, most of them indoors. Admission is free.
Exhibits.
The museum has many rare and important aircraft and other exhibits, including one of four surviving Convair B-36s, the only surviving XB-70 Valkyrie, and "Bockscar"–the B-29 Superfortress that dropped the second atomic bomb in World War II. In contrast to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, nearly all of the museum's exhibits are extremely accessible. Most are easily touched, even investigated, by visitors.

= = = List of Tour de France winners = = =
The first Tour de France was in 1903, but it was not run during World War I and World War II
Winners.
Multiple winners.
The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions. Since the retirement of two-time winner Alberto Contador in 2017, the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome, currently with 4 wins. Contador had originally won three Tours, but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation.
Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences. Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated (as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador) to the second placed rider in each race, Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins. However, the race organisers ASO decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years, in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation. Ullrich, therefore, has a single Tour victory to his name.
Footnotes.
A.  Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France. The organizers of the Tour de France said that they no longer consider him to be the winner. However, Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status because a lot of time has passed since his win. Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris.
B.  Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven Tours in a row from 1999 to 2005. However, in October 2012 he had all his titles removed by the UCI because of his use of performance-enhancing drugs. The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had said before that if this happened, there would be no alternative winners for those years, but this has not yet been made official.
C.  Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour, but later was found to have tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race. The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and removed his title on 20 September 2007.
D.  Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour, but later was found to have tested positive for a drug that was not allowed, Clenbuterol, on a rest day. The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and removed his title on 6 February 2012.
E.  Henri Cornet was declared the winner of 1904 race after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating.

= = = Inner Temple = = =
The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.)
The Inner Temple was first recorded as being used for legal purposes when lawyers' houses were burned down in Wat Tyler's revolt in 1381. Before that date, the Temple was occupied by the Knights Templar. The Inner Temple was damaged during the wartime bombings in the areas surrounding the River Thames.
Famous members.
sir edmund anderson chief justice of common pleas

= = = Inns of Court = = =
The Inns of Court are a group of four legal societies in Britain that have the exclusive right to train barristers and to regulate their admission to the English bar. The buildings, which house these societies, are called Inns of Court. The Inns of Court have directing and disciplinary functions over their members. The Inns also provide libraries, dining facilities and professional accommodations to members. Each Inn also has a church or chapel. 
Over the centuries the number of active Inns of Court was reduced to four, which are Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple and Middle Temple. 

= = = Lincoln's Inn = = =
The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Inner Temple.) 
Lincoln's Inn is thought to be the oldest of the four Inns of Court. The history of the Inn can be traced back to 1422, although its actual origins are even older.
It is in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.
Preachers of Lincoln's Inn.
The office of Preacher of Lincoln's Inn or Preacher to Lincoln's Inn is a clerical office in the Church of England. Past Preachers of Lincoln's Inn include:

= = = Gray's Inn = = =
The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. The other Inns are Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Inner Temple.
Gray's Inn is in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.

= = = Battle of Okinawa = = =
The Battle of Okinawa was a great battle of World War II. It took place on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Islands (south of the four big islands of Japan). The battle was between the military forces of the Empire of Japan and the Allies. It was the second biggest amphibious battle (from sea to land) of World War II, after the Battle of Normandy. It was also one of the longest battles in history, from April to June 1945. The Allies won the battle and occupied Okinawa. Today, Okinawa is Japanese territory, but there are still American military bases there.
The Battle of Okinawa is considered to be the last major battle of World War II. The Americans were planning Operation Downfall, the invasion of the four great islands of Japan. This never happened, since the Japanese surrendered after the American use of the atomic bomb in August 1945 (first in Hiroshima, and a second time in Nagasaki) and the Soviet Union declaring war on Japan.
The battle has been called "Typhoon of Steel" in English, and ""tetsu no ame," "tetsu no bōfū"" by the people of Okinawa, which mean "rain of steel" and "violent wind of steel", because of the very heavy firing of guns and bombs at this battle.
Some battles, such as the Battle of Iwo Jima, had no civilians present, but Okinawa had a large civilian population. The civilians killed or injured in the battle were at least 150,000. American deaths were 18,900 killed or missing and 53,000 injured, more than double of the soldiers killed at Iwo Jima and Guadalcanal put together. Several thousand soldiers who died from wounds and other causes after the battle had finished, are not included. About a third of the civilian population of the island were killed.
There were about 100,000 Japanese soldiers killed and 7,000 captured. Some of the soldiers committed seppuku or simply blew themselves up with grenades. Some of the civilians, convinced by Japanese propaganda that the Americans were barbarians who did terrible things to prisoners, killed their families and themselves to avoid capture.
In 1945, Winston Churchill called the battle "among the most intense and famous in military history."'
Order of battle.
Allied.
Overall Allied command authority for battle was Fifth Fleet (under Admiral Raymond A. Spruance). Fifth Fleet was divided into several task forces and groups.
TF 56 was the largest force within TF 50 and was built around the 10th Army. The army had two corps under its command. In all, the Army had over 102,000 Army (of these 38,000+ were artillery, combat support and HQ troops, with another 9,000 service troops), over 88,000 Marines and 18,000 Navy personnel (mostly Seabees and medical personnel).
At the start of the Battle of Okinawa the 10th Army had 182,821 men under its command. The U.S. Navy had greater casualties in this operation than in any other battle of the war.
Japanese.
The Japanese land campaign (mainly defensive) was had 67,000 men (77,000 according to some sources). As well, there were 9,000 Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) troops at Oroku naval base. There were also 39,000 local Ryukyuan people who were forced to fight.
Naval battle.
The United States Navy's Task Force 58 was east of Okinawa. It had 6 to 8 destroyers and 13 carriers. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz gave his naval commanders time to rest.
Japanese air attacks had been light during the first few days after the landings. However, on 6 April, there was an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu. From 26 March-30 April, 20 American ships were sunk and 157 damaged.
The Japanese had lost up to more than 1,100 planes in the battle.
Between 6 April and 22 June, the Japanese flew 1,465 "kamikaze" aircraft attacks. Several fleet carriers were severely damaged.
Operation "Ten-Go".
Operation "Ten-Go" ("Ten-gō sakusen") was the attack by ten Japanese ships. In all, the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 3,700 sailors, including Admiral Itō. The US lost just 10 U.S. aircraft and 12 airmen.
British Pacific Fleet.
The British Pacific Fleet was ordered to attack Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands.
Land battle.
The land battle took place over about 81 days beginning on 1 April 1945. The first Americans ashore were soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division, who landed west of Okinawa on 26 March.
On 31 March, Marines of the Fleet Marine Force Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion landed without opposition on Keise Shima.
Northern Okinawa.
The main landing was made by XXIV Corps and III Amphibious Corps on the western coast of Okinawa on 1 April.
The 10th Army moved across the south-central part of the island. They captured the Kadena and the Yomitan airbases.
Six days later on 13 April, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Marine Regiment reached Hedo Point (Hedo-misaki) at the northern part of the island. Japanese forces in the north were on the Motobu Peninsula.
The 77th Infantry Division attacked Ie Island (Ie Shima) on 16 April.
Southern Okinawa.
The U.S. Army 96th Infantry division and 7th Infantry Division went south across Okinawa. The 96th Infantry Division had violent fights with Japanese troops in fortified positions.
They had 1,500 battle casualties, while killing or capturing about 4,500 Japanese.
The next American goal was Kakazu Ridge. The Japanese soldiers hid in caves. There were many casualties on both sides.
On the evening of 12 April, the 32nd Army attacked U.S. positions. The attackers retreated. A final attack on 14 April was again stopped.
The launched a new attack on 19 April with 324 guns, the largest ever in the Pacific Ocean war. Then 650 Navy and Marine planes attacked with napalm, rockets, bombs, and machine guns.
A tank attack failed with the loss of 22 tanks. XXIV Corps lost 720 men KIA, WIA and MIA.
On 4 May, the 32nd Army launched another attack. This time, Ushijima tried to land troops on the coasts behind American lines. Japanese artillery fired 13,000 rounds. The attack failed.
Buckner launched another American attack on 11 May. By the end of May, monsoon rains turned hills and roads into mud.
On 29 May, Maj. Gen. Pedro del Valle ordered Company A, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines to capture Shuri Castle.
The Japanese retreat moved nearly 30,000 men into its last defense line on the Kiyan Peninsula. The 4,000 Japanese sailors — including Admiral Minoru Ota — all committed suicide.
On 18 June, Gen. Buckner was killed by enemy artillery fire. The last Japanese stopped fighting on 21 June, although some Japanese stayed hidden.

= = = Naomi Nari Nam = = =
Naomi Nari Nam (born July 6, 1985 in Anaheim, California) is a figure skater from the United States.
Nam was a very good skater as a child. She won the silver medal (second place) at the 1999 United States national championships behind Michelle Kwan at age 13. She would have normally gone to the World Championships after doing this, but she was too young according to the rules. She could have gone if she had won a medal at the World Junior Championships, but that was the last year the World Junior Championships were held before Nationals and Nam did not go to those championships.
Nam had a bad career after this. She had an injury in her hip and had to stop skating as a single skater.
In 2005, she started skating as a pairs skater with Themistocles Leftheris. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.
Naomi Nari Nam is a very graceful and flexible skater. She and Leftheris are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

= = = Themistocles Leftheris = = =
Themistocles "Themi" Leftheris (born December 20, 1982) is a figure skater from the United States. 
Leftheris has skated pairs for most of his life. He has had many partners and has done very well with them. 
In 2005, he started skating as a team with Naomi Nari Nam. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.
Themistocles Leftheris is a very powerful skater. He and Nam are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

= = = Ohka = = =
The Yokosuka MXY-7 "Ohka" (�� "cherry blossom") was a type of airplane rocket, used for suicide attacks by the Empire of Japan in the last months of World War II. The United States gave the aircraft the name "Baka" (Japanese for "stupid").
It was carried by a bomber that dropped it when close enough to an enemy ship. The pilot guided it to crash with the target. When dropping down, it could go so fast that it was almost impossible to stop it. The operational record of Ohkas used in action includes three ships sunk and three other ships with great damage.

= = = Stéphane Lambiel = = =
Stéphane Lambiel (born 2 April 1985 in Martigny, Valais) is a figure skater from Switzerland. He is famous for his very good spins.
Lambiel was a good skater as a child. When he was 12 years old, he was picked to perform an exhibition at the 1997 World Championships.
He has won the Swiss national championships every year he has entered them, and at every level.
In 2002, when he was 16, the Swiss Olympic Committee told him he could go to the 2002 Winter Olympics if he placed in the top 15 at the European Championships. Lambiel placed 4th at the European Championships and he went to the Olympics.
In 2006, Lambiel won the silver medal (second place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He was World Champion in 2005 and 2006.
Lambiel is famous for having everything a skater needs to do well, called the "full package". He is very artistic, and has all the technical elements needed, including a quadruple jump. He is very consistent, except for the triple axel, which is a bad jump for him.
Lambiel has had a lot of injuries, which has kept him out of the Grand Prix a lot. After the Olympics, he did not feel very motivated. He missed the 2007 European Championships because he said he was burnt out. But he came back for the 2007 World Championships, where he won the bronze medal.
In 2010 he said he was no longer going to compete in skating.

= = = Daisuke Takahashi = = =
 is a Japanese athlete. He is best known as a figure skater.
Takahashi was born in Kurashiki, Okayama.
Career.
Takahashi won the Japanese national championships in 2006 and 2007.
Takahashi is the first male skater from Japan to win the World Junior Championships and the first male skater from Japan to win a silver medal at the World Championship.
He was a member of the Japanese team at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin in Italy. In 2010, he won a bronze medal in the Winter Olympic Games at Vancouver in Canada.

= = = Evgeni Plushenko = = =
Evgeni Plushenko (born 3 November 1982) is a figure skater from Russia. He was born and raised in the Soviet Union. He is the last of the "Soviet System" figure skaters, which took children from their parents at a young age and raised them in a training system away from home while giving them everything they needed, including housing and food and equipment, so they could become the best.
Early years.
Plushenko was a very good skater as a child. At age 14, he won the World Junior Championships. At age 15, he won the bronze medal at the World Championships. He has always been coached by Alexei Mishin, a very famous Soviet and Russian skater coach. At the time of Plushenko's rise, Mishin was also coaching Alexei Yagudin. When Yagudin saw all the attention Mishin was giving Plushenko, it made Yagudin leave and find another coach. Plushenko and Yagudin had a very big rivalry that ended in 2002, when Yagudin won the Olympic Gold and Plushenko won the silver.
Career.
Between the 2002 Olympics and the 2006 Olympics, Plushenko only lost a competition twice. The first time was to Emanuel Sandhu at the 2003-2004 Grand Prix Final. The second was to Brian Joubert at the 2004 European Championships. Plushenko came close to losing the 2003 World Championships to American Timothy Goebel, but won.
Plushenko withdrew from the 2005 World Championships with injury. But he won the 2006 Olympics with a very big lead over everyone else there.
Plushenko took the 2006-2007 season away from skating. He was married and had a child, but he is now getting a divorce. He is trying to come back to competitive skating, but still has a lot of injuries.
Plushenko is known for his consistency and his strong jumping ability. He has done a lot of quadruple jumps in competition and in combination with other jumps. He was the first to do a lot of quadruple-jump combinations. He has also done the Biellmann spin in competition, although he has not done that recently.

= = = Bald eagle = = =
The bald eagle ("Latin name: Haliaeetus leucocephalus") is a bird of prey that lives in North America. It is the national bird of the United States of America. The bald eagle is a kind of sea eagle.
It can be found in most of Canada, all of the United States, and the northern part of Mexico. It lives near big areas of water, where there are trees to nest in and there is a lot of food to eat. It is called "bald" because of its white head and neck. (There is more information on the bald eagle's name in the section below called "Name.")
The species almost died in the United States (while its numbers were growing in Alaska and Canada) late in the 20th century. Now it has a more stable population.
Description.
The bald eagle is a large bird. It is usually as tall as and its wingspan is . Female eagles are about 25 percent larger than males. Adult females weigh , while males weigh . The adult bald eagle has a brown body, and its head and tail are white. It also has yellow feet with large talons, and a hooked yellow beak. The males and the females' wings have the same colors.
Before bald eagles become adults, their wings are brown. Their wings are usually speckled with white dots until the fifth year.
The size of the bird depends on where it lives. The smallest birds are in Florida, where an adult male is only about . The largest Bald Eagles are in Alaska, where large females may be as much as .
The bald eagle is closely related to a species called the golden eagle. The bald eagle is physically and mentally different from the golden eagle. The bald eagle has a bigger head and a bigger beak, and its legs do not have feathers. 
When bald eagles "call," (make sounds), they chirp weakly and whistle. The young birds whistle more shrilly than adults.
Bald eagles usually live for around 20 years if they live in nature. The oldest ones sometimes live for 30 years. When bald eagles live in captivity, such as in zoos, they can live much longer.
Name.
This sea eagle gets both its common and scientific names from its head. "Bald" in the English name is from the word "piebald", which means, "one with a white head". The scientific name is from "Haliaeetus", which is Latin for "sea eagle".
The bald eagle was one of the many species written in Carolus Linnaeus's 18th century book "Systema Naturae". Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who made the binomial nomenclature system.
There are two main subspecies of the bald eagle:
Habitat.
The bald eagle's natural home is in most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the United States, and northern Mexico.
The most bald eagles live near seas, rivers, large lakes, oceans, and other large places with open water and a lot of fish.
Bald eagles need old trees with hard wood to live, sleep, and make nests. They like trees that have holes and are safe from predators. However, the height or kind of tree is not as important as its distance from a body of water. Bald eagles need to live near water.
The bald eagle does not like to be near humans. It is are found mostly in places where there are no humans, or very few of them. However, a few bald eagles live in places with trees inside of big cities. They may live in city parks. Bald eagles live in a city in Oregon. A family of bald eagles recently moved into Harlem, which is a place in the middle of New York city.
Behavior.
The bald eagle flies very fast. It can move at speeds of 56–70 kilometers per hour (35–43 mph) when gliding or flapping its wings. However, when it is carrying fish, it flies about . Its dive speed is , though it does not dive a lot. The bald eagle is usually migratory, which means that it travels (migrates) between homes which are very far away from each other. In some places, bald eagles are not migratory. If a bald eagle's territory has water near by, it will remain there all year. But if the water where it lives freezes in the winter, it must migrate to the south or to the coast to find something to eat.
Diet.
The bald eagle eats mostly fish. In the Pacific Northwest, spawning trout and salmon are the main food of the Bald Eagle.
Sometimes, eagles may eat a lot of carrion, especially in winter. They will also scavenge dead bodies up to the size of whales. However, eagles eat more large dead fish than whales. They also sometimes eat the leftover food from campsites or garbage dumps. The mammals they eat include rabbits, hares, raccoons, muskrats, beavers, and deer fawns. Some of the birds they eat include grebes, ducks, gulls, and geese. Reptiles, amphibians and crustaceans (especially crabs) are also eaten.
To hunt fish the eagle swoops down over the water and snatches the fish out of the water with its talons. They eat by holding the fish in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have special things on their toes called "spiricules" that help them hold the fish more easily. Bald eagles have powerful talons. They have been seen flying with a 7 kg fawn. Sometimes, when the fish is too heavy, the eagle will be dragged into the water with it. Sometimes, eagles swim back to the shore and live, but sometimes they may drown or die because of hypothermia (a condition when one’s body gets so cold the body temperature drops below normal). Other times, bald eagles steal fish and other kinds of food away from other animals. Healthy adult bald eagles are not eaten anywhere in the wild. This makes them thought as one of the top animals of the food chain.
Reproduction.
Bald eagles become adults when they are four or five years old. When they are old enough to mate, they usually come back to the place where they were born. It is thought that bald eagles mate for life. However, if one of the pair dies or disappears, the other will choose a new mate. A pair which can not get a chick after trying for a long time, may split up and look for new mates. When bald eagles court, they call and show their flying skills. When they do so, two mates may fly high, and then lock their talons together, and fall, parting again right before hitting the ground.
The nest of the bald eagle is larger than any other nest in North America. This is because it is used again and again, and every year more is added to the nest until it may soon become as large as deep, across and weigh 1 tonne. One nest in Florida was found to be deep, across, and to weigh . The nest is built out of branches, usually in large trees near water. If there are no trees, the bald eagle will make its nest on the ground. Eagles have between one and three eggs per year. Both the male and female take turns incubating the eggs. The other parent will hunt for food or look for more to add onto the nest. The eggs are about long.
Relationship with humans.
Fall and rise of population.
Once easily seen on the continental United States, the bald eagle was close to becoming extinct because of the use of the pesticide DDT. The DDT destroyed an adult bird's calcium, and it would become unable to lay more healthy eggs. Female eagles laid eggs that were too weak to withstand the weight of its parents. In the early 1700s, the number of bald eagles were 300,000–500,000, but by the 1950s there were only 412 nesting pairs in the United States.
Other things that stopped bald eagles from producing well was the loss of habitat and illegal hunting of bald eagles. Also, oil and lead were other big reasons why bald eagles began to die out.
The species was first protected in the United States and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty. The 1940 Bald Eagle Protection Act in the United States also tried to stop the killing of the bald eagle and the golden eagle. The bald eagle was an endangered species in 1967, and the penalties for people who killed the species grew more and more. Also, in 1972, DDT was banned in the United States. DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989.
Because of all this hard work, the bald eagle's population began to rise again. It was officially taken out from the United States list of endangered species on July 12, 1995.
To keep bald eagles in captivity, the workers had to be experienced in caring for eagles. The bald eagle can live a long time in captivity if well cared for, but does not mate well, even under the best care.
The National Bird of the United States.
The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States. It appears on most of its seals, including the Seal of the President of the United States. The Continental Congress made the design for the Great Seal of the United States with a bald eagle holding thirteen arrows and an olive branch with thirteen leaves in its talons on June 20, 1782.
The bald eagle can be found on both national seals and on the back of several coins (including the quarter dollar coin until 1999). Between 1916 and 1945, the Flag of the President of the United States showed an eagle facing to its left.
There is a popular legend that Benjamin Franklin once supported the wild turkey as a symbol of the United States instead of the bald eagle. However, there is no evidence that this is true. The legend comes from the letter Franklin wrote to his daughter in 1784 from Paris. However, this letter was about the Society of the Cincinnati, and it did not say anything about the bald eagle or the wild turkey.
In Native American culture.
The Bald Eagle is a holy bird in some North American cultures. Its feathers are thought to be special. They are used very much in spiritual customs among the Native Americans. Eagles are thought as messengers between gods and humans. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional things, especially in fans. The Lakota people, for instance, give an eagle feather as a symbol of honor to a person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on an event such as a graduation from college. The Pawnee people thought eagles as symbols of nature and fertility. This is because their nests are built high off the ground, and because they protect their young very bravely. The Choctaw explained that the bald eagle, who can see the sun more directly, is a symbol of peace.
During the Sun Dance, which is danced by a lot of Native American tribes, the eagle is included in many different ways. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the dance. Also during the dance, a medicine man may direct his fan, which is made of eagle feathers, to people who need healing. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may send all the sick prayers to the god.
However, Native American tribes cannot use bald or golden eagle feathers for their religious or spiritual use anymore. This is because of a law called the eagle feather law. The eagle feather law usually defends Native Americans by providing many exceptions to wildlife laws, but it presently does not yet allow Native American tribes to use them yet. This made the Native American groups angry because they insisted that it was stopping their ability to use their religion freely.

= = = End of days = = =
End of Days usually can mean:
"End of Days" has also been the title of a number of movies and television episodes:

= = = Stacy London = = =
Stacy London (born May 25, 1969 in New York City, New York) is an American fashion consultant and media personality. She known best for her role as a co-host on the makeover reality program "What Not to Wear".

= = = Kaiten = = =
The Kaiten (Japanese: ��, translated "Change the World" or "Reverse Destiny") was a torpedo that was changed to become a suicide weapon, and used by the Navy of the Empire of Japan in the last months of the Second World War. It was basically a torpedo with a pilot, and it could be thrown from a submarine or a ship.
The "Kaiten" was not very effective. Out of more or less 100 attacks made with them, only two enemy ships were sunk.

= = = Blanket = = =
A blanket is a large, usually rectangular piece of cloth, generally used on a bed over a sheet to keep the sleeping person warm. Some blankets are knitted or crocheted while others are made of two layers of cloth sewn together with stuffing in the middle. Blankets can be made with hollow fibre or feathers.
Other names for blankets are quilts, duvets, and comforters, depending on their thickness, construction and/or stuffing.
The word blanket probably came from the 14th century. A special kind of fabric called Blanket fabric was created by a Flemish weaver who lived in Bristol, England.
Uses.
Blankets may also be used on the ground for a picnic or other places where people want to sit without their clothing getting dirty or wet.
Firefighters use a special fire blanket to protect household items such as chairs from water damage.
Types of blankets.
Electric blankets are heated by electricity. Blankets were traditionally made of wool because it is warm, naturally fire-retardant, and allows air to circulate well, while today synthetic fibers are frequently used. Throw blankets are smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and patterns, that can be used for extra warmth outside of bed.
Other kinds are horse blankets, used to keep horses warm, and saddle blankets, used to prevent the horse's saddle from rubbing on its skin.
Blanket terminology is also used in the printing industry. A blanket is a rubber coating over different layer of compressible material. It wraps around a cylinder and insures transfer of ink form the printed material (where the image is ink defined) to the paper. Blankets are used for offset, gravure, flexo, etc.

= = = Crochet = = =
Crochet is a way of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet hook to pull loops of yarn through other loops. It is similar to knitting, except that usually only one loop is active at one time, and that a crochet hook is used instead of knitting needles. Also, crochet can not be made by machine. Crochet uses more yarn than knitting but is faster to make by hand.
Crochet is used to make clothing, household items like tablecloths, blankets and potholders, and toys. Lace is often made by crocheting, though it can be made by knitting and weaving as well.
Crocheting is also a great craft for younger children. The stitches are easy and their small hands are able to hold the crochet hook. They are also able to see progress very quickly and that motivates them to continue. It is very easy to start again after setting the project down, which will help to keep young people involved in the craft.
US and UK Terminologies.
The US and the UK use different names for the same crochet stitches. If you are using a pattern, make sure you know if it uses US or UK terminology so you read it correctly.
Here are the main differences.

= = = Weaving = = =
Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of threads at right angles to each other to form cloth. Weaving is usually done on a loom.
One set of threads is called the "warp". These threads are held taut and in parallel order on the loom by "harnesses" creating a space called the "shed". The "weft" thread is wound onto "bobbins". In old-fashioned hand weaving the bobbins are held in a "shuttle", which carries the weft thread through the shed. The warp threads are moved over and under the weft threads. Modern high speed weaving does not use a shuttle.

= = = Loom = = =
A loom is a machine for weaving thread or yarn into textiles. Looms can range from very small hand-held frames, to large free-standing hand looms, to huge automatic mechanical devices.
The invention of the power loom by Edmund Cartwright was very important in the Industrial Revolution.

= = = Sweater = = =
A sweater is a piece of clothing worn on the upper body to keep the person warm. Sweaters are usually knitted or crocheted. Other names for sweaters are pullover, jersey, or jumper. Sweaters that open in the front are often called "cardigans". They are named after James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, a British general during the Crimean War, who led the famous charge of the Light Brigade. Sweaters without sleeves are often called "vests". Sweaters can be worn all year long for comfort and warmth.

= = = Scarf = = =
A scarf is a piece of fabric worn on or near the head or around the neck for warmth, cleanliness, fashion or for religious reasons. Neck scarves are usually knitted or crocheted, while headscarves are usually woven.
Many Muslim women wear a headscarf known as a hijab. In the Persian Gulf Region it is called a sheila.

= = = Across the Universe (movie) = = =
Across the Universe is a musical movie made in 2007. It is directed by Julie Taymor and written by Ian La Frenais and Dick Clement. The main characters are played by Evan Rachel Wood and Jim Sturgess. There are also other famous actors and singers who appear in the movie: Bono, who plays "Dr. Robert", Eddie Izzard as "Mr. Kite", Dana Fuchs as a musician called "Sexy Sadie", and Salma Hayek as a nurse.
The movie was released in North America on October 12, 2007.
Plot.
The story starts in the early 1960s. A young ship builder from Liverpool named Jude (played by Jim Sturgess) travels by ship to the United States in search of his American G.I. father called Wes (Played by Robert Clohessy). They have never met and his father does not know Jude exists. While looking for his father at Princeton, Jude makes friends with somebody called Max (Played by Joe Anderson), a rebellious young man from a rich background, and Max's sister Lucy (Played by Evan Rachel Wood). When Max drops out of college and moves to New York City, Jude goes with him. Max works as a taxi driver, while Jude tries to find work as an independent artist. They become roommates in a bohemian area of the city where they share an apartment with other people, including a woman called Sadie (Played by Dana Fuchs) who is their landlady and who is also trying to become singer. Other people who live in the same house include Jojo (Played by Martin Luther McCoy), a guitarist who arrives from Detroit after the death of his younger brother; and Prudence (Played by T.V. Carpio), a young lesbian who hitchhikes to New York City from Dayton, Ohio. Lucy joins them in the New York flat after her boyfriend is killed in the Vietnam War.
Lucy and Jude begin dating, as well as Sadie and Jojo, which leaves Prudence depressed. When Max is sent to Vietnam, Lucy becomes involved in an extreme anti-war group, which leads to tension with the non-political Jude. He is unhappy with the amount of time she spends with the political group, suspecting that its leader, Paco (Logan Marshall-Green), is a man who obsessively seduces and deceives women. Jude's art and his relationship with Lucy both start to break down. Meanwhile, Sadie has formed a band called Sadie and the Po Boys, with Jojo as her lead guitarist. She gains the attention of a manager (James Urbaniak) who signs her to a record label, but he wants her to drop her backing band. This leads to a break up between Sadie and Jojo, both musically and romantically.
The differences between Jude and Lucy grow. One day, Jude goes into the offices of the political group where Lucy works and is kicked out after punching Paco. This causes a fight between the couple, resulting in Lucy leaving Jude. Jude finds her at an anti-war demonstration at Columbia University during which many protesters, including Lucy, are arrested. When trying to help her, Jude is also arrested. Though Wes (Jude's Father) persuades the police not to take further action for activity at the protest, he cannot prove that Jude is his son, and Jude is sent back to England.
Max is wounded in Vietnam and is emotionally and mentally troubled by his war experience, while Lucy remains involved in her anti-war group that is becoming more and more violent. After Lucy goes to the old headquarters of her anti-war group, she discovers Paco and some of his followers making bombs. She then decides to leave the group. One of Paco's bombs explodes, destroying the building. Jude reads about the explosion in a Liverpool newspaper and is concerned that Lucy has died. He then hears from Max that she is alive, and he arranges to return to the United States properly and without breaking the law. He meets Max, who drives him to Sadie's music headquarters where a Beatles-style rooftop concert is being held by Jojo, Sadie, and their band singing an anti-war song (Don't let me down). Lucy is supposed to be there to meet Jude again, but no one can find her, and the group is forced to leave when the police arrive. But Jude manages to sneak back onto the roof and begins to sing "All you need is Love", his eyes searching the crowd for Lucy. The rest of the band sneaks back onto the roof, too and they join him with their voices and instruments. Jude smiles sadly and turns to leave the roof, but Max suddenly points as they sing, and Jude turns to see Lucy standing on the roof across the street, singing along. They smile at one another with tears in their eyes, and the screen fades out to white clouds and blue sky.
Movie soundtrack.
The movie's end credits show that a total of thirty-three separate Beatles songs featured in the movie, either in full or in part. All of these songs were written between 1963 and 1970 by the members of The Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) and recorded by The Beatles. Thirty of them are songs that are officially credited to the songwriting partnership of Lennon-McCartney. Three are credited to George Harrison. One title ("Flying") is a 1967 song credited to all four members of the Beatles (Lennon-McCartney-Harrison-Starkey).
Thirty-one of the soundtrack's songs feature vocals. Two of them ("And I Love Her" and "A Day in the Life") are brief instrumental versions of songs that were originally written with lyrics. One song ("Flying") was originally written as an instrumental.
Twenty-five of the vocal tracks are performed by one or more of the six lead cast members. Four of the songs are sung by stars with cameo roles (Bono, Eddie Izzard, Salma Hayek and Joe Cocker). One song ("Let It Be") is sung by supporting members of the cast. One song ("Blue Jay Way") is sung by indie Texan trio The Secret Machines. In twenty-nine of the vocal tracks, the vocalists are singing on-screen. Two of the vocal tracks ("Blue Jay Way" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds") are sung by off-screen vocalists.
The remaining three of the thirty-four songs are rendered instrumentally. "Flying" is performed by The Secret Machines, "And I Love Her" is heard briefly as part of the orchestral score, and "A Day in the Life" is performed on guitar by Jeff Beck in a version recorded for Sir George Martin's 1998 album "In My Life".
In addition to the thirty-four Beatles songs, the soundtrack features an original score written by Elliot Goldenthal. Goldenthal worked on Taymor's previous movies "Titus" and "Frida". (Goldenthal and director Taymor have also been partners since 1982.)
Beatles songs featured in the movie.
This is a listing of the thirty-four songs written by members of The Beatles that are heard on the soundtrack, in the order featured in the movie. This listing includes notation of three songs that are heard twice in the course of the movie, so there are a total of thirty-seven individual music cues.
Production dispute.
In March 2007, the media reported a dispute over the final cut of the movie. Concerned with the length of director Julie Taymor's cut of the movie, Revolution Studios (production studio) chairman Joe Roth tested a sneak preview of a shortened version without first informing Taymor. The incident caused a quarrel between the two, later involving Sony Pictures (distributor) Amy Pascal urging Taymor to agree to the shorter version. After several months of dispute, Taymor's version was eventually reinstated as the theatrically released version.
Reception.
The movie received mixed reviews from critics. As of January 6, 2008, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 53% of critics gave the movie positive reviews, based on 180 reviews. However, the movie is currently at 82% with the Rotten Tomatoes community. Metacritic reported the movie had an average score of 56 out of 100, based on 29 reviews.
Top ten lists.
The movie appeared on a few critics' top ten lists of the best movies of 2007.

= = = Hugo Weaving = = =
Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is a British-Australian actor. He is also well known as a voice actor. Weaving is most famous for his roles as "Agent Smith" in "The Matrix" and "Elrond" in "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy, the main character of "V for Vendetta" and the voices of "Noah the Elder" in "Happy Feet", "Megatron" in "Transformers" and "Rex" in "Babe" and "". He was born in Nigeria to English parents. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom when he was a teenager. He moved to Australia in 1976.

= = = Battle of the Philippine Sea = = =
The Battle of the Philippine Sea was an important naval battle of the Second World War between the navies of the United States and Japan. This battle took place on June 19 and 20, 1944 near the Mariana Islands, and involved two big naval forces and many Japanese aircraft from bases on land. The battle was a great defeat for the Japanese Navy, which lost three aircraft carriers and some 600 aircraft in two days of combat. This happened because the Japanese airplanes were getting old and their pilots had little training, compared to the more modern and better trained American forces. After the battle, the Japanese Navy was almost completely destroyed. This victory for Allied forces opened the door for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

= = = Tour of Britain = = =
The Tour of Britain is the name of a cycle race held in United Kingdom. The race is made up of several parts in which the racers go from place to place across parts of Great Britain. The history of the event dates back to 1951. The Tour of Britain is part of the UCI's European Tour.
The race includes teams from Scotland and Wales, as well as a Great Britain team. In recent years, no English team has been entered. Teams from outside the UK compete too, for example in 2007 Team T-Mobile will take part.
The latest version, a professional stage race, was first run in 2004.
History.
The Tour of Britain has had different names. This is because many different companies or groups of people have provided the money needed to have the event happen ("sponsors").
The modern tour.
2004 Tour of Britain.
The first edition of the latest version of the Tour of Britain took place over five days in early September 2004. It was organised by SweetSpot along with British Cycling. The race was sponsored by the organisers of London's 2012 Olympics bid. It was well-promoted and many well-known teams were a part of the race. Such teams included T-Mobile (Germany) and U.S. Postal Service (USA). This was partly due to it being a 2.3 category race on the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) calendar.
The 2004 route ended with a 45 mile (72 km) criterium in London, where tens of thousands of people watching saw a long break by Londoner Bradley Wiggins last until the final lap. Enrico Degano of Team Barloworld passed him on the final lap to win that stage of the race. The Colombian Mauricio Ardila, of Chocolade Jacques, won the Tour overall.
2005 Tour of Britain.
The 2005 race was run as a UCI 2.1 category in six stages starting in Glasgow on 30 August and finishing in London on 4 September:
2006 Tour of Britain.
The Tour of Britain 2006 took place from the 29 August to 3 September as a UCI category 2.1 event. Martin Pedersen and Andy Schleck of Team CSC won the overall and King of the Mountains classification, respectively. Mark Cavendish (T-Mobile Team) won the points classification and Johan Van Summeren (Davitamon-Lotto) captured the sprints classification.
2007 Tour of Britain.
The 2007 edition of the Tour of Britain stage race was run as a UCI 2.1 category in seven stages starting in London on 9 September and finishing in Glasgow on 15 September. The Tour was extended to seven days for 2007, with the extra day being used to run a stage in Somerset for the first time. Instead of finishing in London as in previous years, the 2007 race started in London and finished in Glasgow, which is using the event to boost its bid to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

= = = Tengiz = = =
Tengiz is a lake in Kazakhstan, Kostanay oblast near Russia. This lake has an area of about 1950 km2.

= = = Aike = = =
Aike is a lake on the border between Kazakhstan and Russia. The lake has an area of about . The village of Terensay is on the coast of the lake. The lake is at 

= = = Tamgaly = = =
Tamgaly is a lake in Kazakhstan, in South Kazakhstan oblast. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site where petroglyphs (rock pictures) have been found.

= = = Union Cycliste Internationale = = =
The Union Cycliste Internationale or "International Cycling Union" usually called the UCI is the governing body of bicycle racing in the world.
It sets out rules for bicycle design, and types of races. The UCI also issues licences to racing teams which gives them permission to compete in one of the ranks or "tours".
The Tour grades.
The ProTour.
This is the highest grade, the 20 best teams are in the "UCI ProTour", and all of the races are in Europe.
Contintental Circuits.
There five Continental Circuits (one each for Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas). They are the next highest grade after the UCI ProTour. The circuits were designed by UCI to encourage cycle racing outside the European continent, where it is most popular and where the three Grand Tour stage races Vuelta Ciclista a España, Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia are run. The Grand Tours are part of the ProTour

= = = Ashchikol = = =
Ashchikol is a lake in Kazakhstan, in Kyzylorda oblast. It is near the north border of the country.

= = = Kajbagar = = =
Kajbagar is a lake in Kustanay Oblast, Kazakhstan. Kushmurun Lake is about to the west.

= = = Milk Marketing Board = = =
The Milk Marketing Board was an agency of the British government. 
The Board bought all of the milk in England and Wales from dairy farmers and passed it on to be processed and sold. This way small farmers always got a fair price, because no big producer could sell their milk more cheaply.
The Board was first set up in 1933. In 1933 and 1934 three other boards were set up for Scotland and one for Northern Ireland in 1955.
From 1958 until it was abolished the Milk Marketing Board paid money for the Tour of Britain bicycle race, which was called "The Milk Race".
Other websites.
History of the Milk Marketing Boards 

= = = Smithsonian Institution = = =
The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute and museum complex. Most of the institution is in Washington, D.C., but its 19 museums, zoo, and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama, and elsewhere. It has over 137 million items in its collections. 
A monthly magazine published by the Smithsonian Institution is also named the "Smithsonian".
History.
The Smithsonian Institution was founded for the "increase and diffusion" of knowledge by a bequest to the United States by the British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829), who had never visited the United States himself. In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heirs, the Smithson estate would go to the United States of America for creating an "Establishment for the increase & diffusion of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without heirs in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed Congress of the bequest, which amounted to 104,960 gold sovereigns, or USD 500,000 ($9,235,277 in 2005 U.S. dollars after inflation).
Eight years later, Congress passed an act establishing the Smithsonian Institution. It is administered and funded by the U.S. government, and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its shops and magazine.
The Smithsonian Institution Building on the National Mall is known as "The Castle", because its design looks similar to a European castle.
Though the Smithsonian's first leader (called "Secretary"), Joseph Henry, wanted the Institution to be a center for scientific research, before long it became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections. 
The voyage of the U.S. Navy went around the world between 1838 and 1842. The United States Exploring Expedition collected thousands of animal specimens, herbs, shells, minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater and ethnographic specimens from the South Pacific. These specimens and artefacts became part of the Smithsonian collections. So did those collected by the military and civilian surveys in the American West.
Smithsonian museums.
Chantilly, VA.
In addition, there are many museums that are Smithsonian affiliates.

= = = Battle of Leyte Gulf = = =
The Battle of Leyte Gulf, was the biggest naval battle in modern history. The battle was part of World War II, and happened in the seas near the Philippines island of Leyte. It took place from 23 October to 26 October 1944, between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. The Allies started the battle to cut the way between Japan and its colonies in South East Asia. Japan took its oil for fuel from that area. The Japanese gathered all the ships they had left to fight the Allied troops. However, they failed and lost many ships and aircraft.
The battle was the last big naval fight of World War II. Without fuel, the Imperial Japanese Navy never again sailed to battle. Most of their ships returned to Japan, and were inactive for the rest of the war.
The first use of kamikaze aircraft was during this battle. A kamikaze hit the Australian flagship "HMAS Australia" on 21 October. Many other suicide attacks by the "Special Attack Force" began on 25 October, and did great damage to the Allied ships.

= = = Ottoman dynasty = = =
The Ottoman dynasty () (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922. The dynasty began with Osman I, but it was not recognized until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. The dynasty might have been known as Söğüt before 1383, but it was later renamed "Osmanli" (Ottoman in English) in honor of Osman I.
The sultan was the sole ruler of the empire. The power often shifted to other officials, such as the Grand Vizier.
Expelled from the Imperial House.
(a) HIH Princess Hamide Nermin Nezahat Sultana [1923 - 1998] by Adile Hanimsultan, a granddaughter of Abdülhamid II.

= = = Grand vizier = = =
Grand Vizier, Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish "��� ����" or "���� ����"), was the most important minister of the Sultan. The Grand Vizier had absolute power of attorney and could only be removed by the Sultan. He held the imperial seal and he could gather all other viziers to attend meetings regarding state affairs. The title is derived originally from the Persian word "Vizier" (����). The title of Grand Vizier corresponds to that of a prime minister.

= = = 1446 = = =
Year 1446 was a common year starting on a Saturday.

= = = List of Ottoman Grand Viziers = = =
This is the list of Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire.

= = = Köprülü family = = =
The Köprülü family was an Ottoman noble family with origins from Albania. The family provided six Ottoman Grand Viziers. Several other family members became high-ranking Ottoman officers.

= = = 1283 = = =
1283 was a common year.

= = = 1287 = = =
1287 was a common year.

= = = Ashley Tisdale = = =
Ashley Michelle Tisdale (born July 2, 1985) is an American actress-singer and producer. She is known for co-starring in the movies "High School Musical", "High School Musical 2" and She played candy counter girl Maddie Fitzpatrick on the Disney Channel television series "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. S"he also voiced Candace Flynn in the animated series "Phineas and Ferb".
She began singing and acting at an early age. Her first studio album was called "Headstrong." Some of her songs are """Be Good to Me", "Headstrong", "Not that Girl" and "Over It"". "Her second album was "Guilty Pleasure. "The songs on it include "It's Alright It's Ok", "Hot Mess", "Hair" and "Crank it up". 
Her sister Jennifer Tisdale is also an actress and model. Her parents are Mike Tisdale and Lisa Tisdale.

= = = Angela Beesley Starling = = =
Angela Beesley Starling (born on August 3, 1977) is a British web entrepreneur. She started as a volunteer editor at the English Wikipedia in February 2003. In June 2004, she was elected to the board of the Wikimedia Foundation and re-elected in July 2005. 
She worked with Jimmy Wales and started Wikia (Now known as Fandom) with him. She was the vice-president of Wikia but left the company in 2012.
She is married to Tim Starling.

= = = Derby (horse race) = = =
Derby is a type of race for horses. The race is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby. A Derby only allows a certain age of horse to race. Most Derbies in the United States and the United Kingdom require the horse be three years old to race. So if the horse misses the Kentucky Derby when he is three, he will not get another chance to race in it. Derbies in other countries sometimes require the horse to be four years old.

= = = Reef = = =
A reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature below the water surface (less than 80 meters below low water).
The best-known reefs are the coral reefs in tropical waters. They are built by corals and calcareous algae. Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to attract fish and other organisms.

= = = Luba Goy = = =
Luba Goy (born 8 November 1945 in Germany) is now a Canadian comedienne and a Canadian television star. She is of Ukrainian descent. She was probably best known as one of the stars of the Canadian comedy show "Royal Canadian Air Farce".

= = = Tina Fey = = =
Elizabeth Stamatina "Tina" Fey (; born May 18, 1970) is an American actress, comedienne, writer, and producer. She has received seven Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, four Screen Actors Guild Awards, and four Writers Guild of America Awards. She was called the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008 by the Associated Press. They gave her their AP Entertainer of the Year award.
Fey graduated from the University of Virginia in 1992. She then moved to Chicago to take classes at the improvisational comedy group The Second City. She became a featured player there in 1994. Three years later, Fey became a writer for the sketch comedy show "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL"). She was promoted to the position of head writer in 1999. The following year, Fey was added to the cast of "SNL". During her time there, she was co-anchor of the show's "Weekend Update". After leaving "SNL" in 2006, she created her own television series called "30 Rock". The show is a situation comedy somewhat based on her experiences at "SNL". In the show, Fey plays the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series.
In 2004, Fey made her movie debut as writer and co-star of the teen comedy "Mean Girls". In 2008, she starred in the comedy movie "Baby Mama", with Amy Poehler. In 2009, Fey won an Emmy Award for her satirical portrayal of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in a guest appearance on "SNL".
Early life.
Fey was born in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, a township just outside of Philadelphia. Her mother is Zenovia "Jeanne" (née Xenakes), a brokerage employee of Greek ancestry. Her father is Donald Fey, a university grant proposal-writer of German and Scottish ancestry. She has a brother, who is eight years older, named Peter.
Fey was exposed to comedy early. She recalls:
She also grew up watching "Second City Television" ("SCTV") and says Catherine O'Hara is one of her role models.
Fey attended Cardington Elementary School and Beverly Hills Middle School in Upper Darby. By middle school, she knew she was interested in comedy. She did an independent-study project on the subject in eighth grade. Fey attended Upper Darby High School. There she was an honor student, a member of the choir, drama club, and tennis team. She was also co-editor of the school's newspaper. After her graduation in 1988, Fey enrolled at the University of Virginia. She studied playwriting and acting there. She graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama.
Career.
Early career.
After graduating, Fey first had plans to do graduate work in drama at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois. But "I just got this feeling like it wasn't going to work out ... [that] they were take my money and then cut me from the program." She moved to Chicago anyway, knowing about the improvisational comedy group, The Second City. She took night classes at Second City. She had a day job working at the front desk of a YMCA in Evanston to pay for her classes. Once her Second City training began, she became highly involved in the "cult of improvisation". She became, as she called it later, "like one of those athletes trying to get into the Olympics. It was all about blind focus. I was so sure that I was doing exactly what I'd been put on this earth to do, and I would have done anything to make it onto that stage. Not because of "SNL", but because I wanted to devote my life to improv. I would have been perfectly happy to stay at Second City forever."
In 1994, she joined the cast of The Second City. She performed eight shows a week, for two years. She was also in the revues "Citizen Gates" (1996) and "Paradigm Lost" (1997., She performed with Scott Adsit, Kevin Dorff, Rachel Dratch, Jenna Jolovitz, and Jim Zulevic. Improvisation became an important part of her understanding of what it means to be an actress, as she noted in an interview for "The Believer" in November 2003:
While in Chicago, Fey also made what she later called an "amateurish" try at stand-up comedy. She also performed at the ImprovOlympic theater.
"Saturday Night Live" (1998–2006).
While performing shows with the Second City in 1997, Fey sent several scripts to NBC's "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL"). She had been asked to send them by "SNL"'s head writer Adam McKay. McKay was a former performer at Second City. She was hired as a writer for "SNL" following a meeting with "SNL" creator Lorne Michaels. Fey moved to New York. She told "The New Yorker", "I’d had my eye on the show forever, the way other kids have their eye on Derek Jeter." At first, Fey "struggled" at "SNL". Her first sketch to air starred Chris Farley in a Sally Jessy Raphael satire. Fey went on to write a series of parodies. This included one of ABC's morning talk show "The View". She co-wrote the "Sully and Denise" sketches with Rachel Dratch, who plays one of the teens.
Fey played an extra in one of the episodes in 1998. After watching herself, she decided to diet. By dieting she lost 30 pounds. She told "The New York Times", "I was a completely normal weight. But I was here in New York City, I had money and I couldn't buy any clothes. After I lost weight, there was interest in putting me on camera." In 1999, McKay quit as head writer. Michaels asked Fey to replace McKay. She became "SNL"'s first female head writer. Fey does not make a big deal about this accomplishment because there have not been very many head writers.
In 2000, Fey began performing in sketches. She and Jimmy Fallon became co-anchors of "SNL's Weekend Update" segment. Fey admitted she did not ask to audition, but that Michaels asked her to do it. Michaels explained that there was "chemistry" (connection) between Fey and Fallon. Michaels, however, said that choosing Fey was "kind of risky" at the time. Her role in "Weekend Update" was well received by critics. Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote: "...Fey delivers such blow darts – poison filled jokes written in long, precisely parsed sentences unprecedented in "Update" history – with such a bright, sunny countenance makes her all the more devilishly delightful." Dennis Miller, a former cast member of "SNL" and anchor of "Weekend Update", was pleased with Fey as one of the anchors for the segment: "...Fey might be the best "Weekend Update" anchor who ever did it. She writes the funniest jokes". Robert Bianco of "USA Today", however, commented that he was "not enamored" with the pairing.
In 2001, Fey and the writing staff won a Writers Guild of America Award for "SNL"'s 25th anniversary special. The following year at the 2002 Emmy Awards ceremony, she and the writing team won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program.
The pairing of Fey and Fallon ended in May 2004. Fallon left the show at the end of that season. He was replaced by Amy Poehler. It was the first time that two women co-anchored "Weekend Update". Fey revealed that she "hired" Poehler as her co-host for the segment. The reception to the teaming of Fey and Poehler was positive. Rachel Sklar of the "Chicago Tribune" noting that the pairing "has been a hilarious, pitch-perfect success as they play off each other with quick one-liners and deadpan delivery".
The 2005-2006 season was Fey's last. After it she left to make "30 Rock".
"30 Rock" (2006–present).
In 2002, Fey suggested a pilot episode for a situation comedy about a cable news network to NBC, who rejected it. The pilot was written again to focus on an "SNL" style series. It was accepted by NBC. She signed a contract with NBC in May 2003. It allowed her to remain in her "SNL" head writer position at least through the 2004–2005 television season. As part of the contract, Fey was to develop a primetime project to be produced by Broadway Video and NBC Universal. She began developing the pilot project under the working title "Untitled Tina Fey Project". The pilot, directed by Adam Bernstein, centered on the head writer of a variety show and how she managed her relationships with the show's star and its executive producer. In October 2006, the pilot aired on NBC as "30 Rock". Although the episode received generally good reviews, it finished third in its timeslot.
The network gave the series a second season, which began in October 2007. The show's third season premiered on October 30, 2008. The premiere episode set records for the highest ratings of the series. In January 2009, NBC renewed "30 Rock" for the 2009–2010 season.
In 2007, Fey received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series. The show itself won the 2007 Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series. In 2008, she won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, and Emmy awards all in the category for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. The following year, Fey again won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award in the same categories. She was also nominated for an Emmy Award. In early 2010, Fey received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress. She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Lead Actress.
Sarah Palin.
In September and October 2008 Fey was a guest on "SNL" to perform a series of parodies of Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin. On the 34th season premiere episode, aired September 13, 2008, Fey imitated Palin in a sketch, alongside Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton. Their act included Clinton making fun of Palin about her "Tina Fey glasses". The sketch quickly became NBC.com's most-watched viral video ever. It had 5.7 million views by the following Wednesday. Fey acted in the role again on the October 4 show. She also acted as Palin on the October 18 show where she was joined by the real Sarah Palin. The October 18 show had the best ratings of any "SNL" show since 1994. The following year Fey won an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her acting as Palin.
In December 2009, "Entertainment Weekly" put her impersonation on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, writing, "Fey's freakishly spot-on "SNL" impersonation of the wannabe VP (and her ability to strike a balance between comedy and cruelty) made for truly transcendent television."
Other work.
In 2000, Fey worked with fellow "SNL" cast member Rachel Dratch in the Off Broadway two-woman show "Dratch & Fey" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City. The show was well received by critics. Tim Townsend of "The Wall Street Journal" in review of "Dratch & Fey", wrote that the fun part of watching them perform was "seeing how comfortable they are with each other". He said that the show "isn't about two women being funny. [...] Dratch and Fey are just funny. Period." One of the "SNL" sketches, "Sully and Denise", originated at Second City in Chicago.
On August 13, 2007, Fey was a guest on the children's television series "Sesame Street", in the episode, "The Bookaneers". She appeared as a guest judge on the November 25, 2007 episode of the Food Network program "Iron Chef America". Fey has appeared in Disney's campaign "Year of a Million Dreams" as Tinker Bell, along with Mikhail Baryshnikov as Peter Pan and Gisele Bündchen as Wendy Darling. She has also done commercials for American Express credit card.
On February 23, 2008, Fey hosted the first episode of "SNL" after the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. For this appearance, she was nominated for an Emmy in the category of Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.
Movies.
In 2002, Fey appeared in the comedy "Martin & Orloff". She made her debut as writer and co-star of the 2004 teen comedy "Mean Girls". Characters and behaviors in the movie are based on Fey's high school life at Upper Darby High School. It is also based on the non-fiction book "Queen Bees and Wannabes" by Rosalind Wiseman. The cast includes other past cast members of "SNL" including Tim Meadows, Ana Gasteyer, and Amy Poehler. The movie received favorable reviews. It was a box office success, grossing $129 million worldwide.
In a 2004 interview, Fey said that she would like to write and direct movies in which she has small parts. As of April 2006, Fey has been working on a movie script for Paramount Pictures, which will feature Sacha Baron Cohen, by the name of "Curly Oxide and Vic Thrill". It is based loosely on the true story of a Hasidic rock musician. In 2007, she was cast in the animated comedy movie "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters" as the teens' mother, a giant burrito.
Fey and former "SNL" castmate Amy Poehler starred in the 2008 comedy "Baby Mama". The movie was written and directed by Michael McCullers. The movie is about Kate (Fey), a business woman, who wants a child but, discovering she has only a million-to-one chance of getting pregnant, decides to find a surrogate: Angie (Poehler), a white-trash schemer. "Baby Mama" received mixed reviews, but many critics enjoyed Fey's performance. Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote: "Fey is a delight to watch throughout. Able to convey Kate's intentions and feelings through the simple looks and inflections, she never melodramatizes her situation; nor does her efficient, perfectionist side become overbearing." The movie grossed over $64 million at the box office.
Fey's projects after 2008 include her giving her voice to the character Lisa in the English language version of the Japanese animated movie "Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea" (titled "Ponyo" for its U.S. release). In 2009, she appeared in "The Invention of Lying", alongside Ricky Gervais, Jennifer Garner, Rob Lowe, and Christopher Guest. Her next movie role was in Shawn Levy's comedy "Date Night". The movie focuses on a married couple, played by Fey and Steve Carell, who go on a date. However, the night goes wrong for the two. In addition, she has agreed to do voice work for the DreamWorks animated movie "MegaMind".
In the media.
Fey was ranked in the Hot 100 List at number 80 on "Maxim" magazine in 2002. She was named one of "People" magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2003. Fey was one of "People" magazine's 100 Most Beautiful People in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2007, she was included in "People"'s 100 Most Beautiful issue. Also in 2007, Fey placed seventh on the Hot 100 List on AfterEllen.com. She was on the list again the next year, too. However, in 2008 she was number one on the list.
In 2001, "Entertainment Weekly" named Fey as one of their Entertainers of the Year for her work on "Weekend Update". She again was named one of the magazine's Entertainers of the Year in 2007. She placed number two in 2008. In 2009, Fey was named as "Entertainment Weekly"'s fifth individual in their 15 Entertainers of the 2000s list. The newspaper editors and broadcast producers of the Associated Press voted Fey the AP Entertainer of the Year as the performer who had the greatest impact on culture and entertainment in 2008. They cited her impression of Sarah Palin on "SNL". She has appeared on the annual Celebrity 100 list by "Forbes" in 2008 and 2009 at No. 99 and No. 86.
In 2007, the "New York Post" included Fey in New York's 50 Most Powerful Women, ranking her at number 33. Fey was among the Time 100, a list of the 100 most influential people in the world, in 2007 and 2009, as selected annually by "Time" magazine. Fey's featured article for the 2009 list was written by "30 Rock" co-star, Alec Baldwin. She was selected by Barbara Walters as one of America's 10 Most Fascinating People of 2008.
Personal life.
Fey is married to Jeff Richmond. Richmond was a composer on "30 Rock". They met at Chicago's Second City. The two dated for seven years before marrying in a Greek Orthodox ceremony on June 3, 2001. They have a daughter, Alice Zenobia Richmond, who was born on September 10, 2005, while Fey was still working at "SNL". Fey returned to the show on October 22, saying "I had to get back to work. NBC has me under contract; the baby and I have only a verbal agreement." In April 2009, Fey and Richmond bought a $3.4 million apartment in the Upper West Side in New York City.
Fey has a scar a few inches long on the left side of her chin and cheek. Fey was quoted in the November 25, 2001, "New York Times" article as saying about it: "It's a childhood injury that was kind of grim. And it kind of bums my parents out for me to talk about it". But in an interview with Fey and Richmond in the January 2009 issue of "Vanity Fair", Richmond said the scar comes from a slashing incident, which happened when she was five. Richmond said: "It was in, like, the front yard of her house, and somebody just came up, and she just thought somebody marked her with a pen." She has said she was unsure about talking about it because "It's impossible to talk about it without somehow seemingly exploiting it." Fey shows her right (non-scar) side of her face more often when acting as her character Liz Lemon.
Her charity work includes support of Autism Speaks. It is a group that sponsors autism research. It hosts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, Fey wore a blue puzzle piece to raise awareness for the organization. In April 2008, she participated in Night of Too Many Stars, a comedy show benefit for autism education.
Fey is also a supporter of Mercy Corps, a global relief and development organization, in their campaign to end world hunger. Fey narrated a video for Mercy Corps's Action Center in New York City, describing hunger as a symptom of many wider world problems. She also supports the Love Our Children USA organization, which fights violence against children. They named her among their Mothers Who Make a Difference in 2009. She was the 2009 national spokesperson for the Light The Night Walk, which benefits the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Awards and nominations.
The following awards are put under the year they were announced. They are not necessarily the year covered by the award ceremony.

= = = Ashley Leggat = = =
Ashley Margaret Anne Leggat (born September 26, 1986) is a Canadian actress who is known for her roles as "Casey MacDonald" in the Canadian series "Life with Derek". She is close friends with her television co-star Michael Seater. She has four older brothers. She is also a supporter of anti-bullying along with Michael Seater.

= = = Murder of Jessica Lunsford = = =
Jessica Marie Lunsford (October 6, 1995 – February 27, 2005) was an American nine-year-old girl who was abducted from her home in Homosassa, Florida on February 24, 2005, then raped and murdered by 46-year-old John Couey, a known sex offender.
The media covered the investigation and trial of her killer extensively. On August 24, 2007, a judge in Inverness, Florida sentenced Couey, a convicted sex offender, to death for kidnapping, raping and murdering her. On September 30, 2009, before the sentences could be carried out, Couey died of natural causes.
Lunsford's murder influenced the legislation in Florida known as "Jessica's Law". It is designed to protect potential victims and reduce a sexual offender's ability to re-offend. It has influenced legislation in forty-two other states. 

= = = Puncak Jaya = = =
Puncak Jaya is a mountain in New Guinea. It the highest mountain in Oceania. It is also called the Carstensz Pyramid.
The mountain was first named the Carstensz Pyramid, after Jan Carstenszoon. He was a Dutch explorer who saw the glaciers on it in 1623. Then in 1963 the name was changed to Sukarno Peak by Indonesia, and then later to Puncak Jaya.
Puncak Jaya is thought of by some as the hardest to climb of the Seven Summits. The first people to reach the top were Heinrich Harrer, Philip Temple, Russell Kippax, and Albertus Huizenga, in 1962. An earlier group were first thought to reach the top in 1936. However, at the time it was not known which summit was the highest. They were able to climb two peaks but not what is now known to be the highest one.

= = = Raviv Ullman = = =
Raviv "Ricky" Ullman (, born on January 24, 1986 in Eilat) is an Israeli-American actor. He played Phil Diffy in the Disney Channel show "Phil of the Future".
Early life.
He was born in Israel to American parents, Laura and Brain Ullman. After his first birthday his family moved to Connecticut. When he went to camp he played Peter Pan in a show. This made him discover his talent in acting, singing, and dancing.
He eventually taught himself how to play the drums. He graduated from Fairfield Warde High School. Now he lives in South Carolina.

= = = Homosassa, Florida = = =
Homosassa is a census-designated place (CDP) in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,299 at the 2020 census.

= = = Jaws (movie) = = =
Jaws is a 1975 American thriller movie directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the novel "Jaws" by Peter Benchley.
The events of the movie are set in the small, quiet, fictional seaside resort of Amity, Massachusetts. The movie follows three men as they try to capture and kill a great white shark that is threatening the town on Independence Day. The movie follows Martin Brody, the slightly unheroic local sheriff who must decide whether to follow his instinct to shut the beach for safety reasons or keep the beach open to help the local tourist economy. Matt Hooper, a marine biologist, and Quint, the local shark hunter, help Brody to overcome his fears of the water and stop the great white shark attacks. It has three sequels: "Jaws 2", "Jaws 3", and "".
Awards.
"Jaws" won three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, and Best Sound. It was also nominated for Best Picture, losing to "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". Along with the Oscar, John Williams's score won the Grammy Award, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, and the Golden Globe Award. To her Academy Award, Verna Fields added the American Cinema Editors' Eddie Award for Best Edited Feature Film.
"Jaws" was chosen Favorite Movie at the People's Choice Awards. It was also nominated for best Film, Director, Actor (Richard Dreyfuss), Editing, Screenplay and Sound at the 29th British Academy Film Awards, and Best Film—Drama, Director, and Screenplay at the 33rd Golden Globe Awards. Spielberg was nominated by the Directors Guild of America for a DGA Award. The Writers Guild of America nominated Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb's script for Best Adapted Drama.
In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected it for the National Film Registry. In 2006, its screenplay was ranked the 63rd best of all time by the Writers Guild of America.

= = = Nostalgia = = =
Nostalgia is an emotion. It is the feeling of enjoying events from the past. People with nostalgia will often look at or use old things that they were familiar with years ago. This is because people feel more connected to those past times that they enjoyed, usually because it reminds them of how long it has been since they last connected to such past times. Examples where people may have the feeling of nostalgia includes watching old TV shows, using old technology that was very enjoyable, and playing with toys that you played with as a child. These memories are usually misleading, and can make someone wish that they could be young again, even if their childhood was mediocre. Human brains often leave out boring or bad memories, which can cause incorrect feelings about their childhood.
During the early Greek times, nostalgia was treated as a mental condition primarily based on extreme homesickness. In modern times, however, nostalgia is treated as a separate emotion. Nostalgia is often associated with positive feelings, often associated with positive memories of the past. The feeling of nostalgia often helps improve the mood of the person who is experiencing nostalgia. It also makes the person feel more connected to society. It can make the person feel more aware about living life to the best. Nostalgia is also shown to help reinforce memories, as well as assist with learning.
Animals, such as cats and dogs, can also feel nostalgia.

= = = Alcazar (band) = = =
Alcazar is a Swedish pop group who had a string of hit singles during the early 2000s decade and are continuing successfully today.
Alcazar have taken part in the "Melodifestivalen", the competition that selects Sweden's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest three imes. In 2003 "Not A Sinner, Nor A Saint" came third overall. But it became the biggest hit of all the songs in Melodifestivalen 2003 and won the National Finals Song Contest. It became Alcazar's first #1 single in Sweden and did sell gold. In 2005 "Alcastar" failed to qualify for the final automatically, but eventually made it through after a second chance semi-final. However, the group again had to settle for third in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song "Las Vegas". But the song became a hit and only needed three days in stores to became Alcazar's second #1 single in Sweden. In 2009 their "Stay the night" came fourth in TV-voting and fifth overall. 

= = = Julie Andrews = = =
Dame Julie Andrews (born Julia Elizabeth Wells; 1 October 1935) is a British actress, dancer, singer and writer. She was born in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. Andrews was a child actress and singer. She appeared on the West End in 1948. She made her Broadway debut in "The Boy Friend" in 1954. She starred in the stage musicals "My Fair Lady" and "Camelot" with real success. In 1957, she appeared on television in the musical "Cinderella". She has also been author to two of her own memoirs.
Andrews made her movie debut in "Mary Poppins" in 1964. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for this performance. She appeared in "The Sound of Music" in 1965. Between 1964 and 1967, Andrews appeared in "The Americanization of Emily", "Hawaii", "Torn Curtain", and "Thoroughly Modern Millie". In the 1970s, Andrews had a few commercial disappointments before appearing successfully in "10" (1979) and "Victor/Victoria" (1982). Her career sagged in the 1990s. Her voice was damaged by a throat operation in 1997.
Andrews appeared successfully in dramatic roles in "The Princess Diaries" in 2001, and its sequel "The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement" in 2004. She had voice roles in the "Shrek" animated movies. In 2003 and again in 2005, Andrews directed revivals of her first Broadway hit, "The Boy Friend", in New York and Connecticut. Andrews has also written children's books. In 2008, she published her autobiography, "Home: A Memoir of My Early Years". Andrews has received many awards during her career including an Academy Award, Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Grammy Award, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, and Screen Actors Guild honors. In 2000, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) by Elizabeth II for services to the performing arts.

= = = Mount = = =
Mount has three main meanings. 
Mountain.
"Mount" is often used to mean "mountain", as part of a name e.g. Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley, Mount Everest. 
Mount as a verb.
To "mount" something means to put it onto something else. 
Mount as a noun.
A "mount" is a thing for mounting something on. 
It might be a piece of equipment such as: 
It might be a piece of stiff flat "backing" such as: 
It might be an animal: 

= = = Odoacer = = =
Odoacer (Flavius Odoacrus/Odovacar/Odowaker/Odoacer; b. 431, † probably March 15, 493 in Ravenna) was a soldier in the army of the West Roman Empire of Germanic descent. When he forced the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to quit his throne in 476, he became King of Italy. That event is considered the end of Ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages by historians. After a rule of 17 years, Odoacer would be killed by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great at the age of 62 in 493. 

= = = Alexios I Komnenos = = =
Alexios I Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus (; ; 1048 – August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassena. He was the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). The military, financial and territorial recovery of the Byzantine Empire known as Komnenian restoration began in his time.

= = = Slayer = = =
Slayer is an American thrash metal band that began in California in 1981. The band was started guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King, as well as drummer Dave Lombardo and bassist/singer Tom Araya. Slayer is one of the "Big Four" of thrash metal music, along with Metallica, Anthrax and Megadeth.
Slayer's music has a fast and angry heavy metal style. The words to the band's songs are about murderers, Satan, religion, racism and war. Singing about these things gave the band a lot of controversy. Their music has inspired many other bands. Their third album, "Reign in Blood", has been called one of the heaviest thrash metal albums.
Slayer has released ten studio albums, two live albums and a box-set. Four of the band's albums have been certified gold by the RIAA. The band has been the top band at many large music festivals around the world and their music has been added to many video games.

= = = Megadeth = = =
Megadeth is a heavy metal band from the United States. Dave Mustaine started the band in 1983 after Metallica fired him. Megadeth is a member of the "Big Four" in thrash metal along with Metallica, Slayer and Anthrax. 
Megadeth is one of the bands that have made thrash metal. They have released 15 albums of music. The band's music is complex. It has a fast tempo and difficult guitar solos.
In 1985, Megadeth made its first album. It was named "Killing is My Business... and Business is Good!." Combat Records (a record label) released the album. After the album came out, larger record labels noticed Megadeth. The band joined Capitol Records. Their first album with Capitol Records, "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?", was released in 1986. In the 1980s, many members of Megadeth were addicted to drugs. Band members also had problems with each other. Because of this, they had bad publicity. The band has released many popular albums, such as "So Far, So Good... So What!" (1988), "Rust in Peace" (1990), and "Countdown to Extinction" (1992). 
Megadeth has had many different guitarists, drummers, and bassists. Mustaine is the only member of the original group who is still in the band. The band broke up in 2002 when Mustaine hurt his arm. They got back together in 2004. Megadeth's current members are guitarist and singer Dave Mustaine, guitarist Kiko Loureiro, drummer Dirk Verbeuren and bassist James LoMenzo.
History.
1983–1985: Band starts, "Killing is My Business"... "and Business is Good!".
On April 11, 1983, Metallica fired Dave Mustaine before they released their first album, "Kill 'Em All". This was because he was addicted to drugs. He also had problems with James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich. Mustaine was one of the first members of Metallica. He made some of the band's first songs. After he was fired, Mustaine wanted to make a band that had faster, better music than Metallica. While he was riding a bus to Los Angeles, Mustaine read an advertisement by Senator Alan Cranston that had the word "megadeath" in it. He liked the word, and wrote a song named "Megadeth".
When he got to Los Angeles, Mustaine wanted to make a band. He looked for musicians for it. Bassist David Ellefson and guitarist Greg Handevidt joined the band. He named the band Fallen Angels. He changed the name to Megadeth later.
Handevidt only stayed in the band for a few months. Mustaine and Ellefson worked well together. Mustaine had trouble finding other people to join Megadeth. Many drummers auditioned to join the band during this time. The band wanted a drummer they could work well with. Lee Rausch joined the band to play the drums. For six months, they tried to find someone that wanted to be the band's singer. Mustaine became the singer so they could start making music. A few singers were in Megadeth before this. None of them stayed in the band.
In 1984, Megadeth made three songs. The songs were put in a demo named "Last Rites." The demo was released on March 9, 1984. It had songs such as "Last Rites/Loved to Death" and "Mechanix". These were later on the band's first album. 
Megadeth could not find a second guitarist that worked well with the band. Kerry King from Slayer played guitar for some of the band's concerts in San Francisco in early 1984. After the concerts, King went back to playing with Slayer. Megadeth replaced Lee Rausch with jazz drummer Gar Samuelson in October 1984. Before joining Megadeth, Samuelson was in a jazz band with a guitarist named Chris Poland. Poland watched Samuelson playing with Megadeth and told Mustaine he wanted to play with the band as well. He joined Megadeth in December 1984.
Megadeth joined Combat Records after they offered to give the band a lot of money to record music and play at concerts. In 1985, Combat Records gave Megadeth $8,000 to make their first album. The band spent half of it on food, drugs, and alcohol. They fired the producer they were given, and made the album.
"Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!" was released in 1985. Many people who listened to metal liked the album. Bigger record labels noticed Megadeth because the album sold a lot of copies. Vic Rattlehead, the band's mascot, was on the front cover of the album. This was the first time he was shown. Music writer Joel McIver, who liked "Killing is My Business", said the album put pressure on other bands. It "raised the bar for the whole thrash metal scene".
In the middle of 1985, Megadeth went on their first North American tour. It was named the "Killing for a Living Tour". Guitarist Mike Albert replaced Chris Poland for the tour because Poland was using drugs. Albert was going to keep playing guitar with Megadeth, but Poland came back to the band in October 1985.
1986–1987: "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?".
Megadeth wanted to make another good album. Mustaine started writing music for a new one. Other members of the band gave him ideas for songs.
The album was made with $25,000 given to the band by Combat Records. Megadeth wanted more money, so they left Combat and joined Capitol Records. Capitol bought the rights to sell the album and hired producer Paul Lani to make the band's recordings sound better. "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?" was released in late 1986. It had better lyrics and recording quality than "Killing is my Business". The album had lyrics about social issues. People liked the album's music and lyrics. Megadeth became more popular.
In March 1987, Megadeth started its first world tour in the United Kingdom. The tour had other bands, such as Overkill and Necros, and went to the United States. During the tour, Mustaine and Ellefson wanted to fire Samuelson because of his cocaine addiction. Drummer Chuck Behler played with Megadeth for the last few weeks of the tour. This was because band members thought Samuelson was not going to be able to play for the rest of it. Mustaine and Poland had arguments because Mustaine thought Poland was selling the band's supplies to buy heroin. Samuelson and Poland left Megadeth in 1987 for these reasons. Chuck Behler became the band's new drummer. Poland was replaced by guitarist Jeff Young.
1988–1989: "So Far, So Good... So What!".
Capitol Records gave Megadeth a large amount of money to make more music. The band started making an album named "So Far, So Good... So What!." It took almost half a year to record. There were many problems while making the album, such as Mustaine's drug addiction. Mustaine had arguments with the album's producer, Paul Lani. This was because Lani wanted Behler to record his drums and his cymbals at different times. Mustaine and Lani did not talk to each other when the album was being mixed. Michael Wagener replaced Lani. He mixed the album differently.
"So Far, So Good... So What!" was released in January 1988. Critics and people who listened to thrash metal liked the album. The album had a cover version of "Anarchy in the U.K." by the Sex Pistols. The cover had different lyrics than the original. Mustaine later said he heard the song's lyrics wrong when he was making it. After the album came out, Megadeth went on a world tour that lasted almost eight months. After, they had a North American tour with Warlock and Sanctuary and a European tour with other thrash metal bands.
In August 1988, Megadeth was at the Monsters of Rock festival in the United Kingdom. They played music for over 100,000 people there. For one show, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich played with the band. Megadeth went on the Monsters of Rock European concert tour. They stopped playing after the first concert because of Ellefson's drug addiction. Ellefson was treated for his issues, and Testament replaced Megadeth for the rest of the tour.
After the band played at Monsters of Rock, Mustaine fired Behler and Young. He also canceled the band's Australian tour. Mustaine later said he did it because he thought "a lot of us were inconsistent because of [drugs]". During Monsters of Rock, Mustaine saw Behler using drugs. He had drummer Nick Menza help Behler as a roadie (someone who helps a band with technical work). Menza replaced Behler in 1989. Young was fired because Mustaine thought he was having an affair with his girlfriend. Young said this was not true.
The band could not find someone to replace Young quickly. 1989 was the first year since Megadeth was made that the band did not play at a concert. The band made a cover version of Alice Cooper's "No More Mr. Nice Guy". It was put on the soundtrack for Wes Craven's movie "Shocker". In March 1989, Mustaine crashed into a police officer's car. He was arrested for driving under the influence and having illegal drugs. He got treatment for his drug addiction. He was drug-free for the first time in ten years.
1990–1991: "Rust in Peace".
Megadeth tried to get someone to play the guitar for the band. Slash from Guns N' Roses had been playing with Mustaine and Ellefson. They thought he was going to join Megadeth. However, he stayed with Guns N' Roses. The band asked Dimebag Darrell from Pantera to join the band. He did not. This was because Mustaine did not let Darrell's brother, Vinnie Paul, play drums for the band. The band asked guitarist Criss Oliva to join. Oliva did not want to leave Savatage, so he did not join.
Marty Friedman joined Megadeth. He was the new main guitarist for the band. Mustaine let Friedman join after listening to his music. Mustaine and Ellefson liked how Friedman played guitar. They thought he could play the type of music Megadeth wanted to make. The band started recording music in March 1990 to make "Rust in Peace". Mike Clink was the co-producer of the album. He was the first producer to make a full Megadeth album without being fired.
"Rust in Peace" was released in September 1990. It went to number 23 on the "Billboard" 200 music chart. It also went to number 8 in the United Kingdom. The songs on the album had longer guitar solos. Mustaine wrote the album's lyrics in a more complex way. The album made the band more important in rock and metal music. "Rust in Peace" had two singles: "Holy Wars... the Punishment Due" and "Hangar 18". These singles had music videos. They became songs that Megadeth played at every concert. "Rust in Peace" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1991. It did not win the award.
In early 1990, Megadeth went on the Clash of the Titans tour in Europe with Slayer, Testament, Suicidal Tendencies, and many other American thrash metal bands. An American tour happened in 1991, with Slayer, Anthrax, and Alice in Chains. Clash of the Titans was one of the most successful heavy metal concert tours. Megadeth played with Judas Priest during Priest's North American concert tour for "Painkiller" in late 1990. In July 1991, the band made the song "Go to Hell". It was put in the soundtrack for the movie "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey".
1992–1993: "Countdown to Extinction".
Every member of the band helped write songs for their fifth studio album. They wrote at two different times: first, after the Clash of the Titans tour; second, in late 1991, after a one-month break. Megadeth started recording the album in January 1992, at Enterprise Studios in Burbank, California. Max Norman, who mixed the music on "Rust in Peace", produced the album. Megadeth took almost four months to make the band's best-selling album, "Countdown to Extinction". 
The album came out in July 1992 at number 2 on the United States music charts. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1993 but did not win. Ellefson was disappointed that Megadeth did not win the Grammy. He said that "the amount of work it had taken to ramp up to that hopeful night was literally gone in a second".
A world tour for the album with Pantera and White Zombie started in late 1992. The tour came to North America in early 1993, where Stone Temple Pilots played as well. One month into the North American part of the tour, the rest of the concerts were cancelled because Mustaine was abusing drugs again. He went to the hospital. After seven weeks of getting help for his drug addiction, Mustaine came back to Megadeth. The band made the song "Angry Again". It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1994. The song was put on the soundtrack for the 1993 movie "Last Action Hero".
In the middle of 1993, Megadeth and Metallica played music at many concerts in Europe. In July, Megadeth started touring with Aerosmith, but they stopped after three shows. After their cancelled North American tour, Megadeth made "99 Ways to Die", a song that was on the album "The" "Beavis and Butt-Head Experience". The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1995.
1994–1995: "Youthanasia".
In early 1994, Megadeth hired producer Max Norman to help make another album. Because three of the band's members lived in Arizona, Megadeth started working on the album at Phase Four Studios, a music studio in Phoenix. After the band worked on the album for a few days, they had problems with the studio's equipment. The band looked for another place to record. Mustaine wanted to record the album in Arizona, but the band could not find anywhere else in the state to do it. The band decided to build a studio in a warehouse, naming it "Fat Planet in Hangar 18". They started recording "Youthanasia" in this studio. The songs on "Youthanasia" had a slower tempo than Megadeth's other songs. The band focused on making music that more people liked, and could easily be played on the radio.
"Youthanasia" was released after eight months of work. It was released in November 1994. It came out at number four in the United States and made the top music charts in many European countries. To get more people to listen to the album, Megadeth did a concert in New York City on Halloween. It was named "Night of the Living Megadeth". It was shown on MTV. In November, the band played on the "Late Show with David Letterman" two times.
Megadeth started an eleven-month concert tour in South America in late 1994. In 1995, the band played in Europe and North America with many bands, such as Korn, Fear Factory and Corrosion of Conformity. The concert tour ended with the band playing at the Monsters of Rock festival in Brazil with Alice Cooper and Ozzy Osbourne. In July, Megadeth put out "Hidden Treasures", an extended play with songs they made that were on movie soundtracks and non-Megadeth albums.
1996–1999: "Cryptic Writings" and "Risk".
After finishing "Youthanasia"'s long world tour, Megadeth took a break for most of 1996. It was the second time they did not play at any concerts for an entire year. During the break, Mustaine started playing with MD.45, a different band he made with singer Lee Ving. The two hired Jimmy DeGrasso, a drummer who played with Alice Cooper during the 1995 Monsters of Rock festival. Marty Friedman built a recording studio in his house in Phoenix, Arizona. He released an album in April 1996.
In September 1996, Megadeth went to London to make songs for a new album. The songwriting work was closely watched by Bud Prager, Megadeth's new manager. Prager gave the band many ideas for songs and lyrics. Many song titles and lyrics were changed because of him. They recorded the album in Nashville with producer Dann Huff. Huff had met Mustaine in 1990.
"Cryptic Writings" was released in June 1997. Its main single, "Trust", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1998. All four singles from the album went into the top 20 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. "Cryptic Writings" had mixed (good and bad) reviews from critics. The album had songs that were very different from each other. The "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the album was a "balance" between metal and experimental music. Mustaine said that the album had three parts. The first was angrier, faster metal, the next one was radio-friendly rock "like "Youthanasia"", and the last one was happier.
Megadeth went back to playing live in June 1997. They started a world tour with the Misfits. They also played in North America with Life of Agony and Coal Chamber. In 1998, the band played at Ozzfest. Menza found a tumor on his knee in the middle of the tour. He left to get surgery for it. Jimmy DeGrasso replaced him for the rest of the tour. DeGrasso joined the band after the tour. The band made Menza leave. Mustaine later said he thought Menza was lying about having cancer.
Megadeth worked with Dann Huff again for their eighth album. The band started writing songs for it in January 1999. Prager helped write five of the album's twelve songs. Prager got Mustaine to give Huff more control over how the album was recorded.
"Risk" was released in August 1999. It did not sell very well. Many fans thought it was a failure. While the albums Megadeth put out before it had rock and metal music, "Risk" did not have any thrash metal on it. Many people did not like this.
On July 14, 1999, Gar Samuelson died of liver failure in Orange City, Florida. Samuelson used to be the drummer of the band. He was 41 years old. When Megadeth was at Woodstock eleven days later, they played "Peace Sells" for Samuelson. The band started a world tour in September. They played with Iron Maiden in Europe. Three months into the tour, guitarist Marty Friedman left the band. Mustaine said that it was because he told Friedman that Megadeth should play more heavy metal music.
2000–2003: "The World Needs a Hero," the band breaks up.
In 2000, Al Pitrelli from Savatage replaced Friedman. Megadeth started working on their ninth album in April. After a month, the band played on a concert tour with Anthrax and Mötley Crüe. Megadeth stopped working on the album to go on tour.
Megadeth left Capitol Records in July 2000. They were a member of the record label for 15 years. Mustaine said the band left because they were having problems with Capitol's managers. Capitol released a compilation album named "." In November, Megadeth joined Sanctuary Records. The band went back to working on its new album, "The World Needs a Hero". Mustaine fired Bud Prager. He produced the album by himself. He did this because he knew people did not like "Risk", which was an album Prager worked on.
"The World Needs a Hero" was released in May 2001. It was banned in Malaysia because the country's government did not like the album's artwork. Because of this, the band cancelled a concert they were going to play in Kuala Lumpur. The album had more metal music. It was heavier than "Cryptic Writings" and "Risk".
In January 2002, Mustaine went to the hospital because he needed to get a kidney stone removed. After the surgery, he was given medicine to stop his pain, which made him addicted to drugs again. After leaving the hospital, Mustaine went to a treatment place in Texas to fix his drug addiction. He fell asleep with his left arm on the back of a chair. This hurt a nerve in his arm very badly. He could not control his left hand very well.
In April, Megadeth broke up because Mustaine could not play the guitar with his injury. For the next four months, he did physical therapy to heal his arm. To stay with Sanctuary Records, Megadeth released a compilation album named "Still, Alive... and Well?." The first half of the album has songs recorded from one of the band's concerts. The second half is songs from "The World Needs a Hero".
After a year of rest and therapy, Mustaine started making an album by himself. Later, he stopped working on it so he could remaster the eight albums Megadeth made with Capitol Records.
2004–2005: Band gets back together, "The System Has Failed".
In May 2004, Mustaine started working on his solo album again. EMI, the band's European record label, said that the album had to be released by Megadeth. Mustaine wanted to get the band back together to release the album. He talked to Nick Menza, Marty Friedman, and David Ellefson about it. Nick Menza wanted to join Megadeth again, but Friedman and Ellefson did not. Menza did not stay with the band for a long time. Mustaine said Menza was not ready for a tour, and "it just didn't work out". "The System Has Failed" was going to be the band's first album without Ellefson. Chris Poland, who played guitar on Megadeth's first two albums, was hired to make guitar solos. This was the first time Poland and Mustaine worked together since the 1980s. Poland did not join the band because he wanted to work on his jazz project named OHM.
"The System Has Failed" came out in September 2004. Critics liked it. They thought it sounded similar to the original Megadeth albums. Mustaine said that it was going to be the band's last album. He also said Megadeth was starting their last concert tour. Mustaine said that after the tour, he wanted to work on his own music.
Megadeth started their tour in October. They hired bassist James MacDonough and guitarist Glen Drover. Menza was replaced by Shawn Drover, who stayed with the band. The band toured the United States and Europe with other metal bands. The tour went very well. It made a lot of money. When the band was playing at a festival in Argentina, Mustaine said that the band was going to keep making music.
2006–2008: "United Abominations".
In February 2006, James MacDonough left the band because of "personal differences". Bassist James LoMenzo replaced him. In March, Capitol Records made a DVD named "Arsenal of Megadeth." It had many of the band's music videos, interviews, and live concerts on it. The band went on tour in 2006. They went to North America and Australia with many other metal bands.
In May 2006, Megadeth said that their eleventh album, "United Abominations", was almost done. It was supposed to be put out in October, but its release was delayed until May 2007. Mustaine said that the band was "putting the finishing touches on it". "United Abominations" was Megadeth's first album with James LoMenzo, Glen Drover, and Shawn Drover.
"United Abominations" came out at number eight on the "Billboard" 200. It sold 54,000 copies in the first week. In March, Megadeth joined Heaven & Hell on a North American tour. They also played in Europe in the summer and went on another tour in the United States.
In January 2008, Glen Drover left Megadeth. He was tired of going on tours. He wanted to be with his family more. He also had problems with the other members of the band. Guitarist Chris Broderick replaced Drover. Mustaine said Broderick was "the best guitarist Megadeth has ever had".
2009–2010: "Endgame".
In May 2009, Megadeth made their twelfth album, "Endgame". Megadeth started a tour for the album in October. The tour ended in December. In January 2010, the band was supposed to go on tour with Slayer and Testament, but the tour was cancelled. This was because Slayer bassist Tom Araya needed back surgery. A single from "Endgame", "Head Crusher", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2010.
In March, Megadeth started a tour for "Rust in Peace". This was because the album was 20 years old. During the tour, the band played the whole album live at every concert. James LoMenzo left the band before the tour. David Ellefson, the band's original bassist, replaced him.
In September, the band made the song "Sudden Death". It was on the video game "Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock". It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011.
2011–2014: "Thirteen" and "Super Collider".
Megadeth went to the studio they built in Arizona to make their next album. It was produced by John Karkazis. This was because the person who had produced "United Abominations" and "Endgame" was busy. The album was named "Thirteen." They put a few songs they had already made onto the album, such as "Sudden Death" and "Never Dead". The album came out in November 2011. It went to number eleven on the "Billboard" 200. One of its singles, "Public Enemy No. 1", was nominated for a Grammy Award. It did not win.
In September 2012, Megadeth said they were going to put out a remastered version of "Countdown to Extinction" because the album was 20 years old. The band started a tour for "Countdown." They played the entire album at every concert. Another song from "Thirteen", "Whose Life (Is It Anyways?)", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2013.
In August, Megadeth started working on their fourteenth album. Megadeth left Roadrunner Records at the start of 2013. They joined Mustaine's new record label named Tradecraft. In June, Megadeth released "Super Collider". Many critics did not like this album. Shortly after "Super Collider" came out, Mustaine said he was already thinking about making another Megadeth album.
In November 2014, Drover left the band because he wanted to play his own music. Broderick left the band for the same reason. Ellefson said that Megadeth would not break up again. He said that he and Mustaine would still make new music.
2015–2018: "Dystopia".
Mustaine tried to get the band members that made "Rust in Peace" to join Megadeth again, but he failed. Instead, he hired drummer Chris Adler (who was a part of Lamb of God) and guitarist Kiko Loureiro. The band started working on a new album. The album was named "Dystopia." It was released in January 2016. The band went on tour for the album in February and March. They played with bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and Children of Bodom. Adler was taken out of the band because he was having trouble being in both Megadeth and Lamb of God. He was replaced by Dirk Verbeuren from Soilwork. Another American tour happened from September to October. Nick Menza, who used to play the drums for the band, died of a heart attack on May 21, 2016.
The song "Dystopia" won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2017. This was the band's first time winning a Grammy. Before this, they were nominated for Grammys twelve times. Mustaine, Ellefson, Loureiro, and Verbeuren went to the awards show.
In 2018, Megadeth made a remaster of their first album, "Killing is My Business... and Business is Good!". They made it because the band was 35 years old. The remaster was named "Killing is My Business... and Business is Good!- The Final Kill".
2019–present: "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!".
In May 2019, Megadeth went to Tennessee to start working on their next album. They hired Chris Rakestraw to help produce it. Rakestraw was also the producer for "Dystopia". On June 17, the band stated that the concerts they planned to play at would be cancelled. This was because a doctor told Mustaine he had throat cancer. Even with Mustaine's condition, the band said they would keep making the new album.
Megadeth was supposed to go on tour in the summer of 2020 with Trivium and In Flames. The tour was moved to a later date because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tour happened in the summer of 2021. Hatebreed replaced In Flames for it. In mid-2020, Megadeth went back to making their album. They wanted to release it in 2021.
While talking to fans on Zoom, Mustaine said that the band's sixteenth album was going to be named "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!." He said that the name of it could change later. In May 2021, sexual videos of Ellefson were put on the internet. He was fired from the band later that month. Mustaine said that Ellefson could never join the band again.
In June, Mustaine said that the bass guitar recordings Ellefson made would not be on the new album. A different bassist was going to make new recordings. Mustaine did not say who this bassist was. When the band went on tour before the album came out, James LoMenzo played with them. LoMenzo was a bass guitar player for the band. Mustaine later said that Steve Di Giorgio, the bassist for Testament, played the bass on "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!". On May 31, 2022, Megadeth said that LoMenzo was rejoining the band.
In September 2022, Megadeth released "The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!". Before it came out, the band put out three singles during the summer. They were named "We'll Be Back", "Night Stalkers", and "Soldier On!". "We'll Be Back" was nominated for a Grammy Award.
Legacy.
Megadeth is one of the few American thrash metal bands from the 1980s to be successful. Megadeth is thought of as one of the "Big Four" of thrash metal, along with Metallica, Anthrax, and Slayer. These bands were important because they made thrash metal much more popular. "Loudwire" ranked Megadeth the third-best thrash metal band of all time, behind Slayer and Metallica. "Billboard" said that "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?" is a "landmark of the thrash movement". They thought that what the album was about is still important now.
Many people think Megadeth is one of the most influential bands from the 1980s. The band's music inspired other bands to make more types of metal, such as death metal and extreme metal. Megadeth sold 9.1 million albums in the United States between 1991 and 2014.
Band members.
Current members

= = = Bonnaroo Music Festival = = =
The Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival is an annual four-day music festival held in Manchester, Tennessee. It is held by Superfly Productions and AC Entertainment. It was first put together in 2002. The show's main features are the multiple stages. The two main stages—the "What" stage and the "Which" stage—provide most of the performances.
The music that is heard comes in a wide variety, including world music, hip hop, jazz, americana, bluegrass, country music, folk, gospel, reggae, electronica, and other alternative music.
There was no festival in 2020 because of COVID-19 pandemic.

= = = Pol'and'Rock Festival = = =
Pol'and'Rock Festival (formerly "Przystanek Woodstock") is a weekend-long music festival in Poland that has been held once a year since 1995. The festival is named for and was inspired by the Woodstock Festival (Przystanek Woodstock is Polish for "Woodstock Station"). Its motto is "Love, Friendship and Music." It is organized by a foundation called the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity. Drugs are prohibited, but not everyone follows this rule.
The festival has been held in the town of Kostrzyn nad Odrą since 2004.

= = = Empire of Japan = = =
The (Japanese : �����) also known as Imperial Japan was a historical Nation State and great power during the period from the Meiji Restoration to the Japanese defeat in World War II. It ruled the Home Islands of Japan and many other areas. The Emperors during this time, were Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito),from 1868-1912 and Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) from 1912-1926 and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) from 1926-1989 . It is considered to go from the year 1868 to 1945. Hirohito was still emperor of Japan after the empire dissolved in 1947 . Hirohito was emperor of Japan until his death in 1989 .
In those years, Japan changed greatly. It became one of the most powerful countries in the world. Japan built a powerful army and navy, and changed from an agricultural to an industrial economy. The Japanese began to invade and occupy other near countries like Korea, Taiwan, Manchukuo and part of China to get natural resources
The Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, after a long war against the Allied nations of World War II ending with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Allies occupied the country and made many changes, including a new constitution. Allied occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s.

= = = Headband = = =
A headband (also known as a headwrap) is an accessory. It is made to fit over or around the head, usually to hold hair away from the face or sweat out of the eyes. 
It may be made of many different materials, like plastic or elastic fabric. They come in many shapes and sizes and are used for both practical and fashion reasons.

= = = Cornflower = = =
The cornflower ("Centaurea cyanus") is also called bachelor's button, or basket flower. It is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated in Europe, but has been taken to many other places like Australia. It bears flowers once a year.
It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Several cultivars have been selected with varying pastel colours, including pink and purple. The flower gives its name to the characteristic blue colour.

= = = Axel jump = = =
An Axel jump is a jump in figure skating. It is the most famous and recognizable skating jump. It starts with the skater going forward. It is the only jump that does and that helps people know that the jump is an Axel jump. Because all skating jumps are landed going backwards, the Axel jump has an extra half rotation (full circle) in the air than all other skating jumps.
History.
The jump was named after Axel Paulsen of Norway, who invented the jump.
Performances.
The first skater to do a double Axel in competition was Dick Button, and Carol Heiss Jenkins was the first woman to do it. The first skater to do a triple Axel in competition was Vern Taylor. The first woman to do it was Midori Ito.
The first pairs skater to do a "throw triple Axel" (he helps her with the jump) were Rena Inoue & John Baldwin. It is not known who did the first "throw double Axel".
Methods.
The Axel can be a single Axel (1 and a half rotations in the air), a double Axel (two and a half rotations in the air), or a triple Axel (three and a half rotations in the air). Most junior and senior skaters do a double Axel.
Many senior-level male skaters do a triple Axel.
Only 17 female figure skaters have done a ratified triple Axel in competition: Midori Ito (the first one to do it), Tonya Harding, Yukari Nakano, Ludmila Nelidina, Mao Asada (the first one to land three triple Axels in one competition), Kimmie Meissner, , , , , , , Sofia Akatieva, Sofia Samodelkina, , , Hana Yoshida, Rinka Watanabe, and Amber Glenn. Only 11 have done it in ISU-sanctioned international competitions (Kimmie Meissner, Sofia Akatieva, Sofia Samodelkina, and Ayaka Hosoda did triple axels at national championships).
Values.
According to the International Judging System, the base value of a triple Axel jump is 8.0, and that of a double Axel is 3.3.
Confusion.
Because the Axel is the most famous skating jump, many people make a mistake and call all skating jumps as "Axel jumps". This has led to many mistakes in sports reporting of figure skating, for example a report in 2006 saying that Miki Ando was the first female skater to land a quad Salchow in an international competition, which is a different jump.

= = = Kimmie Meissner = = =
Kimmie Meissner (born 4 October 1989) is a figure skater from the United States. She won the World Championships in 2006 and the United States national championships in 2007. She is the second American woman and the sixth woman worldwide to do a triple Axel jump.
Life.
Career.
Early career.
Meissner was a very good skater as a child. In 2003, she won the Novice title at the United States nationals. In 2004, she won the Junior title. In 2005, she won the bronze medal at the Senior level. While this would normally have given her a spot to the World Championships, Meissner was too young to go.
Olympics.
In 2006, she went to the 2006 Olympics, where she placed 6th. At the Olympics, she was called the future of American skating. The future came quickly. The next month, she won the World Championships, placing ahead of the Olympic silver medalist Sasha Cohen.
Four Continents Figure Skating.
In 2007, Meissner won the United States championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.
Popularity.
Meissner is a very popular skater, especially in Baltimore, where she is from. She has done shows in Baltimore and is a local celebrity. Meissner has many endorsements, which means she gets money from telling people she uses products. She is also involved with the "Cool Kids", which is an organization to help kids with cancer.

= = = Flying ace = = =
A flying ace or fighter ace is a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat. Use of the term "ace" in military aviation began in World War I (1914–18). French newspapers called Adolphe Pegoud, as "l'as" (French for "ace") after he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Many other pilots later became aces, and some are very famous today, like the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen who had 80 kills.
Erich Hartmann was the ace with the most kills; he had 352.
Some countries have recognized armor commanders as "tank aces" for destroying five enemies.

= = = Medal = = =
A medal is a small metal object that is given as an award for doing something important or to commemorate something. There are medals for sports, military, academics, etc. Some medals have religious meaning. The Miraculous Medal has been distributed worldwide, for example. The Nobel Prize is a gold medal given to a few people every year. 
Military decorations, service awards, and medals are often confused with one another. "Decoration" is the term for awards which require acts of heroism or achievement (such as the British Victoria Cross or American Silver Star). A service award or campaign medal is awarded for serving in a place and time (such as the Iraq Campaign Medal). In either case, an award or decoration may be presented as a medal.
Olympics.
In the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions, medals are give to the top three people who took part in the competition. The winner of the competition is given the gold medal. The silver medal is given to the person who came second. The third placed person is given the bronze medal.

= = = Yours truly = = =
Yours truly could mean:
In music, yours truly could mean:

= = = Motoori Norinaga = = =
Motoori Norinaga (; 21 June 1730 – 5 November 1801) was a Japanese scholar and poet during the Edo period. Norinaga's most important works include the "Kojiki-den" ("Commentaries on the Kojiki"), created more than 35 years ago, and his comments on the "Tale of Genji".
Motoori was born in what is now Matsusaka in Ise Province (now part of Mie Prefecture). At the age of 22, Motoori went to Kyoto to study medicine. Although best known as a Kokugaku scholar, Norinaga worked as a doctor for 40 years in Matsusaka. 
He was the first to use the term Mono no aware, which is now an important concept in Japanese culture.

= = = Valediction = = =
A valediction is a phrase used to say goodbye at the end of a letter. It also refers to the act of saying goodbye to someone. It comes from the Latin "vale dicere", which means "to say farewell". Valedictions are normally written before the signature in a written message. The words used usually express respect or regard for the person to whom the message is written.
English valedictions often contain the possessive pronoun "yours"; for example, "Yours truly". In the United Kingdom, "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully" are most common.
Versions.
Old versions.
In old letters, "Yours truly" was often replaced with a longer sentence, for example:
Modern versions.
"Yours sincerely" is used when the person sending the letter knows the name of the person receiving the letter.
"Yours faithfully" is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").
Drama and poetry.
Valedictions may be a prophecy, a warning or just a comment. In some types of literature, everyone is allowed a last word. In Njall's Saga, men tend to say things like "Oh, you have chopped off my arm", before dying. 
Stock characters tend to say predictable things. But in Shakespeare they are the way he moves the action along. Macbeth meets the three witches, who foretell his downfall without him realising it. They hail him as "Thane of Glamis and Cawdor", and that "he shall be King". He will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane".

= = = Saburo Sakai = = =
Saburo Sakai (, "Sakai Saburō", August 25, 1916 – September 22, 2000) was a Japanese naval pilot and fighter ace ("Gekitsui-O") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the 4th best Japanese pilot by number of enemy aircraft he shot down. He survived the war, and became a famous figure for his criticism of the War and the government of the Japanese Empire. He became a pacifist and a Buddhist and promised that he would never again kill another living thing, even a mosquito. Only months before his death, Sakai told reporters that he still prayed for the souls of the Chinese, American, Australian and Dutch pilots he had killed. He also helped Microsoft design the popular computer game "Combat Flight Simulator 2".
Sakai claims he shot down 64 enemy airplanes. He shot down a B-32 Dominator on the last day of the war.

= = = Southern Cross Station = = =
Southern Cross Station is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of five stations in the mostly underground City Loop and the main hub for V/Line's services outside Melbourne, via Bus and Train. The station was called Spencer Street Station until December 13, 2005

= = = Flagstaff railway station = = =
Flagstaff is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia

= = = Melbourne Central railway station = = =
Melbourne Central is a train station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is one of three underground stations on the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop (City Loop). The station is underneath Melbourne Central Shopping Center. Melbourne Central has four platforms and four tracks. It was known as Museum Station when the Melbourne Museum was at the State Library of Victoria, across the street. Melbourne Central opened on January 24, 1981.

= = = Parliament railway station = = =
Parliament is an underground railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is part of the suburban train network. It is one of the five stations on the City Loop. The city loop goes around the central business district.
Parliament has 4 platforms on two levels, like the other to underground stations on the city loop. Each level is for the trains leaving. The different levels are for trains going to the north and west suburbs or to the south and east suburbs. The station opened on January 22 1983.
Many people who work for the government use the station because it is underneath the Parliament House of Victoria. It is also at the intersection of Bourke Street and Spring Street. The tram routes 86, 95 and 96 on Bourke Street, tram routes 11, 12, 31, 42, 109, and 112 on Collins Street and the free City Circle tram stop near the station.
The lower platforms are 38 meters low. That means that they are the lowest in the city loop. Its escalators were the longest in the southern hemisphere, when the station opened.

= = = Asphyxia = = =
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition when a living body does not get enough oxygen. If this condition lasts long enough it can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.
Asphyxia can injure or kill people. This sometimes happens during suicide, torture, and in warfare. It can also be used as a capital punishment. It is also sometimes used nonfatally in martial arts, combat sports, and in some types of sex play. Because the need to breathe is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the shortage of oxygen in their body.

= = = Toy Story 2 = = =
Toy Story 2 (also known as Toy Story 2: The Search for Woody) is a 1999 American computer-generated animation movie and a sequel to the 1995 movie "Toy Story". It was released on November 24, 1999. It is the third Disney/Pixar full-length movie and was released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Pictures. It is about toys that come alive when people are not around. Woody is kidnapped by a toy collector so Buzz Lightyear and his friends go on a mission to save him. A sequel to this movie, Toy Story 3, was released in 2010.

= = = Richmond railway station, Melbourne = = =
Richmond station is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne. 
The station is built on a bridge over Punt Road. It has ten platforms joined by three subways. All of Melbourne's eastern and south eastern railway lines meet here. These railway lines are:
The station is from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.
Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street. 
Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.
History.
Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.
In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed. 
By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station was not built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.
Proposed redevelopment.
The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a bleak appearance. The raised station did not have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.
Movie.
The opening scene of the movie "Romper Stomper" was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.

= = = Bairnsdale railway line, Victoria = = =
The Bairnsdale railway line is a regional railway in Victoria, Australia. It continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line. The part as far as Warragul used to be run with Melbourne electric trains, but only for a period during the 1990s. It has 24 stations.
List of stations.
Bold stations are terminuses, "italic" stations are staffed at least part-time (this has been confirmed).
Continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line.
Branch lines went from Warragul to Noojee, Moe to Walhalla (a 2' 6" line), Thorpdale and Yallourn after the line from Hearne's Oak to Yallourn was closed to allow for a grater expansion of a brown coal mine, Morwell to Mirboo North, Traralgon to Stratford Junction via Maffra, which also included a branch line to Briagolong, and a short branch line from Bairnsdale to Bairnsdale Wharf, all of which have been closed.
As well, several timber tramways existed from many of the stations between Pakenham and Yarragon.

= = = Pakenham railway station = = =
Pakenham is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb of Pakenham, on the Pakenham railway line. It is in Metcard Zone 2. It is the end of the Pakenham line, as well as a stop for regional trains going to Traralgon and Bairnsdale. The station contains 2 platforms.

= = = North Melbourne railway station = = =
North Melbourne Railway Station is the gateway for all west and northwest bound train lines in Melbourne, Australia. North Melbourne Railway Station is mainly used as an interchange point. The station was converted to a premium station in 1996, and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. The station is actually in West Melbourne, the station's main entrance, at its east, is at intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards.
The number 216 and 219 buses stop nearby the station.
Redevelopment.
On May 15, 2006, it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance was created at the southern end of the station with new escalators, stairs and lifts installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers.

= = = Shushi Massacres = = =
The Shushi massacres were anti-Armenian pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war, 1920, when Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the inhabitants of Shusha (Shushi). The massacres took place on March 22-26, 1920, and resulted in more than
20,000 Armenian deaths and the destruction of the town of Shusha in Nagorno-Karabakh.
Background.
On June 4-5, 1919, an armed Armenian-Turkish fight took place in Shushi. It was organized and started by Azeri Governor-General Khosrov beg Sultanov. The town was closed off by a blockade, and the Armenian population found itself needing food.
Massacres in Shushi on March 22-26, 1920.
From the very start of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the temporary treaty agreement of August 22, 1919, continued the blockade around Karabakh. He increased the number of armed forces in strategically important locations and gave weapons to the local Azeri population.
In the early morning of March 23, 1920, the Azeri army soldiers and Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian part of town and began a horrible massacre of the Armenian population, which finished in March 26, 1920.
Remembering.
The famous Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, who was in Shushi in 1931, wrote a poem called "The phaeton driver" dedicated to this tragedy:
In July 1, 1997, the Baroness Caroline Cox gave a speech in the House of Lords, United Kingdom remembering the lives of Armenians who have been killed and specifically mentioned the occurrence in Shushi in 1920.
Research analyst Kalli Raptis in her book "Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor" wrote: "'In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a national Council and government. In August 1919, the Karabakh national Council entered into a provisional treaty arrangement with the Azerbaijani government in order to avoid military conflict with a superior adversary'. Azerbaijan's violation of the treaty culminated in March 1920 with the massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)".

= = = Osip Mandelstam = = =
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam, ; January 15, 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.
Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a rich Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.
In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year.
Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: ��� ������, "Tsekh Poetov"), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.
In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, "Tristia", was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs ("The Din Of Time", Russian: ��� �������, "Shum vremeni"; ��������, "Feodosiya" – both 1925) and small-format prose ("The Egyptian Stamp", Russian: ���������� �����, "Yegipetskaya marka" – 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.
Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.
Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in the form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".

= = = Forestry Commission = = =
The Forestry Commission is a UK Government agency that was set up in 1918.
The commission is responsible for many forests and woodlands in Great Britain. Its job is to protect and expand Britain's forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment.
Some of its forests are pine trees which the commission manages and carefully cuts down trees for wood and paper making. The money from this helps the commission to maintain it other forests which are not farmed but which are used for recreation, by people wanting to visit the countryside, and also to fund some scientific research into the ways to grow trees and to keep them healthy.
The Forestry Commission looks after a lot of the forests in the list of Forests in the United Kingdom

= = = Fukushima Prefecture = = =
 is a prefecture of Japan. It is part of the Tōhoku region on the island of Honshu. The capital city of the prefecture is Fukushima.
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is in this prefecture. The power plant had a meltdown in March 2011. It forced many people in Fukushima to move away from their homes, especially in the Futaba District.
History.
Until the Meiji Restoration, Fukushima prefecture was known as Mutsu Province. In 1871, the territories of eleven clans were combined into three prefectures: Fukushima, Wakamatsu and Iwaki. On August 21 in 1876, they were united to form the current Fukushima Prefecture.
Geography.
Fukushima is the prefecture that is furthest south in the Tōhoku region. It is the part of Tōhoku closest to Tokyo. Tokyo is about 300 kilometres further south. Fukushima located between 37 and 38 degrees north latitude.
Fukushima is divided by mountain ranges into three regions: (from west to east) Aizu, Nakadōri, and Hamadōri. Hamadōri is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and is the flattest and most temperate region. Nakadōri is the most important farming part of the prefecture. The capital city, Fukushima, is in this area. Aizu is a tourist destination and has many mountains, scenic lakes, forests, and snowy winters.
Cities.
There are thirteen cities in Fukushima Prefecture:
Towns and villages.
Towns and villages in each district:
National parks.
National parks cover about 13% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:
Economy.
The three main industries in Fukushima are manufacturing, commerce and farming.
Fukushima was the largest manufacturer in Tōhoku in 2008. The industry made about 5 and a half trillion yen (¥5,568,600,000,000). Manufacturers relied heavily on electrical power produced locally, much of it from nuclear power stations.
Trade, including retail businesses, was the second largest industry in 2008. It made 4.7 trillion yen (¥4,720,600,000,000).
In 2009, the prefecture produced ¥245,000,000,000 (245 billion yen) from farming products. About 40%, or ¥94,800,000,000 (94 billion yen), was from rice. Fukushima was the fifth largest rice producer in the country. It also produced large amounts of vegetables, meat, and fish. The two largest agricultural producers were the cities of Fukushima and Kōriyama. Those two areas accounted for more than 15% of agricultural production in the prefecture.

= = = Arara, Paraíba = = =
Arara is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km2.

= = = Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga = = =
Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga y Balzola (born Bilbao 27 January 1806; died Paris 17 January 1826) was an early 19th-century Spanish composer. He was still only 19 years old when he died. Like Mozart, he was a child prodigy and he might have become one of the world’s most famous composers if he had lived.
His life.
Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born in Bilbao, in the Basque Country in Spain. His father and older brother first taught him music. He started to compose when he was 11 years old, and by the time he was 15 he had already written 20 works. Many of these are now lost. He may have thrown them away, thinking that they were not very good. In 1921 he went to Paris where he studied the violin with Pierre Baillot, and counterpoint and harmony with François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. He was so good that by 1824 he had become a teaching assistant in Fétis's class. 
Arriaga died in Paris at the age of nineteen, probably of a lung disease and exhaustion.
His music.
Arriaga has been called “The Spanish Mozart”. His music, however, does not sound particularly Spanish. It has a more general European character, based on the style of Mozart and Beethoven. He wrote a symphony which sounds at times like Schubert. He also wrote an opera "Los esclavos felices" ("The Happy Slaves"), and three string quartets. The string quartets were the only works that were published while he was still alive.

= = = Conservatoire de Paris = = =
The Conservatoire de Paris (Paris Conservatoire) is a music conservatory where students can study dance, drama and music. It has now been split into two "Conservatoires". One is for Acting, Theatre and Drama and is called the "Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique" (CNSAD). It is in the old building in the centre of Paris. The other is called "Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris". It is farther from the centre of the city. This is where Music and Dance are taught.
The Paris Conservatoire has been famous for music since it was formed in 1795. Nearly all famous French composers and performing musicians studied there, and many young musicians came from abroad to study. It was, and still is, one of the best places to study music in the world.

= = = Prix de Rome = = =
The Prix de Rome was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.
In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won “second prize” which allowed them to study for a shorter period.
Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.
The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

= = = Caulfield railway station = = =
Caulfield is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.
Caulfield is a Premium Station.
Location.
The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.
Facilities.
The station has four platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 ( the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound V/Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.
History.
Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7th May 1879.

= = = Officer railway station = = =
Officer railway station is an ummanned railway station in Officer, Victoria. It is located in Metcard Zone 2.

= = = ß = = =
The letter ß (also known as sharp S, German: "Eszett" or "scharfes S") is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced (like the "s" in "see") and is not used in any other language.
Origin.
Today's "ß" was created around the 1900s. (See w:en:ß and w:de:ß for details on the so-called "Sulzbacher Form".) It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type (also called Antiqua).
The letter came from the long s ("s") and the normal "z". Written fast by hand, they over time joined together to form a single glyph.
Spelling.
The "ß" is used only in German and never at the start of German words. The uppercase "ß" ("ẞ") exists only for typesetting, such as in a dictionary. Instead of lowercase "ß", one can also write "ss". As no words start with double "s" or "ß", no uppercase "ß" is necessary.
However, not every "ss" can be written as "ß". German often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has "ss", it cannot be written as "ß". For example, "Voßstraße" is two words joined together ("Voß" and "straße"). It can also be written as Vossstraße but not as "Vosßtraße" because "sstraße" (or "ßtraße") is not a word, and the "ß" is in the word "Voss" ("Voß").
The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with "ß" are now written with "ss". For example, "Fluß" (river) is spelled "Fluss". When the preceding vowel is short, as in "Fluss", "ss" is used. However, the "ß" is used when the preceding vowel is long as in "Straße".

= = = General Motors railway station = = =
General Motors Railway Station was a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. 
The station was opened on November 18, 1956 to service the General Motors factory near it. The station had two platforms and a footbridge into the factory. In 1991, the General Motors factory closed. Since the main purpose of the station was to support the factory, the station was no longer needed, but the station stayed open for eleven years after the factory had been destroyed. It was estimated to be the least used station in the entire city network. It had an average of eight passengers using it a day. The last trains stopped at the station on July 28 2002. 

= = = Agronomy = = =
Agronomy is the study of soil in relation to how it affects plant growth. "Agronomists" work to make methods that will improve the use of soil and increase the amount of food and fiber crops.

= = = Metlink = = =
Metlink is the marketing name for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.
Introduction.
The "Metlink" brand was introduced in 2003.
Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables are colour-coded blue, tram stop signs and timetables are green, and the bus network is orange. The regional train network is colour-coded purple.
Future role.
Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later). In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services. 
While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.
Viclink.
Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named Viclink. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006 . The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

= = = Sanyo = = =
Sanyo is a Japanese electronics company. They specialise in home appliances.
Overview.
Sanyo was founded in 1947 by Toshio Iue.
Panasonic acquired it in 2011.
As of 2018, the company's revenue was ¥84.678 billion.
Other websites.
Sanyo on Panasonic website

= = = Celtic Frost = = =
Celtic Frost was a thrash/black metal band from Zurich, Switzerland. The band was formed in 1984 and broke up in 1993. The reunited in 2001 and broke up again in 2008.
Discography.
Celtic Frost released 6 studio albums:

= = = Privy council = = =
The Privy Council is a group of advisors to a Monarch. 

= = = Cable knitting = = =
Patterns called cables are created using special cable knitting needles. The cables often look like braids. They are typically used on sweaters, particularly on Aran sweaters from Ireland.

= = = Maraghar Massacre = = =
The Maraghar Massacre happened on April 10, 1992, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

= = = Circular knitting = = =
Circular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube. It is done with circular or double-pointed needles. Socks, mittens, and sweaters can be made with circular knitting.

= = = Knitting machine = = =
Knitting machines are used to make knitted cloth for clothing or household items. They can make flat shapes or tubular shapes. The tubular shapes can be used for t-shirts.

= = = Kirovabad pogrom = = =
The Kirovabad pogrom was an attack by Azeris against the targeted Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani town of Kirovabad in November 1988. It is estimated that at least 130 people were killed.

= = = Tree of Knowledge = = =
In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.
Different views of the tree itself.
In Judaism.
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.
In Christianity.
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God. 
Trees in other religions.
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.
The symbol of the Tree.
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

= = = Royal Academy of Music = = =
The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music. It was founded in 1822. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal Academy of Music.
The Royal Academy of Music was officially founded (started) in 1822 and was opened the next year. King George IV was the patron of the conservatory. At first it had 21 students.
In 1830 it received its Royal Charter, but for many years it had financial problems and it was not until 1868, when the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone arranged for it to have a regular grant, that it began to do well. During the 19th century the academy was in Hanover Square, but in 1912 it moved to Marylebone Road near Regent's Park.
Since 1912 many changes and extensions have been made to the building. Many concerts are given in the Duke’s Hall and operas are performed in the Sir Jack Lyons Theatre. Many of the professors (teachers) at the academy come from other countries. The academy works together with King’s College, London where many of the students take a 4-year performance course. In 1997 they won some lottery money which helped them to get a new building for their collection of musical instruments. It has a large library which includes all the books and music which used to belong to the conductors Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer.
Today the students come from over 50 countries. Students from abroad can attend a special “English for Musicians” course. There are over 600 students at the academy. The students have many opportunities to perform, both in the academy and in concerts in other places. Over 90% of the students find a career in music after they leave the academy.
The principal of the Royal Academy of Music is Jonathan Freeman-Attwood.

= = = Royal College of Music = = =
The Royal College of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music. It was founded in 1882. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal College of Music.
The Royal College of Music was founded by Royal charter. The president was the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII). The president has always been a member of the royal family. The first director was Sir George Grove and he was followed by Sir Hubert Parry. The first building was opposite the west side to the Royal Albert Hall, but in 1894 the RCM moved to a larger building south of the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road. The College is still there, but there have been many extensions and improvements to the building since then.
There are about 520 students at the RCM. About 170 of these are post-graduate students. The college can award degrees and diplomas in music. Composers and performing musicians can study there. There is a large museum of musical instruments. Next to the main building is a 400-seater opera house, the Britten Theatre, opened in 1986. There are now over 600 students from about 50 countries.
The director of the Royal College of Music is Dr Colin Lawson.

= = = Automated teller machine = = =
An automated teller machine (ATM) is a machine that lets people take or deposit money that they have. It can also be used by someone to see how much money they have, or see and do other things with their bank account. In the United Kingdom, ATMs are often called "cash machines", "cashpoints" or the "hole in the wall".
ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. They can also be found in other places. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.
People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They also need to have a Personal Identification Number (PIN). A PIN is a code that lets them get into their account.
There are many scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN. This is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may put a video camera near the ATM to look at people using their PIN number. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.
In Germany, where people still use real money more than electronic money, there have been a lot of robberies from cash machines. 496 cash machines were blown up in 2022, with about €100,000 stolen each time. Most of the thieves are Dutch men, say the German police.
In Japan old people are targeted by people who pretend to be members of their family in trouble. In 2023 the National Police Agency were thinking about stopping people over 65 who had not used a machine for more than a year from using them.

= = = Quilt = = =
A quilt is a type of blanket made of three layers: a top piece of cloth, a layer of insulating material often called "batting", and a bottom piece of cloth for backing. The layers are joined together either by sewing or by tying the layers together with pieces of yarn, thread, or ribbon.
The top layer of the quilt can be made from many pieces of cloth sewn together in patterns, known as "patchwork". Other patterns can be made by running lines of stitching through the three layers.
Sometimes quilts are not used as bedding, but are works of art made to be hung on a wall (wall hangings) or used as decoration.
Quilting is done in many cultures, such as the Amish, in Hawaii, and in India.

= = = Ribbon = = =
A ribbon is a thin, flexible band, usually cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal. 
Ribbons are mostly used for tying or decorating things. Ribbons can be used to tie a person's hair, decorate clothing or uniforms, or to tie up packages. A typewriter uses a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink.

= = = Garden of Eden = = =
The Garden of Eden is the place where, according to the Christian and Jewish Bible, the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve, lived after they were created by God.
In the Bible, the story of the creation of the world in the book of Genesis describes how Adam and Eve lived in Eden in peace with all of the animals. They tended the garden and could eat from any tree except the Tree of Knowledge. After they ate from the Tree of Knowledge, God punished Adam and Eve by making them leave the Garden of Eden forever.
Only Judaism, Islam and Christianity believe that Garden of Eden existed and Adam and Eve were first humans. The Garden of Eden as Paradise. 
Where the name Eden is from.
In Sumerian, "Eden" is a name for the Steppe. "Heavenly Eden" is also mentioned. It refers to a place that appears to be fertile at first, but later changes to become infertile. Climatologists have said this is a good description of the climate change that happened in The Levant after the last ice age. The green steppe became dry. This meant that food was no longer available all year round, but only at certain times. This forced the people living at the time to start agriculture and to keep some of their food for the periods where there was none. Scientists have referred to this change as the Neolithic Revolution. This change of food is also mentioned in the story.
Babylonian mythology sees the main reason for the creation of man to grow food for the gods. This is different in the Bible. There, god created plants as food for humans, and animals to keep them company.
The beginning of the Book of Genesis has been seen as describing the state before a climate change in a certain region. >Because of this change, humans were "condemned" to growing crops and keeping some food in stock, to be able to eat it, during the times it did not grow. Genesis has been seen to only start when this region converted to agriculture (the Neolithic Revolution, mentioned above). This means that Genesis roughly covers the time from about 8000 - 6000 BC to about 2000 BC. 
The Location of the Garden of Eden is clear from the original source: the Book of Genesis. It is located at the head waters of four Rivers. The first is the Pishon which flows through the land of Havilah. 
Havilah is located according to Genesis 10:29-30 starting in Mesha going toward Sephar. Mount Masius (Mesha) according to Strabo the Greek Geographer is in northern Mesopotamia near Nisiris. Sephar is the ancient city of Sippar near Babylon. The river which currently flows through this region is the Khabur. Its origin is Mount Masius which is known as the Karaca Dag. The Karaca Dag also supplies water to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as well as the Balikh river through karst springs which completes the complement of the Four Rivers of Eden. The town of Viransehir in the hills south of the Karaca dag was known as Telassar in the Byzantine era where the Children of Eden were defeated by the Assyrians. 
Strabo volume 7 book 16 chapter 1 
Having to leave the Garden.
Judaism.
Judaism teaches that sin cannot be passed on from the parents to their children. There is a free will, everyone is responsible for their own sins only. Humans can do bad things and good things. God's commandments help them do good things. What exactly makes up the Commandments of God is not written down, but needs to developed by tradition. Sins are forgiven once a year during Yom Kippur. Unlike Christianity, Judaism has no personified evil.
Christianity.
Christianity believes that sin can be passed on from the parents to their children. This is known as original sin. Without Jesus, humans must live in sin. Augustine of Hippo formalized this belief, which is now a dogma in the Western Christian denominations (Catholicism and Protestantism).
Islam.
Islam sees Adam and Eve being chased away as a chance for a new start. Islam says the Christian concept of original sin is false. This means that them being chased away does not change the relationship between men and God. According to Islamic tradition, Adam and Eve were placed in different parts of the world. They first had to wander around before they found each other.

= = = Wigmore Hall = = =
The Wigmore Hall is a famous concert hall in London. It is called a “recital hall” because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of London, just north of Oxford Street.
The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos. Originally it was called Bechstein Hall. Bechstein’s showrooms were next door. The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage. Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world. These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.
The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.
Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as "enemy property" during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as Wigmore Hall in 1917. Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Victoria de los Ángeles, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream, Peter Pears, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.
Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people. Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3. Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.
The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians. The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.
The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly. His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

= = = Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music = = =
The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music or ABRSM is an organisation that arranges music examinations. The organisation is based in London, but they arrange examinations in places all over the world. Many people, especially children, who learn instruments take examinations of the ABRSM as it helps them to become better players because it gives them something to work for. People of any age can take the exams. Those who pass an exam get a certificate. Over 620,000 candidates take the ABRSM examinations every year in over ninety countries.
The organisation is called “Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music” because it is organised by a group of four music conservatoires: 
Graded Exams.
Exams can be taken on many different instruments. In nearly each case there are eight grades, numbered from 1 to 8. For example, someone who has learned the piano for a short while may take Grade 1 once he or she can play pieces such as a simple minuet, and play a few scales with separate hands. By the time they take Grade 8 they will need to be able to play movements from sonatas by composers such as Beethoven, play all 24 scales in various ways very fluently and be good at sight-reading.
The marks are given out of 150. The pass mark is hundred. Below hundred marks is a “Fail”. one hundred and twenty marks to one hundred and twenty nine is called a “Merit” and one hundred and thirty and above is a “Distinction”.
Although some students take each of the grades as they get better at their instrument, it is not necessary to have passed earlier grades in order to take a higher grade. For grades 6 and above it is necessary to have passed Grade 5 Theory or Practical Musicianship or Jazz. This is to make sure that students have a good knowledge of music.
The examiners are people who are professional musicians. Many of them are music teachers. They have a wide experience of music and they are trained by the ABRSM so that they all mark in the same way.
The ABRSM also publish a lot of music, including the music set for their exams.
There are four kinds of exams:
Practical Exams.
These are by far the most commonly taken exams. Available for over 35 instruments, these exams consist of 4 different sections:
Each section has a certain number of marks and all the marks add up to 150. 100 is a pass, 120 a merit and 130 a distinction.
There is also a Prep Test for those who are not yet ready to take Grade 1 but would like to have the experience of taking an exam. Students who take a Prep Test are not given a mark. It is a way to encourage young people and make them relaxed about the idea of taking exams.
Theory Exams.
These are written papers about musical theory. They are marked out of 100: 66 or more is a pass; 80 or more is a merit; 90 or more is a distinction.
Practical Musicianship.
These exams will test a student’s understanding of rhythm, melody, key and notation together with the ability to sing and play from memory, and improvise and to recognise changes to and answer questions about a score.
Jazz Exams.
These are the newest types of exams. Jazz piano was first offered in 1999. At the moment they are only available for flute, piano, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet and trombone. They are also only available from Grades 1-5. They are marked in the same way as practical exams. However many of the pieces include large sections where they have to improvise (make something up) using particular chords.
Diplomas.
The ABRSM offer diplomas in three disciplines:
For each discipline there are three levels of award:
These are professional qualifications which allow a person to put the letters after his or her name.

= = = Punjab = = =
Punjab or Panjab may mean: 
In former countries, states and provinces:
In other:
See also:

= = = House of Commons = = =
House of Commons is the name of the lower house in several commonwealth parliaments

= = = Engraving = = =
Engraving is putting a design onto a hard, flat surface, by carving into it. The result may be a decorative piece in itself, as when silver, gold or steel are engraved, or may provide a printing plate of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper which are also called engravings. Engraving was an important method in history of making images on paper, both in artistic ways, such as making a decorative print, and also for printing books and magazines. It has long been replaced by photography in its commercial uses and, is nowadays much less common in printmaking, where it has been almost completely replaced by etching and other techniques.
The engraving process.
Engravers use a steel tool called a burin to cut the picture or pattern into the surface, mostly a copper plate. Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that give different line types when used. The burin gives us a line that is unique because of its steady appearance and smooth edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines on them, used to do work on larger areas. Flat gravers are used for doing work on letters, as well as most musical instrument engraving work. Round gravers are commonly used on silver as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. 
History and usage.
In ancient history, the only engraving that could be made were the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after 1000 B.C. 
In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate metal. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to make artistic images on paper in Germany in the 1430s. The first and greatest period of engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, and Lucas van Leiden. 
Thereafter engraving tended to lose popularity to etching, which was a much easier technique for an artist to learn. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial picture-making. 
Before the invention of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, because they were cheap to use in printing.
 When two sets of parallel line "hatchings" crossed each other for higher density, the pattern was known as "cross-hatching". Claude Mellan is well known for his technique of using lines of different thicknesses. One example is his "Sudarium of Saint Veronica", an engraving of the face of Jesus from a single spiralling line that starts at the tip Jesus's nose (pictured).
Modern engraving.
Because of the high level of detail that can be done by a master engraver, faking engraved designs is almost impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other papers that should not be faked. Engraving is so fine that a normal printer can not make the detail of hand engraved images properly. In the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, more than one engraver will work on the same printing plate, making it nearly impossible for any person to duplicate all the engraving on almost any banknote or document. 
Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more "elegant" design is desired and a limited amount of different colours is acceptable.
Engraving machines such as the K500 or K6 by "Hell Gravure Systems" use a diamond "pen" to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8,000 cells per second to an accuracy of 0.1 �m and below. They are fully computer controlled and the whole process of cylinder making is fully automatic. The engraving process with diamonds is state of the art since the 1960s.
Now, laser engraving machines are being made and even today the mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make about 8 million printing cylinders worldwide per year.
Biblical references.
The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to Judah’s seal ring. (Genesis 38:18), followed by (Exodus 39.30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jeremiah 17:1). 
Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder pieces of the high priest’s ephod was engraved with the names of six different tribes of Israel, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest’s turban, was engraved with the words: “Holiness belongs to Jehovah.” Bezalel, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others.—Ex 35:30-35; 28:9-12; 39:6-14, 30.
engraving and art.
Italian painter and engraver Guido Bonasone [1498-after 1574] engraved a series of plates for a work called "The Loves of the Gods" Circa 1531–76. {top row] Cenuries later the english artist Thomas Rowlandson copied three of them.{Bottom row]

= = = Ron Dennis = = =
Ronald "Ron" Dennis CBE (born 1 June 1947) is the executive chairman of McLaren Automotive and McLaren Group. He was the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team until 2009.
He was placed at number 648 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006 with a wealth of £90 million. "The Times" put his wealth at £200 million in 2009.

= = = Sabaragamuwa Province = = =
Sabaragamuwa is a province in Sri Lanka. It has two main districts: Ratnapura and Kegalle. Ratnapra is famous for its gems.

= = = Solo = = =
Solo may refer to:

= = = Skateboard = = =
A skateboard is a board (called a "deck") with four wheels put on under it. It is used to go skateboarding. The first skateboards were a piece of wood with rollerskater attached to it. This became popular and by 1960, skateboards were made in production. As more skateboards were made, more people liked the new sport. However, it was dangerous and people started to fall off. As a result, skate parks started to close down. With less places to skate, skateboarders had no where to go. A small group of skateboarders carried on skateboarding in the street and around cities. After 20 years, the sport began to grow into what we know now. Skateboarding is a popular sport with many younger riders. Young people sometimes skateboard on the street. There are many different types of skateboards like stunt skateboards, penny skateboards, Longboards, short boards and more. 
Parts.
The normal parts that make a complete skateboard are the deck, trucks, wheels, bearings, hardware, and griptape.
Deck.
Most decks are made of six to nine-plywood layers. Other materials used in making decks include fiberglass, bamboo, resin, Kevlar, carbon fiber, aluminum, and plastic. All these make the board more light. Some decks made from maple plywood are dyed to make many different colored plywood. Modern decks are made in different sizes. Most are 7 to 10.5 inches wide. Wider decks can be used for greater stability when skating on curving surfaces including ramps. Skateboard decks are normally between 28 and 33 inches long. The bottom of the deck can be printed with a design by the maker or it can be blank. 
The longboard, a common different kind of skateboard, has a longer deck. This is mostly ridden down hills or by the beach. The longboard was made by two surfers; Ben Whatson and Jonny Drapper. One of the first deck companies was called "Drapped" taken from Jonny's second name. "Old school" boards (those made in the 1970s–80s) are mostly wider and often have only one kicktail. Different kinds of the 1970s often have little or no concavity, whereas 1980s models have deeper concavities and steeper kicktails.
The Skateboard deck concave is noted mainly in three types: low, medium, and high. While the low concave is having small curvature and makes the safe ride, but you can’t put more stress on the edges deck. Medium concave will easily found in the present market due to the high demand for a beginner. High concave is raised more at the edge, making it perfect for performing Flip tricks and Ollie. Medium concave is readily available in the market because it suits beginners, which keeps it always in demand.
Grip tape, when put on to the top of a skateboard, gives a skater's feet grip on the deck. It is most often black. However, it can come in many different colors like clear. Clear allows the top of the deck to be decorated. It has an adhesive back and a sandpaper like top.

= = = Interstate 95 = = =
Interstate 95 (usually called 95) is a major Interstate highway that runs north to south in the eastern part of the United States. It is about long. Its southern end is at U.S. Route 1 in Miami, Florida and its northern end is at the Canadian border in Maine. It connects many major cities in the eastern half of the USA. It was finally completed in 2018.
History.
Portions of the highway have or used to have tolls. Many parts of I-95 were made up of various toll roads that had already been constructed or planned, particularly in the northeast. Many of these routes still exist today, but some have removed their tolls.
Many notable bridges and tunnels along I-95 were also tolled. The Fuller Warren Bridge, spanning the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida, was tolled until the 1980s and was replaced in 2002. The Fort McHenry Tunnel is underneath the harbor of Baltimore, Maryland and was opened in 1985. The George Washington Bridge, opened in 1931, carries I-95, US 1, US 9, and US 46 (latter is officially considered to end at the NY state line) across the Hudson River between New Jersey and Upper Manhattan.
A study that could lead to the imposition of tolls on I-95 in North Carolina is under way as of March 2010.
Improvements.
Federal legislation has identified I-95 through Connecticut as High Priority Corridor 65. A long-term multibillion-dollar program to upgrade the entire length of I-95 through Connecticut has been underway since the mid-1990s and is expected to continue through at least 2020. Several miles of I-95 through Bridgeport were recently widened and brought up to Interstate standards. Work has shifted to reconstructing and widening of I-95 through New Haven, which includes replacing the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge. Environmental studies for reconstructing and widening of I-95 from New Haven to the Rhode Island state line are also progressing.
There are plans to expand the I-95 corridor from Petersburg, Virginia, to Florida through a U.S. multi-state agreement to study how to improve the corridor through widening and reconstruction, with the goal of reducing congestion and improving overall safety for years to come.
Florida continues to complete widening projects. As of December 2010, I-95 from the South Carolina–Georgia line south to Jacksonville, Florida has been upgraded to six lanes. The section from Jacksonville to the I-4 junction in Daytona Beach was expanded to six lanes in 2005. As of 2009, widening projects continue in Brevard County from the SR 528 junction in Cocoa to Palm Bay, as well as in northern Palm Beach County.
In 2009, state legislators representing Maine's Aroostook County proposed using federal economic stimulus funds to extend I-95 north to Maine's northernmost border community of Fort Kent via Caribou and Presque Isle. The proposed route would parallel New Brunswick's four-lane, limited access Trans-Canada Highway on the U.S. side of the Canada–United States border. Legislators argued that extension of the Interstate would promote economic growth in the region.

= = = U.S. Route 1 = = =
U.S. Route 1 (sometimes called US 1) is a major United States highway (U.S. Route) in the eastern part of the United States. Its northern end is at the Canadian border in Fort Kent, Maine and its southern end is at Key West, Florida. For most of its route, U.S. Route 1 runs next to Interstate 95. It connects many major cities in the Eastern United States, including Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, Richmond, Virginia, Raleigh, North Carolina, Augusta, Georgia, Jacksonville, Florida, and Miami. Parts of the road were built in the 1800s as the Boston Post Road and in the 1900s as the Atlantic Highway. Despite this, it is significantly further inland from Jacksonville to Petersburg, VA and in North Carolina and Virginia even parallels I-85.

= = = Let It Be (Beatles album) = = =
Let It Be is a 12th and final studio album it was release 8 May 1970 and movie, by rock band The Beatles. It was the last Beatles project finished before the band broke up.
History.
After the "White Album" ("The Beatles") was released in late 1968, the Beatles talked about making a television special, where they would play songs from the album for an audience. It would be the band's first live public performance since 1966.
As 1969 began, the band decided instead to begin work on a new set of songs, and film the process of rehearsing and recording all the songs, then performing them live. The project was titled "Get Back", and a song by that name was worked up during rehearsals. The band agreed to perform all the songs without studio or , as they had long used.
First week: Twickenham Film Studios.
The Beatles rented a at Twickenham Film Studios, where their instruments and equipment were set up. They were used to working from afternoons until late at night on music, but had to arrive between eight and ten o'clock in the morning, to meet the filming schedule. The band did not use this setup for long. The early hours and the cold, huge soundstage made them uncomfortable.
There was also between the Beatles, and it showed. The Beatles could not agree on where to perform the show, and for how large an audience. The suggested locations ranged from Los Angeles, California to Tunisia, and the size of the audience from a few dozen to thousands of people. Nobody had a location in mind that the rest liked, and George Harrison decided he did not want to perform a public concert at all.
Paul McCartney took charge of the rehearsals, and drove the band hard to play his new songs just the way he imagined them. The other Beatles became tired of this, because it did not give them much chance to , the way they were used to doing. George Harrison got especially tired of McCartney telling him what to play, and his own songs not getting the attention they deserved. John Lennon also had new songs, but was more interested in spending time with Yoko Ono than in making another Beatles record. He was also of Harrison's new songs. Yoko Ono gave her opinions on the band's music, which they were not used to hearing from anyone but their producer, George Martin. McCartney and Harrison Ono's being at Lennon's side constantly. Ringo Starr tried to play the peacemaker, but did not always succeed. Harrison walked out during one lunch break, saying he had had enough. The band stopped work on the production, and decided to find a new location to work.
The next weeks: Apple Studio.
Harrison went to a Beatles business meeting, a few days after he left the rehearsal. McCartney agreed to mend his ways, and let Harrison have more input. Lennon and Harrison also made up. The idea of finishing "Get Back" with a public show was dropped. Nobody wanted to return to the movie studio, and they began to look for another place to work on their new songs.
"Magic Alex", a Greek-born inventor, had been hired by the Beatles to build them a new recording studio, in the basement of the which was the home of their company, Apple Corps. Alex spent a great deal of money over many months, trying to make a first-rate facility. He did not understand recording or studio technology well, though, and the studio he made had many technical problems. The Beatles only found this out when they tried to use the place to record. Things did not work, and this added to the tension felt by the band, and the people who worked for them.
George Martin was able to help the Beatles, by working around the problems in the basement studio. He borrowed recording equipment so the band could finish their project. The movie cameras were also set up in the basement, and the Beatles went back to work on their music. This time things were as crowded as the first location was cavernous, and again the band and their crew were uncomfortable.
The Beatles usually "warmed up" by playing old songs they had learned growing up. Many of these were captured on camera or tape during the sessions. Not all the songs were complete, or true to their original versions. When the band went from playing old songs to trying out new ones, problems came up. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison each wanted certain things for their music, and enough time to make the records the best they could be. This did not always work out, and they sometimes insulted each other for trying to outdo the others, or for letting their musical influences show. It made the sessions unpleasant.
George Harrison helped the of the band, when he brought a guest musician, Billy Preston, to the sessions. All of the Beatles liked Preston, and got along while he was there. He played keyboards along with the band, and gave the records a fuller sound. McCartney's girlfriend Linda brought her daughter Heather to the studio, and they helped cheer things up. Linda sang background vocals on "Let It Be", a gospel-like song by McCartney.
The question of where and when to finally perform the new songs was settled, when the Beatles decided to give a show on the roof of Apple headquarters. This happened on January 30, 1969, early in the afternoon. The Beatles performed for the movie cameras, and for anyone who could hear them outside.
As it happened, the music coming from the rooftop caused a traffic jam along Savile Row, where the building was located. Local police came to Apple, and tried to stop the show. Mal Evans, one of the Beatles's most trusted helpers, went downstairs and talked to the police, to stall them until the band could finish playing. After performing "Get Back", "Don't Let Me Down", "I've Got A Feeling", "One After 909", "Dig A Pony", and another version of "Get Back", the band went inside.
The next day, the Beatles gave another show, back in the Apple basement. This show was for the cameras, though, and not a live audience. They performed "Two of Us", "Don't Let Me Down", "Let it Be", "Get Back", and "The Long and Winding Road". Some of these songs were too hard to record outdoors, with their keyboard parts.
Postproduction.
The movie crew shot more than a hundred hours of movie footage, which was more than enough to make a television special. The Beatles worked a little longer on the recordings of the "Get Back" songs, ending up with over twenty-nine hours of session tapes. The problem was, nobody was happy with the music that had come from the sessions. The band members had argued and disagreed on camera, and did not always make their best efforts on each other's songs, or to get along. This was plain to anyone who saw the footage, or listened to the dialogue between songs.
George Martin tried to remix the recordings, and make an album from the songs, while the Beatles' movie personnel tried to edit the movie footage into the TV special the band wanted. The band's problems were only magnified by the results, and they blamed each other, and the people who worked for them, for what showed. The Beatles decided to get rid of the project, and work on other things. Only one single was released from the sessions, with the songs "Get Back" and "Don't Let Me Down". Billy Preston's name appeared underneath the band's, and stories started that Preston might join the Beatles. He never did, but he signed a recording contract with Apple Records, their record label. The other songs stayed "in the can".
The "Get Back" project became another problem that was dividing the Beatles. There was also trouble with Apple Corps, and personal issues between the band members. They had begun to make music apart the year before, and this increased as they stopped getting along as people. McCartney and Lennon both married their girlfriends, and lost control of their publishing company, Northern Songs. George Harrison began to play with musicians outside the Beatles. Ringo Starr started a new career as an actor in movies. The Beatles issued a new single, with the songs "The Ballad of John and Yoko" and "Old Brown Shoe". John and Paul played on the first song, and George and Ringo on the second. They had stopped working as a unit, and George Martin stopped coming to recording sessions, which he had never done before.
"Abbey Road".
During the summer of 1969, the Beatles felt sorry for the way the "Get Back" sessions had gone. They wanted to forget that time, and make another new album of songs, back at Abbey Road Studios. George Martin decided to come back, on the band's promise that they really would work together "like the old days", with Martin taking charge. The band kept their promise. "Abbey Road" was the result, and was issued in the early fall. As the record was being released, the Beatles met to discuss future projects. John Lennon, freshly back from his first non-Beatles concert, playing in Toronto, surprised everyone by announcing that he was quitting the band. He agreed to not make a public announcement, because this would have hurt the band's chance to their recording contract. Lennon instead focused on his and Yoko Ono's new group, the Plastic Ono Band.
"Let it Be".
At the end of the year, Apple told the Beatles that they would have to release some kind of album and program from the "Get Back" sessions. They had spent too much money on the project to just forget about it. Glyn Johns, a young music producer, tried to assemble an album from the session tapes, but he also could not please the Beatles. Anxious fans and insiders worked together and released a album from Johns's mix. Even though it was an album, it sold many copies and received radio airplay. The public wanted to hear the songs, good or bad.
Phil Spector, a legendary producer who predated the Beatles, had always wanted to work with them. Allen Klein brought Spector to England early in 1970 to meet them. John Lennon and George Harrison got along well with Spector, who produced a record of Lennon's song "Instant Karma!" the same day he wrote it. Lennon and Harrison gave their OK for Spector to work on the recordings, and Ringo Starr played along with the musicians Spector hired, to make overdubs. This went against the original plan to present the songs live, but was accepted to "sweeten" – and finish – the recordings.
An eighty-minute program was edited together from the movie footage, and the band decided it would make a better movie than a television show. The Beatles had a contract with United Artists, who agreed to distribute the movie, which was titled "Let it Be". (The "Get Back" title was dropped, since "Get Back" had already appeared as a single almost a year earlier.)
Some of the new songs that appeared in the movie, including "Across the Universe" and "I Me Mine", were not finished on record. A session was scheduled in January 1970 to record full versions of some songs, but John Lennon refused to attend. George Harrison made a joke about this, during a take of "I Me Mine", referring to Lennon as "Dave Dee", another British musician.
Spector applied his "Wall of Sound" style to the Beatles recordings, including an old tape of "Across the Universe", so it could appear on record. His finished album was listenable, and showed none of the troubles that affected the band during the sessions, but it did not sound the same as other Beatles albums. Paul McCartney hated the changes Spector made to his songs on the album, especially "The Long and Winding Road", but he could not stop the album from being issued.
Another problem was the timing of the record's release. Allen Klein had succeeded in remaking the Beatles's recording deal, and McCartney was not bound by the same promise Lennon had been, to not say he was leaving the band. His first solo album, finished early in 1970, included a press release stating that he had no further plans to work with the Beatles. This effectively broke up the band. He also wanted the album released ahead of "Let it Be".
Ringo Starr, who also had a solo record ("Sentimental Journey"), due to appear, was sent to ask McCartney to change his release date. The two argued, and McCartney threw Starr out of his house. The release schedule was changed, so McCartney could have his wish. Starr's album appeared earlier than planned, and "Let it Be" was pushed back from April to May.
Reception.
"Let it Be" was both a hit movie and a hit album, and won a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack. Paul McCartney accepted the award. The news that the Beatles were breaking up was very sad to their fans, however, and the knowledge made watching the movie a experience. Many fans and critics did not like Spector's changes to the Beatles style on record, and said so publicly.
A souvenir book was also issued, but instead of being a real document of the sessions, the book was and heavily edited, and reflected little of what was intended. It never appeared in the United States.
Late in 1970, John Lennon issued a solo album, "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band", which made his feelings plain in its last song, "God": Lennon sang "I don't believe in Beatles." He gave a long interview to "Rolling Stone" magazine, which was later published as a book, "Lennon Remembers". He told his side of the "Let it Be" story, declared "That movie was set up by Paul, for Paul", and said he regretted not announcing that he quit the Beatles first.
When home video came along in the 1970s, "Let it Be" became a popular rental and sales title. Over time, the Beatles asserted their copyright control over the movie, and copies were withdrawn. The movie has been planned as a reissue many times, but has yet to be officially released on DVD.
In 2003, recording engineers went back to the old session tapes, and used to make a new version of the familiar "Let it Be" songs. The new version was close to what the Beatles had wanted to make in the first place, and had none of Spector's post-production work. The album was issued as "Let it Be... Naked", and was praised as a "real"-sounding recording.

= = = Tiger Woods = = =
Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. His achievements, which include winning 70 tournaments on the PGA Tour, including 14 major championships, make him the best golfer of all time.
Early life.
Woods was born in Cypress, California. His parents Kultida (Tida) (born 1944) and Earl Woods (1932–2006). He is the only child of their marriage. He does have two half-brothers, Earl Jr. (born 1955) and Kevin (born 1957) and a half-sister, Royce (born 1958) from the 18-year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife, Barbara Woods Gray. Earl, a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran, was of mostly African-American, as well as Caucasian and possible Native American and Chinese ancestry. Kultida (née Punsawad), originally from Thailand (where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968), is of mixed Dutch, Chinese and Thai ancestry.
He refers to his ethnic make-up as "Cablinasian" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian and Asian).
Personal life.
He is brought up as a Buddhist from childhood.
On February 23, 2021, Woods was involved in a serious car accident in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. He suffered from multiple leg injuries and had surgery for non-life threatening injuries.

= = = House of Commons of Canada = = =
The House of Commons (French: "Chambre des communes") is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. The House of Commons is an elected body, of 338 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MPs). Members are elected for a maximum of four years at a time. Each member is elected by one of the country's federal electoral districts which are usually called "ridings".
The House of Commons was established in 1867, when the British North America Act 1867 created the Dominion of Canada, and was modelled on the British House of Commons. The House of Commons is sometimes called the "lower house", even though it has more power than the "upper house", the Senate. Both Houses is must agree to new laws but the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). The Government of Canada is responsible only to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she has the support of the Lower House. 
The Canadian House of Commons is in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario.
Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada are limited, because provincial legislatures have the sole right to pass laws about some things.
Until 1982 only the Parliament of the United Kingdom had the power to change the British North America Act, this was to protect the rights and powers of the provincial legislatures. This was changed by the Canada Act. In Canada the British North America Act is now called the Constitution Act. 
A lot of the work of the House of Commons is done by committees which can spend more time investigating a subject than the whole House of Commons could
Seat distribution.
The table below shows how many seats each political party has in the Parliament. Many of the MPs were elected in the 2019 election.

= = = Riboflavin = = =
Riboflavin is one of the B vitamins (vitamin B2). The B and C vitamins are the vitamins that dissolve in water. A healthy person's gut can easily take riboflavin from food and pass it on to the blood for the body to use. The body needs the B vitamins to get energy from food. Without riboflavin and the other B vitamins people's bodies cannot use fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Light can break down riboflavin molecules into other molecules that the body cannot use.
If anyone eats too much riboflavin, the gut does not take up enough
to make a person sick, but an injection with too much riboflavin can make one sick. The kidneys take riboflavin out of the blood. They put it in the urine to get it out of the body. If there is much riboflavin in the urine, the urine becomes bright, yellow. Vitamin pills, or a meal with a lot of liver or egg white turns the urine yellow because these foods put so much riboflavin into the blood.
People may get very sick when their food does not have enough riboflavin. Adding extra riboflavin help. Baby foods, breakfast cereals, pasta, sauces, fruit drinks, and foods such as cheese that are made from milk may have extra riboflavin added. This is called fortification. To make Vitamin B2 for vitamin pills or to add to foods, industrial companies grow special yeasts, other fungi, or bacteria that make a lot of riboflavin.
These foods have a lot of riboflavin:

= = = Earl Marshal = = =
The Earl Marshal is a member of the British Royal Household, and is in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions. The Earl Marshal is not a member of the College of Arms, but he must give his permission before the College of Arms can issue a coat of arms. 
The Earl Marshal is always the Duke of Norfolk, and because he is Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is a member of the House of Lords, without being elected by the other hereditary peers.

= = = Crysis (video game) = = =
Crysis is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10. It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.
Story.
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.
Game information.
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, "Crysis 2", was released in March 2011.

= = = Peerage = = =
A peer is a member of the nobility. It is sometimes used instead of 'Lord'. In formal or old British documents, the House of Lords is called the House of Peers.
Ranks.
In the United Kingdom there are five ranks of the peerage:
Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term 'my lord' is used. A Duke is never called a lord. 'Your grace' is used for a Duke.
Since 2004 a list of peers has been kept by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice. This list, called the Roll of Peerage had to be kept to prove who was a peer. The list of members of the House of Lords used to be the same until the hereditary peers were excluded. Official documents can only call someone a peer if their name is on the Peerage Roll.
Precedence.
Sorting out which peer should precede ("come in front of") in a procession or other event depends on three different things:
Exceptions.
The only exceptions are the royal dukes, and the Duke of Abercorn.

= = = Fertility = = =
Fertility is the natural capability to give life. In humans and animals, fertility means that the parent can produce babies.
More precisely, fertility is the capacity of an individual or population to produce viable offspring. By 'viable' is meant 'able to live and reproduce'.
In agriculture, fertility means that a soil can support the growth of plants because it contains the right minerals and nutrients.
Fertility can also be used as a metaphor: having a "fertile imagination" means being able to think of many new and interesting things.
As a measure, fertility rate is the number of children born per couple, or person or population. This is different to fecundity. This is defined as the "potential" for reproduction (influenced by gamete production, fertilisation and carrying a pregnancy to term. In English language, the term was originally applied only to females, but increasingly is applied to males as well, as common understanding of reproductive mechanisms increases and the importance of the male role is better known. Infertility is a deficient fertility.
Human fertility depends on factors of nutrition, sexual behavior, culture, instinct, endocrinology, timing, economics, way of life, and emotions. Animal fertility is no less complex, and may display astounding mechanisms.
Human fertility.
Female Fertility.
In the United States, the average age of menarche (first period) is about 12.5 years. However, in most girls, menarche does not signal that ovulation has occurred. In postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. 
Women's fertility peaks between ages 22–26, and after 35 it starts to sharply decline.
Birth rates have been noted by Henri Leridon, PhD, as an epidemiologist with the French Institute of Health and Medical Research. Of women trying to get pregnant, without using fertility drugs or "in vitro" fertilization:
The use of fertility drugs and/or "in vitro" fertilization can increase the chances of becoming pregnant at a later age.
Male Fertility.
There is evidence that male reproduction abilities are reduced with higher age.
Sperm count is becoming smaller with age, with men aged 50–80 years producing 75% of sperm compared with 20–50 years old males.
If the sperm count is too low, a man could increase it with herbal and chemical supplements.
Even larger change can be seen in the number of seminiferous tubules produced by males at different age stages:
Infertility.
When a person is infertile it means that they are unable to have a child naturally. Infertility is define as the inability to fall pregnant or carry a pregnancy until birth after 12 months or more of unprotected sex. About 10% of people are infertile. This means that 1 in 10 people will not be able to conceive a child naturally. There are many causes of infertility some of them can be treated. As a woman gets older, her fertility declines. After menopause a woman is no longer fertile.

= = = Fin de siècle = = =
Fin de siècle means turn of the century in French. It is widely used for the time around 1900, but also for the closing of an old era, and the start of a new one. 
Fin de siècle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century.
This age was felt to be a period of degeneration, and sometimes simultaneously a time of hope for a new beginning. 
The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including 'pessimism', and a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.
The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.

= = = Postmodernism = = =
Postmodernism is a way of thinking about culture, philosophy, art and many other things. The term has been used in many different ways at different times, but there are some things in common.
Postmodernism says that there is no real truth. It says that knowledge is always made or invented and not discovered. Because knowledge is made by people, a person cannot know something for sure - all ideas and facts are 'believed' instead of 'known'. People believe that they know what the truth is, but they will think that the truth is something different later. This is the opposite of 'objectivity', which says that the truth is always there and people have to discover it.
Since postmodernism says that the truth is just a thing that people invent, people can believe different things and think it is the truth and all be right. Postmodernism says that one person should not try to make another person believe what he believes, because it means nothing to say that one belief is right and the other is wrong. Postmodernism says that if somebody has a belief and tries to make somebody else believe it also, it means that they are just trying to have power over them.
Starting with the 18th century Enlightenment and into the early 20th century, many people believed that science and new knowledge would make the world better. When scientists or philosophers discovered something new, it would always make society a little bit better. They thought that social progress could not be stopped. Modernism especially believed this. But postmodernism says that there is no real social progress. It says that while some things about the world change, people only want to believe that the world is better than it was. It changes but does not get better, because there is no 'better.'
Postmodernism says that since peoples' opinions change, and since one person's opinion cannot be more right than another, it means nothing to say that (for example) one work of art is better than any other. Postmodernism says that art, music, and literature, for example, can be anything that its maker says that it is. Postmodern art and literature commonly talk about themselves and make fun of themselves. They make fun of 'serious' art and even the idea of art. Postmodernism has influenced many cultural fields, including literary criticism, philosophy, sociology, linguistics, architecture, visual arts, and music.
The term postmodernism was first commonly used in 1949 to talk about modern architecture. Many people did not like modern architecture because it had too many box-like shapes and people did not think it was pretty. Some of them started the postmodern architecture movement. Postmodern architecture uses surface ornament, historical reference, and fewer box-like shapes.
Postmodernist ideas can be seen in philosophy, the study of culture and society, literature, architecture, design, as well as in history and law. Postmodernism also led people to think differently about love, marriage, popular culture, and the change in much of the Western world from an industrial to service economy. 
The term "postmodernity" usually means the period of time when postmodern ideas became common (the second half of the 20th century). Some experts think that postmodernism is now over, especially in literature.
Different definitions.
The term "Postmodernism" is often used to refer to different, sometimes contradictory (they cannot both be right) concepts. Common definitions are:
Because the term postmodernism can be used to talk about so many different things and can mean many different things, some people say that it is only a buzzword that means nothing. Dick Hebdige, in his book ‘Hiding in the Light’, writes:
"When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘postmodern’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘scratch’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘intertextual’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘metaphysics of presence’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘predicament’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and/or crisis, the ‘de-centring’ of the subject, an ‘incredulity towards metanarratives’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power/discourse formations, the ‘implosion of meaning’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘media’, ‘consumer’ or ‘multinational’ phase, a sense (depending on who you read) of ‘placelessness’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘critical regionalism’) or (even) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates - when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘Postmodern’ (or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘post’ or ‘very post’) then it’s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword".
British historian Perry Anderson says that postmodernism is an important concept and is important for the study of contemporary (current) culture.
Postmodern intellectuals.
Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida are sometimes said to be the philosophers of Postmodernism even though neither of them used the word Postmodern to describe themselves. (Derrida used the word deconstruction instead).

= = = Eraser = = =
An eraser, or a rubber, is a tool made from rubber that is used to get rid of marks made from a pencil, or some types of pen. Another kind of eraser is made of felt and is used to remove chalk marks from a blackboard. Some may also be automatically be attached to a pencil, or could be bought to be shoved on a top of a pencil. Erasers can be used by rubbing the mistake and it will slowly clear away. All erasers will produce some dust called debris after rubbing and it will usually be black as it cleared away the pencil marks. Some erasers produce a lot of dust while some produce dust that all stick together. There are some good-quality erasers which are very soft and can erase easily, while some are very hard, and a lot of rubbing is needed. The classic pink eraser is made for smaller, lighter errors, whereas a thick, white eraser is made for bigger and/or darker marks.

= = = Sercquiais = = =
Sercquiais, also known as Sarkese or Sark-French (Lé Sèrtchais), is a language which is spoken on the island of Sark. It is a Norman language. Only 400 people can speak it, and a few more can understand it. It is a lot like Jerriais, a language spoken on an island called Jersey.

= = = Jèrriais = = =
Jèrriais is a language that is spoken in Jersey. Some people call it Jersey French. Just over 2000 people speak it. It is a Norman language. 3% of the people in Jersey speak it, and around 15% can understand it.
History.
In the 19th century, almost everyone in Jersey could speak Jèrriais. Then, people stopped learning it, and it nearly became extinct. These days, lots of people are trying to get more people to speak the language. Now, signposts and road signs on Jersey are written in Jèrriais and English.

= = = Auregnais = = =
Auregnais, Aoeur'gnaeux or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the island of Alderney. It became extinct in the mid-20th century. People think it became extinct because people did not bother to speak it nor learn it.

= = = Colwyn Bay = = =
Colwyn Bay (Welsh: Bae Colwyn) is a town, community and seaside resort on the north coast of Wales, in the Conwy County Borough.
The 2011 UK census revealed the community had a population of 34,284.
The town is dominated by the tourist trade, because of its famous beaches. Colwyn Bay is a Fairtrade Town as certified by the Fairtrade Foundation as part of the Fairtrade Towns scheme.
The town had a famous pier which was extremely popular with tourists and visitors. However, Victoria Pier was closed to the public in 2009 after a dispute between Conwy County Borough Council and the pier's owner led to him being declared bankrupt. In January 2017, the lower end of the pier partially collapsed into the sea and Conwy Council announced plans to dismantle and store the pier, with a view of restoring it in the future. The pier was demolished in May 2018. 

= = = Maple syrup urine disease = = =
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic medical disorder. It causes a problem with how the human body deals with amino acids. It is also called branched chain ketoaciduria. Maple syrup urine disease affects about 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide.
The most noticeable symptom of the disorder is an infant with sweet-smelling urine. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth. If the disease is not treated, the person will suffer severe brain damage and eventually die. MSUD is much more common in children of Amish and Mennonite descent.
From a very early age, the condition can be recognised by poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy, seizures, and mental health issues. The urine of infants with this disease has a very sweet odor, much like burned caramel or maple syrup. This is what gives the condition its name.

= = = Anglesey = = =
Anglesey () is an island and county in Wales. There is a village there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.
Culture and people.
Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.
Places and sights.
Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.
The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

= = = Plateosaurus = = =
Plateosaurus is a prosauropod dinosaur genus. They lived during the Upper Triassic period, around 214 to 294 million years ago in what is now Europe.
They were very common in their day. Over 100 skeletons have been found, some of them nearly complete. Many fossils have come from Swabia, Germany.
"Plateosaurus" was the first long-necked plant eater in the Triassic. An adult "Plateosaurus" could weigh up to and grow long. They had plump plant-crushing teeth, powerful hind limbs, short but muscular arms and grasping hands with large claws on three fingers. They probably used their sharp thumb claws to defend themselves against predators.
The explanation of the large number of skeletons is that the areas were probably mud-traps.

= = = Cotton Mather = = =
Cotton Mather (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a politically important Puritan minister and writer. He lived in North America before the creation of the United States in the area that is now known as Boston, Massachusetts. Cotton Mather was the son of minister Increase Mather. He is most well known for his connection to the Salem witch trials.

= = = Linda McCartney = = =
Linda Louise McCartney, Lady McCartney (née Eastman; September 24, 1941 – April 17, 1998) was the first wife of musician Paul McCartney. She was the mother of artists Heather McCartney and Mary McCartney, fashion designer Stella McCartney, and musician James McCartney. Her father was attorney Lee Eastman, whose law partner was his son (Linda's brother) John Eastman. Her mother was Louise Linder, who was an heiress to a department store fortune.
Early life.
Linda grew up in Scarsdale, New York, and attended Sarah Lawrence College. She enjoyed music, and sang girl group songs with friends. When The Beatles became famous in America, she attended one of their concerts. She never considered a musical career.
Linda married got married to a geologist, John See, and they had a daughter, named Heather. See wanted to move to Africa to work, and take his wife and daughter. Linda did not want to go, and they were divorced. She became a photographer, and took pictures for magazines and the press.
Before long, she began to photograph rock bands and singers. She became well known for this. The Rolling Stones once made her the exclusive photographer for one of their public appearances. In time, she visited England, to photograph the pop stars there.
The Beatles.
Linda had been attracted most of all to John Lennon of the Beatles when she first saw them. In person, though, she was charmed more by another Beatle, Paul McCartney, when they met. McCartney was engaged to actress Jane Asher, but she wanted to wait to have children, and McCartney did not. Their engagement ended. McCartney loved to spend time with Linda's daughter Heather, and the three of them seemed to make a family. Linda and Heather moved into McCartney's home during 1968.
Late, in 1968, Linda became pregnant. She and McCartney were married, and had a baby (named Mary after McCartney's own mother) the next year. During this same time, the Beatles were growing apart. They had business problems, and no longer had the same kinds of plans or hopes. Linda hoped her father and brother, whose clients were mostly entertainment personalities, could help solve the business problems. The fact that they were her family (and now McCartney's, by marriage) did not put the other Beatles at ease. They chose Allen Klein to represent them instead. Klein and the Eastmans did not get along, and this caused further problems. The Beatles began to break up late in 1969.
Besides the band's problems, Paul McCartney and John Lennon had grown apart personally. Lennon divorced his first wife Cynthia in 1968, and started a relationship with Japanese artist Yoko Ono. They were also married in 1969. Lennon and Ono spent as much time as possible together, and McCartney often felt out of place. McCartney and Linda also spent a lot of time together, but separated to work on their own projects. Linda and Yoko did not get along well, but each supported their men, and encouraged them to believe in themselves. Later, some fans blamed one or both women for breaking up the Beatles, but their role was not crucial to that. It was one of many factors that drove the band apart.
After the Beatles.
Paul McCartney suffered from depression for a time, when the Beatles ended. It had been his longtime band, made up of good friends, and he had lost both. He turned to his family for comfort. Linda and their children were always there. McCartney and Lennon argued in the media, and Linda also took verbal jabs at Lennon and Yoko Ono. Surprisingly, when they met in person, everyone usually acted in a completely different way, and were kind to each other.
Linda began to sing with her husband, and to help him to write new songs. He wanted her to do this, and liked her input. He also wanted to perform again for small audiences, as the Beatles had done in their early days. He taught Linda to play piano, so she could share in the experience. Linda did not become a virtuoso musician or singer, but she added to the sound of McCartney's new band, which he called Wings. The couple enjoyed performing together, as part of a band.
Adding other musicians, Wings began to play small shows, sometimes turning up at a school or club in the morning and asking to play, for no charge. As they played more, they began to give regular concerts, and to go on tours. The McCartneys would bring their children along during their school vacations. The McCartney children did not realise their parents were celebrities, and the family atmosphere between all of them was strong.
Although now a musician, Linda continued her photography, and published books of her works. She and McCartney also became vegetarians, out of their love of animals. Linda became an advocate for animal rights and related causes. She learned and made recipes for vegetarian meals, and began to write cookbooks.
After Wings ended, Linda still recorded and performed with her husband, but she was now recognized as an activist for social causes, and for charity work. She launched a line of vegetarian frozen dinners. They became popular, and in time made Linda wealthy on her own. Paul McCartney was knighted in 1997, and Linda was named Lady McCartney.
In 1995, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, which McCartney's mother died of in 1956. Medicine had advanced since that time, but Linda died of breast cancer in 1998, at the Arizona ranch she owned with her husband. A memorial service was held in London, England, and former Beatles George Harrison and Ringo Starr attended, marking the last time they and Paul McCartney appeared and performed together in public.

= = = Fethiye = = =
Fethiye is a city and district in the Mugla Province in Turkey. It is on the "Turquoise Coast". 59,425 people live there. There is a big harbor in the town and a marina. There are no beaches in Fethiye town, but there are many nice beaches around Oludeniz, a nearby town. There is a number of different places to stay including hotels.
The ancient name for the town was Telmessos. There are a number of historic sites including rock tombs. These were dug into cliffs by the Lycians. The tomb of Amnytas was built in the 4th century BC. Next to the harbor is a castle built by the Knights of Rhodes. In nearby villages there are also many historic sites including a temple to Apollo at Letoon, which is a World Heritage Site.

= = = N-Dubz = = =
N-Dubz are a British hip hop and R&B group based in Camden Town, London. They released four albums, including a greatest hits album. They were signed to All Around the World records. They were featured on Tinchy Stryder's number one single, "Number 1".
Early years.
All of the members of N-Dubz attended school at St Johns Wood Secondary in Camden Town. They came together as a group managed by Costadinos "Dino" Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on 12 April 2007. They described him as the "inspiration behind the band". The band is made up of Dino, known as Dappy and Tula, known as Tulisa, who are cousins and their best friend Richard, known better as Fazer. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to be noticed as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day". Both became hits on English pirate radio stations. Their last independent release, "Better Not Waste My Time", was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again. They have received 3 MOBO awards, for Best Newcomer, Best Act, and Best Album. They won the Digital Award at 02 Silver Clef Awards in 2008.
Members.
Tulisa.
Tulisa is the singer and mostly sings the choruses and second verses as well as ad-libbing, saying 'uh-oh, uh-oh' at the beginning of many N-Dubz tracks. She also sometimes sings the first verse on the group's songs. Her real name is Tula Paulina Contostavlos.
Fazer.
Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group. He raps as well but his main role is to produce in-studio beats and produce the tracks. His real name is Rayan Rawson and he is of Jamaican and English heritage. He has a daughter.
Dappy.
Dappy is of Greek ancestry and is most famous for what has been dubbed the "Dappy Hat", he is the lead rapper. His real name is Costadinos Contostavlos. He always opens his songs with the words "Na na naii". He has two sons.

= = = Subclass = = =
Subclass could mean:

= = = 66 = = =
66 is a common year in the 1st century.

= = = 70 = = =
70 is a year in the 1st century.

= = = 674 = = =
674 was a common year.

= = = Pachycephalosaurus = = =
Pachycephalosaurus was a genus of dinosaur which lived during the last five million years of the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now North America. 
This member of the Pachycephalosaurid family is known from a single skull and a few thick skull roofs. From this it is estimated that its length was about 4.5 to 5 metres long (about 15 feet). 
"Pachycephalosaurus" was a herbivore. It lived on a mixed diet of leaves, seeds, and fruit. The sharp, serrated teeth would have been very effective for shredding plants.

= = = Utopia = = =
Utopia is a name for an imaginary community or society with a perfect system of laws and politics. 
Sir Thomas More invented the word for his 1516 book "Utopia". The book was about a fictional island in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The word has been used to describe both a perfect society, and societies in literature. A related idea is dystopia, the opposite of a dystopia.
There have been many utopias based on politics, economics, religion, ecology. Some of these have been propagated in books and pamphlets, some as actual communities. In practice, attempts to create utopias seem doomed, as good intentions run against problems. Most of the literary utopias are actually satires of existing societies. There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (they did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.
Utopia is Greek for "no place"; related words include eutopia, meaning "good place" in Greek, paradise, Shangra La and Xanadu.
Religious utopias.
The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias.

= = = Jeff Hardy = = =
Jeffrey Nero Hardy (born August 31, 1977) is an American professional wrestler, painter and musician. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He is also known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. He is a six-time world champion, the ninth Grand Slam champion in WWE and a 21-time tag team champion with his older brother Matt Hardy.
Career.
Hardy says that Sting, The Ultimate Warrior, and Shawn Michaels were the reasons why he wanted to get into wrestling as a child. Jeff was on WWE (then known as the World Wrestling Federation, WWF) television as early as age 16. His first WWF match was against The 1-2-3 Kid and came on May 25, 1994 in Erie, Pennsylvania. Early on, Jeff, along with his brother Matt and friends, started their own wrestling organization, the TWF (Trampoline Wrestling Federation). In it they would perform many of the moves they saw on TV. The federation eventually became a part of a county fair in North Carolina, U.S.. Jeff, Matt, and friends then began to work for other independent wrestling companies. They drove all over the East Coast of the United States, working for many small companies.
World Wrestling Federation/WWE.
The Hardy Boyz (1998-2002).
The Hardy brothers eventually caught the eyes of the World Wrestling Federation. Jeff was only 16 at the time. After being signed to a contract in 1998, they were trained by Dory Funk, Jr. in his Funkin' Dojo. They were trained with other notable wrestlers such as Kurt Angle, Christian, Test, and Matt Bloom. When the team was finally brought up to WWF TV, they formed the tag team called The Hardy Boyz. During this time, they were managed by Michael Hayes. In 1999, they fought mainly with Edge and Christian.
The team of Matt and Jeff won the WWF/E Tag Team Championship six times. Because of this, they would be known as one of the most successful tag teams in WWF/E history. In 2000, Matt and Jeff found a new manager in their real-life friend Lita. Together, the three became known as "Team Extreme".
Jeff was well known for his high risk stunts in many of the Hardy Boys' matches. He made a name for himself because of the risks he took during this time. In 2001, Jeff would also hold the WWF Intercontinental, Light Heavyweight and Hardcore Championships.
Singles competition (2002-2003).
After years in the tag team division, Jeff fought The Undertaker in a Ladder match for the Championship. Jeff did not win, but earned the Undertaker's respect. He competed for singles titles several times, but did not win.
Jeff was released from WWE on April 22, 2003. The reasons given for the release were Jeff's strange behavior, drug use, and not showing up for matches. Hardy also said "burn out" and the need for time off were reasons for leaving WWE.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2004-2006).
He started wrestling in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on June 23, 2004 at the TNA pay-per-view, the "Second Anniversary Show". He was in a match against A.J. Styles for the X - Division title. The match ended in a no-contest when Kid Kash and Dallas interfered. Hardy returned to TNA on July 21 and was given a chance to fight for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Hardy challenged for the title on September 8 but lost to NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarrett.
Return to WWE (2006-2009).
On August 4 2006, WWE announced that Hardy was working with the company again. He returned on the August 21 episode of "RAW". On the day of his return, Hardy defeated Edge by disqualification when Lita pulled Edge out of the ring. After failing to win the Intercontinental Championship from Johnny Nitro over the next few weeks, Hardy finally defeated Nitro to win his second Intercontinental Championship on the October 2 edition of "RAW". On the November 6 episode of "RAW", Hardy lost the Intercontinental Championship back to Nitro, but won it again on the November 13 edition of "RAW". This started Hardy's third reign as Intercontinental Champion.
On the November 21 episode of "ECW" Jeff teamed with his brother Matt for the first time in almost five years to defeat the Full Blooded Italians.
Still feuding with Nitro in 2007, he was challenged once again at New Year's Revolution 2007 for the Intercontinental Championship. Hardy once again defeated Nitro. He later lost the title to Umaga. On the September 3 edition of "RAW", Jeff successfully captured his 4th WWE Intercontinental Championship by defeating Umaga for the title. At Armageddon 2007, Hardy beat Triple H to get a WWE Championship match at the Royal Rumble. This match was seen to many as the most important match of Hardy's career, as his win against Triple H moved Hardy into the top level of the roster and the race for the WWE Championship. However, he lost to Randy Orton at the Royal Rumble. At No Way Out on February 17, Jeff Hardy came second in the Elimination Chamber match, being beaten by Triple H. He was going to WrestleMania XXIV to fight in the Money in the Bank ladder match. Jeff lost the Intercontinental Championship to Chris Jericho on the March 10 edition of "RAW". The next day, it was confirmed that he had been put on 60-day suspension, as he failed his second drug test. This meant that he did not compete at WrestleMania.
Hardy returned in the May 12, 2008 edition of "RAW", when General Manager William Regal told him he was to pay for his "sins" by fighting Umaga. He won with a "Whisper in the Wind""." On December 14, 2008 at Armageddon, he won the WWE Championship, his first world championship. During the next month, he had several accidents, including a car accident and a pyrotechnics accident. Hardy's brother, Matt was revealed as the person behind the accidents, and interfered in his match at the Royal Rumble, causing Hardy to lose the WWE Championship to Edge. Matt defeated Hardy in an Extreme Rules match at WrestleMania XXV, but Hardy defeated Matt in an "I Quit" match at Backlash. At WWE Extreme Rules, Hardy defeated Edge in a ladder match to win the World Heavyweight Championship, but lost the championship immediately afterwards to CM Punk, who cashed in his Money in the Bank briefcase. He then was in a two-month feud with CM Punk. Ultimately, he lost when he entered a Loser Leaves Town Match in a steel cage.
Return to TNA (2010-2017).
Hardy returned to TNA on January 4, 2010. On March 8, he saved Hulk Hogan and D'Angelo Dinero. He returned when he defeated the TNA World Heavyweight Champion AJ Styles in a non-title match. On April 4th, he was revealed as part of Hulk Hogan's team for Lockdown. At the event Team Hogan (Hardy, Abyss, Jeff Jarrett and Rob Van Dam) defeated Team Flair (Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm). On October 10, 2010, Hardy won the vacant TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Bound For Glory and became part of Hogan and Eric Bischoff's stable Immortal. This started Hardy's first long run as a heel. He held the title for 91 days, losing it to Mr. Anderson on January 9, 2011, before winning it back in a ladder match at Against All Odds on February 13, 2011. On February 24, he lost the title to Sting.
At No Surrender on September 9, 2012, he won the Bound for Glory Series for a right to a title match at Bound for Glory. There he defeated Austin Aries on October 14, 2012 and won the title for the third time. At Lockdown on March 10, 2013, he lost the title to Bully Ray. 
On March 9, 2014 at Lockdown, Hardy made his return under the ring name Willow. On July 24, Kurt Angle announced the return of Jeff Hardy with his old ring name. After his brother Matt returned to TNA, they formed a tag team again. On the April 17, 2015 edition of Impact, taped on March 14, The Hardys won an Ultimate X match for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship against Austin Aries and Bobby Roode, Bram and Ethan Carter III, and the Beatdown Clan (Kenny King and Low Ki). On May 8, 2015, the Hardys had to give up the TNA World Tag Team Championship because Jeff was injured and it was impossible for the Hardys to defend the titles. After his brother became a heel in 2016, they started a feud with each other. The feud ended on July 5, 2016, when Jeff lost to his brother, forcing Jeff to remove the Hardy name. For a while he performed under the ring name Brother Nero and had to serve as an assistant to Matt Hardy. The brothers then feuded against Decay (Abyss and Crazzy Steve) for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. At Bound for Glory, the Hardys defeated Decay in what was called "The Great War" to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship for a second time. On February 27, the Hardys announced they would leave TNA and the TNA World Tag Team Championships were vacated.
Second return to WWE (2017–2021).
On April 2, 2017, Jeff and his brother Matt made their surprise return to the WWE at WrestleMania 33. In a Fatal Four Way Tag Team Ladder Match against reigning champions Karl Anderson & Luke Gallows, The Bar (Cesaro & Sheamus) and Big Cass & Enzo Amore, the Hardy Boyz won the Raw Tag Team Championship. They lost the titles to The Bar at Extreme Rules on June 4, 2017 after a 63-day reign. On April 16, 2018, Hardy won the WWE United States Championship from Jinder Mahal on Raw. As part of the 2018 Superstar Shake-Up, Hardy and his championship moved from Raw to SmackDown. After 90 days, Hardy lost his United States title to Shinsuke Nakamura on July 15, 2018. On April 9, 2019, Hardy and his brother Matt won their ninth championship together in WWE: They beat The Usos for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship on the first edition of SmackDown after the major event WrestleMania 35. However, their reign ended after just 21 days as they gave up the titles because of an injury to Jeff. 
On March 13, 2020, almost after a year of his injury, Hardy made his comeback to SmackDown. On August 21, 2020, he won his fifth Intercontinental Championship. For this he defeated AJ Styles. The reign lasted 37 days and Hardy lost the title to Sami Zayn on September 27, 2020. On October 12, 2020, he moved to Raw in the WWE draft. On September 20, 2021, he won a match against Sheamus. This got him a chance at the United States Championship. On September 26, 2021, he fought in a triple threat match for the title at Extreme Rules, but reigning champion Damian Priest won the match. On October 1, 2021, he was drafted back to SmackDown in the WWE Draft. He was released by WWE on December 9, 2021. 
All Elite Wrestling (2022-present).
Jeff Hardy debuted for AEW on the March 9, 2022 edition of Dynamite in Fort Myers, Florida. He saved his brother Matt from an attack by Andrade El Idolo, Private Party (Isiah Kassidy and Marq Quen), and The Butcher and The Blade.

= = = Durban = = =
Durban (Zulu: "eThekwini"; IPA: ) has the third largest population of a city in South Africa. It is in the province KwaZulu-Natal.
History.
It is thought that the first known inhabitants of the Durban area arrived from the north around 100,000 BC, according to carbon dating of rock art found in caves in the Drakensberg. These people lived in the central plains of KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of Bantu people from the north during the last millennium.
Sister cities.
Durban's sister cities are:

= = = Bantu peoples = = =
Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, that have a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.

= = = Knight Bachelor = = =
In the United Kingdom, a Knight Bachelor is a man who is a knight, (has the title "Sir") but who is neither a:
In the 1920s, the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.
The title is not hereditary, so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.
Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc., or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.
The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul". They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney". The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").

= = = Digital = = =
A digital system is a something that represents information by using digits. Each digit represents a small amount of information because each digit comes from a small set of choices. A digit can be decimal (one of the ten choices from "0" through "9"), as in the display of a digital clock. A digit can be binary (either "0" or "1"). A binary digit is called a "bit". Digital computers and digital communication like the internet usually use binary. The meaning of each "bit" depends on the place where it is used. For example, a "bit" can represent 'Yes' or 'No', or it can represent 'True' or 'False'. A large amount of information, like a picture, can be represented by using a list of many "bits". 
A digital system is different than an analogue (US- analog) system, which represents information in a continuous way. 
The word "digital" is most commonly used in computing and electronics.

= = = Hans Christian Ørsted = = =
Hans Christian Oersted (14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for discovering a relationship between electricity and magnetism, a field now known as electromagnetism."Oersted" discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted (Oe) are named after him. He also discovered that aluminium was an element.
"Oersted" was also a writer and poet. His poetry series "Luftskibet" ("Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of his physicist friend, Étienne-Gaspard Robert.

= = = Ammeter = = =
An ammeter is a measuring tool used to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit. The electric current is measured in amperes; for this reason, some people call the ammeters as "ampmeters", by mistake. It can measure 'resistance' of a current, speed of a current and force of a current (the units used are ohms, amperes, and volts) Ammeters are connected in series in a circuit with two connections.

= = = Voltage divider = = =
In electronics, a voltage divider is an electrical circuit which creates an output voltage which is proportional to an input voltage. Voltage dividers are also known as resistor divider and potential divider. It can be made of two resistors or it can be one potentiometer (variable resistor). The output voltage is depends on component values, or on the setting of the potentiometer. When an electrical load gets power from the divider's center point, the voltage may change.

= = = English Heritage = = =
English Heritage is an organisation of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport). It manages many monuments of the historic environment of England. It was set up under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983. Before the Department of the Environment had had these functions. 
English Heritage takes care of many important historical and archaeological sites, from Stonehenge to the world's first iron bridge. But it has responsibilities in conservation, giving advice, registering and protecting the historic environment as well. It also maintains a public archive, the National Monuments Record (NMR).

= = = Filioque clause = = =
The Filioque clause is a part of the Nicene Creed that not all Christians agree about. "Filioque" is Latin. In the context of the Nicene Creed it means "and from the Son". The main parties involved are the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects this change, the Catholic Church, as well as most Protestant and the Anglican Church accept it.
The Latin text is given below, the change is highlighted. This was added in the Catholic version.
This is usually translated into English as:
Many Eastern Catholic Churches have the same version as the Eastern Orthodox Churches. They do however believe what the added words say.

= = = Krokus = = =
Krokus is a hard rock band from Switzerland.

= = = Historic Scotland = = =
Historic Scotland was an agency of the Scottish Executive responsible for historic monuments in Scotland. It was closed in 2015 and its job was given to Historic Environment Scotland.
Its website stated: 
It has direct responsibility for maintaining and running over 200 monuments.
As an arm of government, Historic Scotland had similar functions to its counterparts in other parts of the United Kingdom:

= = = Loudness (band) = = =
Loudness is a heavy metal band from Japan. The band was founded in 1981 by singer Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi. Loudness was the first Japanese heavy metal band to be signed to a recording contract in the United States.

= = = Gulf of Oman = = =
The Gulf of Oman is an arm of the Arabian Sea that borders Iran and south-western Pakistan to the north and Oman and the United Arab Emirates to the south. The Gulf of Oman used to be called "The Sea of Oman" on old maps.

= = = Gulag = = =
The Gulag was a vast network of "slave labor" camps run by the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. Ever since the Soviet Union was founded in 1917, it imprisoned people who spoke out against it or were otherwise dangerous. Imperial Russia in previous decades had a similar system of prison camps. But the Soviet Union camp system grew to be one of the largest prison systems in existence. The Soviet camp-system was set up under Vladimir Lenin.
It reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. 
The Gulag was run at first by the GPU (State Political Directorate), later by the NKVD and in the last years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s. According to Nicolas Werth, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) and dropped in the post-war years to about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s.
Soviet leaders believed it was right to put these people to work and make their labor and goods part of the national economy. In fact, two out of every hundred workers in the Soviet Union were gulag prisoners. By 1936, there were 5,000,000 prisoners in the gulags.
Location.
Even though the Gulag is often associated with Siberia, labor camps were built across the Soviet Union. Siberian camps greatly simplified the problem of keeping prisoners from running away, though it was harder to feed these camps and move goods in and out because the camps were so far away.
Decline and legacy.
The Gulag system declined during the 1950s after the death of Joseph Stalin, and many people were released starting in 1954. The Gulag program was ended with a government decree in 1960.
According to the Gulag administration, 10 million people were sent to the gulags between 1934 and 1947. However, Western scholars estimate that between 1918 and 1956, 15 to 30 million died in the gulags. 
Former prisoner and Nobel Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote two books about the Gulag: "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich " and "The Gulag Archipelago".
When Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began a "De-Stalinization" process. He made a secret speech, in which he denounced Stalin as having committed many murders of innocent people in Gulags and elsewhere, including Katyn massacre and slaughter of Poles in Ukraine & Belarus in 1937 and 1938. 

= = = Multimeter = = =
A multimeter or a multitester is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit. It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters are sometimes called DMM too.
Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage. For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance, transistors Hfe and temperature.
The multimeter can make many tests, so it is often called "multitester". When measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms. For volts it would be a Voltmeter. Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like Volt/ohm meter or VOM. Most meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.
How it can be measured.
The multimeter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery. It can also be used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit. The Voltmeter is placed in parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. It can also be used to measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Amperage".

= = = Hyattsville, Maryland = = =
Hyattsville is a town in Maryland in the USA. It is about 2 miles from Washington, DC.

= = = Invitee = = =
In tort law, an invitee is a member of the public who has been invited to do business with the owner of a property. For example, if someone owns a store and invites someone else to come into the store to buy something, the person who is invited is an "invitee".
In some places (or jurisdictions), tort law asks whether a person is an invitee when it decides what duty the owner of land has to keep that person safe from harm.

= = = Luciano Pavarotti = = =
Luciano Pavarotti (October 12, 1935 – September 6, 2007) was an Italian tenor and one of the most popular contemporary vocal performers in the world. He not only sang in opera but also in other kinds of music. Known for his televised concerts, media appearances, and as one of the "Three Tenors" (the other two were Plácido Domingo and José Carreras). Pavarotti became enormously popular after a performance of the aria "Nessun Dorma" from Puccini’s opera " Turandot " for the opening ceremony of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. 
Pavarotti was also well known for his award-winning charity work for raising money on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross.
Early life.
Luciano Pavarotti was born in Modena in north-central Italy. His father was a baker who also liked to sing, his mother worked in a cigar factory. The family did not have much money. During World War II they lived in the countryside on a farm. 
Pavarotti started to listen to his father’s recordings of famous tenors of the day such as Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa and Enrico Caruso. At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He was a normal boy who liked playing football and even thought of being a professional soccer goalkeeper, but his mother said he should be a teacher. His father said he would continue to support him, but once he was 30 years old he would have to earn money to support himself.
Pavarotti began singing lessons seriously in 1954 at the age of 19. He met a singer called Adua Veroni. He married her in 1961. Pavarotti had to earn money, so he became a teacher, and then an insurance salesman. For several years he just gave a few recitals without being paid for them. Then he had problems with his throat and stopped singing for a short time, and, surprisingly, this helped his voice to become really good.
Career.
Pavarotti made his opera début in the role of Rodolfo in "La bohème" by Puccini on April 29, 1961 in the town of Reggio Emilia. Soon he was singing in: the Vienna State Opera. He sang in the United States with Joan Sutherland. In 1965 he sang at La Scala, probably the most famous of all opera houses. He was singing in the famous Franco Zeffirelli production of "La Bohème", with Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting. . His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's "La fille du régiment" took place at Covent Garden on June 2 of that year. It was his performances of this role that made people call him the "King of the High Cs" (The note C above Middle C is a very high note for a tenor to sing). 
Pavarotti learned many more operatic roles and sang all over the world. In 1972, he sang in a production of "La fille du régiment" by Donizetti at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. The audience were amazed when he sang nine high Cs. They applauded so much that he had 17 curtain calls. He sang the role of Rodolfo in ("La bohème") in the first "Live From The Met" telecast in March of 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera. He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances. 
In 1976 Pavarotti sang at the Salzburg Festival appearing in a solo recital. He returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in "Der Rosenkavalier", in 1983 with "Idomeneo", and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals.
In 1977 there was a cover story in Time Magazine about him . That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera where he had not been for 14 years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting Pavarotti sang Manrico in "Il trovatore". In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on "Live from Lincoln Center".
He made his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri in 1973 as part of the college’s Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman-Jewell Series. Perspiring due to nerves and a cold, he kept a handkerchief in his hand all the way through the concert. The handkerchief was often associated with him after that during his solo performances.
1980s–1990s.
At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up "The Pavarotti International Voice Competition" for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of "La bohème" and "L'elisir d'amore". The competition gave young people a chance to start their singing careers. It was repeated in 1982. They even travelled to China.
In 1992 Pavarotti sang in La Scala in a new Zeffirelli production of "Don Carlo" conducted by Riccardo Muti. Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticized by some observers and booed by some of the audience. The singer never returned to La Scala again after that.
Pavarotti became even more well-known throughout the world in 1990 when his sang Giacomo Puccini's aria, "Nessun Dorma" from "Turandot" which was used as the theme song for the BBC TV coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria made him a kind of pop star and it remained his trademark song. This was followed by the hugely successful Three Tenors concert held on the eve of the World Cup final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta, which became the biggest selling classical record of all time. The high point of the concert happened when Pavarotti sang a famous part of di Capua's "'O Sole Mio". Domingo and Carreras copied him and the audience enjoyed it very much. This was one of the most remembered moments in opera of our time. Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many big outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park which drew a record audience of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for a crowd of about 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, Three Tenors concerts were held during the Football World Cups; in Los Angeles in 1994, in Paris in 1998, and in Yokohama in 2002. 
Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He got a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" because he often cancelled performances, and this made him unpopular with some opera houses.
In 1998, Pavarotti was given a very special award: the Grammy Legend Award.
2000s.
In 2002, Pavarotti split with the Herbert Breslin, the man who had been his manager for 36 years. On 13 December 2003 he married his former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani, with whom he already had a daughter. A second child did not survive, due to complications at the time of birth. He started his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after over 40 years on the stage.
Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera on March 13, 2004 for which he received a 12-minute standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's "Tosca".
Death.
In March 2005, Pavarotti had an operation to his neck. His health began to suffer. He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. He later died of the disease on 6 September 2007 at his home in Modena.

= = = Negligence = = =
In law, negligence is a kind of legal claim that people and organizations can bring if they are hurt. It is a kind of tort. The law calls someone negligent if he hurts someone else, or someone else's property, because he was not careful enough. In a legal case about negligence, the person who brings the lawsuit is called the plaintiff and the person who is being sued is called the defendant.
Negligence case.
The law about negligence is different in many places (or jurisdictions), but for the plaintiff to win, he or she usually has to prove at least four things:
Duty.
The defendant's "duty" is what the law says that he or she has to do. Usually, the law says that people have to be "reasonable". That means they have to be careful, use good judgment, and not be unfair to other people. In some cases, the law tells people that they have special duties. In other cases, the law says that people have no duties at all. For example, in most places that use the common law, a person has no legal duty to rescue another person from harm, even if the rescue is very easy and does not cost anything or put anyone else in danger.
Breach.
When people do not follow their duty, the law says that they "breach" their duty.
Harm.
A plaintiff can usually bring a lawsuit only if he or she has been hurt, or has some other legal harm. The law tells people what kinds of injuries people can sue about.
Cause.
A plaintiff can usually sue a defendant only if that defendant was the one who hurt the plaintiff. In many cases, it is easy to figure out who hurt someone. But sometimes people get hurt in ways that nobody expects. For example, a defendant might be driving while drunk, and he might hit an electric pole. The electric pole could fall down and cause a neighborhood to lose electric power. As a result, a person two miles away might trip and fall in the dark. The law will decide whether the drunk driver "caused" the person to trip and fall.
Outside the law.
The word "negligence" is sometimes used outside the law in a similar way. It means that someone has not been careful enough.

= = = Cytokinesis = = =
"Cytokinesis" is the division of cells after either mitosis or meiosis I and II.
During cytokinesis, the "cytoplasm" (the liquid center of the cell that holds the "organelles" into place) splits into two equal halves, and the cell becomes two daughter cells. This occurs right after the beginning of anaphase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II).
Cell division continues during telophase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II) until the cell has completely divided. mitosis and meiosis II starts again after cytokinesis. A new and complete nucleus has been formed in each of the two cells.
Cytokinesis in plants.
In plants cytokinesis is slightly different. As plant cells cannot move apart because of their cell wall, a cell plate begins to form during late anaphase and throughout telophase. 
When the cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between the two new cells, the plate then becomes less flimsy and soon becomes another cell wall separating the daughter cells. Cytokinesis splits the cell wall, unlike animal cells, where it splits the cytoplasm. The cell wall grows later as the two new cells expand. 

= = = Femininity = = =
Femininity is a set of traits, behaviors, and roles associated with females. Femininity is made up of both social and biological factors. This makes it different from the female sex, as women, men, and transgender people can all exhibit feminine traits.
The colour pink is associated with femininity in western culture.
Femininity is also present through certain natural instincts and traits like the widening of the hips in females to support the baby in the womb during pregnancy. Reproduction, development of breasts, and higher-pitched voice are examples of feminine biology in human beings.

= = = Masculinity = = =
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. There is evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural and biological factors. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as both males and females can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.

= = = Battery (tort) = = =
Battery is the crime or tort of intentionally touching someone else without permission (literally, the act of "battering" somebody). So, to start a fight would be to commit battery. In some states, the crime of battery is referred to as assault, or it may be referred to as "assault and battery."

= = = Assault = = =
An assault is when a person attacks another. In law, it is considered a crime or tort. In common law, it is when somebody threatens or tries to physically hurt someone else. In order to be considered "assault", the act must involve the ability to cause the harm. It does not necessarily have to involve touching the other person; that is called "battery". In criminal law, an assault can be an attempted but unsuccessful battery. In some states or legal codes, the words "assault" and "battery" may mean the same thing.
There are several different kinds of assault. Each legal system has their own definitions.
A stronger form of assault is "aggravated assault". This usually involves using a weapon that could easily be used to kill someone.

= = = Megaloblastic anemia = = =
Megaloblastic anemia is a kind of anemia. It can be caused by not having enough vitamins, especially Vitamin B12 or folic acid.

= = = Legal code = = =
A legal code is a "written" system of laws. To "codify" the law is to write it down in a systematic manner.
Legal codes are typically written by legislatures.

= = = Code (disambiguation) = = =
Code can mean:

= = = Peer = = =
Peer may refer to:

= = = Plácido Domingo = = =
Plácido Domingo KBE (born 21 January 1941) is an Spanish operatic tenor and conductor. He is often regarded as one of the leading tenors of his generation. 
Life and career.
Born José Plácido Domingo Embil in Madrid, Spain, the son of singers who later moved to Mexico, where he made his vocal study. He began his career as a baritone singing in operettas but quickly retrained as a tenor. He made his official operatic debut in Mexico City in 1961, as Alfredo in "La traviata". 
He sang in Tel Aviv from 1962 to 1965 in a wide variety of roles often in Hebrew. He made his American debut at the New York City Opera in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1968. This was followed by La Scala in Milan (1969), the Royal Opera House in London (1971), the Paris Opéra (1973), and most of the great opera houses of the world. 
Although mostly associated with the Italian and French repertoire, he has in recent years sung several Wagner roles, and turned to conducting. He is the General Director of the Washington National Opera and the Los Angeles Opera. 
He was one of "The Three Tenors", alongside Luciano Pavarotti and José Carreras, and got 1.5 million dollars each time they sang.
In August 2019, Domingo was accused by nine women of sexual harassment.
In March 2020, Dominago was diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized in Mexico.

= = = José Carreras = = =
Josep Carreras i Coll (born 5 December 1946 in Barcelona, Spain), better known as José Carreras, is a tenor opera singer.
He was born in Sants, which is in neighborhood of Barcelona, Catalonia. His family moved to Argentina when he was very young. He started singing at the age of 6, and his first public performance happened when he was 8 years old.
Many years later, when he was in Paris, it turned out that he has leukemia. The long-term medications where successful and he survived from the disease. He established José Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation in Barcelona on July 14, 1988.
Carreras has received many awards both because of his musical and humanitarian work.

= = = Leukemia = = =
Leukemia or leukaemia is a cancer of white blood cells and bone marrow. When a person has leukemia, the body creates too many white blood cells ("leukocytes").
There are many kinds of leukemia. Leukemia is part of a bigger group of diseases, the blood cancers (hematological neoplasms). Without treatment, leukemia may lead to death within weeks, months, or years. The life of the person depends upon the type of leukemia.
In 2000, about 256,000 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it. About 90% of all leukemias are seen in adults.
Four major types of leukemia.
Leukemia can be either "acute" or "chronic". Acute leukemia usually grows quickly. Chronic leukemia grows slowly.
Leukemia can also affect two different types of white blood cells. These are lymphoid cells and young granulocyte cells (which are called "myelocytes").
For this reason, all of the different forms of leukemia are divided into four main types:
Causes and risk factors.
The causes of most types of leukemia are not known. In general, all cancers have a breakdown in the normal way cell division is controlled. Most likely, the different kinds of leukemias have different causes. The known causes account for relatively few cases. Most of the causes are outside our control.
Researchers believe that some things may influence whether a person develops leukemia:
Viruses that are believed to cause leukemia include:
Fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia.
Treatment.
Most cases of leukemia are treated with many drugs, which are usually combined into a chemotherapy program. In some cases, radiation therapies or bone marrow transplants are done.
Leukemia inhibitory factor.
Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokin. It affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate.

= = = Tavern = = =
A tavern, also known as a saloon or bar, is a place where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or spirits) are served. While the word "tavern" used to be common in England, in the 19th century the word began to be seen as old fashioned. The current term today in England is "pub" which comes from "public house". However, taverns remain a popular part of fantasy stories and games. The term is still commonly used in the United States.

= = = Gaucho = = =
Gaucho () or Gaúcho () is the term commonly used for people who live in the south regions of Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul. It can also be used for people from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. They are similar to the North American cowboys, and, like them, gauchos of Argentina have become a symbol of freedom.
History.
Working with his horse, a laço, "boleodoros", and a knife, gauchos rode around the Pampas, killing wild cattle whose he sold secretly. They were usually , and did not become respectable until they fought with San Martin for Argentine freedom. After some time, many gauchos began working for "hacendados" and spent their lives helping huge herds of cattle over the Pampas. They liked to choose where they worked and traveled from place to place.
Description.
Like cowboys, gauchos had a traditional outfit: a big hat, a collared shirt (mainly red), and baggy pants called "bombachas", which were tucked into leather boots. Colorful pieces of cloth or a wide leather belt decorated with silver went around his waist, and silver spurs were on his boots. When working, gauchos often wore a big leather apron.
Today, though, most gauchos are disappearing. Trucks, roads, and fences are changing gauchos into farmers and assistants. Traditional dress is usually worn only on festival days, when they can remember their exciting old days.

= = = Flag of Tunisia = = =
The flag of Tunisia is a national flag. It is red and white in colour with a star inside a moon. It was created for the first time in 1831 by the Tunisian "bey" Hassine I. Since then, it has had some small changes.

= = = Humat al-Hima = = =
"Humat Al-Hima" (, ; "Defenders of the Homeland") is the national anthem of Tunisia since November 1987.
The text (words) of this anthem was written by two men, Mustapha Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Abul-Qacem Ech-Chebbi. And the Egyptian musician Mohamad Abdul-Wahab made its music.

= = = Nymphadora Tonks = = =
Nymphadora Tonks is a fictional character in the "Harry Potter" book series written by J. K. Rowling. The character is played by actress Natalia Tena in the Harry Potter movies. 
Tonks, as she is known, is the only daughter of Andromeda Black and Ted Tonks. She is a "Half-Blood", but both of her parents are actually magical. Her mother is a pureblood from the ancient wizarding family of the Blacks, and her father is a muggle born, therefore considering that the majority of her father's family are muggles she is considered a half-blood, even though he is not a muggle himself. Tonks is a "metamorphmagus", which means that she can change her appearance at will. Her Patronus is a jack rabbit, but it changed into a wolf (Remus's Patronus) due to her love for Remus Lupin.
Tonks is first described in the books as having a pale heart-shaped face, dark twinkling eyes, and short, spikey hair that was a violent shade of violet. She knocked over a plate in the Dursley's kitchen when the 'Advance Guard' came to pick up Harry to take to number twelve, Grimmauld Place. She also knocked over the troll umbrella stand, which made Sirius's mother, Walburga Black, start screaming. She is known as "seriously clumsy."
Nymphadora was born between 1st september 1972 and 31st august 1973. She attended Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry from 1984-1991, the time of Charlie Weasley, and was Sorted into Hufflepuff House. She never became a Prefect in her 5th year, because her Head of House, Pomona Sprout, said she lacked necessary qualities, such as the ability to behave herself. 
She works as an Auror in the Ministry of Magic under the eye of Mad-Eye Moody. She worked as a spy for the Order of the Phoenix. So did Arthur Weasley, Kingsley Shacklebolt, and a few others, as they themselves worked inside the Ministry.
In "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", she marries the werewolf Remus Lupin (even though she is much younger than him), and many people disapprove of her choice. Remus Lupin feels that he has endangered her and her son, and leaves her at the beginning of the Deathly Hallows. Harry, already lost his parents and his godfather, mocks him to be a coward, resulting in Harry was thrown into a wall by an angry Remus. But Remus Lupin decided that Harry was right and come back a few days later. They have a son named Edward Remus 'Teddy' Lupin. He is a metamorphmagus, just like his mother, Tonks, and is known for having aqua colored hair. Both Tonks and Lupin die during the Battle of Hogwarts, Lupin by Antonin Dolohov, and Tonks by Bellatrix Lestrange.
Teddy Lupin lives under the care of Andromeda, Tonks's widowed mother, and his godfather, Harry Potter.

= = = Tonks = = =
Tonks may mean: 

= = = Scelidosaurus = = =
Scelidosaurus was an early type of herbivorous dinosaur. It was a thyreophoran, a lightly plated, herbivorous dinosaur about 4 metres long. It lived during the early Jurassic, 196 to 183 million years ago. Its fossils were found in Charmouth, Dorset, England. 
"Scelidosaurus" has been called the earliest complete dinosaur. 
It is one of the earliest and most basal of the armoured dinosaurs. A review by Serano had "Scelidosaurus" as the sister group (closest relative) to both the Stegosauria and Ankylosauria.
This genus lived on the supercontinent Laurasia. 
Its length was about 4 metres (13 ft). "Scelidosaurus" was quadrupedal, with the hindlimbs longer than the forelimbs. It "may" have reared up on its hind legs to browse on foliage from trees, but its forefeet were as large as its hind feet. This suggests a mostly quadrupedal posture.
"Scelidosaurus" and its Jurassic relatives were herbivorous. Other ornithischians had teeth capable of grinding plant material, but "Scelidosaurus" had smaller, less complex teeth. Its jaw could only do simple up-and-down movements. In this aspect, they resembled the stegosaurids, which also had primitive teeth and simple jaws. Also, like stegosaurs, they may have swallowed gastroliths to aid processing of food (because of the lack of chewing ability). This is also done by modern birds and crocodiles. The diet of "Scelidosaurus" was low-lying plants like ferns and cycads. Seaweed has also been suggested as a food. Grass did not evolve until the Cretaceous period.

= = = Inheritance (disambiguation) = = =
Inheritance is when people pass on property and debts when they die.
Inheritance or inheritor may also be:
In literature:
In other fields:

= = = Nissan Stadium (Yokohama) = = =
The Nissan Stadium (previously called the International Stadium of Yokohama) is a sports stadium in Yokohama, Japan. It was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final.

= = = Scream 2 = = =
Scream 2 is a 1997 American slasher film directed by Wes Craven and written by Kevin Williamson. It stars David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Matthew Lillard, Dax Shepard, Courteney Cox, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Laurie Metcalf, Jamie Kennedy, Jerry O'Connell, Jada Pinkett and Liev Schreiber.
The film was released on December 12, 1997 by Dimension Films as the second installment in the "Scream" film series. "Scream 2" takes place one year after "Scream" and again follows the character of Sidney Prescott (Campbell) and her brother Jerry (Lillard), now students at the fictional Windsor College, who becomes the target of a copycat killer using the guise of Ghostface. Sidney and Jerry are accompanied by film-geek Randy Meeks (Kennedy), Jerry's friend Tom Scott (Shepard) retired deputy sheriff Dewey Riley (Arquette) and news reporter Gale Weathers (Cox). Like its predecessor, "Scream 2" combines the violence of the slasher genre with elements of comedy and "whodunit" mystery while satirizing the cliché of film sequels. The film was followed by two sequels, "Scream 3" (2000) and "Scream 4" (2011).
Williamson provided a five-page outline for a sequel to "Scream" when auctioning his original script, hoping to entice bidders with the potential of buying a franchise. Following a successful test screening of "Scream" and the film's financial and critical success, Dimension moved forward with the sequel while "Scream" was still in theaters, with the principal cast all returning to star, Craven to direct and Beltrami to provide music.
The film suffered controversy following its significant issues with plot information leaking onto the Internet, revealing the identity of the killers. Combined with the film's rushed schedule, the script was rewritten often; pages were sometimes completed on the day of filming. Despite these issues, "Scream 2" earned $172 million, received several awards and nominations. The film also received positive reviews, with some critics arguing that the sequel surpassed the original in terms of quality.
Beltrami received positive critical reception for his score for evolving the musical themes of the characters created in "Scream" although some critics claimed that the most memorable pieces from the film were created by composers Danny Elfman and Hans Zimmer. Elfman's contribution had been specially written for the film, but Zimmer's score for "Broken Arrow" was controversially used in the film, replacing Beltrami's own work. The soundtrack received negative feedback from reviewers but achieved moderate sales success, reaching #50 on the "Billboard" 200.
Plot.
While attending a preview of the film "Stab", a film within a film based on the Woodsboro murders, Windsor College seniors Maureen Evans, Hugh Daniels and Phil Stevens (Jada Pinkett Smith and Omar Epps) are murdered by Ghostface. Phil is stabbed through the ear in a bathroom stall while trying to eavesdrop on strange whimpering noises. The killer, wearing a Ghostface costume, then returns to the screening and sits beside Maureen before mortally stabbing her. At first the audience believes the act to be a publicity stunt until she falls dead in front of the cinema screen, Hugh tries to call the police, but the killer stabs him in the back, killing him.
The following day, the news media including local journalist Debbie Salt (Laurie Metcalf), descend on Windsor College where Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) and her brother Jerry Prescott (Matthew Lillard) and Jerry's friend Tom Scott (Dax Shepard) now study alongside their best friend Hallie (Elise Neal) and Sidney's new boyfriend Derek (Jerry O'Connell), fellow Woodsboro survivor Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy), and Derek's best friend Mickey (Timothy Olyphant). Sidney receives prank calls but is oblivious to the recent killings until someone instructs her to watch the news. Two other Woodsboro survivors arrive at the campus: officer Dwight "Dewey" Riley (David Arquette) to help Sidney, Jerry and Tom and reporter Gale Weathers (Courteney Cox) to cover the case. Gale tries to stage a confrontation between Sidney, Jerry, Tom and Cotton Weary (Liev Schreiber), who is attempting to gain fame from his exoneration for the murder of Sidney and Jerry's mother. After Gale forcibly confronts Sidney, Jerry and Tom with Cotton, Sidney angrily hits Gale and Jerry angrily scolds at Sidney for hitting Gale.
Later that evening, Sidney, Jerry and Tom go to a party with Hallie. At a sorority house, Ghostface murders fellow student Cici Cooper (Sarah Michelle Gellar). After all the partygoers leave, the killer then crashes the party and attack Sidney, Jerry and Tom, though Derek intervenes. The killer injures Derek but Dewey and the police arrive, prompting the killer to flee. The next morning, Gale discusses the case with the police. Upon realising that Cici's real name is Casey, she concludes that the killer is a copycat who targets students who share the same names as the Woodsboro murder victims, as Maureen Evans has the same name as Maureen Prescott, Phil Stevens as Steve Orth, Hugh Daniels as Dan Williams and Casey Cooper as Casey Becker.
That afternoon, while Gale is talking to Dewey, Tom and Randy on the campus lawn, she receives a call from Ghostface hinting that he is watching them. They search for him, but Randy, who tries to keep the killer on the phone, is dragged into Gale's broadcast van and is murdered by Ghostface. As night falls, Dewey and Gale review the tape of Ghostface killing Randy hoping to find some clues but the killer attacks them and seemingly kills Dewey. Gale hides and eventually escapes.
In the wake of the escalating murders, two officers drive Sidney, Jerry, Tom and Hallie to a local police station, but the killer murders them. In the ensuing struggle, Ghostface is knocked unconscious. After they climb out of the car, Sidney, Jerry and Tom insist on unmasking him, while Hallie insists they escape. When Sidney, Jerry and Tom walk back to the car, they see that Ghostface has escaped, who then stabs Hallie to death, forcing Sidney, Jerry and Tom flee.
Sidney, Jerry and Tom go back to the campus and find Derek in the auditorium tied to a crucifix, his mouth gagged with duct tape. Once Sidney, Jerry and Tom untie him, they is confronted by Ghostface, who reveals himself as Mickey and tells Sidney, Jerry and Tom that Derek is his partners. Derek desperately tries to persuade Sidney, Jerry and Tom that he is innocent and while Sidney, Jerry and Tom are deciding who is telling the truth, Mickey kills Derek. Mickey details his plan to become famous in the ensuing trial and media spectacle. He then announces his real partner, Debbie Salt, who arrives holding Gale at gunpoint. Sidney, Jerry and Tom recognise that Salt is actually Billy Loomis' mother, seeking revenge for her son's death. Mickey explains that they met online and agreed that Mrs. Loomis pays for Mickey's tuition fee while Mickey does the actual killing. Mrs. Loomis betrays Mickey and shoots him, as she plans to blame the murders on Mickey. Before he collapses, Mickey accidentally shoots Gale, causing her to fall off the stage, Sidney, Jerry and Mrs. Loomis fight, during their fight Mrs. Loomis shoots Tom in the stomach, killing him, until Cotton intervenes and eventually shoots Mrs. Loomis in the throat. As they debate whether or not she is still alive, they find Gale still alive. Mickey suddenly jumps to his feet, trying to attack them, only to be shot death by Sidney, Jerry and Gale. Sidney and Jerry then shoot Mrs. Loomis in the head to confirm her death, amd Jerry runs up to Tom and he gives Jerry some video tapes of he, Jerry, Dan, Sidney, Tatum, Billy, Stu, Randy, Cici, Martha, Jerry's old friends: (Justin Wilson, Douglas Harris, Karen James) and Sidney and Jerry's brother Steve, then Tom slowly dies, and Jerry cries over Tom's body. When the police arrive the next morning, Gale finds Dewey badly injured but still alive and accompanies him and Tom to the hospital. Sidney and Jerry instruct the press to direct questions to Cotton, rewarding him with the fame he has been chasing while removing the attention from herself as she and Jerry leave the university campus. A week later at Tom's funeral, Sidney and Jerry stand near Tom's grave.
Cast.
Luke Wilson and Heather Graham cameo as actors in the in-universe "Stab" film. Tori Spelling and Donovan Patton appears as themselves, and Joshua Jackson cameos as one of Randy's classmates.

= = = DNA repair = = =
DNA repair means the processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to its DNA molecules.
In cells, normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and radiation damage DNA. There are as many as a million molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the affected gene. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it divides. The DNA repair process must be constantly active so it can respond rapidly to any damage in the DNA structure.
The rate of DNA repair depends on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a lot of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage, can enter one of three states:
DNA repair.
The rate of DNA repair depends on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection.
Damage and mutation.
DNA damages and mutation are fundamentally different. 
Although different from each other, DNA damages and mutations are related because DNA damages often cause errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair; these errors are a major source of mutation. DNA damages in frequently dividing cells, because they give rise to mutations, are a prominent cause of cancer. In contrast, DNA damages in infrequently dividing cells are likely a prominent cause of aging.
2015 Nobel Prize research.
The 2015 Nobel Prize for Chemistry went to three scientists who each discovered part of the DNA repair story. 

= = = Armiger = = =
A person who has a coat of arms is sometimes called an "armiger". They are armigerous.
Originally an armiger was an Armour-Bearer or Esquire, who helped a Knight, but who had his own coat of arms.
The term "armiger" is well-defined only in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Spain where there is a state or other heraldic body. These bodies include the College of Arms in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the Office of the Chief Herald in the Republic of Ireland or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland).
Someone can have a coat of arms either because they are descended from a person with a right to bear a coat of arms, or by having a new "grant of arms" to him or herself.

= = = Genome = = =
The genome of an organism is the whole of its hereditary information encoded in its DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
Professor Hans Winkler coined the term in 1920.
Winkler's definition, in translation, runs:
However, no single haploid chromosome set defines even the DNA of a species. Because of the huge variety of alleles carried by a population, every individual is genetically different. Even a diploid individual carries genetic variety. For that reason Dobzhansky preferred "set of chromosomes", and the definition now must be broader than Winklers' definition. The genome of a haploid chromosome set is merely a "sample" of the total genetic variety of a species.
The term 'genome' can be applied specifically to mean the complete set of nuclear DNA (the 'nuclear genome') but can also be used of organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the mitochondrial genome or the chloroplast genome.
Genome sizes.
"Note:" The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers).

= = = Genome (disambiguation) = = =
Genome may refer to:

= = = Atomic force microscope = = =
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are a type of microscope. AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. In fact, the AFM may be used to look at individual atoms. It is commonly used in nanotechnology.
The AFM can do some things that the SEM cannot do. The AFM can provide higher resolution than the SEM. Further, the AFM does not need to operate in a vacuum. In fact, the AFM can operate in ambient air or water, so it can be used to see surfaces of biological samples like living cells.
The AFM works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam. The tip of the needle runs over the ridges and valleys in the material being imaged, "feeling" the surface. As the tip moves up and down due to the surface, the cantilever deflects. In one basic configuration, a laser shines on the cantilever at an oblique angle, and allows for the direct measurement of the deflection in the cantilever by simply changing the angle of incidence for the laser beam. In this way, an image may be created revealing the configuration of the molecules being imaged by the machine.
There are many different operating modes for an AFM. One is the "contact mode", where the tip is simply moved across the surface and the cantilever deflections are measured. Another mode is called "tapping mode", because the tip is tapped against the surface as it travels along. By controlling how hard the tip is tapped, the AFM can move away from the surface when the needle feels a ridge, so that it will not hit against the surface when it moves across. This mode is also useful for biological samples, because it is less likely to damage a soft surface.
These are the basic modes most commonly used. However there are different names and methods such as "intermittent contact mode", "non-contact mode", "dynamic" and "static" modes and more, but these are often variations on the above described tapping and contact modes.

= = = Zine El Abidine Ben Ali = = =
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali (September 3, 1936 – September 19, 2019) was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011.
On January 14, 2011, he was forced to leave Tunisia and go to Saudi Arabia with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their three children after a month of protests against his rule. The Arab Spring started in Tunisia.
Birth.
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali was born in Hammam Sousse on September 3, 1936.
Work before Presidency.
He was assigned to manage (direct and take care) the Defense Military Security in 1964, and worked there until 1974. He was then promoted (his grade was changed to a superior one) to director-general of National Security at the Ministry of Interior in 1977. After that, he was assigned to take care of relations between Tunisia and the Kingdom of Morocco.
After being the ambassador of Tunisia in Poland, he returned to National Security.
Right before becoming the President of Tunisian Republic, Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has been promoted to Prime Minister and the constitutional successor on October 1, 1987.
Five weeks after his promotion he, officially, became the Second President of Tunisia.
Controversy.
The way that Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali governs had cause some problems with groups including the Al-Jazeera channel. Al-Jazeera does not believe it is correct for Ben Ali to say that Muslim women wearing headscarves (religious clothes) in public places must take then off and say that they will not wear them in public again.
Death.
Ben Ali died at a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia of prostate cancer on September 19, 2019 at the age of 83.

= = = Heraldry = = =
Heraldry is the art and science of designing and using a coat of arms. The study of coats of arms is also called "armory". The practice of using distinct markings on a person's shield started in the Middle Ages, when a knight's helmet covered his face, making everybody look the same in battle. At first, only knights and nobility had coats of arms, but in the Middle Ages, some cities started using heraldry too. By the end of the Middle Ages, other people began using coats of arms, now called "burgher arms", which means they belong to a commoner and not a member of the nobility. An official in charge of approving and recording coats of arms is called a "herald". The related study of flags is called "vexillology".
Heraldry is described in English using a specialised jargon called "Blazon" which is based on French words. Heraldry uses only bold, bright colors, called "tinctures", with special names. Gold, for instance, is called "Or". This word is often capitalised to distinguish it from the conjunction "or". Silver and white are sometimes treated as different colors, but in English Blazon both are called "argent". Some combinations of colors represent furs, and these have names that are only used in heraldry. There are a number of geometric shapes, called "ordinaries", that are used in heraldry, and each of these has a special name too. The shield may be divided in a number of ways, usually following the lines of the ordinaries.

= = = Baronet = = =
In the United Kingdom a baronet is a man who has the title "Sir", like a knight, but who is neither
Unlike the members of the orders of chivalry and a knight bachelor a baronet can pass his title to his children.
Baronets rank higher than knights, but below barons.
History.
Some baronets were created in the 1300s, but the modern Order of Baronets dates from King James I of England.
On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in England. He made 200 "gentlemen of good birth" baronets. He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron. The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland. Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for three years.
In 1619 James I set up the Baronetage of Ireland, to raise more money.
To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada, King James I of England was going a create the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year. His son King Charles I set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625. The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years. 
Today over a hundred "baronets of Nova Scotia" still exist. The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the "Premier Baronet of Scotland" because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotland. It was created in 1625.
Insignia.
The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629. The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia
Baronets of England, of Ireland, of Great Britain or of the United Kingdom had no badge until 1929.

= = = Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha = = =
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (German Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) was a "dual monarchy" in Germany. This means that one ruler ruled over two countries, in this case the duchies of Coburg and Gotha. "Saxe" means of Saxony, because there were many small countries but all were ruled by members of the royal house of Saxony. Usually the royal house of Saxony means the rulers of the Kingdom of Saxony. The house of Wettin ruled the other states (Wettin is the family's surname).
The royal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was created in 1826. One dynasty of the House of Wettin (the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg) became extinct because there were no more male children to inherit.
The remaining members of the family divided their various lands between them. The duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld gave up Saalfeld and instead got the duchy of Gotha. Saalfeld became part of Saxe-Meiningen, which also took Hildburghausen when the Dule of Saxe-Hildburghausen became Duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
On 12 November 1826 Ernst III of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld became Ernst I Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Jülich "(Juelich)", Cleves and Berg, also Engern and Westphalia, Prince of Lichtenberg, Landgrave in Thuringia, Markgrave of Meißen "(Meissen)", Count of Hennerberg, Count of the Mark and Ravensburg, Lord of Ravenstein and Tonna.
Ernst had two sons. His younger son, Albert, married his cousin Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha became the name of the royal house of the United Kingdom from 1901 until 1917 (the reign of Edward VII), when the name was changed the Windsor because of hatred of anything German in World War I.
The Duchy in Germany.
Ernst I died in 1844 and his elder son and successor, Ernst II, ruled until he died in 1893. As he had no children childless, the throne of the Duchy passed to the male descendant's of Ernst's late brother Albert the Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria. But, the Duchies did not want to be joined to Great Britain, so their constitutions stopped the King and heir apparent of Great Britain from becoming Duke if other eligible male heirs exist. Therefore after Edward, Prince of Wales, came his next brother, Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. Alfred's only son, also named Alfred, committed suicide in 1899, so when Duke Alfred died in 1900, he was succeeded by his nephew, Charles Edward the Duke of Albany, the sixteen-year-old son of Queen Victoria's youngest son, Leopold. (Duke Arthur of Connaught and his son did not want to become Duke, so renounced (gave up) their right to succession.) The new Duke started using the German version of his name, and ruled as Duke Carl Eduard. Until he came of age in 1905, the Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg acted as Regent, Carl Eduard retained his British title Duke of Albany, but because he fought for Germany in the First World War, he was stripped of his British titles in 1919.
Carl Eduard reigned until 18 November 1918 when the Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Gotha deposed him during the German Revolution. The two Duchies became separate states, but soon joined with bigger states. Saxe-Coburg became a part of Bavaria, and Saxe-Gotha merged with other small states to form the new state of Thuringia in 1920 in the Weimar Republic.
The capitals of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were Coburg and Gotha. By 1914 the area and populations of the two duchies were:
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the only European country to appoint a diplomatic consul to the Confederate States of America. The consul was named Ernst Raven, consul in the State of Texas. When Raven asked the Confederate Government for a diplomatic exequatur (permission to be act as consul) on 20 July 1861 he was accepted.
House.
Other members of the family became kings of Belgium and Bulgaria, and married into nearly all of the other royal families of Europe. More than 50 years after Bulgaria became a republic, King Simeon returned to Bulgaria and was elected Prime Minister. After the First World War the Kings of Belgium stopped using the name Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, but never officially changed their name. Simeon of Bulgaria's legal name is Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha stopped being independent in 1918, when Germany became a republic. Carl Eduard, the last reigning duke had his British titles taken away for supporting Germany in World War I. He died in 1954.
Gotha became part of the new state of Thuringia, and Coburg joined Bavaria.

= = = Berkelium = = =
Berkelium (IPA: ) is a synthetic, radioactive, chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a metallic element and part of the actinide series. Berkelium was invented by scientists and does not exist in nature. Berkelium was first made by hitting americium with alpha particles or helium ions. It is named after Berkeley, California and the University of California, Berkeley.
Uses.
Its only uses are to create bigger elements and research.

= = = BBC Learning English = = =
BBC Learning English is a website hosted by the BBC World Service since 1996. It provides free learning materials for people who speak English as a second language and want to improve their English Language skills.

= = = Omarosa Manigault Newman = = =
Omarosa Manigault Newman (born February 5, 1974) known mononymously as Omarosa is a reality television personality and writer. She was a contestant on Donald Trump's television reality show "The Apprentice". 
Omarosa was born in Youngstown, Ohio where she attended Rayen High School. She has gone on to appear on various talk shows and other reality shows, where her strong personality has often been the source of controversy. Her partner was late actor Michael Clarke Duncan.
"The Apprentice".
Omarosa became famous for appearing on the first season of "The Apprentice", a reality show where contestants fought for a job working for Donald Trump. Omarosa's appearance on Trump's "The Apprentice" ended on Week Nine, when she was "fired". 
She returned to the show a few years later as a contestant on "The Celebrity Apprentice". She was eliminated once again, this time in Week 10. Omarosa returned a third time for the All-Stars season. She was fired in Week 5.
Donald Trump cabinet.
In 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump selected Omarosa to be Director of Communications for the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs. She resigned on January 20, 2018, a year after taking the position.
Post-White House Controversy.
In August 2018 while on a book tour, she released controversial recordings of her time in the White House, including conversations with the president and white house chief of staff John Kerry. She also told MNSBC she had heard Trump use the N-word during the Apprentice.

= = = The Apprentice = = =
The Apprentice is a reality television show that first aired in 2004 in the United States. The person who came up with the show was Mark Burnett, who earlier successfully brought the British series "Survivor" to the US. Until 2016, it was hosted by then-businessman Donald Trump, but in 2005, there was a spin-off hosted by Martha Stewart. The American version of the show had fifteen seasons. In the first six seasons and the 10th season, the people who appeared on the show were ordinary people. In seasons 7 to 9 and from season 11 onwards, these people were celebrities, who try to win money for charities instead of running one of Trump's companies. This version of the show is called The Celebrity Apprentice.
Format.
In the program, a group of 14 to 18 people hope to get a job worth US$250,000 to run one of Trump's companies. In each episode, the contestants are split into two teams who each have to do a task. The task could be selling something, making an advertisement, or running a stall at an event. In the end, one team will win (usually because they have made the most money) and they will get a prize of some sort. The people on the team that loses have to explain to Trump what went wrong, and at the end of every episode, Trump will say "You're fired!" to one or more people from this team, who then no longer appears in the show for the rest of the season. However, in the very last episode, Trump says "You're hired!" to the person who wins the grand prize instead.
Seasons.
Seasons 7 to 9 were released under the title of "Celebrity Apprentice" because the contestants were famous. Because of this, the seventh version of the original show (with ordinary people) is titled as season 10.
Hosting.
Trump hosted the show until he became President of the United States in 2016. The most recent season, which aired in 2017, had Arnold Schwarzenegger in charge, but Trump continued to be the executive producer. However, Schwarzenegger left the show at the end of the season after he was criticized by Trump for low ratings.
Many countries have their own version of "The Apprentice", each having a different person in charge. For example, the version from the United Kingdom has Alan Sugar.
Spin-offs.
"The Apprentice: Martha Stewart".
The Apprentice: Martha Stewart was a one-time spin-off of the main show which featured Martha Stewart instead of Donald Trump. The show had a very similar format, with 16 contestants competing for a job. The show was not as popular as Donald Trump's and ended after one season. The winner was Dawna Stone.
"The Celebrity Apprentice".
The Celebrity Apprentice was a version of Donald Trump's show which featured celebrities and famous people as contestants instead of ordinary businesspeople. Each celebrity had a charity that they were representing. The celebrities would have to complete challenges in teams (much like the original version). The winning team would get money for their charities but one person from the losing team would be removed from the game. The last person remaining won more money for their charity.
Seasons of "Celebrity Apprentice" were run alongside the original show. Because of this, the first season of "Celebrity Apprentice" is the seventh season of the show overall.
Other versions.
The series was very popular in America and was adapted in several other countries, most notably in the UK and Australia.

= = = Survivor (TV series) = = =
Survivor is a popular reality television game show produced in many countries throughout the world. In the show, contestants are isolated in a remote location and compete for cash and other prizes. The format for "Survivor" was created in the UK in 1992 by Charlie Parsons, and the first production of it was the Swedish show "Expedition: Robinson" in 1997. The US version is commonly considered the mother of American reality TV shows because it was the first highly rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the USA. The show even has its own "reality coaster" at Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, CA, called .

= = = The Weakest Link = = =
The Weakest Link is Computer Cable television quiz show, broadcast on TV from November 21, 2001 to December 22, 2002. It was devised by Fintan Coyle and Cathy Dunning, and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment Department. It has since been replicated around the world. It was hosted by Craig Charles (2001–2002) and Claudia Winkleman (2002) and narrated by Chris Goldwell. The series features a team of contestants who take turns answering general knowledge questions. The object of each round is to create a chain of consecutive correct answers to earn an increasing amount of money for a communal pot within a specific time limit. The number of "links" in a chain are equal to the number of the contestants at the start of the show. An incorrect answer breaks the chain and loses all the money accumulated up to that point; however, a contestant can say "bank" prior to their question being asked, the accumulated money is stored, and the chain resets to zero. Six contestants competed to win a top amount of 50,000 (2001–2002) and 100,000 (2002) by playing a quiz/elimination contest. At the end of each round, each player is voted off as "The Weakest Link".
Format.
The original format features a team of six contestants who take turns answering general knowledge questions. The object of each round is to create a chain of six consecutive correct answers and earn an increasing amount for a single communal pot within a certain time limit. An incorrect answer breaks the chain and loses any money earned in that chain. However, before their question is asked, a contestant can choose to bank the current amount of money earned in a chain to a safe pot, after which the chain starts afresh. A contestant's decision not to bank, in anticipation that they will be able to correctly answer the upcoming question allows the money to grow, as each successive correct answer earns proportionally more money.
When the allotted time for each round ends, any money not banked is lost, and if the host is in the middle of asking a question, or has asked a question but the contestant has yet to answer, the question is abandoned. Occasionally, the host gives the correct answer whether the contestant is able to answer the question correctly or not. The round automatically ends if the team successfully reaches the maximum amount for the round before the allotted time expires, and the next person says "Bank". Each round thereafter is reduced by 10 seconds as players are eliminated. The remaining two players have 90 seconds on the clock for the triple stakes round.
The first person to be asked a question in the first round is the player whose name is the first alphabetically in the original version. Every subsequent round starts with the "strongest link"—the player with the most correct answers—from the previous round, unless that person has been voted off, in which case the second strongest answers first.
Money tree.
The money tree was as follows:
2001–2002
2002 
Voting and elimination.
At the end of each round, contestants must vote one player out of the game. Until the beginning of the next round, only the television audience knows exactly who the strongest and weakest links are statistically due to Goldwell's narration. While the contestants work as a team when answering questions, they are at this point encouraged to be ruthless with one another. Players often decide to vote off weaker rivals, but occasionally opt to eliminate stronger players as well. After the revealing of the votes, the host will interrogate the players on their choice of voting, the reasons behind their choice, as well as about their background and their interests. After interrogation, the player with the most votes is given a stern "You are the weakest link. Goodbye!" and must walk off the stage in what is called the "Walk of shame." In the event of a tie, the strongest link has the final decision about who is eliminated. If they voted for a tied player, they have the option of sticking with their vote or changing it. The strongest link usually sticks with their original choice, unless another player in the tie has voted for them. Occasionally, the strongest link has voted for someone who is not in the tie, and so is forced to change their decision one way or the other.
End of the game.
Final round.
The final two contestants work together in a final round identical to the previous ones; however, all money banked at the end of this round is tripled and added to the current money pool, forming the final total for the game. At the end of this round, there is no elimination, with the game instead moving to a head to head round.
Head to head.
For the head to head round, the remaining two players are each required to answer five questions each in a penalty shootout format. The strongest link from the previous round chooses who goes first. Whoever has the most correct answers at the end of the round wins the game. In the event of a tie, the game goes to "sudden death". Each player continues to be asked questions as usual, until one person answers a question correctly and the other incorrectly.
The winner of the game takes home all of the money accumulated in the prize pool for the game, and the loser leaves with nothing, like all previous eliminated players. From 2001–2002, the maximum is 50,000 and In 2002, the maximum cash jackpot is 100,000.
Reception.
"The Weakest Link" won the CableACE Award in 2002 for Best Excellence.

= = = Anne Robinson = = =
Anne Josephine Robinson (born 26 September 1944) is an English television presenter and game show host. She was born in Crosby, Lancashire. She is best known for presenting BBC quiz show, "The Weakest Link" from 2000-2012 which earned her the nickname "Queen of Mean". In the United States she presented "Weakest Link" for three series on NBC. She is one of the presenters on the long-running British consumer affairs series, "Watchdog" from 1993-2001 and again from 2009-2015, on 28th June 2021, she became the new host of the long-running game show Countdown. 
Personal life.
In 2001, Robinson was diagnosed with skin cancer, for which she had surgery.

= = = Scooch = = =
Scooch are a British bubblegum dance group. The members of Scooch are Natalie Powers, Caroline Barnes, David Ducasse, and Russ Spencer. They formed in 1998.
Scooch represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland, with their song "Flying the Flag (for You)".
The song reached #5 in the UK Top 40 Singles Chart on 13 May 2007. People had already had the chance to download the song 2 months before. If however the download and CD were released at the same time it is considered that they would have been #1 in the UK for 2 weeks in a row.
Performance in the ESC final.
Scooch performed in 19th place on the final night and after the votes were confirmed, came 22nd out of 24 entries. The quartet received 7 points from Ireland and the maximum 12 points from Malta. This was the first time since 2002 that a UK Eurovision entrant had received the maximum 12 points in the competition from any country.

= = = Rock art = = =
Rock art is a term in archaeology for any markings that were made on natural stone by human beings. They can be divided into:
In addition, there is rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones. The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.
Location.
One can find petroglyphs and pictographs on the walls of a cave or on rock in open-air.
Similar terms.
Rock art has also been described as rock records, rock sculptures, rock inscriptions, rock carvings, rock paintings, rock engravings, rock drawings, rock pictures,

= = = Edward Teach = = =
Edward Teach (1680 – 22 November 1718) was a pirate, often called Blackbeard the Pirate". (It is not clear what his real name actually was; some historians think that his last name may really have been Thatch.) He attacked ships in the Caribbean and the American colonies. His flagship ship was the captured French slave ship "La Concorde" which Blackbeard renamed "Queen Anne's Revenge". About 1718 it ran aground near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina and was abandoned.
Blackbeard often fought wearing a big feathered tricorn hat, and with lots of swords, knives, and pistols. Some pictures show him with lighted rope matches woven into his enormous black beard during battle. The matches burned slowly and gave of lots of smoke. They were designed to make him look frightening. He probably got the idea from seeing the burning rope was used to light the gunpowder in cannons and guns. (These old fashioned guns were called "matchlocks", later a flint was used to make a spark, these were called flintlock guns). No one knows how many wives Blackbeard had. The book "A General History of the Pirates" says that he had as many as fourteen wives, but he was not legally married to most of them.
Early life.
Blackbeard is thought to have been born in Bristol, England. Teach went to sea when he was very young. He served on an English ship in the War of the Spanish Succession, privateering in the Spanish West Indies and along the Spanish Main. At the war's end in 1713, Teach, like many other privateers, turned to piracy. Blackbeard was born in a trade epicenter and he grew up knowing about sailing. Many merchant ships landed and traded there. 
Blackbeard the Pirate.
He began as a pirate under Benjamin Hornigold. In 1716, Hornigold retired, taking advantage of an amnesty offered to former privateers by the British government. Teach then took command of his own ship.
During the next two years Blackbeard attacked merchant ships, forcing them to allow his crew to board their ship. The pirates would seize all of the valuables, food, liquor, and weapons. Ironically, despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of him actually killing anyone.
Capture and death.
The Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, Alexander Spotswood sent two ships after Blackbeard. On 18 November 1718, Lt. Robert Maynard sailed from Hampton, Virginia to Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina. On 22 November 1718, Maynard and his men defeated Blackbeard and the pirates. The most complete account of the following events comes from the "Boston News-Letter": 
Teach was said to have been shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated. Legends about his death immediately sprang up. His headless body, was thrown overboard, but swam three times around the ship before sinking. Teach's head was placed as a trophy on the bowsprit of the ship. Captain Maynard had to keep the head to claim his prize when he returned home. Later, Teach's head hung from a pike in Bath, Somerset.

= = = Jenolan Caves = = =
Jenolan Caves are limestone caves in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia, 175 kilometres west of Sydney. They are the most visited of several similar groups in the limestone of the country, and the oldest discovered open caves in the world. Since 2008, Jenolan Caves has won many tourism awards, including 'Best Tourist Attraction' from Tourism Australia, in 2011. 
They have many Silurian marine fossils. The calcite formations are sometimes pure white and are know for being very beautiful. 
The cave network is very large, with over 40 km of multi-level passages, and the complex is still undergoing active exploration. 
Several kilometres of the caves have been rendered accessible to paying visitors and are well lit.
World's oldest caves.
By measuring the ratio of radioactive potassium and trapped argon gas, which was produced when the potassium decayed, scientists determined the age of the clay in the caves to be approximately 340 million years old, thereby making the cave complex the world's oldest known and dated open cave system. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in association with the University of Sydney and the Australian Museum lead the efforts in scientific research into the caves.
Aboriginal Heritage.
For tens of thousands of years, the Jenolan area has been part of the culture of local indigenous peoples. This beautiful and mysterious place hold special significance to the Gundungurra people, who knew it as 'Binomil' or 'Bin-oo-mur'. Gundungurra people's knowledge of the caves goes back a long way, as there is a Dreamtime creation story about how the whole countryside came into being. The story describes an almighty struggle between two ancestral creator spirits - one a giant eel-like creature, Gurangatch, and the other, Mirrigan, a large native cat or quoll. In the early years of the 20th century, the Gundungurra people penetrated the caves as far as the subterranean water, carrying sick people to be bathed in this water, which they believed to have great curative powers.
European Discovery.
In approximately 1835-40 the area was recorded for the first time by either James, Charles or Alf Whalan, three brothers who each claimed to have discovered the caves while searching for a bushranger, James McKeown, whom they claimed used the caves as a hide-out. One of the less-visited caverns in the area is called McKeown's Hole, however there is no actual evidence of his existence. It is more likely the brothers were searching for cattle that had strayed from their nearby farm.[citation needed]
Getting to Jenolan Caves.
Located 3 hours drive for day visitors from Sydney and Canberra, Jenolan Caves attracts over 250,000 visitors a year, making it one of the most popular tourist locations in rural New South Wales.
There is no public transport to Jenolan Caves. However, there are large carparks and a range of coach operators bring tourists from Sydney and Katoomba every day.
Activities at Jenolan Caves.
Ten of the area's "dark caves" are open for regular guided tours every day (1 to 2 hours per tour). These 'show' cave tour sizes vary; for example the delicate Pool of Cerberus Cave can have only 8 on a tour, while the Lucas Cave (with its large chambers) can have up to 65 people per tour. 
Tours also vary in difficulty, for example the Imperial Cave has the fewest stairs, while the River Cave is the most strenuous. However, the average tourist can tour any of these 'show' caves. 
A self-guided tour of the huge Nettle Cave/Devils Coach House is also available in a range of languages. Night tours run every night except Sundays, including the popular ghost tour, 'Legends, Mysteries & Ghosts'.
Several undeveloped caves are available for Adventure Caving (2 hours to all-day tours). These Adventure Caving tours include the Plughole Tour, which runs daily and includes basic abseiling. Other more challenging Adventure Caving tours are available.
Where to Eat and Stay.
When visiting Jenolan Caves, tourists can stay at the heritage-listed Jenolan Caves House hotel, designed in 1897 by government architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, as a resort or retreat for the wealthy. To cater for the expectations of the well-to-do, Vernon included a ballroom and grand dining room (now Chisolm's Restaurant). Chisolm's is open for dinner every day, serving modern Australian cuisine. Facilities include an hotel/motel complex, self-contained cottages, restaurant, bar and cafe.
Native Wildlife.
The huge Jenolan Reserve is a National Park, located in the World Heritage Blue Mountains Area, where signposted bush trails enable tourists to glimpse Australian birds and native wildlife, including kangaroos and platypus.

= = = Sizzler = = =
Sizzler is a chain of steakhouse restaurants in the United States and other countries around the world.

= = = Báb = = =
Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad (20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850) was a merchant from Shíráz, Iran who started a version of Shia Islam called Bábism. After he started the religion, he changed his name to Báb. People who believe in the Báb are called Bábís, and they believe that the Báb was a prophet. Bábís also believe that the Báb is the Qá'im that Shi'as believe will come in the future.
The Báb wrote hundreds of letters and books teaching who he was and what the rules of his religion were. The Báb's new rules replaced the "Sharia law" or Muslim rules for his followers. Bábism became very large; over ten thousand people believed in the Báb. The Shi'a clergy, or leaders of Islam in Iran hated the Báb and tried to harm people who followed his religion. In 1850 a firing squad shot the Báb in Tabríz, Iran.
The Báb had other names, for example the "Primal Point" and the "Point of the Bayán."
The Báb told everyone that another prophet who was stronger and even more powerful was coming soon. People who follow the Bahá'í religion believe the Báb was talking about Bahá'u'lláh, who started the Bahá'í religion.
Life.
Early life.
The Báb was born on October 20, 1819, in Shiraz, Iran. His father was a merchant, and many people in the town knew him. Very soon after the Báb was born, his father died. The Báb's uncle Ḥájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí was also a merchant, and he raised the Báb.
When the Báb became an adult, he started working as a merchant with his uncle. In 1842 he married a woman named Khadíjih-Bagum. Together they had one son, who they named Aḥmad. Aḥmad was very sick and died when as a baby. Someone who lived at the same time as the Báb said he was very calm and quiet; they said the Báb only spoke who he had too, and did not even answer questions. The Báb was always thinking and praying. People said he was handsome, and had a thin beard. He always dressed in clean clothes, and wore a green scarf and a black turban, or wrap of cloth on his head.
The Shaykhis.
Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i started a Shi'a Islam religious group in Persia in the 1790s. The member of the group, who were called Shaykhis, believes that god was sending a new messenger to earth very soon. They called the new messenger the Qá'im, or theMahdi. When Shaykh Ahmad died, Siyyid Kázim, who was from Rasht, Iran, became the new leader of the Shaykhis. Shaykh Ahmad lived was born in 1753 and he died in 1862. Siyyid Kázim was born in 1793 and he died in 1843.
When the Báb went on a pilgrimage to Karbala and the places near it, he may have listened to Siyyid Kázim teach. Nobody knows for sure if he did or did not, because there are very few documents or records from that time.
When Siyyid Kázim was dying, in December, he told all his followers—people who believe what he taught—that they should travel and try to find the new prophet from god. He called that prophet "The Lord of the Age", and told them that he would be discovered very soon. One of the people who believed Siyyid Kázim prayed and fasted, or stopped eating from dawn to dusk for forty days - his name was Mullá Ḥusayn. After that he travelled to Shiraz, and he met the Báb.
Announcement to Mullá Ḥusayn.
Mullá Ḥusayn got to Shiraz on May 23, 1844. A young man wearing a green turban greeted him after he had not been in Shiraz for very long. In Iran at that time, only people who were related to the prophet Muḥammad wore green turbans. Men who were related to the prophet Muḥammad were called Siyyids. The young man was the Báb, and he invited Mullá Ḥusayn to his home.
The Báb asked Mullá Ḥusayn why he was in Shiraz, and Mullá Ḥusayn told him that he was searching for the new prophet, or Promised One. The Báb asked Mullá Ḥusayn how he would know who the prophet way. Mullá Ḥusayn told him that the prophet would come from a famous and good family, and would know many things without having to learn them, also that he would have no problems with his body. Then the Báb said that all of those things were true about himself. "Behold, all these signs are manifest in me." The Báb was saying that he was the new prophet Mullá Ḥusayn had been looking for. This shocked, or startled Mullá Ḥusayn.
Mullá Ḥusayn had one more way to know who the new prophet was, and he had not told the Báb about. Siyyid Káẓim had told Mullá Ḥusayn that the new prophet would write a book explaining the Surih of Joseph. Siyyid Káẓim had also said that the new prophet would do this without anyone asking him to. After the Báb told Mullá Ḥusayn that he was the new prophet, he wrote a book about the Surih of Joseph. The Báb called that book the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá'
After spending the night talking to the Báb Mullá Husayn said this. (The words below might be hard to read.)
Letters of the Living.
Mullá Ḥusayn was the Báb's first disciple. A student of a religious leader is called a disciple. In less than five months, seventeen more students of Siyyid Káẓim became disciples of the Báb. All of the new disciples started believing the Báb was a new manifestation, or prophet of god without anyone else's help. One of these new disciples was a woman. Her name was Zarrín Táj Baragháni, and she was a poet. Later she was given a new name,Ṭáhirih (the pure). Later people started calling the first eighteen disciples and the Báb the Letters of the Living. The Báb told the Letters of the Living that it was their job to tell people that he was the new prophet.
The Báb said that the Letters of the Living were special. In Shi'a Islam there are fourteen special people, called the "Infallibles". Shi'as believe the "Infallibles" are always right. Muhammad, the twelve Imáms, and Fatimah, are the "Infallibles" in Shi'a Islam. Just like the "Infallibles", one of the letters of the Living was a woman, and one was a prophet. Nineteen was a special number in Bábism. The Letters of the Living were very much like the Twelve Apostles of Christ.

= = = Breakfast at Tiffany's = = =
Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. The movie won two Academy Awards. It was nominated for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.
Summary of the story.
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred. She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen. Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life. She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother. 
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building. Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits. They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic. The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship. 
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers. The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.
Explanation of the title.
Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming. She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings. Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co., so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.

= = = Juan Ignacio Molina = = =
Juan Ignacio Molina. Born June 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as Abate Molina (form of Abbott Molina). He wrote "Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno del Cile" (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish. The journal "Moliniana" is dedicated in his honour.

= = = Mescaline = = =
"Mescaline"' (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance. It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus, the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus. Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.
The chemical can cause hallucinations. In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies. It is illegal in many countries. Some people use it as an illegal drug.
Mescaline is used primarily as a recreational drug and is also used to supplement various types of meditation and psychedelic therapy. It is classified as a schedule I drug in the U.S., making it illegal in all forms; however, it remains legal in certain religious ceremonies registered by the Native American Church. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
Use in Pregnancy.
According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), researchers have found that mescaline found in peyote may affect the fetus of a pregnant woman using the drug.

= = = Psilocybin = = =
Psilocybin is a chemical substance. It can cause hallucinations when eaten, and has also been found to reverse psychological conditioning, grow brain cells and heal the brain. It occurs in many kinds of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms. Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms. It grows in Europe, South America, Mexico, and the United States. Mushrooms that contain psilocybin are known as magic mushrooms.
The substance is used as a recreational drug. It is illegal in many countries.
Psilocybin works by activating serotonin receptors, most often in the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain affects mood, cognition, and perception. Hallucinogens also work in other regions of the brain that regulate arousal and panic responses.
The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin usually occur within 30 minutes after a person ingests it and last 4–6 hours. In some individuals, changes in sensory perception and thought patterns can last for several days.
In 2016, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers first reported that treatment with psilocybin under psychologically supported conditions significantly relieved existential anxiety and depression in people.

= = = Ketamine = = =
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. It is a type of drug a doctor might give to put someone to sleep for an operation. Ketamine can also be used as a painkiller and a bronchodilator (which makes it easier for air to get into your lungs). 
Sometimes it can lead to a special type of hallucination which makes you feel detached from yourself and the things around you which is why some people use it as a recreational drug. As it can have severe side effects, it is usually not available as an over-the-counter drug.
Ketamine was developed in 1962 as a rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic that was used in surgery. It was approved for human use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970. Unfortunately, abuse began along the West Coast and spread across the country by the 1980s. The illicit market produced new forms of the drug, available as powder, capsules, crystal rocks, tablets, and injectable solutions. The drug is largely abused intranasally (via sniffing) or orally.
Medical use.
The World Health Organization (WHO) lists ketamine as an essential medicine, especially as an anesthetic and analgesic. With medical supervision, ketamine is a better surgical anesthetic than many others, and it is safer for a wider range of patients. It is also the anesthetic of choice in veterinary surgery. In medicine ketamine is normally injected into a vein or muscle.
Ketamine is not the first anaesthetic a doctor would think of using in most situations because of the hallucinations it causes. On the other hand, while most anaesthetics suppress your breathing, resulting in the need for a machine to help you breathe, ketamine does not.
This can make it a useful anaesthetic when you don't have any equipment available, for example, in a war zone.
Side effects.
Short term.
Short term side effects happen in about 40% of people and include:
Long term.
In the medical setting ketamine is only given a few times so most long term effects mentioned below are found in recreational ketamine users and animal models.
Urinary tract effects.
There are 110 reports of people with problems in their urinary tract due to using ketamine.
Symptoms include:
These urinary tract problems are most common in people who have abused ketamine daily for a long time.
Neurological effects.
People who abuse ketamine a lot (more than 4 times a week) have been found to have impaired memory and increased depression when compared to people who don't abuse ketamine. Those who use ketamine less frequently (1-4 times per week)and those who had stopped taking ketamine showed no difference in the aforementioned parameters. This suggests that these problems with memory and mood do not affect infrequent users and might be reversible once ketamine use is stopped.
One study has recently been done using monkeys as a model to see if ketamine is toxic to the brain.
The study found that injecting the monkeys every day for 6 months with ketamine caused more cells to die in the front of their brain and also caused a decrease in activity in the areas of the brain which control movement.
Mechanism of action.
Ketamine is a NMDA antagonist in the CNS. By inhibiting NMDA receptors in inhibitiory neurons in the brain, it causes increased CNS activity and sympathomimetic effects. As a result, there is not only an anaesthetic effect, but also activation of the CNS unlike other anaesthetics. This is beneficial in surgical settings because it maintains blood pressure, airway reflexes, bronchioles remain dilated and airways patent. Making this a particularly useful drug in shock and surgery patients because of blood pressure maintained with ketamine use, unlike typical anaesthetics which cause decreased BP and respiratory suppression.
Research.
Treating addiction.
One study by Evgeny Krupitsky has found that using ketamine along with psychotherapy and group therapy was a lot more effective at treating alcohol addiction than the traditional treatment.
The same scientist found that ketamine might also be useful for treating heroin addiction. Patients who had been treated for their addiction with multiple sessions of ketamine fared much better than those who had only had one session of ketamine with abstinence rates of 50% and 22.2% respectively.
As an antidepressant.
Some small studies have been done which found that a single dose of ketamine was able to improve treatment resistant depression after just a few hours with the effects lasting for one week. The rapid anti-depressant effects of ketamine may prove to be a useful alternative compared to current anti-depressants which can take several weeks to have their effects.
Complex regional pain syndrome.
CRPS is a disease that causes severe pain and swelling, getting worse over time.
Some studies have been done which suggest that ketamine might be useful as a painkiller for CRPS.

= = = Diazepam = = =
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which has a relatively long half-life. It is mostly used to treat anxiety, certain forms of epilepsy, muscle spasms (where the muscle moves on its own, causing pain), and sleeping problems. Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if used for long periods of this. For this reason the drug is used to treat acute cases (2-4 weeks maximum) to avoid dependence. According to the World Health Organization diazepam is an "essential drug". 
Diazepam is marketed under a number of names; its original trade name was Valium. It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect.

= = = Fluoxetine = = =
Fluoxetine hydrochloride, also known by its trade name Prozac, is an antidepressant medication. It is used to treat a variety of mental illnesses, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and others. Fluoxetine is one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions. Nevertheless, fluoxetine remains very popular. Over 23.1 million prescriptions were filled in the United States in 2006. This makes it the third most prescribed antidepressant.

= = = Portable Document Format = = =
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format for storing documents on a computer. Adobe created it in 1993 to make it easier to exchange documents. PDF is often used to make documents print-ready. PDF documents can have stylised text and images in them.
The document is stored in such a way that the content does not change the way it looks on different screens, computers and printers as can happen with other file formats. 
PDF is an open standard that was officially published on July 1, 2008 by the ISO.
PDF reader software is required to read PDF documents.

= = = Ascension Island = = =
Ascension Island is an isolated and relatively young volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, some west of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, from Liberia (Cape Palmas), and from Brazil (Recife). The nearest land is Saint Helena, to the south-east.
The Ascension Island is named after the day of its recorded discovery, Ascension Day. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island is St Helena.
The island is the location of a Royal Air Force station with a United States Air Force presence, a European Space Agency station and the BBC World Service Atlantic Relay Station. There is in the island one antenna of the five that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigational system (others are on Kwajalein Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado Springs and Hawaii).
History.
The Galician explorer João da Nova, working for Portugal, saw the Ascension island in the South Atlantic in 1501, when he was going to India; named it "ilha da Conceição" (Conception Island). En 1503 when the Portuguese navigator Afonso de Albuquerque saw the island on Ascension Day, in the church calendar, he named it after the feast day.
Organised settlement of Ascension Island began in 1815, when the British sent soldiers to the island as a precaution after imprisoning Napoleon I on Saint Helena to the southeast.
In 1836, Charles Darwin visited the Saint Helena and Ascension islands during his voyage in the Beagle. He described Ascension as an arid treeless island, with nothing growing near the coast. Sparse vegetation inland supported "about six hundred sheep, many goats, a few cows & horses", and large numbers of guineafowl imported from the Cape Verde islands, as well as rats, mice and land crabs.
In 1843, botanist and explorer Joseph Hooker visited the island. Four years later, Hooker advised the Royal Navy that with the help of Kew Gardens, they should develop a long-term plan of shipping trees to Ascension. So, from 1850 and continuing year on year, ships came each with different plants from botanical gardens in Argentina, Europe and South Africa. By the late 1870s Norfolk pines, eucalyptus, bamboo, and banana trees grew at the highest point of the island, Green Mountain, creating a tropical forest covered with clouds.
In 1899, the Eastern Telegraph Company (now part of Vodafone) installed the first underwater cable from the island, connecting the UK with its colonies in South Africa. In 1922, the Ascension island was made a dependency of Saint Helena. The island was managed by the head of the Eastern Telegraph Company on the island until 1964 when the British Government appointed an Administrator to represent the Governor of Saint Helena on Ascension.
In 1981, the British government changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories".
In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
Geography.
The island is roughly triangular in plan, about 13 km across, with
an area of , and has about 100 km of coastline. While the west and north-west coasts have sandy beaches, the south and southeast coasts form steep cliffs.
The highest point of the island is Green Mountain, or just "The Peak" (), which is high. Other high mountains are Weather Post (680 m - 1,995 ft), White Hill (525 m - 1,722 ft) and Sisters Peak (445 m - 1,460 ft).
There are several small islands (islets) and rocks surrounding the Ascension Island; the largest is Boatswainbird Island, north of the eastern part of the island.
Climate.
Ascension island has a tropical but oceanic climate, with little changes from one season to another. The island is in the path of the South-East Trade Winds, and southeast and easterly winds blow for more than half of every month.
The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Am ("Tropical Monsoon Climate").
The temperature is constant throughout the year. Monthly average maximum temperatures at sea-level vary only between about 27 °C and 31 °C. At 660 m on Green Mountain maximum temperatures are typically about 13 °C lower and minimum temperatures about 7 °C lower than
at sea-level. The relative humidity at sea-level is around 70%.
The average temperature for the year in Georgetown is 25.6 °C (78.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is March with an average temperature of 27.8 °C (82.0 °F). The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 24.4 °C (76.0 °F).
Demographics.
The human population is about 1,000, made up of civilians
working for the RAF and USAF, and a small number of military personnel. The personnel are mainly from the UK, USA and St Helena, none of whom are permanent residents.
There are five settlements:
Two Boats School is the only school on the island and provides education to all resident children 31⁄2–16 years old.

= = = Ashmore and Cartier Islands = = =
The Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands () is the collective name for two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands. The islands are in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti. The Australian mainland is about to the southwest, the island of Timor (and Roti next to it) is about to the north.
The territory includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island east with, a total area of within the reefs and including the lagoons, and of dry land. They have a long coastline, over , but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage. Nearby Hibernia Reef, northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.
Government.
The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Therefore, it is a dependency within the commonwealth. The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.

= = = Australian Antarctic Territory = = =
The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation. The area is about 6.119.818 km2. Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.
History.
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia. On 13 February 1954 , Mawson Station was set up. It was the first Australian station on the continent proper. 
Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway . As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.
Postage stamps.
Australia issues postage stamps for the Australian Antarctic Territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.
Telephone connections.
Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world. The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.

= = = British Antarctic Territory = = =
The British Antarctic Territory is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory. It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908. Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
The Territory overlaps other claims on Antarctica by Argentina and Chile
The Territory is inhabited largely by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations.
History.
The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands. In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.
Geography.
In addition to continental Antarctica, within which the BAT claim includes the Palmer Land peninsula, and the Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, the territory also includes the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands.
Administration.
It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.
The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.
Research.
The British Antarctic Survey has three permanently staffed research stations in the Territory:

= = = British Indian Ocean Territory = = =
The British Indian Ocean Territory is a dependency of the United Kingdom. It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean. The territory is the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very small. There is a total land area of . The largest island is Diego Garcia. 
Both India and Mauritius claim the territories, and do not recognise the United Kingdom's authority over the Chagos Archipelago. India does not recognise Anglo sovereignty over these "Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands" and has disputed their status since 1947.
The natives of these islands were deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government. They were sent to Mauritius and the Seychelles. This happened in 1968 to 1973, to allow the United States to build a joint UK/US military base. In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fighting hard against this court decision, and many of the natives are still said to be trying to move back to the islands.

= = = Christmas Island = = =
The Territory of Christmas Island is a small island that belongs to Australia. It is in the Indian Ocean, 2600 kms northwest of Perth in Western Australia and 500 km south of Jakarta, Indonesia.
About 1,600 people live on Christmas Island, mostly in a number of "settlement areas" on the north of the island:
Christmas Island is far from other islands. That is why many of the plants and animals are only found on that Island. Much of it is undisturbed by humans.
There used to be mining on the island, but now 65% of Christmas Island is National Park.
History.
Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship, the "Royal Mary", gave the island its name because they arrived on Christmas Day, 25 December 1643.
The earliest recorded visit was in March 1688 by William Dampier of the British ship "Cygnet". Dampier was blown away from the direction he wanted to go, and he got lost. After 28 days he arrived on Christmas Island. Two of his crewmen were the first recorded people to set foot on Christmas Island.
There were several visits and explorations of the island, but it was only when valuable phosphate of lime was discovered that the island was "annexed to" (claimed by) the British Crown on 6 June 1888.
Settlement and exploitation.
Soon afterwards, a small settlement was started in Flying Fish Cove by G. Clunies Ross, the owner of the Keeling Islands (some 900 kilometres to the south west) to collect timber and supplies for the growing industry on Cocos.
Phosphate mining began in the 1890s using indentured workers from Singapore, China, and Malaysia.
The island was ruled jointly by the British Phosphate Commissioners and District Officers from the United Kingdom Colonial Office through the Straits Settlements, and later the Crown Colony of Singapore.
Japanese invasion.
Japan invaded and occupied the island in 1942, as the Indian garrison mutinied, and they interned the residents (made them stay where they were) until the end of World War II in 1945.
Transfer to Australia.
Australia asked the United Kingdom to allow them to rule the island; in 1957, the Australian government paid the government of Singapore £2.9 million in compensation. This amount of money was decided by guessing how much the phosphate given up by Singapore was worth.
The first Australian Official Representative arrived in 1958 and was replaced by an Administrator in 1968. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and since 1997 share one Administrator who lives on Christmas Island.
Since the late 1980s boatloads of refugees have gone to Christmas Island, mostly from Indonesia. During 2001, Christmas Island received a large number of asylum seekers travelling by boat, most of them from the Middle East and intending to apply for asylum in Australia. The Norwegian cargo vessel MV "Tampa" rescued people from a sinking Indonesian fishing-boat "Palapa". The ship had 420 asylum seekers from Afghanistan, 13 from Sri Lanka, and five from Indonesia. The captain of the ship asked to let the refugees leave the ship at Christmas Island. The Australian SAS boarded and took control. The asylum seekers were sent to Nauru. Another boatload of asylum seekers was taken from Christmas Island to Papua New Guinea. It was said that many of the adult asylum seekers threw their children into the water in protest at being turned away. This was later proved to be untrue. Many of the refugees were accepted by New Zealand.
The Australian Parliament later passed a law to ban people who arrive on Christmas Island from being able automatically to claim refugee status. This allows the Australian navy to move them to other countries (Papua New Guinea's Manus Island, and Nauru). In 2005, the Department of Immigration began to build an "Immigration Reception and Processing Centre", completed in 2007 at the cost of $210 million. It has 800 beds.
Government.
Christmas Island is a non-self governing territory of Australia. The Queen of Australia is represented by an administrator appointed by the Governor-General. Neil Lucas was appointed administrator on 28 January 2006.
Federal government services are provided through the Department of Transport and Regional Services and the Christmas Island Administration.
The Western Australian Government and other contractors provide state government services, but because Christmas Island is a territory the Commonwealth (federal) Australian Government pay the costs.
The local government is the Shire of Christmas Island. This council has 9 members, half the members are elected every two years.
Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens also vote in Commonwealth elections for the Northern Territory's Lingiari constituency of the House of Representatives. They are represented in the Senate by Northern Territory Senators.
In early 1986 the Christmas Island Assembly held a design competition for an island flag; the winning design was adopted as the informal flag of the territory for more than ten years, and in 2002 it was made the official flag of Christmas Island.
The annual red crab mass migration (around 100 million animals) to the sea to spawn has been called one of the wonders of the natural world and takes place each year around November; after the start of the wet season and in synchronisation with the cycle of the moon.
Tourism.
The Christmas Island National Park covers 63% of the island. This means that for the visitor interested in plants and animals there is a great deal to see. There is also lots of amazing marine life in the sea.
Other websites.
General
Tourism

= = = Cocos (Keeling) Islands = = =
The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands () is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka. 
History.
Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811. A Scottish merchant seaman called Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross. 
On November 23 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955". In the 1970s, Australian government dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory purchase. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that the government could not buy Oceania House. Instead the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be given to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.
In 2004 there were 629 people living on the Cocos (Keeling) islands. There are about 120 Europeans on West Island and 500 Malays on Home Island. A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim. India does not recognise Anglo annexation of these Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands as part of Australia and disputes it's status to counterbalance regional hegemonic sea power. 
Government.
The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam (Home Island). Governance of the islands is based on the "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955" 
References.
Notes

= = = Heard Island and McDonald Islands = = =
The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (abbreviated as HIMI ) is a territory of Australia. They are islands in the Indian Ocean. They are about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. 
The islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
History.
The islands were discovered in 1833 by the British sailor Peter Kemp. They have been territories of Australia since 1947.
Geography.
Big Ben is an active volcano. The volcano is also known as "Mawson Peak".
The group's size is 372 km2 in area.

= = = Ross Dependency = = =
The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.
The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.
The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory. The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways. This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.
Jurisdiction.
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper. If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean. It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.
The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.
In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel "Southern Quest" sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.

= = = Tristan da Cunha = = =
Tristan da Cunha is a group of remote volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and also the main island of that group. Tristan da Cunha is the most remote archipelago (group of islands) and the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world; it is at from the nearest land, South Africa, and from South America.
The territory consists of the main island of Tristan da Cunha itself, which measures about across and has an area of , along with the uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible Island and Gough Island.
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena to its north and equatorial Ascension Island even further north. The island has a permanent population of 275 (2009 figures).
History.
The islands were first seen in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristan da Cunha (), but he did not go to land because rough seas. He gave its name to the principal island of the group () but it was soon changed by to "Tristan da Cunha".
In 1643 the crew of the Dutch ship "Heemstede" made the first recorded landing. In 1656 Jan van Riebeeck, the governor of Cape Town, sent a ship to the archipelago to see if it was possible to establish a military station but the project was abandoned.
Tristan da Cunha also discovered in 1506 the Inaccessible Island; its present name was given by French Capt. d'Escheverry (or d'Etchevery). In that same year, the Portuguese Gonçalo Alvarez discovered the Gough Island and named the island after him. It was re-discovered by the British Capt. Charles Gough who also gave its name to the island.
The Nightingale Island was discovered by Dutch sailors in 1656 and named it "Gebroocken Eiland". The British Capt. Gamaliel Nightingale, who visited the group in 1760, gave his name to the island.
The first study of the archipelago was made by the French frigate "L'Heure du Berger" in 1767. The results of the survey were published by A. Dalrymple in 1781.
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who came to the islands in December 1810. He declared the islands his property and named them the "Islands of Refreshment". Lambert's rule was short-lived, as he died in 1812.
In 1816 the United Kingdom formally annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. It was a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base, as they had during the War of 1812.
In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Rev. Edwin H. Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.
On 12 January 1938, the Tristan da Cunha archipelago was made a dependency of Saint Helena. In 1981, the British government changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories".
The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.
In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
Geography.
The islands of Tristan da Cunha are the peaks of volcanoes associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At 200,000 years old, the main island is the youngest of the group, while Nightingale is the oldest: 12 million years. Inaccessible and Gough are 3 to 5 million years old.
Tristan da Cunha is the name of the archipelago and of the main island of the group; the archipelago consists of the following islands:
Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are located southwest of the main island, while Gough Island is located south-southeast. The main island is quite mountainous; the only flat area is the location of the capital, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, on the northwest coast. The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary's Peak ; it is covered by snow in winter. The other islands of the group are uninhabited, except for the weather station on Gough Island, which has been operated by South Africa since 1956 (since 1963 at its present location at Transvaal Bay on the southeast coast), with a staff of six.
Climate.
The climate of the islands is temperate and oceanic, with a mean air temperature at sea level at Tristan of 15 °C (59 °F), with relatively small daily and seasonal variation. On Gough it is a few degrees colder. Rainfall is high: 1700 mm annually at the Tristan Settlement, and 3300 mm at Gough. Strong winds are common. Mean wind speed is about 40 km/h. Wind speed increases strongly with altitude, while temperature decreases. Thus, while the lowlands experience quite pleasant weather, the uplands may be covered in snow or battered by very strong winds.
The Köppen climate classification subtype for the climate in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate).
The average temperature for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, with an elevation of 23 m, is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is February with an average temperature of 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). The coolest month on average is August, with an average temperature of 10.6 °C (51.0 °F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is 1612.9 mm. The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 160 mm of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of 91.4 mm.
Demographics.
The islands have a population of about 275. The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement of Edinburgh" or, more common, just "The Settlement"). The only religion is Christianity, with denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic. The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who arrived on the island at various times between 1816 and 1908. The male founders originated from Scotland, England, The Netherlands, the United States and Italy and share just eight surnames: Glass (Scottish), Green (Dutch), Hagan (Irish), Lavarello (Italian, a typical Ligurian surname), Patterson (Scottish), Repetto (Italian, another typical Ligurian surname), Rogers (English) and Swain (English).

= = = Frozen dinner = = =
A frozen dinner is a kind of ready-to-prepare meal, or convenience food. Frozen dinners are prepared in bulk, cooked until ready to serve, divided into single servings for freezing, to be reheated later. An entrée of meat or other protein is included, along with vegetables, a carbohydrate food (such as potatoes or rice), and a sweet dessert.
Frozen dinners are helpful for people who do not have time to cook, or who lack meal-planning or cooking skills. They are also known as "TV dinners", because they were long advertised as suitable to warm up and eat while watching television. Both inventions became popular at around the same time (during the 1950s), and each one sold more of the other.
For many years, frozen dinners came packaged with a shaped aluminium foil cooking tray. This made them easy to reheat in a normal gas or electric stove's oven. The trays were sometimes reused or recycled by users. When microwave ovens became common, frozen dinners could not be cooked in them because the metal tray would damage the oven. Early packaged foods for the microwave often could not be cooked in a regular oven, because the heat would make the package catch fire or fall apart. New packaging had to be developed, so the same frozen dinner could be heated in both kinds of ovens. This succeeded during the 1980s. Some new trays can be reused, while others are made of paper and meant to be thrown away.
The quality of food in frozen dinners has also improved steadily through the years. Early potato dishes would sometimes have a chalk-like quality to them, and vegetables poor texture. Newer dinners taste much more like they are freshly cooked. Vegetarian meals have also been introduced. Linda McCartney started a popular line of frozen vegetarian dishes during the 1990s.

= = = Věž = = =
Věž is a village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 796 people live in Věž. It covers 14.43 km2.

= = = Southern lapwing = = =
The southern lapwing ("Vanellus chilensis") is a large long-legged bird. Lapwings are shorebirds. It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes. It is the national bird of Uruguay.

= = = Reinforced concrete = = =
Reinforced concrete is concrete with long bars inside to make it stronger. The reinforcing material has greater tensile strength than concrete has. Usually the bars are steel. Galvanizing saves the steel from rusting and corrosion. In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced. Reinforced concrete is stronger, and can be even stronger if the steel is stretched to make prestressed concrete.
The basic principle behind reinforced concrete is to embed steel reinforcement bars, also known as rebars, within the concrete to provide additional strength and resistance to tensile forces. The concrete acts as a compressive material, while the steel reinforcement handles the tensile forces.

= = = Courthouse = = =
A courthouse is a building that holds a court. Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants. In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials. The term is common in North America while in most other English-speaking countries, they are simply called "courts" or "court buildings". In most of continental Europe and former non-English-speaking European colonies, the equivalent term is a palace of justice 

= = = State (disambiguation) = = =
 State may mean:

= = = Prosecutor = = =
A prosecutor is a lawyer who argues in a court that the defendant should be found guilty of a crime. Prosecutors usually represent the government. 
A lawyer may help the defendant in trial. acting as a criminal defense attorney. 

= = = Ibiza = = =
Ibiza (in Catalan Eivissa) is an island which is part of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which all belong to Spain. It is famed for its nightclubs and nightlife.

= = = Octave Mirbeau = = =
Octave Mirbeau (1848–1917) was a French writer. His most famous novels are "Le Jardin des supplices" (in English: "The Torture Garden") (1899) and "Le Journal d'une femme de chambre" (in English: "Diary of a Chambermaid") (1900). His best known comedy is "Les affaires sont les affaires" (in English: "Business is business") (1903).

= = = Christmas Island (disambiguation) = = =
Christmas Island could mean:

= = = Tumulus = = =
A tumulus (one tumulus, several "tumuli") is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.

= = = Zapotec = = =
Zapotec could mean:

= = = Zapotec civilisation = = =
The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization. It was mainly in the Valley of Oaxaca of southern Mesoamerica. Archaeologists think their culture goes back at least 2500 years. The Zapotec left traces at the ancient city of Monte Albán. There are buildings, ball courts, magnificent tombs and grave goods. In the graves, finely worked gold jewellery was found. Monte Albán was the first major city in the western hemisphere. It was the center of a Zapotec state that dominated much of what is now the state of Oaxaca.
Etymology.
The name "Zapotec" comes from Nahuatl "tzapotēcah" (singular "tzapotēcatl"). This word means "inhabitants of the place of sapote". The Zapotec referred to themselves as "Be'ena'a", which means "The People."
Technology.
The Zapotec developed a calendar and a special system of writing. This system has a separate glyph for each of the syllables of the language. It is one of several candidates thought to have been the first writings system of Mesoamerica. It is the predecessor of the writing systems developed by the Maya, Mixtec, and Aztec civilizations. Currently there is some debate if Olmec symbols, dated to 650 BC, are actually a form of writing which is older than the earliest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC.
In the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, there were Zapotec and Mixtec artisans who made jewellery for the Aztec rulers ("tlatoanis"), including Moctezuma II. Relations with central Mexico go back much further. This can be proven by archaeological remains of a Zapotec neighborhood within Teotihuacan and a Teotihuacan style "guest house" in Monte Albán. Other important pre-Columbian Zapotec sites include Lambityeco, Dainzu, Mitla, Yagul, San José Mogote, El Palmillo and Zaachila.
The Zapotec were a sedentary culture. They were a well-advanced in civilization, living in large villages and towns, in houses constructed with stone and mortar. They recorded the principal events in their history by means of hieroglyphics, and in warfare they made use of a cotton armour. The well-known ruins of Mitla have been attributed to them and were claimed to be the tombs of their ancestors.
Religion.
Like most Mesoamerican religious systems, the Zapotec religion was polytheistic. Two principal deities include Cocijo, the rain god (similar to the Aztec god Tlaloc), and Coquihani, the god of light. It is believed that the Zapotec sometimes used human sacrifice in their rituals.
The Zapotecs tell that their ancestors emerged from the earth, from caves, or that they turned from trees or jaguars into people, while the elite that governed them believed that they descended from supernatural beings that lived among the clouds, and that upon death they would return to such status. In fact, the name by which Zapotecs are known today resulted from this belief. In Central Valley Zapotec "The Cloud People' is "Be'ena' Za'a."
Warfare.
The last battle between the Aztecs and the Zapotecs occurred between 1497 and 1502, under the Aztec ruler Ahuizotl. At the time of Spanish conquest of Mexico, when news arrived that the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniards, King Cosijoeza ordered his people not to confront the Spaniards so they would avoid the same fate. They were defeated by the Spaniards only after several campaigns between 1522 and 1527. However, uprisings against colonial authorities occurred in 1550, 1560, and 1715.
In 1850 there was another rebellion against the local government of Oaxaca, followed in 1866 by one against the Royal French Army, during the French invasion of Mexico. In recent times, there was an uprising against the local governor Manuel Zárate Aquino in the late 1970s.

= = = Olmec = = =
The Olmecs were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics. 
The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.
Overview.
The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta. The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin. The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown. They developed many different cultures.
Art.
The Olmecs created a range of artwork such as altars, jade masks and stone carvings.
Colossal heads.
The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization. The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male. They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata. Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations. No two are alike. The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.
Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects. The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt. Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range. According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities. 
Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads. These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization. The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match. The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.

= = = Mixe-Zoque languages = = =
The Mixe-Zoque languages is a group of languages and dialects. They are currently all spoken in Mexico. There are about 350.000 people speaking one of the languages. Depending on who is asked, there are between 12 and 16 languages, with several dialects. Some languages that have become extinct are not counted in these.

= = = Step pyramid = = =
Step pyramids are a form of pyramid. They are usually large. Several civilisations developed them. Several step pyramids can be found in Egypt, what is now Mexico, and what is now Sudan.

= = = Chichen Itza = = =
Chicken Itza was a large Mayan city by the Mamadou civilization. It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120 km to the east of Mérida. 
Some of the most famous parts of Chichen Itza include:
the temple of Kukultán, the Plumed Serpent . This is called El Castillo: in Spanish. It has four sides, and each side has 91 steps.It is one of the seven wonders of world.
There are many temples and pyramids in Chichen Itza. Tourists, or visitors, were once able to climb some of the pyramids, but it was quite challenging because the steps are very steep and small. Climbing is no longer permitted.
"Temple of the Warriors" is a big temple with hundreds of columns. The columns used to hold up the roof of the temple. These columns are carved on all four sides with figures of warriors wearing feathers.
"The Great Ballcourt" is the largest known ancient sports field in Central America. It is 545 feet in length and 225 feet in width. Each end has a raised temple area. The sounds in the ballcourt are remarkable: a whisper from one end can be clearly heard at the other.
"Sacred Cenote" (pronounced sen-O-tay): a cenote is an underground lake or river. This cenote is where royalty gave gifts to the gods.
Chichen Itza means at the mouth of the well of enchanted water.

= = = Common sense = = =
Common sense means what people would agree about. It is a personal judgement based on the facts of a situation. Common sense is usually the simplest and most direct account of a situation. It is the knowledge and experience which most people have, or should have. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way".
"Common sense" has at least two philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the mind to perceive things like movement and size. The second is our natural sense for other humans and the community. Both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge. Most people are expected to share these things naturally, even if they can not explain why.
It is quite possible for common sense to be wrong, and science often explains things in quite a different way from common sense. People lack any common-sense intuition of the universe at subatomic distances, or of speeds approaching that of light. Today it is well known that the Earth travels around the Sun but before the scientific revolution people thought that the Sun going around the Earth was common sense. 
According to the Simple English Wiktionary “Common sense is something that everybody knows and understands.”

= = = Magic User's Club = = =
Magic User’s Club is an anime created by Junichi Sato. There were two manga released for it. One is for girls and the other is for boys.
Plot.
A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth. People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to. A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.

= = = Deryck Whibley = = =
Deryck Whibley (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41. He was married to Avril Lavigne but on October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.

= = = Glam rock = = =
Glam rock is a genre of rock music that was popular in the early 1970s. It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, Elton John, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen and Sweet. Glam fans (usually referred to as the "glitter people") and performers distinguished themselves from the denim-clad hippie-hordes with sci-fi/mythological/Hollywood glamour/ambisexual-inspired costumes, which were perceived as glamorous by the press. They symbolized that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes. The music was characterised by languid, narcotic ballads and raunchy, high-energy Rolling Stones–influenced rock n‘ roll stylings.

= = = Polish Aviation Museum = = =
The Polish Aviation Museum () is a big museum of old airplanes and airplane engines. It is in Kraków, Poland. It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.
Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines. Some of them one can see only there.

= = = Eddy Merckx = = =
Baron Edouard Louis Joseph Merckx () (born June 17, 1945, Meensel-Kiezegem, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium) is a former Belgian professional road racing cyclist. Merckx, regarded as the greatest and most successful cyclist of all time, established several world cycling records, some of which remain unbroken to this day.
Racing career.
Early successes in stage racing and single day races.
Merckx started competing in 1961. Three years later he became Amateur World Champion. He turned professional in 1965. In 1966 he won the first of seven editions of Milan-Sanremo. He started his first Grand Tour at the 1967 "Giro d'Italia". He won his first stage here and finished seventh overall. Later that year he outsprinted Jan Janssen to become Professional World Champion at Heerlen, The Netherlands. He was world champion twice more.
In 1968 Merckx moved to the Italian "Faema" team. As world champion he wore the rainbow jersey and won the Paris-Roubaix race for the first time. He also won the "Giro d'Italia" . He won the "Giro" three more times.
Starting the 1969 season, he won Paris-Nice stage race. In the time trial, he overtook the five-time Tour de France winner Jacques Anquetil. Anquetil was so good at time trailing many people thought he was unbeatable. Merckx went on to win Milan-Sanremo and Ronde van Vlaanderen several weeks later.
In his "Tour de France" debut (first entry) in 1969, Merckx immediately won the yellow jersey (overall leader), the green jersey (best sprinter) and the red polka-dotted jersey ("King of the Mountains" - best climber in the mountain stages). No other cyclist has won the three jerseys in one "Tour de France", and only Tony Rominger in 1993 and Laurent Jalabert in 1995 have been able to match this feat in any Grand Tour. Both were in the Tour of Spain. Merckx was only 24, so would have won the white jersey (for best rider under 25 years of age) but the Tour de France did not give a white jersey until the 1970s.
Eddy Merkx was the first Belgian to win the Tour de France since Sylvère Maes in 1939. Merckx became a national hero. He won the Tour four more times: in 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1974, equalling Jacques Anquetil. Over the next 25 years, only Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain were able to equal the five victories. Merckx still holds the records for stage wins (34) and number of days in the Yellow Jersey (96).
Challenges to Merckx's domination in the Grand Tours.
The greatest challenge to Merckx was in the 1971 Tour de France. Luis Ocana attacked and won the maillot jaune by several minutes. Ocana held his lead until he crashed and had to abandon (leave) the tour. Many people hoped they would race against each other again.of a rematch between the two.
Before that could happen, Merckx raced in the 1972 edition of the Giro d'Italia and beat the mountain racing expert Jose Manuel Fuente in the mountain stages. In that year's Tour de France Ocana was sick and withdrew.
In 1973 Merckx rode in the Vuelta a España where he beat Luis Ocana and Bernard Thévenet and then went on to win the Giro d'Italia. Merckx's final victory in the Giro d'Italia in the 1974 edition was a tight battle between Merckx and two Italians. In the end, Merckx won by the very narrow margin of twelve seconds over Gianbattista Baronchelli and 33 seconds over Felice Gimondi.
Classics victories.
In addition to Grand Tour successes, Merckx has a long list of victories in one-day races. Among the highlights are
That is a total of 19 victories in the Classics. He also won the "World Road Racing Championship" a record three times in 1967, 1971 and 1974, and every Classic except Paris-Tours. Finally, he won 17 "six-day" track races, often with Patrick Sercu.
Merckx retired from racing in 1978, at the age of 33.
Setbacks and lesser days.
The blackest day in Merckx's career was in 1969, when he crashed in a derny race towards the end of the season. A pacer and a cyclist fell in front of Merckx's pacer, Fernand Wambst. Wambst and Merckx crashed. Wambst was killed instantly, and Merckx suffered concussion and fell unconscious. This accident cracked a vertebra and twisted his pelvis. Afterwards he said his riding was never the same, because he always be in pain, especially while climbing.
That same year, during the "Giro d'Italia", was found to have used drugs and disqualified. He cried in front of reporters and still protests his innocence. He argued that there were no counter-experts nor counter-analysis and that foreign supporters hated him. Further, he stated that the stage during which he was allegedly using drugs was an easy one, so there was no need to use drugs. The Belgian prince sent a plane to bring him to Belgium. This incident was one of the reasons why Merckx thought his first "Tour de France" victory, later that year, his best ever win
The end of his Tour-career came in 1975 (although he did compete in 1977 he finished 6th that year). That year, he attempted to win his sixth but became a victim of violence. Many Frenchmen were upset that a Belgian might beat the record five wins set by Jacques Anquetil. Merckx held the yellow jersey for eight days, which raised his record to 96 days, but during stage 14 a French spectator punched him in the liver. A later collision with the Danish rider Ole Ritter broke his jaw. Although he could not eat solid food and was barely able to talk, Merckx did not retire. During the last stage, he attacked leader Bernard Thevenet (but was caught by the peloton).
Records.
Merckx set these records during his career.
Hour record.
Merckx set the hour record in October 25, 1972. He covered 49.431 km at high altitude in Mexico City. The record was unbeaten until 1984, when Francesco Moser broke it using a specially designed bicycle. During the next 15 years, various racers improved the record to more than 56 km. However, because of the more and more strange designs of the bikes and position of the rider, in 2000 the UCI said a "traditional" bike must be used. When Chris Boardman had another go at Merckx's reinstated record in 2000, he beat it by slightly more than 10 metres at sea level. But, Merckx had raced a full road season winning the Tour, Giro and four Classics, while Boardman was a time trial specialist who had retired from road racing and had prepared specially for the 2000 Hour Record.
After retirement.
Having retired, Merckx has a bicycle factory and is a race commentator. He was coach of the Belgian national cycling team during the mid-90s, and part of the Belgian Olympic Committee. Merckx is still asked to comment as an authority on cycling. As such, he has also figured as special advisor for the recent UCI addition "Tour of Qatar" since 2002.
In May 2004, he underwent an oesophagus operation to cure the constant stomach ache which he suffered since he was a young man. He lost almost 30 kg in the process, and started cycling again, but only for leisure.
Personal life.
In 1967 Merckx married Claudine Acou. Merckx's mother asked the priest to celebrate the ceremony in French, a choice that ended up being a contentious issue in Belgium. They had two children: a daughter (Sabrina), and a son (Axel) who was a professional cyclist for Team T-Mobile.
Despite this early incident, Merckx is a perfect ambassador to Belgium (because he does not support Flanders more than Wallonia, but supports the unity of the country). Because of this, he came 4th in the Walloon version of the "Greatest Belgian" contest in 2005, and third in the Flemish (3rd) version..
In 1996 the Belgian king gave him the title of baron. In 2000 he was chosen Belgian "Sports Figure of the Century".
Merckx is known as a quiet and modest person. Many of his former helpers have worked in his bicycle factory and join him during recreational bike tours.
Merckx has condemned doping (he tested positive twice in his career). At the same time he has been quick to point out that cycling is unfairly treated when compared to other sports. In the 1990s, he became a friend of Lance Armstrong and supported him when he was accused of drug use, stating he "believed what Lance told him than what appeared in newspapers". After Armstrong won his third Tour de France, Merckx predicted he would go on to win as many as seven.
Doping.
Merckx twice tested positive for doping in his career. Because he has admitted doing this publicly the city of Stuttgart, Germany did not want to invite him to the world cycling championships being held in the city in 2007

= = = Monstera = = =
Monstera is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America. 
The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix. Some species have edible fruit.
Many people grow some of these species (esp. "Monstera deliciosa") indoors as a houseplant. "Monstera deliciosa" is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.
In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.


= = = Pirajoux = = =
Pirajoux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pizay = = =
Pizay is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Newport, Arkansas = = =
Newport is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Plagne, Ain = = =
Plagne is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Norfork, Arkansas = = =
Norfork is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Polliat = = =
Polliat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = North Little Rock, Arkansas = = =
North Little Rock is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas.

= = = Pollieu = = =
Pollieu is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Ola, Arkansas = = =
Ola is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Poncin = = =
Poncin is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Omaha, Arkansas = = =
Omaha is a small town in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Pont-d'Ain = = =
Pont-d'Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pont-de-Vaux = = =
Pont-de-Vaux is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Osceola, Arkansas = = =
Osceola is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Pont-de-Veyle = = =
Pont-de-Veyle is a commune. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. It is 10 kilometers east of Mâcon, and about 400 km from Paris. In 1999, there were 1571 people living in the commune. It is on an island made where the River Veyle separates into two branches. The Veyle then flows into the River Saône, which was made the border between the Kingdom of France and the German Empire in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun.
History.
Pont-de-Veyle was first started by the Lords of Bage, and legally made a city by the Counts of Savoy in 1275. It only became French in 1601 under King Henri IV of France as part of the Treaty of Lyon.
Because it was close to the border, this city had to build a castle to defend themselves against the Lords of Macon, the Sires of Beaujeu and the Princes of Dombes. The castle had 14 towers, but today only one remains, the Clock Tower and a doorway from the 14th century, joined by brick walls. Today there is very little left of these walls. The castle was surrounded by a moat filled with water. From 1750 to 1800, they pulled down the city walls and towers that had become dangerous and were about to fall down.
There are many old and historic buildings from the Renaissance and later centuries. The "Savoy" or "House of Lords", whose facade was restored, is one of the most beautiful in the region. There is a priory of Saint Benedict with its Gothic doors. There are many half-timbered houses, such as "The House of the Watchman", which was redeveloped with great care and taste. There are also many spiral staircases of stone, including one at City Hall which was part of the former College of the Jesuits. The Jesuit style church was built in 1755. The hospital which was started in 1322, still has 18th century buildings.
After the Reformation and the religious wars there was a large group of Protestants living in the city. When the Edict of Nantes, a law which gave them religious freedom, was overturned, they fled the city and went to live in Switzerland and Germany.
Jean-Louis Carra, a French journalist and revolutionary, was born in Pont-de-Veyle on 9 March 1742. He was executed by the guillotine in Paris on 31 October, 1793.

= = = Ozark, Arkansas = = =
Ozark is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Port, Ain = = =
Port is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pougny, Ain = = =
Pougny is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pouillat = = =
Pouillat is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Prémeyzel = = =
Prémeyzel is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. The inhabitants are the "Prémeyzélans".

= = = Palestine, Arkansas = = =
Palestine is a city in the US state of America.

= = = Prémillieu = = =
Prémillieu is a commune in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Paragould, Arkansas = = =
Paragould is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Pressiat = = =
Pressiat used to be a commune. It was in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new commune of Val-Revermont.

= = = Prévessin-Moëns = = =
Prévessin-Moëns is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Priay = = =
Priay is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pugieu = = =
Pugieu is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Chazey-Bons.

= = = Ramasse = = =
Ramasse is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Rancé = = =
Rancé is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Relevant, Ain = = =
Relevant is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Replonges = = =
Replonges is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Revonnas = = =
Revonnas is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Reyrieux = = =
Reyrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Reyssouze = = =
Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Rignieux-le-Franc = = =
Rignieux-le-Franc is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department. This in the east of France.

= = = Romans, Ain = = =
Romans is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Rossillon = = =
Rossillon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Ruffieu = = =
Ruffieu is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Paris, Arkansas = = =
Paris is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Alban, Ain = = =
Saint-Alban is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-André-d'Huiriat = = =
Saint-André-d'Huiriat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2006, about 497 people lived there.

= = = Pea Ridge, Arkansas = = =
Pea Ridge is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-André-de-Bâgé = = =
Saint-André-de-Bâgé is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Peach Orchard, Arkansas = = =
Peach Orchard is a city of Clay County in the state of Arkansas in the United States.

= = = Saint-André-de-Corcy = = =
Saint-André-de-Corcy is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Perryville, Arkansas = = =
Perryville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-André-le-Bouchoux = = =
Saint-André-le-Bouchoux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc = = =
aSaint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Bénigne = = =
Saint-Bénigne is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Benoît, Ain = = =
Saint-Benoît is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Groslée-Saint-Benoît.

= = = Saint-Bernard, Ain = = =
Saint-Bernard is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Bois = = =
Saint-Bois is a former commune in the Ain department in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Arboys-en-Bugey.

= = = Saint-Champ = = =
Saint-Champ is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into Magnieu.

= = = Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon = = =
Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Denis-en-Bugey = = =
Saint-Denis-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg = = =
Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg is a commune in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat = = =
Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Didier-de-Formans = = =
Saint-Didier-de-Formans is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne = = =
Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in east France.
Geography.
The Chalaronne (a long river) flows west through the southern part of the commune. It then flows into the Saône, which is part of the commune's south-western border.

= = = Saint-Éloi, Ain = = =
Saint-Éloi is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Étienne-du-Bois, Ain = = =
Saint-Étienne-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne = = =
Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze = = =
Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Piggott, Arkansas = = =
Piggott is a city in the US state of Arkansas. In 2020 there were about 3,600 people living in Piggott which is the largest city in Clay County. The town was first called Huston, but was later named Piggott after Dr. James Piggott, an early resident. In 1956 the town was used as the main location in Elia Kazan's movie, "A Face in the Crowd", starring Lee Remick and Andy Griffith.
Hemingway.
American author Ernest Hemingway visited Piggot many times during the 1930s. His second wife's parents, Paul and Mary Pfeiffer, lived in Piggott. They converted a barn into a studio where Hemingway could write. He wrote a lot of his novel "A Farewell to Arms" in the studio. The house and barn are now the Hemingway-Pfeiffer Museum and Educational Center which is run by Arkansas State University.

= = = Saint-Genis-Pouilly = = =
Saint-Genis-Pouilly is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon = = =
Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Georges-sur-Renon = = =
Saint-Georges-sur-Renon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Germain-de-Joux = = =
Saint-Germain-de-Joux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. The people who live there are called "San-Germinois". In 2006, about 496 lived there.

= = = Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses = = =
Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Germain-sur-Renon = = =
Saint-Germain-sur-Renon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pindall, Arkansas = = =
Pindall is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Jean-de-Gonville = = =
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pine Bluff, Arkansas = = =
Pine Bluff is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Jean-de-Niost = = =
Saint-Jean-de-Niost is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Skateboarding = = =
Skateboarding is the act of riding on a skateboard and doing tricks that very difficult. A person who skateboards is most often called a "skateboarder". 
Skateboarding can be a hobby, an art, a job, or a way of moving around. Skateboarding has been changed by many skateboarders over many years. A 2002 report by "American Sports Data" found that there were 18.5 million skateboarders in the world. Of those skateboarders, 85 percent were under 18 years old, and 74 percent were male.
Skateboarding is an Olympic sport since the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan but it's also a way to transport yourself around town. Whatever you're using a skateboard for it's important to wear proper protective equipment like a helmet, wrist guards, elbow pads, and knee pads.
History.
Skateboarding really exploded in California when the surfers wanted to take surfing to the street during the 60s and 70s. It wasn't really until the Z-Boys that skateboarding really became popular. The first interpretation of the skateboard during the early 1920s but there have been many reiterations of the board since then. 
Tricks.
The basic tricks of skateboarding are ollies, kickflips, shuv-its, and 180s ("one-eighties"). These are the tricks that new skateboarders often try. An "ollie" is when someone pops the board and gets off the ground. A kickflip is done by doing an ollie and rotating the board. A "shuv-it" is done by turning the board 180° while staying above the board. A "180" is done by turning the board 180°, along with the skateboarder. There are also variations of these tricks, such as the "tre flip", which is a 360° shuv-it and a kickflip. There are many other tricks such as manuals, slides, grinds, grabs, slappy grinds, footplants/plants, and nollie flips.

= = = Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux = = =
Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Ain = = =
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze = = =
Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle = = =
Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze = = =
Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle = = =
Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Just, Ain = = =
Saint-Just is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône = = =
Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department. This in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Marcel, Ain = = =
Saint-Marcel is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-de-Bavel = = =
Saint-Martin-de-Bavel is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-du-Frêne = = =
Saint-Martin-du-Frêne is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Saint-Martin-du-Mont, Ain = = =
Saint-Martin-du-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-le-Châtel = = =
Saint-Martin-le-Châtel is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost = = =
Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department. This in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans = = =
Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens = = =
Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux = = =
Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Nizier-le-Désert = = =
Saint-Nizier-le-Désert is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Paul-de-Varax = = =
Saint-Paul-de-Varax is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey = = =
Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pocahontas, Arkansas = = =
Pocahontas is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Rémy, Ain = = =
Saint-Rémy is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey = = =
Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pottsville, Arkansas = = =
Pottsville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Sulpice, Ain = = =
Saint-Sulpice is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Poyen, Arkansas = = =
Poyen is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes = = =
Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2014, 1,099 people lived in the commune. It is located 34 km northeast of Mâcon. The inhabitants are the "Trivicourtois".

= = = Prairie Grove, Arkansas = = =
Prairie Grove is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans = = =
Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans is a commune. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. 
It is 32 km southeast of Mâcon.

= = = Saint-Vulbas = = =
Saint-Vulbas is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Prescott, Arkansas = = =
Prescott is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Sainte-Croix, Ain = = =
Sainte-Croix is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sainte-Euphémie = = =
Sainte-Euphémie is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sainte-Julie, Ain = = =
Sainte-Julie is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sainte-Olive = = =
Sainte-Olive is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2014, 291 people lived there.

= = = Salavre = = =
Salavre is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Pyatt, Arkansas = = =
Pyatt is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Samognat = = =
Samognat is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Ravenden, Arkansas = = =
Ravenden is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Sandrans = = =
Sandrans is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sault-Brénaz = = =
Sault-Brénaz is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Rector, Arkansas = = =
Rector is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Sauverny = = =
Sauverny is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Rogers, Arkansas = = =
Rogers is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Savigneux, Ain = = =
Savigneux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Ségny = = =
Ségny is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Seillonnaz = = =
Seillonnaz is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sergy, Ain = = =
Sergy is a commune in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sermoyer = = =
Sermoyer is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Serrières-de-Briord = = =
Serrières-de-Briord is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Serrières-sur-Ain = = =
Serrières-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Servas, Ain = = =
Servas is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Romance, Arkansas = = =
Romance is a city in the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

= = = Servignat = = =
Servignat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Seyssel, Ain = = =
Seyssel is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Russellville, Arkansas = = =
Russellville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Simandre-sur-Suran = = =
Simandre-sur-Suran is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Songieu = = =
Songieu is a former commune in the Ain department in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Haut-Valromey.

= = = Salem, Fulton County, Arkansas = = =
Salem is a city in Fulton County, Arkansas, United States. It is the county seat of Fulton County.

= = = Sonthonnax-la-Montagne = = =
Sonthonnax-la-Montagne is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Salem, Saline County, Arkansas = = =
Salem is a census-designated place (CDP) in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Souclin = = =
Souclin is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Saline County, Arkansas = = =
Saline County is a county of the state of Arkansas in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 123,416. The county seat is Benton. Saline County was founded on November 2, 1835.

= = = Sulignat = = =
Sulignat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Surjoux = = =
Surjoux is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Surjoux-Lhopital.

= = = Sutrieu = = =
Sutrieu is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Valromey-sur-Séran.

= = = Talissieu = = =
Talissieu is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Tenay = = =
Tenay is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Thézillieu = = =
Thézillieu is a former commune. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in east France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Plateau d'Hauteville.

= = = Thil, Ain = = =
Thil is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Thoiry, Ain = = =
Thoiry is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Thoissey = = =
Thoissey is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Torcieu = = =
Torcieu is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Tossiat = = =
Tossiat is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Toussieux = = =
Toussieux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Tramoyes = = =
Tramoyes is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department. It is in the east of France.

= = = Treffort-Cuisiat = = =
Treffort-Cuisiat is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-Revermont.

= = = Scranton, Arkansas = = =
Scranton is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Trévoux = = =
Trévoux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Searcy, Arkansas = = =
Searcy is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Valeins = = =
Valeins is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Vandeins = = =
Vandeins is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sedgwick, Arkansas = = =
Sedgwick is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Varambon = = =
Varambon is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Vaux-en-Bugey = = =
Vaux-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Verjon = = =
Verjon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sheridan, Arkansas = = =
Sheridan is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Vernoux = = =
Vernoux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sherwood, Arkansas = = =
Sherwood is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas.

= = = Versailleux = = =
Versailleux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Versonnex, Ain = = =
Versonnex is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Shirley, Arkansas = = =
Shirley is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Vesancy = = =
Vesancy is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sidney, Arkansas = = =
Sidney is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Vescours = = =
Vescours is a commune in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Siloam Springs, Arkansas = = =
Siloam Springs is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Vésines = = =
Vésines is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Vieu = = =
Vieu is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Valromey-sur-Séran.

= = = Smackover, Arkansas = = =
Smackover is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Vieu-d'Izenave = = =
Vieu-d'Izenave is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Springdale, Arkansas = = =
Springdale is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Villars-les-Dombes = = =
Villars-les-Dombes is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = St. Joe, Arkansas = = =
St. Joe is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Villebois = = =
Villebois is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Star City, Arkansas = = =
Star City is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Villemotier = = =
Villemotier is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in east France.

= = = Stuttgart, Arkansas = = =
Stuttgart is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Villeneuve, Ain = = =
Villeneuve is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Villereversure = = =
Villereversure is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Subiaco, Arkansas = = =
Subiaco is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Villes = = =
Villes is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Sulphur Springs, Arkansas = = =
Sulphur Springs is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Villette-sur-Ain = = =
Villette-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Texarkana, Arkansas = = =
Texarkana is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It has around 30,000 residents as of 2021. It is in Miller County.

= = = Villieu-Loyes-Mollon = = =
Villieu-Loyes-Mollon is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Trumann, Arkansas = = =
Trumann is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Viriat = = =
Viriat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Tuckerman, Arkansas = = =
Tuckerman is a city in the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

= = = Virieu-le-Grand = = =
Virieu-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Van Buren, Arkansas = = =
Van Buren is a city in Crawford County, Arkansas, in the United States. It is the county seat of Crawford County.

= = = Virieu-le-Petit = = =
Virieu-le-Petit is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Arvière-en-Valromey.

= = = Vilonia, Arkansas = = =
Vilonia is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Virignin = = =
Virignin is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Viola, Arkansas = = =
Viola is a town in Fulton County in the state of Arkansas in the United States.

= = = Vongnes = = =
Vongnes is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Vonnas = = =
Vonnas is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

= = = Waldenburg, Arkansas = = =
Waldenburg is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Waldron, Arkansas = = =
Waldron is a city in the US state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 3,386. It is the county seat of Scott County.

= = = Walnut Ridge, Arkansas = = =
Walnut Ridge is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It had a population of 5,384 in 2020.
In 1964, the Beatles visited the city at the height of their popularity. It was a brief stop on the Beatles' American tour. They landed at the city's airport to spend the weekend at a local dude ranch. The city has built a sculpture to commemorate the visit. The city also holds a festival to remember the Beatles' visit.
Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley performed in the city early in their careers.
The town is located on U.S. Route 67 which is named "Rock 'N Roll Highway."

= = = Warren, Arkansas = = =
Warren is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Weiner, Arkansas = = =
Weiner is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It is in Poinsett County.

= = = West Fork, Arkansas = = =
West Fork is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = West Helena, Arkansas = = =
West Helena is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = West Memphis, Arkansas = = =
West Memphis is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = White Hall, Arkansas = = =
White Hall is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It is in Jefferson County, Arkansas.

= = = Wilton, Arkansas = = =
Wilton is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It is in Little River County.

= = = Winslow, Arkansas = = =
Winslow is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It is in Washington County.

= = = Wynne, Arkansas = = =
Wynne is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Yellville, Arkansas = = =
Yellville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = Hardy, Arkansas = = =
Hardy is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

= = = The Bouncing Souls = = =
The Bouncing Souls are a punk rock band from New Brunswick, New Jersey that formed in 1987. The band's name is a reference to Doc Martens shoes.
History.
Before joining the group, all four of the original members grew up in Basking Ridge, NJ and played in smaller bands during high school.
In 1994, they released their first album on their own label, Chunksaah Records. They signed with Epitaph in 1997.
Discography.
Studio albums
EPs
Splits
7" Records
Live and Compilation albums
DVDs

= = = Leedsichthys = = =
Leedsichthys problematicus ("leeds fish") was a giant fish of the Jurassic period. Its fossils were first found in England. 
It was a pachycormid, a group of extinct ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). "Leedsichthys" is the largest fish known, with an estimated length of up to 16 metres. The blue whale is twice as long, at 30 metres, but it is a mammal, not a fish.
"Leedsichthys" fossils are incomplete, making it impossible to know the exact length. The fossil is named after its discoverer, Alfred Nicholson Leeds, who discovered it before 1886 near Peterborough, England. No full fossil is known, mainly because parts of the skeleton were made of cartilage, which does not fossilise.
The front of the snout was made of cartilage.
"Leedsichthys" fossils have also been found in France, Germany and Chile.
Food.
Like the world's biggest fish today, the whale shark, "Leedsichthys" was a filter feeder, getting its nutrition from plankton. Remains of over 70 individuals have been found.

= = = Polynesian rat = = =
The Polynesian rat, or Pacific rat ("Rattus exulans"), known to the Māori as kiore, is the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind the brown rat and black rat. The Polynesian rat originates in Southeast Asia but, like its cousins, has become well travelled - infiltrating most Polynesian islands including New Zealand, Fiji, and Hawaii.

= = = Oddworld = = =
Oddworld is a 1997 video game series that has won many awards. It was created by Oddworld Inhabitants and was founded by Lorne Lanning and Sherry McKenna. The name is for both the series and the fictional universe where the games in the series take place. The first game in the series, "" was first sold in 1997 and was the first game for the Oddworld Quintology. Between 1997 and 2005, a total of four different games have been sold and from 2010-2012 Munch's Oddysee and Stranger's Wrath games were made for PC and made in HD for the Playstation 3. The games have also been developed by several developers. GT Interactive developed Abe's Oddysee and Abe's Exoddus, Microsoft Gaming Studios developed Munch's Oddysee, EA Games developed Stranger's Wrath, and Just Add Water (Developments LTD) have developed Stranger's Wrath HD, Munch's Oddysee HD, and Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty. The games themselves were set in the part of Oddworld called Mudos.
Games set on Oddworld.
Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee.
"Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee" was the first game in the series and the Quintology. It is a 2D flip-scrolling platform game. It was first sold in September 1997 for the PlayStation video game console and Microsoft Windows. In the game, the player plays as Abe who works in a meat processing plant called RuptureFarms. The game flips through different screens. Some screens have creatures from the Oddworld universe which are programmed to kill Abe. Each Abe game has a feature called GameSpeak where Abe can speak to his fellow Mudokons and take control of the Slig. This is done by chanting. Once the Slig is possessed, he can do what he could do whilst he was not possessed but he can shoot other Sligs and Slogs and unlock doors and electric walls The goal of the game is to save Abe's friends who are known as "Mudokons". There are 99 Mudokons in the game. Some of them are hidden in secret areas and when Abe lands in a secret area, the game will give the player an audio cue. The game has two different ways it ends. If, at the end of the game, the player does not save at least 50 native Mudokons, the bad ending will appear instead of the good ending. The game was re-released as Classics on PC in 2008 on Steam and then on PS3 on Playstation Network in 2009. A Gameboy version called Oddworld: Adventures was released in 1998 by Saffire Corporation and it was a shorter version of Abe's Oddysee.
"Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus".
Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus was the second game in the series . It was released in November 1998 for the PlayStation video game console and Microsoft Windows and was released as a bonus title. The game play is the same as Abe's Oddysee but with different levels and secret areas. It also has a better GameSpeak than the other game and Abe can have more than one Mudokons following by saying "All o'ya!" and Scrabs, Paramites and Glukons can be possessed. There are 300 Mudokons and the Mudokons have different emotions. They could become angry, depressed or sick, There are new Oddworld creatures as well as different versions of creatures from the first game, for example flying and crawling "Sligs". The game was re-released as Classics in 2008 for PC on Steam and re-released on Playstation Network for the PS3 in 2009. A Gameboy Color version was released in November 1999 by Saffire Corporation. This was a shortened version of the entire game. A well known fan of the game is working on a full 3D remake of the original game titled Twice Ze Flavor after Oddworld Inhabitants messaged the fan on Twitter saying that he can make a fan game but he has to use his own assests and source code. The remake will be built with freelance designers and developers who had pervious experience in the games industry and a Demo version of the ame will be similar to the original demo with just Tunnel 1 and Tunnel 2 and it's secret areas. The game will also have a Classic mode option for people who like the original voices and sound effects from the original games.Twice Ze Flavor Fangame Site 
"Oddworld: Munch Oddysee".
Oddworld Munch's Oddysee was the second game to be part of the Quintology. When it was released in 2001, it was only for Xbox and can be played with Munch or Abe and the storyline continued after what happened in Abe's Exoddus. Munch was a new playable character and he was a Gabbit. There were more things to rescue in this game. Abe has to rescue his Native Mudokons. Munch has to rescue fuzzles and labour eggs The endings in the game were based on the Quarma. If the player had a good Quarma, the good ending movie will be played. If the player has a bad quarma, the bad ending movie will be played. A Game Boy Advance version was also released. The original PC port was released in 2010. The game was re-released on PS3 in high definition by Just Add Water in 2012 and was re-released on the PC by Square One Games with a new port in 2016 and was released on the Mac App Store in 2015. 
"Oddworld: Strangers Wrath".
Oddworld: Strangers Wrath was a game developed by EA games in 2005 that was set in the western side of Mudos. The game was all about a bounty hunter called Stranger. It was a third-person and first person platformer. It was released for the PS3 in HD in 2011 by Just Add Water and was ported to PC by Just Add Water in 2010 followed by a mobile port in 2014 and a macOS port in 2015. 
Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty.
Oddworld New 'n' Tasty is a re-creation and re-make of Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee. The game is a 2.5D side scrolling platform and the graphics are in 3D. The cut scenes were made in the game engine. In the new game, there are some new features that the original game didn't have such as QuikSave and having multiple Mudokons following Abe at once. First the game was set to released in the Autumn of 2013 and that was revealed at Eurogamer Expo 2012 by Stewart Gilray (who died in January 2022 from COVID-19), the Development Director of Oddworld Inhabitants and Chief Executive Officer of Just Add Water. Then in November 2013 at the Playstation 4 launch event in the United Kingdom, Oddworld released a story trailer and the trailer said it will be released in Spring 2014. In a podcast by a reporter called TheSixthAxis, Gilray said that the reason why they had to delay the release window was because they switched to a new game engine called Unity nine months during development with the old engine. The game was released on July 22nd in North America and on July 23 in Europe on the Playstation Store for the PlayStation 4 in 2014. In 2015, the PC, Mac and Linux and PS3 ports were released. In 2016, the Wii U and PS Vita versions were released. The game also has leaderboards which give a list of best times for each level, the highest amount of Mudokons saved and best overall time.
Oddworld: Soulstorm.
Oddworld: Soulstorm was released in 2021 reciving mixed reviews, being released on consoles and PC. An enhanced edition came out November 2021.
"Oddworld: Soulstorm" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
Travis Northup of "IGN" considered it "an excellent remake of a delightfully weird '90s platformer with tons of charm, challenge... and annoying bugs".
Chris Carter, writing for "Destructoid", praised the levels for their openness and amount of content, as well as the variety in gameplay; he particularly commended the improvements to the series' mechanics, calling the movement system "one of the best parts of "Soulstorm"". However, he criticized aspects of menu navigation, writing it was "testy at times and requires a firm few (button) mashes to get going", as well as checkpoint placement and technical issues.
Future Oddworld Games.
In the most recent discussion with Lorne at the Game Developers Conference in California, Lorne told Eurogamer that if New 'n' Tasty sells 250,000 copies, he will have enough money to fund an HD re-make of Abe's Exoddus which is the next project in the series to have an HD Re-make. In 2016, it was confirmed that Oddworld: Soulstorm will be the sequel to w 'n' Tasty. The game is set to be released in 2017. Soulstorm was released in 2021. 
Bundles.
When Oddworld became digital only in 2010, they released a package for the PC called the OddBoxx. This package contains all four Oddworld games together and they can all be downloaded at once. It is also available on the PS3. In 2013 Oddworld released a bundle called the AbeBoxx for the PS3 which contains all two Abe games.
Creatures.
There are several creatures that live on Oddworld and they act as enemies in the games. These include:
Sligs.
Sligs are like security guards when if Abe is seen, the Slig shouts "freeze!" and kills Abe with it's machine gun. Some Sligs in the game don't say freeze at all and just shoot Abe. There are different variants with the Sligs such as flying Sligs and crawling Sligs. When Abe takes control of the Slig, he has the ability to shout "Look Out!" which makes the native Mudokons duck and it can say "Here boy" to a Slog so that the Slog can kill other Sligs or native Mudokons.
Scrabs.
Scrabs are first seen in Scrabania and are creatures which like to kill Abe. They chop him up. They are related to Paramites.
Paramites.
Paramites were first seen in Paramonia which also like to chop up Abe as well.
Slogs.
Slogs are dog-like creatures that live on Oddworld. Sligs train them so that if there is a Mudokon on sight, the Slog will eat him. 
Glukon.
The Glukons are the main enemies in the game. They give orders to the Sligs in Abe's Exoddus and Mullock is the Glukon in the original game. 

= = = Norton 360 = = =
Norton 360 is an all-in-one security suite by Symantec. It has all the features of Norton internet security but it includes utilities which make your computer run faster and backups your files. 

= = = The Miz = = =
Michael Gregory Mizanin (born October 8, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, reality television star, and actor. He currently competes for the WWE, where he wrestles under the ring name The Miz. Before joining the WWE, The Miz was a cast member on MTV's and its spinoff series, Real World/Road Rules Challenge. He was also the first runner-up during the fourth season of WWE's Tough Enough.
The Miz is a two-time WWE Champion, eight-time Intercontinental Champion, two-time United States Champion, four-time WWE Tag Team Champion with John Morrison, Big Show, John Cena and Damien Mizdow, two-time World Tag Team Champion with John Morrison and Big Show, Raw's Mr. Money in the Bank in 2010, two-time Slammy Award winner, the 25th Triple Crown Champion and fifth Grand Slam Champion.

= = = Sting (wrestler) = = =
Steve Borden (born March 20, 1959) is an American former professional wrestler, actor, author and bodybuilder. He is better known by his ring name Sting. He is currently under contract with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and is one-half of the current AEW World Tag Team Champions with Darby Allin. He is best known for his time with the former World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
During his time with WCW, he was known as "The Franchise (of WCW)". He is also known as "(The) Stinger", "The Icon", "The Hooligan", "The Man Called (or They Call) Sting", and "The Vigilante". Also, during a time in 2011, he went through a Joker (a character played by the late Heath Ledger in movie "The Dark Knight" in 2008) phase that was dubbed "The Insane Icon". He held a total of 15 championships in WCW. This includes the WCW World Heavyweight Championship six times, the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship two times, and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship one time. He has appeared on more PPVs in WCW than any other wrestler. When the WWF bought WCW in March 2001, Sting decided to not sign with them.
Sting joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in 2003. Throughout his 11 years with the company, Sting was a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, a four-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion, a one-time TNA World Tag Team Champion with Kurt Angle, and was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame in 2012.
Sting made his WWE debut on November 23, 2014. He attacked Triple H and cost Team Authority the match. Sting faced Triple H at WrestleMania 31. He lost but shook Triple H's hand after the match.
On December 2, 2020, Sting made his debut for All Elite Wrestling at Winter Is Coming. He has since been teaming with Darby Allin.
On the February 7, 2024 episode of "Dynamite", Sting and Darby Allin would defeat Ricky Starks and Big Bill to win the AEW World Tag Team Championships. This was Sting's first championship in AEW.
Personal life.
He became a born-again Christian in August 1998. Sting has two sons, Garrett Lee and Steve, Jr. and a daughter named Gracie. After the 2015 NFL draft, his son Steven was invited by the Kansas City Chiefs to try out for the team at the rookie mini-camp.

= = = Bisham = = =
Bisham (said "Bissam") is a village in Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, UK. It is on River Thames. Across the river is Marlow in Buckinghamshire. In 2001 there were 1,149 people living in Bisham.

= = = Amirat = = =
Amirat is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Andon, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Andon, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Antibes = = =
Antibes is a commune in the department of Alpes-Maritimes.

= = = Ascros = = =
Ascros is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Aspremont, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Aspremont, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Auribeau-sur-Siagne = = =
Auribeau-sur-Siagne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Auvare = = =
Auvare is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Bairols = = =
Bairols is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Beaulieu-sur-Mer = = =
Beaulieu-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Belvédère = = =
Belvédère is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Bendejun = = =
Bendejun is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Berre-les-Alpes = = =
Berre-les-Alpes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Beuil = = =
Beuil is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Biot, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Biot, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Blausasc = = =
Blausasc is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Bonson, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Bonson, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Bouyon = = =
Bouyon is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Breil-sur-Roya = = =
Breil-sur-Roya is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Briançonnet = = =
Briançonnet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Bézaudun-les-Alpes = = =
Bézaudun-les-Alpes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Cabris = = =
Cabris is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Cagnes-sur-Mer = = =
Cagnes-sur-Mer is a commune in the department of Alpes-Maritimes.

= = = Caille = = =
Caille is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Cantaron = = =
Cantaron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Cap-d'Ail = = =
Cap-d'Ail is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Carros = = =
Carros is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Castagniers = = =
Castagniers is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Castillon, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Castillon, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Caussols = = =
Caussols is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Châteauneuf-Grasse = = =
Châteauneuf-Grasse is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Châteauneuf-Villevieille = = =
Châteauneuf-Villevieille is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes = = =
Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Cipières = = =
Cipières is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Clans, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Clans, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Coaraze = = =
Coaraze is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Collongues, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Collongues, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Colomars = = =
Colomars is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Conségudes = = =
Conségudes is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Contes, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Contes, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Courmes = = =
Courmes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = WrestleMania 23 = = =
Results.
John Cena's entrance was with a Mustang driven through the streets of Detroit, he then made Michaels tap out to the stfu marking Cena's second WrestleMania win by submission and the dx members,

= = = Coursegoules = = =
Coursegoules is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Cuébris = = =
Cuébris is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Daluis = = =
Daluis is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Drap = = =
Drap is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Duranus = = =
Duranus is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Entraunes = = =
Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Escragnolles = = =
Escragnolles is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Falicon = = =
Falicon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Fontan = = =
Fontan is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Gars, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Gars, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Gattières = = =
Gattières is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Gilette = = =
Gilette is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Gorbio = = =
Gorbio is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Gourdon, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Gourdon, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Grasse = = =
Grasse is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.
The town is considered the world's capital of perfume.

= = = Gréolières = = =
Gréolières is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Guillaumes = = =
Guillaumes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Ilonse = = =
Ilonse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Isola, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Isola, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = L'Escarène = = =
L'Escarène is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = La Bollène-Vésubie = = =
La Bollène-Vésubie is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France. The inhabitants there are called Bollénois. In 2006, about 561 people lived in this town.

= = = La Brigue = = =
La Brigue is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Colle-sur-Loup = = =
La Colle-sur-Loup is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Croix-sur-Roudoule = = =
La Croix-sur-Roudoule is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Gaude = = =
La Gaude is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Penne = = =
La Penne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Roquette-sur-Siagne = = =
La Roquette-sur-Siagne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Roquette-sur-Var = = =
La Roquette-sur-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Tour, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
La Tour, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Trinité, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
La Trinité, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = La Turbie = = =
La Turbie is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Lantosque = = =
Lantosque is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Le Bar-sur-Loup = = =
Le Bar-sur-Loup is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Le Broc, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Le Broc, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Le Cannet = = =
Le Cannet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Le Mas = = =
Le Mas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Le Rouret = = =
Le Rouret is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Le Tignet = = =
Le Tignet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Les Ferres = = =
Les Ferres is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Les Mujouls = = =
Les Mujouls is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Levens = = =
Levens is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Lieuche = = =
Lieuche is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Lucéram = = =
Lucéram is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Malaussène = = =
Malaussène is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Mandelieu-la-Napoule = = =
Mandelieu-la-Napoule is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Marie, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Marie, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Massoins = = =
Massoins is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Menton = = =
Menton is a commune in the department of Alpes-Maritimes.

= = = Mouans-Sartoux = = =
Mouans-Sartoux is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Mougins = = =
Mougins is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Moulinet, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Moulinet, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Opio, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Opio, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Peille = = =
Peille is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Peillon = = =
Peillon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Peymeinade = = =
Peymeinade is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Pierlas = = =
Pierlas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Pierrefeu = = =
Pierrefeu is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Puget-Rostang = = =
Puget-Rostang is a commune. It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Puget-Théniers = = =
Puget-Théniers is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Pégomas = = =
Pégomas is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Péone = = =
Péone is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Revest-les-Roches = = =
Revest-les-Roches is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Rigaud, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Rigaud, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Rimplas = = =
Rimplas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Roquebillière = = =
Roquebillière is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Roquebrune-Cap-Martin = = =
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Roquesteron = = =
Roquesteron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Roquestéron-Grasse = = =
Roquestéron-Grasse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Roubion = = =
Roubion is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Roure = = =
Roure is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-André-de-la-Roche = = =
Saint-André-de-la-Roche is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Antonin, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Saint-Antonin, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Auban = = =
Saint-Auban is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Blaise, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Saint-Blaise, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne = = =
Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage = = =
Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat = = =
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Jeannet, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Saint-Jeannet, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Laurent-du-Var = = =
Saint-Laurent-du-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Léger, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Saint-Léger, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-Vésubie = = =
Saint-Martin-Vésubie is a commune. It is in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department. This is in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes = = =
Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-du-Var = = =
Saint-Martin-du-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Paul-de-Vence = = =
Saint-Paul-de-Vence is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France. It is one of the oldest medieval towns on the French Riviera. It is well known for its modern and contemporary art museums and galleries such as Fondation Maeght.

= = = Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée = = =
Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey = = =
Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée = = =
Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Sainte-Agnès, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Sainte-Agnès, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Sallagriffon = = =
Sallagriffon is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Saorge = = =
Saorge is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Sauze = = =
Sauze is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Sigale = = =
Sigale is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Sospel = = =
Sospel is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Spéracèdes = = =
Spéracèdes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Séranon = = =
Séranon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Tende = = =
Tende is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department. This in the south of France. Tende is located within Mercantour National Park in the French Alps. 
Related pages.
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

= = = Thiéry, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Thiéry is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Théoule-sur-Mer = = =
Théoule-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Toudon = = =
Toudon is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Tourette-du-Château = = =
Tourette-du-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Tournefort, Alpes-Maritimes = = =
Tournefort, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Tourrette-Levens = = =
Tourrette-Levens is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Tourrettes-sur-Loup = = =
Tourrettes-sur-Loup is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Touët-de-l'Escarène = = =
Touët-de-l'Escarène is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Touët-sur-Var = = =
Touët-sur-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Utelle = = =
Utelle is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Valbonne = = =
Valbonne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Valdeblore = = =
Valdeblore is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in south France.

= = = Valderoure = = =
Valderoure is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Vallauris = = =
Vallauris is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Venanson = = =
Venanson is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Vence = = =
Vence is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Villars-sur-Var = = =
Villars-sur-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Villefranche-sur-Mer = = =
Villefranche-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Villeneuve-Loubet = = =
Villeneuve-Loubet is a commune. It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Villeneuve-d'Entraunes = = =
Villeneuve-d'Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

= = = Èze = = =
Èze is a commune. It's found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Alpes-Maritimes department, south of France.

= = = Make Mine Music = = =
Make Mine Music is a 1946 animated movie, produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was first released to movie theaters by RKO Radio Pictures on August 15, 1946. The 8th animated movie in the Disney animated movie canon, it stars Nelson Eddy, Dinah Shore, Benny Goodman, and The Andrews Sisters.
Segments.
The movie is made of ten parts.
Production.
During World War II, much of Walt Disney's staff was drafted into the United States Army, and those that were still there were called upon by the U.S. government to make training and propaganda films. As a result, the studio was littered with unfinished story ideas. In order to keep the movie division alive during this difficult time, the studio released four package films including this one, made up of various unrelated segments set to music.
Release.
"Make Mine Music" is the only movie in the Disney animated features canon not to gain a Region 4 and Region 2 DVD release. Its only home video release was on DVD on June 6, 2000 under the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection title.
Reception.
"Make Mine Music" ended up being a slight disappointment itself, particularly from Walt Disney's point of view. It was not well received by the critics either. Years later, the segments were individually released as short subjects or used in various Disney television programs.
The movie was entered into the 1946 Cannes Film Festival.

= = = Ambulocetus = = =
Ambulocetus ("walking whale") was an early amphibious cetacean. It could walk as well as swim. "Ambulocetus natans" lived from the early Eocene (50 to 48 million years ago). Its fossils have been found in Pakistan. When the animal was alive, Pakistan was a coastal region of India, which was then a large island in the Indian Ocean.
Description.
It looked like a 3-meter (10-foot) long mammalian crocodile. It was clearly amphibious: its back legs are better adapted for swimming than for walking on land, and it probably swam by undulating its back vertically, as otters and whales do.
Ambulocetids may have hunted like crocodiles, lurking in the shallows to snatch unsuspecting prey. Chemical analysis of its teeth shows that it was able to move between salt and fresh water. "Ambulocetus" did not have external ears. To detect prey on land, they may have lowered their heads to the ground and felt for vibrations.
Scientists consider "Ambulocetus" to be an early whale because it shares underwater adaptations with them. It had an adaptation in the nose that enabled it to swallow underwater, and its periotic bones had a structure like those of whales, enabling it to hear well underwater. In addition, its teeth are similar to those of early cetaceans.
One mostly complete specimen and several partial skeletons have been found in Pakistan.

= = = Newark-on-Trent = = =
Newark-on-Trent is a small market town 14 miles north of Nottingham, in the East Midlands of England.

= = = Bassersdorf = = =
Bassersdorf is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Zurich. It can be found in the district of Bülach.

= = = Maurice Duruflé = = =
Maurice Duruflé (born Louviers, 11 January 1902; died Louveciennes, 16 June 1986) was a French composer and organist. He was very self-critical and destroyed any of his compositions that he thought were not really good. This is why we now only have a small number of his works. He wrote choral music and music for the organ. His most famous work is his "Requiem".
Life.
Duruflé was born in Louviers, Haute-Normandie. In 1912, he joined the choir of Rouen Cathedral where he studied piano and organ. When he was 17 he went to Paris and had private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire. He became Tournemire’s assistant at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 Duruflé went to study at the Conservatoire de Paris. His organ teacher was Eugène Gigout. When he graduated he got first prizes in organ, harmony, piano accompaniment, and composition. 
In 1929 Duruflé became organist at St. Étienne-du-Mont in Paris, a job he kept for the rest of his life. 
In 1939, he gave the first performance of Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto. In 1943 he became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970. In 1947, Duruflé wrote his famous "Requiem" op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ and orchestra. In the same year Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant organist at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married in 1953 after Duruflé divorced his first wife. The couple often travelled together to give organ recitals together. They always spent many hours practising on the organs on which they had to perform, often practising a lot of the time without the sound so that their fingers were really used to the feel of the organ.
In 1975 Duruflé was badly hurt in a car accident and had to give up performing. His wife, who was not so badly hurt in the accident, was still able to play and continued to play the organ at St-Étienne-du-Mont.
Duruflé died in Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84.
Duruflé only left a few of his works for publication. His two important organ works are the "Suite, op. 5" which has a famous Toccata as last movement, and his "Prelude and Fugue sur le nom d'Alain". His "Requiem" remains a favourite work for choirs. Duruflé’s music uses Gregorian plainchant, modal harmonies and polyphonic writing. He was a great admirer of the music of Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire and he made transcriptions of some of their improvisations.

= = = Sala São Paulo = = =
The Sala São Paulo is a concert hall in the Julio Prestes Cultural Center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a very large building. The Cultural Center used to be a railway station and it was rebuilt and changed into a cultural centre in 1999.
Sala São Paulo is big enough for an audience of 1.498 people. The orchestra that perform there is the Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo (Osesp).
The Brazilian government wanted to bring more culture to the centre of São Paulo. The rebuilding began in November 1997. 
The original train station was called Julio Prestes Station. It was built between 1926 and 1938 so that trains could take coffee to the port of Santos. When motor car transport became more and more popular many stations connecting Brazilian towns closed down.
The station's large hall was the same shape as many 19th century concert halls, that is, it is shaped like a horse shoe. 
Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies and a ceiling that is 24 meters high. There is a very large platform so that everyone in the audience can see well. There is an elevator to lift the piano on and off the stage and many other useful modern devices.

= = = New Sweden = = =
New Sweden (, ) was a Swedish colony in North America that existed from 1638 through 1655. It was in the modern day states of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Its capital was Fort Christina, modern-day Wilmington.
New Sweden was captured by the Dutch in 1655, and incorporated into New Netherland.

= = = Bobby Fischer = = =
Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American chess Grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion.
As a teenager, Fischer became well-known worldwide because of his skill at chess. He won the American championship of 1963/64, winning all eleven of his games.
Early years.
Fischer was born in Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on March 9, 1943. His birth certificate said that his father was Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, a German. His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a Polish-Jewish American citizen. Born in Switzerland, she grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, and later became a teacher, a nurse, and a doctor. The two married in 1933 in Moscow, USSR, where Regina was studying medicine at the First Moscow Medical Institute. They divorced in 1945 when Bobby was two years old, so he grew up with his mother and older sister. In 1948, the family moved to Mobile, Arizona, where Regina taught in an elementary school. The next year, they moved to Brooklyn, New York.
A 2002 article in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" said that Paul Nemenyi, a doctor, was Bobby's biological father, not Hans-Gerhardt. Regina and Nemenyi had had an affair in 1942, and he gave her money to help her raise her child every month, paying for Fischer's schooling until he died in 1952. Fischer later told the chess player Zita Rajcsanyi that Nemenyi sometimes came to his Brooklyn apartment and took him to places.
Chess career.
Fischer learned to play at the age of six. His sister Joan bought him a chess set. Bobby learned how to play from the instructions. Several years later, he began to play at the Manhattan Chess Club. He became well known around the world in 1956. He was 13 when he played a game against an American player named Donald Byrne. In the game, he sacrificed his queen and won. "Chess Review" called this game the "game of the century".
Fischer was 14 when he won the U.S. Championship for the first time. This would be the first of eight U.S. Championships he would win.
In 1972, he became the first and only American to win the World Chess Championship in the 20th century. In the 19th century, Paul Morphy was briefly the leading player. Wilhelm Steinitz was the first official world champion. He became an American citizen while he was champion. To win the title, Fischer beat Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union. The match was held in Reykjavík, Iceland. However, Fischer did not agree to a match to defend his title. He lost his title in 1975. The title of world champion was given to Anatoly Karpov.
Life after world championship.
Fischer did not play in any public matches or tournaments for nearly 20 years. In 1992, he defeated Spassky in a rematch in Yugoslavia. The United States Department of State had told him not to play there because of the events that happened after Yugoslavia began splitting into several new countries. Since he disobeyed this order, he could have been prosecuted if he returned to the U.S. In fact, he never returned there. Fischer's 1992 rematch against Spassky was the only time after becoming the world champion that Fischer played chess in public.
After his match, Fischer promoted a new type of chess called "Fischer Random Chess", where the pieces were randomly shuffled before the game so they would be on different squares to start every game.
In July 2004, Fischer was arrested at an airport in Japan with a bad passport. The United States wanted Japan to send him back to go to trial for playing chess in Yugoslavia in 1992. The government of Iceland eventually decided to make Fischer a citizen of Iceland, and he lived there for the rest of his life.
Death.
Fischer died of renal failure on January 17, 2008. He was buried at a small ceremony near the small town of Selfoss, Iceland.
Religions.
Fischer was born to a Jewish parent, but he rejected the religion. He used many racist and unreasonable insults toward Judaism. Fischer denied the Holocaust. He read books such as "Mein Kampf" and "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". As a young man, Fischer joined the Radio Church of God. He later left this evangelical Protestant church with outspoken comments. Fischer had a Catholic funeral. It is unclear whether he became a Roman Catholic before his death.
Mental state.
Fischer, like Morphy, chose to stop playing when he was still young. He had a lifelong history of disputes, conflicts and controversy. He believed he was the victim of conspiracies. Fischer showed symptoms of the mental illness paranoia, similar to Morphy. In "Bobby Fischer: The Wandering King", authors Hans Böhm and Kees Jongkind write that Fischer's radio broadcasts show that he was "out of his mind ... a victim of his own mental illness".
"Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess".
Fischer developed a book to teach chess. His co-authors organised it in the form of programmed learning.

= = = List of World Chess Champions = = =
World Chess Champions are players who have won a match or tournament for the World Championship at chess. Both men and women can become champion, but no woman has ever been a challenger for the title. There is, however, a separate championship for women. There are also separate championships for specific age groups.
Before 1886, there was no official championship held, but some players were thought to be pre-eminent. From 1948 on, the World Chess Federation FIDE held the championships. Between 1993 and 2006 there were two world champion titles, the FIDE one and the classical one.
The 2013 World Championship match took place between Anand and Magnus Carlsen (challenger) in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, where Anand grew up. Usually, world champions had been played on neutral ground. Fischer played Spassky in Iceland; Alekhine played Capablanca in Buenos Aires. The Soviets always played in Moscow. However, sponsorship is needed for these matches, and the decision to accept the Chennai bid was taken by FIDE. The Challenger was victorious winning 3 games and achieving the necessary 6.5 points to win the title at the end of game 10.
Ding Liren (since 2023 and from China) is the current World Chess Champion.
Some players and authors before 1821.
These players are included (pre-18th century) on little more than opinion, and (18th century) on the basis of more substantial information. Some authors of important early works on chess are noted.
World Champions pre-FIDE.
These players are included on the basis of their winning matches against credible opponents. Champions are numbered from Steinitz onwards, because his match against Zukertort was publicly declared as a world championship and generally accepted.
FIDE world champions 1948–1993.
Long matches, initially best of 24 games.
FIDE world champions 1993–2006.
These knock-out events are separately numbered.
Classical world champions 1993–2006.
These are matches of the traditional kind, and of 15 or 20 games.
Undisputed world champions 2006–present.
Various formats have been used, especially during Carlsen's tenure.

= = = Phosgene = = =
Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2. This gas has no color. The gas was used as a weapon during World War I. It is responsible for most of the deaths related to poison gas during the war. Today, phosgene is used as a tool. It is used for organic synthesis. When there is a small amount in the air, the smell is similar to that of freshly cut hay or grass. Some soldiers during the First World War have stated that it smelled a little like May Blossom. When some compounds of chlorine and carbon burn or break down, small amounts of phosgene are given off.
Uses.
Today, most phosgene is used to produce isocyanates. The most important isocanates in this context are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Both are precursors to polyurethanes. Large amounts are also used to produce polycarbonates. Polycarbonate is produced from its reaction with bisphenol A. Polycarbonates are an important class of engineering thermoplastic. They can be found in lenses in eyeglasses.
Safety.
Phosgene is a strong poison. Its smell may not be noticed. Signs of exposure may sometimes be detected slowly.
Phosgene can be seen at 0.4 parts per million. This amount is four times the safe amount. Its high ability to poison doesn't come from the hydrogen chloride released by a process. It comes from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs. The sacs are where the oxygen goes into the body. Their damage makes it hard for the blood and air move oxygen and carbon. This will make breathing very hard. Badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.
Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make spills of phosgene harmless. Gas spills may be made harmless with a special liquid spray.

= = = WrestleMania XIV = = =
WrestleMania XIV was the fourteenth WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), which took place on March 29, 1998 at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts.
Preliminary Matches.
The night began with the secret guests in the tag team battle royal being revealed as the united Legion of Doom, with Sunny. Savio Vega was first eliminated, meaning his tag team partner, Miguel Perez, had to leave too. Kurrgan illegally entered the ring to get revenge on Sniper and Recon for The Jackyl, Barry Windham also illegally entered to eliminate Bradshaw, and so his partner, Chainz, had to leave too. The final four teams stayed in the match for a while until Skull was eliminated by Phineas. When The Godwinns (Phineas & Henry) were thrown out, they returned and attacked the Legion Of Doom with buckets before leaving. New Midnight Express tried to keep Animal out of the ring while double teaming Hawk but once he re-entered the Legion eliminated Bob and Bart at the same time, leaving them the last team standing.
The second bout was a Light Heavyweight Championship match, with Taka Michinoku defending his title against Águila; this would be the first and only time the championship was defended at WrestleMania, though the title that came after it, the WWE Cruiserweight Championship would be. After throwing Taka out the ring and baseball sliding into him, Águila hit an moonsault outside the ring, but was soon hit by a springboard crossbody after Taka reversed a suplex from the end of the ring. Águila almost won the match with a moonsault crossbody into a pin but stayed on the offensive with a frankensteiner. Taka tried to land the Michinoku Driver but as Aguila flipped out and attempted a hurricarana, Taka reversed it into a powerbomb. Taka would soon stop Águila from hitting him with a high flying dive with a dropkick before before being able to do a Michinoku Driver and get the win. After the match, they shook hands and celebrated together.
Triple H made his way to the ring with his theme song played by the DX Band. Before Owen Hart came to the ring, Commissioner Slaughter handcuffed himself to Chyna so that she would not get involved in the match, despite her saying that she didn't want to. The match began with Hart attacking Helmsley with his fists before sliding out of the ring, when Triple H tried to jump from the end of the ring he landed on the crowd barrier. After an powerbomb Hart tried to lock in the sharpshooter but Helmsley broke out of it and started some offensive attacks of his own, kicking Hart in the turnbuckle and delivering a suplex. Hart suffered a cut to the bridge of his nose from a boot to the face, after which Triple H began to only attack Hart's damaged ankle, dropping his knee onto it and stretching it. After not getting hit with another kick to the face and pulling Helmsley's crotch onto the ring post, and managed to take advantage, changing a powerbomb into the sharpshooter but Chyna, having to pull Sgt. Slaughter, pulled Triple H to the rope for the break. Chyna then threw white powder in Slaughter's face causing a worried Hart to check on him, as he turned round to face the ring, Chyna low-blowed him from outside allowing Triple H to win the match with the Pedigree. After she was freed from the handcuffs, Chyna shoved Slaughter into the crowd.
Marc Mero and Goldust began the match but Goldust soon tagged in Luna Vachon, requiring Sable to be tagged in too. However, Vachon simple ran around the outside of the ring with Sable chasing her and tagged her partner back in. Wanting to get her hands on Vachon, Sable double teamed Goldust with a boot to the face after an Irish whip from Mero but could not get Vachon to enter the ring. An near pinfall came from a running crossbody from Mero and following this the two ran into each other, causing both men to crawl and tag in the women. Sable straddled Vachon and punched her round the face before kicking her in the midsection and face in the turnbuckle and attacking Goldust, then running back to clothesline Vachon over the ropes. Vachon tagged Goldust in but before Sable would do the same, she struck him in the face, then letting Mero take over who had his TKO reversed into a DDT. Mero too would reverse the Curtain Call allowing him the chance to try a moonsault pin to a standing Goldust. After Vachon struck a running Mero with his knee, Mero went to punch her but ducked out of the way as Goldust ran to her rescue, causing him to inadvertently knock her off the apron. Mero then executed the TKO but Luna interrupted the pin count, jumping on Mero's back resulting in Sable tagging in as Mero wandered around the ring with Vachon on his back. Sable tried pinning Goldust but the referee was distracted and as he finally began to count, Sable leapt off Goldust so the interfering Vachon would inadvertently bodysplash Goldust. Sable then performed a powerbomb and Mero's TKO to win the bout.
The Intercontinental title fight began along the walkway with a brawl that saw Ken Shamrock whipped into the steel steps before coming inside the ring. Rocky Maivia then delivered his People's Elbow but could not secure a three-count. Shamrock then rolled out of the ring and grabbed steel steps and when the referee tried to take it off him, he threw the referee into the corner; The Rock quickly grabbed the steps and hit Shamrock with it as the referee recovered. Shamrock pushed out of the pin count and quickly gained the advantage, delivering a belly to belly slam off an Irish whip and then securing his ankle lock in the centre of the ring, making The Rock tap. The surrounding members of the Nation jumped into the ring but Shamrock quickly dispatched them all with suplexes, including the four hundred pound Henry, before reapplying the ankle lock to a bleeding Maivia. Faarooq then ran down from the back and jumped onto the apron, only to look on at The Rock with a smile, before walking away. Eventually a number of referees and officials appeared trying to subdue Shamrock, after being surrounded he suplexed a referee and then an official before calming down as The Rock was wheeled away on a gurney. Howard Finkel then announced Shamrock had been disqualified for not breaking his ankle hold causing Shamrock to chase Rock and fight him on the Chris Warren band stage.
The Tag Team Championship match began with Billy Gunn facing Chainsaw Charlie and Road Dogg exchanging blows with Cactus Jack. Trying a Cactus Elbow on Road Dogg, Cactus missed and slammed himself into the dumpster. The Outlaws then focused on Charlie, using a back toss to drop him into the dumpster and as he attempted to climb out they simultaneously slammed the lid shut on the hardcore legends' heads. With Cactus and Charlie both in the dumpster, the Outlaws shut the lid down on them but Cactus managed to get back up while the Outlaws were celebrating and pushed Road Dogg down to the ground with a mandible claw, pulling him into the dumpster. Both teams took time to recover and began to brawl with weapons in the ring, Cactus Jack pulling out a ladder and climbing it opposite Billy Gunn, only to be pushed off straight into the dumpster outside the ring by a falling Chainsaw Charlie. Road Dogg pulled his partner out and the two focused their efforts on Charlie, powerbombing him into the dumpster, however Cactus had managed to escape in the meantime. The fight found its way to the backstage area, with both Outlaws throwing Cactus into boxes and promotional toys but Jack replied with a chair shot to both of them and pulled Billy Gunn onto a wooden crate with a double-arm DDT. Charlie reappeared on a forklift and elevated the wooden crate as Jack dragged Road Dogg onto it too. Charlie then drove the forklift above a backstage dumpster and dropped both opponents inside as Cactus Jack closed the lid to win the World Tag Team Championship.
Main event matches.
Before The Undertaker's match with Kane, baseball record-holder Pete Rose came to the ring as the special ring announcer. However, after insulting the home-town team and introducing Kane, the wrestler gave him a tombstone piledriver starting a tri-year tradition. The Undertaker was preceded by a league of torch-bearing druids to the tune of O Fortuna. The Undertaker cornered Kane and threw a fury of punches into him, ducking and reversing Kane's attempts until Kane hit him with a clothesline that he instantly sat up from. Kane then set Undertaker up in a tree of woe to begin his assault of punches and Irish whips and then suplexing Undertaker onto the ropes and delivering a flying club to the neck from the turnbuckle. As Undertaker began to fight back, Kane threw him into the ropes but his brother retaliated by jumping onto his back, which was met a face-first electric chair. Paul Bearer kept the referee distracted while Kane landed the steel steps onto Undertaker, and repeated the effort a second time while his opponent was lying onto the steps, crushing him between. As the referee tried to keep Kane in check, Bearer slapped Undertaker while walking past him. Kane caught his brother running and delivered a chokeslam but lifted his shoulders off the mat before the three count could be made, putting him into a sleeper hold that Undertaker eventually fought out of with a flurry of punches. Undertaker then dropped Kane on top of the ropes and punched him off the apron; he followed this with a over the top rope suicide dive that Kane managed to side-step, guiding him through the Spanish announce table. As Undertaker made it back into the ring, Kane hit him with a flying lariat. Undertaker was caught unawares by Kane, who lifted him into a tombstone piledriver position, but Kane managed to weigh himself backwards onto his own feet and deliver the tombstone himself. Undertaker kicked out and after landing his opponent with a clothesline, he chokeslammed Kane and then delivered a tombstone piledriver of his own; it would eventually take three tombstones with a guillotine leg drop and flying clothesline in between to stop Kane kicking out and sitting up but as soon as the match was over Bearer attacked Undertaker and ordered Kane attack him, which he did with a chair shot to the head and then a tombstone piledriver onto the chair. After Kane and Bearer left, Undertaker sat up and left the ring.
With Mike Tyson enforcing from ring side, the WWF Championship fight began with both superstars dancing around each other, engaging in a few light punches before Shawn Michaels escaped the ring and ran back in to take advantage of Steve Austin, but was met with a standing clothesline. Austin followed up by pulling down Michaels' trunks revealing his rear. Michaels tried to run at Austin but was flipped over the top rope into Triple H and Chyna. As Triple H threw Austin through the crowd barrier, the referee ordered him and Chyna to leave ringside but Austin followed and fought with them up to the entrance way. Michaels caught up with him and hit Austin with a cymbal from the bandstage, before Irish whipping him into the dumpster. As the match resumed in the ring, Austin met Michaels high-risk manoeuvre with a clothesline and then ran him into the turnbuckle and picking him up for an inverted atomic drop. Michaels attempt to pick up some momentum saw him picked up and dropped onto the ropes but Michaels managed to push Stone Cold away as he attempted a stunner. When he tried to escape the ring though, Austin shoved him forcing the champion to fall upon the announce table. After Stone Cold slowed the match down with a sleeper, Michaels tried to pull his knee into the ring post but was instead pulled into it himself. Austin then tried to rush at Michaels but was back tossed into the crowd and struck with the ring bell. Michaels used the momentum to take advantage inside the ring, delivering a snapmare and then a low kick to the grounded Austin but as he took time to offend the audience Stone Cold briefly picked up some speed throwing Michaels out of the ring but just as quickly lost ground as his opponent repeatedly worked on Austin's left knee, throwing it into the ring post and then kicking and dropping onto it back inside the ring. When Austin tried to recover outside of the ring, he was met with a baseball slide launching him over the announce table and was instantly thrown back into the ring by Tyson where he soon suffered a figure four leg lock that Michaels illegally elevated using the second and third ring rope. Austin's eventual counter was stopped by a rope break. Austin then tried to reverse a standing sleeper hold by throwing Michaels back into the turnbuckle but unwittingly trapped referee Mike Chioda who fell unconscious. With both men on the floor, HBK recovered with a kip-up and landed a high-flying elbow drop, getting in position to taunt for his finisher. As Austin eventually stood up, he ducked the super kick, attempting a stunner on Michaels as he turned round only to be thrown into the ropes and met again with a Sweet Chin Music which he grabbed, spinning Michaels round and finishing with a Stone Cold stunner. Tyson jumped into the ring to make a quick three count and the new champion celebrated by tossing the enforcer an Austin 3:16 T-shirt. When Shawn Michaels stood up, he confronted Tyson about his turn but was met with a punch that instantly floored him, and draped with Austin T-shirt.

= = = George Drennen Fischer = = =
George Drennen Fischer was an American activist and spokesman for the National Education Association. He presented the Statement on complete comprehensive Preschool Education and Child Day Care Act of 1969 before the choose select Subcommittee on Education, February 27, 1970. He also published on the state of Native American education with Walter Mondale. His actions got him put placed on the master list of Nixon political opponents.

= = = Security-Enhanced Linux = = =
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux feature that gives a variety of security rules, including mandatory access controls. It does so by using Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a group of changes that can be used on Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux and BSD.

= = = Amor asteroid = = =
An amor asteroid is a group of asteroids found near Earth that were named after 1221 Amor. While some other kinds of asteroids cross over Mars' and Earth's orbits, nearly all of the amor asteroids do not. The best known amor asteroid is 433 Eros. It circled around and landed upon by the NEAR Shoemaker. About 1,200 of all the asteroids in space are amor asteroids, with about 200 of them numbered, or given a number. Only 50 amor asteroids are named.
Some notable amor asteroids.
The following are a few of the most notable amor asteroids, in reverse order of discovery:

= = = Iași County = = =
Iaşi is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia. The capital of Iaşi County is Iaşi.
Population.
About 825,000 people lived in Iaşi County as of the year 2007:
Divisions.
Iaşi County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 93 communes.

= = = Ye (Cyrillic) = = =
Ye (in Russian and Belarusian) or E (in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) (�, �) is the sixth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [e] or [ɛ], except in Russian and Belarusian, where it is said as [yeh] at the beginning of the word and as a palatised (soft) [yeh] in other cases.
It came from the Greek epsilon and is the same as the Roman E.

= = = Phosgene oxime = = =
Phosgene oxime, also called dichloroformoxime or CX, is a chemical weapon, and a nettle agent that damages skin and other body parts. It was first made in the year 1929. When it is solid, it has no color. When it is liquid, it is yellow-brown. It has a strong, very bad odor. The chemical formula phosgene oxime is CCl2NOH.
This chemical has no real use, so accidental exposure is does not happen often. Exposure to CX is almost certainly the result of its use as a weapon.
Signs of phosgene oxime poisoning.
Phosgene oxime is toxic if breathed, eaten, or placed on the skin or by the skin. In a very short time, the signs of poisoning are seen. If breathed, it harms the lungs and may eventually lead to pulmonary edema. The effects on the skin include hives, itching, and necrosis of the skin. It also causes watering of the eyes and even can cause blindness.

= = = Yo (Cyrillic) = = =
Yo (�, �) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [jo] at the beginning of the word and like a palatised (soft) [jo] in other cases.

= = = Han = = =
Han may refer to:

= = = Pianoro = = =
Pianoro is a town of the province of Bologna in Italy.

= = = Zhe (Cyrillic) = = =
Zhe (�, �) is the seventh (eighth in Russian) letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like Zh, or the S in treasure or vision.
It came from the Glagolitic letter "zhivete". In English, it is transliterated as "zh". In other slavic languages like Ž.

= = = City limits = = =
The city limits are boundaries that define where a city ends. The words town limits and village limits mean the same thing as city limits, but are used in towns and villages. The limits are usually marked with a sign.

= = = European Capital of Culture = = =
The European Capital of Culture is a city chosen by the European Union for a period of one calendar year. The city is given a chance to show its cultural life and cultural development. Most of the cities are very popular and are known internationally (by people around the world).
List of by year.
Future years.
According to the official EU website. From 2014 to 2020, these are only the countries have been chosen, based on the rotation system.

= = = Kazuyoshi Miura = = =
 is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team. His brother Yasutoshi Miura also played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Miura was born in Shizuoka on February 26, 1967. After he dropped out from Shizuoka Gakuen High School, he moved to Brazil in 1982. He played several clubs including Santos, Palmeiras and Coritiba. In 1990, he returned to Japan and joined Japan Soccer League (JSL) club Yomiuri (later "Verdy Kawasaki"). In 1992, JSL was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. The club won the last two JSL titles in 1991 and 1992, and Verdy Kawasaki won the first two J1 League titles in 1993 and 1994. He was named the first J1League MVP award in 1993. Miura then became the first Japanese footballer to play in Italy, joining Genoa in the 1994/95 Serie A season. In 1995, he returned to Verdy Kawasaki. He became a top scorer with 23 goals in 1996. In January 1999, he moved to Croatia Zagreb. The club won the Prva HNL in 1998/99 season. In July 1999, he returned to Japan and joined Kyoto Purple Sanga. However the club was relegated to J2 League end of 2000 season. In 2001, he moved to J1 club Vissel Kobe. His opportunity to play decreased in 2005 and he moved to J2 club Yokohama FC in July. In November, he moved to Sydney FC on loan and also played at 2005 Club World Championship. In 2006, he returned to Yokohama FC and won the champions in J2. In 2007, the club played in J1 first time in the club history. However the club finished at the bottom place and was relegated to J2 in a year. The club was promoted to J1 from 2020 again.
In 1990, Miura was selected the Japan national team for 1990 Asian Games. At this tournament, he debuted against Bangladesh on September 26. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for 1992 Asian Cup which held in Japan and Japan team won the champions. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" () in Japan. He also played at 1994 Asian Games, 1995 King Fahd Cup and 1996 Asian Cup. In 1997, Miura scored 14 goals in 13 matches for Japan during 1998 World Cup qualification, leading the Japan to their first ever World Cup. However was not selected Japan for 1998 World Cup. He played 89 games and scored 55 goals for Japan until 2000.
Statistics.
613||172||46||18||47||19||706||209
21||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||1
12||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
39||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||6
685||179||47||18||47||19||779||216
!Total||89||55
Other websites.
Kazuyoshi Miura on Instagram

= = = Japan Soccer League = = =
Japan Soccer League (JSL) used to be an amateur football league in Japan.

= = = Pierre Littbarski = = =
Pierre Michael Littbarski (; born 16 April 1960) is a German professional football manager and former player of 1. FC Köln and the West Germany national team. Known for his dribbling abilities, he was mostly used as an attacking midfielder or winger. Littbarski was a FIFA World Cup winner with West Germany in 1990, and the runner-up in both 1982 and 1986. Littbarski was the caretaker manager of VfL Wolfsburg after taking over from Steve McClaren from 7 February to 17 March 2011.
Honours.
1. FC Köln
Germany
Individual

= = = Masashi Nakayama = = =
 is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography.
Nakayama was born in Fujieda on September 23, 1967. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yamaha Motors (later "Júbilo Iwata") in 1990. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, Japan Football League. In 1993, the club won the 2nd place and was promoted to J1 League from 1994. The club won the J1 League champions in 1997, 1999 and 2002. In 1998, he scored 36 goals in 27 matches and became a top scorer. He was also selected MVP award. He also became a top scorer in 2000. This was golden era in the club history and he was one of the central player in golden era. From later 2000s, his opportunity to play decreased. In 2010, he moved to J2 League club Consadole Sapporo at the age of 43. Although the club was promoted to J1 in 2012, he could not play many matches in 3 seasons and retired end of 2012 season. In 2015, he came back as player at Japan Football League club Azul Claro Numazu. The club was promoted to J3 League in 2017. He retired end of 2020 season again without playing in the match at the club.
On July 31, 1990, Nakayama debuted for the Japan national team against North Korea. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for 1992 Asian Cup which held in Japan. He scored 2 goals in the tournament and Japan team won the champions. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" () in Japan. In November 1997, he scored 2 goals for Japan during 1998 World Cup qualification final round and playoff, leading the Japan to their first ever World Cup. At the 1998 World Cup, Nakayama scored the only goal of the tournament and the first goal for Japan in the history of the World Cup against Jamaica on June 26. He also played at 2001 Confederations Cup and 2002 World Cup which held in Japan. He played 53 games and scored 21 goals for Japan until 2003.
Statistics.
432||207||36||16||68||27||5||1||541||251
432||207||36||16||68||27||5||1||541||251
!Total||53||21

= = = Patrick M'Boma = = =
Patrick Mboma (born 15 November 1970) is a former Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.
Club career statistics.
83||28||||||||||83||28
79||48||4||0||13||11||96||59
64||20||||||||||64||20
9||1||||||||||9||1
28||12||||||||||28||12
263||109||4||0||13||11||280||120
International career statistics.
!Total||57||33

= = = Cerise = = =
Cerise is a rose-red color.
At right is displayed the color cerise. The "cerise" name comes from the French word meaning cherry. The word "cherry" itself comes from the Norman "cherise".
According to Maerz and Paul in their "Dictionary of Color", the first recorded use of "cerise" as a color name in English was in 1858. However, it was used at least as early as 1846 in a book of crochet patterns.
In the 1950s, a popular brand of colored pencils, Venus Paradise, had a colored pencil called "Hollywood cerise" . Before being renamed "Hollywood cerise" in the 1940s, the color had before that, since 1922, been known simply as "Hollywood".

= = = J2 League = = =
 or is part of the Japanese football club system.
J2 League is the second grouping of .
Champions and promotion history.
The top two clubs receive promotion. From the 2004 season to the 2008 season, the third place club played against the 16th-place club in J1. From the 2009 to the 2011 season, the third place club was promoted without playing the number 16 team. From 2012 to 2017 and 2023 onwards, the third promotion place is selected by a playoff between the 3rd to 6th place teams. For 2018, 2019 and 2022, the playoff winners played against the third-from-bottom place in J1.
Most successful clubs.
Clubs in bold compete in J2 as of the 2023 season.

= = = Japan Football League = = =
The also known as simply the JFL is the 4th tier of the Japanese association football league system, positioned beneath three divisions of the J.League, and is the top tier of amateur football in the country.
JFL has 18 amateur or semi-professional clubs which mirror the system of teams and athletes of the J-League. Promotion from JFL to the J-League is possible, but not automatic.
Club guide.
The JFL has 17 teams. In 2012, the teams are:
In 2012, Arte Takasaki was removed from the list of JFL teams.

= = = Gamba Osaka = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.
History.
The club was founded in 2001.
Notable achievements.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2008, Gamba Osaka won the Emperor's Cup and the AFC Champions League, and won 3rd place at the FIFA Club World Cup.
In 2010, Rafinha made three goals in one game for Gamba Osaka against Kawasaki Frontale.
In 2014, Gamba Osaka won all three major titles in Japan, including the J1 League, the J. League Cup, and the Emperor's Cup.

= = = JEF United Chiba = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Ichihara and Chiba.
The team is also known as or .
History.
The club was founded in 1946.
Reserve team.
JEF United Chiba has reserve team ; JEF Reserves.

= = = Kashima Antlers = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Kashima.
History.
The club was founded in 2001.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2010, Marquinhos (Marcos Gomes de Araujo) made three goals in one game against Omiya Ardija.

= = = Júbilo Iwata = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Iwata.
History.
The club was founded in 1970.
The club became J2 in 2013.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2009, Ryoichi Maeda made three goals in one game against Nagoya Grampus.
A match with Shimizu S-Pulse is called Shizuoka Derby.

= = = Kashiwa Reysol = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Kashiwa, which is about an hour northeast of Tokyo in Chiba Prefecture.
History.
The club was founded in 1940.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2012, Masakatsu Sawa made three goals in one game against Gamba Osaka.

= = = Cerezo Osaka = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.
History.
The club was founded in 1957.
Reserve team.
Yanmar Diesel SC had reserve team ; Yanmar Club from 1976 to 1979.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2010, Adriano Ferreira Martins made four goals in one game against Jubilo Iwata.
In 2011, Ryuji Bando scored three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima; and he also scored three time in a game against Shimizu S-Pulse.

= = = Avispa Fukuoka = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Hakata ward of Fukuoka.
History.
The club was founded in 1982.

= = = Kyoto Sanga FC = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Kyoto Prefecture.
History.
The club was founded in 1922.

= = = Sanfrecce Hiroshima = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima. The club is in the Japanese professional soccer league (J league). The club color is purple.
History.
The club was founded in 1938.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2006, Hisato Sato set a league record for the fastest goal in a match. In a game against Cerezo Osaka, he scored in just eight seconds after play began.

= = = Shonan Bellmare = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Hiratsuka.
History.
The club was founded in 1968.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2010, Frode Johnsen made three goals in one game against Shimizu S-Pulse.

= = = Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club at Sapporo in Hokkaido Prefecture on the island of Hokkaido.
History.
The team was founded in 1935.

= = = Yokohama Flügels = = =
Yokohama Flügels is a former football club which has played in Japan.

= = = FC Tokyo = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Tokyo.
History.
The club was founded in 1935.
Notable achievements.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2012, Kazuma Watanabe made three goals in one game against Sagan Tosu.
In 2009, Naohiro Ishikawa scored three times in one game against Omiya Ardija.

= = = Kawasaki Frontale = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Kawasaki, which is south of Tokyo in Kanagawa Prefecture.
In 2012, Yahiro Kazama was named coach.
History.
The club was founded in 1955.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2010, Juninho (Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior) made three goals in one game against Shonan Bellmare; and Jumpei Kusukami scored three times in a game against Gamba Osaka.
In 2009, Renatinho (Renato Carlos Martins Júnior) kicked three goals in a game against JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

= = = Tokyo Verdy = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Tokyo.
History.
The club was founded in 1969.
Players.
In 2010, the team included
Reserve team.
Yomiuri S.C. had reserve team ; Yomiuri S.C. Juniors from 1980 to 1992.

= = = Urawa Red Diamonds = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in the Urawa ward of Saitama.
In 2007, the Urawa Reds were the first Japanese team to reach the finals of the Asian Champions League.
Its famous in Japan developing young good players.
History.
The club was founded in 1950.
Notable achievements.
In 2009, Edmilson (Edmilson Dos Santos Silva) made three goals in one game (hat-trick) against Jubilo Iwata.

= = = Yokohama F. Marinos = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.
History.
The club was founded in 1972.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.

= = = Oita Trinita = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Ōita on the island of Kyushu.
History.
The club was founded in 1994.

= = = Albirex Niigata = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Niigata.
In 2012, Masaaki Yanagishita was named coach.
History.
The club was founded in 1955.
Notable achievement.
The team has some notable achievements.
In 2009, Pedro Bispo Moreira Júnior made three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima.
In 2010, Marcio Richardez scored three times in one game against Vegalta Sendai.

= = = Yokohama FC = = =
 is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.
History.
The club was founded in 1998.
Players.
In 2010, the team included

= = = New Netherland = = =
New Netherland (Dutch: "Nieuw-Nederland", Latin: "Nova Belgica" or "Novum Belgium") was a colony of the Dutch Empire from 1614 through 1664 and from 1673 through 1674. It was a base for the fur trade. The capital was New Amsterdam, modern-day New York City. The other important trading post in New Netherland was Fort Orange, now called Albany, New York. Most settlers lived in these towns or between them, along the Hudson River but some lived in distant parts of the colony. 
New Netherland was between English colonies which the Kingdom of England wanted to connect together. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars England sent warships to conquer New Netherland. The Dutch colonists surrendered because they were afraid the English Royal Navy would destroy their town. The Dutch traded the colony to England for Surinam in South America and Run (island) in the East Indies, which they thought were worth more. The English divided their new colony to make the English colonies of New York and New Jersey. They also gave parts to Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. 

= = = Workstation = = =
A workstation is a computer used for scientific or technical calculations, or purposes. These computers are usually expensive, high-end computers. They are different from the ordinary computers used for text-processing. Very often they have operating systems that allow several users to work at the computer at the same time. Very often, workstations are connected to a computer network. Computer terminals may be used to access them. Currently, almost all workstations use a unix or unix-like operating system.
Workstation computers often use a 64-bit server-class CPU such as the Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron, and some have more than one CPU. They may also have more memory than a normal desktop computer, and they often have 10000 or 15000 RPM hard drives or solid-state drives. Some workstations have devices that are not commonly used on normal desktop computers, such as ECC (error-corrected) memory, SCSI, fibre channel, and 10 gigabit Ethernet.
Some technologies that were once only found on workstations have now become common in normal PCs, such as multi-core processors, solid-state drives, hardware-accelerated graphics, 24-bit color, broadband Internet access, virtual memory, pre-emptive multitasking, and OpenCL.
Common uses for workstations include computer-aided design (CAD), 3D graphics and animation, video and audio production, weather modeling, and other simulations and scientific work.
RISC vs x86.
Traditionally, workstations used a RISC processor, such as MIPS, PowerPC, or SPARC architecture CPUs. Most modern workstations use x86_64 processors. In 2020, however, Apple began migrating its product line from x86-64 to Apple M1, an ARM RISC CPU.

= = = X.Org Foundation = = =
The X.Org Foundation is a group responsible for making the X Window System. The group was created on 22 January 2004. The X.Org Foundation is a corporation based in Delaware. It has a non-profit status.
The X.Org Server is the most common implementation of X. It is used on Linux, UNIX, and Unix-like systems. It is the base technology underlying both GNOME and KDE desktops and the CDE desktop environment

= = = Capillaritis = = =
Capillaritis is where the capillaries are larger than should be. It is often talked about in the context of pulmonary capillaritis.

= = = Plan 9 from Bell Labs = = =
Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a free software distributed operating system. It was made for research purposes as the successor to UNIX by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs during the late 1980s. Plan 9 is currently used as a hobbyist's operating system, and in certain experimental fields, where the highly distributed nature of the operating system is valued. Plan 9 has novel features such as the 9P protocol for accessing local and remote resources as files, union mounts, an improved proc file system, and native unicode support throughout the system. In Plan 9, all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user interface, are represented through the file system rather than specialized interfaces. It also has a graphical user interface built in, called rio, in anticipation of the graphical world.
The name Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a reference to the Ed Wood 1959 cult science fiction movie Plan 9 from Outer Space. Also, Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny, is presumably a reference to Wood's film Glen or Glenda.
History.
Plan 9 was originally developed for research purposes, as Bell Labs was looking for a replacement for the venerable UNIX. It underwent mass testing, as all the computers at Bell Labs had Plan 9 installed, in lieu of UNIX, which was commonplace previously. It explored several modifications to the pre-existing UNIX system, primarily the distributed nature of the system, and the graphical user-interface. In 1992, Bell Labs released a public version, for universities, and soon after, a version for the general public. The highly restrictive nature of the licence at the time, and the steep 500$ licencing fee resulted in it being ignored, in lieu of Linux.
When Lucent-Alcatel acquired Bell, in the 1990s, however, funding for the system was slashed, and in 2000, it was released into the world under a FOSSy licence. In February 2014, Alcatel-Lucent permitted the University of California, Berkeley to release Plan9 under the popular GNU General Public License.

= = = Carnegie Hall = = =
Carnegie Hall is a concert hall in New York. The money for building it was given by Andrew Carnegie, a very rich businessman from Scotland. Carnegie Hall was built in 1891. It is the most famous concert hall in the world.
Carnegie Hall has three separate concert halls: the Main Hall, the Recital Hall and the Chamber Music Hall.
The Main Hall (Isaac Stern Auditorium).
Carnegie Hall's main auditorium is big enough to seat 2,840 people. There are five levels. The main hall was named after the violinist Isaac Stern in 1997. The Main Hall is very tall, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 105 steps.
For many years the world-famous New York Philharmonic Orchestra gave their concerts there. They moved out to a new concert hall in the Lincoln Center in 1962. Many of the greatest performers of classical music have performed in the hall. Concerts continue to be given there including, more recently, concerts of popular music.
The Recital Hall (Zankel Hall).
Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is now named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. At first it was simply called Recital Hall, then in 1896 it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was used by the American Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1898. In 1959 it was changed into a cinema. Since 1997 it has been a hall for recitals.
Chamber Music Hall (Weill Recital Hall).
The Weill Recital Hall is a small concert hall seating just 268 people. Since 1986 it has been named after Sanford I. Weill, the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, and his wife, Joan. At first it was called Chamber Music Hall, later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall).
Famous concerts.
The official opening night was on May 5, with an orchestral concert conducted by Walter Damrosch and the composer Tchaikovsky. Many famous works were given their world premiere (first ever performance) at the Carnegie Hall, including "Symphony No. 9, opus 95, "From the New World"" by Antonín Dvořák on December 16, 1893, the "Sinfonia Domestica" by Richard Strauss - March 21, 1904, conducted by the composer, "Concerto in F" by George Gershwin on December 3, 1925, with the composer playing the piano, and "Variations on a Theme of Corelli" by Sergei Rachmaninoff - November 7, 1931, with the composer playing the piano.
The world premiere of Disney's animated film "Fantasia 2000" took place at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999.

= = = Musikverein = = =
The Musikverein in Vienna, Austria is one of the most famous concert halls in the world. It opened on 6 January 1870, and is known for its acoustics. The world-famous Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra performs at Musikverein.
The concert hall was built by the "Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde" (Society of Friends of Music) who had been given the land by Emperor Franz Joseph. In 1907 a beautiful organ was put in the Konzerthaus by the Austrian firm of organ builders Rieger.
The main auditorium is called the Goldener Saal (The Golden Hall). There are seats for 1,744 people and standing room for another 300. The Brahms Hall is also in the Musikverein building, and seats close to 600. Four more concert halls were added underneath the main building in 2004: the Glass Hall with 380 seats, the Steel Room with 70 seats, the Stone Room with 60 seats, and the Wood Room with 50 seats. Every year on 1 January the Vienna New Year's Concert is held here. Millions of people in countries all over the world watch this concert on New Year's Day.

= = = Vienna New Year's Concert = = =
The New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.
Music and setting.
The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Joseph Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death. 
These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.
The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's "Blue Danube Waltz". The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the "Radetzky March". The audience like to clap along to the music.
The concert was first performed in 1939.

= = = George Enescu = = =
George Enescu (August 19, 1881, Liveni – May 4, 1955, Paris) was a Romanian composer. He was born in Liveni, Romania. He studied the violin at the Vienna Conservatory. He moved to Paris in 1895 to study composition at the Paris Conservatoire with Jules Massenet and then Gabriel Fauré. Other students at this time were Maurice Ravel and Charles Koechlin.
In 1927 he taught the violin to Yehudi Menuhin.

= = = Cumans = = =
The Cumans (also known as Kumans) were a travelling Turkic people who lived in the area along the Black Sea near the Volga River, Balkans and Hungary. The City Kumanovo is named after them.

= = = Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory = = =
The Osservatorio Astrometrico Santa Lucia Stroncone (Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory) is an observatory that studies stars in the sky. It is in the town of Stroncone, Italy. It has found lots of asteroids.

= = = German South West Africa = = =
German South West Africa (, DSWA) was a German colony in Africa from 1884 through 1915. It is now Namibia. From 1891, the capital was Windhoek, the same city as the capital of today's Namibia. It covered an area of . This is over one and half times the size of the German Empire at the time.

= = = 715 = = =
715 was a common year starting on Tuesday.

= = = 695 = = =
The year 695 (DCXCV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

= = = Ender's Game (novel series) = = =
The Ender's Game series (sometimes called Enderverse) is a series of books written by Orson Scott Card. There are 2 major series of the Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.
Ender series.
The Ender series includes the books "Ender's Game", "Speaker for the Dead", "Xenocide", and "Children of the Mind". "Ender's Game" used to be a short story, but the author expanded it to make the novel "Ender's Game".
Shadow series.
The Shadow series (also called the "Bean Quartet") starts with "Ender's Shadow", followed by 4 other books about the lives of the people Ender left behind. "Ender's Shadow" occurs at the same time and place (Battle School) as "Ender's Game" does, but instead in the view of Bean rather than Ender. "Shadow of the Hegemon", "Shadow Puppets", and "Shadow of the Giant" are stories about world dominance on Earth after the Bugger War in which the children at Battle School and Ender's older brother, Peter Wiggin, are main characters. "Shadows in Flight", a sequel to "Shadow of the Giant", is planned to come out; however, it will start after "Children of the Mind", not "Shadow of the Giant", and will combine the two Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series. "Shadows" "in" "Flight" has recently been renamed to "Shadows" "Alive".
Stories in the series.
There are 11 stories in the Ender's Game series. According to Orson Scott Card, the author, you do not have to read the books in any required order, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.
The books can be read in the order they were written/published in or by date times in the novels.
References.
2. 

= = = Pula = = =
Pula () is the biggest city in Istria County, Croatia. It has a population of about 62,000 people as of the year 2006. It has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Its most famous attraction is the well-preserved Roman ampitheatre. Pula is also an administrative center of Istria since Roman times.

= = = 1938–39 NHL season = = =
The 1938–39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series.
The NHL created the icing rule on March 13, 1939.
Regular season.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
<br>
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

= = = Berne, New York = = =
Berne is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,700 people lived there as of the year 2020.

= = = Brown University = = =
Brown University is an American private research university in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 as the "College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations", early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) and before American independence from the British Empire. It was founded by the Brown brothers, who were slave traders. Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.
Brown is ranked as the 14th national university behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, University of Chicago, Duke, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Brown was the first college in the country to accept students of any religion.
It is the second last ranked Ivy League University with Cornell being the last.

= = = Rutgers University = = =
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as "Queen's College" in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States. 
Scooters.
Rental dockless e-scooters are available on Rutgers campus. Notably, Rutgers professor Juan A. Ayala is notable for doing wheelies on these scooters. 
Ranking.
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.

= = = Southern cassowary = = =
The southern cassowary ("Casuarius casuarius"), also known as double-wattled cassowary or two-wattled cassowary, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.
The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.

= = = Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education = = =
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the second largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania after the Commonwealth system and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.
History.
The "Normal School Act of 1857" was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. It created 12 school districts. Afterward, the School Code of 1911 made Pennsylvania buy all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges. Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.
Universities and locations.
The system is made up of the following 14 universities in Pennsylvania:
PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.

= = = Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade = = =
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is a parade that happens every Thanksgiving. It is held in New York City. It is presented by chain store business Macy's. It started in 1924. The parade often includes many balloons, floats, celebrities, songs and more. It ends with the arrival of Santa Claus, which marks the start of the Christmas and holiday season. The hosts of "The Today Show" also host this event by introducing new acts in the parade.

= = = Indiana University of Pennsylvania = = =
Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA, northeast of Pittsburgh. It is the largest university in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE) and is the state's fifth largest university. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.

= = = Rockville, Maryland = = =
Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 67,117, making it the fourth largest incorporated city in Maryland.

= = = Montgomery County, Maryland = = =
Montgomery County of the U.S. state of Maryland is north of Washington, D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. It is one of the richest counties in the United States, and has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years old who hold a post-graduate degree. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville.

= = = Of a Revolution = = =
Of a Revolution, better known as O.A.R., is an American rock band consisting of Marc Roberge (vocals, guitar), Chris Culos (drums, percussion), Richard On (guitar, backing vocals), Benj Gershman (bass guitar), Jerry DePizzo (saxophone, guitar, backing vocals). The band has a lot of fans in college and many of the band's songs relate to the band members' lives at Ohio State University (Columbus) and growing up in Rockville, Maryland.

= = = George Foreman Grill = = =
The George Foreman Lean Mean Fat-Reducing Grilling Machine, commonly known as the George Foreman Grill, is an indoor, electrically-heated grill manufactured by Salton, Inc. George Foreman, a former champion boxer, is the main spokesperson for the grill. Since its introduction in 1994, over 80 million Foreman grills have been sold.
Reception.
Foreman has made over 150 million dollars from the sales of his grills, an amount that is more than he earned as a boxer.
The company has created many different sizes and designs for the grill since it was first made. These include "The Champ" which was the first grill produced, a family size grill, and a "Super Large" grill that has 144 inches of grilling space. There is also a deep fryer and roaster.
A website made an April Fools' Day joke by claiming to sell a USB version of the grill called the "iGrill." The fake product was advertised as a grill that can be plugged into a computer and turned on by someone on the Internet.
Design.
The grill has a design that allows the grill to heat the top and bottom surfaces of the food, meaning that the food does not need to be flipped while cooking. Both heating surfaces are grooved to reduce the contact area, and covered in a non-stick coating. The lower heating surface is angled to allow liquid fat and other fluids to drain through the grooves into a removable drip tray that also shows the amount removed from the food. This design has been marketed as a way to "knock out the fat", to appear as a healthier way to cook food.

= = = Lava Records = = =
Lava Records is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group.

= = = Treacle = = =
Treacle (Also known as Molasses in the United States (Molasses in the UK refers to treacle not made for humans to eat)) is a type of syrup. It is made when people are processing the plant sugarcane. It is used in cooking to make things sweeter. It is usually dark brown.
Uses for medicine.
Doctors used the word "treacle" to describe a medicine with many ingredients, or medicines that would treat snakebites. Wells that were thought to have water that would cure people were called "treacle wells".

= = = Bulgarians = = =
Bulgarians are a South Slavic people from southeast Europe. There are around 7.3 million Bulgarian nationals. The Bulgarians speak the Bulgarian language and most of them live in Bulgaria. There is also a large diaspora of Bulgarians in Germany, Ukraine, Spain, UK and USA.
Culture.
Language.
The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that is very similar to the Macedonian language. It is spoken by around 9 million people. There are some notable differences in the Bulgarian language that set it apart from other Slavic languages. For example, Bulgarian lost almost all of the noun cases. The language also developed a definite article.
The Bulgarian language is written with the Cyrillic script. The Cyrillic script was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and is now used in 12 other languages.
Religion.
Bulgarian Orthodoxy has been the prominent religion in Bulgaria since 870 AD. There are also a small amount of Bulgarians who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule.

= = = Romanian leu = = =
The leu is the money that is used in Romania. The smaller kind of money used is the "ban", or "bani"(plural). 100 bani make up a leu. Because Romania joined the European Union, they will start using the euro in 2014.

= = = Mandatory access control = = =
In computer security, a mandatory access control (MAC) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a "subject" (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an "object" (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules. Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.

= = = Access control = = =
Access control is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).
Because every person’s fingerprint, iris, voice, retina, face, hand, vein and signature are unique, a biometric time clock provides a quick, accurate, and reliable way to record who is accessing an object or place. That is why many companies now employ biometrics (systems that identify people based on a body part).
In recent times, there are large number of biometric systems that are commercially available. Such biometric systems are based on unique characteristics of human being. The most common, reliable and successful system is the one based on fingerprints. Users are supposed to put their thumb/index finger (or any specified finger) in the finger reader. The system then compares the fingerprint that is read with the one in the central database for authentication.
Most biometric systems do not keep an image of the fingerprint but a template. A template is basically a number that is calculated based on various characteristics of the fingerprint. This is done so that persons may not sneak unauthorised images of fingerprints into the database. When a fingerprint is to be matched, its "template number" is computed and compared with that stored in the database. Most systems allow for dry, greasy, chaffed and minor cuts on the fingers. The other biometric systems are based on retina of the eye, palm, photograph or voice pattern recognition. The palm-based systems take the image of the palm from various angles and compare them.

= = = Linux Security Modules = = =
Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework that allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation. The framework is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux version 2.6.

= = = Black swan = = =
"For the movie, see Black Swan (movie)."
The black swan ("Cygnus atratus") is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white. Their bill is bright red and the tip is white. 

= = = Common Desktop Environment = = =
The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.

= = = HMHS Britannic = = =
The HMHS "Britannic" was a British ocean liner. The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The "Britannic" was finished on 26 February 1914, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.
World War I, Last Voyage.
The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.
There were 1,066 people on board: 673 crew, 315 Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), 77 nurses, and the captain. "Britannic" was under the command of Captain Bartlett.
Sinking of the "Britannic".
On 21 November 1916 the "Britannic" was rocked by an explosion, after hitting a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed. Bartlett finally stopped the propellers before they could suck in any more lifeboats. Bartlett re-engages "Britannic"’s engines one last time in one final attempt to the island of Kea, pausing the evacuation. At 9 A.M., he ordered the Britannic’s propellers to stop for one final time, and ordered and told everyone it was time leave and evacuate. The lifeboats were launched from the ship. Her final plunge began with her stern beginning to rise from the water, exposing the propellers. Then, as "Britannic" began to slowly dip beneath the surface, survivors from the "Britannic" said they heard what sound is like a tremendous roar or bang coming from the front section of the ship that was already submerged.
What this was was the ship’s bow slamming into the sea floor. "Britannic" was over 800 feet long, and it only sank roughly 400 feet of water, so the bow hits the sea floor before the stern was completely submerged. Once this occurred, it caused massive structural damage to the "Britannic"’s hull and we can see the evidence of this in the wreck today there’s a massive hole in the bow section. Then, at roughly 9:07 AM, "Britannic"’s stern slowly dipped beneath the surface, 55 minutes after the explosion by a naval mine. The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines. The survivors believe the "Britannic" was torpedoed.

= = = Croatian First Football League = = =
Prva HNL is a football league which is top division in Croatia.

= = = A-League Men = = =
A-League Men, known before the 2021–22 season as the A-League, is a soccer league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, A-League Men has what is called a "franchise" system—the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.
Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019–20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Melbourne City FC, who defeated Sydney FC in the 2021 Grand Final.
The word "Men" was added to the league name after the 2020–21 season when the country's men's, women's, and youth leagues were brought under the "A-League" brand.
History.
Before A-League Men was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.
Champions and premiers.
A-League Men, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.

= = = Eredivisie = = =
The Eredivisie is a football league which is the top division in the Netherlands. It was created in 1956. Before 1956, the teams competed in the Netherlands Football League Championship.
The most successful team has been AFC Ajax, with 36 titles.
At the end of the 2014–15 season, the Eredivisie was ranked the 10th best league in the Europe.

= = = North American Soccer League = = =
North American Soccer League (NASL) was a soccer league with teams from the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The league was founded in 2009 and began play in 2011. It is the second level of the soccer pyramid in both the U.S. and Canada, behind Major League Soccer. Puerto Rico has its own soccer league, but it plays at a level below the NASL.

= = = Propositional logic = = =
Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are "propositional calculus" and "sentential calculus". The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, being either true or false. Propositions can be represented by capital roman letters such as formula_1, formula_2 and formula_3, and joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and (formula_4), logical or (formula_5), logical if (formula_6), logical if and only if (formula_7) and logical not (formula_8).
Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, and does not decompose them. That way, the proposition "All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc" is made of two propositions, "All cats are dogs", and "The Earth is a disc". These are joined together with the logical connective AND. 
There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors: "it is possible that" and "it is necessary that".
If-then statements.
A simple logic statement is an implication (statement of the form "If P, then Q"). For example, "If it rains for an hour, then the ground will be wet". In this example, P ("if it rains for an hour") is the antecedent, and Q ("the ground will be wet") is the consequent. The consequent must necessarily follow if the antecedent is true. Therefore, an if-then statement is wholly false if the consequent does not actually follow the antecedent. An example of this would be, "If a dog ate a whole meal, then it would be starving." In this case if P were true, Q would be false and the whole statement is false. Here is a truth table for an if-then statement:
Note that there are two logic errors that people often make from this:
1) "If Q, then P". In our example, this would mean "If the ground is wet, then it has been raining for an hour". However, the ground could be wet for other reasons, like if snow has melted or a water main has broken.
2) "If not P, then not Q". In our example, this would mean "If it has not been raining for an hour, then the ground is not wet". However, the ground could still be wet for the reasons listed above.
The only correct inference that can be made is "If not Q, then not P". This means, in our example, "If the ground is not wet, then it has not been raining for an hour".
And/or statements.
Another simple logic statement is "P or Q". For example, "Either I am in Hong Kong or I am in London."

= = = Austrian Football Bundesliga = = =
Austrian Bundesliga is a football league which is top division in Austria. The Bundesliga was founded in 1911 under the name" Erste Klasse". Till the season 1949/50 it was only played with teams from Vienna and Lower Austria. The official name is now Admiral Bundesliga (after the league sponsor)
History.
Football started in Austria around 1890. In 1924 a professional league started and the champion was called "Austrian Champion", although only teams of the metropolitan area of Vienna played here. It was the first professional league outside of the United Kingdom. An amateur league was founded in 1928. From 1938 till 1945 Austria was occupied by Nazi Germany and there was no Austrian league. After the Second World War an Austria-wide league was founded in 1948. The league had different numbers of members (10 to 18) and names.
Records.
The player with the record of games is Robert Sara. He played 581 matches in the league. Top scorer is Robert Dienst He scored 323 goals in the league matches. The first champion outside Vienna was LASK Linz in 1964/65. The highest victory was an 18:0 of Vienna versus Ostbahn IX in the 1945/46 season.The match with the highest number of visitors was Austria Wien versus LASK with 73 826. The best average of visitors was 26 500 (Rapid Wien season 1948). Marc Ziegler, goalkeeper of FC Tirol, was 1085 minutes without goal. The longest serial victories is reached by Wiener Sportklub with 41 victories, in home matches. Vienna also reached 41 in a row.
Club 2014/15.
The 2014–15 Austrian Football Bundesliga was the 103rd season of top-tier football in Austria. FC Red Bull Salzburg won their 9th title, and second in succession.
Champions.
Until the 1949–1950 season, only clubs from Vienna and Lower Austria played in the league. 

= = = BC Lions = = =
The BC Lions are a Canadian Football League team from Vancouver, BC. The Lions play their games at BC Place Stadium. The Lions play in the CFL West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They also played at the Empire Stadium site in 2010 and 2011, in a temporary stadium called Empire Field. This was necessary because BC Place was closed in those seasons for major renovations.
The Lions have won the Grey Cup six times, most recently at BC Place in 2011.

= = = Transmission Control Protocol = = =
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is part of the popular "TCP/IP" combination used by the Internet. The Internet Protocol, or IP, makes sure data on the internet gets to the right place. Then TCP makes sure the data is put in the right order, and none of it is missing. TCP also helps to control traffic on the internet so it does not get overloaded. These protocols, which are kind of like languages that computers use, are designed so that any computer, and any program (such as a Web browser or e-mail client), can use them.
Importance of TCP.
TCP makes it easier for computer programs to communicate with each other, typically over a computer network. When a program wants to send a lot of data, TCP is in charge of dividing the data, sending it through the network, and putting it back together correctly on a different computer. In the process, IP chooses which wires and "intersections" get used to send all the data pieces in the fastest way. It does this using packets.
If there are a lot of people using the network, it can get overloaded. Also sometimes weather, power outages, and other problems can make communication hard. Routers on the Internet use something called "load balancing" to try to fix some of these problems. But still, information can be delivered out of order, get lost, or even duplicated. TCP is designed to notice all of these problems and try to fix them. This can take a while, which is why the Internet sometimes seems slow. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that data to the computer program that asked for it. In this way, the program does not have to know about the network, and TCP does not have to know about the program's data.

= = = Monologue = = =
A monologue is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.
The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues in plays and for the poetic genre.
Rant.
A rant (also called harangue or declamation) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person, or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims. 
Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.
Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.
For Example: When a politician gives a speech in a loud voice, he expresses his thoughts and feelings and the general public listens to it, the subject is monologue.
A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.

= = = Ann Dunham = = =
Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist. She was later known as, Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce) and finally as Ann Dunham. Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii.

= = = Canadian Albums Chart = = =
The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada. It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by "Jam!" Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.
The chart has 200 positions, however, "Jam!" only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.

= = = Wendy's = = =
Wendy's is an international chain of fast food restaurants. It was founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006.
Menu.
Wendy's menu is mostly hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages. For dessert, they serve Frostys, which are similar to Dairy Queen's "Blizzards".

= = = Megamouth shark = = =
The megamouth shark ("Megachasma pelagios") is a large, slow-swimming, timid shark that was only discovered in 1976. It grows to 5.5 metres long. The megamouth is found in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans.
Description.
The megamouth shark has a sturdy body, and a fat, round and long head. The snout is very short and wide. The gill slits are quite long but can not reach the dorsal surface of the head. The mouth is wide, with the corners extending behind the eyes. The first dorsal fin is located more closely to the pectoral fins than to the pelvic fin, and the second dorsal fin is less than half the size of the first dorsal fin. Both dorsal fins are low. The pectoral fins of the adults are shorter than the head in length. 
The dorsal surface of the body, the pectoral and pelvic fins, the dorsal fins, the center of the anal fin, and the caudal fin are blackish-brown. The belly is white.
The shark has around fifty rows of very small teeth on each jaw, but only three rows are usable. Females seem to have fewer teeth rows than males. The upper and lower jaws have a symphyseal (where the two halves of the jaw meet) toothless space, but it is larger in the upper jaw. A difference between the upper and lower teeth was recognized on a female specimen: the first five upper teeth are smaller than the first five lower teeth.
The maximum length reported for the Megamouth shark is 5.5 metres (18 feet). Males mature when they are 4 metres (13 feet) long, and females mature when they are 5 metres (16 feet) long.
Distribution.
Although there has only been a total of 53 confirmed sightings of the Megamouth shark, this species is now known to be found in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. As with the two other known filter-feeding sharks, the basking shark and the whale shark, this species has a widespread distribution. However, the megamouth shark is less active, and a poorer swimmer than the basking shark and the whale shark. Its slow movement is probably because of its fleshy body, soft fins, and asymmetrical tail.
Predators.
The only confirmed register of a Megamouth shark predator is an event of when sperm whales where seen attacking a Megamouth shark. This occurred in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30th August 1998) near midday, while some researchers were observing the whales. The base of the dorsal fin and the gills of the shark showed signs of the whales' attack.
Behavior.
Although there have only been a few sightings of the megamouth shark, it is believed that this species of shark likes to live in the open ocean. The sixth specimen found was tagged and followed for two days, allowing insight into its habitat preference and behaviour. It stayed at a depth of 15 metres during the night, then dove to 150 metres at dawn and returned to shallow waters at dusk. So the megamouth is presumed to be a vertical migrator on a 24 hour cycle, spending the daytime in deep waters and ascending to midwater depths at night. This vertical migration may be a response to the movements of the small animals on which it feeds. The krill that make up part of the megamouth's diet also migrate from deep waters to the surface.
Feeding.
The megamouth shark is one of the three giant filter-feeding sharks in the sea. The other two are the basking shark and the whale shark.
The exact details of the feeding behaviour of the megamouth shark is unknown, due to the few observations on a live, feeding specimen. The megamouth has a huge mouth that extends behind the eyes. Scientists believe that this shark swims slowly through groups of krill and other small prey with its mouth open, and sucks them in. Then it closes its mouth, and this action decreases the pharyngeal volume and makes it possible for the shark to get rid of any water through the gill openings.
All the specimens of the megamouth shark which have been studied have had krill in their stomach, indicating a filter-feeding habit. The stomach of the first megamouth captured had only one type of krill, "Thysanopoda pectinata". The second megamouth's stomach had krill, copepods, and the jellyfish, "Atolla vanhoeffeni".

= = = Toothpaste = = =
Toothpaste is a part liquid paste, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing.
This substance has several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.
Several toothpaste brands specialize in caring for teeth sensitive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer.
Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth. However, fruit and flavours have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties.
Swallowing.
Swallowing big amounts of toothpaste can make humans very sick and is poisonous. Due to this, the FDA started making toothpaste companies to put a notice about swallowing from 1997 to present.

= = = Karl Goldmark = = =
Karl Goldmark (born in Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died in Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer. His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.
Life and career.
Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music. After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music. For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.
Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style. However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.
Goldmark composed six operas, including "Die Königin von Saba" ("The Queen of Sheba"). It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938. His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years. It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.
Other works include a symphony called "Ländliche Hochzeit" (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.

= = = Vulpecula = = =
Vulpecula is a northern constellation (group of stars). People say that it looks like a fox. It is not very bright. None of the stars in Vulpecula are brighter than the 4th magnitude in Vulpecula. It is in the middle of the Summer Triangle, three stars that make the shape of a triangle in the sky.

= = = Ferruccio Busoni = = =
Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.
His life.
Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy. His parents were both musicians. His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano. They were often touring when Ferruccio was young. He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.
Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna. The composer Franz Liszt heard him. He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.
For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra. He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.
In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed. He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists. 
He wrote a book called "Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music". He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition. He thought that music was "born to be free". His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.
During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition. 
Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease. 
Music.
Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern. He uses a lot of complicated counterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal. A lot of it is based on music of the past. He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.
Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His "Piano Concerto" is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes). The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".
Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra "Turandot" which he made into an opera, and his opera "Doktor Faust" which he had not finished when he died. It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.
Recordings.
Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.

= = = Organ system = = =
In biology, an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.
Organs and their tissue systems.
These specific systems are widely studied in anatomy. They are present in many types of animals.

= = = BBC Radio 4 Extra = = =
BBC Radio 4 Extra is a British digital radio station. It plays comedy, drama, and children's programmes 24 hours a day. It was called BBC 7 when it started in 2002 and was later renamed BBC Radio 7 in 2008. 
Not many people knew what Radio 7 was, so its name was completely changed in 2011 to make it sound closer to BBC Radio 4, which is run by the same person.
The shows on Radio 4 Extra are mostly old programmes which were once on BBC Radio 4, although they have made some new programmes. It can be heard on digital (DAB) digital radios and also on the Internet.

= = = Chinese herbology = = =
Chinese herbs do not grow in China only. If you find the right climate and soil type, you can grow many of those herbs overseas. For instance, American Ginseng is grown in Wisconsin State.
The raw herbs available in retail have the following natural features:
Herbal tea.
How do people take the raw herbs? Raw herbs are usually taken orally by extracting the essence out of them. The natural way being practiced since ancient time is to boil and brew the herbal package in water to get a dark brown solution called herb tea that never tastes good. One hour of brewing should be good enough. Then you drink one or two cups a day. Honey or sugar may be added to make it taste less bad. The herbal package can be conveniently modified by changing some ingredients to make it work for you. So an herbal package is really tailor-made for you only.
Tablet form.
Raw herbs can be dried and grounded into a powder then compressed into a tablet which is better than buying your own tablets or having to buy gel capsules
Capsule form.
Raw herbs can be made into capsules at home. All you need is a tailor-made package of raw herbs. Turn it into fine powder with a powerful grinder, and put the powder into empty gel capsules. When you swallow the capsules, your digestive system has to extract the essence out of the raw herb powder. Whereas if you drink the herb tea, the essence extraction is already done after brewing. The herbal solution will readily be absorbed by your body. Furthermore, the herb tea has a history spanning over two thousand years. How many years of history does the tablet or capsule have besides offering convenience?
Usage of some Chinese herbs.
(A) General Tonics
(1) *** (Tonify Qi) ***
ren shen �� radix Ginseng
dang shen �� radix Codonopsis
bai zhu �� rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae
gan cao �� radix Glycyrrhizae
shan yao �� rhizoma Dioscoreae
da jao �� fructus Jujubae
(2) *** (Tonify Yang) ***
lu rong �� cornu Cervi Pantotrichum
rou cong rong ��� herba Cistanches
yin yang huo ��� herba Epimedii
du zhong �� cortex Eucommiae
xu duan �� radix Dipsaci
gou ji � � fructus Psoraleae
bu gu zhi ��� rhizoma Cibotii
dong chong xia cao ���� Cordyceps
yi zhi ren ��� fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae
ge jie �� Gecko
(3) *** (Tonify Blood) ***
dang gui �� radix Angelicae Sinensis
hu tao rou ��� semen Juglandis
shu di huang ��� radix Rehmanniae Preparata
he shou wu ��� radix Polgoni Multiflori
e jiao �� Colla Corii Asini
(4) *** (Tonify Yin) ***
nan sha shen ��� radix adenophorae
bei sha shen ��� radix Glehniae
tian men dong ��� radix Asparagi
mai men dong ��� radix Ophiopogonis
shi hu �� herba Dendrobii
huang jing �� rhizoma Polgonati
yu zhu �� rhizoma Polgonati Odorati
shan zhu yu ��� fructus Corni
gou qi zi ��� fructus Lycii
nu zhen zi ��� fructus Ligustri Lucidi
mo han lian ��� herba Ecliptae
bie jia �� carapax Trionycis
gui ban �� plastrum Testudinis
(B) Stabilise and Bind 
wu wei zi ��� fructus Schisandrae
wu mei �� fructus Mume
wu bei zi ��� galla Chinensis
fu xiao mai ��� fructus Tritici Levis
he zi �� fructus Chebulae
shi liu pi ��� pericarpium Granati
rou dou kou ��� semen Myristicae
lian zi �� semen Nelumbinis
qian shi �� semen Euryales
sang piao xiao ��� ootheca Mantidis
wu zei gu ��� os Sepiae
bin lang �� semen Arecae
(C) Transform Phlegm and Stop Coughing
zi wan �� radix Asteris
bai bu �� radix Stemonae
kuan dong hua ��� flos Farfarae
sang bai pi ��� cortex Mori Radicis
ma dou ling ��� fructus Aristolochiae
ting li zi ��� semen Lepidii seu Descurainiae
(D) Regulate Blood: Stop Bleeding
san qi (tianqi) �� radix Notoginseng
qian cao �� radix Rubiae
(E) Regulate Blood: Invigorate Blood
shui zhi �� Hirudo
chuan xiong �� rhizoma Chuanxiong
ru xiang �� Olibanum
mo yao �� Myrrha
yu jin �� radix Curcumae
e zhu �� rhizoma Zedoariae
dan shen �� radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae
(F) Transform Phlegm-cold
ban xia �� rhizoma Pinelliae
tian nan xing ��� rhizoma Arisaematis
bai jie zi ��� semen Sinapis Albae
xuan fu hua ��� flos Inulae
(G) Regulate Qi
fo shou �� fructus Citri Sarcodactylis
mu xiang �� radix Aucklandiae
wu yao �� radix Linderae
xiang fu �� rhizoma Cyperi
ju pi (chen pi) �� pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
ju hong �� exocarpium Citri Rubrum
qing pi �� pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride
zhi ke �� fructus Aurantii
zhi shi �� fructus Aurantii Immaturus
chen xiang �� lignum Aquilariae Resinatum
chuan lian zhi ��� fructus Toosendan
yan hu suo ��� rhizoma Corydalis
xie bai �� bulbus Allii Macrostemi
(H) Regulate Digestion
shan zhu yu ��� fructus Crataegi
mai ya �� fructus Hordei germinatus
gu ya �� fructus Oryzae germinatus
lai fu zi ��� semen Raphani
ji nei jin ��� endothelium corneum Gigeriae galli
shen qu �� massa Fermentata Medicinalis
(I) Dispel Wind Dampness
du huo �� radix Angelicae Pubescentis
wei ling xian ��� radix Clematidis
fang ji �� radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae
qin jiao �� radix Gentianae Macrophyllae
mu gua ��� fructus Chaenomelis
sang ji sheng ��� ramulus Taxilli
wu jia pi ��� cortex Acanthopanacis
bai hua she ��� Agkistrodon seu Bungarus
hu gu �� os Tigris
wu shao she ��� Zaocys
cang zhu �� rhizoma Atractylodis
hou po �� cortex Magnoliae Officinalis
huo xiang �� herba Agastaches
pei lan �� herba Eupatorii
sha ren �� fructus Amomi
bai dou kou ��� fructus Amomi Rotundus
cao guo �� fructus Tsaoko
(J) Warm, pungent, Release Exterior Wind Cold
su geng �� caulis Perillae
zi su ye �� folium Perillae
xiang ru �� herba Elsholtziae
jing jie �� herba Schizonepetae
fan feng �� radix Ledebouriellae
jiang huo �� radix Angelicae Dahuricae
bai zhi �� rhizoma seu radix Notopterygli
cang er zi ��� fructus Xanthii
xin yi ��� flos Magnoliae
bo he �� herba Menthae
niu bang zi ��� fructus Arctii
can tui �� periostracum Cicadae
dan dou chi ��� semen Sojae preparatum
ju hua �� flos Chrysanthemi
ge gen �� radix Puerariae
chai hu �� radix Bupleuri
sheng ma �� rhizoma Cimicifugae
ma huang �� radix Ephedrae
gui zhi �� ramulus Cinnamomi
(K) Regulate BloodL Stop Bleeding
zhu ma gen ��� radix Boehmeriae
bai mao gen ��� rhizoma Imperatae
ce bai ye ��� cacumen Biotae
huai hua �� flos Sophorae
da ji �� herba seu Radix Cirsii Japonici
xiao ji �� herba Cephalanoploris
di yu �� radix Sanguisorbae
xian he cao ��� herba Agrimoniae
bai jiang (���) rhizoma Bletillae
qian cao �� radix Rubiae
ai ye �� folium Artemisiae Argyi
pu huang �� pollen Typhae
(L) Drain Dampness
fu ling �� Poria
zhu ling �� Polyporus Umbellatus
ze xie �� rhizoma Alismatis
yi yi ren ��� semen Coicis
che qian zi ��� semen Plantaginis
hua shi �� Talcum
mu tong �� caulis Akebiae
jin qian cao ��� herba Lysimachiae
tong cao �� medulla Tetrapanacis
shi wei �� folium Pyrrosiae
yin chen hao ��� herba Artemisiae Scopariae
bi xie �� rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae
(M) Drain Fire
shi gao �� gypsum Fibrosum
zhi mu �� rhizoma Anemarrhenae
tian hua fen ��� radix Trichosanthis
lu gen �� rhizoma Phragmitis
huang lian �� rhizoma Coptidis
huang qin �� radix Scutellariae
huang bai �� cortex Phellodendri
zhi zi �� fructus Gardeniae
long dan cao ��� radix Gentianae
xia ku cao ��� spica Prunellae
ku shen �� radix Sophorae Flavescentis
jue ming zi ��� semen Cassiae
(N) Relieve Fire Toxins
jin yin hua ��� flos Lonicerae
ren dong teng ��� caulis Lonicerae
lian qiao �� fructus Forsythiae
pu gong ying ��� herba Taraxaci
zi hua di ding ���� herba Violae
da qing ye ��� folium Isatidis
qing dai �� indigo Naturalis
ban lan gen ��� radix Isatidis
chuan xin lian ��� herba Andrographitis
yu xing cao ��� herba Houttuyniae
shan dou gen ��� radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
she gan �� rhizoma Belamcandae
ma chi xian ��� herba Portulacae
bai tou weng ��� radix Pulsatillae
hong teng �� caulis Sargentodoxae
qin pi �� cortex Fraxini
(O) Cool Blood
shui niu jiao ��� cornu Bubali
sheng di huang ��� radix Rehmanniae
xuan shen �� radix Scrophulariae
xi jiao �� cornu Rhinocerotis
bai jiang ��� herba Patriniae
mu dan pi ��� cortex Moutan Radicis
chi shao �� radix Paeoniae Rubra
zi cao �� radix arnebiae seu lithospermi
(P) Cleasr Deficient Heat
qing hao �� herba Artemisiae Annuae
bai wei �� radix cynanchi Atrati
di gu pi ��� cortex Lycii Radicis
yin chai hu ��� radix Stellariae
(Q) Purge Downwards, Cathartically Drain Downwards
da huang �� radix et rhizoma Rhei
mang xiao �� natrii Sulfas
fan xie ye ��� folium Sennae
da ma ren ��� fructus Cannabis
gan sui �� radix Kansui
yu li ren ��� semen Pruni
da ji �� radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis
yuan hua �� flos Genkwa
qian niu zi ��� semen Pharbitidis
(R) Warm Interior and Expel Cold
rou gui �� cortex Cinnamomi
wu zhu yu ��� fructus Evodiae
xi xin �� herba Asari
hua jiao �� pericarpium Zanthoxyli
ding xiang �� flos Caryophylli
gao liang jiang ��� rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum
xiao hui xiang ��� fructus Foeniculi
fu zi ��� radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
chuan wu tou ��� radix Aconiti
cao wu tou ��� radix Aconiti Kusnezoffiae
wu tou �� radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
gan jiang �� rhizoma Zingiberis
(S) Expel Parasites
shi jun zi ��� fructus Quisqualis
da fu pi ��� pericarpium Arecae
lei wan �� Omphalia
ku lian pi ��� cortex Meliae
nan gua zi ��� semen Cucurbitae
he cao ya ��� gemma Agrimoniae
he shi fructus Carpesii
guan zhong ��(��) rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae
fei zi �� semen Torreyae
(T) Calm Shen
long gu �� os Draconis
suan zao ren ��� semen Ziziphi Spinosae
yuan zhi �� radix Polygalae
bai zi ren ��� semen Biotae
(U)Extinguish Internal Wind and Stop Tremors
mu li �� concha Ostreae
zhen zhu �� Magarita
zhen zhu mu ��� concha Margaritifera Usta
dai zhe shi ��� Haematitum
ling yang jiao ��� cornu Saigae Tataricae
tian ma �� rhizoma Gastrodiae
(V) Open Orifices
she xiang �� Moschus
niu huang �� calculus Bovis
Bing Pian �� borneolum Syntheticum
su he xiang ��� Storax
shi chang pu ��� rhizoma Acori Graminei
Notes.
(1)The terms used here reflect typical TCM usage (as translated literally from individual Chinese characters), and may not reflect their meanings in TCM, namely, meanings that are normative, figurative or metaphorical when read in context. The meanings of these terms are therefore different from that in common English usage. In particular, they are not to be used for purposes of self-diagnosis, much less for self-medication. For example, "Xia Huo" means "To reduce fire", but "fire" here does not refer to combustion involving oxygen. Even within TCM, there are various meanings of "fire", and it can refer to "real" or "false" fire. The 3 herbs mentioned above cannot be used to reduce "false fire", or fires of yin deficiency in the zhang organs.
(2) An example of the non-literal use of transliterated characters is "long gu" which literally means "dragon bones". This term cannot possible refer to Chinese dragons, since they do not exist. However, one can easily buy "long gu" from any TCM herbal shop. Another term that cannot be taken literally is "di long" which literally means "earth dragon".
(3) Although the above herbs are common in TCM prescriptions, they cannot be purchased if we refer only to their Latin names. One likely reason is that TCM pharmacists rarely, if ever, use the Latin names of the herbs. The Chinese names, or the transliterated names (pinyin) should be used instead. For example, if we ask for "flos Lonicerae" we will almost certainly get a blank look. However, if we ask for "Jin Yin Hua" or ��� we will connect immediately, even though the pharmacist may speak any of the large number of Chinese dialects (such as Cantonese, where the herb is known as "Kum Gen Fa", or Golden Silver Flower, in Hong Kong). Wherever possible, use the written form (���) to avoid miscommunication and/or mis-pronunciation, since there is no dialect form of the written language.
(4) There are a large number of synonyms of the herb names, in both Chinese, English and Latin. This makes it even more essential to use the written form of the Chinese names to ensure accuracy.
(5) Some herbs are prone to adulteration, substitution, or both. For example, Ling Zhi Cao (Cordyceps) can be substituted with an inactive form of the herb. If an extract is first made with water, the herb will be tasteless when dried and re-used/recycled. On the other hand, the genuine Ling Zhi tastes bitter, but few consumers would know the difference, especially if the herb is mixed in a prescription and boiled together with other herbs. The pharmacists themselves may not be aware, as some may trust their suppliers implicitly, and do not conduct regular testing.
(6) Animal-based "herbs" are prone to substitution or adulteration, including Xiong Dan (bear bile / gall bladder) which looks very much like Niu Dan (bovine bile /gall bladder) when the gall bladder is dried, although Niu Dan is far less bitter in taste. Some are simply unavailable because they are banned in many countries. These include tiger parts, such as Hu Gu (tiger bone) which is substituted by bobcat bone, and Chuan San Jia (scales of the pangolin) which has no animal-based substitute. Niu Huang (bovine gallstone) is unavailable in many Western countries and Singapore because of its potential impact on pregnant women, although Niu Huang Pills with about 2% of Niu Huang are available in many Asian countries.

= = = King's Peak = = =
King's Peak is a mountain that can be found on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is near the Gold River in Strathcona Provincial Park.

= = = Mount Overill = = =
Mount Overill is a volcanic mount in the southwestern part of British Columbia in Canada.

= = = List of volcanoes in Canada = = =
The following is a list of volcanoes in Canada, by territory:

= = = Béhasque-Lapiste = = =
Béhasque-Lapiste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.

= = = Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department = = =
The following is a list of the 547 communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in France, by letter:

= = = Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.
Transport.
Road.
The D311 and D64 roads pass through the commune.
Geography.
Aast is on the border of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

= = = Abidos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Abidos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Abitain = = =
Abitain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Abos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Abos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Abère = = =
Abère is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwestern France.

= = = Accous = = =
Accous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. In 2014 it had a population of 463 people.

= = = Agnos = = =
Agnos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ahaxe-Alciette-Bascassan = = =
Ahaxe-Alciette-Bascassan is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ahetze = = =
Ahetze is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aincille = = =
Aincille is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ainharp = = =
Ainharp is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ainhice-Mongelos = = =
Ainhice-Mongelos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ainhoa, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Ainhoa, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aldudes = = =
Aldudes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Alos-Sibas-Abense = = =
Alos-Sibas-Abense is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette = = =
Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Amendeuix-Oneix = = =
Amendeuix-Oneix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Amorots-Succos = = =
Amorots-Succos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ance = = =
Ance is a former commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Ance Féas.

= = = Andoins = = =
Andoins is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Andrein = = =
Andrein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Angaïs = = =
Angaïs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Anglet = = =
Anglet is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Basque Country.

= = = Angous = = =
Angous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Anhaux = = =
Anhaux () is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Anos = = =
Anos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.

= = = Anoye = = =
Anoye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aramits = = =
Aramits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, in southwestern France.
The people living in Aramits are called "Aramitsiens" or "Aramitsiennes".
At the 2009 Census, the commune had a population of 677.

= = = Arancou = = =
Arancou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Araujuzon = = =
Araujuzon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Araux = = =
Araux is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arbonne = = =
Arbonne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arbouet-Sussaute = = =
Arbouet-Sussaute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arbérats-Sillègue = = =
Arbérats-Sillègue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arcangues = = =
Arcangues is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aren = = =
Aren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aressy = = =
Aressy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arette = = =
Arette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. 

= = = Argagnon = = =
Argagnon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Argelos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Argelos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arget = = =
Arget is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arhansus = = =
Arhansus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Armendarits = = =
Armendarits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arnos = = =
Arnos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arnéguy = = =
Arnéguy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aroue-Ithorots-Olhaïby = = =
Aroue-Ithorots-Olhaïby is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwestern France.

= = = Arrast-Larrebieu = = =
Arrast-Larrebieu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. It is in the former province of Soule. It is mostly agricultural.

= = = Arraute-Charritte = = =
Arraute-Charritte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arricau-Bordes = = =
Arricau-Bordes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arrien = = =
Arrien is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arros-de-Nay = = =
Arros-de-Nay is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arrosès = = =
Arrosès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arthez-d'Asson = = =
Arthez-d'Asson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arthez-de-Béarn = = =
Arthez-de-Béarn () is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Artigueloutan = = =
Artigueloutan is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Artiguelouve = = =
Artiguelouve is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Artix, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Artix, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arudy = = =
Arudy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Arzacq-Arraziguet = = =
Arzacq-Arraziguet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Asasp-Arros = = =
Asasp-Arros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ascain = = =
Ascain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ascarat = = =
Ascarat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Assat = = =
Assat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Asson = = =
Asson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aste-Béon = = =
Aste-Béon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Astis = = =
Astis is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Athos-Aspis = = =
Athos-Aspis is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aubertin = = =
Aubertin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aubin, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Aubin, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aubous = = =
Aubous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Audaux = = =
Audaux is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Auga = = =
Auga is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aurions-Idernes = = =
Aurions-Idernes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aussevielle = = =
Aussevielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aussurucq = = =
Aussurucq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Auterrive = = =
Auterrive is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren = = =
Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aydie = = =
Aydie is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aydius = = =
Aydius is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ayherre = = =
Ayherre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Aïcirits-Camou-Suhast = = =
Aïcirits-Camou-Suhast is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Baigts-de-Béarn = = =
Baigts-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Balansun = = =
Balansun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Baleix = = =
Baleix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Baliracq-Maumusson = = =
Baliracq-Maumusson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Baliros = = =
Baliros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Banca, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Banca, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Barcus = = =
Barcus is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwestern France.

= = = Bardos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Bardos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Barinque = = =
Barinque is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Barraute-Camu = = =
Barraute-Camu is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Barzun, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Barzun, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bassillon-Vauzé = = =
Bassillon-Vauzé is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bassussarry = = =
Bassussarry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bastanès = = =
Bastanès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Baudreix = = =
Baudreix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bayonne = = =
Bayonne (Gascon "Baiona"; ; ) is a city and commune in southwestern France at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a subprefecture.
Geography.
Bayonne has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
Bayonne is surrounded by the "communes" Boucau, Tarnos (in the Landes department), Lahonce, Mouguerre, Saint-Pierre-d'Irube, Villefranque, Bassussarry and Anglet.
Population.
With a population of 47,492, Bayonne has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The inhabitants of Bayonne are known, in French, as "Bayonnais" (women: "Bayonnaises").
Administration.
Bayonne is a "sous-préfecture" in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1800. It is also the capital of three "cantons".
Twin towns.
Bayonne is twinned with:

= = = Bedous = = =
Bedous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bellocq = = =
Bellocq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bentayou-Sérée = = =
Bentayou-Sérée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bergouey-Viellenave = = =
Bergouey-Viellenave is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Bernadets = = =
Bernadets is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Berrogain-Laruns = = =
Berrogain-Laruns is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Bescat = = =
Bescat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Beuste = = =
Beuste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Beyrie-en-Béarn = = =
Beyrie-en-Béarn is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Beyrie-sur-Joyeuse = = =
Beyrie-sur-Joyeuse is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Biarritz = = =
Biarritz is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Basque Country.
It has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).

= = = Bidache = = =
Bidache is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Bidarray = = =
Bidarray is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Bidart = = =
Bidart is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Bidos = = =
Bidos is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Bielle = = =
Bielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bilhères = = =
Bilhères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Billère = = =
Billère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Biriatou = = =
Biriatou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Biron, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Biron, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bizanos = = =
Bizanos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Boeil-Bezing = = =
Boeil-Bezing is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bonloc = = =
Bonloc is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bonnut = = =
Bonnut is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Borce = = =
Borce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bordes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Bordes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bordères = = =
Bordères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bosdarros = = =
Bosdarros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Boucau = = =
Boucau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Boueilh-Boueilho-Lasque = = =
Boueilh-Boueilho-Lasque is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bougarber = = =
Bougarber is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bouillon, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Bouillon, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Boumourt = = =
Boumourt is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bourdettes = = =
Bourdettes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwest France.

= = = Bournos = = =
Bournos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Briscous = = =
Briscous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bruges-Capbis-Mifaget = = =
Bruges-Capbis-Mifaget is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bugnein = = =
Bugnein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bunus = = =
Bunus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Burgaronne = = =
Burgaronne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Buros = = =
Buros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Burosse-Mendousse = = =
Burosse-Mendousse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bussunarits-Sarrasquette = = =
Bussunarits-Sarrasquette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bustince-Iriberry = = =
Bustince-Iriberry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Buziet = = =
Buziet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Buzy, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Buzy, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France.

= = = Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Béguios = = =
Béguios is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Béhorléguy = = =
Béhorléguy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bénéjacq = = =
Bénéjacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Béost = = =
Béost is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bérenx = = =
Bérenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bésingrand = = =
Bésingrand is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Bétracq = = =
Bétracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
References.

= = = Cabidos = = =
Cabidos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Cadillon = = =
Cadillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Cambo-les-Bains = = =
Cambo-les-Bains is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Came, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Came, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Camou-Cihigue = = =
Camou-Cihigue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Cardesse = = =
Cardesse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Carresse-Cassaber = = =
Carresse-Cassaber is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Carrère = = =
Carrère is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwest France.

= = = Castagnède, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Castagnède, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Casteide-Cami = = =
Casteide-Cami is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Casteide-Candau = = =
Casteide-Candau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Casteide-Doat = = =
Casteide-Doat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castet = = =
Castet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castetbon = = =
Castetbon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castetnau-Camblong = = =
Castetnau-Camblong is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castetner = = =
Castetner is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castetpugon = = =
Castetpugon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castillon (Canton of Arthez-de-Béarn) = = =
Castillon (Canton of Arthez-de-Béarn) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the southwestern France.

= = = Castillon (Canton of Lembeye) = = =
Castillon (Canton of Lembeye) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castéra-Loubix = = =
Castéra-Loubix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Castétis = = =
Castétis is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Caubios-Loos = = =
Caubios-Loos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Cescau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Cescau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Cette-Eygun = = =
Cette-Eygun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Charre = = =
Charre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Charritte-de-Bas = = =
Charritte-de-Bas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Chéraute = = =
Chéraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ciboure = = =
Ciboure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Claracq = = =
Claracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Coarraze = = =
Coarraze is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Conchez-de-Béarn = = =
Conchez-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Corbère-Abères = = =
Corbère-Abères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Coslédaà-Lube-Boast = = =
Coslédaà-Lube-Boast is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Coublucq = = =
Coublucq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Crouseilles = = =
Crouseilles is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Cuqueron = = =
Cuqueron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Denguin = = =
Denguin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Diusse = = =
Diusse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Doazon = = =
Doazon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Dognen = = =
Dognen is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Domezain-Berraute = = =
Domezain-Berraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Doumy = = =
Doumy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Eaux-Bonnes = = =
Eaux-Bonnes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Escos = = =
Escos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Escot = = =
Escot is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Escou = = =
Escou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. It is notable for a that it is believed by the locals to have healing properties.

= = = Escoubès = = =
Escoubès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Escout = = =
Escout is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Escurès = = =
Escurès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Eslourenties-Daban = = =
Eslourenties-Daban is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Espelette = = =
Espelette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques departement in southwest France.

= = = Espiute = = =
Espiute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.

= = = Espoey = = =
Espoey is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Espès-Undurein = = =
Espès-Undurein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Espéchède = = =
Espéchède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Esquiule = = =
Esquiule is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Estialescq = = =
Estialescq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Estos = = =
Estos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Estérençuby = = =
Estérençuby is a commune in Pyrénées-Atlantiques in southwest France.

= = = Etcharry = = =
Etcharry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Etchebar = = =
Etchebar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Etsaut = = =
Etsaut is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Eysus = = =
Eysus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Fichous-Riumayou = = =
Fichous-Riumayou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Féas = = =
Féas is a former commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Ance Féas.

= = = Gabaston = = =
Gabaston is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gabat = = =
Gabat is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Gamarthe = = =
Gamarthe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Gan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
Its mayor has been Mr Francis Pèes (Right Wing ; also Vice President of the Communauté d'agglomération de Pau-Pyrénées) since 2014, a former CEO of a construction company.

= = = Garindein = = =
Garindein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Garlin = = =
Garlin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Garlède-Mondebat = = =
Garlède-Mondebat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Garos = = =
Garos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Garris = = =
Garris is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gayon = = =
Gayon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gelos = = =
Gelos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ger, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Ger, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gerderest = = =
Gerderest is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gestas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Gestas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Geüs-d'Oloron = = =
Geüs-d'Oloron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gomer, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Gomer, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gotein-Libarrenx = = =
Gotein-Libarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Goès = = =
Goès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Guiche, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Guiche, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Guinarthe-Parenties = = =
Guinarthe-Parenties is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" and the Aquitaine region in the southwestern part of France.
Geography.
The Saison river, which joins the gave d'Oloron, crosses the commune's land.
History.
Paul Raymond said in 1385 that Guinarthe had 13 feux, Parenties had 9. They depended upon the Sauveterre bailiwick. There was an abbey in Parenties.
Guinarthe et Parenties joined on June 20 1842, and on May 16 1845.
Name.
"Guinarthe" was called 
"Guinarte" (1385 ), 
"Guinarta" (around 1540 ), 
"Sanctus Martinus de Guinarte" (1612 ), 
"Parenties-Guinarthe" when it joined Parenties on June 20 1842 and
"Guinarthe-Parenties" on May 16 1845.
Parenties" existed as 
"Paranthies" (1385), 
"Paranthias" (around1540) and 
"Saint-Pierre de Paranties" (1612 ).
The béarnais name is "Guinarte-Parentias".
Economy.
Mostly agricultural activities.
Monuments.
There are two churches in this commune: one is in Guinarthe, the other in Parenties.

= = = Gurmençon = = =
Gurmençon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gurs = = =
Gurs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Guéthary = = =
Guéthary is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Gère-Bélesten = = =
Gère-Bélesten is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Géronce = = =
Géronce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Géus-d'Arzacq = = =
Géus-d'Arzacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Hagetaubin = = =
Hagetaubin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Halsou = = =
Halsou is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Hasparren = = =
Hasparren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Haut-de-Bosdarros = = =
Haut-de-Bosdarros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Haux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Haux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Hendaye = = =
Hendaye is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Basque Country.

= = = Herrère = = =
Herrère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Higuères-Souye = = =
Higuères-Souye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Hosta, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Hosta, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Hours, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Hours, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Hélette = = =
Hélette is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France.

= = = Ibarrolle = = =
Ibarrolle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Idaux-Mendy = = =
Idaux-Mendy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Idron = = =
Idron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Igon = = =
Igon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.

= = = Iholdy = = =
Iholdy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ilharre = = =
Ilharre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Irissarry = = =
Irissarry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Irouléguy = = =
Irouléguy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ispoure = = =
Ispoure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Issor = = =
Issor is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Isturits = = =
Isturits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Itxassou = = =
Itxassou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Izeste = = =
Izeste (also spelled Iseste) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Jasses = = =
Jasses is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Jatxou = = =
Jatxou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Jaxu = = =
Jaxu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Jurançon = = =
Jurançon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Juxue = = =
Juxue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise = = =
L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = L'Hôpital-d'Orion = = =
L'Hôpital-d'Orion is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = La Bastide-Clairence = = =
La Bastide-Clairence is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labastide-Cézéracq = = =
Labastide-Cézéracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labastide-Monréjeau = = =
Labastide-Monréjeau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labastide-Villefranche = = =
Labastide-Villefranche is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labatmale = = =
Labatmale is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labatut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Labatut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labets-Biscay = = =
Labets-Biscay is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Labeyrie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Labeyrie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lacadée = = =
Lacadée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lacarre = = =
Lacarre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lacarry-Arhan-Charritte-de-Haut = = =
Lacarry-Arhan-Charritte-de-Haut is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Lacommande = = =
Lacommande is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lacq = = =
Lacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lagor = = =
Lagor is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lagos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Lagos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Laguinge-Restoue = = =
Laguinge-Restoue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lahonce = = =
Lahonce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lahontan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Lahontan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lahourcade = = =
Lahourcade is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lalongue = = =
Lalongue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lalonquette = = =
Lalonquette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lamayou = = =
Lamayou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lanne-en-Barétous = = =
Lanne-en-Barétous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lannecaube = = =
Lannecaube is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lanneplaà = = =
Lanneplaà is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lantabat = = =
Lantabat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Larceveau-Arros-Cibits = = =
Larceveau-Arros-Cibits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Laroin = = =
Laroin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Larrau = = =
Larrau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Larressore = = =
Larressore is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Larreule, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Larreule, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Larribar-Sorhapuru = = =
Larribar-Sorhapuru is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Laruns = = =
Laruns is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lasclaveries = = =
Lasclaveries is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lasse, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Lasse, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lasserre, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Lasserre, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lasseube = = =
Lasseube is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lasseubetat = = =
Lasseubetat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lay-Lamidou = = =
Lay-Lamidou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Laà-Mondrans = = =
Laà-Mondrans is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Laàs = = =
Laàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lecumberry = = =
Lecumberry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ledeuix = = =
Ledeuix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
As of 2017, Ledeuix has a population of 1,032.

= = = Lembeye = = =
Lembeye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lescar = = =
Lescar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lescun = = =
Lescun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lespielle = = =
Lespielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lespourcy = = =
Lespourcy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lestelle-Bétharram = = =
Lestelle-Bétharram is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lichans-Sunhar = = =
Lichans-Sunhar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lichos = = =
Lichos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Licq-Athérey = = =
Licq-Athérey is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Limendous = = =
Limendous is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France.

= = = Livron = = =
Livron is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Lohitzun-Oyhercq = = =
Lohitzun-Oyhercq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lombia = = =
Lombia is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lons = = =
Lons is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lonçon = = =
Lonçon is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Loubieng = = =
Loubieng is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
Geography.
Loubieng has a total area of 23.4 square kilometers.

= = = Louhossoa = = =
Louhossoa is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lourdios-Ichère = = =
Lourdios-Ichère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lourenties = = =
Lourenties is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Louvie-Juzon = = =
Louvie-Juzon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Louvie-Soubiron = = =
Louvie-Soubiron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Louvigny, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Louvigny, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Luc-Armau = = =
Luc-Armau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lucarré = = =
Lucarré is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lucgarier = = =
Lucgarier is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lucq-de-Béarn = = =
Lucq-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lurbe-Saint-Christau = = =
Lurbe-Saint-Christau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lussagnet-Lusson = = =
Lussagnet-Lusson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Luxe-Sumberraute = = =
Luxe-Sumberraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lys, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Lys, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lème = = =
Lème is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lée = = =
Lée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Lées-Athas = = =
Lées-Athas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Léren = = =
Léren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Macaye = = =
Macaye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Malaussanne = = =
Malaussanne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mascaraàs-Haron = = =
Mascaraàs-Haron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Maslacq = = =
Maslacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Masparraute = = =
Masparraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Maspie-Lalonquère-Juillacq = = =
Maspie-Lalonquère-Juillacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Maucor = = =
Maucor is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mauléon-Licharre = = =
Mauléon-Licharre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Maure, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Maure is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France.

= = = Mazerolles, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Mazerolles, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mazères-Lezons = = =
Mazères-Lezons is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwestern France.

= = = Meillon = = =
Meillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mendionde = = =
Mendionde is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.

= = = Menditte = = =
Menditte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mendive = = =
Mendive is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mesplède = = =
Mesplède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mialos = = =
Mialos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Miossens-Lanusse = = =
Miossens-Lanusse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mirepeix = = =
Mirepeix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Momas = = =
Momas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Momy = = =
Momy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Monassut-Audiracq = = =
Monassut-Audiracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Moncaup, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Moncaup, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Moncayolle-Larrory-Mendibieu = = =
Moncayolle-Larrory-Mendibieu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Moncla = = =
Moncla is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
Geography.
Moncla has a total area of 5.8 square kilometers.

= = = Monein = = =
Monein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Monpezat = = =
Monpezat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Monségur, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Monségur, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mont-Disse = = =
Mont-Disse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Montagut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Montagut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Montaner = = =
Montaner is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Montardon = = =
Montardon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Montaut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Montaut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Montfort, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Montfort, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Montory = = =
Montory is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Morlanne = = =
Morlanne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Morlaàs = = =
Morlaàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mouguerre = = =
Mouguerre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mouhous = = =
Mouhous is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Moumour = = =
Moumour is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Mourenx = = =
Mourenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Musculdy = = =
Musculdy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Méharin = = =
Méharin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Méracq = = =
Méracq is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France.

= = = Méritein = = =
Méritein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Nabas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Nabas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Narcastet = = =
Narcastet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
Transport.
Road.
The D37 and D437 roads pass through the commune.

= = = Narp = = =
Narp is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Navailles-Angos = = =
Navailles-Angos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Navarrenx = = =
Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Noguères = = =
Noguères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Nousty = = =
Nousty is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ogenne-Camptort = = =
Ogenne-Camptort is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. It is made up of two ancient (very old) French towns: Camptort and Ogenne. They were combined (made into one) on May 12, 1841.
According to Pierre de Marca, a famous historian, the name "Ogenne" can be traced back to the 11th century. It was first called "Ogene" in the 11th century, then "Oiena" in the 13th century. In around 1350 it was called "Sent-Jacme d'Ojenne", and in 1385 it was called "Oyene." Finally in 1548 it was called "Ogena".
The name "Camptort" comes from the 13th century. It was first called "Campus tortus" in 1235. It was called some other names: "Cam-tort" (1385), "Quamptort" (1540), "Sanctus Stephanus de Camptort" (1674), "Cantor" (1755), and "Camptor" (1793.)
Two streams run through the town. One stream is the Saley, a tributary of the Gave d'Oloron (a river). The other stream is the Laà, a tributary of the Gave de Pau (also a river.)

= = = Ogeu-les-Bains = = =
Ogeu-les-Bains is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Oloron-Sainte-Marie = = =
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a city and commune in southwestern France in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a sub-prefecture.
In 1858, the "communes" of Saint-Marie-Legugnon and Oloron were combined to make the new "commune" of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.
Geography.
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is situated at the feet of the Pyrénées, to the south of Pau, from the Spanish border and from the Atlantic Ocean.
The "commune" has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
Through Oloron-Sainte-Marie flows the Gave d'Oloron formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Gave d'Aspe and the Gave d'Ossau that merge to form the Gave d'Oloron. The word gave is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees.
Population.
With a population of 10,794, Oloron-Sainte-Marie has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The inhabitants of Oloron-Sainte-Marie are known, in French, as "Oloronais" (women: "Oloronaises").
Administration.
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a "sous-préfecture" in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1800. It is also the capital of two "cantons":
Twin towns.
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is twinned with:

= = = Oraàs = = =
Oraàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ordiarp = = =
Ordiarp is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Orin, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Orin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Orion, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Orion, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Orriule = = =
Orriule is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Orsanco = = =
Orsanco is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Orthez = = =
Orthez is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Orègue = = =
Orègue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Os-Marsillon = = =
Os-Marsillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ossas-Suhare = = =
Ossas-Suhare is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Osse-en-Aspe = = =
Osse-en-Aspe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Ossenx = = =
Ossenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Osserain-Rivareyte = = =
Osserain-Rivareyte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ossès = = =
Ossès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ostabat-Asme = = =
Ostabat-Asme is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ouillon = = =
Ouillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ousse = = =
Ousse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ozenx-Montestrucq = = =
Ozenx-Montestrucq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pagolle = = =
Pagolle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Parbayse = = =
Parbayse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pardies = = =
Pardies is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pardies-Piétat = = =
Pardies-Piétat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Peyrelongue-Abos = = =
Peyrelongue-Abos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Piets-Plasence-Moustrou = = =
Piets-Plasence-Moustrou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Poey-d'Oloron = = =
Poey-d'Oloron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Poey-de-Lescar = = =
Poey-de-Lescar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pomps = = =
Pomps is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ponson-Debat-Pouts = = =
Ponson-Debat-Pouts is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ponson-Dessus = = =
Ponson-Dessus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pontacq = = =
Pontacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pontiacq-Viellepinte = = =
Pontiacq-Viellepinte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Portet = = =
Portet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Pouliacq = = =
Pouliacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Poursiugues-Boucoue = = =
Poursiugues-Boucoue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Préchacq-Josbaig = = =
Préchacq-Josbaig is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Préchacq-Navarrenx = = =
Préchacq-Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Précilhon = = =
Précilhon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Puyoô = = =
Puyoô is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ramous = = =
Ramous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ribarrouy = = =
Ribarrouy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Riupeyrous = = =
Riupeyrous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Rivehaute = = =
Rivehaute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Rontignon = = =
Rontignon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Roquiague = = =
Roquiague is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Rébénacq = = =
Rébénacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Abit = = =
Saint-Abit is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Armou = = =
Saint-Armou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Boès = = =
Saint-Boès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Castin = = =
Saint-Castin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Dos = = =
Saint-Dos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Esteben = = =
Saint-Esteben is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Faust = = =
Saint-Faust is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Girons-en-Béarn = = =
Saint-Girons-en-Béarn is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Saint-Gladie-Arrive-Munein = = =
Saint-Gladie-Arrive-Munein is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Saint-Goin = = =
Saint-Goin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Jammes = = =
Saint-Jammes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port = = =
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-Poudge = = =
Saint-Jean-Poudge is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Jean-de-Luz = = =
Saint-Jean-de-Luz is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Basque Country.

= = = Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Just-Ibarre = = =
Saint-Just-Ibarre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Laurent-Bretagne = = =
Saint-Laurent-Bretagne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-d'Arberoue = = =
Saint-Martin-d'Arberoue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Martin-d'Arrossa = = =
Saint-Martin-d'Arrossa is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Michel, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Saint-Michel, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Médard, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Saint-Médard, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Pierre-d'Irube = = =
Saint-Pierre-d'Irube is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Pé-de-Léren = = =
Saint-Pé-de-Léren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle = = =
Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

= = = Saint-Vincent, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Saint-Vincent, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry = = =
Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sainte-Colome = = =
Sainte-Colome is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sainte-Engrâce = = =
Sainte-Engrâce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.

= = = Salies-de-Béarn = = =
Salies-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Salles-Mongiscard = = =
Salles-Mongiscard is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sallespisse = = =
Sallespisse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sames, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Sames, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Samsons-Lion = = =
Samsons-Lion is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sare = = =
Sare is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
It is about to the east of Saint-Jean-de-Luz and the Atlantic Ocean. It is in the western foothills of the Pyrenees.

= = = Sarpourenx = = =
Sarpourenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sarrance = = =
Sarrance is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saubole = = =
Saubole is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Saucède = = =
Saucède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sauguis-Saint-Étienne = = =
Sauguis-Saint-Étienne () is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sault-de-Navailles = = =
Sault-de-Navailles is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sauvagnon = = =
Sauvagnon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sauvelade = = =
Sauvelade is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sauveterre-de-Béarn = = =
Sauveterre-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sedze-Maubecq = = =
Sedze-Maubecq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sedzère = = =
Sedzère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sendets, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Sendets, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Serres-Castet = = =
Serres-Castet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Serres-Morlaàs = = =
Serres-Morlaàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Serres-Sainte-Marie = = =
Serres-Sainte-Marie is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Simacourbe = = =
Simacourbe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Siros, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Siros, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Soumoulou = = =
Soumoulou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Souraïde = = =
Souraïde is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Suhescun = = =
Suhescun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Sus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Susmiou = = =
Susmiou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Séby = = =
Séby is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Séméacq-Blachon = = =
Séméacq-Blachon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sévignacq = = =
Sévignacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Sévignacq-Meyracq = = =
Sévignacq-Meyracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Tabaille-Usquain = = =
Tabaille-Usquain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Tadousse-Ussau = = =
Tadousse-Ussau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Tardets-Sorholus = = =
Tardets-Sorholus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Taron-Sadirac-Viellenave = = =
Taron-Sadirac-Viellenave is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Tarsacq = = =
Tarsacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Thèze, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Thèze, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Trois-Villes = = =
Trois-Villes is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France. 138 people lived there in 2016.

= = = Uhart-Cize = = =
Uhart-Cize is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Uhart-Mixe = = =
Uhart-Mixe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Urcuit = = =
Urcuit is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Urdos = = =
Urdos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Urdès = = =
Urdès is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwest France.

= = = Urepel = = =
Urepel is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Urost = = =
Urost is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Urrugne = = =
Urrugne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Urt = = =
Urt is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Ustaritz = = =
Ustaritz is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Uzan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Uzan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Uzein = = =
Uzein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Uzos = = =
Uzos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Verdets = = =
Verdets is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Vialer = = =
Vialer is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Viellenave-d'Arthez = = =
Viellenave-d'Arthez is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Viellenave-de-Navarrenx = = =
Viellenave-de-Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Vielleségure = = =
Vielleségure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Vignes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Vignes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Villefranque, Pyrénées-Atlantiques = = =
Villefranque, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Viodos-Abense-de-Bas = = =
Viodos-Abense-de-Bas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Viven = = =
Viven is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

= = = Çaro = = =
Çaro (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

= = = Rocket engine = = =
A rocket engine is a device that produces a force by pushing gases at high speed out of a nozzle. Rocket engines usually burn chemicals such as petrochemicals and liquid oxygen at very high pressures and temperatures to turn their chemical energy into motion of the rocket. In some cases (such as the Rocketdyne F-1), the force created can be over .
A garden hose shows how moving fluid can create a force. When a hose is turned up, the hose will snake around unless it is held still. The water which is leaving the hose, is creating a force on the hose just like how the gases coming out of a rocket engine push on the rocket engine. This principle can be explained by Newton's third law.
Liquids, solids and hybrids.
Some rocket engines burn liquid fuels while some burn solid fuels. Solid fuel rocket engines are sometimes called "solid rocket motors".
Liquid fuel rocket engines often require complex pumps and valves to properly move (and pressurize) the liquids from the fuel tank to the actual engine. These machines must work in extreme temperatures and pressures. Liquid oxygen is very cold (-223 �C) while the engine is very hot (3000 �C), and the pressure is oftentimes hundreds of times higher than the surrounding air pressure. Because of these conditions, liquid fuel rocket engines are often very complex, expensive, and require very specialised materials (metal alloys, ceramics, etc.).
Solid fuel rocket motors have the fuel (called propellant) as a solid mixture of an oxidizer and fuel. An oxidizer supports the burning of fuel much like oxygen supports burning. The common oxidizer is powdered Ammonium Perchlorate, while the common fuel is powdered aluminum metal. The two powders are stuck together with a third component known as the binder. The binder is a rubbery solid that also burns as a fuel. Since their design is so simple, solid rocket engines are usually much cheaper than other rocket engines, but their main disadvantage is that they cannot be turned off, their control is very limited, and they are more likely to explode than liquid rocket engines. Solid rockets also provide a smaller specific impulse (a measure of efficiency for rocket engines), hence must be heavier to launch the same payload.
Military missiles commonly use solid rockets because they can be kept ready for many years, unlike liquid rockets, which require a lot of expensive maintenance, are less reliable, and cannot be kept fully fueled for long periods of time. Many satellite and rocket launchers use solid rocket boosters when they start, but use liquid rockets for the rest of the flight. 
Hybrid rocket engines combine the two ideas. The two propellants are different states of matter, often with liquid oxidisers and solid fuels. They are not used very often, but may be safer than solid rocket motors or liquid rocket engines.

= = = Nozzle = = =
A nozzle is a device that takes incoming fluid (such as gas or liquid) and increases the speed. This is done by changing the size of the pipe (or tube) that the fluid is flowing through.
Origine of American vectoring-nozzle.
 - Origine of the .

= = = Penny Black = = =
The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp. It was issued by the United Kingdom on the 1 May 1840 and used from the 6 May the same year. All London post offices received official issues of the new stamps, but other offices in the country did not. Some post offices like in Bath, offered the stamp unofficially after 2 May. 
Once the stamps were used, they had a red cancellation. However, it was hard to see, and it could easily be taken off. It is not very rare. The total print run was 286,700 sheets with 68,808,000 stamps. A mint condition stamp might fetch £3–4,000. 

= = = Penny Red = = =
The Penny Red was a postage stamp issued in 1841 to replace the Penny Black. It was the main type of postage stamp in the United Kingdom until 1879. The design was hardly changed at all. 
The colour was changed from black to red because it was hard to see the red cancellation mark on the Penny Black. It was easier to see a black cancelling on a Penny Red. It is not a very rare stamp.

= = = Succession to the British throne = = =
The line of succession to the British throne is the order in which members of the royal family would come to the throne if the reigning king or queen died.
At present the first in line is William, Prince of Wales, and then Prince William's eldest child, Prince George of Wales.
Traditionally, males came before females in the line of succession. However, the law changed on 26 March 2015, so at present, for people born after 28 October 2011 the succession is decided only by age: older children come before younger children. This system of inheritance is called absolute primogeniture, as opposed to male-preference primogeniture. When someone who is in line to the throne has a child, that child comes after them and their older children, but before anyone else in the line of succession.
Excluded from the line of succession are Catholics and illegitimate children.
Line of succession.
No official, complete version of the line of succession is maintained. The exact number, in more remote collateral lines, of the people who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001, American genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession without omitting Roman Catholics. When updated in January 2011, the list included 5,753.
The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of King George V, King Charles III's great-grandfather. The order of the first twenty-three numbered in the list, all descendants of Queen Elizabeth II, is given on the official website of the British monarchy; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations and footnotes below. People named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession.

= = = Two Penny Blue = = =
The Two Penny Blue (or 2d Blue) was the world’s second official adhesive postage stamp. It was issued in the United Kingdom in May 1840. It was more or less the same as the Penny Black. 
It was intended that the 2d blue was to be issued at the same time as the Penny Black. However the earliest post mark seen on a Two Penny Blue was the 8 May 1840 which is two days after the penny black was issued. The Two Penny Blue is much rarer and more expensive than the Penny Black.

= = = Penny Lilac = = =
The Penny Lilac was a postage stamp in Great Britain. It was first issued on 12 July 1881. It was used until 1901. This stamp remained the standard letter stamp for the rest of Victoria's reign, and huge numbers were printed.

= = = WrestleMania 2000 = = =
WrestleMania 2000 (also known as WrestleMania XVI) was the sixteenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 2, 2000 at the Arrowhead Pond arena in Anaheim, California. This WrestleMania is different from others, because it is the only WrestleMania not to feature at least one standard one on one wrestling match. It is also the only WrestleMania to use the year in its name.

= = = Lucas Sang = = =
Lucas Sang (February 12, 1961 - January 1, 2008) was a Kenyan runner who raced at the Olympic Games in 1988. He and his team made it to the final of the 4X100 relay race. 
Sang was killed in Kenya during the riots about the election. He was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. His body was later burned.

= = = Fiesole = = =
Fiesole is a town in Tuscany, near Florence. In 2003, 14.100 people lived there.

= = = Mugello region = = =
Mugello is a landscape in northern Italy. Mugello is north of Florence. The Santerno River's valley is nearby. The two valleys are separated by the Futa Pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).
In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (also called the Magelli tribe), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left very few signs behind because the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to many castles. Later on, Mugello was taken over by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. They were similar to ones built by the Medici royal family.

= = = Friar = = =
Friars are special monks that do a service to a community and that lead a simple life, rather than living like ascets in a monastery.
Orders.
There are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders". 
Four great orders.
The four great orders were mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons (1274), and are:
Lesser orders.
The lesser orders are: 

= = = Carmelites = = =
The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel; ) is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was begun in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, from which the order receives its name. St. Albert of Jerusalem gave the group its rule for life in 1206. Few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. Women were officially accepted into the Order as nuns in 1452.

= = = Samael = = =
Samael () (also Sammael and Şamil) is an archangel in Talmudic and post-Talmudic beliefs and stories, as well as Christian tradition and demonology. There are also other religions that believe in stories of Samael. It is said that he was the guardian angel of Esau and a patron of the sinful empire of Rome. 
Samael is often compared to Satan because he often has grim and destructive duties. He is often considered a fallen angel, like Satan and the chief of the evil spirits. One of Samael's roles in Jewish beliefs is that of the Angel of Death. In this belief, he is a fallen angel but remains one of the Lord's servants. As a good angel, Samael supposedly lives in the seventh heaven, although he is said to be the chief angel of the fifth heaven. 
Powers.
The website Catholic.org says Samael is a "Power", which means he is the chief of many warrior angels.
Powers are warrior angels against evil, who defend the world and people. They fight against evil spirits who attempt to bring chaos through human beings. The chief is said to be either Samael or Camael, both angels of darkness.
In Judaism and Christianity.
In Jewish beliefs, Sammael is said to be the Angel of Death, the ruler of the Fifth Heaven, and one of the seven regents of the world served by two million angels; he resides in the Seventh Heaven. "Yalkut I, 110" of the Talmud says Samael is Esau's guardian angel. In "Sotah 10b", Samael is Esau's guardian angel.
In the "Sayings of Rabbi Eliezer", he is said to be the one who tempted Eve, then seduced and impregnated her with Cain. Some sources identify Gadreel as the angel that seduced Eve; although other Hebrew scholars say that it was Samael who tempted Eve as the Serpent. 
Samael is also sometimes said to be the angel who wrestled with Jacob, and also the angel who held back the arm of Abraham as he was about to sacrifice his son.
According to "The Ascension of Moses" (Chapter IV - Aggadah - The Legend of The Jews - By Louis Ginzberg) Samael is also mentioned as being in 7th Heaven:
"In the last heaven Moses saw two angels, each five hundred parasangs in height, forged out of chains of black fire and red fire, the angels Af, "Anger," and Hemah, "Wrath," whom God created at the beginning of the world, to execute His will. Moses was disquieted when he looked upon them, but Metatron embraced him, and said, "Moses, Moses, thou favorite of God, fear not, and be not terrified," and Moses became calm. There was another angel in the seventh heaven, different in appearance from all the others, and of frightful mien. His height was so great, it would have taken five hundred years to cover a distance equal to it, and from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet he was studded with glaring eyes, at the sight of which the beholder fell prostrate in awe. "This one," said Metatron, addressing Moses, "is Samael, who takes the soul away from man." "Whither goes he now?" asked Moses, and Metatron replied, "To fetch the soul of Job the pious." Thereupon Moses prayed to God in these words, "O may it be Thy will, my God and the God of my fathers, not to let me fall into the hands of this angel."
In "The Holy Kabbalah" (Arthur Edward Waite, 255), Samael is described as the "severity of God", and is listed as fifth of the archangels of the world of Briah. Samael is said to have married Lilith after she left Adam. According to Zoharistic cabala, Samael was also mated with Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, and Agrat Bat Mahlat - all angels of prostitution.
Samael is sometimes confused in some books with Camael, an archangel of God, whose name means "He who sees God".
Popular culture.
Samael is shown as a character in the Megami Tensei video game series. The archangel is shown in the games as a blood-red serpent. He is a member of the Vile Clan and is a persona of the Death Arcana. 
In the Silent Hill video games, Samael is the name of one of the town's gods. He is shown as an anthropomorphic goat.
In the film Hellboy, one of the main characters is a giant hell-hound called Sammael, who Hellboy nicknames "Sammy".
In Lucifer, the TV and comic series, Samael is Lucifer Morningstar's original name before he left Heaven. 
Samael plays an important role in the central plot of the first Darksiders title.
In the web cartoon Purgatony, Samael judges the souls of the dead while working in an office in Purgatory.
In the manga and anime Blue Exorcist, Samael is the true name of the demon Mephistopheles, and he is a son of Satan as well as a brother of Lucifer. As in biblical legend, he displays both good and evil aspects, but is the demon of Time rather than of Death.

= = = Orvieto = = =
Orvieto is a city in Umbria. As of 2008, about 21,000 people lived there. The city has a history going back to Roman times.

= = = Santa Croce, Florence = = =
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church in Florence, Italy. It is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south east of the Duomo. When the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. Many very famous Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile, Rossini, and Marconi are buried inside the church. For this reason, the church is also known as the "Pantheon of the Italian Glories" ("Tempio dell'Itale Glorie" or "Pantheon dell'Itale Glorie").

= = = Halo (song) = = =
"Halo" is a song by American singer Beyoncé. It was written by Ryan Tedder, Evan Bogart and Knowles for her third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce". In the United States, the song was released on January 20, 2009 as the album's fourth single. Even before its official release the song debuted on the "Billboard" Pop 100 at number 87. Glee covered it with random mashup
The song mentions Beyoncé's husband Jay-Z. It was a successful song worldwide, reaching the Top 10 in several countries.
Background.
Ryan Tedder wrote the song for Leona Lewis to sing. However, in an interview, Leona Lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited Beyoncé.
The video premiered exclusively on iTunes on December 23, at the same time as the music video for "Diva".

= = = Ian Gillan = = =
Ian Gillan (born 19 August 1945) is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple. He is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. He also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "Smoke on the Water." Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album "Jesus Christ Superstar". Gillan later became lead singer of Black Sabbath.

= = = Ottawa River = = =
The Ottawa River is a river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Most of it is on the border of Ontario and Quebec. The city of Ottawa gets its name from this river.
Geography.
The Ottawa River starts at Lake Capimitchigama in Quebec. It flows west to Lake Timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between Ontario and Quebec. From Lake Timiskaming the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau where it tumbles over the Chaudière Falls. The Rideau and Gatineau Rivers flow into the Ottawa River here. The Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The total length of the river is 1,271 km.

= = = Dandy = = =
A dandy (also known as a beau or gallant) is a man who dresses elegantly and fashionably, but that was not necessarily of aristocratic origin. He exaggerates his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. He promotes himself. This is called dandyism. The word 'Dandy' was originally a version of 'Andrew'. The female equivalent is a "dandizette".
The word "dandy" first came out in the Scottish verse of about 1780:
<poem>I've heard my granny crack
O' sixty twa years back
When there were sic a stock of Dandies O.</poem>
Dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Great Britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.
The model, or archetype, of a dandy was Beau Brummell from the Regency period of George IVth. He was a friend of the then Prince of Wales. Lord Byron is also an example. The writer Oscar Wilde is another, later example. Less extreme versions were the American artist who lived in London, James McNeill Whistler, and the French composer Maurice Ravel. "The Scarlet Pimpernel" is a famous example from literature.
Today, in the 21st century, the word "dandy" is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".

= = = Robert Costanza = = =
Robert Costanza (born 14 September, 1950) is an American ecological economist and the Gund Professor of Ecological economics and Director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the University of Vermont. 
Biography.
Robert Costanza was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied architecture and urban and regional planning from the University of Florida and got a Masters degree. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Florida in 1979 in systems ecology, with a minor in economics. 
In 1982 he was selected as a Kellogg National Fellow, in 1992 he was awarded the Society for Conservation Biology Distinguished Achievement Award and in 1993 he was selected as a Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment. In 1998 he was awarded the Kenneth Boulding Memorial Award for Outstanding Contributions in Ecological Economics. In 2000 he received an honorary doctorate in natural sciences from Stockholm University. 
Before he moved to Vermont in August 2002, he was director of the University of Maryland, College Park Institute for Ecological Economics, and a professor in the Center for Environmental Science, at Solomons, and in the Biology Department at College Park. 
Costanza is co-founder and past-president of the International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE) and was chief editor of the society’s journal "Ecological Economics" from its inception until 9/02. He serves on the editorial board of eight other international academic journals. He is president of the International Society for Ecosystem Health. 
Work.
Dr. Costanza's research has focused on the interface between ecological and economic systems. This includes landscape level spatial simulation modeling; analysis of energy and material flows through economic and ecological systems; valuation of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and natural capital; and analysis of dysfunctional incentive systems and ways to correct them. 
Literature.
Costanza is the author or co-author 16 books. and over 300 scientific papers. Books, a selection: 
His work has been cited in more than 1700 scientific articles since 1987 (according to the Science Citation Index) and more than 80 interviews and reports on his work have appeared in various media, including Newsweek, US News and World Report, the Economist, the New York Times, Science, Nature, National Geographic, and National Public Radio.

= = = Ifriqiya = = =
In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah () was the area of the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province of Africa.
In modern Arabic, the term simply means "Africa". It comes from the Latin term "Africa". 

= = = Roman province = = =
In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin, "provincia", pl. "provinciae") was the basic and, until around 300, largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy. The word "province" in modern English came from the term used by the Romans.

= = = Bring Me the Horizon = = =
Bring Me the Horizon are a British metalcore band from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. The band was formed in 2004 from members of other bands within their local area. They play a style of music that combines rock and metalcore, but they have taken on a more rock style with their latest album. Their album in 2006 called "Count Your Blessings" was a deathcore album and often people nickname that type of music "Screamo". The band's name comes from a Pirates of the Caribbean quote.

= = = Africa Province = = =
The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria and the Mediterranean coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya, an other word for "Africa".
Economics.
The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.

= = = Third Punic War = = =
The Third Punic War (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars. It was fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic.
The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars, and was mostly just the Romans attacking the city of Carthage in the Battle of Carthage. The Romans killed or captured all the people living inside of the city and tore down the buildings. They did this because they hated the Carthaginians after fighting two other wars with them, and didn't want to fight another, so they totally destroyed them.

= = = Punic Wars = = =
The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. They were probably the largest wars in the ancient world. The term "Punic" comes from the Latin word "Punicus" (or "Poenicus"). This was the word the Romans used for the Carthaginians, due to their Phoenician ancestry. 
The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of Carthage and the expanding Roman Republic. What was at stake was control of the trading around the Mediterranean sea. Carthage lost the three wars.
Context.
Carthage was a trading nation founded by Phoenicians. It was the dominant sea power in the western Mediterranean. It was a maritime empire, in contrast to the land-based Roman empire. The Romans decided they needed Sicily, which was then in Carthaginian hands. The consequence was a series of wars which lasted over a hundred years, and ended in the utter destruction of Carthage.

= = = Scooby-Doo (character) = = =
Scooby-Doo is the main character in the long running series "Scooby-Doo". He is a talking Great Dane who loves eating food. His best friend is Shaggy.
Portrayals.
Scooby was first voiced by Don Messick. Messick continued to play Scooby until he died. Then Scott Innes started to play Scooby Doo instead. Since 2002, Frank Welker started playing Scooby. 

= = = Notts County F.C. = = =
Notts County Football Club is a football club in Nottingham, England, and also the oldest professional association football club in the world. The club now plays in Football League One of the EFL, part of the English football league system. "The Magpies" play at the Meadow Lane stadium in black and white striped shirts.
The club has also played many times in the top division of English football, the most recent in 1991–92, when they played in the last season of the old First Division before the creation of the Premier League.
Well-known past managers of Notts County have been Jimmy Sirrel, Neil Warnock, and Sam Allardyce.
Formation and early years.
Notts County started in 1862. The club was started before The Football Association and in the beginning they played a game with club rules, rather than association football. When it started, Notts County, like most sports teams, were considered to be a "gentlemen-only" club. Notts County are thought to be to be one of the starters of the current game, even being credited with the invention of the offside trap. Notts County is the oldest of the world's professional association football clubs (There are older professional clubs in other codes of football.)
The club in the beginning played at Park Hollow at Nottingham Castle. In December 1864, the decision was made to play games against outside teams, and it was decided that the club needed to find a larger stadium. After playing at several places, The Magpies settled at Trent Bridge Cricket Ground in 1883. When the ground was used for Cricket, they played at Castle Ground or Nottingham Forest's Town Ground. The club moved to their current stadium, Meadow Lane, in 1910.
Football League.
In 1888, Notts County, along with eleven other football clubs, became a founding member of The Football League. They finished their first league season in eleventh place. Notts County got their highest ever league finish of third in 1890-91, and they also finished third ten seasons later.
FA Cup finals.
On 25 March 1891, Notts County reached the FA Cup final for the first time but did not win. They lost 3-1 to Blackburn Rovers.
Notts County made up for this in 1894, when they won the FA Cup at Goodison Park for the first time in their history. The Magpies beat Bolton Wanderers 4-1 and Jimmy Logan scored the first hat-trick in FA Cup final history. Notts County became the first club outside the top division to win the FA Cup - they finished in third place in the Second Division that season.

= = = La Paz, Baja California Sur = = =
La Paz is the largest and capital city of the state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The city had a census population in 2010 of 215,178 people.

= = = Gringo Gazette = = =
The Gringo Gazette is a newspaper in the English language founded by Carrie Duncan, published every other week for the American expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur, Mexico.
It has been published since 2001. Most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico. Most of the subscribers of this newspaper are located in San Felipe, La Paz and Cabo San Lucas.

= = = 2 Girls 1 Cup = = =
2 Girls 1 Cup is the unofficial nickname of the trailer for Hungry Bitches, a 2007 Brazilian scat fetish pornographic film produced by MFX Media. The video features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns eating their feces, and vomiting it into each other's mouths. "Lovers Theme" from Hervé Roy's Romantic Themes album released by Tele Music in 1992 plays throughout the trailer.
This one-minute viral video became a well-known Internet meme among bloggers and message boards due to its viewers reaction to its content. Around mid-October of 2007, video sites such as YouTube were flooded with videos showing others reactions to squirting in the video for the first time.
Origin.
The video came from a Brazilian, Marco Fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". Fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to coprophagia. The movie was made by MFX-Video, one of several businesses owned by Fiorito. Fiorito says his movies are legal in Brazil, but authorities in the United States have branded some of his movies as dirty and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company shipping Fiorito's movies in the United States. Croce accepted a plea bargain and was sentenced to 3 years of unsupervised probation and forfeiture of $98,000. Fiorito said he did not know his movies were illegal in the United States and that his movies often contained chocolate instead of feces to appease some of his actors who were willing to appear in scat movies but not actually eat fecal matter.
The first few seconds of the 2 Girls 1 Cup video contain the text "MFX 1209" (the product code for "Hungry Bitches") and the URL mfxvideos.com. The website is Fiorito's MFX-Video. This causes some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the Department of Justice but was somehow leaked in the process.
Reactions.
2 Girls 1 Cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. Hundreds of videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. Even Joe Rogan, host of "Fear Factor", a show known for the nasty things its players eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. A reaction video starring Kermit the Frog proved very popular on the Digg. In January 2008, "Slate" magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.
In a episode of "Family Guy", Brian makes Stewie react to 2 Girls 1 Cup and he gets grossed out about it as mentioned as a cutaway.
Violet Blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a "San Francisco Chronicle" article.

= = = WWE No Way Out = = =
WWE No Way Out is a yearly pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The event is usually produced in February and is typically the last pay-per-view before WrestleMania. The first "No Way Out" event was in 1998 as an In Your House event, called . The event did not take place in 1999, 2010 or 2011 but was brought back in 2000 and 2012.
Events.
"Note: (c) - Refers to the champion before the match occurred."

= = = Ansonia, Connecticut = = =
Ansonia is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 18,918 people lived there.

= = = Bridgeport, Connecticut = = =
Bridgeport is a city of Connecticut in the United States. It is the most populated city in the state of Connecticut with a population of 148,654 as of 2020. It is also the fifth largest city in New England, and part of the New York combined statistical area.
The very first Subway restaurant was opened in Bridgeport.

= = = Bristol, Connecticut = = =
Bristol is a city in Connecticut in the United States. ESPN's headquarters are there. It is southwest of Hartford. Its population, as of 2020, is 60,833. It has 10 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 2 high schools.

= = = Danbury, Connecticut = = =
Danbury is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2020 census was 86,518.
The city is named for Danbury in Essex, England. It is nicknamed the "Hat City".

= = = Derby, Connecticut = = =
Derby is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Groton (city), Connecticut = = =
Groton is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 9,387 people lived there.

= = = Meriden, Connecticut = = =
Meriden is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Middletown, Connecticut = = =
Middletown is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Milford, Connecticut = = =
Milford is a city in Connecticut in the United States.
Professional wrestler Goldust was born in Milford.

= = = New Britain, Connecticut = = =
New Britain is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = New London, Connecticut = = =
New London is a city in Connecticut in the United States. The United States Coast Guard Academy is in the city.

= = = Norwalk, Connecticut = = =
Norwalk is a city in Connecticut in the United States. In 2020, 91,184 people lived in Norwalk, making it the third largest city in Fairfield County and the sixth largest city in Connecticut.

= = = Norwich, Connecticut = = =
Norwich is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Shelton, Connecticut = = =
Shelton is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Stamford, Connecticut = = =
Stamford () is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. At the 2020 census, 135,470 people lived in Stamford. It the third-largest city in the state (behind Bridgeport and New Haven). It is about from Manhattan.

= = = Torrington, Connecticut = = =
Torrington is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut.

= = = West Haven, Connecticut = = =
West Haven is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Winsted, Connecticut = = =
Winsted is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

= = = Delaware City, Delaware = = =
Delaware City is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County in the north part of the state. Delaware City had 1,885 people in 2020.

= = = Harrington, Delaware = = =
Harrington is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in the southwest part of Kent County, which is in the middle of the state. Harrington had 3,774 people in 2020.

= = = Lewes, Delaware = = =
Lewes ( ) is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. The city is next to the Delaware Bay and is near the Atlantic Ocean. Lewes had 3,303 people in 2020.

= = = Milford, Delaware = = =
Milford is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is on the line of Kent County to the north and Sussex County to the south. Milford had 11,190 people in 2020.

= = = New Castle, Delaware = = =
New Castle is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Delaware River in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. New Castle had 5,551 people in 2020.

= = = Newark, Delaware = = =
Newark is a city of Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. The city has the University of Delaware. Newark had 30,601 people in 2020.

= = = Rehoboth Beach, Delaware = = =
Rehoboth Beach is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Rehoboth Beach had 1,108 people in 2020.
There is an amusement park in Rehoboth Beach called Funland.

= = = Seaford, Delaware = = =
Seaford is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Seaford had 7,957 people in 2020.

= = = Page replacement algorithm = = =
Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see more memory that is actually there. A Page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated. 
Some of the algorithms used are:

= = = Alachua, Florida = = =
Alachua is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Altamonte Springs, Florida = = =
Altamonte Springs is a city of Florida in the United States. The population of this town was 46,231 in 2020.

= = = Anna Maria, Florida = = =
Anna Maria is a city in Florida in the United States.

= = = Apalachicola, Florida = = =
Apalachicola is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Apopka, Florida = = =
Apopka is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Arcadia, Florida = = =
Arcadia is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of DeSoto County.

= = = Archer, Florida = = =
Archer is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Atlantis, Florida = = =
Atlantis is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States.

= = = Page cache = = =
A page cache or disk cache is a buffer of pages certain operating systems keep in memory. These operating systems usually use paging. 
The page cache uses virtual memory techniques to cache file data as pages rather than as file system oriented blocks. Caching file data is far more efficient than caching through physical disks blocks. Several systems - including Solaris, Linux, and Windows NT, 2000, and XP - use page caching to cache both process pages and file data. This is known as Unified Virtual Memory.

= = = Auburndale, Florida = = =
Auburndale is a city in Polk County, Florida of the United States.

= = = Avon Park, Florida = = =
Avon Park is a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States.

= = = Bartow, Florida = = =
Bartow is a city of Florida in the United States. NFL player Ray Lewis was born in Bartow. It is the county seat of Polk County.

= = = Bay Lake, Florida = = =
Bay Lake is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Belle Glade, Florida = = =
Belle Glade is a small city of Palm Beach County, Florida in the United States on the south shore of Lake Okeechobee. To the north of Belle Glade is another small city called Pahokee. In 2020, the number of people living in Belle Glade was 16,698.

= = = Dendrobates = = =
Dendrobates is a genus of poison dart frogs which are protected by warning colouration. They are highly poisonous.
The yellow-banded poison dart frog, "Dendrobates leucomelas", is one of the most common species, found in the northern part of South America in Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil.

= = = Belle Isle, Florida = = =
Belle Isle is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Belleair Beach, Florida = = =
Belleair Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Belleview, Florida = = =
Belleview is a city of Florida in the United States. It is part of the Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name Belleview means beautiful view. The name of the city came from one of the first settlers whose daughter was named “Belle”.
People.
The city had a population of 5,413 people in the 2020 census.

= = = Blountstown, Florida = = =
Blountstown is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Calhoun County.
Geography.
Blountstown has a total area of 3.2 square miles.

= = = Boca Raton, Florida = = =
Boca Raton is a city in Southern Palm Beach County, Florida. Boca Raton is has the second highest number of people in Palm Beach County. As of 2020, the city of Boca Raton had nearly 100,000 people living within the city. The southern end of the city borders Deerfield Beach in Broward County. The mayor of Boca Raton is Scott Singer.
The main campuses of Florida Atlantic University and Everglades University are in Boca Raton. The headquarters of Office Depot is also in the city.

= = = Bonifay, Florida = = =
Bonifay is the county seat of Holmes County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Bonita Springs, Florida = = =
Bonita Springs is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Bowling Green, Florida = = =
Bowling Green is a city in Florida in the United States.

= = = Boynton Beach, Florida = = =
Boynton Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 80,380 at the 2020 census. Boynton Beach had the second highest population in the county. Boynton Beach was founded in 1920.

= = = User Datagram Protocol = = =
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a core member of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, known as "datagrams", to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in .
Ports.
UDP applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. Sockets bind the application to service ports that functions as the endpoints of data transmission. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535. Port 0 is reserved, but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response.
Ports 1 through 1023 (hexadecimal 0x3FF) are named "well-known" ports and on Unix-like operating systems, binding to one of these ports requires superuser (root) access.
Ports 1024 through 49,151 (0xBFFF) are registered ports.
Ports 49,152 through 65,535 (0xFFFF) are used as temporary ports usually by clients when communicating to servers.
Uses.
There are many uses for UDP, for example BitTorrent optionally uses it for peer-to-peer file sharing. The Teredo tunneling protocol uses UDP.

= = = Bradenton, Florida = = =
Bradenton is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Manatee County.
Geography.
Bradenton has a total area of 17.5 square miles.

= = = Bradenton Beach, Florida = = =
Bradenton Beach is a city in Florida in the United States.

= = = Bristol, Florida = = =
Bristol is a city of Liberty County in the state of Florida in the United States.

= = = Brooksville, Florida = = =
Brooksville is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Hernando County.
Geography.
Brooksville has a total area of 11.3 square miles.

= = = Bunnell, Florida = = =
Bunnell is a city in Flagler County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Bushnell, Florida = = =
Bushnell is a city in Sumter County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,047 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Sumter County.

= = = Callaway, Florida = = =
Callaway is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Callaway has a total area of 9.5 square miles.

= = = Cape Canaveral, Florida = = =
Cape Canaveral is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Cape Coral, Florida = = =
Cape Coral is a city in Lee County, Florida in the United States. In 2020, 194,016 people lived in the city.

= = = Carrabelle, Florida = = =
Carrabelle is a city of Florida in the United States.
It is in the Florida county of Franklin. Franklin county is on the Gulf of Mexico. It is in the western part of the state. The Carrabelle river flows through Carrabelle. Carrabelle is at the end of the waterway that is called the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. This waterway goes west to Texas. 

= = = Casselberry, Florida = = =
Casselberry is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Cedar Key, Florida = = =
Cedar Key is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Cedar Key has a total area of 2.2 square miles.

= = = Center Hill, Florida = = =
Center Hill is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Center Hill has a total area of 6.5 square miles.

= = = Chattahoochee, Florida = = =
Chattahoochee is a city in Gadsden County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Chiefland, Florida = = =
Chiefland is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Chipley, Florida = = =
Chipley is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Washington County.

= = = Clermont, Florida = = =
Clermont is a city in Lake County, Florida in the United States. The city is famous for the Citrus Tower.

= = = Clewiston, Florida = = =
Clewiston is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Cocoa, Florida = = =
Cocoa is a city of Florida in the United States. The city had a population of 19,041 at the 2020 census. The city was first settled by fishermen around 1860, who named it Indian River City. The name would eventually be changed to Cocoa.

= = = Coconut Creek, Florida = = =
Coconut Creek is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2020, 57,833 people lived there.

= = = Coleman, Florida = = =
Coleman is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Cooper City, Florida = = =
Cooper City is a city of Florida in the United States. Greg Ross is mayor. 

= = = Coral Gables, Florida = = =
Coral Gables is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Crescent City, Florida = = =
Crescent City is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Crescent City has a total area of 2.4 square miles.

= = = Crestview, Florida = = =
Crestview is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the seat of Okaloosa County.

= = = Crystal River, Florida = = =
Crystal River is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Crystal River has a total area of 8.1 square miles.

= = = Cutler Bay, Florida = = =
Cutler Bay is a city of Florida in the United States. The area covers about 9.7 square miles. Before, people called it Cutler Ridge. In 2020, the city had a total population of 45,425.

= = = Dade City, Florida = = =
Dade City is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Pasco County.
Geography.
Dade City has a total area of 6.9 square miles.

= = = Dania Beach, Florida = = =
Dania Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Davenport, Florida = = =
Davenport is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Davenport has a total area of 4.2 square miles.

= = = Daytona Beach, Florida = = =
Daytona Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Daytona Beach Shores, Florida = = =
Daytona Beach Shores is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = DeBary, Florida = = =
DeBary is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
DeBary was created in 1993.

= = = DeFuniak Springs, Florida = = =
DeFuniak Springs is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = DeLand, Florida = = =
DeLand is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Deerfield Beach, Florida = = =
Deerfield Beach is a city of Broward County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Delray Beach, Florida = = =
Delray Beach is a city of Florida in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 66,846 people lived there.

= = = Deltona, Florida = = =
Deltona is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Destin, Florida = = =
Destin is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Doral, Florida = = =
Doral is a city in north Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is a suburb of Miami. The population was 75,874 at the 2020 U.S. Census. Doral is very close to Miami International Airport. This has encouraged local and big business, and the headquarters of many large companies are in Dorel, including Carnival Corporation, Amadeus North America and the Dutch airline Martinair.

= = = Dunedin, Florida = = =
Dunedin is a city of Florida in the United States. The name comes from "Dùn Èideann", the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Dunedin is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area and is the fifth largest city in Pinellas County. The population was 36,068 as of the 2020 census.
Geography.
Dunedin has a total area of 22.94 square miles. 10.4 square miles (27 km2) of it is land and 17.8 square miles (46 km2) of it (63.20%) is water. Dunedin is bordered by the city of Clearwater to the south and east, the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and by Palm Harbor (an unincorporated community of Pinellas County) to the north.

= = = Dunnellon, Florida = = =
Dunnellon is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Eagle Lake, Florida = = =
Eagle Lake is a city of Polk County in the state of Florida, United States.

= = = Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida = = =
Edgewater, Volusia County is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Edgewood, Florida = = =
Edgewood is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Englewood, Florida = = =
Englewood is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Englewood has a total area of 22.3 square miles.

= = = Everglades, Florida = = =
Everglades City is a city in Collier County, Florida. Near the bottom of Everglades is Everglades National Park.

= = = Fanning Springs, Florida = = =
Fanning Springs is a city of Florida in the United States. It is in Gilchrist and Levy counties.

= = = Fellsmere, Florida = = =
Fellsmere is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
Fellsmere was created in 1905.

= = = Fernandina Beach, Florida = = =
Fernandina Beach is the county seat of Nassau County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Flagler Beach, Florida = = =
Flagler Beach is a city of Florida in the United States. It is in both Flagler and Volusia counties.

= = = Florida City, Florida = = =
Florida City is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Fort Lauderdale, Florida = = =
Fort Lauderdale is a city in the state of Florida in the United States. It is 23 miles (37 km) north of Miami. As of 2020, the city of Fort Lauderdale had a population of 182,760.
The city is a popular tourist destination. It had 10.35 million visitors in 2006.
Climate.
Despite not being below the Tropic of Cancer, Fort Lauderdale has a Tropical Rainforest (Af) Climate with a long hot year with no true dry season.

= = = Fort Meade, Florida = = =
Fort Meade is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2020, there were 5,100 people living there.

= = = Fort Myers, Florida = = =
Fort Myers is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the commercial center of Lee County, Florida.
On August 13, 2004, Fort Myers was hit hard by Hurricane Charley.

= = = Fort Pierce, Florida = = =
Fort Pierce is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Freeport, Florida = = =
Freeport is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Freeport has a total area of 19 square miles.

= = = Frostproof, Florida = = =
Frostproof is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Frostproof has a total area of 19.3 square miles.

= = = Cache coherence = = =
A cache can be used to improve the performance of accessing a given resource. When there are several such caches for the same resource, as shown in the picture, this can lead to problems. Cache coherence or Cache coherency refers to a number of ways to make sure all the caches of the resource have the same data, and that the data in the caches makes sense (called "data integrity"). Cache coherence is a special case of memory coherence.
There may be problems if there are many caches of a common memory resource, as data in the cache may no longer make sense, or one cache may no longer have the same data as the others. A common case where the problem occurs is the cache of CPUs in a multiprocessing system. As can be seen in the figure, if the top client has a copy of a memory block from a previous read and the bottom client changes that memory block, the top client could be left with an invalid cache of memory, without knowing. Cache coherence is there to manage such conflicts and maintain consistency between cache and memory.
Definition.
Coherence defines the behavior of reads and writes to the same memory location. The caches are coherent, if all of the following conditions are met:
These conditions are defined supposing that the read and write operations are made instantaneously. However, this does not happen in computer hardware because of memory latency and other aspects of the architecture. A write by processor X may not be seen by a read from processor Y if the read is made within a very small time after the write has been made. The memory consistency model defines when a written value must be seen by a following read instruction made by the other processors.
Cache coherence mechanisms.
Distributed shared memory systems mimic these mechanisms so that they can maintain consistency between blocks of memory in loosely coupled systems.
The two most common types of coherence that are typically studied are Snooping and Directory-based. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks. Snooping protocols tend to be faster, if enough bandwidth is available, since all transactions are a request/response seen by all processors. The drawback is that snooping is not scalable. Every request must be broadcast to all nodes in a system. As the system gets larger, the size of the (logical or physical) bus and the bandwidth it provides must grow. Directories, on the other hand, tend to have longer latencies (with a 3 hop request/forward/respond) but use much less bandwidth since messages are point to point and not broadcast. For this reason, many of the larger systems (>64 processors) use this type of cache coherence.

= = = Fruitland Park, Florida = = =
Fruitland Park is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Graceville, Florida = = =
Graceville is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Graceville has a total area of 4.4 square miles.

= = = Green Cove Springs, Florida = = =
Green Cove Springs is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Clay County. As of 2020, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 9,786.

= = = Greenacres, Florida = = =
Greenacres is a city of Florida in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 43,990 people lived there.

= = = Gretna, Florida = = =
Gretna is a city in Gadsden County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Groveland, Florida = = =
Groveland is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Groveland has a total area of 27.5 square miles.

= = = Gulf Breeze, Florida = = =
Gulf Breeze is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Gulf Breeze has a total area of 22.1 square miles.

= = = Gulfport, Florida = = =
Gulfport is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Hampton, Florida = = =
Hampton is a city in Florida in the United States.

= = = Hawthorne, Florida = = =
Hawthorne is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Hialeah, Florida = = =
Hialeah is a city of Florida in the United States.
Education.
Primary and secondary schools.
Public schools.
Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Hialeah. Two high schools serving the Hialeah community, Mater Academy Charter High School and Miami Lakes Educational Center, were named as "Silver" award winners in "U.S. News & World Report's" "Best High Schools 2008 Search".

= = = Hialeah Gardens, Florida = = =
Hialeah Gardens is a city of Florida in the United States. It is in Miami-Dade County.

= = = High Springs, Florida = = =
High Springs is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Holly Hill, Florida = = =
Holly Hill is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Holly Hill has a total area of 4.5 square miles.

= = = Holmes Beach, Florida = = =
Holmes Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
Holmes Beach was created in 1950.

= = = Homestead, Florida = = =
Homestead is a city of southeastern Florida in the United States. It was devastated when Hurricane Andrew traveled over the area in August 1992.

= = = Barry Marshall = = =
Barry James Marshall, AC, FRS, FAA (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian doctor and winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall is well known for proving that bacteria "Helicobacter pylori" are the cause of most stomach ulcers. This changed years of medical belief which said that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. He took a part-time position at the Pennsylvania State University in 2007.
Early years.
Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. He lived in Kalgoorlie and Carnarvon until moving to Perth at the age of seven. He went to high school at Newman College, Perth. At the University of Western Australia, medicine and surgery. He married his wife, Adrienne, in 1972. In 1972 he was also the Western Australian state yo-yo champion.
Life and research.
In 1979 Marshall became a Registrar in Medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital. At the hospital he met Robin Warren, a pathologist who was interested in gastritis. They were both training in internal medicine at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together they looked at spiral bacteria in gastritis. In 1982 they grew a culture of "H. pylori". They worked on their idea that there was a bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer. Their idea was laughed at by scientists and doctors who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic stomach. Marshall said that "Everyone was against me, but I knew I was right". Other doctors said they wouldn't believe it until the "H. pylori" idea could be proved.
Marshall and Warren tried to give the bacteria to piglets in 1984, but it did not work. Marshall drank some of the bacteria and soon developed gastritis with achlorhydria. He had stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting and bad smelling breath. On the 14th day of the infection, biopsies of Marshall's stomach did not show any bacteria. His body may have got rid of the bacteria without help. His wife made him take antibiotics immediately so there was no way of checking the negative result again. He did not develop antibodies to H.pylori. This means that natural immunity can sometimes get rid of H.pylori infection. His illness and recovery, showed the link between "H. pylori" and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcer. This experiment was published in 1985 in the Medical Journal of Australia and is among the most cited articles from the journal.
After this work at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall did research at Royal Perth Hospital (1985-86) and at the University of Virginia, USA (1986-1996), before going back to Australia. He held a Burnet Fellowship at the University of Western Australia from 1998-2003. He is still looking at "H. pylori" and runs the H.pylori Research Laboratory at UWA.
Awards and honours.
In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren for finding the bacterium "Helicobacter pylori" and its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Marshall was given other awards including:
He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.

= = = Diglossia = = =
Diglossia is when a group of people have two languages or dialects that they use. One is the common language they use every day, and the other is either a much older version from centuries before (for example, Arabic or Chinese) or a similar but clearly different modern-day version (for example, Norwegian with Bokmål and Nynorsk).

= = = Mutual intelligibility = = =
Mutual intelligibility is where the speakers of one language can understand another language because they are alike. This is sometimes (but not always) used to decide whether they are different languages or different dialects.
There are noticeable differences in accent, vocabulary, and spelling between British and General American English, but speakers can largely understand each other without serious problems. These dialects are therefore mutually intelligible.
Sometimes, even different languages can be mutually intelligible.Hindi and Urdu are called different languages, but speakers of both languages can largely understand each other if they are using everyday language. This is because the two languages used to be dialects of Hindustani, the official language of British India until India became independent. Since the two languages are so alike, they are sometimes called together as Hindi-Urdu.
Also, dialects of a certain language can sometimes be mutually unintelligible. Chinese, for example, has hundreds of different dialects, and many native speakers of those dialects cannot understand each other without knowing the other's dialect. For example, the local dialects of Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong are Mandarin, Shanghainese/Wu Chinese, and Cantonese/Yue in that same order. If natives from each of these cities were to talk to each other in their native dialects, they would not understand each other. This is because they are too different from each other. This is why the governments of China and Taiwan want their citizens to speak Standard Mandarin in public so that there can be a spoken dialect of Chinese everyone can understand. While the spoken dialects are mutually unintelligible, they all use the same written code, Chinese characters, so they can understand each other if they write to each other. 
These examples above show that the difference between language and dialect is often hard to define, even for linguists, or people who study languages as their job.
When a speaker of one language can understand what a speaker of another language is saying but not the other way around, it is called asymmetric intelligibility. An example of of this is Portuguese and Spanish. While Portuguese speakers say they can understand Spanish without major problems, Spanish speakers, on the other hand, have a very difficult time understanding Portuguese speakers. This situation is actually quite common across languages.

= = = Indian Harbour Beach, Florida = = =
Indian Harbour Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Indian Rocks Beach, Florida = = =
Indian Rocks Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Inverness, Florida = = =
Inverness is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Citrus County

= = = Islandia, Florida = = =
Islandia is a (currently unincorporated) city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Jacksonville Beach, Florida = = =
Jacksonville Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Jacob City, Florida = = =
Jacob City is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Jasper, Florida = = =
Jasper is the county seat of Hamilton County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Key Colony Beach, Florida = = =
Key Colony Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Keystone Heights, Florida = = =
Keystone Heights is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Keystone Heights has a total area of 1 square mile.

= = = Kissimmee, Florida = = =
Kissimmee is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Osceola County.

= = = La Belle, Florida = = =
La Belle is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Hendry County.

= = = Lake Alfred, Florida = = =
Lake Alfred is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Lake Buena Vista, Florida = = =
Lake Buena Vista is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is mostly known for being home to the Walt Disney World Resort. It is one of two Florida municipalities controlled by The Walt Disney Company. The other city is Bay Lake.
Lake Buena Vista is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Education.
Lake Buena Vista is within Orange County Public Schools.

= = = Lake Butler, Union County, Florida = = =
Lake Butler, Union County is a city of Florida in the United States. Lake Butler is the county seat of Union County and is also the largest city in the county.
Geography.
Lake Butler has a total area of 2.5 square miles.

= = = Lake City, Florida = = =
Lake City is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Columbia County.
Geography.
Lake City has total area of 12.3 square miles.

= = = Lake Helen, Florida = = =
Lake Helen is a city of Florida in the United States.
People.
In 2020, Lake Helen had a population of 2,842 people.

= = = Lake Mary, Florida = = =
Lake Mary is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Lake Mary has a total area of 9.9 square miles.

= = = Lake Wales, Florida = = =
Lake Wales is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of 2020, 16,361 people lived there. Lake Wales is in central Florida, west of Lake Kissimmee and east of Tampa.

= = = Lake Worth Beach, Florida = = =
Lake Worth Beach is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2020, 42,219 people lived there.

= = = Lakeland, Florida = = =
Lakeland is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Largo, Florida = = =
Largo is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Largo has a total area of 19.6 square miles.

= = = Lauderdale Lakes, Florida = = =
Lauderdale Lakes is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Laurel Hill, Florida = = =
Laurel Hill is a city of Florida in the United States. It was once one of the first English-speaking places in Florida.

= = = Lawtey, Florida = = =
Lawtey is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Layton, Florida = = =
Layton is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Layton has a total area of .2 square miles.

= = = Leesburg, Florida = = =
Leesburg is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Lighthouse Point, Florida = = =
Lighthouse Point is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Live Oak, Florida = = =
Live Oak is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Longwood, Florida = = =
Longwood is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Lynn Haven, Florida = = =
Lynn Haven is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Macclenny, Florida = = =
Macclenny is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Baker County.

= = = Madeira Beach, Florida = = =
Madeira Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Madison, Florida = = =
Madison is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Madison County.

= = = Maitland, Florida = = =
Maitland is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Marathon, Florida = = =
Marathon is a city of Florida in the United States. It is on Knight's Key, Boot Key, Key Vaca, Fat Deer Key, Long Point Key, Crawl Key and Grassy Key islands in the middle Florida Keys, in Monroe County. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 9,689.
The name "Marathon" started with the building of the Florida East Coast Railroad. The railroad workers were working night and day to complete the railway. Many of the workers complained that "this [the project] is getting to be a real Marathon". Later, the railroad named the closest station along the railroad "Marathon".
Geography.
The city has a total area of , of which is land and (10.37%) is water. The city limits extend 1200 feet from land into the adjacent waters.
Boot Key Harbor is a natural body of water between Boot Key and Key Vaca, entirely within the Marathon city limits.

= = = Marco Island, Florida = = =
Marco Island is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Margate, Florida = = =
Margate is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Marianna, Florida = = =
Marianna is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Mary Esther, Florida = = =
Mary Esther is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Mascotte, Florida = = =
Mascotte is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Melbourne, Florida = = =
Melbourne is a city of Florida in the United States. The city is close to Atlantic Ocean. Melbourne is among many Atlantic coastal cities within Florida.

= = = Mexico Beach, Florida = = =
Mexico Beach is a city of Florida in the United States. Mexico Beach was completely wiped out because of Hurricane Michael.

= = = Miami Beach, Florida = = =
Miami Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.
Miami Beach is as its name tells, a resort city with many beaches, hotels and restaurants. Many celebrities maintain homes in the city, especially in the South beach area. They go to night clubs at night and enjoy the great weather during the day. The city is also home to many Hispanics who come through neighboring Miami on their way to America. Also, a very large part of the population is Jewish and many of them are observant. They have built up their own infrastructure with schools, shuls and kosher restaurants. This has made the city draw many observant tourists.

= = = Miami Gardens, Florida = = =
Miami Gardens is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Miami Springs, Florida = = =
Miami Springs is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Midway, Gadsden County, Florida = = =
Midway is a city in Gadsden County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Milton, Florida = = =
Milton is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Santa Rosa county.
History.
Milton was created in 1844.

= = = Minneola, Florida = = =
Minneola is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Minneola has a total area of 11.5 square miles.

= = = Miramar, Florida = = =
Miramar is a city of Florida in the United States. Wayne Messam became mayor of Miramar in 2015. As of the 2020 census, the population was 134,721.

= = = Monticello, Florida = = =
Monticello is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Moore Haven, Florida = = =
Moore Haven is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Glades County.

= = = Mount Dora, Florida = = =
Mount Dora is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Mount Dora has a total area of 9.5 square miles.

= = = Mulberry, Florida = = =
Mulberry is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
Mulberry was created in 1901.

= = = Naples, Florida = = =
Naples is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Collier County. Many famous people have homes here. It is known for white-sand beaches. 

= = = Neptune Beach, Florida = = =
Neptune Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = New Port Richey, Florida = = =
New Port Richey is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = New Smyrna Beach, Florida = = =
New Smyrna Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Newberry, Florida = = =
Newberry is a medium city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Niceville, Florida = = =
Niceville is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = North Bay Village, Florida = = =
North Bay Village is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = North Lauderdale, Florida = = =
North Lauderdale is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = North Miami, Florida = = =
North Miami is a city in Florida in the United States. It is in Miami-Dade County. It was founded in 1926. Florida International University is located here.

= = = North Miami Beach, Florida = = =
North Miami Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = North Port, Florida = = =
North Port is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Oak Hill, Florida = = =
Oak Hill is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Oak Hill has a total area of 11.2 square miles.

= = = Oakland, Florida = = =
Oakland is a town in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area.

= = = Oakland Park, Florida = = =
Oakland Park is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Ocoee, Florida = = =
Ocoee is a city of Florida in the United States. It is in Orange County.

= = = Okeechobee, Florida = = =
Okeechobee is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Okeechobee County, Florida.

= = = Oldsmar, Florida = = =
Oldsmar is a city in Florida in the United States.

= = = Opa-locka, Florida = = =
Opa-locka is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Orange City, Florida = = =
Orange City is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Ormond Beach, Florida = = =
Ormond Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Osteen, Florida = = =
Osteen is an unincorporated community of Florida in the United States. It is in the southwestern part of Volusia County.

= = = Oviedo, Florida = = =
Oviedo is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography.
Oviedo has a total area of 15.8 square miles.

= = = Pahokee, Florida = = =
Pahokee is a city of Florida in the United States and in Palm Beach County. Pahokee is on the shore of Lake Okeechobee. In 2020 5,524 people lived in Pahokee.

= = = Palatka, Florida = = =
Palatka is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Palm Bay, Florida = = =
Palm Bay is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Palm Beach Gardens, Florida = = =
Palm Beach Gardens is a city in Northeastern Palm Beach County, which is a county in Florida. 

= = = Palm Coast, Florida = = =
Palm Coast is a city in Flagler County, Florida in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 89,258 people lived there.

= = = Palmetto, Florida = = =
Palmetto is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Panama City, Florida = = =
Panama City is a city in the US state of Florida. It is along U.S. Highway 98 in Bay County. It is the county seat of Bay County. In 2020, 32,939 people lived there.

= = = Panama City Beach, Florida = = =
Panama City Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Parker, Florida = = =
Parker is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Parkland, Florida = = =
Parkland is a city in northern Broward County, Florida. As of the 2020 census, there were 34,670 people living there. Parkland is part of the Miami metropolitan area. It is known for its zoning laws which protect "park-like" character of the city. 
Until the mid-1990s and early 2000s, there were no stores or traffic lights in Parkland. 
Geography.
Parkland is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . Its land area is while it has (12.8%) of water.
The northern boundary of Parkland shares with the border between Broward and Palm Beach counties. West Boca Raton, an unincorporated area of Palm Beach County that extends west of Boca Raton's city limits and lies to the north. Coconut Creek lies to the east while Coral Springs lies to the south. Its west side shares the bounded with the Everglades.
Demographics.
As of 2020, there were 11,424 homes or housing units, out of which 5.0% were vacant. Of the people in Parkland, 29.7% were under the age of 18, 7.5% were 18 to 24, 20.7% were 25 to 44, 30.3% were 45 to 64, and 11.8% were 65 years of age or older.
According to a 2021 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $177,604. This was nearly three times the median income for Florida. It is estimated that average house value was $831,364. The per capita income for the city was $63,602. 
Politics.
Parkland elects a five-member City Commission. Elections are technically non-partisan.

= = = Pembroke Pines, Florida = = =
Pembroke Pines is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Pensacola, Florida = = =
Pensacola is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Escambia County.
As of 2020, the population was 54,312. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area, which had 509,905 residents in 2020. Pensacola has one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region, the largest between New Orleans and Tampa.

= = = Perry, Florida = = =
Perry is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Pinellas Park, Florida = = =
Pinellas Park is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
Pinellas Park was made in 1914.

= = = Plant City, Florida = = =
Plant City is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Plantation, Florida = = =
Plantation is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Pompano Beach, Florida = = =
Pompano Beach is a city in Florida in the United States.

= = = Port Orange, Florida = = =
Port Orange is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Port Richey, Florida = = =
Port Richey is a city in Florida, United States.

= = = Port St. Joe, Florida = = =
Port St. Joe is the county seat of Gulf County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Port St. Lucie, Florida = = =
Port St. Lucie is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Punta Gorda, Florida = = =
Punta Gorda is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Charlotte County.

= = = Quincy, Florida = = =
Quincy is a city in Gadsden County, Florida in the United States.

= = = Riviera Beach, Florida = = =
Riviera Beach is a city in Florida in the United States. It is in Palm Beach County. It is home to the Port of Palm Beach and a United States Coast Guard station.

= = = Rockledge, Florida = = =
Rockledge is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
Rockledge was created in 1887.

= = = Safety Harbor, Florida = = =
Safety Harbor is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, in the United States. About 17,000 people were living in Safety Harbor in the year 2020.

= = = San Antonio, Florida = = =
San Antonio is a city of Florida in the United States. There were 1,297 people living there according to the 2020 census.

= = = Sanford, Florida = = =
Sanford is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Seminole County.
History.
Sanford was created in 1877.

= = = Sanibel, Florida = = =
Sanibel is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Satellite Beach, Florida = = =
Satellite Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Sebastian, Florida = = =
Sebastian is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = Sebring, Florida = = =
Sebring is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Highlands County.

= = = Seminole, Florida = = =
Seminole is a city in the U.S. state of Florida.

= = = Sopchoppy, Florida = = =
Sopchoppy is a city of Florida in the United States.

= = = South Bay, Florida = = =
South Bay is a city of Florida in the United States.
History.
South Bay was created in 1941.

= = = South Daytona, Florida = = =