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Proteolytic processing of the Lassa virus envelope glycoprotein precursor GP-C by the host proprotein convertase site 1 protease ( S1P ) is a prerequisite for the incorporation of the subunits GP-1 and GP-2 into viral particles and , hence , essential for infectivity and virus spread . Therefore , we tested in this stu...	The virus family Arenaviridae includes several hemorrhagic fever causing agents such as Lassa , Guanarito , Junin , Machupo , and Sabia virus that pose a major public health concern to the human population in West African and South American countries . Current treatment options to control fatal outcome of disease are l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "virology/new", "therapies,", "including", "antivirals", "and", "immunotherapy", "virology/antivirals,", "including", "modes", "of", "action", "and", "resistance", "virology" ]	2009	Inhibition of Lassa Virus Glycoprotein Cleavage and Multicycle Replication by Site 1 Protease-Adapted α1-Antitrypsin Variants
Calpains are Ca2+-dependent modulator Cys proteases that have a variety of functions in almost all eukaryotes . There are more than 10 well-conserved mammalian calpains , among which eutherian calpain-6 ( CAPN6 ) is unique in that it has amino acid substitutions at the active-site Cys residue ( to Lys in humans ) , str...	The calpains arose evolutionarily as a family of Ca2+-regulated intracellular proteases with divergent structures and functions . Unique among mammalian calpains , calpain-6 is “non-proteolytic” , and its physiological role has remained unknown . In this study , using Capn6 knock-out mice , we discovered that Calpain-6...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "sports", "and", "exercise", "medicine", "biology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "proteomics" ]	2013	Calpain-6 Deficiency Promotes Skeletal Muscle Development and Regeneration
Periplasmic flagella are essential for the distinct morphology and motility of spirochetes . A flagella-specific type III secretion system ( fT3SS ) composed of a membrane-bound export apparatus and a cytosolic ATPase complex is responsible for the assembly of the periplasmic flagella . Here , we deployed cryo-electron...	Type III secretion systems are widely utilized by gram-negative bacteria to assemble flagella or to transport virulence effectors into eukaryotic cells . The central component is known as a type III secretion machine , which consists of a membrane-bound export apparatus and a cytosolic ATPase complex . Powered by the p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "enzymology", "microbiology", "biological", "locomotion", "phosphatases", "bacterial", ...	2018	Cryo-electron tomography of periplasmic flagella in Borrelia burgdorferi reveals a distinct cytoplasmic ATPase complex
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders , which include Scrapie , Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE ) , Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ( CJD ) , and kuru . They are characterised by a prolonged clinically silent incubation period , variation in which is determined by many factors , including ...	Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans for which there is no treatment . They include Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE ) , and its human equivalent , variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ( vCJD ) . Prion diseases are characterised by a long , silent incubation period ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "neurological", "d...	2009	HECTD2 Is Associated with Susceptibility to Mouse and Human Prion Disease
In Aedes mosquitoes , infections with arthropod-borne viruses ( arboviruses ) trigger or modulate the expression of various classes of viral and host-derived small RNAs , including small interfering RNAs ( siRNAs ) , PIWI interacting RNAs ( piRNAs ) , and microRNAs ( miRNAs ) . Viral siRNAs are at the core of the antiv...	Mosquitoes of the Aedes family transmit many important viruses , including dengue virus , between their vertebrate hosts . In the mosquito , the growth of these viruses is limited by the antiviral RNA interference pathway . Key to this pathway is a class of small non-coding RNAs known as small interfering RNAs ( siRNAs...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cdna", "libraries", "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "viruses", "micrornas", "rna", "viruses", "genome", "analysis", "forms", "of", "dna", "dna", "librar...	2016	Small RNA Profiling in Dengue Virus 2-Infected Aedes Mosquito Cells Reveals Viral piRNAs and Novel Host miRNAs
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy ( TLE ) is characterized by stereotyped origination and spread pattern of epileptogenic activity , which is reflected in stereotyped topographic distribution of neuronal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) . Both epileptogenic activity and atrophy spread appear to follow white ma...	Medial temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of focal epilepsy . In this work we investigate two models describing the dynamics of epilepsy . In the first model the extrahippocampal spread of seizure activity is primarily responsible for the apparent topographic distribution of atrophy . The second hypothesis ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Relating Cortical Atrophy in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Graph Diffusion-Based Network Models
Killed oral cholera vaccines ( OCVs ) have been licensed for use in developing countries , but protection conferred by licensed OCVs beyond two years of follow-up has not been demonstrated in randomized , clinical trials . We conducted a cluster-randomized , placebo-controlled trial of a two-dose regimen of a low-cost ...	New-generation vaccines against cholera are given orally , to stimulate intestinal immunity . An internationally available oral cholera vaccine ( OCV ) consists of killed vibrio whole cells together with the B subunit of cholera toxin , is safe , and protects vaccinated individuals against cholera for two years , but t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2011	Efficacy of a Low-Cost, Inactivated Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine: Results from 3 Years of Follow-Up of a Randomized, Controlled Trial
The complex interplay between the response regulator ComA , the anti-activator RapF , and the signaling peptide PhrF controls competence development in Bacillus subtilis . More specifically , ComA drives the expression of genetic competence genes , while RapF inhibits the interaction of ComA with its target promoters ....	Upon phosphorylation , bacterial proteins called response regulators bind to DNA promoters and activate or repress transcription . These response regulators are themselves regulated by anti-activator proteins , which can control response regulator activity without altering their phosphorylation state . We have determin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "signal", "transduction", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "protein", "interactions", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "regulatory", "proteins", "biology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "microbiology", "microbial", "growth", "and", "development", "molecular",...	2011	Structural Basis of Response Regulator Inhibition by a Bacterial Anti-Activator Protein
Asian schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease infecting up to a million people and threatening tens of millions more . Control of this disease is hindered by the animal reservoirs of the parasite , in particular the water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) , which is responsible for significant levels of human transmi...	Schistosomiasis is caused by a parasitic blood fluke , and in parts of Asia it infects both humans and livestock such as water buffaloes . This makes controlling the disease more difficult , because both humans and livestock must be treated regularly . A vaccine given to buffaloes is likely to reduce human infection ra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Local Immune Responses of the Chinese Water Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, against Schistosoma japonicum Larvae: Crucial Insights for Vaccine Design
Macrophages are cells with remarkable plasticity . They integrate signals from their microenvironment leading to context-dependent polarization into classically ( M1 ) or alternatively ( M2 ) activated macrophages , representing two extremes of a broad spectrum of divergent phenotypes . Thereby , macrophages deliver pr...	Macrophages are essential cells of the immune system and indispensable for a defense against bacterial infection . They reside as resting , immune modulatory cells in several tissues of the human body where they continuously sense inputs from their local environment . They react to stimuli such as toxins , injury or ba...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "motility", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "immunology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "immune", "rec...	2016	Model-Based Characterization of Inflammatory Gene Expression Patterns of Activated Macrophages
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) is a non-invasive enteric pathogen of considerable public health importance , being one of the most common attributable causes of diarrheal illness in infants and young children in developing countries and the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea . To enhance study-to-study...	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) is an important cause of diarrheal illness in infants and young children in the developing world , as well as in individuals traveling to endemic areas . Due to the lack of suitable animal models for human ETEC infection , we performed a human challenge study in which volunteer...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immunology", "diarrhea", "regression", "analy...	2017	Impact of CD4+ T Cell Responses on Clinical Outcome following Oral Administration of Wild-Type Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Humans
There is growing interest in studying and engineering integral membrane proteins ( MPs ) that play key roles in sensing and regulating cellular response to diverse external signals . A MP must be expressed , correctly inserted and folded in a lipid bilayer , and trafficked to the proper cellular location in order to fu...	A protein’s amino acid sequence determines how it will fold , traffic to subcellular locations , and carry out specific functions within the cell . Understanding this process would enable the design of protein sequences capable of useful functions; unfortunately , we cannot predict in detail how sequence encodes functi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "crystal", "structure", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "membrane", "proteins", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "crystallography", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "science", "an...	2017	Machine learning to design integral membrane channelrhodopsins for efficient eukaryotic expression and plasma membrane localization
Human norovirus ( HNoV ) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is spread by fecal shedding that can often persist for weeks to months after the resolution of symptoms . Elimination of persistent viral reservoirs has the potential to prevent outbreaks . Similar to HNoV , murine norovirus ( MNV ) is spread by...	Human Norovirus infection is highly contagious and the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis . Norovirus can be persistently shed after resolution of symptoms , perpetuating or initiating new outbreaks . Murine norovirus ( MNV ) is also persistently shed , enabling study of host and viral determinants of norovirus...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "epithelial", "cells", "bone", "marrow", "cells", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "digestive", "system", "research", ...	2019	Caspase-mediated cleavage of murine norovirus NS1/2 potentiates apoptosis and is required for persistent infection of intestinal epithelial cells
Gene conversion is the unidirectional transfer of genetic information between orthologous ( allelic ) or paralogous ( nonallelic ) genomic segments . Though a number of studies have examined nucleotide replacements , little is known about length difference mutations produced by gene conversion . Here , we investigate i...	Gene conversion is a process whereby a DNA sequence is copied from one segment of the genome ( donor ) to another ( recipient ) , resulting in the replacement , insertion , or deletion of a DNA sequence in the recipient . This exchange is facilitated by the high sequence similarity of the two segments , which is due to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	A Strong Deletion Bias in Nonallelic Gene Conversion
Animals employ various types of taste receptors to identify and discriminate between different nutritious food chemicals . These macronutrients are thought to fall into 3 major groups: carbohydrates/sugars , proteins/amino acids , and fats . Here , we report that Drosophila larvae exhibit a novel appetitive feeding beh...	Insects that undergo complete metamorphosis grow only during the larval stage of development . In many species , this period is restricted to a few days , during which larvae might increase their weight up to several hundred-fold . Drosophila melanogaster , for example , grow from a tiny first-instar larva of about 10 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "glycosylamines", "chemical", "compounds", "social", "sciences", "carbohydrates", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "glycobiology", "developmental", "biology", "inosine", "animal", "cells", "taste", "life", "cycles", "chemistry", "sensory", "receptors", "uridine", "...	2018	The taste of ribonucleosides: Novel macronutrients essential for larval growth are sensed by Drosophila gustatory receptor proteins
Most West Nile virus ( WNV ) infections are asymptomatic , but some lead to neuroinvasive disease with symptoms ranging from disorientation to paralysis and death . Evidence from animal models suggests that neuroinvasive infections may arise as a consequence of impaired immune protection . However , other data suggest ...	Most West Nile virus ( WNV ) infections are asymptomatic , but some lead to neuroinvasive disease with symptoms ranging from disorientation to paralysis and death . Epidemiologic evidence suggests that neuroinvasive disease is a consequence of poor viral control , as the risk of neurological symptom is highest in immun...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Neuroinvasive West Nile Infection Elicits Elevated and Atypically Polarized T Cell Responses That Promote a Pathogenic Outcome
We used allometric scaling to explain why the regular replacement of the primary flight feathers requires disproportionately more time for large birds . Primary growth rate scales to mass ( M ) as M0 . 171 , whereas the summed length of the primaries scales almost twice as fast ( M0 . 316 ) . The ratio of length ( mm )...	The pace of life varies with body size and is generally slower among larger organisms . Larger size creates opportunities but also establishes constraints on time-dependent processes . Flying birds depend on large wing feathers that deteriorate over time and must be replaced through molting . The lengths of flight feat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "ecology", "ecology/physiological", "ecology" ]	2009	Allometry of the Duration of Flight Feather Molt in Birds
Dengue , caused by the four serotypes of dengue virus ( DENV ) , is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease of humans . To examine the incidence and transmission of dengue , the authors performed a prospective community-based cohort study in 5 , 545 children aged 2–14 years in Managua , Nicaragua , between 2004...	Dengue is a major public health problem worldwide with 40 million cases annually . We conducted a large-scale prospective cohort study of dengue virus infection in children aged 2–14 years in Managua , Nicaragua . The observed rate of dengue cases was 16 . 1 cases per 1 , 000 persons per year . The observed rate of den...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	The Nicaraguan Pediatric Dengue Cohort Study: Incidence of Inapparent and Symptomatic Dengue Virus Infections, 2004–2010
Prediction of drug action in human cells is a major challenge in biomedical research . Additionally , there is strong interest in finding new applications for approved drugs and identifying potential side effects . We present a computational strategy to predict mechanisms , risks and potential new domains of drug treat...	Protein interaction data are accumulating rapidly and , although imperfect and incomplete , they provide a valuable global description of the complex interplay of proteins in a human cell . In parallel , modern proteomics technologies make it possible to measure in an unbiased manner the protein targets of a drug . Suc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "oncology/myeloproliferative", "disorders,", "including", "chronic", "myeloid", "leukemia", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics", "oncology/lung", "cancer", "computational", "biology", "chemical", "biology/protein", "chemistry", "and", "proteomics", "hematology/myeloproliferative"...	2010	A Computational Approach to Analyze the Mechanism of Action of the Kinase Inhibitor Bafetinib
The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of causing both acute and chronic infections . Differences in virulence are attributable to the mode of growth: bacteria growing planktonically cause acute infections , while bacteria growing in matrix-enclosed aggregates known as biofilms are associated with chronic...	Pathogenic bacteria , including the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa , can cause acute and chronic infections . The difference in these infection modes can be explained by how bacteria grow . Acute infections occur when individual bacteria rapidly replicate , produce high levels of virulence factors , and dissemin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "model", "organisms", "global", "health", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "proteomics", "microbiol...	2014	BdlA, DipA and Induced Dispersion Contribute to Acute Virulence and Chronic Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
During development , certain Drosophila sensory neurons undergo dendrite pruning that selectively eliminates their dendrites but leaves the axons intact . How these neurons regulate pruning activity in the dendrites remains unknown . Here , we identify a coiled-coil protein Spindle-F ( Spn-F ) that is required for dend...	In Drosophila , the nervous systems undergo extensive neuronal remodeling during metamorphosis , as many larval neurons die and adult neurons are generated while some larval neurons survive and prune their branches . Pruning that removes specific parts of neuronal branches without causing cell death is a self-destruct ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Spindle-F Is the Central Mediator of Ik2 Kinase-Dependent Dendrite Pruning in Drosophila Sensory Neurons
Malignant tumors are caused by uncontrolled proliferation of transformed mutant cells that have lost the ability to maintain tissue integrity . Although a number of causative genetic backgrounds for tumor development have been discovered , the initial steps mutant cells take to escape tissue integrity and trigger tumor...	Transformed mutant cells ( pro-tumor cells ) can evolve through a multistep process in which they become tumorigenic and invasive . Many genes that are involved in the different steps towards cancer development have been identified; however , how certain mutant cells destroy normal tissue organization and undergo uncon...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "classical", "mechanics", "nuclear", "staining", "cell", "processes", "cloning", "animals", "delamination", "oncology", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "dro...	2016	Epithelial Tumors Originate in Tumor Hotspots, a Tissue-Intrinsic Microenvironment
Serrated adenomas form a distinct subtype of colorectal pre-malignant lesions that may progress to malignancy along a different molecular pathway than the conventional adenoma-carcinoma pathway . Previous studies have hypothesised that BRAF mutation and promoter hypermethylation plays a role , but the evidence for this...	Polyps in the bowel are the precursors of development of bowel cancer . Much is known about the biology and pathology of these polyps . These polyps have classically been divided into two main types: adenomas and hyperplastic polyps . The former has pre-malignant potential , whereas it is thought the second does not . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cancer", "genetics", "diagnostic", "medicine", "pathology", "clinical", "pathology", "genetics", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "of", "disease" ]	2013	Loss of Expression and Promoter Methylation of SLIT2 Are Associated with Sessile Serrated Adenoma Formation
The relevance of Cryptosporidium infections for the burden of childhood diarrhoea in endemic settings has been shown in recent years . This study describes Cryptosporidium subtypes among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in rural Ghana to analyse subtype-specific demographic , geographical , seasonal and clinical d...	Cryptosporidium spp . are a frequent cause of diarrhoea worldwide . While both animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission has been reported from industrialized countries , human-to-human transmission clearly prevails in Sub-Saharan Africa . However , data on the distribution of zoonotic and human subtypes is limit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among Children in Rural Ghana
Introduced in the 1950s , ethidium bromide ( EB ) is still used as an anti-trypanosomal drug for African cattle although its mechanism of killing has been unclear and controversial . EB has long been known to cause loss of the mitochondrial genome , named kinetoplast DNA ( kDNA ) , a giant network of interlocked minici...	Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes cattle disease and human sleeping sickness in Africa . Trypanosomes are primitive eukaryotes with atypical biological features . One well-studied example is their mitochondrial genome , known as kinetoplast DNA or kDNA . kDNA , resembling medieval chain mail , is a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/dna", "replication", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "pharmacology", "microbiology/parasitology", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "biochemistry/drug", "discovery" ]	2010	The Killing of African Trypanosomes by Ethidium Bromide
Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) is a significant pathogen , infecting some 170 million people worldwide . Persistent virus infection often leads to cirrhosis and liver cancer . In the infected cell many RNA directed processes must occur to maintain and spread infection . Viral genomic RNA is constantly replicating , serving ...	Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) is a life-threatening infection afflicting some 170 million people worldwide , and current antiviral therapies are only marginally effective in treating these patients . Clearly , more effective anti-viral drugs for HCV are needed . Of paramount importance to this process is understanding the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections" ]	2008	Regulation of Hepatitis C Virion Production via Phosphorylation of the NS5A Protein
Recent genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) have identified multiple new loci which appear to alter coronary artery disease ( CAD ) risk via arterial wall-specific mechanisms . One of the annotated genes encodes LMOD1 ( Leiomodin 1 ) , a member of the actin filament nucleator family that is highly enriched in smoot...	It is now estimated that nearly ~50% of one’s lifetime risk for coronary artery disease is genetically predetermined . While genetic studies have led to the identification of several novel disease risk factors , the mechanisms driving many of these associations are yet to be fully identified . Here , we take advantage ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "gene", "regulation", "coronary", "heart", "disease", "arteries", "genome", "analysis", "molecular", "genetics", "epigenetics", "chromatin", "cardiology", "small...	2018	Functional regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle cell-restricted LMOD1 coronary artery disease locus
Eggs deposited in the liver of the mammalian host by the blood fluke parasite , Schistosoma mansoni , normally drive a T-helper-2 ( Th2 ) -mediated granulomatous response in immune-competent mice . By contrast , in mice deprived of T-cells and incapable of producing granulomata , egg-secreted proteins ( ESP ) induce ac...	The flatworm disease , schistosomiasis , is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa , South America and East Asia . A hallmark of infection with Schistosoma mansoni is the immune response to parasite eggs trapped in the liver and other organs . This response involves an infiltration of cells that surround t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biology", "microbiology", "parasitology" ]	2011	Proteomic Identification of IPSE/alpha-1 as a Major Hepatotoxin Secreted by Schistosoma mansoni Eggs
Two recently published papers describe nuclear DNA sequences that were obtained from the same Neanderthal fossil . Our reanalyses of the data from these studies show that they are not consistent with each other and point to serious problems with the data quality in one of the studies , possibly due to modern human DNA ...	One of the enduring questions in human evolution is the relationship of fossil groups , such as Neanderthals , with people alive today . Were Neanderthals direct ancestors of contemporary humans or an evolutionary side branch that eventually died out ? Two recent papers describing the sequencing of Neanderthal nuclear ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Inconsistencies in Neanderthal Genomic DNA Sequences
Urinary tract infections ( UTI ) are extremely common and can be highly recurrent , with 1–2% of women suffering from six or more recurrent episodes per year . The high incidence of recurrent UTI , including recurrent infections caused by the same bacterial strain that caused the first infection , suggests that at leas...	Many patients suffer from highly recurrent urinary tract infections ( UTI ) caused by Escherichia coli , which are genetically diverse bacteria . Recurrent episodes are often caused by the same E . coli strain that caused the first infection , suggesting that some patients may not develop a protective immune response ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "antimicrobials", "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "bladder", "and", "ureteric", "disorders", "immune", "cells", "drugs", "immunology", "bladder", "microbiology", "urine", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms",...	2018	Host restriction of Escherichia coli recurrent urinary tract infection occurs in a bacterial strain-specific manner
Hox genes encode homeodomain-containing proteins that control embryonic development in multiple contexts . Up to 30 Hox genes , distributed among all four clusters , are expressed during mammalian kidney morphogenesis , but functional redundancy between them has made a detailed functional account difficult to achieve ....	Hox genes encode proteins that control embryonic development along the head-to-tail axis and in multiple organs . Here , we show that several members of this gene family are necessary for the normal development of the mammalian kidneys . These genes are clustered in one site on the chromosome and their respective posit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mus", "(mouse)", "cell", "biology", "developmental", "biology", "nephrology" ]	2007	Distinct Roles and Regulations for Hoxd Genes in Metanephric Kidney Development
Balancing selection provides a plausible explanation for the maintenance of deleterious alleles at moderate frequency in livestock , including lethal recessives exhibiting heterozygous advantage in carriers . In the current study , a leg weakness syndrome causing mortality of piglets in a commercial line showed monogen...	Lameness is an important problem in livestock production for both animal welfare and economic reasons . A severe piglet lameness syndrome was observed in a commercial pig population . The incidence of the condition was low ( 6 . 3% ) , but was higher in affected families ( ~25% ) , which suggested a genetic basis and a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "legs", "variant", "genotypes", "vertebrates", "alleles", "animals", "genetic", "mapping", "mammals", "mutation", "body", "limbs", "swine", "musculoskeletal", "system", "lipids", "fats", "genetic", "loci", "agricul...	2019	Balancing selection at a premature stop mutation in the myostatin gene underlies a recessive leg weakness syndrome in pigs
The γ-proteobacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv . tomato DC3000 uses the type III secretion system to inject ca . 28 Avr/Hop effector proteins into plants , which enables the bacterium to grow from low inoculum levels to produce bacterial speck symptoms in tomato , Arabidopsis thaliana , and ( when lacking...	Pseudomonas syringae is a Gram-negative plant pathogen that defeats plant defenses through effector proteins that are injected into plant cells via the type III secretion system . P . syringae strains are assigned to pathovars based largely on their host of origin . P . syringae pv . tomato DC3000 causes bacterial spec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/plant-biotic", "interactions", "microbiology/innate", "immunity", "plant", "biology/plant-biotic", "interactions" ]	2009	Deletions in the Repertoire of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Type III Secretion Effector Genes Reveal Functional Overlap among Effectors
Telomeres shorten with each cell division and telomere dysfunction is a recognized hallmark of aging . Tissue proliferation is expected to dictate the rate at which telomeres shorten . We set out to test whether proliferative tissues age faster than non-proliferative due to telomere shortening during zebrafish aging . ...	Why , and how , organisms age and ultimately die is a key question of modern biology . Telomeres are considered molecular timekeepers determining cellular lifespans . Within an organism , tissue proliferation is expected to dictate the rate at which telomeres shorten . Using zebrafish , an organism with human-like telo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	Short Telomeres in Key Tissues Initiate Local and Systemic Aging in Zebrafish
We investigate how the neural processing in auditory cortex is shaped by the statistics of natural sounds . Hypothesising that auditory cortex ( A1 ) represents the structural primitives out of which sounds are composed , we employ a statistical model to extract such components . The input to the model are cochleagrams...	The information carried by natural sounds enters the cortex of mammals in a specific format: the cochleagram . Instead of representing the original pressure waveforms , the inner ear represents how the energy in a sound is distributed across frequency bands and how the energy distribution evolves over time . The genera...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "auditory", "cortex", "acoustics", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "engineering", "and", "technology", "statistics", "brain", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "mathematics", "computational", "neuroscience", "neuronal", "tuning", "coding", "mec...	2019	STRFs in primary auditory cortex emerge from masking-based statistics of natural sounds
Several pathogens induce propulsive actin comet tails in cells they invade to disseminate their infection . They achieve this by recruiting factors for actin nucleation , the Arp2/3 complex , and polymerization regulators from the host cytoplasm . Owing to limited information on the structural organization of actin com...	Several bacteria and viruses hijack the motile machinery of cells they invade to generate networks of actin filaments ( comet tails ) to propel themselves from one cell to another . A proper understanding of the mechanism of propulsion has so far been hampered by a lack of information about the structure of the machine...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "structures", "host", "cells", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "cytoskeleton" ]	2014	Electron Tomography and Simulation of Baculovirus Actin Comet Tails Support a Tethered Filament Model of Pathogen Propulsion
The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is classified as a class I carcinogen due to the association between cholangiocarcinoma and chronic O . viverrini infection . During its feeding activity within the bile duct , the parasite secretes several cathepsin F cysteine proteases that may induce or contribute to the pathol...	Opisthorchiasis , oriental liver fluke infection , is a food-borne parasitic disease that afflicts millions of residents in northern Thailand and Laos . Related infections occur in North Asia , including China and Korea . This kind of liver fluke infection is the consequence of eating certain uncooked or undercooked fr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry/bioinformatics" ]	2009	Cathepsin F Cysteine Protease of the Human Liver Fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini
The host innate immune response to viral infections often involves the activation of parallel pattern recognition receptor ( PRR ) pathways that converge on the induction of type I interferons ( IFNs ) . Several viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to attenuate antiviral host signaling by directly interfering ...	Mammalian cells utilize a variety of defenses to protect themselves from microbial pathogens . These defenses are initiated by families of receptors termed pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) and converge on the induction of molecules that function to suppress microbial infections . PRRs respond to essential compone...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "virology/host", "antiviral", "responses", "virology/immune", "evasion", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2011	The Coxsackievirus B 3Cpro Protease Cleaves MAVS and TRIF to Attenuate Host Type I Interferon and Apoptotic Signaling
Peptidylarginine deiminase IV ( PADI4 ) catalyzes the conversion of positively charged arginine and methylarginine residues to neutrally charged citrulline , and this activity has been linked to the repression of a limited number of target genes . To broaden our knowledge of the regulatory potential of PADI4 , we utili...	Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 ( PADI4 ) converts positively charged arginine and methylarginine residues on histones to the neutrally charged non-standard amino acid citrulline . We and others have previously shown that citrullination of a small subset of gene promoters , such as the estrogen receptor target , TFF1 , ap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "gene", "expression", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "dna", "transcription" ]	2011	Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals PADI4 Cooperates with Elk-1 to Activate c-Fos Expression in Breast Cancer Cells
Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites , living in red blood cells , express proteins of the erythrocyte membrane protein-1 ( PfEMP1 ) family on the red blood cell surface . The binding of PfEMP1 molecules to human cell surface receptors mediates the adherence of infected red blood cells to human tissues . The sequenc...	Malaria parasites express proteins of the erythrocyte membrane protein-1 family ( PfEMP1 ) on the surfaces of the human red blood cells that they infect . These large proteins vary in sequence extensively , yet bind to host receptors to allow infected cells to adhere to host tissues . PfEMP1 proteins help parasites eva...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "computational", "biology/macromolecular", "structure", "analysis", "biophysics/macromolecular", "assemblies", "and", "machines", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2008	The Cysteine-Rich Interdomain Region from the Highly Variable Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 Exhibits a Conserved Structure
Formation of elaborately branched dendrites is necessary for the proper input and connectivity of many sensory neurons . Previous studies have revealed that dendritic growth relies heavily on ER-to-Golgi transport , Golgi outposts and endocytic recycling . How new membrane and associated cargo is delivered from the sec...	Dendrites are cellular extensions from neurons that gather information from other neurons or cues from the external environment to convey to the nervous system of an organism . Dendrites are often extensively branched , raising the question of how neurons supply plasma membrane and dendrite specific proteins from the s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	RAB-10-Dependent Membrane Transport Is Required for Dendrite Arborization
The search for novel chemical entities targeting essential and parasite-specific pathways is considered a priority for neglected diseases such as trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis . The thiol-dependent redox metabolism of trypanosomatids relies on bis-glutathionylspermidine [trypanothione , T ( SH ) 2] , a low molecula...	Parasites from the genus Trypanosoma and Leishmania are etiologic agents for a group of neglected diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates in the developing world . Inasmuch as vaccine development is hampered by the successful mechanisms employed by the pathogens to evade the host immune response , chemotherapy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "colorimetric", "assays", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzymology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "biochemical", "analysis", "protozoans", "monomers", "(chemistry)", "leishmania", "bioassays", "and", "physiological", "analysis", "pharmacol...	2016	Identification of Novel Chemical Scaffolds Inhibiting Trypanothione Synthetase from Pathogenic Trypanosomatids
Gene repression by transcription factors , and glucocorticoid receptors ( GR ) in particular , is a critical , but poorly understood , physiological response . Among the many unresolved questions is the difference between GR regulated induction and repression , and whether transcription cofactor action is the same in b...	While the initial steps in steroid-regulated gene induction and repression are known to be identical , the same cannot be said of cofactors that modulate steroid-regulated gene activity . We describe the conditions under which a theoretical model for gene repression reveals the kinetically-defined mechanism and relativ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Kinetically-Defined Component Actions in Gene Repression
Tight regulation of the visual response is essential for photoreceptor function and survival . Visual response dysregulation often leads to photoreceptor cell degeneration , but the causes of such cell death are not well understood . In this study , we investigated a fatty acid transport protein ( fatp ) null mutation ...	Normal vision requires precise regulation of the visual response . The deregulation of the visual response can lead to retinal diseases and blindness . The most frequent retinal disease is retinitis pigmentosa , and in 30%–40% of such cases rhodopsin , the light-sensitive protein , is mutated . Approximately 100 rhodop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "animal", "genetics", "neuroscience", "gene", "function", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "biology", "visual", "system", "cell", "biology", "neurons", "gen...	2012	Drosophila Fatty Acid Transport Protein Regulates Rhodopsin-1 Metabolism and Is Required for Photoreceptor Neuron Survival
Progress towards controlling and eliminating parasitic worms , including schistosomiasis , onchocerciasis , and lymphatic filariasis , is advancing rapidly as national governments , multinational NGOs , and pharmaceutical companies launch collaborative chemotherapeutic control campaigns . Critical questions remain rega...	Critical questions remain regarding the potential for achieving elimination of helminth ( worm ) infections , and methods are needed to quickly estimate the probability of achieving elimination over specific timeframes . Here , we make use of methods in mathematical epidemiology to propose an estimator of elimination p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitology", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "developmental", "biology", "neglected", "tro...	2018	Estimating the elimination feasibility in the 'end game' of control efforts for parasites subjected to regular mass drug administration: Methods and their application to schistosomiasis
The recessive lethal mutation flotte lotte ( flo ) disrupts development of the zebrafish digestive system and other tissues . We show that flo encodes the ortholog of Mel-28/Elys , a highly conserved gene that has been shown to be required for nuclear integrity in worms and nuclear pore complex ( NPC ) assembly in amph...	DNA replication is a complex process that requires activation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair pathways . Genetic analyses in fungi have suggested that nucleoporins , the proteins that make up the nuclear pore complex ( NPC ) , play a role in the cellular response to agents that disrupt cell proliferation or da...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/organogenesis", "molecular", "biology/dna", "replication", "developmental", "biology/stem", "cells", "molecular", "biology/dna", "repair" ]	2008	Mutation of the Zebrafish Nucleoporin elys Sensitizes Tissue Progenitors to Replication Stress
Sequencing of invasive strains of group A streptococci ( GAS ) has revealed a diverse array of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding the control of virulence regulator ( CovR ) protein . However , there is limited information regarding the molecular mechanisms by which CovR single amino acid replacements...	Group A Streptococcus ( GAS ) causes a variety of human infections including invasive disease that can often be deadly . GAS strains that cause serious infections may have alterations in the amino acid sequence of the control of virulence regulator ( CovR ) protein , but mechanisms by which changes in the CovR protein ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genetic", "mutation", "streptococci", "dna-binding", "proteins", "microbiology", "group", "a", "streptococcal", "infection", "dna", "transcription", "bacterial", "diseases", "protein", "structure", "bacterial", "pathogens", "infectious", "diseases", "proteins",...	2011	Distinct Single Amino Acid Replacements in the Control of Virulence Regulator Protein Differentially Impact Streptococcal Pathogenesis
A number of features at the host-parasite interface are reminiscent of those that are also observed at the host-tumor interface . Both cancer cells and parasites establish a tissue microenvironment that allows for immune evasion and may reflect functional alterations of various innate cells . Here , we investigated how...	Both cancer cells and parasites establish a tissue microenvironment that allows for immune evasion and may reflect functional alterations of various innate cells including monocytes . In recent years , there has been a large body of evidence in the field of cancer immunotherapy demonstrating that the immune system can ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "helminths", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "animals", "organisms", "cytotoxic", "t", "cells", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "white", ...	2018	Similarities and differences between helminth parasites and cancer cell lines in shaping human monocytes: Insights into parallel mechanisms of immune evasion
An important determinant of a pathogen's success is the rate at which it is transmitted from infected to susceptible hosts . Although there are anecdotal reports that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) clones vary in their transmissibility in hospital settings , attempts to quantify such variation are...	Different strains of hospital pathogens may differ in their ability to spread between patients and respond differently to control measures . Attempts to quantify such between-strain variation are lacking in high prevalence settings . We analysed data from concurrent outbreaks with different MRSA strains in two adult in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "bacterial", "diseases", "methicillin-resistant", "staphylococcus", "aureus", "nosocomial", "infections", "infectious", "disease", "control", "epidemiol...	2012	Quantifying Type-Specific Reproduction Numbers for Nosocomial Pathogens: Evidence for Heightened Transmission of an Asian Sequence Type 239 MRSA Clone
Several viruses have been found to encode a deubiquitinating protease ( DUB ) . These viral DUBs are proposed to play a role in regulating innate immune or inflammatory signaling . In human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) , the largest tegument protein encoded by UL48 contains DUB activity , but its cellular targets are not k...	Activation of NF-κB signaling leads to expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and plays a key role in regulating innate immune response and inflammation to virus infection . HCMV upregulates and downregulates NF-κB signaling during the course of infection . Upregulation of NF-κB signaling may promote vi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "transfection", "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "293t", "cells", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "immunoblotting", "cytomegalovirus", "infection", "plasmid", "construction", "imm...	2017	Cooperative inhibition of RIP1-mediated NF-κB signaling by cytomegalovirus-encoded deubiquitinase and inactive homolog of cellular ribonucleotide reductase large subunit
A characteristic of all arthropods is the presence of flexible structures called joints that connect all leg segments . Drosophila legs include two types of joints: the proximal or “true” joints that are motile due to the presence of muscle attachment and the distal joints that lack musculature . These joints are not o...	One of the keys of the evolutionary success of arthropods , the most diversified group of animals , is the acquisition of joints that allow the articulation of their appendages . Two main kinds of joints with different morphologies and evolutionary origin are found in the fly leg: the proximal or “true” joints that are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "imaginal", "disc", "development", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "cell", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "notch", "signaling", "developmental", "biology", "organism", "development", "transcription", "factors", "molecular", "devel...	2014	The bHLH-PAS Transcription Factor Dysfusion Regulates Tarsal Joint Formation in Response to Notch Activity during Drosophila Leg Development
As a devastating Ebola outbreak in West Africa continues , non-pharmaceutical control measures including contact tracing , quarantine , and case isolation are being implemented . In addition , public health agencies are scaling up efforts to test and deploy candidate vaccines . Given the experimental nature and limited...	Public health efforts for controlling the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa have focused on contact tracing and isolation of symptomatic individuals . In addition , substantial resources have been committed to scaling up the production of experimental vaccines . Ring vaccination—the vaccination of the contacts of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Harnessing Case Isolation and Ring Vaccination to Control Ebola
Large fractions of eukaryotic genomes contain repetitive sequences of which the vast majority is derived from transposable elements ( TEs ) . In order to inactivate those potentially harmful elements , host organisms silence TEs via methylation of transposon DNA and packaging into chromatin associated with repressive h...	The majority of genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes do not contain protein coding genes . Large fractions are covered by repetitive sequences , many of which are derived from transposable elements ( TEs ) . These selfish genes , only containing sequences necessary for self-propagation , can multiply and change their...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification" ]	2010	Epigenetic Regulation of a Murine Retrotransposon by a Dual Histone Modification Mark
Endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress is an important modifier of human disease . Genetic variation in response genes is linked to inter-individual differences in the ER stress response . However , the mechanisms and pathways by which genetic modifiers are acting on the ER stress response remain unclear . In this study ,...	Differences in genetic background drives disease variability , even among individuals with identical , causative mutations . Identifying and understanding how genetic variation impacts disease expression could improve diagnosis and treatment of patients . Previous work has linked the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "cell", "processes", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "animals", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "stress", "response", "animal", "models", "genetics", "of", "disease", ...	2018	Baldspot/ELOVL6 is a conserved modifier of disease and the ER stress response
The human cytomegalovirus major immediate early proteins IE1 and IE2 are critical drivers of virus replication and are considered pivotal in determining the balance between productive and latent infection . IE1 and IE2 are derived from the same primary transcript by alternative splicing and regulation of their expressi...	Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens , meaning that they are completely dependent on the host cellular machinery to replicate . Identifying which host genes are necessary for virus replication extends our understanding of how viruses replicate , how cells function and provides potential targets for novel antivi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "transfection", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology", "alternative", "splicing", "viruses", "dna", "viruses", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "microbial", "genetics",...	2017	The host ubiquitin-dependent segregase VCP/p97 is required for the onset of human cytomegalovirus replication
The most established model of the eukaryotic innate immune system is derived from examples of large effect monogenic quantitative resistance to pathogens . However , many host-pathogen interactions involve many genes of small to medium effect and exhibit quantitative resistance . We used the Arabidopsis-Botrytis pathos...	The innate immune system is an important driver of quantitative resistance among all eukaryotes and is the primary immune system for many multicellular organisms , including plants , fungi , and insects . While some components of the innate immune system are known , many components are still undiscovered . Here we use ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "plant", "anatomy", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "networks", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "brassica", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", ...	2016	The Quantitative Basis of the Arabidopsis Innate Immune System to Endemic Pathogens Depends on Pathogen Genetics
Mass azithromycin distributions have been shown to reduce mortality among pre-school children in sub-Saharan Africa . It is unclear what mediates this mortality reduction , but one possibility is that antibiotics function as growth promoters for young children . 24 rural Ethiopian communities that had received biannual...	Mass distribution of a single dose of the broad-spectrum antibiotic azithromycin twice per year to pre-school children in Sub-Saharan Africa has been shown to reduce childhood mortality . The mechanism by which azithromycin reduces mortality is currently not clear , especially since the antibiotic is not targeted to si...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "antimicrobials", "children", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "respiratory", "infections", "drugs", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "pulmonology", "pediatrics", "bacterial", "diseases", "age", "groups", "child", "growth", "clinical", "...	2019	Linear growth in preschool children treated with mass azithromycin distributions for trachoma: A cluster-randomized trial
Seed size is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness in plants and is a trait that often undergoes tremendous changes during crop domestication . Seed size is most often quantitatively inherited , and it has been shown that Sw4 . 1 is one of the most significant quantitative trait loci ( QTLs ) underlying the evoluti...	Given fixed resources , plants have a choice whether to produce many small seeds or a few large seeds . In terms of reproductive fitness , there are costs and benefits to both strategies . As a result , plant species vary more than 100 , 000-fold in both seed size and seed output . The current study focuses on understa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "plant", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2009	Natural Variation in an ABC Transporter Gene Associated with Seed Size Evolution in Tomato Species
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) interactions with myeloid dendritic cells ( DCs ) can result in virus dissemination to CD4+ T cells via a trans infection pathway dependent on virion incorporation of the host cell derived glycosphingolipid ( GSL ) , GM3 . The mechanism of DC-mediated trans infection is ext...	Dendritic cells ( DCs ) are one of the initial cellular targets of HIV-1 and can play a crucial role in determining the course of virus infection in vivo . While sentinel functions of DCs are essential for establishment of an antiviral state , HIV-1 can subvert DC function for its dissemination . One of the mechanisms ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Interferon-Inducible Mechanism of Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Dissemination Is Dependent on Siglec-1/CD169
There is an urgent need for the development of new antifungal agents . A facile in vivo model that evaluates libraries of chemical compounds could solve some of the main obstacles in current antifungal discovery . We show that Candida albicans , as well as other Candida species , are ingested by Caenorhabditis elegans ...	Candida spp . are among the most significant causes of nosocomial infections , and disseminated candidiasis continues to have an attributable mortality rate of over 25% . For this reason , we have developed a liquid media assay using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for Candida infection . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "yeast", "and", "fungi", "caenorhabditis", "in", "vitro", "microbiology", "mus", "(mouse)" ]	2007	Antifungal Chemical Compounds Identified Using a C. elegans Pathogenicity Assay
Human neurons express the innate immune response receptor , Toll-like receptor 3 ( TLR3 ) . TLR3 levels are increased in pathological conditions such as brain virus infection . Here , we further investigated the production , cellular localisation , and function of neuronal TLR3 during neuronotropic rabies virus ( RABV ...	Viruses are obligate parasites . The progression of their life cycle depends on their hijacking the cellular metabolism and machinery . Human neurons produce TLR3 , a protein involved in early host defence mechanisms and the modulation of neuronal survival . Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus , infecting mainly neuron...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/immune", "evasion", "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "virology/host", "invasion", "and", "cell", "entry", "immunology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Plays a Major Role in the Formation of Rabies Virus Negri Bodies
Leptospirosis is an epidemic-prone neglected disease that affects humans and animals , mostly in vulnerable populations . The One Health approach is a recommended strategy to identify drivers of the disease and plan for its prevention and control . In that context , the aim of this study was to analyze the distribution...	Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease affecting humans and several animal species , which serve as reservoirs for infection . Contamination happens through exposure to urine of infected animals in water and soil . A better understanding of the factors that affect the transmission of the disease , incorporating the relat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Leptospirosis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: An Ecosystem Approach in the Animal-Human Interface
Leptospirosis is a globally distributed bacterial infectious disease caused by pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira . Infection can lead to illness ranging from mild and non-specific to severe , with jaundice , kidney and liver dysfunction , and widespread endothelial damage . The adhesion of pathogenic Leptospir...	Leptospirosis , caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira , is an infectious disease that has emerged as a globally important health problem . Infection can either lead to mild illness or can progress to a severe disease form manifested by jaundice , kidney and liver dysfunction , and widespread blood vessel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "bacteriology", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "veterinary", "microbiology", "medical", "microbiology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2014	Identification of Cell-Binding Adhesins of Leptospira interrogans
The dense-core vesicle is a secretory organelle that mediates the regulated release of peptide hormones , growth factors , and biogenic amines . Dense-core vesicles originate from the trans-Golgi of neurons and neuroendocrine cells , but it is unclear how this specialized organelle is formed and acquires its specific c...	Animal cells package and store many important signaling molecules in specialized compartments called dense-core vesicles . Molecules stored in dense-core vesicles include peptide hormones like insulin and small molecule neurotransmitters like dopamine . Defects in the release of these compounds can lead to a wide range...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "fluorescence", "imaging", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "caenorhabditis", "neuroscience", "biological", "locomotion", "biomechanics", "animals", "motor", "neurons", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms...	2016	The EARP Complex and Its Interactor EIPR-1 Are Required for Cargo Sorting to Dense-Core Vesicles
Snake bite is one of the most neglected public health issues in poor rural communities worldwide . In addition to the clinical effects of envenoming , treatment with antivenom frequently causes serious adverse reactions , including hypersensitivity reactions ( including anaphylaxis ) and pyrogenic reactions . We aimed ...	Snakebites cause life-threatening symptoms including uncontrolled bleeding and paralysis . The body's immune responses to snake venom may contribute to the severity of these symptoms but have not been well characterized in humans . Treatment with antivenom is potentially lifesaving , but also carries risk , as severe a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "toxicology", "clinical", "immunology", "drugs", "and", "devices", "allergy", "and", "hypersensitivity", "adverse", "reactions", "critical", "care", "and", "emergency", "medicine", "immune", "response" ]	2013	Immune Response to Snake Envenoming and Treatment with Antivenom; Complement Activation, Cytokine Production and Mast Cell Degranulation
Group B Streptococcus ( GBS ) , a common commensal of the female genital tract , is the leading cause of invasive infections in neonates . Expression of major GBS virulence factors , such as the hemolysin operon cyl , is regulated directly at the transcriptional level by the CovSR two-component system . Using a random ...	The gram-positive Streptococcus genus includes three major human pathogens that are members of the normal microflora: Streptococcus pneumoniae ( also known as the pneumococcus ) , Streptococcus pyogenes ( Group A Streptococcus ) , and Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B Streptococcus ) . Their carriage in the population...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genome", "expression", "analysis", "functional", "genomics", "protein", "interactions", "streptococci", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "microbiology", "gene", "function", "bacterial", "diseases", "group", "b", "streptococcal", "infection", "m...	2013	The Abi-domain Protein Abx1 Interacts with the CovS Histidine Kinase to Control Virulence Gene Expression in Group B Streptococcus
We report that natural killer T ( NKT ) cells play only a minor physiological role in protection from Leishmania donovani infection in C57BL/6 mice . Furthermore , attempts at therapeutic activation of invariant NKT ( iNKT ) cells with α-galactosylceramide ( α-GalCer ) during L . donovani infection exacerbated , rather...	Natural killer T ( NKT ) cells are a unique subset of T cells that can produce large quantities of inflammatory cytokines very rapidly upon stimulation . They are known to be strongly stimulated by a molecule called α-galactosylceramide ( α-GalCer ) that is derived from a marine sponge , and in this way α-GalCer is hop...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immunomodulation", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "pathology/immunology" ]	2008	Activation of Invariant NKT Cells Exacerbates Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis
After fertilization but prior to the onset of zygotic transcription , the C . elegans zygote cleaves asymmetrically to create the anterior AB and posterior P1 blastomeres , each of which goes on to generate distinct cell lineages . To understand how patterns of RNA inheritance and abundance arise after this first asymm...	At key moments in development , asymmetric cell divisions give rise to daughter cells of differing characteristics , a process that promotes cell-type diversity in complex organisms . The first cell division of the C . elegans early embryo is a powerful model for understanding asymmetric cell division because the timin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Asymmetric Transcript Discovery by RNA-seq in C. elegans Blastomeres Identifies neg-1, a Gene Important for Anterior Morphogenesis
Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia ( MCDS ) involves dwarfism and growth plate cartilage hypertrophic zone expansion resulting from dominant mutations in the hypertrophic zone collagen , Col10a1 . Mouse models phenocopying MCDS through the expression of an exogenous misfolding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER...	A significant component of the molecular pathology of many inherited skeletal disorders caused by mutations that cause misfolding and intracellular retention of extracellular matrix proteins is the induction of a cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress called the unfolded protein response ( UPR ) . In the cas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	XBP1-Independent UPR Pathways Suppress C/EBP-β Mediated Chondrocyte Differentiation in ER-Stress Related Skeletal Disease
The control and prevention of dengue largely depends on vector control measures , environmental management , and personal protection . Dengue control programmes are facing great challenges due to development of insecticide resistance among vector mosquitoes . Information on susceptibility status to different insecticid...	Dengue is one of the most important arboviral infections in India , and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes . Control of dengue largely depends on effective vector control measures as no specific drugs or vaccines are available , to date . The knowledge of insecticide susceptibility status for local vector mosquitoes is es...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "geographical", "locations", "malathion", "india", "animals", "organic", "compounds", "organophosphates", "developmental", "biology", "ddt", "population", "biology", "inse...	2018	Polymorphisms in voltage-gated sodium channel gene and susceptibility of Aedes albopictus to insecticides in three districts of northern West Bengal, India
High serum uric acid levels elevate pro-inflammatory–state gout crystal arthropathy and place individuals at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . Genome-wide scans in the genetically isolated Sardinian population identified variants associated with serum uric acid levels as a quantitative trait . They...	High serum uric acid levels lead to gout and increase the risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease . To determine what genetic factors might contribute to uric acid levels , we conducted genome-wide scans of single nucleotide variations in DNA in population samples from Sardinia and Chianti . We report here that varia...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "homo", "(human)", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	The GLUT9 Gene Is Associated with Serum Uric Acid Levels in Sardinia and Chianti Cohorts
Candida albicans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen of immunocompromised individuals . One critical virulence attribute is its morphogenetic plasticity . Hyphal development requires two temporally linked changes in promoter chromatin , which is sequentially regulated by temporarily clearing the transcription...	Candida is part of the gut microflora in healthy individuals , but can disseminate and cause systemic disease when the host's immune system is suppressed . Its ability to grow as yeast and hyphae in response to environmental cues is a major virulence attribute . Hyphal development requires temporary clearing of the tra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2012	A GATA Transcription Factor Recruits Hda1 in Response to Reduced Tor1 Signaling to Establish a Hyphal Chromatin State in Candida albicans
The mechanisms controlling cell fate determination and reprogramming are fundamental for development . A profound reprogramming , allowing the production of pluripotent cells in early embryos , takes place during the oocyte-to-embryo transition . To understand how the oocyte reprogramming potential is controlled , we s...	Reprogramming into a naïve , pluripotent state during the oocyte-to-embryo transition is directed by the oocyte cytoplasm . To understand how this reprogramming is controlled , we searched for C . elegans mutants in which the activation of embryonic genome , a landmark event demarcating the switch from a germline- to e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "cell", "potency", "cell", "biology", "animal", "cells", "proteins", "stem", "cells", "genetic", "screens", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "protein", "structure", "genetics", "biology", "a...	2014	The TRIM-NHL Protein LIN-41 Controls the Onset of Developmental Plasticity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Glycosylation plays crucial regulatory roles in various biological processes such as development , immunity , and neural functions . For example , α1 , 3-fucosylation , the addition of a fucose moiety abundant in Drosophila neural cells , is essential for neural development , function , and behavior . However , it rema...	Glycosylation plays crucial regulatory roles in various biological processes such as development , immunity , and neural functions . Accordingly , some glycans are generated in a stage- and tissue-specific manner . To address how such distinct glycosylation is regulated in different tissues , we performed a large-scale...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2010	Identification of Genes Required for Neural-Specific Glycosylation Using Functional Genomics
Norovirus infection is the leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide , being responsible for over 200 , 000 deaths annually . Studies with murine norovirus ( MNV ) showed that protective STAT1 signaling controls viral replication and pathogenesis , but the immune mechanisms that noroviruses exploit to induc...	Gastrointestinal norovirus infections form a serious socio-economic worldwide problem , with about 684 million cases annually worldwide and mortality occurring both in underdeveloped countries and in immunocompromised patients . Despite the urgent global need , no specific treatments are available for norovirus induced...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "viruses", "physiological", "processes", "rna", "viruses", "gas...	2019	Nlrp3 inflammasome activation and Gasdermin D-driven pyroptosis are immunopathogenic upon gastrointestinal norovirus infection
FACT , in addition to its role in transcription , is likely implicated in both transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair and DNA double strand break repair . Here , we present evidence that FACT could be directly involved in Base Excision Repair and elucidate the chromatin remodeling mechanisms of FACT during BE...	In the nucleus , DNA is packaged into chromatin . The repeating unit of chromatin , the nucleosome , consists of a histone octamer around which DNA is wrapped into two superhelical turns . The nucleosome is a barrier for various nuclear processes which require access to DNA . To repair lesions on DNA , this barrier has...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "nucleobases", "dna-binding", "proteins", "nucleotides", "dna", "damage", "uracils", "epigenetics", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "chromatin", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "chromosome", "biology", "proteins", "gene", "expression", "denaturation...	2016	FACT Assists Base Excision Repair by Boosting the Remodeling Activity of RSC
The reconstruction and synthesis of ancestral RNAs is a feasible goal for paleogenetics . This will require new bioinformatics methods , including a robust statistical framework for reconstructing histories of substitutions , indels and structural changes . We describe a “transducer composition” algorithm for extending...	A number of leading methods for bioinformatics analysis of structural RNAs use probabilistic grammars as models for pairs of homologous RNAs . We show that any such pairwise grammar can be extended to an entire phylogeny by treating the pairwise grammar as a machine ( a “transducer” ) that models a single ancestor-desc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling" ]	2009	Evolutionary Triplet Models of Structured RNA
T-box proteins are conserved transcription factors that play crucial roles in development of all metazoans; and , in humans , mutations affecting T-box genes are associated with a variety of congenital diseases and cancers . Despite the importance of this transcription factor family , very little is known regarding how...	T-box proteins are a conserved family of transcription factors that play important roles in development of all animals . A variety of human congenital diseases and cancers have been associated with mutations that either decrease or increase T-box factor activity . By learning more about how T-box transcription factors ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cell", "fate", "determination", "dna", "transcr...	2011	The Caenorhabditis elegans T-Box Factor MLS-1 Requires Groucho Co-Repressor Interaction for Uterine Muscle Specification
Individuals in the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease are considered to have mortality rates similar to those of the overall population . This study compares mortality rates among blood donors seropositive for Chagas disease and negative controls in the city of São Paulo , Brazil . This is a retrospective cohort stu...	Chagas disease is classified as one of the 17 most important neglected diseases by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The majority of infected individuals live in 21 countries of Central and South America . Estimates of mortality attributable to Chagas disease vary considerably ( between 0 . 2% and 19 . 2% annuall...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "demography", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "health", "care", "protozoan...	2017	Mortality among blood donors seropositive and seronegative for Chagas disease (1996–2000) in São Paulo, Brazil: A death certificate linkage study
Bromodomain and Extra-terminal motif ( BET ) proteins play a central role in transcription regulation and chromatin signalling pathways . They are present in unicellular eukaryotes and in this study , the role of the BET protein Bdf1 has been explored in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mutation of Bdf1 bromodomains revealed...	Chromatin modifying proteins play a central role in transcription regulation and chromatin signalling . In this study we investigated the functional role of the bromodomains of the chromatin protein Bdf1 during yeast gametogenesis . Our results show that the bromodomains of Bdf1 are essential for meiotic progression an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "dna-binding", "proteins", "dna", "transcription", "mutation", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "epigenetics", "chromatin", "saccharomy...	2017	Bdf1 Bromodomains Are Essential for Meiosis and the Expression of Meiotic-Specific Genes
Genome-wide studies of post-transcriptional mRNA regulation in model organisms indicate a “post-transcriptional RNA regulon” model , in which a set of functionally related genes is regulated by mRNA–binding RNAs or proteins . One well-studied post-transcriptional regulon by Puf3p functions in mitochondrial biogenesis i...	It is well known that the evolution of gene expression can account for significant phenotypic diversity among species . Gene expression is regulated at various levels . Many studies have demonstrated gene expression changes caused by mutations in transcription . Post-transcriptional regulation is also crucial for splic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics" ]	2010	Tinkering Evolution of Post-Transcriptional RNA Regulons: Puf3p in Fungi as an Example
Rickettsia africae , the etiological agent of African tick bite fever , is widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa . Contrary to reports of its homogeneity , a localized study in Asembo , Kenya recently reported high genetic diversity . The present study aims to elucidate the extent of this heterogeneity by examining ...	Rickettsia africae is a bacterium mainly vectored by Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus species of ticks . It is the etiological agent of African tick bite fever ( ATBF ) , a spotted fever rickettsiosis that presents as an acute febrile illness characterized by petecheal skin hemorrhages , from which the name is derived . Thi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "taxonomy", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ixodes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "rickettsia", "animals", "phylogenetics", "data", "management", "signs", "and", "symptoms...	2016	Phylogenetic Variants of Rickettsia africae, and Incidental Identification of "Candidatus Rickettsia Moyalensis" in Kenya
Although the causes of Parkinson's disease ( PD ) are thought to be primarily environmental , recent studies suggest that a number of genes influence susceptibility . Using targeted case recruitment and online survey instruments , we conducted the largest case-control genome-wide association study ( GWAS ) of PD based ...	We conducted a large genome-wide association study ( GWAS ) of Parkinson's disease ( PD ) with over 3 , 400 cases and 29 , 000 controls ( the largest single PD GWAS cohort to date ) . We report two novel genetic associations and replicate a total of twenty previously described associations , showing that there are now ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "neurological", "disorders", "neurology", "genetics", "parkinson", "disease", "biology", "human", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Web-Based Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Loci and a Substantial Genetic Component for Parkinson's Disease
Long interspersed elements ( LINEs ) are transposable elements that proliferate within eukaryotic genomes , having a large impact on eukaryotic genome evolution . LINEs mobilize via a process called retrotransposition . Although the role of the LINE-encoded protein ( s ) in retrotransposition has been extensively inves...	Long interspersed elements ( LINEs ) are transposable elements that mobilize and amplify their own copies within eukaryotic genomes . Although LINEs had been considered as “junk” DNA , recent studies have suggested that the LINE-induced alterations of host chromosomes are a major driving force for eukaryotic genome evo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "molecular", "biology/dna", "repair" ]	2009	Genetic Evidence That the Non-Homologous End-Joining Repair Pathway Is Involved in LINE Retrotransposition
Simian-human immunodeficiency virus ( SHIV ) challenge stocks are critical for preclinical testing of vaccines , antibodies , and other interventions aimed to prevent HIV-1 . A major unmet need for the field has been the lack of a SHIV challenge stock expressing circulating recombinant form 01_AE ( CRF01_AE ) env seque...	In this study , we generated and evaluated novel simian-human immunodeficiency virus ( SHIV ) challenge stocks expressing env sequences from HIV-1 strains from Thailand . The lack of such SHIV challenge stocks has been a major unmet need for the field and has hindered progress to evaluate strategies aimed at preventing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ccr5", "coreceptor", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodefi...	2016	Production of Mucosally Transmissible SHIV Challenge Stocks from HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form 01_AE env Sequences
The wMel strain of Wolbachia bacteria is known to prevent dengue and Zika virus transmission in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti . Accordingly , the release of wMel-infected A . aegypti in endemic regions has been recommended by the World Health Organization as a potential strategy for controlling dengue and Zika outb...	The proposed arbovirus biocontrol strategy of releasing mosquitoes infected with the wMel strain of Wolbachia bacteria promises to reduce the transmission of dengue and Zika viruses , but its utility in the field may be limited by the local environment . We show that when Aedes aegypti infected with wMel experience hig...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "dengue", "virus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "manufacturing", "processes", "microbiology", "animals", "wolbachia", "vir...	2016	Heat Sensitivity of wMel Wolbachia during Aedes aegypti Development
Changes in tissue homeostasis , acquisition of invasive cell characteristics , and tumor formation can often be linked to the loss of epithelial cell polarity . In carcinogenesis , the grade of neoplasia correlates with impaired cell polarity . In Drosophila , lethal giant larvae ( lgl ) , discs large ( dlg ) , and scr...	In metazoans , the body surface and linings of several organs are formed from membranous tissue called epithelia . The functions of epithelia include secretion , absorption , and protection . Epithelial cells exhibit polarized distribution of several proteins , which is essential for their function . In carcinomas , wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "biology/small", "molecule", "chemistry", "oncology", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics"...	2009	Lgl2 Executes Its Function as a Tumor Suppressor by Regulating ErbB Signaling in the Zebrafish Epidermis
Rift Valley Fever ( RVF ) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis , which may cause significant losses for the livestock sector and have serious public health implications . Egypt has been repeatedly affected by RVF epidemics , mainly associated to the importation of animals from sub-Saharan countries , where the disease is endem...	Rift Valley Fever ( RVF ) is a mosquito-transmitted disease , which may affect animals ( ruminants and camels ) and cause severe disease . Egypt has been affected by RVF in the past , and it is considered at risk because of the importation of animals from endemic countries . We developed a map of the risk of RVFV trans...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rift", "valley", "fever", "virus", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ruminants", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "sudan", "animals", "mammals", "viruses", "vaccines", "rna", ...	2018	Understanding the legal trade of cattle and camels and the derived risk of Rift Valley Fever introduction into and transmission within Egypt
In multicellular organisms , cell type diversity and fate depend on specific sets of transcript isoforms generated by post-transcriptional RNA processing . Here , we used Schmidtea mediterranea , a flatworm with extraordinary regenerative abilities and a large pool of adult stem cells , as an in vivo model to study the...	Stem cells not only give rise to all specialized cell types of the body through differentiation but also to new stem cells through the process of self-renewal . Modifications of messenger RNAs ( mRNAs ) following their transcription play an important role in a stem cell’s decision between self-renewal and differentiati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "invertebrates", "rna", "interference", "engineering", "and", "technology", "electronics", "integrators", "animals", "cell", "differentiation", "small", "nuclear", "rna", "developmental", "biology", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "epigenetics",...	2018	The Integrator complex regulates differential snRNA processing and fate of adult stem cells in the highly regenerative planarian Schmidtea mediterranea
The London Declaration on neglected tropical diseases was based in part on a new World Health Organization roadmap to “sustain , expand and extend drug access programmes to ensure the necessary supply of drugs and other interventions to help control by 2020” . Large drug donations from the pharmaceutical industry form ...	Large donations of drugs to treat soil-transmitted helminths ( STHs , intestinal worms ) means that many more school-aged children will be treated , improving their well-being and development . These children will have to be repeatedly treated since reinfection will occur due to contaminated environments in the absence...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "soil-transmitted", "helminths", "parasitic", "diseases", "population", "modeling", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "com...	2013	How Effective Is School-Based Deworming for the Community-Wide Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminths?
Molting , or the replacement of the old exoskeleton with a new cuticle , is a complex developmental process that all insects must undergo to allow unhindered growth and development . Prior to each molt , the developing new cuticle must resist the actions of potent chitinolytic enzymes that degrade the overlying old cut...	The outer shell of an insect serves both as protective skin and rigid exoskeleton that must be periodically replaced with a new , larger one during development . During this molting process , the inner layers of the old exoskeleton are digested and recycled , while the outer layers are discarded . Secretion of the new ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "biology" ]	2013	Retroactive Maintains Cuticle Integrity by Promoting the Trafficking of Knickkopf into the Procuticle of Tribolium castaneum
CD8+ T cells mediate immunity against Plasmodium liver stages . However , the paucity of parasite-specific epitopes of CD8+ T cells has limited our current understanding of the mechanisms influencing the generation , maintenance and efficiency of these responses . To identify antigenic epitopes in a stringent murine ma...	Vaccination against malaria is feasible , as demonstrated with radiation-attenuated sporozoite vaccine , which protects experimental animals and humans by targeting the clinically silent liver stages . Potent protection largely depends on CD8+ T cells , a type of white blood cell that is tailor-made to kill obligate in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "immune", "cells", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parastic", "protozoans", "vaccines", "adaptive", "immunity", "vaccination", "infectious", "diseases", "t", "cells", "biology", "clinical", "immunology", ...	2013	Identification of Targets of CD8+ T Cell Responses to Malaria Liver Stages by Genome-wide Epitope Profiling
TIA-1 positive stress granules ( SG ) represent the storage sites of stalled mRNAs and are often associated with the cellular antiviral response . In this report , we provide evidence that Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) overcomes the host antiviral response by inhibition of SG formation via a viral ly...	Mammalian RNA granules , including stress granules ( SG ) , are important components of the host cell antiviral responses and their assembly is widely counteracted by RNA viruses . In Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV ) lytically infected B cells , we found that KSHV infection inhibits the assembly of SG b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "transfection", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "nuclear", "staining", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "hela", "cells", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "viruses", "dna", "viruses", "cell", "cultures", "mol...	2017	KSHV inhibits stress granule formation by viral ORF57 blocking PKR activation
A multi-phased study was conducted in Cambodia from 2005–2011 to measure the impact of larviciding with the bacterial larvicide , Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis ( Bti ) , a water dispersible granule ( WG ) formulation on the vector , Aedes aegypti ( L . ) and the epidemiology . In our studies , all in-use container...	Aedes aegypti is responsible for global dengue outbreaks in the recent years . It is also the vector of Zika virus , which may be associated with the thousands of microcephaly cases in Latin America . At the moment , dengue prevention and control solely depends on vector control measures . Ae aegypti thrives in all typ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "larvicides", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "binders", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "bacillus", "microbiology", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "pupae", "materials", "science", "...	2016	Bacterial Larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Strain AM 65-52 Water Dispersible Granule Formulation Impacts Both Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) Population Density and Disease Transmission in Cambodia
Brassinosteroids ( BRs ) regulate rice plant architecture , including leaf bending , which affects grain yield . Although BR signaling has been investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana , the components negatively regulating this pathway are less well understood . Here , we demonstrate that Oryza sativa LEAF and TILLER ANGL...	Brassinosteroids ( BRs ) are phytohormones mediating multiple biological processes , such as development and stress response . They have been used in crops to produce high yield . In rice , the ideal plant architecture for high yield includes effective tillers , as well as height and leaf angle , which is modulated by ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "biology", "crop", "genetics", "plant", "science", "rice", "model", "organisms", "cereals", "crops", "plants", "flowering", "plants", "leafs", "plant", "genetics", "biology", "agriculture", "plant", "and", "algal", ...	2012	Dynamics of Brassinosteroid Response Modulated by Negative Regulator LIC in Rice
The highly conserved bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) signaling pathway regulates many developmental and homeostatic processes . While the core components of the BMP pathway have been well studied , much research is needed for understanding the mechanisms involved in the precise spatiotemporal control of BMP signalin...	Bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) signaling regulates multiple developmental and homeostatic processes . Misregulation of this pathway can cause various diseases , including cancers . Thus , it is essential to understand how BMP signaling is tightly regulated spatiotemporally in vivo . We have identified a highly cons...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "caenorhabditis", "animals", "notch", "signaling", "plasmid", "construction", "animal", "models", "organisms", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "physiological", "paramete...	2017	Two Paralogous Tetraspanins TSP-12 and TSP-14 Function with the ADAM10 Metalloprotease SUP-17 to Promote BMP Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
It is often claimed that pair bonds preferentially form between individuals that resemble one another . Such assortative mating appears to be widespread throughout the animal kingdom . Yet it is unclear whether the apparent ubiquity of assortative mating arises primarily from mate choice ( “like attracts like” ) , whic...	Research on mate choice in birds has attracted much attention , partly because many birds form monogamous pair bonds like humans do . Human mate choice is characterized by the phenomenon of “like attracts like , ” meaning that partners resemble each other in multiple ways ( “assortative mating” ) . Assortative mating i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "statistics", "metaanalysis", "vertebrates", "animals", "geoinformatics", "animal", "models", "mathematics", "physiological", "parameters", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "zebra", "...	2019	Scrutinizing assortative mating in birds
Oxidative stress is unavoidable for aerobic organisms . When abiotic and biotic stresses are encountered , oxidative damage could occur in cells . To avoid this damage , defense mechanisms must be timely and efficiently modulated . While the response to oxidative stress has been extensively studied in plants , little i...	Oxidative stress is a major stress in plant cells when biotic and abiotic stresses are imposed . While the response to oxidative stress has been extensively studied , little is known about how the activated response is switched off when oxidative stress is diminished . By studying Arabidopsis mutant paraquat tolerance3...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "oxidative", "stress", "enzymes", "brassica", "enzymology", "plant", "physiology", "ubiquitin", "ligases", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "plant", "pathology", "seedlings", "epigenetics", "pla...	2016	PARAQUAT TOLERANCE3 Is an E3 Ligase That Switches off Activated Oxidative Response by Targeting Histone-Modifying PROTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASE4b
Dengue virus ( DENV ) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and a major international public health concern in many tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide . DENV is divided into four major serotypes , and infection with one serotype leads to immunity against the same , but not the other serotypes . The specific diagnosis o...	The serological diagnosis of dengue is severely complicated by cross-reactivity between antibodies against different flaviviruses . Currently available tests cannot rule out false positive results due to infections or vaccinations with related pathogens such as West Nile virus or Yellow Fever virus . Most cross-reactiv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Recombinant Envelope-Proteins with Mutations in the Conserved Fusion Loop Allow Specific Serological Diagnosis of Dengue-Infections
Tumors are defined by their intense proliferation , but sometimes cancer cells turn senescent and stop replicating . In the stochastic cancer model in which all cells are tumorigenic , senescence is seen as the result of random mutations , suggesting that it could represent a barrier to tumor growth . In the hierarchic...	It is commonly believed that cell senescence – the loss of replicative capacity of cells – acts as a barrier for tumor growth . Here we follow the evolution of senescence markers in melanoma cells and find that while most cancer cells eventually turn senescent , this is at root irrelevant for the long-term growth rate ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "oncology", "medicine", "mathematics", "cell", "biology", "cellular", "types", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "population", "biology", "probability", "theory" ]	2012	Senescent Cells in Growing Tumors: Population Dynamics and Cancer Stem Cells

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