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What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet? | <text>What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?</text><reasoning>In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibioti... |
What happens in empirical therapy? | <text>What happens in empirical therapy?</text><reasoning>In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active a... |
When is empirical started? | <text>When is empirical started?</text><reasoning>In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against t... |
What are antibiotics in chemical terms? | <text>What are antibiotics in chemical terms?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium... |
What type of antibiotics include penicilin? | <text>What type of antibiotics include penicilin?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicil... |
What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things? | <text>What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produce... |
How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created? | <text>How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi... |
Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials? | <text>Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include t... |
What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics? | <text>What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Pe... |
What is penicillins produced by? | <text>What is penicillins produced by?</text><reasoning>With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the ... |
What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon? | <text>What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacteri... |
What does this eliminate? | <text>What does this eliminate?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity... |
What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what? | <text>What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties ... |
What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity? | <text>What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic prop... |
What does the activity of antibacterials depends on? | <text>What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacteri... |
What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail? | <text>What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antib... |
How do you predict the clinical result? | <text>How do you predict the clinical result?</text><reasoning>The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bacteri... |
In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on? | <text>In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?</text><reasoning>Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusi... |
What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide? | <text>What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?</text><reasoning>Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confu... |
Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion? | <text>Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?</text><reasoning>Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that econ... |
A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide? | <text>A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?</text><reasoning>Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed tha... |
What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide? | <text>What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?</text><reasoning>Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and p... |
What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | <text>What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?</text><reasoning>Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have fo... |
The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | <text>The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?</text><reasoning>Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to em... |
What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? | <text>What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?</text><reasoning>Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedien... |
With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? | <text>With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?</text><reasoning>Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it ex... |
Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? | <text>Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?</text><reasoning>Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use... |
What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains? | <text>What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resi... |
What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance? | <text>What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may b... |
What can be absent from the bacterial genome? | <text>What can be absent from the bacterial genome?</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance r... |
When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/ | <text>When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome.... |
What does some resistance come from? | <text>What does some resistance come from?</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results fr... |
What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance? | <text>What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquir... |
What do plasmids do in resistance? | <text>What do plasmids do in resistance?</text><reasoning>Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from... |
What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | <text>What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains wit... |
When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | <text>When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologi... |
Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | <text>Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for b... |
What does emergence of resistance reflect? | <text>What does emergence of resistance reflect?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiol... |
What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment? | <text>What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physi... |
When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated? | <text>When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with ph... |
Who made the demonstration in 1943? | <text>Who made the demonstration in 1943?</text><reasoning>The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologicall... |
What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections? | <text>What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?</text><reasoning>The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-c... |
Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold? | <text>Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?</text><reasoning>The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing... |
What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties? | <text>What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?</text><reasoning>The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bact... |
What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it? | <text>What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?</text><reasoning>The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing ba... |
What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes? | <text>What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (... |
What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance? | <text>What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tub... |
How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year? | <text>How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) th... |
What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB? | <text>What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resis... |
What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics? | <text>What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common ant... |
Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol? | <text>Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are sp... |
Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic? | <text>Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are s... |
How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed? | <text>How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common an... |
What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause? | <text>What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific... |
What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics? | <text>What is unlikely to interfere with with many common antibiotics?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, ... |
What belief should bever be mixed widespread? | <text>What belief should bever be mixed widespread?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific t... |
What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness? | <text>What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are sp... |
What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol? | <text>What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotic... |
Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics? | <text>Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?</text><reasoning>Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific ty... |
What was the first available antibiotic? | <text>What was the first available antibiotic?</text><reasoning>The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Med... |
What company developed Prontosil? | <text>What company developed Prontosil?</text><reasoning>The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine f... |
Who led the team that came up with Prontosil? | <text>Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?</text><reasoning>The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize fo... |
What prize did Domagk get for his work? | <text>What prize did Domagk get for his work?</text><reasoning>The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medi... |
What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling? | <text>What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?</text><reasoning>Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history ... |
What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use? | <text>What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?</text><reasoning>Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weig... |
What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices? | <text>What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?</text><reasoning>Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior... |
What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics? | <text>What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?</text><reasoning>Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use.... |
What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right? | <text>What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?</text><reasoning>Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis ... |
In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide? | <text>In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?</text><reasoning>About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were suc... |
Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action? | <text>Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?</text><reasoning>About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were succ... |
Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge? | <text>Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?</text><reasoning>About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two m... |
Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what? | <text>Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?</text><reasoning>About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were s... |
Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts? | <text>Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?</text><reasoning>About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfu... |
What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics? | <text>What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?</text><reasoning>Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the... |
Which agencies control this task force? | <text>Which agencies control this task force?</text><reasoning>Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobia... |
When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics? | <text>When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?</text><reasoning>Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task... |
What do anitibiotics mostly target? | <text>What do anitibiotics mostly target?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or... |
Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall? | <text>Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and c... |
Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane? | <text>Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and... |
What 3 types go after protein synthesis? | <text>What 3 types go after protein synthesis?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporin... |
Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | <text>Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that ta... |
What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | <text>What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cep... |
whats another word for cell membrane? | <text>whats another word for cell membrane?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) ... |
How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/ | <text>How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacter... |
What three ways are antibiotics classified? | <text>What three ways are antibiotics classified?</text><reasoning>Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalospo... |
When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth? | <text>When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?</text><reasoning>The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g.,... |
What report caused the UK to worry about resistance? | <text>What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?</text><reasoning>The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., Th... |
What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals? | <text>What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?</text><reasoning>The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents sinc... |
Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production? | <text>Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?</text><reasoning>The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizat... |
What 3 medical associations supported the bills? | <text>What 3 medical associations supported the bills?</text><reasoning>The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The Am... |
What was the first antibiotic developed from nature? | <text>What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?</text><reasoning>In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially ... |
When was tyrothricin created? | <text>When was tyrothricin created?</text><reasoning>In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotic... |
What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin? | <text>What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?</text><reasoning>In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manuf... |
Who discovered tyrothricin? | <text>Who discovered tyrothricin?</text><reasoning>In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics ... |
What was tyrothricin used for during the war? | <text>What was tyrothricin used for during the war?</text><reasoning>In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufac... |
What do vaccines need to work? | <text>What do vaccines need to work?</text><reasoning>Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactio... |
What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives? | <text>What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?</text><reasoning>Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other c... |
What types of vaccines have been phased out? | <text>What types of vaccines have been phased out?</text><reasoning>Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic ... |
In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status? | <text>In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status?</text><reasoning>In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Fran... |
Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with? | <text>Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Frédéric became acquainted with?</text><reasoning>In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, ... |
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