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The correct establishment and maintenance of unidirectional Notch signaling are critical for the homeostasis of various stem cell lineages . However , the molecular mechanisms that prevent cell-autonomous ectopic Notch signaling activation and deleterious cell fate decisions remain unclear . Here we show that the retro...	Most cells in the animal body are tailored to perform particular tasks , but stem cells have not yet made their choice . Instead , they have unlimited capacity to divide and , with the right signals , they can start to specialize to become a given type of cells . In the brain , this process starts with a stem cell divi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2018	The retromer complex safeguards against neural progenitor-derived tumorigenesis by regulating Notch receptor trafficking
The mechanisms linking maternal stress in pregnancy with infant neurodevelopment in a sexually dimorphic manner are poorly understood . We tested the hypothesis that maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity , measured by hair cortisol concentration ( HCC ) , is associated with microstructure , structural c...	Stress during pregnancy , for example because of mental or physical disorders , can have long-term effects on child development . Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals exposed to stress in the womb are at higher risk of developmental and mood conditions , such as ADHD and depression . This effect is diffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Maternal cortisol is associated with neonatal amygdala microstructure and connectivity in a sexually dimorphic manner
The general translation initiation factor eIF2 is a major translational control point . Multiple signaling pathways in the integrated stress response phosphorylate eIF2 serine-51 , inhibiting nucleotide exchange by eIF2B . ISRIB , a potent drug-like small molecule , renders cells insensitive to eIF2α phosphorylation an...	Proteins are often described as life's ‘workhorse’ molecules , and cells must be able to build new proteins to stay alive . This ability is also vital for storing new memories . A protein called eIF2 carries out a critical step in the process that cells use to make proteins; and a decrease in the activity of eIF2 has b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Pharmacological dimerization and activation of the exchange factor eIF2B antagonizes the integrated stress response
The chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 plays critical roles in lysosomal homeostasis and bone regeneration and its mutation can lead to osteopetrosis , lysosomal storage disease and neurological disorders . In lysosomes and the ruffled border of osteoclasts , CLC-7 requires a β-subunit , OSTM1 , for stability and activity...	Inside the cells of mammals , acidic compartments called lysosomes are responsible for breaking down large molecules and worn-out cells parts so their components can be used again . Similar to lysosomes , specialized cells called osteoclasts require an acidic environment to degrade tissues in the bone . Both osteoclast...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Cryo-EM structure of the lysosomal chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 in complex with OSTM1
The genome-scale transcriptional programs that specify the mammalian trachea and esophagus are unknown . Though NKX2-1 and SOX2 are hypothesized to be co-repressive master regulators of tracheoesophageal fates , this is untested at a whole transcriptomic scale and their downstream networks remain unidentified . By comb...	The trachea or windpipe is a tube that connects the throat to the lungs , while the esophagus connects the throat to the stomach . The trachea has cartilage rings that help to ensure clear airflow to the lungs , while the esophagus walls are lined with muscles that help to move food to the stomach . Although there are ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Delineating the early transcriptional specification of the mammalian trachea and esophagus
Porokeratosis ( PK ) is a heterogeneous group of keratinization disorders . No causal genes except MVK have been identified , even though the disease was linked to several genomic loci . Here , we performed massively parallel sequencing and exonic CNV screening of 12 isoprenoid genes in 134 index PK patients ( 61 famil...	Porokeratosis refers to a group of around twenty skin conditions that involve a build-up of a protein called keratin in skin cells . Keratin forms the tough fibres that give strength to hair and nails , and people suffering from porokeratosis develop hardened skin lesions . Porokeratosis is an uncommon condition; most ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Genomic variations of the mevalonate pathway in porokeratosis
The experience of rewarding or aversive stimuli is encoded by distinct afferents to dopamine ( DA ) neurons of the ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) . Several neuromodulatory systems including oxytocin regulate DA neuron excitability and synaptic transmission that process socially meaningful stimuli . We and others have r...	The mammalian brain contains millions of nerve cells or neurons that communicate with each other via a process called neurotransmission . To send a message to its neighbor , a neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter into the space between the cells . The neurotransmitter then binds to receiver proteins on ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Oxytocin functions as a spatiotemporal filter for excitatory synaptic inputs to VTA dopamine neurons
Cerebral small vessel disease ( SVD ) is a leading cause of stroke and dementia . CADASIL , an inherited SVD , alters cerebral artery function , compromising blood flow to the working brain . TIMP3 ( tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 ) accumulation in the vascular extracellular matrix in CADASIL is a key contribu...	There are currently no effective treatments or cures for small blood vessel diseases of the brain , which lead to strokes and subsequent decreases in mental abilities . Normally , smooth muscle cells that surround the vessels relax or contract to regulate blood flow and ensure the right amount of oxygen and nutrients r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Mechanistic insights into a TIMP3-sensitive pathway constitutively engaged in the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics
Lytic transglycosylases ( LT ) are enzymes involved in peptidoglycan ( PG ) remodeling . However , their contribution to cell-wall-modifying complexes and their potential as antimicrobial drug targets remains unclear . Here , we determined a high-resolution structure of the LT , an outer membrane lipoprotein from Neiss...	Bacteria are surrounded by a tough yet flexible wall that protects the cell and serves as an anchor for several of the cell’s structures . This cell wall contains a large mesh-like molecule called peptidoglycan made of many repeated building blocks . When a bacterial cell divides in two , it needs to make more of this ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Defective lytic transglycosylase disrupts cell morphogenesis by hindering cell wall de-O-acetylation in Neisseria meningitidis
Midbrain dopamine neurons have been proposed to signal reward prediction errors as defined in temporal difference ( TD ) learning algorithms . While these models have been extremely powerful in interpreting dopamine activity , they typically do not use value derived through inference in computing errors . This is impor...	Learning is driven by discrepancies between what we think is going to happen and what actually happens . These discrepancies , or ‘prediction errors’ , trigger changes in the brain that support learning . These errors are signaled by neurons in the midbrain – called dopamine neurons – that fire rapidly in response to u...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Midbrain dopamine neurons compute inferred and cached value prediction errors in a common framework
Hotspot mutations of Ras drive cell transformation and tumorigenesis . Less frequent mutations in Ras are poorly characterized for their oncogenic potential . Yet insight into their mechanism of action may point to novel opportunities to target Ras . Here , we show that several cancer-associated mutations in the switch...	Cancer is a disease that develops when cells within the body acquire genetic mutations that allow them to grow and divide rapidly . Many human cancers have mutations in a gene that encodes a protein called Ras , which promotes cell growth and division by controlling the activities of other proteins . Ras congregates at...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Specific cancer-associated mutations in the switch III region of Ras increase tumorigenicity by nanocluster augmentation
CRISPR/Cas9 can be used for precise genetic knock-in of epitope tags into endogenous genes , simplifying experimental analysis of protein function . However , Cas9-assisted epitope tagging in primary mammalian cell cultures is often inefficient and reliant on plasmid-based selection strategies . Here , we demonstrate i...	Genes are often referred to as the blueprints of life . Understanding the role of the genes in human cells is one of the major goals of biology . Recent advances in gene editing technologies , such as CRISPR/Cas9 , mean scientists can now edit or delete precise sections within human genes , similar to how we edit words...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	An efficient and scalable pipeline for epitope tagging in mammalian stem cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein
A key point to regulate gene expression is at transcription initiation , and activators play a major role . CarD , an essential activator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis , is found in many bacteria , including Thermus species , but absent in Escherichia coli . To delineate the molecular mechanism of CarD , we determined ...	Inside cells , molecules of double-stranded DNA encode the instructions needed to make proteins . To make a protein , the two strands of DNA that make up a gene are separated and one strand acts as a template to make molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid ( or mRNA for short ) . This process is called transcription . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	CarD uses a minor groove wedge mechanism to stabilize the RNA polymerase open promoter complex
Vaccines induce memory B-cells that provide high affinity secondary antibody responses to identical antigens . Memory B-cells can also re-instigate affinity maturation , but how this happens against antigenic variants is poorly understood despite its potential impact on driving broadly protective immunity against patho...	Many devastating infectious diseases are caused by viruses that change over time . When a vaccine exists , it usually protects against a particular strain of virus , but often fails to defend against new versions of the microbe . This is why the flu vaccine has to be ‘updated’ every year , for example . Vaccines rely o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Variant proteins stimulate more IgM+ GC B-cells revealing a mechanism of cross-reactive recognition by antibody memory
To improve chemical cross-linking of proteins coupled with mass spectrometry ( CXMS ) , we developed a lysine-targeted enrichable cross-linker containing a biotin tag for affinity purification , a chemical cleavage site to separate cross-linked peptides away from biotin after enrichment , and a spacer arm that can be l...	Proteins fold into structures that are determined by the order of the amino acids that they are built from . These structures enable the protein to carry out its role , which often involves interacting with other proteins . Chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry ( CXMS ) is a powerful method used to stud...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	Trifunctional cross-linker for mapping protein-protein interaction networks and comparing protein conformational states
The small signaling molecule auxin controls numerous developmental processes in land plants , acting mostly by regulating gene expression . Auxin response proteins are represented by large families of diverse functions , but neither their origin nor their evolution is understood . Here , we use a deep phylogenomics app...	Across all kingdoms of life , signaling molecules like hormones , for example , control many aspects of the lives of organisms , including how they grow and develop . Cells have dedicated proteins that can recognize the signaling molecules , relay the information , and respond to the signal , for example by switching g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Origin and evolution of the nuclear auxin response system
The effects of land use on soil invertebrates – an important ecosystem component – are poorly understood . We investigated land-use impacts on a comprehensive range of soil invertebrates across New Zealand , measured using DNA metabarcoding and six biodiversity metrics . Rarity and phylogenetic rarity – direct measures...	Living within the Earth’s soil are millions of insects , worms and other invertebrates , which help keep the ground healthy and fertile . There is a growing concern that changing land-use habits , such as agriculture and urban development , are causing these populations of invertebrates to decline . However , to what e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2020	Rarity is a more reliable indicator of land-use impacts on soil invertebrate communities than other diversity metrics
Metabolic network rewiring is the rerouting of metabolism through the use of alternate enzymes to adjust pathway flux and accomplish specific anabolic or catabolic objectives . Here , we report the first characterization of two parallel pathways for the breakdown of the short chain fatty acid propionate in Caenorhabdit...	Inborn errors of metabolism are human genetic diseases that cause developmental delays and are usually fatal . Propionic acidemia is an inborn error of metabolism where propionate , a byproduct created during the breakdown of fat and proteins , cannot be broken down efficiently . As a result , propionate builds up to t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Metabolic network rewiring of propionate flux compensates vitamin B12 deficiency in C. elegans
Most perceptual decisions require comparisons between current input and an internal template . Classic studies propose that templates are encoded in sustained activity of sensory neurons . However , stimulus encoding is itself dynamic , tracing a complex trajectory through activity space . Which part of this trajectory...	Imagine searching for your house keys on a cluttered desk . Your eyes scan different items until they eventually find the keys you are looking for . How the brain represents an internal template of the target of your search ( the keys , in this example ) has been a much-debated topic in neuroscience for the past 30 yea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Testing sensory evidence against mnemonic templates
Electroencephalogram ( EEG ) approaches may provide important information about developmental changes in brain-state dynamics during general anesthesia . We used multi-electrode EEG , analyzed with multitaper spectral methods and video recording of body movement to characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of brain act...	Every year about 200 , 000 infants in the United States are given general anesthesia during their first year of life . Though anesthesia is essential to control pain during surgery and other medical procedures on infants , it involves some risks . There are some controversial studies suggesting that repeated anesthetic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Age-dependent electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns during sevoflurane general anesthesia in infants
Despite the critical role of endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling during central nervous system ( CNS ) vascularization , how endothelial cells sense and respond to specific Wnt ligands and what aspects of the multistep process of intra-cerebral blood vessel morphogenesis are controlled by these angiogenic signals remai...	Organs develop alongside the network of blood vessels that supply them with oxygen and nutrients . One way that new blood vessels grow is by sprouting out of the side of an existing vessel , via a process called angiogenesis . This process relies on signals that are received by the endothelial cells that line the inner...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Tip cell-specific requirement for an atypical Gpr124- and Reck-dependent Wnt/β-catenin pathway during brain angiogenesis
Fluoroquinolones ( FQ ) are the recommended antimicrobial treatment for typhoid , a severe systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi . FQ-resistance mutations in S . Typhi have become common , hindering treatment and control efforts . Using in vitro competition experiments , we assaye...	The fluoroquinolones are a group of antimicrobials that are used to treat a variety of life-threatening bacterial infections , including typhoid fever . Before the introduction of antimicrobials , the mortality rate from typhoid fever was 10–20% . Prompt treatment with fluoroquinolones has reduced this to less than 1% ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	Fitness benefits in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi in the absence of antimicrobial pressure
Daily rhythms of food anticipatory activity ( FAA ) are regulated independently of the suprachiasmatic nucleus , which mediates entrainment of rhythms to light , but the neural circuits that establish FAA remain elusive . In this study , we show that mice lacking the dopamine D1 receptor ( D1R KO mice ) manifest greatl...	If you have ever traveled a long distance by plane , you will likely be familiar with jet lag . This disorientating sensation occurs because our brains have ‘internal clocks’ that keep track of the day–night cycle and control when we feel most tired or most alert . Flying rapidly from one time zone to another causes th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Dopamine receptor 1 neurons in the dorsal striatum regulate food anticipatory circadian activity rhythms in mice
Tissue microenvironment functions as an important determinant of the inflammatory response elicited by the resident cells . Yet , the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure . Our systems-level analyses identified a duration code that instructs stimulus specific crosstalk between TLR4-activated canonical NF-κB p...	The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against infection and disease . Innate immune cells are found in every tissue type , poised to respond immediately to damaged , stressed , or infected host cells . When innate immune cells recognize any injury or infection , one of the first things they do is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2015	Stimulus-selective crosstalk via the NF-κB signaling system reinforces innate immune response to alleviate gut infection
Somatic copy number alterations ( CNAs ) are a hallmark of cancer , but their role in tumorigenesis and clinical relevance remain largely unclear . Here , we developed CNApp , a web-based tool that allows a comprehensive exploration of CNAs by using purity-corrected segmented data from multiple genomic platforms . CNAp...	In most cases , human cells contain two copies of each of their genes , yet sometimes this can change , an effect called copy number alteration ( CNA ) . Cancer is a genetic disease and thus , studying the DNA from tumor samples is crucial to improving diagnosis and choosing the right treatment . Most tumors contain ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	CNApp, a tool for the quantification of copy number alterations and integrative analysis revealing clinical implications
PHF13 is a chromatin affiliated protein with a functional role in differentiation , cell division , DNA damage response and higher chromatin order . To gain insight into PHF13's ability to modulate these processes , we elucidate the mechanisms targeting PHF13 to chromatin , its genome wide localization and its molecula...	In human and other eukaryotic cells , DNA is packaged around proteins called histones to form a structure known as chromatin . Chemical tags added to the histones alter how the DNA is packaged and the activity of the genes encoded by that DNA . For example , many active genes are packaged around histone H3 proteins tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	PHF13 is a molecular reader and transcriptional co-regulator of H3K4me2/3
Injured mature CNS axons do not regenerate in mammals . Deletion of PTEN , the negative regulator of PI3K , induces CNS axon regeneration through the activation of PI3K-mTOR signaling . We have conducted an extensive molecular dissection of the cross-regulating mechanisms in axon regeneration that involve the downstrea...	The central nervous system consists of the neurons that make up the brain and spinal cord . An important part of a neuron is the long , slender projection along which electrical signals travel , called the axon . In the central nervous system of mammals , damaged axons cannot regrow , which is why spinal injuries or op...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	mTORC1 is necessary but mTORC2 and GSK3β are inhibitory for AKT3-induced axon regeneration in the central nervous system
Synthetic strategies for optically controlling gene expression may enable the precise spatiotemporal control of genes in any combination of cells that cannot be targeted with specific promoters . We develop an improved genetic code expansion system in Caenorhabditis elegans and use it to create a photoactivatable Cre r...	Animal behaviour and movement emerges from the stimulation of nerve cells that are connected together like a circuit . Researchers use various tools to investigate these neural networks in model organisms such as roundworms , fruit flies and zebrafish . The trick is to activate some nerve cells , but not others , so as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Precise optical control of gene expression in C elegans using improved genetic code expansion and Cre recombinase
We studied the role of the synaptic ribbon for sound encoding at the synapses between inner hair cells ( IHCs ) and spiral ganglion neurons ( SGNs ) in mice lacking RIBEYE ( RBEKO/KO ) . Electron and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a lack of synaptic ribbons and an assembly of several small active zones ( AZs ) ...	Our sense of hearing relies on our ears quickly and tirelessly processing information in a precise manner . Sounds cause vibrations in a part of the inner ear called the cochlea . Inside the cochlea , the vibrations move hair-like structures on sensory cells that translate these movements into electrical signals . Thes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	The synaptic ribbon is critical for sound encoding at high rates and with temporal precision
We discovered that optical stimulation of the mystacial pad in Emx1-Cre;Ai27D transgenic mice induces whisker movements due to activation of ChR2 expressed in muscles controlling retraction and protraction . Using high-speed videography in anesthetized mice , we characterize the amplitude of whisker protractions evoked...	Mice use their whiskers to sense their environment and to detect nearby objects . Rather than simply allowing their whiskers to brush passively against objects , mice move them in rhythmic bursts in a process called whisking . Whisking enables neuroscientists to study how the brain gathers and processes actively acquir...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Peripheral optogenetic stimulation induces whisker movement and sensory perception in head-fixed mice
The extinct ‘New World stilt-legged’ , or NWSL , equids constitute a perplexing group of Pleistocene horses endemic to North America . Their slender distal limb bones resemble those of Asiatic asses , such as the Persian onager . Previous palaeogenetic studies , however , have suggested a closer relationship to caballi...	The horse family – which also includes zebras , donkeys and asses – is often featured on the pages of textbooks about evolution . All living horses belong to a group , or genus , called Equus . The fossil record shows how the ancestors of these animals evolved from dog-sized , three-toed browsers to larger , one-toed g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America
The P2X7 channel is involved in the pathogenesis of various CNS diseases . An increasing number of studies suggest its presence in neurons where its putative functions remain controversial for more than a decade . To resolve this issue and to provide a model for analysis of P2X7 functions , we generated P2X7 BAC transg...	The human body relies on a molecule called ATP as an energy source and as a messenger . When cells die , for example if they are damaged or because of inflammation , they release large amounts of ATP into their environment . Their neighbors can detect the outpouring of ATP through specific receptors , the proteins that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Re-evaluation of neuronal P2X7 expression using novel mouse models and a P2X7-specific nanobody
Biomedical and clinical sciences are experiencing a renewed interest in the fact that males and females differ in many anatomic , physiological , and behavioural traits . Sex differences in trait variability , however , are yet to receive similar recognition . In medical science , mammalian females are assumed to have ...	Males and females differ in appearance , physiology and behavior . But we do not fully understand the health and evolutionary consequences of these differences . One reason for this is that , until recently , females were often excluded from medical studies . This made it difficult to know if a treatment would perform ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	Sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications
The factors that govern assembly of the gut microbiota are insufficiently understood . Here , we test the hypothesis that inter-individual microbiota variation can arise solely from differences in the order and timing by which the gut is colonized early in life . Experiments in which mice were inoculated in sequence ei...	The microbial community living in the gastrointestinal tract of humans , also known as the gut microbiome , is essential for health . Disturbances of this community can lead to chronic diseases . Each person has a unique and stable community of gut microbes that is as personal as a ‘fingerprint’ . Studies have shown th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2018	Experimental evaluation of the importance of colonization history in early-life gut microbiota assembly
Meiotic drivers are selfish genes that bias their transmission into gametes , defying Mendelian inheritance . Despite the significant impact of these genomic parasites on evolution and infertility , few meiotic drive loci have been identified or mechanistically characterized . Here , we demonstrate a complex landscape ...	Animals , plants and fungi produce sex cells – known as gametes – when they are preparing to reproduce . These cells are made when cells containing two copies of every gene in the organism divide to produce new cells that each only have one copy of each gene . Therefore , a particular gene copy usually has a 50% chance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2017	wtf genes are prolific dual poison-antidote meiotic drivers
Fusion of skeletal muscle stem/progenitor cells is required for proper development and regeneration , however the significance of this process during adult muscle hypertrophy has not been explored . In response to muscle overload after synergist ablation in mice , we show that myomaker , a muscle specific membrane prot...	Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity to adapt to a variety of stimuli , including an ability to become larger and stronger through exercise . In embryos , new muscles develop from muscle stem cells , which either replicate themselves or “differentiate” into mature muscle cells . Adult muscles also contain stem cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Requirement of myomaker-mediated stem cell fusion for skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Socially-conveyed rules and instructions strongly shape expectations and emotions . Yet most neuroscientific studies of learning consider reinforcement history alone , irrespective of knowledge acquired through other means . We examined fear conditioning and reversal in humans to test whether instructed knowledge modul...	Around the start of the twentieth century , Pavlov discovered that dogs salivate upon hearing a bell that has previously signaled that food is available . This phenomenon , in which a neutral stimulus ( the bell ) becomes associated with a particular outcome ( such as food ) , is known as classical conditioning . The n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Instructed knowledge shapes feedback-driven aversive learning in striatum and orbitofrontal cortex, but not the amygdala
Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , the second most deadly vector-borne parasitic disease . A recent epidemic in the Indian subcontinent ( ISC ) caused up to 80% of global VL and over 30 , 000 deaths per year . Resistance against antimonial drugs has probably been a contributing factor in the per...	The parasite Leishmania donovani causes a disease called visceral leishmaniasis that affects many of the world's poorest people . Around half a million new cases develop every year , but health authorities lack safe and effective drugs to treat them . Up to 80% of these cases occur in the Indian subcontinent , where de...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2016	Evolutionary genomics of epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent
Sleep plays a crucial role in the consolidation of newly acquired memories . Yet , how our brain selects the noteworthy information that will be consolidated during sleep remains largely unknown . Here we show that post-learning sleep favors the selectivity of long-term consolidation: when tested three months after ini...	Fresh memories are strengthened while we sleep . However , we don’t remember every detail of our daily life experiences . Instead , it is essential that we retain information that promotes our survival , such as what we call "rewards" ( including food , money or sex ) and dangers that we should avoid . Igloi et al . so...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2015	A nap to recap or how reward regulates hippocampal-prefrontal memory networks during daytime sleep in humans
Combining rabies-virus tracing , optical clearing ( CLARITY ) , and whole-brain light-sheet imaging , we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to different targets ( different parts of the striatum , cortex , amygdala , etc ) in mice . We found that most populations of dopamine neurons ...	Most neurons send their messages to recipient neurons by releasing a substance called a ‘neurotransmitter’ that binds to receptors on the target cell . The sites of this type of signal transmission are called synapses . Some small populations of neurons modulate the activity of hundreds or thousands of these synapses a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an anatomically distinct subclass
Toc75 plays a central role in chloroplast biogenesis in plants as the membrane channel of the protein import translocon at the outer envelope of chloroplasts ( TOC ) . Toc75 is a member of the Omp85 family of bacterial and organellar membrane insertases , characterized by N-terminal POTRA ( polypeptide-transport associ...	Chloroplasts are a hallmark feature of plant cells and the sites of photosynthesis – the process in which plants harness the energy in sunlight for their own needs . The first chloroplasts arose when a photosynthetic bacterium was engulfed by another host cell , and most of the original bacterial genes have been transf...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Multi-functional roles for the polypeptide transport associated domains of Toc75 in chloroplast protein import
Shigella flexneri is the most common cause of bacterial dysentery in low-income countries . Despite this , S . flexneri remains largely unexplored from a genomic standpoint and is still described using a vocabulary based on serotyping reactions developed over half-a-century ago . Here we combine whole genome sequencing...	Dysentery is a disease in which the intestine becomes inflamed due to infection by bacteria , viruses or other microbes . Of the bacteria that can cause dysentery , bacteria called Shigella are most often responsible . Humans can acquire Shigella through contaminated food or water . Over the last century , improvements...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Species-wide whole genome sequencing reveals historical global spread and recent local persistence in Shigella flexneri
Targeting the activation function-1 ( AF-1 ) domain located in the N-terminus of the androgen receptor ( AR ) is an attractive therapeutic alternative to the current approaches to inhibit AR action in prostate cancer ( PCa ) . Here we show that the AR AF-1 is bound by the cochaperone Bag-1L . Mutations in the AR intera...	Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men around the world . The cancer relies on a protein called the androgen receptor in order to develop and grow . Currently , some of the most common treatments for prostate cancer , especially in its advanced stages , are drugs that block the activity of this recepto...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2017	Development of Bag-1L as a therapeutic target in androgen receptor-dependent prostate cancer
Insecticide-treated nets ( ITNs ) for malaria control are widespread but coverage remains inadequate . We developed a Bayesian model using data from 102 national surveys , triangulated against delivery data and distribution reports , to generate year-by-year estimates of four ITN coverage indicators . We explored the i...	Malaria is a major cause of death in many parts of the world , especially in sub-Saharan Africa . Recently , there has been a renewed emphasis on using preventive measures to reduce the deaths and illnesses caused by malaria . Insecticide-treated nets are the most prominent preventive measure used in areas where malari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health" ]	2015	Coverage and system efficiencies of insecticide-treated nets in Africa from 2000 to 2017
Recent studies suggested an essential role for seryl-tRNA synthetase ( SerRS ) in vascular development . This role is specific to SerRS among all tRNA synthetases and is independent of its well-known aminoacylation function in protein synthesis . A unique nucleus-directing domain , added at the invertebrate-to-vertebra...	The network of blood vessels is one of the earliest structures to develop in a vertebrate embryo . A protein called Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ( or VEGFA for short ) is needed to promote the growth of these blood vessels , but too much VEGFA can cause blood vessels to grow too much and to grow abnormally . Li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	tRNA synthetase counteracts c-Myc to develop functional vasculature
Drosophila dorsal air sac development depends on Decapentaplegic ( Dpp ) and Fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) proteins produced by the wing imaginal disc and transported by cytonemes to the air sac primordium ( ASP ) . Dpp and FGF signaling in the ASP was dependent on components of the planar cell polarity ( PCP ) syst...	The embryos of animals develop in a controlled manner that ensures that their tissues and organs form properly and at the right time . These processes depend on molecules called morphogens that are distributed throughout the embryo in specific ways and that are dispersed via extensions that protrude from the surfaces o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Cells must express components of the planar cell polarity system and extracellular matrix to support cytonemes
Integrins require an activation step prior to ligand binding and signaling . How talin and kindlin contribute to these events in non-hematopoietic cells is poorly understood . Here we report that fibroblasts lacking either talin or kindlin failed to activate β1 integrins , adhere to fibronectin ( FN ) or maintain their...	A meshwork of proteins called the extracellular matrix surrounds the cells that make up our tissues . Integrins are adhesion proteins that sit on the membrane surrounding each cell and bind to the matrix proteins . These adhesive interactions control many aspects of cell behavior such as their ability to divide , move ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Kindlin-2 cooperates with talin to activate integrins and induces cell spreading by directly binding paxillin
How huntingtin ( HTT ) triggers neurotoxicity in Huntington’s disease ( HD ) remains unclear . We report that HTT forms a transcription-coupled DNA repair ( TCR ) complex with RNA polymerase II subunit A ( POLR2A ) , ataxin-3 , the DNA repair enzyme polynucleotide-kinase-3'-phosphatase ( PNKP ) , and cyclic AMP-respons...	Our DNA encodes the instructions to make proteins , which then go on to perform many crucial roles in the cell . Breakages and damage to DNA occur over time , and if uncorrected , they can make the instructions illegible or incorrect . A build-up of damages can be harmful – for example , DNA damage from excessive UV li...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Mutant huntingtin impairs PNKP and ATXN3, disrupting DNA repair and transcription
Enzymes enable life by accelerating reaction rates to biological timescales . Conventional studies have focused on identifying the residues that have a direct involvement in an enzymatic reaction , but these so-called ‘catalytic residues’ are embedded in extensive interaction networks . Although fundamental to our unde...	Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the reactions that are essential for life . As such , enzymes convert ‘reactant’ molecules into other molecules . Reactant molecules bind to part of the enzyme called the active site . Some of the amino acids that make up the active site must directly interact with these m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Extensive site-directed mutagenesis reveals interconnected functional units in the alkaline phosphatase active site
Genetic hardwiring during brain development provides computational architectures for innate neuronal processing . Thus , the paradigmatic chick retinotectal projection , due to its neighborhood preserving , topographic organization , establishes millions of parallel channels for incremental visual field analysis . Reti...	The human brain contains roughly 100 billion neurons , which are organized into complex networks . But how does the brain establish these networks in the first place ? Neurons have long projections known as axons and , in the developing brain , these axons form structures called growth cones at their tips . The growth ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Ephrin-A/EphA specific co-adaptation as a novel mechanism in topographic axon guidance
LRRK2 is a kinase expressed in striatal spiny projection neurons ( SPNs ) , cells which lose dopaminergic input in Parkinson’s disease ( PD ) . R1441C and G2019S are the most common pathogenic mutations of LRRK2 . How these mutations alter the structure and function of individual synapses on direct and indirect pathway...	Parkinson’s disease is caused by progressive damage to regions of the brain that regulate movement . This leads to a loss in nerve cells that produce a signaling molecule called dopamine , and causes patients to experience shakiness , slow movement and stiffness . When dopamine is released , it travels to a part of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Pathway-specific dysregulation of striatal excitatory synapses by LRRK2 mutations
The mating-type switching endonuclease HO plays a central role in the natural life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , but its evolutionary origin is unknown . HO is a recent addition to yeast genomes , present in only a few genera close to Saccharomyces . Here we show that HO is structurally and phylogenetically relat...	In the same way as a sperm from a male and an egg from a female join together to form an embryo in most animals , yeast cells have two sexes that coordinate how they reproduce . These are called “mating types” and , rather than male or female , an individual yeast cell can either be mating type “a” or “alpha” . Every y...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	The yeast mating-type switching endonuclease HO is a domesticated member of an unorthodox homing genetic element family
Exercise induces beneficial responses in the brain , which is accompanied by an increase in BDNF , a trophic factor associated with cognitive improvement and the alleviation of depression and anxiety . However , the exact mechanisms whereby physical exercise produces an induction in brain Bdnf gene expression are not w...	Exercise is not only good for our physical health but it benefits our mental health and abilities too . Physical exercise can affect how much of certain proteins are made in the brain . In particular , the levels of a protein called brain derived neurotrophic factor ( or BDNF for short ) increase after exercise . BDNF ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate
CpG dinucleotides are suppressed in most vertebrate RNA viruses , including HIV-1 , and introducing CpGs into RNA virus genomes inhibits their replication . The zinc finger antiviral protein ( ZAP ) binds regions of viral RNA containing CpGs and targets them for degradation . ZAP does not have enzymatic activity and re...	Like many viruses , the genetic information of the human immunodeficiency virus ( or HIV for short ) is formed of molecules of RNA , which are sequences of building blocks called nucleotides . Once the virus is inside human cells , a protein called ZAP can identify viral RNAs by binding to a precise motif , a combinati...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	KHNYN is essential for the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) to restrict HIV-1 containing clustered CpG dinucleotides
Mechanisms underlying the central regulation of food intake and fat accumulation are not fully understood . We found that neurosecretory protein GL ( NPGL ) , a newly-identified neuropeptide , increased food intake and white adipose tissue ( WAT ) in rats . NPGL-precursor gene overexpression in the hypothalamus caused ...	Throughout history , our ancestors needed to accumulate fat to survive during times when food sources were scarce . However , for most people in the modern age , food is abundant and eating too much is a major cause of weight gain , obesity and diseases affecting the metabolism . Obesity in particular , can lead to dis...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Neurosecretory protein GL stimulates food intake, de novo lipogenesis, and onset of obesity
In eukaryotes , DNA replication requires the origin recognition complex ( ORC ) , a six-subunit assembly that promotes replisome formation on chromosomal origins . Despite extant homology between certain subunits , the degree of structural and organizational overlap between budding yeast and metazoan ORC has been uncle...	Cell division is essential for organisms to be able to grow , to repair tissues and to proliferate . However , cells can only divide once they have successfully replicated their DNA . Many different molecules are involved in these two processes , including a large multi-protein assembly called the origin recognition co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	A Meier-Gorlin syndrome mutation in a conserved C-terminal helix of Orc6 impedes origin recognition complex formation
In birds and higher mammals , auditory experience during development is critical to discriminate sound patterns in adulthood . However , the neural and molecular nature of this acquired ability remains elusive . In fruit flies , acoustic perception has been thought to be innate . Here we report , surprisingly , that au...	Many mammals and birds have a critical period in youth when hearing the vocal cues of their parents helps them to learn the specific features of their communication sounds . Scientists have been studying the brains of humans , birds and other animals to find out what is happening in their brains when the animals hear t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Auditory experience controls the maturation of song discrimination and sexual response in Drosophila
Expression levels of CX3CR1 ( C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 ) on immune cells have significant importance in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions . The factors implicated in the regulation of CX3CR1 and its specific ligand CX3CL1 ( fractalkine ) expression remain largely un...	Proteins can lose their structure and form polymers because of mutations or changes in their immediate environment which can lead to cell damage and disease . Interestingly , polymers formed by a variety of proteins can reduce the levels of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 ( CX3CR1 for short ) that controls the behaviour of i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "short", "report", "cell", "biology" ]	2021	Polymerization of misfolded Z alpha-1 antitrypsin protein lowers CX3CR1 expression in human PBMCs
Plants rely on transcriptional dynamics to respond to multiple climatic fluctuations and contexts in nature . We analyzed the genome-wide gene expression patterns of rice ( Oryza sativa ) growing in rainfed and irrigated fields during two distinct tropical seasons and determined simple linear models that relate transcr...	Plants need to be able to sense and respond to changes in temperature , light levels and other aspects of their environment . One way in which plants can rapidly respond to these changes is to modify how genes involved in growth and other processes are expressed . Therefore , understanding how this happens may help us ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Multiple abiotic stimuli are integrated in the regulation of rice gene expression under field conditions
Reconstructing the lineage of cells is central to understanding how the wide diversity of cell types develops . Here , we provide the neurosensory lineage reconstruction of a complex sensory organ , the inner ear , by imaging zebrafish embryos in vivo over an extended timespan , combining cell tracing and cell fate mar...	Our ears , eyes and other sensory organs collect information about the world around us . In the inner ear – which is responsible for balance and hearing – specialized cells known as hair cells detect sounds and body position . This information is passed on to other cells called sensory neurons , which relay the informa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Distribution of neurosensory progenitor pools during inner ear morphogenesis unveiled by cell lineage reconstruction
Cell size uniformity in healthy tissues suggests that control mechanisms might coordinate cell growth and division . We derived a method to assay whether cellular growth rates depend on cell size , by monitoring how variance in size changes as cells grow . Our data revealed that , twice during the cell cycle , growth r...	Animal cells come in many different sizes . In humans , for example , egg cells are thousands of times larger than sperm cells . Yet cells of any given type are often strikingly similar in size . The cells that line the surface of organs including the skin and kidneys are especially uniform; in fact a loss of size unif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2018	Cell size sensing in animal cells coordinates anabolic growth rates and cell cycle progression to maintain cell size uniformity
PlyC , a bacteriophage-encoded endolysin , lyses Streptococcus pyogenes ( Spy ) on contact . Here , we demonstrate that PlyC is a potent agent for controlling intracellular Spy that often underlies refractory infections . We show that the PlyC holoenzyme , mediated by its PlyCB subunit , crosses epithelial cell membran...	Streptococcus pyogenes is the bacterium that causes throat infections and other serious infections in humans . Antibiotics such as penicillin are used to treat active infections , but so-called “strep throat infections” often return after treatment . This is because S . pyogenes can enter the cells that line the throat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	A bacteriophage endolysin that eliminates intracellular streptococci
The lateral entorhinal cortex ( LEC ) is thought to bind sensory events with the environment where they took place . To compare the relative influence of transient events and temporally stable environmental stimuli on the firing of LEC cells , we recorded neuron spiking patterns in the region during blocks of a trace e...	The context in which an event occurs plays a large role in how the brain understands and responds to the event . While a key part of context is where we are , contexts can also change within the same space: different meetings are held at different times and with different people in the same room , and a grassy field ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Phasic and tonic neuron ensemble codes for stimulus-environment conjunctions in the lateral entorhinal cortex
Cardiorespiratory recovery from apneas requires dynamic responses of brainstem circuitry . One implicated component is the raphe system of Pet1-expressing ( largely serotonergic ) neurons , however their precise requirement neonatally for homeostasis is unclear , yet central toward understanding newborn cardiorespirato...	Our survival depends on our heart and lungs working together to supply our cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide waste . The brain coordinates this process by controlling the activity of the heart and lungs . Yet sometimes a person may experience an event called an apnea and briefly stop breathing . If this happe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Acute perturbation of Pet1-neuron activity in neonatal mice impairs cardiorespiratory homeostatic recovery
Antennae are often considered to be the nostrils of insects . Here , we sequenced the transcriptome of the pheromone gland-ovipositor complex of Helicoverpa assulta and discovered that an odorant receptor ( OR ) gene , HassOR31 , had much higher expression in the ovipositor than in antennae or other tissues . To determ...	When most insects reproduce they lay eggs that hatch into juveniles known as larvae . To provide good sources of food for the larvae , the adult insects have to carefully select where to lay the eggs . Host plants produce specific sets of chemicals known as odorants that the adult insects are able to smell using protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2020	A moth odorant receptor highly expressed in the ovipositor is involved in detecting host-plant volatiles
The Roundabout ( Robo ) guidance receptor family induces axon repulsion in response to its ligand Slit by inducing local cytoskeletal changes; however , the link to the cytoskeleton and the nature of these cytoskeletal changes are poorly understood . Here , we show that the heteropentameric Scar/Wave Regulatory Complex...	The brain is the most complex organ in the body . It contains billions of nerve cells , also known as neurons , with trillions of precise and specific connections , but how do these neurons know where to go and which connections to make as the brain grows ? Neurons contain a small set of proteins known as guidance rece...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	Robo recruitment of the Wave regulatory complex plays an essential and conserved role in midline repulsion
MFN2 encodes mitofusin 2 , a membrane-bound mediator of mitochondrial membrane fusion and inter-organelle communication . MFN2 mutations cause axonal neuropathy , with associated lipodystrophy only occasionally noted , however homozygosity for the p . Arg707Trp mutation was recently associated with upper body adipose o...	Obesity and the diseases associated with it are among the biggest healthcare problems in developed countries . The word obesity means , simply , the accumulation of too much fat tissue in the body , but this ignores growing evidence that fat tissue is highly complex . Fat tissue is important for “mopping up” and storin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Human biallelic MFN2 mutations induce mitochondrial dysfunction, upper body adipose hyperplasia, and suppression of leptin expression
Angiopoietin-like proteins ( angptls ) are capable of ex vivo expansion of mouse and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ( HSPCs ) . Despite this intriguing ability , their mechanism is unknown . In this study , we show that angptl2 overexpression is sufficient to expand definitive HSPCs in zebrafish embryos ...	Bone marrow contains types of stem cell that can produce new blood and immune cells . Transplanting bone marrow from a healthy person can be used to treat people with certain disorders of the blood and immune system , by providing a new supply of regenerating bone marrow stem cells . Bone marrow transplants are also cr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2015	Angiopoietin-like proteins stimulate HSPC development through interaction with notch receptor signaling
Lithium is widely used as a treatment for Bipolar Disorder although the molecular mechanisms that underlie its therapeutic effects are under debate . In this study , we show brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) is required for the antimanic-like effects of lithium but not the antidepressant-like effects in mice ....	Nerve cells , or neurons , communicate with each other by releasing chemical messengers that bind to and activate receptor proteins on the surface of the other cells . The chemicals affect the connections between neurons , and many diseases – including bipolar disorder – are related to there being too much or too littl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Chronic lithium treatment elicits its antimanic effects via BDNF-TrkB dependent synaptic downscaling
Dopamine is critical for higher neural processes and modifying the activity of the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) . However , the mechanism of dopamine contribution to the modification of neural representation is unclear . Using in vivo two-photon population Ca2+ imaging in awake mice , this study investigated how neural re...	Around 120 years ago , Ivan Pavlov unintentionally sparked a new field of psychology research . He did so by noting that his dogs had learned to associate the sound of the bell that he rang before feeding them with the food itself , such that they would salivate upon hearing the bell even when there was no food present...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Phasic activation of ventral tegmental neurons increases response and pattern similarity in prefrontal cortex neurons
Adult neural stem cells , located in discrete brain regions , generate new neurons throughout life . These stem cells are specialized astrocytes , but astrocytes in other brain regions do not generate neurons under physiological conditions . After stroke , however , striatal astrocytes undergo neurogenesis in mice , tr...	Regenerative medicine aims to help the body replace damaged or worn-out tissues , often by kick-starting its own intrinsic repair mechanisms . However , the brain cannot easily repair itself , and therefore poses a much greater challenge . This is because nerve cells or neurons , which underpin learning , memory , and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Activation of a neural stem cell transcriptional program in parenchymal astrocytes
Ubiquitin is essential for eukaryotic life and varies in only 3 amino acid positions between yeast and humans . However , recent deep sequencing studies indicate that ubiquitin is highly tolerant to single mutations . We hypothesized that this tolerance would be reduced by chemically induced physiologic perturbations ....	The ability of an organism to grow and reproduce , that is , it’s “fitness” , is determined by how its genes interact with the environment . Yeast is a model organism in which researchers can control the exact mutations present in the yeast’s genes ( its genotype ) and the conditions in which the yeast cells live ( the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Determination of ubiquitin fitness landscapes under different chemical stresses in a classroom setting
Endothelial integrity is vital for homeostasis and adjusted to tissue demands . Although fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries is a critical attribute of the lymphatic vasculature , the barrier function of collecting lymphatic vessels is also important by ensuring efficient fluid drainage as well as lymph node delivery...	Lymph vessels are thin walled tubes that , similar to blood vessels , carry white blood cells , fluids and waste . Unlike veins and arteries , however , lymph vessels do not carry red blood cells and their main function is to remove excess fluid from tissues . The cells that line vessels in the body are called endothel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	EphrinB2-EphB4 signalling provides Rho-mediated homeostatic control of lymphatic endothelial cell junction integrity
Two structure determination methods , based on the molecular dynamics flexible fitting ( MDFF ) paradigm , are presented that resolve sub-5 Å cryo-electron microscopy ( EM ) maps with either single structures or ensembles of such structures . The methods , denoted cascade MDFF and resolution exchange MDFF , sequentiall...	To understand the roles that proteins and other large molecules play inside cells , it is important to determine their structures . One of the techniques that researchers can use to do this is called cryo-electron microscopy ( cryo-EM ) , which rapidly freezes molecules to fix them in position before imaging them in fi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Molecular dynamics-based refinement and validation for sub-5 Å cryo-electron microscopy maps
Ca2+ influx through Orai1 channels is crucial for several T cell functions , but a role in regulating basal cellular motility has not been described . Here , we show that inhibition of Orai1 channel activity increases average cell velocities by reducing the frequency of pauses in human T cells migrating through confine...	To help protect the body from disease , small immune cells called T lymphocytes move rapidly , searching for signs of infection . These signs are antigens – processed pieces of proteins from invading bacteria and viruses – which are displayed on the surface of so-called antigen-presenting cells . To visit as many diffe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2017	Intermittent Ca2+ signals mediated by Orai1 regulate basal T cell motility
Morphogens regulate tissue patterning through their distribution in concentration gradients . Emerging research establishes a role for specialized signalling filopodia , or cytonemes , in morphogen dispersion and signalling . Previously we demonstrated that Hedgehog ( Hh ) morphogen is transported via vesicles along cy...	When an embryo develops , it is critical that tissues and organs form properly and at the right time . For this , cells need to be able to communicate over long distances by using signalling molecules called morphogens . Morphogens disperse via extensions that protrude from the surface of a ‘source’ cell . Previous res...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Cytoneme-mediated cell-cell contacts for Hedgehog reception
Antigens ( Ags ) with multivalent and repetitive structure elicit IgG production in a T-cell-independent manner . However , the mechanisms by which such T-cell-independent type-2 ( TI-2 ) Ags induce IgG responses remain obscure . Here , we report that B-cell receptor ( BCR ) engagement with a TI-2 Ag but not with a T-c...	When the human body faces a potentially harmful microorganism , the immune system responds by finding and destroying the pathogen . This involves the coordination of several different parts of the immune system . B cells are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for producing antibodies: large proteins that bi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Protein kinase Cδ is essential for the IgG response against T-cell-independent type 2 antigens and commensal bacteria
RNA splicing is an essential part of eukaryotic gene expression . Although the mechanism of splicing has been extensively studied in vitro , in vivo kinetics for the two-step splicing reaction remain poorly understood . Here , we combine transient transcriptome sequencing ( TT-seq ) and mathematical modeling to quantif...	Genes are portions of DNA that carry the instructions to build proteins . In particular , they are formed of segments called exons , which contain the protein-building information , and of non-coding segments known as introns . Exons and introns alternate within a gene . To create a given protein , the cell first uses ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2019	Global donor and acceptor splicing site kinetics in human cells
The restricted host tropism of hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) remains incompletely understood , especially post-entry , and has hindered developing an immunocompetent , small animal model . HCV replication in non-permissive species may be limited by incompatibilities between the viral replication machinery and orthologs of ...	Hepatitis C is a life-long disease that begins when a virus infects the cells of the liver . Although the infection is curable , it is expensive to treat , and there is not yet a vaccine to prevent the disease . This is largely because the virus that causes hepatitis C , also known as HCV , naturally only infects human...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	Differences across cyclophilin A orthologs contribute to the host range restriction of hepatitis C virus
Hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis . Derived primarily from the liver , it inhibits the iron exporter ferroportin in the gut and spleen , the sites of iron absorption and recycling respectively . Recently , we demonstrated that ferroportin is also found in cardiomyocytes , and that its cardia...	Many proteins inside cells require iron to work properly , and so this mineral is an essential part of the diets of most mammals . However , because too much iron in the body is also bad for health , mammals possess several proteins whose role is to maintain the balance of iron . Two proteins in particular , called hep...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	An essential cell-autonomous role for hepcidin in cardiac iron homeostasis
Striatal dysfunction plays an important role in dystonia , but the striatal cell types that contribute to abnormal movements are poorly defined . We demonstrate that conditional deletion of the DYT1 dystonia protein torsinA in embryonic progenitors of forebrain cholinergic and GABAergic neurons causes dystonic-like twi...	Dystonia is disorder of the nervous system that causes people to suffer from abnormal and involuntary twisting movements . These movements are triggered , in part , by irregularities in a part of the brain called the striatum . The most common view among researchers is that dystonia is caused by abnormal activity in an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Forebrain deletion of the dystonia protein torsinA causes dystonic-like movements and loss of striatal cholinergic neurons
Organ function depends on tissues adopting the correct architecture . However , insights into organ architecture are currently hampered by an absence of standardized quantitative 3D analysis . We aimed to develop a robust technology to visualize , digitalize , and segment the architecture of two tubular systems in 3D: ...	Many essential parts of the body contain tubes: the liver for example , contains bile ducts and blood vessels . These tubes develop right next to each other , like entwined trees . To do their jobs , these ducts must communicate and collaborate , but they do not always grow properly . For example , babies with Alagille...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2021	DUCT reveals architectural mechanisms contributing to bile duct recovery in a mouse model for Alagille syndrome
RNA virus infections are detected by the RIG-I family of receptors , which induce type-I interferons through the mitochondrial protein MAVS . MAVS forms large prion-like polymers that activate the cytosolic kinases IKK and TBK1 , which in turn activate NF-κB and IRF3 , respectively , to induce interferons . Here we sho...	The innate immune system can detect and destroy viruses , bacteria and other pathogens that enter the human body . In particular , inside cells , viral RNA can bind to and activate a protein called RIG-I . This protein switches on another protein , called MAVS , which can activate other copies of itself . These MAVS mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2013	MAVS recruits multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases to activate antiviral signaling cascades
In mammals , helping is preferentially provided to members of one’s own group . Yet , it remains unclear how social experience shapes pro-social motivation . We found that rats helped trapped strangers by releasing them from a restrainer , just as they did cagemates . However , rats did not help strangers of a differen...	Humans help family members and friends under circumstances where they may not help strangers . However , they also help complete strangers through both direct actions , such as helping someone who has stumbled , and indirect actions , such as giving to charity . Ben-Ami Bartal et al . have now explored the biological b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Pro-social behavior in rats is modulated by social experience
Insights into the conformational organization and dynamics of proteins complexes at membranes is essential for our mechanistic understanding of numerous key biological processes . Here , we introduce graphene-induced energy transfer ( GIET ) to probe axial orientation of arrested macromolecules at lipid monolayers . Ba...	Proteins are part of the building blocks of life and are essential for structure , function and regulation of every cell , tissue and organ of the body . Proteins adopt different conformations to work efficiently within the various environments of a cell . They can also switch between shapes . One way to monitor how pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2021	Nanoscopic anatomy of dynamic multi-protein complexes at membranes resolved by graphene-induced energy transfer
While transcripts of neuronal mitochondrial genes are strongly suppressed in central nervous system inflammation , it is unknown whether this results in mitochondrial dysfunction and whether an increase of mitochondrial function can rescue neurodegeneration . Here , we show that predominantly genes of the electron tran...	Multiple sclerosis is a life-long neurological condition that typically begins when people are in their twenties or thirties . Symptoms vary between individuals , and within a single individual over time , but can include difficulties with vision , balance , movement and thinking . These occur because the immune system...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Enhancing mitochondrial activity in neurons protects against neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Many organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals orient to the earth's magnetic field . For a few animals , central neurons responsive to earth-strength magnetic fields have been identified; however , magnetosensory neurons have yet to be identified in any animal . We show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans orien...	The Earth has a magnetic field that protects the planet from the harmful effects of cosmic rays , which is generated by the movement of the layer of molten metal that surrounds the planet's solid inner core . The orientation of the magnetic field relative to the Earth's surface varies around the globe , and is like the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Magnetosensitive neurons mediate geomagnetic orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Familiarity discrimination has a significant impact on the pattern of food intake across species . However , the mechanism by which the recognition memory controls feeding is unclear . Here , we show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans forms a memory of particular foods after experience and displays behavioral pla...	Many species , including our own , show a preference for familiar foods over novel ones . This behavior probably evolved to reduce the risk of consuming items that turn out to be poisonous , but the mechanisms that underlie a preference for familiar foods are largely unknown . The nematode worm , C . elegans , is a use...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Recognition of familiar food activates feeding via an endocrine serotonin signal in Caenorhabditis elegans
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection , accounting for the most common cause of death in intensive care units . Here , we report that peripheral administration of the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin improves the survival of mice with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) induced endotoxin shock , a well-studied...	The body has a range of defenses to fight infection , which play a crucial role in keeping us healthy . However , sometimes the response to infection may damage the body’s own tissues and organs , leading to a life-threatening condition called sepsis . In the most severe stage of sepsis – known as septic shock – blood ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Peripherally administered orexin improves survival of mice with endotoxin shock
The RNA polymerase II largest subunit ( Rpb1 ) contains a unique C-terminal domain ( CTD ) that plays multiple roles during transcription . The CTD is composed of consensus Y1S2P3T4S5P6S7 repeats , in which Ser , Thr and Tyr residues can all be phosphorylated . Here we report analysis of CTD Tyr1 using genetically trac...	When a gene is expressed , the DNA is first transcribed to produce an intermediate molecule called a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which is then translated to produce a protein . RNA Polymerase II is an enzyme that makes mRNA molecules in organisms as diverse as plants , animals and yeast . RNA Polymerase II is a complex ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2014	RNAP II CTD tyrosine 1 performs diverse functions in vertebrate cells
Fluorescent transcriptional reporters are widely used as signaling reporters and biomarkers to monitor pathway activities and determine cell type identities . However , a large amount of dynamic information is lost due to the long half-life of the fluorescent proteins . To better detect dynamics , fluorescent transcrip...	Fruit flies and other animals have complex body plans containing many different types of cells . To make and maintain these body plans , individual genes must be switched on and off at specific times in particular cells to control how the animal grows . Some of these genes may be switched on for long periods of time , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2019	In vivo study of gene expression with an enhanced dual-color fluorescent transcriptional timer
The diverse cell types and the precise synaptic connectivity between them are the cardinal features of the nervous system . Little is known about how cell fate diversification is linked to synaptic target choices . Here we investigate how presynaptic neurons select one type of muscles , vm2 , as a synaptic target and f...	The development of the nervous system involves the formation of complex networks of connections between diverse cell types , such as motor neurons , interneurons and pyramidal cells . However , the mechanisms by which individual cells are programmed to acquire particular identities , and how they are instructed to form...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	LIN-12/Notch signaling instructs postsynaptic muscle arm development by regulating UNC-40/DCC and MADD-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Learning requires neural adaptations thought to be mediated by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity . A relatively non-standard form of synaptic plasticity driven by dendritic calcium spikes , or plateau potentials , has been reported to underlie place field formation in rodent hippocampal CA1 neurons . Here , we fou...	A new housing development in a familiar neighborhood , a wrong turn that ends up lengthening a Sunday stroll: our internal representation of the world requires constant updating , and we need to be able to associate events separated by long intervals of time to finetune future outcome . This often requires neural conne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Bidirectional synaptic plasticity rapidly modifies hippocampal representations
In response to environments that cause cellular stress , animals engage in sleep behavior that facilitates recovery from the stress . In Caenorhabditis elegans , stress-induced sleep ( SIS ) is regulated by cytokine activation of the ALA neuron , which releases FLP-13 neuropeptides characterized by an amidated arginine...	People often feel fatigued and sleepy when they are sick . Other animals also show signs of sleepiness when ill – they stop eating , move less , and are less responsive to changes in their environment . Sickness-induced sleep helps both people and other animals to recover , and many scientists believe that this type of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	The RFamide receptor DMSR-1 regulates stress-induced sleep in C. elegans
Foot-and-mouth disease virus ( FMDV ) is an economically devastating viral disease leading to a substantial loss to the swine industry worldwide . A novel alternative strategy is to develop pigs that are genetically resistant to infection . Here , we produce transgenic ( TG ) pigs that constitutively expressed FMDV-spe...	Foot-and-mouth disease regularly causes serious outbreaks in livestock . The virus that causes the disease can infect cattle , pigs , sheep , goats , and many species of wild animals; the disease is also highly contagious and spreads very quickly and easily . To control the spread of foot-and-mouth disease , farmers mu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Transgenic shRNA pigs reduce susceptibility to foot and mouth disease virus infection
Birds land on a wide range of complex surfaces , yet it is unclear how they grasp a perch reliably . Here , we show how Pacific parrotlets exhibit stereotyped leg and wing dynamics regardless of perch diameter and texture , but foot , toe , and claw kinematics become surface-specific upon touchdown . A new dynamic gras...	Most of the flying vehicles designed by humans need to land on smooth , standardized surfaces such as runways . A bird , on the other hand , can use structures that vary widely in diameter and texture , from phone lines to branches to statues . Yet , few studies have focused on how these animals transition from the air...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	Birds land reliably on complex surfaces by adapting their foot-surface interactions upon contact
Speech is a complex sensorimotor skill , and vocal learning involves both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum . These subcortical structures interact indirectly through their respective loops with thalamo-cortical and brainstem networks , and directly via subcortical pathways , but the role of their interaction during...	Human infants learn to speak by imitating the speech of adults around them . Over time , they learn to coordinate movements of their vocal cords and breathing muscles to produce specific sounds . Juvenile songbirds go through a similar process while learning to sing . Fledglings mimic adult birds and each other as they...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	A subcortical circuit linking the cerebellum to the basal ganglia engaged in vocal learning
Subgenomic flaviviral RNA ( sfRNA ) accumulates during infection due to incomplete degradation of viral genomes and interacts with cellular proteins to promote infection . Here we identify host proteins that bind the Zika virus ( ZIKV ) sfRNA . We identified fragile X mental retardation protein ( FMRP ) as a ZIKV sfRNA...	Certain mosquitoes can carry pathogens that are able to infect humans , including Zika and dengue viruses . Most people infected with Zika virus only develop mild symptoms , or no symptoms at all . But if the virus infects a pregnant woman , it can lead to miscarriage and other pregnancy complications , or cause severe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Fragile X mental retardation protein is a Zika virus restriction factor that is antagonized by subgenomic flaviviral RNA
Bacteria live in environments that are continuously fluctuating and changing . Exploiting any predictability of such fluctuations can lead to an increased fitness . On longer timescales , bacteria can ‘learn’ the structure of these fluctuations through evolution . However , on shorter timescales , inferring the statist...	Associations inferred from previous experience can help an organism predict what might happen the next time it faces a similar situation . For example , it could anticipate the presence of certain resources based on a correlated environmental cue . The complex neural circuitry of the brain allows such associations to b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2021	A simple regulatory architecture allows learning the statistical structure of a changing environment
Newly born cells either continue to proliferate or exit the cell division cycle . This decision involves delaying expression of Cyclin E that promotes DNA replication . ORC1 , the Origin Recognition Complex ( ORC ) large subunit , is inherited into newly born cells after it binds to condensing chromosomes during the pr...	Living cells must replicate their DNA before they divide so that the newly formed cells can each receive an identical copy of the genetic material . Before DNA replication can begin , a number of proteins must come together to form so-called pre-replicative complexes at many locations along the DNA molecules . These pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Opposing roles for DNA replication initiator proteins ORC1 and CDC6 in control of Cyclin E gene transcription

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