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You’ve heard all of the buzzwords on parenting styles. There are helicopters, tigers and hippos. Some parents unparent, others choose to follow French mama’s and papa’s and let’s not leave out the free rangers. Um, does it seem like there’s a new style added to the list almost every day? You check out the blogs, scan down your Facebook feed and look at the links that are flooding your Twitter account only to find that everyone’s an expert—and every expert has a brand new way of parenting that is the end all and be all of raising kids. But, when it comes to what the real research says, you’ll find four major parenting styles.
These include: Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved. Don’t worry. Even though behavioral scientists came up with these categories, they’re completely easy for every parent to understand. So, what do you need to know about each of these styles?
It’s what every parent strives for—a balance of rules and total responsiveness. This type of parent sets rules and expects the child to follow. That said, the authoritative parent isn’t a dictator. Rules aren’t just randomly given, and children aren’t just told what to do. Instead, parents use age-appropriate boundaries that allow the child to take control of his own behavior.
Authoritative parents discuss and explain their rules and talk about expectations. Even though they do expect their children to follow the rules (not blindly, mind you), they’re also incredibly responsive to their children’s needs. Parenting in this style means that you’re warm, loving and understanding. You show empathy for your child, accept his abilities and are able to take his perspective.
What does this mean for the kiddos of authoritative parents? They grow up knowing how to make their own decisions, and are generally happier than kids who have parents that choose other styles. Does this mean that 100% of the children who have authoritative parents are super-happy all of the time? No. But, they have a better chance than the children of non-authoritative parents.
Sounds kind of like authoritative, right? Sure. In reality this is a very different type of parenting style. Like authoritative parents, authoritarian ones create rules. And, that’s where the similarities end. Instead of allowing their children to discuss the rules, supporting their decisions and encouraging them to take ownership of their own actions, authoritarian parents are ‘demanders’.
They demand that the child obeys the rules—no matter what. There’s no discussion, no conversation and certainly no talking about why the rules exist. These parents have high expectations for their children’s actions and behaviors, but often take a, “Because I said so” approach.
Children who are raised with this style are typically obedient. Sounds good right about now (especially if you have a tantrum-prone toddler who adores the word “no”), doesn’t it? Even though the children of authoritarian moms and dads are quick to follow the rules, they’re often unhappy, socially awkward and low on self-confidence.
Your preschooler is begging for a cookie. It’s 10 minutes until dinner and you should say, “No way.” But, instead you allow it. Not just today, but tomorrow, the day after and just about every other day. Parents who give in more times than not tend to parent in the permissive style.
This isn’t to say that every time you let your little one have a cookie, buy her a doll when she begs or let her watch one more TV show than she should, you’re proving yourself to be entirely permissive. When these types of indulgences start taking over and becoming routine, then you might be falling into the permissive trap.
While permissive parents really don’t like to enforce the rules (or feel that avoiding all confrontation is a must-do), they also tend to be highly responsive. They’re nurturers, caregivers and communicators. They’ll tell their kids that they love them, give hugs and support them in anything that they’re doing. But, don’t ask them to set strict rules and boundaries—they aren’t likely to believe in them.
Kids who have permissive parents aren’t exactly masters of self-regulation. They also tend to have problems with authority figures. Even though they have loving parents, these indulged kiddos aren’t always happy—at least not in comparison to children of authoritative parents.
Uninvolved parents don’t have much to say when it comes to taking care of their kids. Yes, they do technically “take care” of their children. But, this is often little more than meeting their basic needs. Keep in mind, these parents aren’t necessarily neglectful in a broad sense. They’re the ‘take a step back’ type of parents, who don’t have many demands of their children.
Uninvolved parents aren’t responsive. While their lack of rules may seem similar to permissive, these parents aren’t all about the warm fuzzy feelings. They rarely communicate and are often emotionally detached or cold. Kids who have uninvolved parents have little self-control, tend to be unhappy and lack confidence.
If it seems like parenting styles are changing by the minute, they might be! Okay, so maybe not by the minute. But, there are plenty of different approaches to take. While many of the so-called “styles” are popular or getting mountains of media attention, they often aren’t based on research or developmental science. That said, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parenting styles are. So, which one are you? | <urn:uuid:bee9e62c-32e7-429c-9515-b14d3c397c3c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://parentingpassage.com/four-major-parenting-styles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.957056 | 1,253 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Souda islet is located in the Souda Bay on the northwest coast of Crete. On the islet there was the monastery of St. Nicolas before the construction of the fortress. The islet was called "Fraronisi" until it was fortified, when it was renamed "Souda" after the gulf. On its northwest side, there is a second smaller and round islet, known as Leon. On Venetian maps it was recorded as the "island of rabbits". In ancient times these two islets were referred to as Leukai.
The island was fortified by the Venetians in 1571 AD due to its strategic location, controlling the entrance to the anchorage of Souda Bay. The fortress was one of the most important fortresses of Crete and it was built in order to protect the gulf from enemies and pirates. The architect and supervisor of the constructions was Latino Orsini. The works proceeded very fast and within a year, the first canons were placed. Sources mention that in 1630 the fortress was armed with 44 cannons of various caliber and 9.185 metal balls. Strong defensive walls surrounded the islet. In the interior, except from the areas of military use, there were also areas of public interest, numerous churches, a hospital, a prison, and underground water tanks.
The island has a turbulent history, and its inhabitants are known for their fierce struggles to liberation, since throughout the Turkish Occupation. The Fortezza fortress was undefeatable by the Turks and so it remained Venetian even half a century after the Turkish occupation and it served as a refuge for Cretan insurgents. It stayed under the Venetian possession until September 27, 1715, when it was finally surrendered to the Turkish army after a long siege and heroic resistance that lasted for 72 days. The Turks held the island in their possession until 1898 when the Turkish forces departed from Crete. During the Turkish occupation, no major changes or addition were made in the fortress, except the transformation of the central temple to a mosque, dedicated to Sultan Gazi Ahmet Han.
On the islet the Greek flag was raised for the very first time on February 1, 1913. The islet is under military supervision so visits can only be made some days a week. | <urn:uuid:b34e368c-88bd-44e1-9fe2-22cdfbe9c5dc> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.allovergreece.com/Islet/Descr/167/en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.985197 | 477 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Dredging is referring to those engineering measures using dredger equipment to excavate those underwater soil and stones to increase the depth of water and remove the silt, which is a significant part of hydraulic engineering and transportation. Now it is used in constructing and maintaining the channel and port, land reclamation, environmental protection and submarine mining.
According to the definition of the IADC, the dredging project can be divided into three types: maintenance dredging, infrastructure dredging and remedial dredging.
The maintenance dredging is about maintaining the necessary depth of the channel, removing the silt from the channel, the dock and the harbor entrance. For example, the entrance of Port of Hamburg located in the estuary of Elbe River in German, the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands and the Port of Antwerp in Belgium, because of natural silting-up, they must maintain the appropriate nautical depth with continuous dredging.
The infrastructure dredging can be defined as new engineering and transformation engineering (such as the dock, channel and lake or land reclamation used for industry and dwelling) to remove a sea of underwater sand or rocks.
Following are main land reclamation projects:
–AI Raha beach project in Dubai
–Waveform signposts project in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
–Peral -Qatar Offshore Islands project in the State of Qatar
–Palm Island project in Dubai
The remedial dredging (also called environmental dredging) is generally used to eliminate those polluted deposits that may endanger human and marine creatures. It is mainly used for removing deposits and debris in the bottom of lakes, rivers, docks and other waters. This kind of dredging is fully necessary because the sediment in the urban and industrial areas is frequently polluted by assorted contaminants.
Although dredging is only a small market in the whole world, it essentially impacts the world economy. Globalization of the world economy has increased a huge number of freight volumes between different countries. All these make seaway, coastal, estuary, dock infrastructures and inland channels need continuous transformation and maintenance. These factors have become the driving force of tremendously increasing infrastructure dredging and maintenance dredging around the world, especially these years. And the role of dredging in the development of the world industry is becoming more and more significant. | <urn:uuid:7505c8e9-a6ea-4478-ac42-8fe98a9e8244> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.chinadredging.com/what-is-dredging%EF%BC%9F/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.920282 | 477 | 3.625 | 4 |
FOCUS ON ASIA
"There are two options available for getting out of the crisis of food production in the Punjab. One is to continue down the road of further intensification; the other is to make food production economically and ecologically viable again, by reducing input costs. Sadly, the Indian government appears to have adopted the former strategy, seeking to solve the problems of the first Green Revolution by launching a second." - Vandana Shiva, 1991 (item 2)
1.'Excessive Use Of Pesticides Led To Cancer Deaths'
2.The Green Revolution in the Punjab
1.Switch Over To Organic Farming Needed
'Excessive Use Of Pesticides Led To Cancer Deaths'
ASHOK B SHARMA
New Delhi, Aug 22
A study conducted by the Chandigarh based Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) on behalf of the Punjab government has once again revealed that excessive use of chemical pesticides is the cause of a series of deaths due to cancer in Talwandi block in Bhatinda district in Punjab.
Bhatinda district which is irrigated by canal water grows largely cotton and rice crop and is infamous for excessive use of chemical pesticides.
The PGIMER study conducted under the leadership of Prof Rajesh Kumar, head of the department of community medicine, cytology and gynecological pathology confirms the findings of the earlier two studies conducted by the local NGO, Kheti Virasat - one by solely by its own and another in collaboration with Greenpeace India. Kheti Virast is convincing farmers to switch over to organic Farming.
The IPIMER study compared Talwandi saboo in Bhatinda district with the controlled area, Chamkaur Sahib in Ropar district. The study covered a poulation of 85315 in Talwandi Saboo and 97928 in Chamkaur Sahib. A total of 7,441 deaths were recorded in the last 10 years (1993-2003). Age adjusted cancer death rate per 1,00,000 population per year at Talwandi Sahib was 51.2 while that at Chamkaur Sahib was 30.3. Age adjusted prevalance of confirmed cancer cases per 1,00,000 was 125.4 in Talwandi Saboo and 72.5 in Chamkaur Sahib. Five most common sites in the categories of confirmed cancer cases were breast, uterus, leukemia/lymphoma, oesophagus, skin and ovary.
There were 107 confirmed cancer cases in Talwandi Saboo out of which 27 were males and 80 were females. There were 71 confirmed cases of cancer deaths in Chamkaur Sahib out of which 25 were males and 46 were females. Crude death rate in Talwandi Saboo was 4.48 as compared to 3.69 per 1000 in Chamkaur Sahib.
The study also found presence of arsenic, chromium, nickle and iron in ground water in both Talwandi Saboo and Chamkaur Sahib. In tap water there were presence of chromium, mercury and high level of iron. Arsenic, chromium and mercury are known carcinogens. Heptachlor is a known carcinogen found in ground water and tap water in both places. In samples of vegetable presence of pesticide residues like heptachlor, chlopyrifos, aldrin, heptachlor endoepoxide, alpha-endosulfan, dieldrin, alphaHCH were found in Talwandi Saboo while in Chamkaur Sahib presence of heptachlor, chlorpyrifos, beta HCH, gamma HCH, delta HCH were found.
Comparatively the study done by Kheti Virast revealed that in Punjab in general the groundwater tables have depleted from 15-20 feet to 150-200 feet in many parts of the state on account of excessive exploitation without adequate recharge through water havesting. The number of tubewells in the state rose from 55,000 to one million as of date. Many traditional water harvesting structure including village ponds, natural reservoirs and wetlands have been either converted into farm lands, market places or residential houses.
In Punjab out of the 138 groundwater blocks, as many as 84 are declared as dark zones and 16 are grey zones. The fate of the remaining 38 white zone is also critical as many of them are contaminated by residues of pesticides, fertiliers and industrial wastes. The white zone area of Bathinda, Mansa, Mukatsar, Faridkot and some parts of Ferozpur are contaminated with salinty and cholride, whereas Nawanshahar and Hosiharpur districts have problems of selenium contamination. The groundwater in serval parts of the state is contaminated with nitrates. Nickel and chromium contamination in groundwater is reported in Ludhiana and Mandi Gobindgarh.
Kheti Virasat study also revealed adverse effects of excessive use of pesticides on health and environment in Bhatinda district. The study team selected three villages in Bhatinda district where the pesticides use is maximum. The study noted incidence of cancer, kidney failure, yellowing of teeth, joint pain, breathing problem, skin disorders on several victims. Children were marked with congenital defects like mental retardation. There
were complains of abortions, abnormal births and jaundice during pregnancy. Kheti Virasat conducted a similar study in collaboration with Greenpeace India in the cotton belt in Punjab.
2.The Green Revolution in the Punjab
By Vandana Shiva
From The Ecologist, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1991)
The Green Revolution has been a failure. It has led to reduced genetic diversity, increased vulnerability to pests, soil erosion, water shortages, reduced soil fertility, micronutrient deficiencies, soil contamination, reduced availability of nutritious food crops for the local population, the displacement of vast numbers of small farmers from their land, rural impoverishment and increased tensions and conflicts. The beneficiaries have been the agrochemical industry, large petrochemical companies, manufacturers of agricultural machinery, dam builders and large landowners.
The "miracle" seeds of the Green Revolution have become mechanisms for breeding new pests and creating new diseases.
In 1970, Norman Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in developing high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat. The "Green Revolution", launched by Borlaug’s "miracle seeds", is often credited with having transformed India from "a begging bowl to a bread basket", and the Punjab is frequently cited as the Green Revolution's most celebrated success story. Yet, far from bringing prosperity, two decades of the Green Revolution have left the Punjab riddled with discontent and violence. Instead of abundance, the Punjab is beset with diseased soils, pest-infested crops, waterlogged deserts and indebted and discontented farmers. Instead of peace, the Punjab has inherited conflict and violence.
It has often been argued that the Green Revolution provided the only way in which India (and, indeed, the rest of the Third World) could have increased food availability. Yet, until the 1960s, India was successfully pursuing an agricultural development policy based on strengthening the ecological base of agriculture and the self-reliance of peasants. Land reform was viewed as a political necessity and, following independence, most states initiated measures to secure tenure for tenant cultivators, to fix reasonable rents and to abolish the zamindari (landlord) system. Ceilings on land holdings were also introduced. In 1951, at a seminar organized by the Ministry of Agriculture, a detailed farming strategy””the "land transformation" programme ”” was put forward. The strategy recognized the need to plan from the bottom, to consider every individual village and sometimes every individual field. The programme achieved major successes. Indeed, the rate of growth of total crop production was higher during this period than in the years following the introduction of the Green Revolution.
However, while Indian scientists and policy makers were working out self-reliant and ecologically sound alternatives for the regeneration of agriculture in India, another vision of agricultural development was taking shape within the international aid agencies and large US foundations. Alarmed by growing peasant unrest in the newly independent countries of Asia, agencies like the World Bank, the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, the US Agency for International Development and others looked towards the intensification of agriculture as a means of "stabilizing" the countryside - and in particular of defusing the call for a wider redistribution of land and other resources. Above all, the US wished to avoid other Asian countries' following in the revolutionary footsteps of China. In 1961, the Ford Foundation thus launched its Intensive Agricultural Development Programme in India, intended to "release" Indian agriculture from "the shackles of the past" through the introduction of modern intensive chemical farming.
Spraying pesticides in India. Due to poverty, irresponsible employers and ignorance about their health effects, pesticides are frequently used without protective clothing in the Third World. (Photo: Mark Edwards/Still Pictures)
Adding to the perceived geopolitical need to intensify agriculture was pressure from western agrochemical companies anxious to ensure higher fertilizer consumption overseas. Since the early 1950s, the Ford Foundation had been pushing for increased fertilizer use by Indian farmers, as had the World Bank and USAID - with some success. Whilst the government’s First Five Year Plan viewed artificial fertilizers as supplementary to organic manures, the second and subsequent plans gave a direct and crucial role to fertilizers. But native varieties of wheat tend to "lodge", or fall over, when subject to intensive fertilizer applications. The new 'dwarf' varieties developed by Borlaug, however, were specifically designed to overcome this problem: shorter and stiffer stemmed, they could absorb chemical fertilizer, to which they were highly receptive, without lodging.
By the mid 1960s, India's agricultural policies were geared to pushing the introduction of the new "miracle" seeds developed by Borlaug. The programme came to be known as the New Agricultural Strategy. It concentrated on one-tenth of the arable land, and initially on only one crop””wheat. By 1968, nearly half the wheat planted came from Borlaug’s dwarf varieties.
A host of new institutions were established to provide the research required to develop further the Green Revolution, to disseminate the seeds, and to educate people in the appropriate agricultural techniques. By 1969, the Rockefeller Foundation, in co-operation with the Ford Foundation, had established the Centro International de Agriculture Tropical (CIAT) in Colombia and the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria. In 197 1, at the initiative of Robert McNamara, the President of the World Bank, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was formed to finance the growing network of international agricultural centres (IARCs). Since 1971, nine more IARCs have been added to the CGIAR system. Over the last two decades, FAO has played a key role in promoting the Green Revolution package of "improved" seeds, agrochemicals and irrigation schemes.
The Myth of High Yields
The term "high-yielding varieties" is a misnomer, because it implies that the new seeds are high yielding of themselves. The distinguishing feature of the seeds, however, is that they are highly responsive to certain key inputs such as fertilizers and irrigation water. The term "high responsive varieties" is thus more appropriate.
In the absence of additional inputs of fertilizers and water, the new seeds perform worse than indigenous varieties. The gain in output is insignificant compared to the increase in inputs. The measurement of output is also biased by restricting it to the marketable elements of crops. But, in a country like India, crops have traditionally been bred to produce not just food for humans, but fodder for animals and organic fertilizer for soils. In the breeding strategy for the Green Revolution, multiple uses of plant biomass seem to have been consciously sacrificed for a single use. An increase in the marketable output of grain has been achieved at the cost of a decrease in the biomass available for animals and soils from, for example, stems and leaves, and a decrease in ecosystem productivity due to the over-use of resources.
Significantly, much of the increased yield obtained by planting the new HYV varieties consists of water. Increasing the nitrogen uptake of plants through using artificial fertilizers upsets their carbon/ nitrogen balance, causing metabolic problems to which the plant reacts primarily by taking up extra water.
India is a centre of genetic diversity of rice. Out of this diversity, Indian peasants and tribals have selected and improved many indigenous high yielding varieties. Comparative studies of 22 rice growing systems have shown that indigenous systems are more efficient when inputs of labour and energy are taken into account.2
Loss of Diversity
Diversity is a central principle of traditional agriculture in the Punjab, as in the rest of India. Such diversity contributed to ecological stability, and hence to ecosystem productivity. The lower the diversity in an ecosystem, the higher its vulnerability to pests and disease.
The Green Revolution package has reduced genetic diversity at two levels. First, it replaced mixtures and rotations of crops like wheat, maize, millets, pulses and oil seeds with monocultures of wheat and rice. Second, the introduced wheat and rice varieties came from a very narrow genetic base. Of the thousands of dwarf varieties bred by Borlaug, only three were eventually used in the Green Revolution. On this narrow and alien genetic base the food supplies of millions are precariously perched.
Increasing Pesticide Use
Because of their narrow genetic base, HYVs are inherently vulnerable to major pests and diseases. As the Central Rice Research Institute, in Cuttack, India, notes of rice: "The introduction of high yielding varieties has brought about a marked change in the status of insect pests like gall midge, brown planthopper, leaf-folder, whore maggot, etc. Most of the high-yielding varieties released so far are susceptible to major pests with a crop loss of 30- 100 per cent."3 Even where new varieties are specially bred for resistance to disease, "breakdown in resistance can occur rapidly and in some instances replacement varieties may be required every three years or so."4 In the Punjab, the rice variety PR 106, which currently accounts for 80 per cent of the area under rice cultivation, was considered resistant to whitebacked planthopper and stem rot when it was introduced in 1976. It has since become susceptible to both diseases, in addition to succumbing to rice leaf-folder, hispa, stemborer and several other insect pests.
The natural vulnerability of HYVs to pests has been exacerbated by other aspects of the Green Revolution package. Large-scale monoculture provides a large and often permanent niche for pests, turning minor diseases into epidemics; in addition, fertilizers have been found to lower plants’ resistance to pests. The result has been a massive increase in the use of pesticides, in itself creating still further pest problems due to the emergence of pesticide-resistant pests and a reduction in the natural checks on pest populations.
The “miracle” seeds of the Green Revolution have thus become mechanisms for breeding new pests and creating new diseases. Yet the costs of pesticides or of breeding new "resistant" varieties was never counted as part of the "miracle" of the new seeds.
Over the centuries, the fertility of the Indo-Gangetic plains was preserved through treating the soil as a living system, with soil-depleting crops being rotated with soil building legumes. Twenty years of "Farmers' Training and Education Schemes", however, have transformed the Punjab fanner into an efficient, if unwilling, "soil bandit".
Marginal land or forests have been cleared to make way for the expansion of agriculture; rotations have been abandoned; and cropland is now used to grow soil depleting crops year-in, year-out. Since the start of the Green Revolution, the area under wheat, for example, has nearly doubled and the area under rice has increased five-fold. During the same period, the area under legumes has been reduced by half. Today, 84 per cent of the Punjab is under cultivation, as against 42 per cent for India as a whole. Only four per cent of the Punjab is now “forest”, most of this being plantations of Eucalyptus.5
The result of such agricultural intensification has been "a downward spiraling of agricultural land use - from legume to wheat to wasteland."6 The removal of legumes from cropping patterns, for example, has removed a major source of free nitrogen from the soil. In addition, the new HYVs reduce the supply of fodder and organic fertilizer available to farmers. Traditional varieties of sorghum yield six pounds of straw per acre for every pound of grain. By contrast modem rice varieties produce equivalent amounts of grain and straw. This has contributed to the thirty-fold rise in fertilizer consumption in the state since the inception of the Green Revolution.
Increased fertilizer use, however, has not compensated for the over-use of the soil. High-yielding varieties rapidly deplete micronutrients from soils and chemical fertilizers (unlike organic manures which contain a wide range of trace elements) cannot compensate for the loss. Micronutrient deficiencies of zinc, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum and boron are thus common. In recent surveys, over half of the 8706 soil samples from the Punjab exhibited zinc deficiency, reducing yields of rice, wheat and maize by up to 3.9 tonnes per hectare.
Partly as a result of soil deficiencies, the productivity of wheat and rice has declined in many districts in the Punjab, in spite of increasing levels of fertilizer application.
Traditionally, irrigation was only used in the Punjab as an insurance against crop failure in times of severe drought. The new seeds, however, need intensive irrigation as an essential input for crop yields. Although high-yielding varieties of wheat may yield over 40 per cent more than traditional varieties, they need about three times as much water. In terms of water use, therefore, they are less than half as productive.7
One result of the Green Revolution has therefore been to create conflicts over diminishing water resources. Where crops are dependent on groundwater for irrigation, the water table is declining at an estimated rate of one-third to half a metre per year. A recent survey by the Punjab Directorate of Water Resources, has shown that 60 out of the 118 development blocks in the state cannot sustain any further increase in the number of tube wells.
Although the Green Revolution brought initial financial rewards to many farmers, especially the more prosperous ones, those rewards were closely linked to high subsidies and price support. Such subsidies could not be continued indefinitely and farmers in the Punjab are now facing increasing indebtedness. Indeed, there is evidence of a decline in farmers' real income per hectare from 1978-79 onwards.
The increased capital intensity of fanning - in particular the need to purchase inputs - has generated new inequalities between those who could use the new technology profitably, and those for whom it turned into an instrument of dispossession. Small farmers - who make up nearly half of the farming population - have been particularly badly hit. A survey carried out between 1976 and 1978 indicates that small farmers' households were running into an annual average deficit of around 1500 rupees. Between 1970 and 1980, the number of small holdings in the Punjab declined by nearly a quarter due to their “economic non-viability".8
The prime beneficiaries have been larger farmers and agrochemical companies. As peasants have become more and more dependent on "off-farm" inputs, so they have become increasingly dependent on those companies that control the inputs. HYV seeds are illustrative. Unlike the traditional high yielding varieties which have co-evolved with local ecosystems, the Green Revolution HYVs have to be replaced frequently. After three to five years' life in the field, they become susceptible to diseases and pests. Obsolescence replaces sustainability. And the peasant becomes dependent on the seed merchants (see Box).
The further commercialization of seeds has been actively encouraged by the World Bank, despite widespread resistance from farmers who prefer to retain and exchange seeds among themselves, outside the market framework. Since 1969, the World Bank has made four loans to the National Seeds Project. The fourth loan””disbursed in 1988””was specifically intended to encourage the involvement of the private sector, including multinational corporations, in seed production. Such involvement was considered necessary because "sustained demand for seeds did not expand as expected, constraining the development of the fledgling industry."
Intensive irrigation has led to the need for large-scale storage systems, centralizing control over water supplies and leading to both local and inter-state water conflicts. Despite a succession of water-sharing agreements between the Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana, there is increasing conflict over both the availability of water and its quality. In the Punjab, farmers are actively campaigning to halt the construction of the Sutles-Yamuna Link Canal, which will take water to Haryana to irrigate 300,000 hectares for Green Revolution agriculture, whilst in Haryana, local politicians are lobbying hard for its completion. In 1986, irate farmers in the Ropar district of the Punjab, where the Link Canal begins, virtually forced the Irrigation Department to abandon work on the project. In May 1988, 30 labourers were killed at one of the construction sites.
The worsening lot of the peasantry in the Punjab, which is largely made up of Sikhs, has undoubtedly contributed to the development of Punjab nationalism. Many complain that the Punjab is being treated like a colony in order to provide cheap food for urban elites elsewhere in India. A representative of a Punjab farming organ stated in 1984:
"For the past three years, we have increasingly lost money from sowing all our acreage with wheat. We have been held hostage to feed the rest of India. We are determined that this will change."
A Second Revolution
There are two options available for getting out of the crisis of food production in the Punjab. One is to continue down the road of further intensification; the other is to make food production economically and ecologically viable again, by reducing input costs. Sadly, the Indian government appears to have adopted the former strategy, seeking to solve the problems of the first Green Revolution by launching a second. The strategy and rhetoric are the same; farmers are being encouraged to replace the "old technologies" of the first revolution with the new biotechnologies of the second; and to substitute wheat and rice grown for domestic consumption with fruit and vegetables for the export market. The production of staple foods is being virtually ignored.
Like the first Green Revolution, the second is being promoted on the promise of "peace and prosperity". It is highly unlikely that the second revolution can succeed where the first failed.
This article is extracted from The Violence of the Green Revolution: Ecological Degradation and Political Conflict in Punjab, a book published by Vandana Shiva, Debra Dun, 1989.
Vandana Shiva is director of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Natural Resource Policy, 105 Rajpur Road, Debra Dun, 248001 India. Her latest book to be published in the West is Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development (Zed, London, 1989).
Swaminathan, M.S., Science and the Conquest of Hunger, Concept, Delhi, 1983, p. 409.
Bayliss-Smith, T.B. and Wanmali S., “The Green Revolution at Micro Scale”, in Understanding Green Revolutions, Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Dogra, B., Empty Stomachs and Packed Godowns, New Delhi, 1984.
CGIAR, Integrative Report, Washington, DC, 1979.
Kang, D. S., “Environmental Problems of the Green Revolution with a focus on Punjab, India” in Richard Barrett (ed.), International Dimensions of the Environmental Crisis, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1982.
Gill, S.S., “Contradiction of Punjab Model of Growth and Search for an Alternative”, Economic and Political Weekly, 15 October, 1988.
Christian Science Monitor, May 1984, p. 10.
Switch Over To Organic Farming Needed in India
FOCUS ON ASIA | <urn:uuid:bc7c9449-90e7-4cb8-9a99-7524e5e35374> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://gmwatch.org/en/main-menu/news-menu-title/archive/43-2004/7688-switch-over-to-organic-farming-needed-in-india-2382004 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500035.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202165041-20230202195041-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.949164 | 5,140 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The gods had a dispute with the folk which are called Vanir, and they appointed a peace-meeting between them and established peace in this way: they each went to a vat and spat their spittle therein. Then at parting the gods took that peace-token and would not let it perish, but shaped thereof a man. This man is called Kvasir, and he was so wise that none could question him concerning anything but that he knew the solution. He went up and down the earth to give instruction to men; and when he came upon invitation to the abode of certain dwarves, Fjalarr and Galarr, they called him into privy converse with them, and killed him, letting his blood run into two vats and a kettle. The kettle is named Óðrerir, and the two vats Són and Boðn; they blended honey with the blood, and the outcome was that mead by the virtue of which he who drinks becomes a skald or scholar. The dwarves reported to the Æsir that Kvasir had choked on his own shrewdness, since there was none so wise there as to be able to question his wisdom.
Kvasir also briefly appears in the story of Baldr's death. In Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson tells how Loki, fearing the wrath of the Æsir, had run off to a certain mountain. Often throughout the day he turned himself into the likeness of a salmon and hid himself in the waterfall called Fránangr, but when he sat in his house, how took twine of linen and netted meshes as a net is made since. When he saw that the Æsir were close upon him, he cast the net into the fire and leaped into the river. Kvasir was the first to go into Loki's dwelling and saw in the fire the white ash where the net had burned. He perceived that this must be a device for catching fish, and told it to the Æsir. Straightaway they made themselves a net after the pattern and cast it into the falls to catch Loki.
Poetry is described in kennings as Kvasir's Blood or Kvasir's Gore. Another kenning is Liquid of the Dwarves, because Kvasir's blood was liquid in Óðrerir before the mead was made.
- Gylfaginning, 50.
- Skáldskaparmál, 1, 2, 3. | <urn:uuid:50181385-5676-4039-a9b9-ede9f36e21c0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://pantheon.org/articles/k/kvasir.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500035.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202165041-20230202195041-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.988087 | 533 | 2.875 | 3 |
Russia can only be changed—or saved from itself—by eliminating its capacity for re-imperialisation. And this can only be done by reducing Russia’s territorial capabilities, says Professor Andrzej NOWAK in an interview with Mikołaj CZYŻ.
Mikołaj CZYŻ: Are the roots of Western sympathy for Russia longer than they may seem? Do they go back to the 18th century, to Peter I?
Professor Andrzej NOWAK: One could draw three lines along which this phenomenon develops. The first, probably the oldest, is connected with the hope of converting the Orthodox Moscow, the “Third Rome,” by the Catholic “first” Rome.
As early as in the 15th and 16th centuries, the dream of the popes to convert the main, political centre of Russian Orthodoxy to some form of union with Rome handed many tangible advantages to the grand dukes of the Kremlin, who cynically exploited this dream. In the name of this illusory hope, the papacy often decided to sacrifice the fate of other nations within the Republic.
This phenomenon occurred with varying intensity and, sadly, it is apparently being revived today. Not only in the form of Pope Francis’ unfortunate statements but also in the form of another entirely different ideology that dreams of “converting” Russia. Western liberals often insist that to win Russia to the “world of modern values,” we only need to remove geopolitical obstacles, that is, agree to a Russian sphere of influence in Eastern Europe . . .
The second line is of an economic nature. It originated in trade contacts between Ivan the Terrible and Elizabeth I, the Queen of England. In 1555, the Muscovy Company, an English merchant partnership, was founded and focused only on the profits provided by the access to the Russian market of raw materials. Back then, it was wood. Today it is gas, which since 1981 has been strongly linking Germany, for example, first with the USSR and later with Putin’s Russia.
From the times of Ivan the Terrible till this day, Russia has been trying to present itself to the Western power as the perfect economic trading partner. Moscow insists that “small states” (Poland, Ukraine, etc.) are basically the only obstacle between the West and the fabulous contracts offered by Russia. All other matters should be subordinated to the trade—it’s a highly compelling argument.
The third thread paradoxically links the first line to the second. Its prelude can also be found in the agreement between the Orthodox ruler of the “Third Rome”—as Ivan the Terrible saw himself—and Elizabeth, the queen of Protestant Europe. They were united by a common struggle against the same enemy: the papacy, the Catholic Church, whose main support in eastern Europe was the Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian Commonwealth (in the 17th century, Cromwell called it “the horn on the head of the papal Beast”).
A new basis for connections between Russia and the West was provided by the unusual modernisation carried out by Tsar Peter I at the dawn of the 18th century. Peter and his successors in the 17th century (including Catherine II) emphasised that Russia would become Europeanised but on one condition— it must “physically” enter the centre of Europe and gain direct contact with it. What they meant was a common border with the West, a starting point of which was Germany (also according to the European thought). Tsar wanted the West to accept his empire’s expansion in that area, as it allowed Russia to “come closer to Europe.” We should note that Peter decided to follow the example of northern Europe (Netherlands, Prussia, England) and reach an agreement with Protestant Europe against the south, that is, the Latin, Catholic world. This line is very characteristic.
Russia chose northern Protestant Europe as its model, continuing, to some extent, an old anti-Catholic orientation of the “Third Rome”. This peculiar mixture of three lines made imperial Russia—entering the Republic by force of arms at the end of the 18th century—an exemplary student in the eyes of the representatives of the “enlightened West.”
The anti-Catholic phobia of the most influential part of the Enlightenment salons headed by Voltaire, similarly to Cromwell in the 17th century, recognised the Republic as a dangerous agent of Catholic “infamy”—as Voltaire called the Papacy—that had to be destroyed. By destroying the Republic, imperial Russia carried out a work of Enlightenment and progress, a work of a “decatholicisation” (it’s the first practical use of the “denazification” ideology that Putin invokes in his current expansion into Ukraine).
That is how it was presented by the agents of Catherine II, such as Diderot, Voltaire and Baron Grimm, whom she bribed with money. With their help, Catherine advocated the notion of Russia as a guardian of the Enlightenment in Eastern Europe. Naturally, the Polish Republic was then presented as a “black hole” on the map of the Enlightenment, which should be taught order, modernity and modernisation with Moscow’s bayonets. That, of course, was far from being true; it was propaganda paid for with Catherine II’s tsarist roubles and made up by servile propagandists in Western Europe, who repeat only one thesis in various ways. A thesis that the entire Eastern Europe should be placed under the patronage of the modernising, anti-Catholic Russia so that the continent might enjoy the victory of the progress (as defined in the models promoted by the Salon in Paris ).
The same pattern was followed in the 20th century when the progressive Salon of Paris (Jean-Paul Sartre) and the leftists’ Salon of the whole West claimed that it was necessary to return Eastern Europe to the progressive Red Army, even if it entailed some “small crimes”—because that is the price of progress, again represented by Russia (this time Soviet, Stalinist).
– Mikołaj Czyż: History shows that no matter what the system of power in Russia was, Moscow’s attitude towards Poland has been the same. If there is any shift of power in Russia now, for example, if the war in Ukraine leads to such an enormous economic crisis that it wipes Putin off the political stage, could Moscow’s attitude towards Warsaw finally change?
– Professor NOWAK: Among the representatives of the political and intellectual elite, although not many, there are nonetheless such Russians as Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who served 10 years in prison for his mistake of supporting Putin while trying to remain independent, an eminent director Alexander Sokurov, maker of wonderful films used by Putin in his propaganda of Russia’s opening up to the West, or Sergei Lebedev, a brilliant writer of the younger generation. They all emphasise that replacing Putin with another leader, even if it was Navalny, and not some other KGB colonel, will not change Russia.
Besides, Navalny’s programme represents the same aggressive imperialism as Putin’s. Russia can only be changed—or saved from itself—by eliminating its capacity for re-imperialisation. And this can only be done by reducing Russia’s territorial capabilities.
– Mikołaj CZYŻ: How and by whom could this be done?
– Professor NOWAK: Of course, this can only be done by the West and its firm stand on the side of Ukraine, the country that has just put a damper on the re-imperialisation of the post-Soviet zone. The West is the key to ensuring that Russian imperial Reconquista is no longer effective—because it has been so far! And thanks to the West, which did not act when Russia entered Donbas and Crimea in 2014. Germany or France, for example, saw “no problem” in it.
Vladimir Putin declared war on the West in February 2007 at the Munich Conference, stating it openly. The following year, he sent tanks into the capital of the sovereign country of Georgia and tore a large chunk of territory from it. There were no repercussions back then. Only Lech Kaczyński and several presidents from our part of Europe urged to do something about it. Western Europe was not interested in any sanctions, which could have stopped Russia even then, nor did they want to show the Russians that their “commander” was not that effective. Yet, until 2022, he was—thanks to the West.
We can stop Russia’s neo-imperialist project if we realise the most important point of the Giedroyc Doctrine. This doctrine is usually reduced to a Polish alliance with Ukraine, Lithuania and Belarus. But its essence is to consolidate the Warsaw-Kyiv geopolitical axis and to make Ukrainian sovereignty so strong that Ukraine will never again have to capitulate before Russia. As a result—and most importantly—Russia, with its re-imperialisation potential ultimately blocked, will accept that it is no longer an empire and will never be one again. Such Russia is a dream of the aforementioned Khodorkovsky, Sokurov, Lebedev or Kasparov, the potential elite of the changed country. However, for such a concept of Russia to have a chance of winning at home, a consistent stance is needed from the West against any agreements with imperial Russia.
– Mikołaj CZYŻ: In the case of Belarus, the West has the courage to push President Lukashenko to the margins of international politics—is this feasible with regard to Vladimir Putin, and does the West want it?
– Professor NOWAK: I think that, with few exceptions, such as President Macron, consistent in his extreme pro-Russian, even pro-Putin, approach, most Western leaders would prefer not to talk to Putin anymore. The danger I see in Western politics is not a pro-Putin stance or accepting Putin as a usual partner. This line has clearly been crossed, and apart from the French elites, who are most subservient to Russia, [other countries – translator’s note] and Washington has clearly shown that they don’t want to talk to Putin. It is not easy to come back to the discussion table with a leader after you called him a murderer. Germany, too, has clearly revised its policy.
The danger we face lies in Putin being replaced by someone else, such as KGB colonel Navalny, who would say: “Now, let’s get back to business as usual, because evil Putin is no more”. The key is for the West to recognise that Putin is not the problem. Putin realises the dreams and aspirations of most of the current Russian elite. In order to turn Russia into a safe partner for its western neighbours, its imperialism, deeply rooted in Russian history and culture, must be stopped. It is, therefore, necessary to put an end to the fatally false hopes of the West that Putin is bad while Russia, even the imperial one, is good.
These hopes are highlighted, for example, by the words of Pope Francis, who said that the Russian boys going there [to Ukraine – translator’s note] to rape and kill are the most important—after all, the Pope mentioned them first—and not the Ukrainian women and men who are raped and killed. Anything to avoid offending the “wonderful” Moscow that may eventually be converted.
Obviously, the economic aspect is even stronger today. With a vision of the day when cheap gas will once again be brought from Russia, influential European Union Commissioners are scrambling to get back to the Green Europe project, which is, in effect, based on Russian gas. Without this cheap Russian gas, Commissioner Timmermans will not be able to implement anything from his ideological project “Fit for 55.” The European Union elite dreams of returning to “normal” relations with Russia as soon as possible—they just want to get rid of Putin so that Russia could still be the most essential partner.
We should also note the third aspect that is constantly present in the Western narrative: “Russia is important; it has created such a wonderful culture;” it’s not “tiny and primitive” like Belarus or Ukraine—as it was usually said contemptuously about the countries of our region. Russian imperialism argues that Russian culture is Europeanising and worth “a hundred times more” than all the countries located between Russia and Germany. That suggestion is very much instilled in the mentality of the Western elites.
It is worth quoting here the shocking article accompanying the admission of Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia to the European Union, written by a renowned American intellectual Perry Anderson and published in The Sunday Times Magazine, where this intellectual expressed his indignation at the “terrible mistake” of admitting these countries to the Union, because, according to him, their cultural contribution is nil compared to that of Russia’s. Naturally, this man knows nothing about the culture of Poland, the Czech Republic or Hungary. I guess he has never listened to Chopin, Bartok or Dvořák, and never heard of Copernicus, Conrad or Miłosz . . .
Obviously, I’m being a bit ironic. Still, Anderson’s text represents typical thinking of Western elites: “But why, Russia is the country of Tchaikovsky, Dostoyevsky, Chekhov. We must love such a country and take it back. Those small countries, like Belarus, Ukraine or Poland, are unimportant to us.” We must fight against this mentality, so successfully transplanted into the Western elite by Russian imperial culture. Mentality perfectly expressed, for example, by the terrible poem by Joseph Brodsky, the great poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, who greeted the restoration of Ukrainian independence with a poem full of contempt and hatred for Ukraine as a barbarian tribe. This subtle, liberal Russian poet, admired by the West, argues that Eastern Europe has only one great culture—Russian—and that the rest is barbaria, enlightened only by Russia: Chekhov, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy or Tchaikovsky (incidentally descended from Ukrainian Cossacks by the name Tchaika). And the West buys it. These days, however, it’s hard not to notice that the Ukrainians are not the Russians, that they have not come to terms with a situation in which there is no Ukrainian nation and no Ukrainian culture.
I think that regaining a sense of subjectivity in our countries, showing that we have something to say in our own language and that we are no less valuable part of Europe than this idealised Russia—that is our fundamental task at the moment. It will allow us to overcome the myth of Russia as the only important partner for Europe situated east of Germany.
– Mikołaj CZYŻ: But is there any way for Poland to build friendly relations with Russia?
– Professor NOWAK: With a non-imperial Russia, yes. Poland can establish friendly relations with Russia if it understands that there is no going back to Kyiv, Kharkiv or Crimea. However, if Russia remains imperialistic, the conflict between our countries is inevitable, fundamental and enduring. For imperial Russia, the only way that conflict could be solved is for us to surrender, raise both hands in the air and say: “Come and rule us.” Then imperial Russia will “make peace” with Poland, just as it did during the rule of the Soviet system.
Unless we accept our status as the western periphery of the great Russian empire, we will never have good relations with imperial Russia. The only alternative is for Russia to cease being an imperial country. It is a good alternative, one that we should aim for.
– Mikołaj CZYŻ: As far as Europe’s attitude to these concessions is concerned, it is worth recalling Lord Curzon’s vision of the Soviet Russia’s border, set out during the Polish-Soviet War. The vision entailed accepting an extremely limited Polish border and ending the war as soon as possible. The same is said in the context of the war in Ukraine: if there can be any peace after that war, it will involve the West forcing Ukraine to accept the annexation to Russia of the lands it has occupied so far.
– Professor NOWAK: That is criminal appeasement thinking. I described it in detail in my book The West First Betrayal using the example you gave, namely the Curzon Line. Lord Curzon had, in fact, nothing to do with it. It was drawn by British Prime Minister Lloyd George in 1920 when the Bolshevik army was approaching Warsaw. Lloyd George wanted to sacrifice Poland as a whole, not only to the aforementioned line, as long as it would stop Bolsheviks from crossing the German border. That was the essence of the current British Prime Minister’s offer to Lenin and Stalin. Fortunately, we defended ourselves against this concept. It was, however, the first example of appeasement, that is, a concession to a criminal, totalitarian regime based on expansion and imperial conquest—a concession by Western powers at the expense of smaller countries that were left to be devoured by aggressive imperialism on the assumption that “imperial Russia will feed on these scraps.”
Similarly, it was later believed that Adolf Hitler’s imperial Third Reich could also be fed with such “scraps.” So it was given Czechoslovakia, Austria and the Rhineland in the hope that it would “swallow them and be satisfied.” It seemed that the folly of this policy had been exposed once and for all by the Second World War. It is impossible to satiate an imperial appetite with concessions. Russia will not be content with Lugansk, Donetsk and Crimea or Ukraine after it has been devoured in the next stage. Nor will it be content with Poland or the entire former Soviet camp. It will only be satisfied when it has subjugated the whole of Europe. Until the elites in Paris or Berlin understand this, they will keep returning to the temptation of appeasement, that is, selling out smaller neighbours to aggressive Russian imperialism.
– Mikołaj CZYŻ: Józef Mackiewicz drew the world’s attention to the threat posed by communist Russia. Does Poland have the tools to convince the world of everything you have mentioned, namely that Russia, not Putin, is the real issue?
– Professor NOWAK: Let us make one correction. In my opinion, Józef Mackiewicz was fundamentally wrong because he believed communism was the only source of the problem, that Russia was utterly, “immaculately” innocent, and that Russian tradition never held any danger for its neighbours. This passionate defence of Russian tradition, which is completely at odds with historical reality, is falsified today. Vladimir Putin does not represent communism, he represents Russia. He emphasises this at every step and thus appeals to millions of Russian people who support him. Vladimir Putin refers above all to the traditions of the Russian empire and the traditions of Catherine II, Ivan the Terrible or Marshal Alexander Suvorov. He refers to Stalin as the creator of the greatest Russian empire.
I think it is Putin himself who is helping most in the belief that this is the reality, that this is the problem we face today. The actions of Russia in 2022 in Ukraine demonstrate the brutality of Russian policy. It is impactful that this brutality reveals all elements of the deep-rooted tradition of Russian imperialism, centuries older than the extremely criminal communist regime installed there in 1917. It helps weaken the pro-Russian propaganda that has until now been very strong in Paris, Berlin and other capitals of Western Europe. After all, how can one justify the mass rape of women, the mass deportation of civilians into the depths of the Russian empire or taking children away from their parents? Yet these are the methods that Ivan the Terrible used when he conquered Kazan, Astrakhan and Novgorod. These are the methods that Catherine II used when she displaced whole peoples (for example, the Kalmyks after the Pugachev’s rebellion or the Crimean Tatars after the conquest of the Crimea). And these are the methods used against the Poles after the partitions of the Republic.
.Showing this brutality of Russian policy on worldwide television is now the best tool for reminding us of the historical truth, which the West has always brushed aside, saying: “It is only Polish Russophobia.” Well, now you see what imperial Russia is all about. Are these rapes and everything else that Putin’s troops are doing in Ukraine just our invention, our bloody fantasy? No. That’s the reality. It can be understood through history, but it must not be blurred in the name of any ideology or interests.
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I’m back with Kenyatta D. Berry for the second half of our interview, digging more into ways to find original sources, and to understand what those little points of data mean. Kenyatta is a professional genealogist, attorney, author, lecturer, and TV host. She has extensive knowledge of African American genealogy and enslaved ancestral research. Her book, The Family Tree Toolkit: A Comprehensive Guide to Uncovering Your Ancestry and Researching Genealogy, is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning more about their genealogy. It’s a wonderful resource guide and also provides helpful steps for how to get started.
Kenyatta has so much to teach us with her vast knowledge, quick wit, and in-depth explanations. I know you’ll love learning from her! If you missed it, check out part 1 of this interview first!
Kay: One of the themes we’re seeing is how their voices are lost. We don’t have information about them, they’re put in a spreadsheet without a name, and it was illegal for them to be taught how to read or write. But after 1810, we begin to start hearing from them. I wonder as a genealogist, how do you start to piece things together to hear their story better, even if it’s not in their own voice? How do you take it from that tic mark on a document, to who they were, and who their family members were?
Kenyatta: I mentioned that genealogy is more than just names, dates, and places. To create that story, you have to understand the history. I’m really big on the historical context. I always use Madison county as an example, because when I lived in Virginia, I went there. I went to that county, that court house, and I bought books that talked about that county. Some of those history books then will talk about the slaves, and you’ll know what’s going on when your ancestor lived in that county. It’ll give you information to help you craft that story.
One of the biggest things is oral histories. Some genealogists don’t love the idea, as they feel like it’s a big game of telephone, where the stories change—but they’re still a great foundation. You can see what’s told, and try to find out what’s true.
Another thing is being able to learn about the county and surrounding areas. If they were near a larger city, there were newspapers. They tell the stories—including the stories of runaway enslaved people. Those give you so much information—a description of an individual, down to what they were wearing. That is a story. If you had an ancestor, but you don’t know who their last enslaver was, runaway enslaved ads can give you that information. That’s one way to look at it. But even if it’s not your ancestor, how many people were running away from a certain area? What was going on during the Civil War in your ancestor’s area? That will help flesh out those details, that you can use along with the Freeman’s Bureau records.
Kay: That’s amazing. I can see how those different records you’re piecing together allow you to start telling the story of the environment they were in. At what point did you see that you were able to get research in the voices of the people you were studying? Not during slavery, nor much during reconstruction. When do start finding primary sources? When does that shift happen, where you’re getting the stories from them?
Kenyatta: There are some very famous slave narratives. 12 Years a Slave, Fredrick Douglas, and some other very famous ones of those who escaped bondage. Those are in the voices of the enslaved. There were stories, even during slavery, from their voices. These were used a lot with the abolitionist movement to talk about the horrors of slavery.
When you get to the broader group of the enslaved, who didn’t have that opportunity, whether they died while enslaved, or just never got to tell their story—those stories do exist. Reconstruction is when we started to see those stories emerge, especially in newspapers. Reconstruction was an area when we got the “second founding” of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments of the Constitution, and so as they were fighting for full citizenship, they were telling their stories.
There were a number of African American men who were elected as representatives in their state houses. They’re telling their stories. Whether it’s in a book or a newspaper, those voices are of someone prominent in the community, but they can still speak about their experience.
The purpose of Reconstruction was to rebuild the union, to rebuild and restore in the South. It was a difficult time, but during that time many formerly-enslaved sought education. They wanted to learn to read and write; they wanted to know what they were doing when they were buying land. They wanted what they were denied before. They had the freedom, but they wanted the education to go along with it. Those stories are there, and you see them emerge during slavery, but you see more of them emerge during reconstruction.
Kay: With the genealogy research you’re doing, I’m sure finding some of this information is like finding a needle in a haystack. Many of these aren’t indexed, you might have to go into the regional records—what are some of the triumphs you’ve had a genealogist, where you were able to connect some dots, or found a one-in-a-million document?
Kenyatta: I mentioned the Freeman’s Bureau a lot, because far before things were online, I found the sharecropping agreement for my 4th grandfather Lewis Carter. In connecting the dots, in 1870 he was in Madison County, and I found a list of his personal property and of his real property. The value of his personal property was a little over a thousand dollars in that day’s money, and the value of his real property was over four thousand.
Seeing that as a genealogist confused me a little bit, because I knew he wasn’t a free person of color in 1860, but how did he get that? I digged into the Freeman’s Bureau, and found this sharecropping agreement between him and Dr. Taylor. These agreements varied from person to person, but for my 4th grandfather, he received half the crops, in return for maintain and farming this land that was owned by John Taylor.
Others in the same county have various arrangements. Some would get money; some would get room and board—it depends on the employer. The theory is the employer is probably the previous enslaver, which means Taylor was likely the enslaver of Lewis. When I looked at the 1870 schedule, it listed Lewis Carter as an agent of Dr. Taylor. My 3rd great-grandmother, Lewis’ daughter, married James Philip Sellers. Their marriage certificate says they got married on Taylor’s farm. There’s consistency there—that helps me build my story. Whatever connection there is to Taylor, there’s still a connection.
Kay: What do you make of that, with this specific ancestor? Was it common that they would stay on the lands they would previously been enslaved? Was there any indication of what that relationship was like, since it looks like he made enough money to go somewhere else? It sounds incredibly complicated, and it’s hard to imagine how that relationship continues.
Kenyatta: To understand the relationship between Taylor and Carter, it’s going to be complex. They call it a peculiar institution, because you don’t know. I don’t know the relationship between the two of them. His daughter is married on this land. She’s living with him on this land with her husband. I haven’t found much information on that relationship.
The interaction between the enslaver and the enslaved person we may never know or understand. It could be anything—I’m not going to assume that because he stayed that they had some type of familial relationship, because I don’t know. But there are other places, where the stories are very basic, where the person was their parent, and years later they interviewed and mentioned that their enslaver were their father. That’s something they didn’t talk about. To understand those relationships is to understand that culture, and that community. Every community is different.
But I haven’t seen anything that would confirm that relationship with Lewis. I wish I could find something, and I can try to tell a story, but I only know what I have in front of me. I can try to add something to it, but I can’t confirm it.
I also wanted to mention, about staying on the land they were enslaved on—many of them left, because they wanted to find their people. There were a lot of “information wanted” ads in newspaper, because they wanted to find their brother, father, sister, who was sold down the river, and they wanted to find their family. That’s one thing with Lewis and his wife, I have accounted for all of her children. If someone was sold off, I might have missed them, but for Martha Paine Carter, and Emily Carter Sellers, I have identified all their children.
Kay: That’s amazing, and rare, right?
Kenyatta: It depends. You can definitely do it—it’s not as rare as you’d think. You have to understand how to do it, and the patience to dig through the records, and know what you’re looking for. If you know the enslavers name, and they have a will, then that will may mention him giving a slave to someone, and you can follow that person. That’s why it’s important to know the last enslaver.
It’s emotional to think about, and difficult to grasp, but at the end of the day, these human beings were property. As property, they had records attached, which were connected to those who owned them, the enslavers. So while some may think there’s not records available for African American genealogies, they’re missing that there are records, they’re just not always in names of those who were enslaved—they’re the names of the enslavers.
Kay: Wow. It’s really heavy, and I appreciate you taking us through it. Even though we’ve talked some before it, I still feel like there’s so much to wrap my head around—but you do a great job of breaking it down where to look, and where to start following the string. Do you have any advice where our readers can go to find their own genealogy, and what can we do to support the African American genealogy study?
Kenyatta: If you’re just getting started with your genealogy, start with yourself and work backwards. Interview the older relatives—aunts, grandparents, great grandparents. Anyone! Get all the information, ask all the questions, document it and source it. Use that to build out your family tree. One of the reasons I wrote my book is to help people get started, because when I started 20 years ago, there was no beginner’s guide to help you walk though this overwhelming process. It’s a lot of information, it’s a lot to take in.
Focus on one family line. Focus on your mom’s side, or your dad’s side, and then once you continue to find information, focus on one grandparent, and go back on that line. That way you don’t get overwhelmed and underwater with it.
There’s a number of records that do need to be digitized and indexed and transcribed—a way to help is to support your local library, historical societies, genealogy societies that have these documents that need to be available. I know the Smithsonian has a transcription project related to the Freeman’s Bureau. This is looking at the record that is in cursive, and transcribing that, and there’s a lot of indexing that goes on, especially at family search.
If you look at the location where your ancestors lived, see if those archives have these projects, and you can support them by going through the records physically, as well as financially. The records are not only attached only just to the African American person, but also the enslaver. People don’t realize, that when we look at African American history, we’re looking at American history. It’s John Taylor and Lewis Carter. It’s the story of two people. We need to understand that, as we go through and share this information, that this is a benefit to everyone, because it’s our collective history.
Kay: I appreciate you bringing it together and telling it as a complete story, even with a complicated history. Even now, we have some resources to bring it all together, but it’s still complex and takes some hand- holding to figure it out. Your book is a great resource for those who want to learn more, and our readers can also follow you on Facebook, or Instagram. Thank you so much for sharing so openly from your research! | <urn:uuid:451a010a-1218-43b0-af4f-cf119a77c95d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.kathrynhastingsco.com/post/part-2-kenyatta-d-berry-finding-your-ancestors-and-african-american-genealogy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500035.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202165041-20230202195041-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.981651 | 2,846 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Top 5 tips to teach your kid about home budgeting
A huge percentage of financial articles talk about savings and investments for millennials, mid 40’s adults, and so on. There is a small percentage that touches on financial topics for your kids. Therefore, we need to change the narrative and incorporate the kids into the system.
Furthermore, if we want them to be responsible and accountable financially, it needs to start early. According to a recent study at the age of 3, your kid can understand the basic concepts about cash.
Whereas when they attain age 7, their money habits have already developed. That means you need to be on top of your game when teaching your child about finances. That said, we’ll discuss top 5 creative ways to teach your child budgeting tips. Let’s jump right in., shall we!
What is budgeting?
Before we get to the tips, it’s vital to understand what budgeting is all about. Well, it refers to creating a plan on how your child can spend money. The plan is usually drafted to cover a certain time. Additionally, the plan can be re-evaluated after a certain time to see if it is effective or not. And if it’s not effective, a new plan is drawn to meet the need. The objective is to teach your child the importance of saving rather than spending.
So, here are the best tips for those who want to teach children how to budget
1. Make use of a piggy bank
Piggy banks are highly recommended when it comes to teaching your child how to save. It is easier for a child to lose interest in the saving culture if they are not motivated. That means opening an account for them is off the table. That is because they do not see an account, but they can see the piggy bank. Therefore, visualizing their piggy banks makes it easier for them to accept the idea.
On the other hand, you can stick a picture of the intended target on the piggy bank. If the child is saving towards buying a video game player, bike etc.; you can stick a picture of it on the piggy. This keeps them motivated, and they would be willing to save more towards the goal.
2. Have multiple money jars
Budgeting is all about allocation, hence make use of multiple jars. That means there is a jar for spending, savings, emergency fund, long-term savings and so on. Having all the jars labeled makes it easier for them to learn about allocation of funds at a young age. Hence they will be responsible and accountable as they grow.
3. Match your child’s saving
We usually respond positively to rewards. That’s why you work hard to earn a bonus or a promotion. The same case applies when teaching your kid about the saving culture. Therefore, much your child’s savings. That, in turn, motivates them to save more.
Hence once the duration has elapsed, remove the money from the jar(s) or piggy bank and count. If the total amounts to PHP 100,000, double the amount.
4. Play Monopoly
Monopoly is a board game for two or more players. Though, the maximum number of players in the game is eight. Additionally, the game entails players moving around the board, selling and buying buildings or land. The main aim is becoming the richest and win the tournament.
For this reason, we recommend the game to teach your kids, its expose them to real investments at an early age. At this point, they can grasp the concepts about investments, when to purchase a property, hold cash, or even let go of their investments. Once grown they will also understand the concept behind managing huge amounts of cash, and paying taxes.
5. Tracking the expenditure
Keeping track of your child’s savings is vital since it teaches one how to be accountable. For this reason, have a written record of their savings and spending. Also, you could opt for the budgeting apps, which are more fun for the kids. By having the records well balanced, the child can control their spending culture and save more.
Also Read: Easy Tips for Attract Customers to Startups
In the Philippines, a huge percentage of Filipinos are business owners, contributing heavily to the country’s economy. However, Filipinos are known for having poor saving habits, which has affected generations. This is why we suggest teaching your kid ways on how to budget. This, in turn, prepares them for the future and can take care of their investments and save with minimal effort.
However, you can’t teach your child how to save if you lack income. Hence you can request a personal loan from Union bank.
The funds are offered at a low interest rate. You can then use the cash upon approval an allowance and show them how to save. Remember, the cash should be given at intervals and not at once. This, in turn, cultivates the saving culture in them. | <urn:uuid:3f1b8958-86db-41df-ac37-46bce963eb59> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.wikitechupdates.com/top-5-tips-to-teach-your-kid-about-home-budgeting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500035.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202165041-20230202195041-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.954013 | 1,043 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Christian Slave Trade versus the Islamic Slave Trade
As I discuss in my upcoming book, Muslim Mechanics, many Muslims from Africa were among the slaves brought into America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While this early introduction of Islam into the Western Hemisphere did not catch on, it opens up a topic discussing the Christian slave trade and the Islamic slave trade.
The year 1619 is the year most people point to when discussing the beginnings of slavery in the United States. That is the year that 20 African slaves arrived in Virginia. At that time, Virginia did not allow the ownership of slaves but did allow indentured servants. The 20 African slaves were bartered to the colonists for goods and ship repairs and later allowed to work off their debts before being freed. However, the transatlantic slave trade that had begun in the mid-fifteenth century was more brutal to those who were its victims. Led by Portugal and followed by other European kingdoms, slave traders sailed to Africa. The Portuguese were the first to kidnap people from the west coast of Africa and take them back to Europe. Soon after, the Spanish and the British took the slaves to their colonies in the new world. The Spanish brought their first African captives to the Americas from Europe as early as 1503. By 1518, the first captives arrived in the Caribbean from Africa. In 1619, an English pirate captured the slaves from a Spanish slave trader headed to Mexico and brought them to Jamestown, Virginia.
While 1619 is considered the beginning of the slave trade in the North American British colonies, the British, by that date, already had numerous settlements in the West Indies where their sugar plantations needed lots of labor to harvest the sugar cane. The tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region initially drove the need for slaves in North America. Later, the demand for slaves was exacerbated by the cotton plantations in the southern colonies. While the Portuguese originated the practice, the Spanish, Dutch, English, and French participated in that illicit trade. Slaves were "sourced" primarily from West Africa, between the Senegal and Niger rivers. We would recognize that geographic area today as Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Ghana, and Sierra Leone. Later regions would include all west African countries south to Namibia and around the cape to include states on the continent's east coast. Inland areas adjacent to the seaboard, such as Mali and the Congo, were also raided.
By the late eighth century, Islam had spread through North Africa and into Spain. But it was also creeping south down the west African coast, initially into Mauritania and Senegal. Over time, many of these regions developed Islamic enclaves, and many inland ethnic groups converted. Fast forward 700 years, and it becomes conceivable that many of the slaves captured by European traders and sent to the Americas were Muslims. One source estimates that some 90 percent of the Africans came from four areas where Islam was a part of the tribal culture: those areas being west-central Africa (Congo and Angola), the Senegambia Confederation, the Gold Coast (Ghana), and Sierra Leone. Historian Michael Gomez estimates that over half of the 481,000 West Africans "imported into British North America" due to the slave trade "came from areas influenced by Islam."
While these slaves represented the arrival of the first Muslims to the "New World," slave owners kept them under control by repressing their previous culture and forcing new languages and customs into their lives. Restrictions of Islamic rituals and worship removed almost all mention of Islam, with only a few exceptions, from the slaves during that period.
Historians still debate the number of Africans forcibly transported across the Atlantic between 1500 and 1866. An extensive research effort started in the 1960s places the total at more than 12 million people. Of that amount, less than 9.6 million made it through the so-called "middle passage" over the Atlantic because of the inhuman conditions they encountered while being transported and the brutal suppression of any onboard resistance. One website, www.slavevoyages.org, has cataloged 34,000 individual trans-Atlantic voyages made during this period.
While there was a vibrant slave trade from Africa's west coast to the Americas, there was also a lively slave trade from Africa's east coast to the Islamic Arab states such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Yemen. The total number of Africans taken from the continent's east coast and transported to the Arab community is between 9.4 million and 14 million. These figures are estimates due to the absence of documented records.
While the Christian slave trade originated mainly on Africa's west coast, the Islamic slave trade occurred mostly on Africa's eastern half of the continent closest to the Islamic countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The early Islamic slave trade included Africans and Turks, eastern Europeans, and even a few western Europeans. To be fair, slavery existed before Islam. Still, after the Prophet Muhammad made it haram that Muslims should not be taken into slavery by other Muslims, the institution of slavery expanded into non-Islamic locations. People, who did not worship the one true god, were seen primarily as sources of slaves. Since they possessed no religion worth the mention, they were natural recruits for Islam. Interestingly enough, Muslim missionaries were restricted from proselytizing because of its effect in reducing the potential reservoir of slaves.
Just as in the Americas, slaves were widely employed in irrigation, mining, agriculture, animal husbandry, and domestic workers and servants. Many Islamic caliphs and sultans had plantation farms and industries, just like the Christian nations. There were two occupations commonly staffed in the East by slaves you would not find in the West. Female slaves would be used for concubines and male slaves for soldiers. Islamic law allows sexual intercourse with female slaves, and men were permitted to have as many concubines as they could afford. As for soldiers, early Islamic army formation was primarily cavalry. However, the two forces that Muhammad and the caliphs that followed him kept bumping up against were the Byzantine and the Sassasian (Persian) empires and their armies had both infantry and cavalry. Up until the crusades, African slaves were used widely as Islamic infantry. For example, in 870, one governor in Egypt working for the Abbasid caliphate had 45,000 foot soldiers, all African slaves
There were several apparent differences between the Christian slave trade and the Islamic slave trade. The male: female ratio in the Atlantic slave trade was 2:1, whereas, in Islamic lands, the ratio was 1:2. The Atlantic passage was brutal and male slaves had a better chance of survival. Also, plantation farms were more numerous in the Western Hemisphere and needed more manual labor. Another difference between the two was that slavery in the West had a racial component, whereas the Qur'an explicitly condemned racism. In the East, concubines were accepted, and children born of slaves and their masters were quickly assimilated into the population. Female slaves were more accessible because the supply source was closer. One big difference between Christian and Islamic slave policies was the issue of manumission. Manumission is the act of freeing slaves by their master. Muslims encouraged the manumission of slaves if they converted to Islam as a way of expiating sins. There are numerous stories how manumitted slaves rose to become famous generals, traders, bankers, artists and even one became a sultan. In the Christian West, the only way to win one's freedom was to escape to the undeveloped western lands or the abolitionist north, and even then, some laws forced authorities to return escaped slaves.
When Thomas Jefferson became President of the United States in 1801, he found that the North African countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Tripolitania (Libya) were pirate dens looking for slaves. These Islamic pirates and slave traders raided the Mediterranean coasts of Europe as far afield as the British Isles. They attacked any boat from non-Islamic countries, and sought booty and plunder, especially slaves. When they attacked American ships, Jefferson took them on, and the rest is history. This bit of history is still sung with pride in the U.S. Marine Corps hymn.
Slavery in the West was officially over in the 1860s. In the Islamic East, the slave trade was officially over in 2007, although there are rumors it is still going on in the Islamic countries of the Sahel (south of the Sahara across Africa). The high estimate for the Christian slave trade is 12 million people forcibly taken. The high estimate for the Islamic slave trade is 14 million. The forced deportation of up to 26 million people from the African continent impacted population growth there. It was in that period from 1500 to 1900 that Africa's population stayed stagnant or even declined. I find it interesting that people from the two largest religions in the world were the largest perpetrators of human slavery. It should be the other way around. | <urn:uuid:c5be039b-cb24-41a1-85ff-cf14b8fac922> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.muslimmechanics.com/post/the-christian-slave-trade-versus-the-islamic-slave-trade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.976573 | 1,823 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Could you remember when was the last time you read a book or an article in a magazine?! If you are one of the countless number of people who do not make the habit of reading regularly, so you will miss many significant benefits which you could get from reading. The benefits of reading are long-term as reading now will have a long impact on your life. Here we will show you what are the significant benefits of reading to know why you should read everyday.
1. Exercise your brain: the concentration while reading helps your brain to think and to keep your mind sharp all the time. Reading helps our brains to keep away from Alzheimer diseases.
2. Reduce stress: reading a book at night during drinking a cup of coffee or tea is very relaxing and has a great impact on reducing the stress of the whole day. Reading is a great activity which you could do whenever you want to do.
3. Increase your vocabulary: reading helps you to gain more words, synonyms and concepts which are very important to express yourself fluently in a job interview or in any other meetings.
4. Knowledge: everything which you are going to read will fill your head with new information, new concepts and new ideas; this means that the more knowledge you have, the better equipped you are to face any challenge in your life.
5. Tranquility: reading a good book will help you to feel inner peace and tranquility, besides reducing the stress of the day.
6. Imagination: the good writer will draw a good imagination while writing the book, so reading a good book will help both the adults and kids to encourage their active imagination.
7. Stronger analytical thinking skills: reading helps you to think critically and analytically as to collect all the details provided and sort them, then to determine.
8. Memory improvements: reading a book requires to remember the dialogues, names of characters and actions of the story; so that reading could help to strengthen your memory.
9. Reading helps you to get better writing skills. | <urn:uuid:37db16ce-b133-420b-be0a-0c1b3c1b8f68> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.pouted.com/9-benefits-reading-know-read-everyday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500250.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205063441-20230205093441-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.960077 | 415 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Bloodroot is one of the harbingers of spring on the Niagara Frontier -- and it is certainly one of our most interesting vernal wildflowers.
From mid-April to early-May this member of the poppy family adds beauty to the barren woodlands as it opens for the sun each day, its fragile white petals spreading in the morning, exposing a golden yellow center.
At night, those same flowers close shut. Quite a few species of flowers do that (especially in the summer), but the bloodroot is unusual for the fact that its leaf closes, too. The single, scalloped leaf, told by its large lobes, wraps around the flower stalk.
Indigenous peoples used a diluted version of the plant blood as war paint and as a marking during special ceremonies. It would stick to the skin or mud applicant for days and its latex-like properties could handle sweat without coming off which allowed for its use during long battles.
That sort of permanency also allowed for its use to paint baskets and dye clothing. Even early French settlers to North America used the root to dye wool.
The plant also had some medical purposes – when taken sparingly.
Being a member of the poppy family, it has some of the properties of opium. It contains the compound protopine, which when consumed in small amounts can cause nausea. When taken in large amounts, it’s a poison, as it will slow down the heart and kill the user.
Native Americans found a way to temper that and put the plant to good use – or more appropriately good uses; bloodroot provided a veritable laundry list of benefits.
In amounts that weren’t diluted like the war paints were, it served as an aggressive destroyer of flesh, so it was used to remove ringworm, warts, polyps, skin cancers, and bodily fungi.
Although its roots create strong interest, especially for any outdoorsperson interested in seeing them bleed, it is strongly encouraged that you leave the plants alone. Once you dig up the root the plant is dead.
Because of that, the state considers it a plant susceptible to exploitation – and it certainly is: I know of very few bloodroots in Western New York and those that I do are in very public areas (Royalton Ravine Park and Lockport Nature Trail). Their numbers have decreased in both places, no doubt due to being dug up by curious hikers.
So, please, let these interesting plants be. Let their beauty – and their stories – reappear every spring.
From the 11 May 2017 All WNY News | <urn:uuid:e4b3f4f9-6cec-4d7c-b3dd-b595f52c402f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bobconfer.blogspot.com/2017/05/exploring-niagara-frontier-bloodroot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.961901 | 529 | 3.0625 | 3 |
wheels in the Bible
Chariot wheels are mentioned in various Scripture, including Isaiah 5:28; Jeremiah 47:3; Nahum 3:2; etc.
He [God] caused their chariot wheels to swerve, and He made them drive with difficulty; so the Egyptians each said, “Let me flee from Israel, for the Lord is fighting for them against the Egyptians.” —Exodus 14:25 NASB
…the wheel of his cart… —Isaiah 28:28 NASB excerpt
A horizontal wheel was used to turn a lump of clay in forming pottery.
So I went down to the potter’s house, and there he was, making something on the wheel. —Jeremiah 18:3 NASB
For the temple, Hiram contructed 10 bronze stands each with 4 wheels, to hold large basins.
Then he made the ten stands of bronze; the length of each stand was four cubits, its width four cubits, and its height was three cubits. …Now each stand had four bronze wheels with bronze axles… The four wheels were underneath the borders, and the axles of the wheels were on the stand. And the height of a wheel was a cubit and a half. The workmanship of the wheels was like the workmanship of a chariot wheel. Their axles, their rims, their spokes, and their hubs were all cast. —1 Kings 7:27-33 NASB excerpts
A wise king scatters the wicked,
And drives a threshing wheel over them. —Proverbs 20:26 NASB
Wheels for lifting water at cisterns and wells
…the wheel at the cistern… —Ecclesiastes 12:6 NASB
The whirling wheels
Four strange whirling wheels are associated with the cherubim.
Then I looked, and behold, in the expanse that was over the heads of the cherubim something like a sapphire stone, in appearance in the likeness of a throne, appeared above them. And He spoke to the man clothed in linen and said, “Enter between the whirling wheels under the cherubim…
…Then I looked, and behold, four wheels beside the cherubim, one wheel beside each cherub; and the appearance of the wheels was like the gleam of a Tarshish stone. As for their appearance, all four of them had the same likeness, as if one wheel were within another wheel. As they went, they went in any of their four directions without turning as they went; but they went in the direction which they faced, without turning as they went.
And their whole body, their backs, their hands, their wings, and the wheels were full of eyes all around, the wheels belonging to all four of them.
The wheels were called in my hearing, the whirling wheels. And each one had four faces. The first face was the face of a cherub, the second face was the face of a man, the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.
…Now as the cherubim went, the wheels went beside them; also when the cherubim lifted up their wings to rise from the ground, the wheels would not turn from beside them. When the cherubim stood still, the wheels would stand still; and when they rose up, the wheels would rise with them, for the spirit of the living creatures was in them.
…When the cherubim departed, they lifted their wings and rose up from the earth in my sight with the wheels beside them… —Ezekiel 10:2-20 LSB excerpts
These wheels are also mentioned in Ezekiel 1 LSB.
I kept looking
Until thrones were set up,
And the Ancient of Days took His seat;
His garment was white as snow,
And the hair of His head like pure wool.
His throne was ablaze with flames,
Its wheels were a burning fire. —Daniel 7:9 NASB
The word “wheel” appears in the King James Version of Psalm 83:13 KJV, and “a rolling thing” in Isaiah 17:13 KJV. However, the Revised King James Version for both says “whirling dust,” as does the New American Standard Version (Psalm 83:13 NASB; Isaiah 17:13 NASB). | <urn:uuid:83e0eb71-424e-4739-9edb-14486519deed> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://christiananswers.net/dictionary/wheel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.978183 | 965 | 3.203125 | 3 |
FORM AND STRUCTURE OF THE HOT-SPRING DEPOSITS
Liberty Cap and the Devil's Thumb (fig. 8) are the two best examples of a cone-type hot-spring deposit at Mammoth Hot Springs. Hot-spring cones form by travertine deposition where water persistently emerges at a single point rather than along a crack in the terrace. As long as water flows up this point of weakness in the terrace, the cone continues to grow, but if the water finds a more convenient underground channel or if the orifice of the spring is sealed over by travertine, the cone becomes dormant. Also, as a tall cone such as Liberty Cap increases in height, the flow of water from the top may eventually stop, because there is insufficient artesian pressure to continue lifting the hot water over the newly deposited lip of the pool.
Hot-spring runoff over steep banks typically results in the formation of multitudes of small scalloped deposits. In places where the runoff slopes are gentle or where ir regularities in the slope allow small pools to form, travertine precipitates around the edge of the slowly rising pool to produce larger scallop-shaped deposits called terracettes (figs. 9, 10). New Highland Springs are characterized by spectacular overhanging terracette deposits (fig. 11). Hot-spring water overflowing the lip of the deposit typically forms a mass of stalactites that gradually fills in the base of the projecting terracette.
Collapse features are fairly common on most of the Mammoth terraces. Water flowing through near-surface channels weakens the overlying travertine until the under cut deposits collapse under their own weight (fig. 12). The surface expression of a collapse feature is commonly circular; however, several collapse or slump features may coalesce to produce a linear slump feature such as is found along the surface projection of the underground Hot River.
Collapse features usually range from 1 to 6 m in depth and width. The largest and most conspicuous ones occur on Hotel Terrace (pl. 1), one of them opening into McCartney's Cave. This cave is named after James C. McCartney, who in 1877 reportedly escaped from Nez Perce Indians by hiding in the cave for 3 days (Baggley, 1933). The walls of the cave, which extends about 50 m northeast down an average slope of about 40°, are composed of horizontally stratified travertine with lenses of soil and sand (Guptill, 1890; Condon, 1954).
Three large tension fractures, one of which is shown in the lower left corner of plate 1, and several smaller sub-parallel fractures occur on Pinyon Terrace. Similar tension fractures probably gave rise to slumping that eventually resulted in large blocks of travertine cascading down the face of Terrace Mountain to form the landslide deposit at Silver Gate (see fig. 21).
Several parallel tension fractures occur southwest of and along the same trend as the White Elephant Back fissure ridge (pl. 1). Spring MHS30 (fig. 13) is a small linear pool fed by several springs that reach the surface along a segment of one of the tension fractures. This relation between a fissure ridge and a tension fracture suggests that the many fissure-ridge deposits on the Mammoth terraces may have developed from hot-spring waters flowing to the surface along preexisting linear vertical planes of weakness.
The most outstanding topographic features on the upper Mammoth terraces are the numerous fissure ridges (pl. 1). A few, such as the old inactive ridge located just north of the Devil's Kitchen Springs (fig. 14), stand out in bold relief above the surrounding terraces; others have been partially buried and nearly obscured by later travertine deposits (fig. 15).
In addition to their topographic relief, most fissure ridges are characterized by a fissure that extends along the top of the ridge for nearly its entire length (see fig. 15). Width of the crack ranges from a centimeter to as much as 0.3 m. Most of the cracks probably widen when a ridge becomes topheavy and pulls apart along the lubricated plane of weakness at the center. The width of some fissures, however, may depend on the thickness of the dense, vertically banded calcite layers (fig. 6) that are deposited on the interior walls of the fissures. Winkler and Singer (1972) calculated that salt, sprinkled on snow- and ice-covered marble steps in winter, is capable of exerting a pressure of up to 670 kg/cm2 upon recrystallization (when oversaturated by a factor of two) and thus causing hairline cracks in the marble to widen. Similar calculations based on the average chemical analyses of Mammoth Hot Spring water from table 2 suggest that the thermal water may be oversaturated with calcium carbonate by a factor of three (J. M. Thompson, oral commun., 1975). With this amount of supersaturation, a pressure exceeding 770 kg/cm2 could be exerted on the interior walls of a fissure ridge, forcing the fissure to widen gradually.
A few of the fissure ridges in the Highland Terrace area, such as the Devil's Kitchen Springs and Orange Spring Mound (fig. 16), appear to be composed of coalesced cone-shaped hot-spring deposits. Devil's Kitchen Springs contains 28 small cones rather than a fissure marking the axis of its ridge, whereas Orange Spring Mound, which appears to be a large cone-type hot spring, has the medial fracture line of a fissure ridge extending along its longer axis; however, three distinct and partly coalesced hot-spring cones (one of which is named Tangerine) do occur along the projection of the fracture of Orange Spring Mound. This ill-proportioned fissure ridge undoubtedly results from the greater duration of hot-spring activity near its West end. A few other fissure ridges such as White Elephant Back Terrace (figs. 13, 18) display the same asymmetry to a lesser degree.
An important function of many fissure ridges is that they form dams or barriers behind which later travertine deposits accumulate. These may eventually overflow the ridge (fig. 15). Several of the large flat travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs (pl. 1) apparently owe their origin to this mechanism, and deposits in areas such as the confined Glen Springs (fig. 17) may in the distant future build up to form a large flat terrace.
White Elephant Back Terrace contains small cavelike openings along its northwestern side called "The Grottos" (H. M. Majors III, unpub. data, 1962) (fig. 18). Such caves develop because of the inverse solubility of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). That is, a given volume of cold water can take more CaCO3 into solution than the same amount of hot water. As hot water flows down the sides of a fissure ridge, it begins losing CaCO3 through deposition, but more important, the temperature of the water decreases with increasing distance from the hot-spring orifice. Eventually the temperature and dissolved CaCO3 content of the water reach a point at which the cooled runoff is able to dissolve the old travertine deposits and thus create an underground channel beneath the flank of the ridge. A larger solution cave, Stygian Cave, similar to the Grottos, lies at the base of the Squirrel Springs fissure ridge. In winter, the icicles formed by spring water dripping into the cave may be "beautifully colored with tints varying from white to light blue and amethyst" (N. W. Scherer, unpub. data, 1932) (apparently owing at least in part to algal growth). Stygian Cave also contained carbon dioxide gas; Joyner (1928b) once counted 53 asphyxiated birds in the cave during a 3-month period. No study has been made recently; however, such caves remain particularly dangerous.
A similar type of solution cave may occur in the center of a fissure ridge, giving the impression that part of the ridge is merely a shell with a hollow interior. One such cave, known as the Devil's Kitchen (pl. 1), has a 3-m-long entrance (along the crack of the ridge) through which early visitors to the park were able to descend 10 m by means of a ladder and explore the cavern for a distance of about 22 m. Unfortunately, the Devil's Kitchen had to be closed to the public in 1939 because of carbon dioxide gas and lack of oxygen (Haynes, 1949).
Calcite "ice" and fossiliferous travertine
A rare type of travertine deposit found on the Mammoth terraces is called calcite "ice." Calcite "ice," also called "hot-water ice" by Allen and Day (1935), is a thin crust of calcite that gradually forms on the surface of some stag nant hot-spring pools. Usually the delicate calcite layer breaks up and settles to the bottom of the pool; however, if the pool dries up, the calcite crust may persist for a short time (fig. 19).
Another unusual travertine texture results from the growth of microorganisms. The significance of microorganisms or algae in promoting precipitation of travertine was discussed by Weed (1889) and later by Allen (1934). Weed concluded that algae play a prominent role in travertine deposition. However, Allen indicated that the amount of calcium carbonate actually deposited by algal growth at Mammoth Hot Springs is very small. Samples containing microorganism fossils (fig. 20) are found at only a few locations on the Mammoth terraces, which bears out Allen's conclusion.
Last Updated: 20-Nov-2007 | <urn:uuid:0716ec72-eacc-40de-b4d9-c6d08c058234> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1444/sec3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.934809 | 2,094 | 3.75 | 4 |
UV disinfection is a physical, non-intrusive, photo oxidation process which uses UV-C light to inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions rendering the microorganism harmless.
UV offers a distinct advantage over chlorine-based disinfection because of its ability to inactivate protozoa that threaten public health – such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia – making UV disinfection an ideal treatment stage for Drinking Water, Wastewater and Water Reuse facilities.
UV light does not affect the taste, colour, or pH of the water being disinfected and, as such it is often used where conventional chlorine disinfection cannot be applied, such as process water for breweries, bottled water plants and pharmaceutical facilities.
UV-C light, often referred to as Germicidal UV, exists between 200 and 280nm and is therefore invisible to the naked eye. Naturally occurring UV-C rays from the sun are prevented from reaching the earth’s surface by the Ozone layer. However, they can be generated artificially and are central to the UV disinfection process. | <urn:uuid:cfeb7934-8a77-4cd1-874f-3195ddf60dc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.typhontreatment.com/technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.950852 | 236 | 3.59375 | 4 |
There are several myths about The Great Wall of China; the most recognized myth would possibly be that the wall is the only man-made item noticeable from outer space, which is not at all true. Though, there is a much more ghoulish myth about the Great Wall that is fairly popular.
We know that building the Great Wall was an immense effort that likely involved millions of workers during the years. Numerous people who labored on the wall died while working on the assignment. This has led to the myth that there are possibly hundreds of thousands of bodies buried inside the remaining wall itself.
According to experts, this is very doubtful—though it’s difficult to prove either way. They claim that it would have significantly weakened the configuration, because the bodies would have produced air pockets as they decayed within the walls.
Still, there could be a definite component of truth to the story. Long before the current Ming Wall was built, there was another lost wall known as the Qin Wall. A domineering emperor of the same name ordered this wall’s production. Several legends claim there were so many deaths throughout the assembly that they just dug lots of graves and dropped the bodies right in. Though, even in these legends the deceased are not truly entombed inside the walls, as that would have been an unrealistic idea. They were simply buried nearby, as a matter of pure convenience—not to please the impulses of an outrageous dictator who believed a wall crammed with bodies was a good idea. | <urn:uuid:b879a482-eea0-4a9f-89a2-b93326e85ee9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://cabinetofcuriosities.ca/strange-myth-about-the-great-wall-of-china-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.987515 | 305 | 2.984375 | 3 |
ASTM International - ASTM E458-08(2015)
Standard Test Method for Heat of Ablation
|Publication Date:||1 May 2015|
|ICS Code (Heat. Calorimetry):||17.200.10|
significance And Use:
4.1 General-The heat of ablation provides a measure of the ability of a material to serve as a heat protection element in a severe thermal environment. The parameter is a function of both the... View More
4.1 General-The heat of ablation provides a measure of the ability of a material to serve as a heat protection element in a severe thermal environment. The parameter is a function of both the material and the environment to which it is subjected. It is therefore required that laboratory measurements of heat of ablation simulate the service environment as closely as possible. Some of the parameters affecting the heat of ablation are pressure, gas composition, heat transfer rate, mode of heat transfer, and gas enthalpy. As laboratory duplication of all parameters is usually difficult, the user of the data should consider the differences between the service and the test environments. Screening tests of various materials under simulated use conditions may be quite valuable even if all the service environmental parameters are not available. These tests are useful in material selection studies, materials development work, and many other areas.
4.2 Steady-State Conditions-The nature of the definition of heat of ablation requires steady-state conditions. Variances from steady-state may be required in certain circumstances; however, it must be realized that transient phenomena make the values obtained functions of the test duration and therefore make material comparisons difficult.
4.2.1 Temperature Requirements-In a steady-state condition, the temperature propagation into the material will move at the same velocity as the gas-ablation surface interface. A constant distance is maintained between the ablation surface and the isotherm representing the temperature front. Under steady-state ablation the mass loss and length change are linearly related.
|=||test time, s,|
|=||virgin material density, kg/m
|=||change in length or ablation depth, m,|
|=|| char density, kg/m
|=||char depth, m.|
This relationship may be used to verify the existence of steady-state ablation in the tests of charring ablators.
4.2.2 Exposure Time Requirements-The exposure time required to achieve steady-state may be determined experimentally by the use of multiple models by plotting the total mass loss as a function of the exposure time. The point at which the curve departs significantly from linearity is the minimum exposure time required for steady-state ablation to be established. Cases exist, however, in the area of very high heating rates and high shear where this type of test for steady-state may not be possible.View Less
1.1 This test method covers determination of the heat of ablation of materials subjected to thermal environments requiring the use of ablation as an energy dissipation process. Three concepts of the parameter are described and defined: cold wall, effective, and thermochemical heat of ablation.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. | <urn:uuid:0298c4c5-8716-4f88-bfad-24b091da0ff8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://standards.globalspec.com/std/3857766/ASTM%20E458-08(2015) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.877724 | 795 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In his essay called ‘Concerning Spiritualism and Materialism’, Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach wrote- “Der Mensch ist, was er ißt.” (Man is what he eats) and by this, he meant that whatever you eat impacts your state of mind and health directly. And this is one of the ways in which nutrition controls our body and a critical factor in understanding the importance of nutrition. Before we move any further let’s first understand what is proper nutrition.
What Is Proper Nutrition?
Proper nutrition comprises taking a balanced diet that is rich in all nutrients to ensure that you have no deficiencies or hormonal imbalances. It is also important to boost the immune system and get the ability to fight diseases. It’s best to plan your meals in a way that they are rich in nutritive value and low in calories. Now, let’s learn about why is nutrition important.
Why Is Good Nutrition Important?
The benefits of good nutrition are many. Not only will it help you maintain a healthy weight and help you build better immunity but it will do a lot more for you. Let’s understand what is that.
Good Nutrition Improves Overall Health
Taking a balanced diet boosts physical and mental health by helping you to stay active. People who consume fruits and vegetables every day rarely complain of mental health issues. Ensuring that your diet is full of complex carbohydrates, good fats, and vitamins and minerals is important as it helps in protecting your well-being.
Strengthens Your Immune System
Taking a healthy diet is one of the best ways to develop your defenses and fight against diseases. Poor nutrition is often the cause of immune deficiencies and can lead to diseases. If you wish to strengthen your immune system and maintain it then you must include foods rich in minerals and vitamins in your diet and should take a well-balanced diet that is low in fats and includes fruits and vegetables.
Delays The Process of Aging
This might come as a pleasant surprise to some but following a balanced and healthy diet plan can help in delaying the process of aging. Foods such as berries, nuts, avocados and tomatoes are rich in vitamins and minerals that can help in building collagen which helps in keeping your skin firm and slowing down premature aging. Not just that, these foods also increase your vigor and promote cell regeneration.
Helps You Stay Energetic
Another advantage of having proper nutrition is that it helps you stay energized. The main source of energy for our bodies are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Along with these water is very important for transporting these nutrients and for staying hydrated. Iron deficiency may lead to feeling fatigued and to counter that you must consume foods rich in iron such as poultry, peas, green leafy vegetables and seafood.
Pro tip: To help your body absorb iron from these foods try taking vitamin C along with them.
Might Increase Life Expectancy
Your body needs energy that comes from nutritious foods to survive. However, the process of digesting food and metabolizing stresses the body. This is why overeating creates more stress on the body and can lead to a shorter lifespan. However, diets that are rich in nutritious foods and do not have processed foods have proved to have a good effect on life expectancy.
We think by now you would have been convinced that good nutrition is really important to not only maintain a healthy weight and keep in shape but also to perform basic life functions and stay energized. If you would now like to incorporate minerals and vitamins into your diet and keep your macros in check then the easiest and most effective way of doing it is with FITFEAST. With FITFEAST you can get a customized diet plan by certified nutritionists, answers to all your diet-related queries and real-time assistance. So, what are you waiting for? Get fit now! | <urn:uuid:546c2cc9-b6bc-4d5e-980f-c87cdbd2f22e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.healthylife.health/importance-of-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.958434 | 804 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Indentureship contracts were sometimes exploitative, to such an extent that historians such as Hugh Tinker were to call it “a new system of slavery”. Despite these descriptions, it was not truly a new form of slavery, as workers were paid, contracts were finite, and the idea of an individual being another’s property had been eliminated when slavery was abolished. In addition, employers of indentured labor had no legal right to flog or whip their workers; the main legal sanction for the enforcement of the indenture laws was prosecution in the courts, followed by fines or (more likely) jail sentences. People were contracted for a period of five years, with a daily wage as low as 25 cents in the early 20th century, and they were guaranteed return passage to India at the end of their contract period. However, coercive means were often used to retain laborers, and the indentureship contracts were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labor too early. In lieu of the return passage, the British authorities soon began offering portions of land to encourage settlement, and by 1902, more than half of the sugar cane in Trinidad was being produced by independent cane farmers; the majority of which were Indians. Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home. East Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which segregated them from the rest of Trinidad’s population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their “Free Papers” or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period.
Few Indians settled on Tobago however, and the descendants of African slaves continued to form the majority of the island’s population. An ongoing economic slump in the middle-to-late 19th century caused widespread poverty. Discontent erupted into rioting on the Roxborough plantation in 1876, in an event known as the Belmanna Uprising after a policeman who was killed. The British eventually managed to restore control, however as a result of the disturbances Tobago’s Legislative Assembly voted to dissolve itself and the island became a Crown colony in 1877. With the sugar industry in a state of near-collapse and the island no longer profitable, the British attached Tobago to their Trinidad colony in 1889.
Early 20th Century:
In 1903, a protest against the introduction of new water rates in Port of Spain erupted into rioting; 18 people were shot dead, and the Red House (the government headquarters) was damaged by fire. A local elected assembly with some limited powers was introduced in 1913. Economically Trinidad and Tobago remained a predominantly agricultural colony; alongside sugarcane, the cacao (cocoa) crop also contributed greatly to economic earnings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. | <urn:uuid:f62ea22b-65e5-450e-a3bc-95cee3b11a65> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.smoketreemanor.com/trinidad-and-tobago/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.986477 | 611 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Good morning lovely people!
We’re at the end of another week of home learning and we are so very proud of everyone joining in and trying their best!
It’s amazing to keep in touch with everybody and see some amazing work being produced.
We hope you have a lovely weekend and can’t wait to hear from you all today.
Mrs Beckwith, Miss Lindop, Miss Barden and Miss Willmer.
Here are today’s tasks:
Read the extract below and then answer the questions.
Every afternoon, as they were coming from school, the children used to go and play in the Giant‘s garden.
It was a large lovely garden, with soft green grass. Here and there over the grass stood beautiful flowers like stars, and there were twelve peach-trees that in the spring-time broke out into delicate blossoms of pink and pearl, and in the autumn bore rich fruit. The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen to them. ‘How happy we are here!’ they cried to each other.
One day the Giant came back. He had been to visit his friend the Cornish ogre, and had stayed with him for seven years. After the seven years were over he had said all that he had to say, for his conversation was limited, and he determined to return to his own castle. When he arrived, he saw the children playing in the garden.
‘What are you doing here?’ he cried in a very gruff voice, and the children ran away. ‘My own garden is my own garden,’ said the Giant; ‘any one can understand that, and I will allow nobody to play in it but myself.’ So, he built a high wall all round it, and put up a notice-board.
TRESPASSERS WILL BE PROSECUTED
Please remember to answer the questions in full sentences.
- Where did the children used to play?
- Describe the garden. What did it look like? Use words from the text to help you.
- Were the children happy or sad in the garden? Why?
- Who had the giant been visiting?
- How long had the giant been away?
- In your own words describe what the giant did when he arrived at the garden.
- What do you think about what the giant did? Was it good or bad? Why?
- How did the children feel when the giant told them to leave?
Watch the video and then talk about the discussion points with an adult.
o Who did Tia want to send the pictures to at first?
o How did more people end up seeing the pictures?
o What made Mo feel sad?
o How did Ms Humphrey help Jessie, Tia and Mo?
Re-watch the song at the end of the video.
Use the actions sheets to learn the actions to the chorus.
If you would like to you could perform the song for others in your family – face-to-face or on video chat, with adult help!
Finished all of that? Want something else to do?
This week we are going to be posting a riddle a day. As it’s Friday, the answers to today’s riddle will be revealed on Monday so don’t forget to check then. Involve everybody you can and see who is correct!
Yesterday’s answer: Trouble.
Here is today’s riddle:
Three men were in a boat,
but only two of the men got their hair wet.
Watch this video to learn about different feelings in Spanish:
Want to do some reading but have read all of your books at home?
No problem! Listening to a story is just as good as reading one. | <urn:uuid:e8ceab4e-d174-4556-a1bb-0e6420550124> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://lingsprimaryblogs.net/2020/05/01/year-3-friday-1st-may/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.975643 | 867 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Results by province
A constitutional referendum was held in Cuba on 24 February 2019. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new constitution passed by the National Assembly of People's Power in July 2018. The reforms were approved, with 90.61% of valid votes cast in favour. The new constitution came into force on 10 April 2019 after it was proclaimed in the Cuban National Assembly and published in the Official Gazette of the Republic.
While the structure of Cuban society and its political system had not fundamentally changed, the 2010s saw the Cuban thaw and more openness with the constitutional referendum, which was described as a relatively open process. Some observers noted that even though the political system remained largely the same, civil liberties had recently increased, even if not enough. The referendum recognized both private property and foreign direct investment, among other things, such as removing obstacles to same-sex marriage and banning discrimination based on gender, race, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, the introduction of habeas corpus and restoration of a presumption of innocence in the justice system which was last provided for in the 1940 Constitution of Cuba, and other political reforms, such as presidential term and age limits, as checks on government power. One of the prospective drafts of the constitution omitted the aim of building a communist society and instead works towards the construction of socialism. However, following a series of community meetings across Cuba which debated the draft, it was readded in the final draft before going to a vote.
- The recognition of private property.
- The recognition of foreign direct investment.
- The restoration of the position of Prime Minister of Cuba.
- The transfer of head of Council of State to the President of the National Assembly.
- The position of mayor being added to that of president of a municipal assembly.
- The creation of a required ratification of presidential-appointed Provincial Governors and Deputy Governors by local municipal governments.
- The creation of new Provincial Councils made up of members chosen by municipalities to replace the current system of provincial assemblies modeled after the National Assembly of People's Power.
- The introduction of a mandatory maximum age limit of 60 years for any President of Cuba entering their first term.
- The creation of a two consecutive five-year term limit for the presidency.
- Extending the terms of municipal council delegates to five years.
- Banning discrimination based on gender, race, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability.
- The restoration of a presumption of innocence in the justice system, last provided for in the 1940 Constitution of Cuba.
- Introducing the right to legal counsel immediately upon arrest.
- Introducing the ability to sue the government for damages or negligence.
- Introducing the right to appear before a judge and report unlawful imprisonment through habeas corpus.
The new Constitution came into force after being proclaimed by the National Assembly on 10 April 2019. Laws which were passed to enforce the Constitution's reforms to the country's judicial system must be enacted within 18 months. An electoral law detailing the restructuring of government must also be passed within six months. A Cuban President must then be elected by the National Assembly in the following three months and then appoint Provincial Governors and a Prime Minister.
The new constitution also removes the requirement that marriage be "between one man and one woman". An earlier draft of the new constitution would have changed the language to "a union between two people" ... "with absolutely equal responsibilities". This language was removed due to backlash from the more conservative sectors of Cuban society, with the new constitution not specifically recognizing same-sex marriage, but still removing the constitutional obstacles to its recognition by specifically avoiding a definition of marriage. Mariela Castro, a Cuban LGBT rights activist, daughter of Raúl Castro and director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education, has stated that this change is "not a setback" and that the issue would be addressed in the upcoming family code amendment. It was expected that same-sex marriage would be part of a new Cuban Family Code, which was due to be put to a new referendum within the next two years. The 2022 Cuban Family Code referendum resulted in a 2/3 vote in favor of a law legalizing same-sex marriages on the island.
The Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU) denounced the violent break in of several headquarters of the organization on the island by the political police of the Cuban government.
More than 200 Cuban military (assault troops) and police forces, with the presence of the high command of the Ministry of the Interior, stormed 8 UNPACU headquarters in the early hours of this morning [Monday night to Tuesday] with extreme violence. Without search warrants and simultaneously, using grinders, they broke the gates of the houses, which had been under siege for nights, and entered, beating all the people who inside.— Communiqué of the Patriotic Union of Cuba
Among those arrested were the elderly, pregnant women and minors, according to José Daniel Ferrer, a conscientious objector and coordinator of UNPACU who was also arrested and beaten; he also denounced that both his five-month pregnant partner and his 78-year-old grandmother were attacked, that several belongings were stolen from their home and that the political police seized a list containing the names of 600 observers that UNPACU was to deploy to monitor the referendum day in order to denounce irregularities.
The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (OAS) considered the referendum "illegitimate" and assured that it only serves to "mask the dictatorship" before the international community. The Cuban executive accused the Secretary General of the OAS, Luis Almagro, of formulating "slander and lies".
The Cuban Observatory for Human Rights (OCDH) denounced: "It has become evident that this Constitution (as the previous one), imposed by the Communist Party, does not represent or respect the plurality of Cuban society. Nor does the National Assembly of People's Power itself, the organ of unanimity, represent such plurality."
|Source: Prensa Latina|
By province and equivalents
|Pinar del Río||380,326||94.11||23,784||5.89|
|Ciego de Ávila||283,004||93.68||19,108||6.32|
|Santiago de Cuba||635,901||91.92||55,878||8.08|
|Isla de la Juventud||51,171||92.21||4,321||7.79|
|Total valid votes||6,816,169||90.61||706,400||9.39|
|Source: Consejo Electoral Nacional|
- "Cuba's Reformed Constitution, a Democratic and Participatory Process". Havana Times. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2021
- "Cuba's new constitution paves way for same-sex marriage". The Guardian. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- "Cuba proclaimed its new constitution" (in Spanish). Prensa Latina. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- Teresa García Castro, Teresa; Peña Barrios, Raudiel (10 April 2019). "Cuba Has a New Constitution. What Happens Next?". Washington Office on Latin America. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- "Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution". The Guardian. Reuters. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- "Cuba reinserts 'communism' in draft of new constitution". Reuters.
- "Cuba's constitution of 2019" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-28.
- Cuba to reshape government with new constitution The Washington Post, 14 July 2018
- Cuba sets out new constitutional reforms BBC News, 15 July 2018
- Communist-run Cuba to recognize private property in new constitution Reuters, 15 July 2018
- Marc Frank (February 21, 2019). "Explainer: What is old and new in Cuba's proposed constitution". Reuters. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
- Antonio Recio (21 August 2018). "Some Traps in Cuba's New Constitution". The Havana Times.
- "Cuban lawmakers approve new constitution which heads to referendum". Reuters. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- Marsh, Sarah (April 10, 2019). "Castro says Cuba will not abandon Venezuela despite U.S. 'blackmail'" – via www.reuters.com.
- Vela, Andrea Torres, Hatzel (April 10, 2019). "Cuba enacts new constitution". WPLG.
- "New Constitution proclaimed and Cuba will have a Prime Minister this year". April 10, 2019.
- Gámez Torres, Nora (10 April 2019). "Castro warns Cubans of impending economic crisis, slams Trump for meddling in Venezuela". Miami Herald. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- "Cuba Scraps Words Establishing Same-Sex Marriage From Drafted Constitution". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- Cuba, Asamblea Nacional (2018-12-18). "En el Código de Familia deberá establecerse quiénes pueden ser sujetos del matrimonio, se realizará #ConsultaPopular y Referéndum, en un plazo de dos años a partir de una propuesta de disposición transitoria recogida en el propio proyecto. #ReformaConstitucional @DiazCanelB pic.twitter.com/D0c45Xvte8". @AsambleaCuba (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- Cuba's constitutional referendum: What you should know Al Jazeera, 23 February 2019
- "Cuban lawmakers approve new constitution which heads to referendum". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
- Gaviña, Susana (10 January 2019). "Se extiende la campaña #YoVotoNo por el voto negativo en el referendo constitucional". Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- Gaviña, Susana (13 February 2019). "El régimen cubano reprime con dureza a los opositores que hacen campaña contra su Constitución". Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- "Liberados dos activistas detenidos el día del referendo constitucional en Cuba". | <urn:uuid:f1c8029d-740f-4d38-9079-c178ddf7a190> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_constitutional_referendum,_2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.873376 | 2,732 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Even though many great things have already happened in 2020 and some are yet to come, most of the people will remember it as a year of the COVID-19 outbreak. Since the pandemic began, we have been surrounded by daily sensational and alarming updates on viruses’ origin, features, symptoms, treatments, and so on. Articles get published and retrieved in a week, guidelines change so rapidly that now, in September, it is hard to recall what they actually recommend for COVID-19 treatment. On some point, you could have felt frustrated on what exactly getting a coronavirus infection may lead to, and whether you, as a thyroid patient, should take any extra measures to help yourself to go through the pandemic period. In this article, we collected several evidence-based tips that address the specifics of thyroid patients’ health.
Tip 1. Be kind to your mind.
Let’s be clear – it is OK to want to be updated on the recent news, care about your family’s safety, and just be curious about the humanity’s progress in the fight against COVID-19. However, if you feel constant anxiety, thoughts about the pandemic interfere with your daily routine, or you tend to imagine fatalistic scenarios – there is a need to address these feelings on your own or with the help of a professional.
This is a general recommendation of the World Health Organization to all people across the globe but the patients with chronic thyroid conditions must take it more seriously. It goes without saying that being in the middle of a pandemic is stressful to everyone, however, people with chronic diseases such as hypo- or hyperthyroidism, Grave’s diseases, goiter, thyroid cancer, and others may experience harder times with overcoming it. Scientists have found that stress does not just act as a potential catalyst for some thyroid diseases (which isn’t surprising as stress accelerates many other illnesses) but it also works backward – thyroid disorders make it harder to overcome stress. Besides, psychological symptoms may be a side-effect of the treatment. For example, steroids can aggravate depression or beta-blockers, which are often used to slow down your heart rate and to reduce anxiety, can make some people tired, depressed, and less alert. Prolonged stress becomes chronic, negatively influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Thus, the people with thyroid conditions have a higher risk of getting caught in this endless “more stress – more hormonal disbalance” circle.
That is why you have to be kind to your mind and develop an understanding that you tolerate stress differently from the others. We don’t encourage you to use this fact as an excuse but maybe it makes sense to give yourself some extra self-care or approach a therapist a bit earlier than you would do it without a thyroid condition. Do not feel ashamed or scared – your feelings and emotions are a part of your personality and learning how to cope with them is nothing but a mature approach to life. Here are some general useful tips from CDC on how to approach stress: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coping/selfcare.asp
Tip 2. Make sure that you understand and address your risks correctly.
Nowadays, the media is overloaded with “people with chronic diseases are at a high risk of COVID-19 complications” statements. Even though they seem logical, it isn’t exactly the truth. First of all, the range of chronic diseases is huge – from more well-known conditions like gastritis of goiter to rare genetic syndromes and malignancies. We can’t summarize them into one group as their mechanism, location and presentation differ too much. Secondly, even though during the COVID-19 disease the virus circulates all over the body, there are always some more and less vulnerable organs to each particular infection. That’s why one shouldn’t unite all chronic health conditions into one group.
Great news – the CDC has created a list of certain underlying medical conditions that increase the risk for severe illness from COVID-19. It is kept up to date and you may find the evidence which stands behind each of the recommendations.
The group of thyroid diseases isn’t listed there, yay! However, do not rush into conclusions – cancer, obesity, use of the corticosteroids and other risks may apply to some of you. British NHS has a similar list of moderate and high-risk groups of patients on their website. Their page has a great feature – it specifies the particular types of malignant diseases and cancer treatments which have been linked to higher chances of COVID-19 infection complication. We strongly recommend you to familiarize yourself with this data and define whether you are at the risk group or not. This may help you to control the situation and understand whether you need any additional safety measures.
Tip 3. Compensate!
Whether you have a freshly diagnosed thyroid condition or a combination of chronic problems – it does not differ much in terms of the risks of COVID-19 complications as long as they remain compensated. The compensation means that the disease can’t be completely cured but due to the treatment it does not progress and the patient feels relatively well.
COVID-19 pandemic may have canceled many scheduled plans but this shouldn’t apply to your medical appointments. Here’s a quick questionnaire to see if there’s anything you are missing at the moment:
- Are you feeling well? Do you experience any thyroid-related symptoms at the moment? All symptoms and signs of thyroid disease decompensation must be reported to the specialist to detect the reason behind them and prescribe a new treatment regimen which will make you feel better.
- Is your blood work up-to-date? Are you periodically missing the medication which has been prescribed? It may be a good moment to consider using ThyForLife, as our app is designed to assist you in the organization of your medical data and to remind you about an upcoming check-up or medication.
- Do you have any procedures such as fine-needle aspiration or thyroid surgery which were delayed because of the COVID-19 outbreak? Check the position of the American Thyroid Association regarding the performance of these manipulations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Do you have any other medical conditions which aren’t controlled by the physician? As mentioned above, some diseases make you more vulnerable to infections and are more likely to result in complications, especially when they are in an acute phase or poorly managed. Some of them, such as obesity, may be completely cured with the help of professionals.
The best you can do for your safety during the coronavirus outbreak besides following general epidemiological measures is to take action and get the existing problems under control. We at our company are happy to make this process easier and more convenient for you. | <urn:uuid:bfa3281e-c54e-4675-b4bf-83111f94accc> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.thyforlife.com/covid-19-thyroid-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.957204 | 1,432 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hiccups occur when a spasm contracts the diaphragm, causing an intake of breath that is suddenly stopped by the closure of the vocal cords (glottis). The closure of the vocal cords causes the characteristic "hiccup" sound.
Hiccups are also called hiccough and singultus.
A very full stomach (gastric distention) can cause bouts of hiccups. While annoying and at times embarrassing, most bouts of hiccups go away on their own and do not require any treatment.
Persistent hiccups last longer than 48 hours. Hiccups that last longer than a month are called intractable hiccups. Both persistent and intractable hiccups may be a sign of a more serious health problem and require evaluation by a doctor.
The treatment for persistent or intractable hiccups depends on the underlying cause of the hiccups and may range from medicine to acupuncture or hypnosis. Sometimes several treatments may be tried before persistent or intractable hiccups are controlled.
Medical Review:William H. Blahd Jr. MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine
PeaceHealth endeavors to provide comprehensive health care information, however some topics in this database describe services and procedures not offered by our providers or within our facilities because they do not comply with, nor are they condoned by, the ethics policies of our organization. | <urn:uuid:3a734ed9-ef29-4ac5-b612-0218510ba94b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/tm6591 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.908103 | 352 | 3.078125 | 3 |
On December 11, 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Army Corps of Engineers proposed a new definition of “waters of the United States” (WOTUS) and will soon publish the new definition in the Federal Register for a 60 day comment period. This is step two of the multi-step process that the Trump Administration has been following to reverse the Obama Administration’s efforts to come up with a new WOTUS rule.
What changed? Here is a short summary of the most obvious changes based on the EPA’s own description:
- Ephemeral Streams are no longer jurisdictional. The 2015 and pre-2015 rules definitely included ephemeral streams as jurisdictional even though they do not meet the statutory definition of a navigable water.
- Ditches with ephemeral flows are not jurisdictional. Ditches constructed in upland are not jurisdictional.
- Non-navigable lakes and ponds may not always be jurisdictional.
- Wetlands that do not abut jurisdictional waters or are separated by a berm, and lack a direct hydrological surface connection to jurisdictional waters in a “typical year” are not jurisdictional.
- Groundwater is not WOTUS and this change will delete the “nexus” that typically linked separate wetlands.
Are these material and important changes? Yes. Regardless of whether you are for or against an expansive view of WOTUS, these are real changes and definitely farmer-friendly. Given the current makeup of the United States Supreme Court I predict that the regulations will be easily upheld.
A copy of the pre-publication version of the rule is available here: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-12/documents/wotus_2040-af75_nprm_frn_2018-12-11_prepublication2_1.pdf
James L. Pray | <urn:uuid:c783af98-5fc9-4d1c-91af-7d0383410bda> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://iowaenvironmentalcompliance.com/2018/12/11/epa-and-army-corps-propose-new-definition-of-waters-of-the-united-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00811.warc.gz | en | 0.910235 | 403 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Introduction to Marking the Close and Window Dressing
QUICK DEFINITION: Obtaining market prints at the end of a trading session at prices that improve the valuation of a large held position.
The performance of asset managers is usually measured by closing prices at the end of a particular trading session. In futures and other margin-based markets, closing prices determine margin calls. Closing prices are thus particularly attractive targets for market manipulators.
Marking the close and window dressing occurs when a trader holds a significant position in a thinly traded symbol and enters orders crossing the spread at or near the close of normal trading hours, in an attempt to cause the session to close at a price favoring the held position. Window dressing occurs only on the last trading day of the month and requires a longer position holding time. Marking the close can occur any day and requires a shorter holding time.
An example of marking the close shown in Surveyor
Reviewing Marking the Close and Window Dressing Events in Surveyor
More on Surveillance Exceptions
Next, learn more about wash trades and cross trades. | <urn:uuid:8baa4cd6-caac-4ad9-834b-b7050773f1b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.trlm.com/knowledgebase/what-is-marking-the-close/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00811.warc.gz | en | 0.894068 | 221 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It's natural for your brain to age over time, just like the rest of your body. However, your diet and lifestyle can also impact the rate at which your brain ages. Certain habits may slow down the brain aging process, while others may speed it up.
As with most diet and lifestyle choices, moderation is key; you shouldn't deprive yourself all the time, but when you're habitually making poor choices, things can get dicey. So, consuming foods or drinks loaded with sugar every now and then isn't going to prematurely age your brain, but regularly consuming added sugar in large quantities may contribute to complications with your brain and cognitive health (not to mention a whole host of other health issues).
Read on to learn more about some of the drinks that may contribute to aging your brain faster. And for more, check out The Worst Foods Increasing Your Risk of Dementia.
Soda can age your brain.
A 2017 study published in Alzheimer's & Dementia found that soda was associated with accelerated brain aging and that the participants who drank at least one soda every day experienced higher instances of a decrease in brain volume.
The participants who drank soda on a regular basis also had poorer "episodic" memory—that is, the longer-term memory recollection of past events.
Many of these participants also had smaller volumes of their hippocampus, which is a part of the brain responsible for much of our memory and learning functions. Our hippocampal volume naturally decreases with age, but this study suggests that regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages may accelerate this process.
Diet soda can age your brain too.
After reading about the effects drinking soda may have on your brain's aging process, your gut reaction might be to assume that diet soda is a better option. Unfortunately, research has also found a connection between diet soda and brain health.
One study published in Stroke found that participants who had consumed one diet soda daily were almost three times more likely to develop a stroke or dementia. These findings are surprising, and more research needs to be done, especially because the study noted that they weren't able to account for certain conditions that the participants may have developed during the course of the study, such as diabetes. Still, it's enough of a reason to rethink whether you really need to drink a diet soda every day.
Alcohol may impact your brain—even in moderation.
Drinking in excess—or binge drinking—is something that most everyone agrees can speed up your brain's aging process. But what is up for debate is whether or not alcohol consumed in moderation can impact your cognition as well.
The current research is conflicting. Some of the longest-living people in the world, residing in what's known as the Blue Zone regions, drink a glass of red wine regularly and are known for having almost no cases of Alzheimer's disease or dementia.
But recent research from 2022 shows that just one or two drinks a day may negatively impact your brain. According to a study published in Nature, drinking even moderate amounts of alcohol was found to shrink both white and grey matter, which are parts of the brain that are responsible for different cognitive functions.
The research that exists about soda, diet soda, and alcohol and their relationship to the brain's aging process, can be overwhelming and in some cases inconclusive. The rate at which your brain ages doesn't depend on any one thing, and it's impractical and unhealthy to live in a constant state of self-deprivation. But educating yourself with the best information is always a good idea, and if you want to ease your mind, talk with your doctor about the best ways to care for your brain health as you age. | <urn:uuid:67365298-4dcd-40a6-80a7-d72b33cfa9a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.eatthis.com/drinks-aging-your-brain-faster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202232251-20230203022251-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.966106 | 750 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The space domain is critical to Defence operations. The Joint Force relies on access to space systems and information – as do the Australian public.
From communications to traffic management – entire systems and entire societies are reliant on space. The military consequences of losing access to space are significant, with much of our forces reliant on space-based communications, intelligence and navigation.
Defence has acknowledged the importance of space, recognising space as an operational domain, alongside the existing domains of maritime, land, air and cyber.
Defence is a responsible space actor. All space operations are conducted consistent with international and domestic legal obligations. Among other initiatives, Australia is a participant of the Combined Space Operations (CSpO) initiative. CSpO improves information sharing on space and recognises that collaboration on space is a key force multiplier for all the countries involved. Under a common vision, the nations agree upon guiding principles and lines of effort to improve combined military space operations, foster cooperation and coordination and to collectively promote responsible behaviour in space.
To achieve Australia's strategic space ambitions and lead the effort to assure access to space, Defence Space Command was established on 18 January 2022. It brings members of Air Force, Army, Navy and the Australian Public Service together under an integrated headquarters reporting to the Chief of Air Force, as the Space Domain Lead.
Defence Space Command will:
- Develop and advocate for space specific priorities across Whole of Government, industry, allies and our international partners.
- Allow us to establish an organisation to create, train and sustain our people and assign trained space specialists to the Chief of Joint Operations when needed.
- Conduct strategic space planning, assist in the development of refinement of space policy, guide scientific and technological space priorities and define a resilient and effective space architecture in close collaboration with our allies.
- Ensure the design, construction, maintenance and operation of Defence space capabilities are in accordance with Defence standards and limitations. | <urn:uuid:31fd52e4-ce26-497a-b554-818c383d1393> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/defence-space-command | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.913 | 388 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is An car chassis?
A chassis is the load-bearing framework of an artificial object, which structurally supports the object in its construction and function. An example of a chassis is a vehicle frame, the underpart of a motor vehicle, on which the body is mounted; if the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the driver’s seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis.
In most passenger cars through the middle of the 20th century, a pressed-steel frame of the vehicle’s chassis formed a skeleton on which the engine, wheels, axle assemblies, transmission, steering mechanism, brakes, and suspension members were mounted.
The body was flexibly bolted to the chassis during a manufacturing process typically referred to as body-on-frame construction. This process is used today for heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks, which benefit from having a strong central frame, subjected to the forces involved in such activities as carrying freight, including the absorption of the movements of the engine and axle that is allowed by the combination of body and frame.
In modern passenger-car designs, the chassis frame and the body are combined into a single structural element. In this arrangement, called unit-body (or unibody) construction, the steel body shell is reinforced with braces that make it rigid enough to resist the forces that are applied to it.
Separate frames or partial “stub” frames have been used for some cars to achieve better noise-isolation characteristics. The heavier-gauge steel present in modern component designs also tends to absorb energy during impacts and limit intrusion in accidents.
The Chassis has the following functions.
- Supports or bears the load of the vehicle body
- Provide the space and mounting location for various aggregates of vehicle
- Supports the weight of various systems of the vehicle such as engine, transmission etc.
- Supports a load of passengers as well as the luggage
- Withstands the stresses arising due to bad road conditions
- Withstands stresses during braking and acceleration of the vehicle
Examples of use
In the case of vehicles, the term rolling chassis means the frame plus the “running gear” like engine, transmission, driveshaft, differential, and suspension. An underbody (sometimes referred to as “coachwork”), which is usually not necessary for the integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle.
For commercial vehicles, a rolling chassis consists of an assembly of all the essential parts of a truck without the body being ready for operation on the road. A car chassis will be different from one for commercial vehicles because of the heavier loads and constant work use.
Commercial vehicle manufacturers sell “chassis only”, “cowl and chassis”, as well as “chassis cab” versions that can be outfitted with specialized bodies. These include motor homes, fire engines, ambulances, box trucks, etc.
In particular applications, such as school buses, a government agency like National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the U.S. defines the design standards of chassis and body conversions.
An armored fighting vehicle’s hull serves as the chassis and comprises the bottom part of the AFV that includes the tracks, engine, driver’s seat, and crew compartment. This describes the lower hull, although common usage might include the upper hull to mean the AFV without the turret. The hull serves as a basis for platforms on tanks, armored personnel carriers, combat engineering vehicles, etc.
In the intermodal trucking industry, a chassis is a type of semi-trailer onto which a cargo container can be mounted for road transport.
Types of Chassis
Following are the types of chassis:
- Ladder Frame Chassis
- Backbone Chassis
- Monocoque Chassis
- Tubular chassis
1. Ladder Frame Chassis
One of the oldest chassis, the ladder chassis gets its name from the shape of has which simply put, is like a ladder. It has two long and heavy beams which are supported by two short beams. The main selling point of the ladder chassis was how easy it was to manufacture.
During the beginning of the era of the automobile, technology was not really advanced and the simplicity of the ladder chassis made it easier to mass-produce. The chassis also makes the car assembly easier. The ladder chassis is quite heavy and thus still finds use in vehicles that need to tow heavy stuff around.
- Easier to assemble as parts can be easily put in.
- Construction method makes it quite tough.
- Easier to fix as parts are not permanently attached.
- The ladder chassis has a weak torsional rigidity making it bad for cornering.
- Heavyweight makes it not ideal for sports cars or hatchbacks.
2. Backbone Chassis
It also gets its name from how it’s constructed. A rectangular cross-section cylindrical tube through the middle of the chassis that connects the top and the bottom suspension.
The backbone. It’s present in cars like Skoda Rapid and DMC DeLorean. The cylindrical tube actually covers the driveshaft thus making it safer from getting damaged which can also be a disadvantage.
- Due to its construction, the half axle has better contact with the ground when off-roading.
- The driveshaft is covered by the chassis makes it more likely to survive off-roading.
- The structure has good torsional rigidity allowing it to withstand more twist than ladder chassis.
- The driveshaft repair is complicated if it fails as the main chassis covers the entire shaft which makes it necessary to open it.
- The manufacture of backbone chassis is quite expensive which increases the cost of cars it is in.
3. Monocoque Chassis
A unibody structure, it too gets its name from its structural look. Monocoque being french for ‘single shell’ or a ‘single hull’. The monocoque was first used by ships and then by airplanes. It took quite some time to figure out that they can be used in cars as well.
A monocoque is a shell around the car made by using both chassis as the frame in a single construction. This is the most commonly used chassis right now due to the number of advantages of has over the other two chassis.
- It’s safer than both the other chassis due to its cage-like construction.
- The chassis is easy to repair as well.
- It has superior torsional rigidity.
- The chassis is obviously heavy as it’s both the frame and chassis as one single entity.
- Producing it in small quantities is not financially feasible and thus it cannot be used for cars that are not mass-produced.
4. Tubular Chassis
Tubular chassis were mainly used in race cars due to the unrivaled safety they provide. These were an upgrade from the ladder chassis as they were three-dimensional and were stronger than the ladder chassis. They employed the use of a strong structure below the doors to get more overall strength. Tubular chassis are rarely used on passenger cars.
- Better rigidity compared to other chassis in the same weight.
- Offers the best weight/rigidity ratio allowing the car to be lightweight while being strong.
- Best choice for race cars due to lightweight and better rigidity than other chassis.
- Tubular chassis are complex structures and cannot be made using autonomous methods.
- Tubular chassis are time-consuming to build and cannot be mass-produced.
- Not feasible to be used on passenger cars.
- The structure raises the door which makes it difficult to access the cabin. | <urn:uuid:8b431dce-fcee-471a-ad1f-c37ece3a49d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.engineeringchoice.com/what-is-car-chassis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.96102 | 1,652 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Memory Game - Charley Harper's Animals
From beagles and bobcats to tigers and toucans—animal-loving youngsters can find their favorites and sharpen their memory skills by matching 36 images by artist Charley Harper (American, 1922–2007). Kids of all ages can enjoy playing the game and learning from the accompanying booklet about familiar and exotic creatures.
Sample booklet text:
Black bears usually live in forests and can climb trees. They’re not always black, though; they can be brown, blue-gray, cinnamon, blond, or even white. Bears stuff themselves with plenty of fruit, nuts, roots, insects, and vegetation during the summer and fall, then spend the winter hibernating in their dens.
Caterpillars change into butterflies through a process known as metamorphosis. Depending on their species, some butterflies may grow to nearly 12 inches in diameter. Butterflies feed on nectar, sap, and juice from fruit. They can be found on every continent except Antarctica.
72 colorful 2½ in. square cards (36 pairs)
Box size: 3 x 3 x 4¼ in.
This item is published by PomegranateKids®, an imprint of Pomegranate Communications, and is CPSIA compliant.
⚠️WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - small parts. Not suitable for children under 3 years. | <urn:uuid:82d1b777-ecf3-4bcc-852d-ba9f7b6f9990> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://birdinhand.com/products/memory-game-charley-harpers-animals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.921642 | 285 | 3.09375 | 3 |
25th September 2021
Indian women’s rights activist, author and feminist icon Kamla Bhasin passed away today, September 25, following a brief battle with cancer.
Bhasin was a stalwart of the women’s movement in the South Asia region, who spent the better part of her life – nearly 35 years – to advocate for gender equality, women’s empowerment, and an end to gender-based violence. She was also a prolific poet and author, penning a number of slogans for the women’s movement that still echo in rallies in India today, and a series of booklets on feminism, patriarchy, sustainable development and media that have been translated into multiple languages.
Bhasin’s activism began when, in 1972, she joined a voluntary organization in Rajasthan, India, focused on the empowerment of the rural and urban poor. Between 1976 and 2001, she worked with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations to identify and support innovative NGO initiatives for development and empowerment of people in South East Asia and South Asia.
In 2002, she retired from the FAO to focus fulltime as an advisor for Sangat, a South Asian feminist network. Throughout her career, Bhasin conducted workshops for women and men on gender, sustainable development and human rights. She was also Co-Chair of Peace Women Across the Globe, a worldwide network of women and ally peace activists, and in the past decade was appointed the South Asia Coordinator for One Billion Rising, a global campaign to end rape and sexual violence against women.
With the loss of the trailblazing Indian rights champion, civil society workers, women’s movement activists and close friends from Pakistan are also in mourning.
Human rights defender and social scientist Tahira Abdullah expressed her utter sorrow at the passing of another prominent feminist icon in the South Asia region.
“It is not just an irreparable loss for India, but also for feminists and peace activists all over South Asia and beyond,” she wrote in her statement to Voicepk.net. “Kamla had so many friends in Pakistan, she felt entirely at home here.
Abdullah professed that the multifaceted Bhasin will always be remembered and missed – not least for her great sense of humour, in addition to her intellect, empathy and activism.
“An acclaimed legend in her lifetime, a towering legacy left behind. Rest in peace, brave comrade,” she penned.
Former Chair of the National Commission on the Status of Women, author, lecturer and women’s rights activist Khawar Mumtaz stated that she and a whole range of women across South Asia are undoubtedly devastated by the news of Bhasin’s sudden passing.
“She was one of the most vibrant persons that I have met. Her propensity to reach out and to befriend and listen to others and communicate in the simplest words all the basic principles of what it means to be an equal citizen, for women to be treated as equal,” she fondly recalled perhaps Bhasin’s most well-known trait. “She was a friend for the last 40 or so years. And the way she reached out and the way she brought out the best in women, and gave them inspiration and hope was unparalleled I think.”
Mumtaz went on further to state that the women’s movement in the region, including Pakistan, regardless of the popular narratives of political parties, is strong because of people like Bhasin, whose work nurtured women’s bonding across border on the issue of their rights and to expel patriarchy from their societies. Mumtaz recalled that the Indian activist had learned much from the women’s movement in Pakistan, especially its resistance to Islamisation and former dictator General Zia-ul-Haq’s discriminatory laws, finding inspiration from their “Aurat mangay azadi” slogan and adapting it for India with the popular “Tod tod ke bandhano ko”.
“It’s hit us hard. We knew she was ill the last two or three months, but… we didn’t know that she would go so soon. And before that she was as lively as anyone,” Mumtaz stated. “It’s a personal loss because she was a friend, we learned a lot from her. Her life and our lives were fairly intertwined that way in our struggle. Across the region, this is a moment of grief.”
Human rights advocate and defender Hina Jilani regretted the sudden loss of an extremely valuable advocate for women’s rights.
“Kamla has been such a support for the women’s movement globally. She was an outspoken woman, never refrained from making any comments regardless of how the more conservative sections of our society saw those comments,” she told Voicepk.net. “Always encouraging younger women to participate in movements. She had become an icon for many who followed her voice.”
Praising her work, Jilani recalled Bhasin’s incredible feat of organizing One Billion Rising events all over South Asia, in which young women were encouraged to speak out and not be silent against any kind of exploitation or discrimination by their government or by their society.
Since the news of Bhasin’s passing, activists, journalists, bureaucrats and others in South Asia and across the globe took to Twitter to pay their tributes to the late rights defender.
Our last conversation with #KamlaBhasin, she reiterated the message she lived her life by. She urged everyone to further the message of equality, respect and love. We will miss you, Kamla di. Rest in power. pic.twitter.com/RYRy5kWm2L
— UN Women India (@unwomenindia) September 25, 2021
Sad to hear of #KamlaBhasin’s passing, one of the frontline stalwarts of South Asian feminist activism. Solid as a rock, she was unwavering in her support to women across all borders with a consistency and integrity that will be sorely missed. May she rest in peace ???? https://t.co/rEaNoU3Hqw
— SenatorSherryRehman (@sherryrehman) September 25, 2021
The death of #KamlaBhasin is a huge loss for the people’s movements for peace, equality and emancipation in South Asia. She was an inspiration for generations of people struggling for ‘Azadi’. May the departed soul rest in peace. Deep condolences to her family and friends.
— Afrasiab Khattak (@a_siab) September 25, 2021
I believe it was #KamlaBhasin was the one who universalised the powerful slogan #azadi to mean not just freedom from a state, but also freedom from violence, from fear, from hunger, oppression, and exploitation. pic.twitter.com/vsiqME5hNv
— beena sarwar (@beenasarwar) September 25, 2021
— Bushra Gohar (@BushraGohar) September 25, 2021
A braveheart, a gutsy free spirited inspiring presence who rode her bicycle as freely as she sang her song of freedom. India and South Asia will miss her deeply. RIP #KamlaBhasin the trail you blazed will continue to show the way https://t.co/cTn4Ix6RQZ
— Sagarika Ghose (@sagarikaghose) September 25, 2021
Rest in peace #KamlaBhasin. I’ll never forget attending your talks in college, with so many young girls suddenly getting the belief that certain things are not their fault. And of course, this pivotal moment on TV: pic.twitter.com/NlWlgAG1AZ
— Shruti Sonal (@shrutisonal26) September 25, 2021
— Kanchan Srivastava (@Ms_Aflatoon) September 25, 2021
Bhasin’s funeral was held in the evening at the Lodi Road crematorium in New Delhi. | <urn:uuid:41ae8a65-dd07-4bb8-84c2-d0c1c5afbea4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://voicepk.net/2021/09/trailblazing-indian-feminist-icon-kamla-bhasin-passes-away/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.963002 | 1,725 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Welcome to the most recent installation of Chord by Chord, a series developed to construct your understanding of consistency and the fretboard. In previous lessons, we’ve covered C augmented and G augmented. This time, we’ll discuss An enhanced.
Keep in mind that a major triad is built of three notes, the root, the 3rd, and the fifth. In an enhanced triad, the root and the third are the very same, but the 5th is raised a half action. An augmented chord is in some cases shown with a plus (+) sign, but at AG we rather use the suffix aug next to the root note. Example 1 reveals the notes in an A significant chord (A C# E) and Example 2 shows the notes in an Aaug chord (A C# E #). Keep in mind that E # is the enharmonic equivalent (very same pitch) of F.
Example 3a demonstrates how to produce Aaug from an open A shape, while Example 3b reveals another way to do that, this time adding the top string. Full six-string enhanced barre chords can be awkward, so try making Aaug from the bottom 4 strings of a fifth-position A chord (Example 4a) or the leading four (Example 4b), benefiting from the open A string to add the root note. End higher up the neck with a number of voicings in ninth position that likewise consist of the open 5th string (Example 5).
You ought to now understand a variety of methods to play An increased chords on the fretboard. Teenage Fanclub’s “Metal Child” is a fine example that utilizes Aaug. In the next lesson, we’ll go over Eaug. | <urn:uuid:5ed7299e-68a1-482b-a23d-2e7b26813005> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://acousticblues.co/learn-5-ways-to-play-a-augmented-chord-by-chord/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500356.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206145603-20230206175603-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.900872 | 361 | 3.453125 | 3 |
There are over 50 million homeless cats in the United States, some born into the wild. These free-roaming cats are known as feral cats. They are not like domestic cats. They have poor temperaments, are not socialized and carry diseases that are of concern to companion pet owners with domestic dogs, cats and children. To reduce the homeless cat population, the best way to get involved is to start a TNR program.
TNR stands for trap-neuter-release and is the most humane way to stop feral kittens from entering into the world without homes. The process goes as follows: capture cats with humane box traps or drop traps with bait; neuter or spay cats; and release them back into the wild where they were retrieved.
To start a TNR program in neighborhoods, cat enthusiasts will need a few items and assistance from the community. They will need volunteers to help capture cats - this is usually achieved at nighttime when feral cats come out in the open.
Note: Feral cats will not venture near humans and will not eat food in view of humans.
In addition to traps, TNR program volunteers will need guidance from animal shelters and assistance from animal clinics to perform the spay/neuter part of the process.Coordinators will need to check if clinics have weight and age restrictions or requirements before surgeries. During trapping, volunteers will need to secure cats inside the traps or in a cat enclosure where they will receive fresh food and water in their natural surroundings - outdoors. They will need to check to see if the cats are ill or injured.
October 16, 2019 is Feral Cat Day, a designated call to action to protect cats in the community and reduce the homeless cat population around the world.
During the month of October, Deerbusters.com will provide discounted pricing on cat fence kits. Call Deerbusters.com to learn more. | <urn:uuid:80e6ce1f-9f60-4b03-b354-e82ac1d05e32> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.deerbusters.com/bloghow-to-start-a-tnr-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500356.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206145603-20230206175603-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.952184 | 384 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In modern usage, the word daemon is pronounced /ˈdiːmən/ DEE-mən. In the context of computer programs, the original pronunciation /ˈdiːmən/ has shifted to /ˈdeɪmən/ DAY-mən for some speakers.
What is a daemon in Linux?
a demon is a long-running background process that responds to requests for services. The term originated with Unix, but most operating systems use daemons in one form or another. On Unix, daemon names conventionally end in "d". Some examples include inetd, httpd, nfsd, sshd, named, and lpd.
How to pronounce daemon His Dark Materials?
a demon (/ˈdiːmən/listen)) is a type of fictional being in Philip Pullman's fantasy trilogy His Dark Materials.
How do you say mail daemon?
So the "mailer-daemon" (pronounced "male-er day-mun”) is another name for the reply system on an email server.
Why are Linux services called daemons?
The term was coined by the programmers of the MIT Project MAC. they took the name of maxwell's demon, an imaginary being from a thought experiment that constantly works in the background, sorting molecules. Unix systems inherited this terminology.
Is Cron a daemon?
cron is a daemon used to schedule any kind of task you can imagine. It's useful for sending emails about system or program statistics, performing regular system maintenance, running backups, or doing any other task you can think of. There are similar programs on other operating systems.
What is Lyra's demon?
lyra's demon, pantalaimon /ˌpæntəˈlaɪmən/, is his most beloved companion, whom he calls “Pan”. Like all children's demons, she can take any animal form she pleases; she first appears in the story as a dark brown moth.
How to pronounce æ?
The 'ae' pair, or the single 'æ' symbol mixed together, is not pronounced as two separate vowels. It comes (almost always) from a Latin loanword. In the original Latin it is pronounced as /ai/ (in IPA) or to rhyme with the word 'eye'. But, for whatever reason, it is usually pronounced as '/iy/' or “ee”.
How do you pronounce daemon in Golden Compass?
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/daemon Pronounces it DEE-mon Which is how I've always said it. (The Golden Compass audiobooks and movie also pronounce their spirit animals, called Daemons, as DEE-mon.)
Is Mailer Daemon fake?
Answer: The real "mailer-daemon" software notifies you when a legitimate email you sent is undeliverable. But when the notification is from an email you didn't send, you're getting spam. You could have gotten it for a couple of reasons. It's possible that someone online has taken over your Gmail account and used it to send spam. | <urn:uuid:9608ce5d-49df-447b-8365-3d7bc5bd6d2e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bloground.ro/en/how-do-you-pronounce-daemon-in-linux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500641.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207201702-20230207231702-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.920782 | 674 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Enargia decolor facts for kids
Quick facts for kidsEnargia decolor
|Female (top), Male (bottom)|
The pale enargia or aspen twoleaf tier (Enargia decolor) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It has a boreal-transcontinental distribution, occurring across the Canadian boreal plain and then southward through the western cordillera at higher elevations, where it is presumably limited by the availability of trembling aspen and possibly other poplars. Records range from northernmost British Columbia and south-western Northwest Territories east to New Brunswick. It has also been reported from Nova Scotia, Ohio and New York. In the western United States it is known from western Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming (Albany and Carbon counties), western Colorado, New Mexico (Grant Co.), and Arizona (Graham Co.). There are no records from the Rocky Mountain front ranges of Colorado, where it would be expected to be widespread if there is a continuous distribution southward into New Mexico and Arizona. The populations from west of the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico and Arizona may represent a distinct species.
The wingspan is 30–40 mm. Adults are on wing from late July to early September with most records after mid-August..
Larvae have been recorded on Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera, Salix species, Populus grandidentata and Alnus rugosa, but can reach population levels high enough to cause extensive defoliation of Populus tremuloides stands in boreal forests.
Enargia decolor Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:1a76c5a3-01c2-429f-abb2-35b1c4960d99> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Enargia_decolor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500641.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207201702-20230207231702-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.895981 | 441 | 2.953125 | 3 |
You hear it all the time, “don’t write your picture book in rhyme.” That’s because many writers don’t do it well. The story suffers to fit the rhyme; rhyme is forced; rhythm is off; there is no story.
I thought it would be fun to look at the openings of some recent rhymers.
HENSEL AND GRETEL: NINJA CHICKS by Corey Rosen Schwartz and Rebecca J. Gomez
Once upon a menacing time
two chicks knew a fox was at large.
Their Ma had been taken
and Pa was quite shaken
so Hensel and Gretel took charge.
First line does not rhyme, 2nd and 5th rhyme and 3rd and 4th rhyme. It sets up a pattern that the reader will expect. The same pattern is on the next spread. There’s a fun twist in the old “once up a time” by adding the word “menacing.” Again, we see a problem, and it feels humorous, so we expect humor to follow.
SNAPPSY THE ALLIGATOR (DID NOT ASK TO BE IN THIS BOOK) by Julie Falatko
Snappsy the alligator wasn’t feeling
His feet felt draggy.
His skin felt baggy.
His tail wouldn’t swish this way and that.
And, worst of all, his big jaw wouldn’t SNAP.
Only two lines actually rhymed. Although the last two were “near rhyme” which some editors will not allow. But look how we see the Snappsy has a problem. Kids relate to not feeling that great. SNAP in all caps sets us up to expect fun language, and of course, there’s obvious humor.
A DARK, DARK CAVE by Eric Hoffman
The pale moon glows
as a cold wind blows
through a dark, dark cave.
Those words are split across multiple pages. The pattern of rhyming two lines and ending with a dark, dark cave continues. This sets a mood. The reader is set up for something a bit spooky or mysterious in only 14 words.
In all three of these examples the writers are leaving out what the illustrators can put in.
They also used language that is kidlike. And there is rhythm. But most importantly there is story. Intriguing story. Picture book author Josh Funk says, “Story is most important. Rhyme, frankly, is least. More important, but sometimes less emphasized (pun intended), is Rhythm.” For further reading go to Lesson #9 “Rhyming is all about Rhythm” in Josh Funk’s Guide to Writing Picture Books. | <urn:uuid:ebf1329b-896c-43c5-b50d-d2e8248cd215> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://susanuhlig.com/tag/hensel-and-gretel-ninja-chicks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500641.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207201702-20230207231702-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.945257 | 588 | 2.703125 | 3 |
To provide a nurturing environment and enrich learning atmosphere for students to experience the contribution of science and technology to sustainable development, new facilities and teaching aids have been added in the recent years. They include the Science and Sustainable Development Resource Centre, a solar electric generating system, a wind turbine, a weather automatic monitoring system and a solar chill evaporative cooler.
Installed with data loggers, high-quality stereomicroscopes, UV spectrophotometers and light microscopes, the Centre enables quantitative analyses of some scientific investigations. There are also demonstrations of fuel cells, Chinese medicinal specimens and Eco-aquarium, supported with solar- and wind-driven green lightings and appliances. The Centre is a part of the Science and Sustainable Development Complex to complement our junior-form and NSS Science curricula.
Sustainability is also manifested by the biodiversity of 1000+ species of shrubs, trees, ferns, gymnosperms, medicinal and scented plants in Fern Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden, Greenhouses as well as the Environmental Trail, enabling students to learn at ease. | <urn:uuid:ec122e91-71f7-49a7-96be-b4c64096dd40> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://freewp.cfsscloud.hk/webpage-ssd/2017/05/23/science-and-sustainable-development-facilities-on-campus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501066.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209014102-20230209044102-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.907651 | 221 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Have I made anyone uncomfortable yet? Sometimes just thinking of these things can make someone sick; have you ever seen anyone gag or even vomit just seeing someone else vomit? We have been seeing a lot of these symptoms in clinic lately. Diarrhea of 3 or more loose/watery stools per day mixed with possible vomiting, belly pain, body aches or fever are common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. Viral. There it is, that key word that most parents hate to hear. Doctors do not treat viral gastroenteritis with antibiotics. That’s because antibiotics treat infections that are caused by bacteria – not viruses. This means we don’t have any amazing treatments to make it go away; we are focused on supportive care and watching for what we call “red flags”.
Often these symptoms last less than one week, but they shouldn’t last more than 2 weeks. That’s your first red flag. If symptoms are lasting longer than two weeks, your child needs to be seen in clinic. If symptoms are more severe, they should be seen after only a few days of symptoms. What are other red flags or what else should they be seen for?
- Blood in vomit or stool
- Any symptoms of dehydration
- Severe abdominal pain
- Hasn’t needed to urinate for 6-8 hours or if your baby or young child hasn’t had a wet diaper in 4-6 hours.
- Hasn’t had anything to drink for a few hours.
Is there anything you can do to help your child feel better? Yes. It is important that they drink enough fluids so they don’t get dehydrated.
Some fluids help prevent dehydration better than others:
- Older children can drink sports drinks
- Babies and young children do best with “oral rehydration solution,” such as Pedialyte. If your child is vomiting, try giving them only a few teaspoons every few minutes. My kids like the Pedialyte popsicles the best!
- Babies who breastfeed can continue to breastfeed.
Kids with viral gastroenteritis should avoid drinks with a lot of sugar, like juice or soda. These can make diarrhea worse.
If they can keep food down, it’s best to eat lean meats, fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain breads and cereals. Avoid eating foods with a lot of fat or sugar, which can make symptoms worse. Traditionally, the “BRAT” (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) diet was recommended, but it has now been determined that we don’t need to be quite so restrictive.
Do not give medicines to stop diarrhea to children.
Most kids will not need any treatment, because their symptoms will get better on their own. If they have severe dehydration, they might need treatment with intravenous fluids. This involves getting fluids through an “IV” (a thin tube that goes into the vein).
If you ever have any concerns, feel free to call our excellent triage nurses or make an appointment with one of our providers. We love guiding you through this and any other illnesses you may face. Here is to strong and healthy kids! | <urn:uuid:0897d46c-57da-4962-b532-eed705999362> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ffpeds.com/vomiting-diarrhea-fever-oh-my/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501066.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209014102-20230209044102-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.950819 | 675 | 2.75 | 3 |
For anyone charged with the process of disposing of medical waste, you are likely aware of all the governmental bodies that are involved with the process to ensure all regulations are followed. One federal department that is often not referred to, but is critically important, is the Department of Transportation.
The Department of Transportation is charged with regulating the different classes of hazardous material, including medical waste. It will be the responsibility of the organization to remain in compliance with the DOT regulations, no matter if your business is transporting it. Fortunately, there is training provided by the DOT that will ensure that all rules are adhered to. The following is information about this training and what you need to know to remain in compliance:
DOT Training For Medical Waste Transportation
Training for moving hazardous waste provided by the Department of Transportation will teach your organization how to separate, pack, and prepare all regulated waste for transport. The program will require an exam at the end that all employees have to pass in order for your organization to remain compliant.
Those Requiring the Training
The training provided by the DOT is required for all employees who have any part, no matter how minute, in preparing any medical waste for disposal. This includes those who are charged with packaging, labeling, or signing documentation.
Timing Of DOT Training
The regulation of the Department of Transportation will require all new employees to go through the training within the first few months they are employed with your business. Employees will need to repeat the training every few years as required by the government. The business is responsible for making sure all required employees complete and remain certified within the specified timelines.
Reasons For Department of Transportation Training
The Department of Transportation training is responsible for outlining all medical waste will need to be separated and packed to ensure proper protection from any hazardous waste spillage. The training is a requirement just as in any other OSHA compliance policy. If the employees do not complete the training or do not recertify as needed, there can be significant repercussions. This can include penalties and an audit. The training can also be an ideal step if you plan to apply for accreditation from different medical associations, such as the Joint Commission.
Ensuring that hazardous waste is properly disposed of is crucial. The environment can sustain a lot of damage if these processes are not carried out properly. For more information, contact companies like Peyton Services. | <urn:uuid:5b4099c5-364e-4615-ab08-186b43f3b9c0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://evioiltools.com/2017/08/22/department-of-transportation-training-how-it-impacts-medical-waste-removal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495012.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127195946-20230127225946-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.957271 | 477 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Beginning May 9, every person older than 12 years old will be required to wear a face covering when in public anywhere in Boulder County where social distancing of 6 feet cannot be maintained.
Wearing face coverings in public when social distancing isn’t possible can reduce the spread of coronavirus.
“Although the science varies, most public health experts agree wearing facial coverings in public – as social distancing restrictions are eased – can help us further reduce the spread of COVID-19 that we’ve achieved by staying at home,” said Bill Hayes, Boulder County Public Health COVID response safety officer. “Facial coverings are not a panacea, however. They must be worn properly to be effective, and they should not be a reason to reduce social distancing.”
The order does include exceptions, including for people working alone in an office, anyone whose health would be negatively impacted by wearing a face covering, children aged 12 years and younger, and first responders under certain circumstances (CDPHE Order 20-26 requires first responders to wear Face Coverings).
The Order defines “face covering” as a covering made of cloth, fabric, or other soft or permeable material, without holes, that covers only the nose and mouth and surrounding areas of the lower face. They may be factory-made or handmade and improvised using ordinary household materials.
“A facial covering mandate can work in concert with reduced social distancing restrictions under the Safer-At-Home phase,” said Jeff Zayach, Boulder County Public Health executive director. “Face coverings are another tool that will help us to reduce the spread of the virus as we begin to lift more restrictions along with maintaining social distancing to avoid exposing our most vulnerable residents and prevent the health care system from being overwhelmed.”
Facial coverings can reduce the spread of droplets from the wearer to others. They do not protect the wearer from others. This, in addition to maintaining at least 6 feet distance between others are steps we can all take to help assure our businesses remain open and that we prevent the further spread of this awful disease in our communities. Everyone must still wash their hands, not touch their faces, stay home if their sick, cough into a tissue and discard, and regularly clean high-touch surfaces.
Details of the Public Health Order are available at www.boco.org/covid-19. While fines and penalty’s can be assessed for not following a public health order, enforcement will rely on education and individual responsibility for the good of the community as a whole.
“There have been reports of discrimination associated with mask wearing. It’s important to remember that we are all affected by this virus and there is simply no place for discrimination. We can and will solve this problem together,” said Zayach.
Boulder County Public Health COVID-19 updates are shared by press release and/or on the Boulder County Public Health Facebook and Twitter social media pages and the COVID-19 website at www.boco.org/covid-19. | <urn:uuid:86ce02a5-a002-41e5-84a3-c4400e6911e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.boulderoem.com/boulder-county-public-health-to-require-facial-coverings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495012.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127195946-20230127225946-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.951819 | 646 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Herbicides (weed killers), insecticides, rodent poison, and slug and snail bait are some of the toxic chemicals used outdoors that may be harmful to your pet. Each summer, insecticides and herbicides poison thousands of pets. When using these chemicals, follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully. Make sure that all receptacles and containers are thoroughly washed and out of reach of your pet. Runoff or puddles created from spraying these products should be thoroughly diluted. Do not allow pets in the yard while spraying these products and keep them out of the yard for 3-4 days afterwards. Often, pets walk on surfaces covered with herbicides and become intoxicated after cleaning or licking their paws.
Many plants are toxic to pets. These plants must be ingested in order to cause poisoning. Included below is a partial list of common poisonous plants. These plants are listed in alphabetical order.
Crown of Thorns
Jack in the Pulpit
Star of Bethlehem
White Snake Root
Poison oak and poison ivy can cause a skin irritation on your pet. More often though, the problem is when your pet passes it to you. Their fur becomes a source of the poison oak or poison ivy. You develop symptoms after contact with your pet. | <urn:uuid:97274a14-c6d8-4826-a732-773a5880e10f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://chastainvets.info/lawns-toxic-plants-and-outdoor-chemicals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499697.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129012420-20230129042420-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.884843 | 380 | 2.875 | 3 |
After content, structure is the most important aspect of writing an essay. The rooms while content is a house’s rooms and furniture, structure is the walls that define.
How a writer’s thoughts are arranged can either support a quarrel or confuse a reader. The real difference often comes down to an author’s understanding of how to write a paragraph to create flow and structure. Options for writing an essay abound, but the absolute most method that is basic the five-paragraph essay, which involves an introduction, three paragraphs of supporting arguments, and a conclusion.
In most cases, a paper of the length just will not cut it, but remembering this formula can really help writers establish the fundamental structure of these essay, that ought to include an introduction that states the key hypothesis, a body that supports this argument, and a conclusion that ties everything together.
Despite paragraphs being essential areas of any essay, it really is often just assumed that students know how to write a paragraph. This isn’t always the situation. So for anybody who had been never taught and the ones that are trying to find a refresher, here’s a rundown that is thorough of to publish a paragraph.
Writing a paragraph means grouping together sentences that focus regarding the same topic so the significant points are easy to understand. The researcher has gathered that supports each claim for example, the body of an essay usually includes three or more supporting arguments that back up the main hypothesis; these arguments are each introduced in their own paragraphs, usually followed by evidence.
Separating every one of these ideas in a quick essay outline before you start writing can frequently be great for organizing your thinking and linking each paragraph in a cohesive method in which supports your hypothesis.
Paragraphs aren’t just important for organizing topics and thoughts but they are also important for creating readability and flow. Readers will frequently skip large blocks of writing, whether they can be found in a blog post, article, or essay. It may create confusion when there are no breaks between different ideas or when thoughts flow one into the second without any discernable pause. Knowing how to write a paragraph is important for avoiding this.
How to Write a Paragraph
Think about writing a paragraph this is certainly effective, concise, and clear within the way that is same building a property that is efficient and functional. Just as each room should serve a clearly defined purpose, each paragraph should focus on a topic that is separate. Your body of every paragraph should provide evidence validating this subtopic, with a sentence that is concluding ties everything into the main argument of your essay. Continue doing this for each argument that is supporting and you’ll have mastered the idea of just how to write a paragraph.
Habits in order to prevent When Writing a Paragraph
1. Overusing transitions.
Besides keeping the knowledge you provide in each paragraph of your essay concise, readability and flow must also be considered. This is how the use that is appropriate of words and sentences is needed. Often, writers will overuse transition words like «however,» «moreover,» and «additionally,» thinking these words are a way that is great link ideas. The truth is that transition phrases and words ought to be used sparingly and just when actually necessary when writing a paragraph or an essay that is entire.
2. Repeating yourself.
Too much repetition of language can negatively affect the tone of the writing, particularly when an essay is academic in the wild and presents a stance that is firm a subject. To avoid sounding vague or elementary, limit these phrases towards the beginning of paragraphs—when these are generally had write my paper a need to connect one topic towards the next—or leave them out altogether.
3. Losing focus.
And to be avoided when writing a paragraph are run-on sentences and interjections that are off-topic. The previous destroys the clarity and flow of one’s writing, as the latter is not necessary and may impact the academic tone of your essay. Run-on sentences are sentences without periods, linking a few independent clauses with commas. Focusing on how to write a paragraph properly means knowing where and when to use punctuation that is appropriate.
Concise sentences tend to mean that the writer knows what he or she is speaing frankly about and that can make clear statements that support the main argument. Off-topic interjections affect an essay in precisely the way that is same. If a sentence does not directly relate to the main topic of the paragraph or even the argument associated with the essay, then leave it out, or risk sounding wordy and unfocused.
Paragraphs make up the structure of any essay. Creating a plan before you start writing—or a blueprint, to return into the metaphor of building a house—is a good way to|way that is great effectively arrange your topics, support your argument, and guide your writing.
Knowing what essay structure is and just how to create a paragraph is really important to communicating your ideas and research, irrespective of the subject, in a real way that is readable and coherent.
If you have been told again and again you aren’t alone that you express great ideas in your essay writing but your writing needs polishing. The following tips can help boost your writing skills and turn you into a writer that is great.
Movie buffs and bookworms can tell a bestseller from a dud within the first moments that are few. Exactly the same is true of any thesis statement you write.
You’ve come up utilizing the perfect thesis or essay topic, you’ve done a great amount of research, and know everything that there was to learn about your topic, and yet you cannot appear to put pen to paper. That’s where an overview will come in. | <urn:uuid:f331648c-bba9-48cb-be07-60cc6dc8d035> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://icadeg.com.pe/simple-tips-to-write-a-paragraph-constructing-an/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499697.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129012420-20230129042420-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.947689 | 1,199 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Architecture on the move
How did people in the latter part of the Late Bronze Age organize themselves in order to be able to erect massive structures such as tholos tombs, citadels and how did they interact with these materials and circumstances while constructing? What impact did such a changing landscape have on their day-to-day lives?
- 2011 - 2015
- Ann Brysbaert
- Gerda Henkel Stiftung
- The Finnish Institute at Athens
University of Leiden,
Material Culture Studies,
Gerda Henkel Stiftung,
Professor J. Maran: University of Heidelberg (Germany).
This project explored new theoretical and fieldwork-based approaches to monumental constructions within the Late Bronze Age Greece, in order to understand both technical and social interactions that required several groups of people to move within and near the buildings.
A literature survey, conducted since early 2011, demonstrated that monumental architecture from a construction perspective could be considered a ‘neglected artefact’ in the Bronze Age Aegean mainland: no comprehensive study based on actual fieldwork had, so far, investigated the related processes and materials for many monumental features, including the necessary resource investments, both human and other. Equally, architectural phenomena were often ignored as active participants in relational interactions between different socio-political groups, and between humans and materials. Instead, architecture has most often been seen as the theatrical backdrop against which scenes developed. Apart from a few isolated literature-based studies, no study had attempted to investigate the ‘becoming’ of the constructions. Instead, only the ‘finished products’ have been investigated.
Therefore, this project explored new theoretical and fieldwork-based approaches to monumental constructions within the Late Bronze Age Greece, in order to understand both technical and social interactions that required several groups of people to move within and near the buildings. Next, the project illustrated that ‘constructions-on-the-move’ embodied multiple meanings to past people. Informed by a theoretical framework, this project took a step back by analyzing a series of physical and social activities relating to construction in order to demonstrate how people in Tiryns and its surroundings physically and socially ‘intersected’ while constructing and building.
The first paper on this pilot project is now published and three more are in press. Since 2011, this project also formed a basis for the above-mentioned ERC funded SETinSTONE project. | <urn:uuid:d82e0570-30d2-4b8e-b4ea-3a6da4d622d6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-projects/archaeology/architecture-on-the-move | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499804.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130070411-20230130100411-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.954578 | 530 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The International Astronomical Union’s Commission for World Heritage has undertaken a study tour of the three historic Irish astronomical observatories at Armagh, Birr in Co Offlay and Dunsink in Dublin in order to consider their potential for nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status.
The concept of World Heritage is important for future generations to experience cultural and natural heritage of irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. It is a universal application in which World Heritage sites belong to everyone, irrespective of location.
Supported by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a successful meeting with Professor Gudrun Wolfschmidt, University of Hamburg and Professor Clive Ruggles, University of Leicester took place at Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, to examine the observatory and its collections of historic telescopes and discuss the prospects for seeking World Heritage nomination.
Among the telescopes that can be seen in Armagh is the Troughton Equatorial. Installed in 1795, it is the oldest telescope in the world still in situ in its original dome.
Professor Michael Burton, Director of Armagh Observatory and Planetarium said: “Armagh Observatory has an amazing astronomical heritage. The Grade A listed heritage observatory building marked a key stage in the development of astronomy, the first time the design of the building was fundamental to the science being conducted. Inside can be seen key stages in the development of the astronomical telescope itself. We look forward to working with our colleagues at the equally historic observatories of Birr and Dunsink in Ireland in making the case for World Heritage.”
The IAU has a Commission for World Heritage that Professor Michael Burton is the Vice President of. He will work with his colleagues in it to develop an application over the coming months making the case for World Heritage status.
The three observatories of Armagh, Birr and Dunsink were at the front line of world astronomy in the 19th Century, making key contributions to the design of the telescope and to understanding our place in the cosmos. Not only have these telescopes been used over the decades for important research, they remain in their original physical form today, making them an exciting and incredibly important element of our heritage. Not only can people see our historic telescopes, they can also see how they were used when conducting pioneering science in their day.
Armagh Observatory hosts six generations of telescopes inside, ranging from King George III’s telescopes of 1769, used to measure the Transit of Venus, to the Armagh Robotic Telescope of 2010, used to teach PhD students. The interrelationships of the three Observatories are very important in building the case for World Heritage. | <urn:uuid:f5ec8f16-989e-4617-b990-f4b79f4af9d5> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://armaghplanet.com/visits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499871.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131122916-20230131152916-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.932809 | 536 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Though buckwheat is certainly one of the lesser known healthy grains out there, we’re sure that you’ll have had it at least once or twice without even realizing it!
Buckwheat is commonly used to make baked and fried treats when used as a flour, and pancakes just so happen to be one of them.
Still, despite the fact that buckwheat flour is highly popular, it’s important to make sure that its potential side effects aren’t being overlooked.
Out of all the healthy grains out there, buckwheat has the highest levels of amino acids, and this can lead to all sorts of problems in those that suffer from stomach sensitivities.
If you’re interested in learning a little more about buckwheat, rest assured that you have come to the right place.
In this article, we are going to be taking a closer look at this healthy grain, including its side effects, to help determine whether or not it can cause bloating.
What Is Buckwheat?
As one of the lesser known grains out there, buckwheat (and what it is good for) can often be a point of confusion for many. So, before we get any further – we first think that it would be a good idea to first take a moment to explain what buckwheat is.
To cut a long story short, buckwheat is essentially a type of flowering plant that comes directly from the knotweed family Polygonaceae.
It is typically cultivated due to its grain seeds as well as to be used as a cover crop. While its grains can be incorporated into cereal, buckwheat is most commonly used as a flour.
Buckwheat is considered heart healthy and is incredibly rich in minerals, nutrients and vitamins. Let’s break down the main nutrients that can be found in buckwheat below:
- Copper: Copper is a vital trace element that many people have a deficiency in. Even when eaten in very small amounts, copper is known to be able to help contribute to and support the healthy functioning of the heart, as well as the body and mind in general.
- Iron: Buckwheat is also filled with iron! Iron is a vital mineral that we all need. Without healthy levels of iron, it can lead to conditions such as anemia which can lead to the blood becoming compromised and unable to carry healthy levels of oxygen throughout the body.
- Phosphorus: Unlike other types of healthy grains out there, buckwheat is also extremely high in phosphorus! Phosphorus is another mineral that many people find themselves experiencing a deficiency in, which is why eating buckwheat can offer so many benefits. Phosphorus is essential in the healthy maintenance of the body tissues and can even help to contribute to the healthy functioning of the body and the mind overall.
That being said, while buckwheat might be fine for one individual to take, it might cause a variety of problems in another.
Here are some of the most common side effects that people with allergies or sensitivities to buckwheat often find themselves experiencing shortly after consuming it:
- Feelings of nausea
- Hives and itchiness
- A shortness of breath
- Feelings of dizziness and even brain fog
- Extreme fatigue and lack of energy
- The inability to form coherent speech
- A feeling of the throat closing up
As a side note, it is also very common for buckwheat to induce weight gain, especially if too much is eaten.
While calorie content can no doubt vary from brand to brand, an average pancake that has been made with buckwheat flour typically tends to contain around 105 calories.
This is relatively high (especially when compared with other types of flour) which is something to keep in mind when incorporating buckwheat into your healthy diet.
Plus, along with all of the above, it is also important to keep in mind that buckwheat can also potentially cause gastrointestinal issues.
Why? Well, buckwheat flour typically tends to contain around 3 grams of fiber per a quarter cup, and this high concentration of fiber can potentially cause cramping and gas in those who are already predisposed to such issues.
This brings us to our next point.
Does Buckwheat Give You Bloating?
So, can buckwheat cause bloating? Unfortunately, the answer isn’t so clear cut as a simple “yes” or “no”.
Why? Well, this is because while some people find that buckwheat does not cause bloating or stomach pains, there are many people who struggle with sensitivities to this particular grain.
To be a little more specific, buckwheat when eaten has the ability to trigger the body’s production of both bile acids and gas.
Now, in a healthy person that does not typically suffer from any stoma related issues, buckwheat should do nothing more than simply aid in the healthy digestion process.
However, on the other hand, if someone already has grain sensitivities or suffers from conditions like celiac disease, deciding to eat buckwheat can potentially wreak havoc on their system.
In these such instances, buckwheat can lead to stomach pains, bloating, gassiness, nausea and even extreme levels of fatigue.
That being said, if you are currently considering incorporating buckwheat into your diet to help assist with your digestive system but you’re unsure of whether or not is will be appropriate for you – then we suggest speaking with your doctor in order to determine whether or not buckwheat will be a good grain for you.
Generally speaking, however, the majority of people will likely find that buckwheat doesn’t offer any negative side effects.
In fact, as we have already briefly mentioned above, buckwheat has the ability to help aid in the healthy functioning of the digestive system and can even help to raise a person’s fiber levels.
Still, given the fact that buckwheat can cause bloating, it’s best to err on the side of caution if you feel you might be sensitive to it.
The Bottom Line: Should You Eat Buckwheat?
You’ve made it to the end of this guide! Now that you have taken the time to read through all of the above information, we hope that we have been able to help you learn a little more about buckwheat, including whether or not it can give you bloating.
Just to sum up everything that we have discussed with you above, buckwheat is known for causing bloating and stomach pain in those that struggle with stomach issues such as celiac disease.
Along with causing stomach pain and bloating, buckwheat can also cause feelings of nausea and brain fog in those that have sensitivities to it.
However, if you are struggling to get enough fiber in your diet and you need to take more of it, buckwheat can help to regulate your digestive system while also helping to reduce the chances of you experiencing constipation.
All that being said, if you are interested in taking buckwheat to help contribute to your healthy digestive process but you’re unsure of whether or not might be a suitable option for you – we recommend that you consult your doctor before making any firm decisions.
Thanks for reading! | <urn:uuid:b4205f9f-7639-4ef7-abdb-22db00343067> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://commongrains.com/does-buckwheat-give-you-bloating-healthy-grains-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499953.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201211725-20230202001725-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.96703 | 1,534 | 3.125 | 3 |
It was a day yesterday, and I needed to reflect on my thoughts that teaching is a young horse in training.
You have to overcome the herd mentality by developing a strong relationship, and giving firm, kind direction in order to reach the goal with steady progress. Warming up before you ride is essential for both mental and physical readiness.
When a learning goal has been reached, or the day’s work is done, you can’t just turn the horse out; you put away the tack, brush the sweat off, check to make sure the hooves are clean, and cool down both muscles and mind, before the horse has grain, hay, and pasture for the night.
Never ride a horse at full speed toward the barn, as it will end up making them barn sour. Always provide enough variety in activity, to keep a horse’s mind and body working at the optimum. A horse’s day starts with a good meal, and plenty of water.
One of the most important and meaningful steps for training (both new and older horses) is that time between horse and handler for groundwork. The horse must be groomed, scratched, and learn to know your voice and touch. A soft, low, gentle voice, with a firm, respectful hand will bring a horse alongside a handler.
When you do begin to ride, balance is essential. When the handler is off-balance, the horse can be easily confused. A horse need clear, simple directions, both spoken and felt. Redirect a horse heading in the wrong direction to be successful. The handler must use patience and skill to teach a horse to cross the raging river they are so scared of with confidence.
One of the basic lessons is to teach a horse to pick up his feet, one at a time, by gaining their trust. The horse must first understand who you are, and that you are not going to hurt them, but to partner with them to learn about their world. No one can simply throw a saddle on a green horse and expect them to know what to do. You cannot begin with a ten-mile trek up a steep mountain.
You have to expect to fall off once in a while, it is part of the learning process. You just look back at what happened, and figure out what went wrong and work from there. You always have to get back on and try again! There will be resistance to new learning, when the young horse is not familiar with it. The task is to help them understand that they are safe, and help them gain the confidence in their ability to perform the new task.
Keep horses healthy. They cannot do the work of learning when they are wondering where their next meal will come from, or if they’ll find any clean water to drink, shelter from approaching storms, and protection from predators.
To begin, you have to connect with eye contact, and soft touch. There has to be a reachable goal, and you must look to where you are headed. Always start from the ground up. Every horse is different – raised in different pastures, different handlers who have different styles and perspectives about what creates a strong and desirable horse – you have to work with these differences in each individual. Each horse brings a different challenge, and you must build on the strengths and help them overcome the weaknesses. | <urn:uuid:e0ce5266-d838-4f69-99e1-af69f423bba0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://sallygerard.com/2016/03/18/teaching-and-horses-18-march-2016/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499953.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201211725-20230202001725-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.968458 | 683 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Participation in sports has enormous potential to empower girls. Through athletics, young women can learn essential life skills like teamwork, confidence, and leadership — the latter being a particularly important skill for girls in countries that rank low in gender equality.
Compared to other issues that women in developing countries face, the right to play sports seems trivial — but research and reports released by UNICEF show that participation in athletics reaps countless long-term benefits for girls. For example, playing sports has immense psychological benefits for girls, such as improved self image, increased self confidence, positive feelings and knowledge about one’s body, and a greater sense of self-ownership and respect.
Participation in athletic activities could also have positive economic benefits for women. Girls who participate in sports tend to become sexually active later in life and have lower rates of teen pregnancy as a result. It also gives girls a way to release their stress; as a result, they tend to do better in their studies. Playing sports gives girls a leg up for their futures by delaying motherhood and equipping them to do better in school.
Sports also present a unique social opportunity to girls in developing countries. Compared to boys, many girls in more conservative cultures have fewer opportunities for social interaction outside their homes; playing a sport can provide them with an outlet to socialize with other girls. Female participation in athletics also challenges outdated gender stereotypes by dispelling myths about women’s physical capabilities and their roles as leaders and decision makers in society.
In some developing countries — like Afghanistan and Pakistan — this opportunity is crucial. Afghanistan ranked 153 out of 160 countries in the 2017 Gender Inequality Index and Pakistan does not fare not much better, ranking at 133.
Here are three outstanding leaders who paved the way in Afghanistan and Pakistan and made huge strides toward gender equality by fighting for girls on the field.
Maria Toorpakay Wazir — Pakistan’s number one female squash player
Wazir grew up in a strict, ultraconservative tribal Pashtun community in South Waziristan, an area of Pakistan that borders Afghanistan. Her community largely disapproved of women leaving their homes and girls playing outside, so female participation in sports was unthinkable.
During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, mujahidin escaped to Waziristan. Consequently, it became a sanctuary for fundamentalist terrorists who hold outdated ultraconservative views that are particularly detrimental for women.
But nothing — not even a conservative culture or fear of the Taliban — could keep Toorpakai indoors. At the age of four, she burned her dresses, cut her hair, and began to wear her brother’s clothes so she could play outside. Her father gave her the pseudonym Genghis Khan, after the Mongol warrior.
Toorpakai’s tenacity showed long before she picked up a racket to play squash. She beat boys in weightlifting competitions at the age of 12, becoming the number two ranked weightlifter in the country — competing as a boy, under the name Genghis Khan.
After her family moved to Peshawar when she was a teenager, her secret identity was revealed. No one wanted to sit with her to eat lunch at school, and she began facing harassment and threats from the Taliban. Nevertheless, she persisted. Wazir continued to pursue her dreams and demanded respect.
“I snatched that respect from them,” she says. “Well, they weren’t going to give it to me. I snatched it from them!”
Eventually, the threats from the Taliban were too much to bear. Toorpakai moved to Canada and continued competing there. In December 2012, she ranked 41st in the world in women’s squash.
After years of residing comfortably in Canada, Toorpakai announced that she decided to move back to Pakistan to take part in gender equality movements in her home country.
Hanifa Yousoufi — the first Afghan woman to summit Mt. Noshaq
Hanifa was married off to an older Pakistani man when she was roughly fourteen. In multiple interviews, she described her marriage as abusive and said she escaped her marriage and fled back to Kabul after two years, depressed and anxious. For a couple years, she didn’t even leave the house.
Everything changed when she found Ascend Athletics, a US-based nonprofit working in Afghanistan to empower young women and develop leaders through athletics. In an interview with the Sierra Club, Yousoufi said she “became more social” and began to blossom after starting her training with the mountaineering group. Yousoufi’s confidence and athleticism weren’t always there — in an interview with Outside Online, she admitted that she’d never done a single sit-up and was illiterate before she joined Ascend Athletics.
“I had some fears in the past, but now I feel very confident,” she said. “Before I started Ascend, I didn’t know how to read or write, but now I am taking classes to learn.”
Getting to the peak of Noshaq, which is at a staggering 24,580 feet, is no small feat. The elevation is only one of the many challenges mountaineers encounter on the trek. Noshaq was closed for over thirty years due to chaos during the Soviet invasion, civil war, and Taliban rule. It re-opened in 2009, but only three other Afghans have summited the mountain — and all of them were men. Yousoufi was determined to make history for women in her country by proving that girls can conquer steep summits too.
“Summiting Mt. Noshaq was important for me because I wanted to be a voice for Afghan women and show that Afghan women can do positive things in our country.”
Zeinab — the anonymous Afghan ultramarathoner
Zeinab was athletic from a young age. She grew up playing basketball and tried taekwondo in her youth. However, by the time she was roughly sixteen, almost all her teammates quit to get married. Then her women’s taekwondo team was shut down by state police.
In 2015, Free to Run, a non-profit that uses sports as a tool to develop female leaders in regions of conflict, recruited Zeinab to participate in the 2015 Gobi March — an excruciating, grueling 250-km race across the Gobi desert. She completed the run with her friend Nelofar after completing most of their training in their backyards, together becoming the first Afghan women ever to run an ultramarathon. Their next goal would be to run a marathon in the United States to fight for female participation in athletics.
Due to safety concerns and expectations that women should remain inside the home, Zeinab’s training routine mostly consisted of running laps around her family’s backyard, according to an interview with the Guardian. That didn’t keep Zeinab from participating in Afghanistan’s first marathon in 2015.
Despite being stoned by children, having insults screamed at her, and being told she is “destroying Islam,” Zeinab kept running. Worried about safety, Nelofar’s father forbade her from participating. Out of the 35 participants in Afghanistan’s first marathon, Zeinab was the only Afghan woman.
In addition to the challenges she faced being the only woman attempting the marathon, Zeinab also had no time to acclimatize to the 10,000 foot elevation in Bamyan, the province where the marathon was held; she had only arrived 24 hours before the race. She only noticed how difficult it was going to be when she had trouble breathing at the starting line.
Despite the adversity she faced with the altitude, the harassment she faced in the streets the one time she did try to run in public in Kabul, and only starting her training as a runner earlier in 2015 — Zeinab finished the race.
Athletics are an important front in the battle for gender equality. Today, these heroes are making progress for women on top of mountains at 24,000 ft, in races, in the weightroom, and on the court. Leadership starts on the field, but doesn’t end there. Hopefully tomorrow the next generation of girls these women inspire will be making progress for women in public office. | <urn:uuid:c271c2ea-fe40-403e-8a0d-0289a0849dc0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thetexasorator.com/2019/11/19/three-women-you-didnt-know-paved-the-way-gender-equality-through-sports-in-ultraconservative-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499953.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201211725-20230202001725-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.973594 | 1,744 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Latitude and Longitude are just imaginary lines on the surface of the earth, but are critical to navigation. Latitude (north and south) was known, but it wasn’t until John Harrison (a clockmaker) tackled it in the 1700’s in order to win a prize, that the problem was solved.
Joan Marie Galat, Pelican ©2012, 978-1-4556-1637-4
In the 21st century, with GPS and vast improvements in diving equipment, many wrecks are now being found, and even being raised from the sea.
Students could conduct a Rapid Research topic where groups look into 17 famous shipwrecks:
- The Mary Rose, 1545
- The Spanish Armada, 1588
- The Vasa (Swedish), 1628
- The Merchant Royal, 1641
- The Scilly Naval Disaster, 1707
- The Black Swan, 1804
- The Tek Sing, 1822 (China)
- The HMS Birkenhead, 1845
- The Titanic, 1912
- The Kiche Maru Typhoon, 1912 (Japan)
- The Great Lakes Storm, 1913
- The Lusitania, 1915
- The Halifax Explosion, 1917
- The Bismarck, 1941
- The Wilhelm Gustloff, 1945
- The Edmund Fitzgerald, 1975
- The Exxon Valdez, 1994
Using the Internet, in a limited period of time, students find out:
1. What was this wreck, where was it located, why was it important? When did it happen?
2. What was the impact of this wreck on future navigation if any?
They create a PowerPoint, an essay, a speech, etc. as a group – pooling their research and writing in a “voice” that is aimed at their own grade level.
Students can be asked to listen very carefully and make note of the PROBLEMS that some of the early solutions to navigation had. Note-taking is one of the critical skills for achievement according to Marzano.
For 7 creative writing ideas, click The Discovery of Longitude to download. | <urn:uuid:b64a88af-84b7-4339-9098-0a7e637ce1df> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://dianacruchley.com/2014/08/15/the-discovery-of-longitude/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206181343-20230206211343-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.924281 | 460 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Manufacturers - 2
and (iii). The firms scheduled process should be used to evaluate the thermal process for that product.
Initial temperature (I.T.) is defined in 21 CFR 113.3 (l) as the average temperature of the contents of the coldest container to be processed at the time the thermal processing cycle begins, as determined after thorough stirring or shaking of the filled and sealed container.
The initial temperature of the contents of one container to be processed must be determined with sufficient frequency to ensure that the temperature of the product is no lower than the minimum initial temperature specified in the filed scheduled process. The regulations do not require that the initial temperature of each retort load of product be checked. The closer that a firm operates to the minimum initial temperature in the filed scheduled process the more critical measurement of the initial temperature at frequent intervals becomes.
When initial temperature is measured in those products which incorporate frozen ingredients extra care may need to be taken to insure that the temperature reading is of the (average) temperature of the contents of the container and not just the temperature of the covering liquid. Initial temperature may have a significant effect on the thermal process delivered to the product, and the effect may be determined only through the analysis of process establishment data for that product.
Initial temperature is normally determined using a dial, electronic or other type of hand held thermometer. Glass stem thermometers are normally not used to determine initial temperature because of the potential risk of breakage. Firms have attempted to use pyrometers to measure initial temperature with mixed results. The use of pyrometer's to measure the outside temperature of a container to determine the initial temperature of a process requires adequate studies by the firm to document a correlation between outside container temperature and the actual product initial temperature in the container.
When determining the initial temperature of containers being processed by steam, a container is normally selected from one of the first containers going into the bottom layer of the first retort crate. This container is then set aside where it is not subject to extreme changes in temperature. At the time that the retort lid is closed and the steam is turned on the initial temperature in the container is determined. This same procedure is normally acceptable for all batch type retort systems except as noted. For those retort systems using water to cushion the fall of containers into the retort, or where water is in the retort prior to the addition of the containers, provisions must be made to insure that the temperature of the water does not lower the initial temperature of the containers. In those instances where water comes in contact with the containers prior to beginning the thermal process, the initial temperature of the process may be either the temperature of the contents of the container or the temperature of the water in the retort, whichever is the lowest. In systems that use cushion water, such as the crateless retort system, the initial temperature may be the temperature of one of the last containers to enter the retort, if the cushion water is maintained at a high temperature. For continuous retort systems a container should be obtained just prior to entry into the retort system for initial temperature determination.
Line breakdowns and processing delays may cause the initial temperature in containers to fall below the minimum scheduled initial temperature. During inspections of lacf manufacturers the investigator should determine the firms procedures for handling product in the event of thermal processing delays. When a product is placed into a retort that has to be cooled to restart the process, or to move the product to a second retort for processing, a new initial temperature may have to be determined.
CRITICAL FACTORS-MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
A variety of equipment is used to measure critical factors including: scales, thermometers, gauges, and consistency meters or devices. The accuracy of the equipment must be documented by the lacf manufacturer. There is no specific requirement in the lacf regulations that equipment used for the measurement of critical factors be checked for accuracy and calibrated as necessary. Good judgement however dictates that equipment used to measure critical factors be accurate. The investigator can determine the accuracy of scales, thermometers and gauges used to determine critical factors by making comparison measurements during the factory inspection. It is suggested that the manufacturing firm also make accuracy checks on their scales, and thermometers on a routine basis and that records of these checks be made. If a thermometer used to determine initial temperature or a scale used to determine fill weight is found to be out of calibration, the thermal process for the product for which the device was used may be in question back to the date that the measuring device was last checked for accuracy. | <urn:uuid:690f777d-c428-4d8d-be79-524e8a5bc033> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/inspection-guides/guide-inspections-low-acid-canned-food-11-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.91621 | 941 | 2.8125 | 3 |
With cool professional illustrations that captivate kids of all ages these coloring worksheets feature an educational component ranging from dot to dot numbers and letters printables to pages that depict historical. Simple coloring pages for toddlers number pdf free printable sheets template.
Number coloring pagesr toddlers pdf worksheet sheets template free printable.
Coloring worksheet for toddlers pdf. Animal Theme Coloring Letters A Z Worksheets Pdf Workbook The workbook contains 26 animal theme coloring alphabet letters A to Z worksheets in a single pdf file for toddlers pre k preschool and kindergarten kids. Young Learners Word List. They can then practice color recognition by finding a crayon marker or colored pencil of the same color to color their worksheet.
The worksheets are provided in pdf books or e-books. Number coloring pages for toddlers pdf sheetsen with numbers worksheets preschool black history. Home Alphabet Animals Artwork Bible Birthdays Cartoons Countries Fairy Tales Fantasy Flowers Fruit Holidays Homes Music Nature People Rainbows School Space Sports Transportation Video Game Characters Weather Color by Numbers Connect the Dots Dot Puzzles Simple Shapes.
Connecting the dot activities to reveal the pictures of animals birds. They cover all three levels. Break out the crayons or markers and have fun.
Christmas Halloween Seasons Carnival. Free printable sunflower color by number worksheet There is one page included in this printable color by number PDF. Explore our selection of PDF printable coloring pages for children of all ages.
Number coloring pages for toddlers pdf free. Whether your child needs to fine tune his motor skills or simply wants a break from the daily homework grind or both our coloring worksheets will do the trick. Very popular themes and periods of the year appreciated by children which give the opportunity to color beautiful drawings.
Children will practice colors yellow orange green brown and blue. Each free worksheets for kids has a splash of color in the middle for kids to use as a starting point. The page is suitable for preschoolers and kindergarteners alike.
Children will learn to recognize common color such as red green blue orange purple brown etc. Logged in members can use the Super Teacher Worksheets filing cabinet to save their favorite worksheets. Kindergarten Coloring Shaped Worksheets Pdf Workbook 40 coloring.
The words have been selected from the Cambridge English. It includes many of the words children might see in their test. Basic color and number activities necessary for developing the skills students need to succeed.
Our free coloring pages for adults and kids range from Star Wars to Mickey Mouse. Starters Movers and Flyers. Basic Pictures For Younger Students.
Dot to dot Workbooks Printable dot to dot worksheets books for toddlers pre-k kindergarten preschool and grade 1. Coloring Pages for Kids. Color Recognition Worksheets.
You can use this colouring book to help children learn new words in a fun way and improve their English. Coloring the pictures of birds and poultry such as eagle bat owl chicken parrot humming birds ostrich and turkey. For more free support materials visit.
Up to 9 cash back Make your world more colorful with printable coloring pages from Crayola. Each page includes about nine different pictures that are typically that color. Kindergarten Coloring Birds Pdf Coloring Workbook 33 coloring pages.
Written byAaron Levy Kelley Wingate Levy Illustrated byKaren Sevaly Look for all of Teachers Friends Basic Skills Books at your local educational retailer. | <urn:uuid:8aa6938c-9bbb-4149-ba5f-b7b799936920> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://artlovers.me/coloring-worksheet-for-toddlers-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501407.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209045525-20230209075525-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.861309 | 712 | 3 | 3 |
Analyzing Merchantable Net Volume by Common Disturbances Utilizing FIA Data and EVALIDator
- Montgomery Reese, Research Associate II, Colorado State Forest Service
- Jim Jones, FIA Forester (Retired), Colorado State Forest Service
- Sara Goeking, FIA Deputy Program Manager, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station
- Wilfred Previant, PhD, Assistant Professor, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University
- Amanda West Fordham, PhD, Associate Director of Science and Data, Colorado State Forest Service
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service (USFS) has been in continuous operation since 1930. In Colorado and Wyoming, the USFS collaborates with the Colorado State Forest Service (CSFS) to conduct and continuously update a comprehensive inventory of forest conditions in the two states.
The FIA program annually surveys 10 percent of thousands of permanent plots in each state. Each plot represents 6,000 acres of land across all ownerships. The inventory includes information about trees, seedlings, saplings, shrubs, forbs, grasses, down woody material and soils. Additional information including lynx habitat, lichens and root diseases is sometimes collected.
Scientists from the USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station analyze FIA plot data. They produce reports every five years on the health of Colorado’s forests, along with a wide range of other scientific studies. These data are available to the public online for analysis of Colorado’s and other state’s forests.
The FIA data can be analyzed using tools such as EVALIDator and DATIM, found on the USFS FIA website. These tools are public domain, used by scientists, land managers, corporations and individuals. For this analysis, EVALIDator was used to analyze disturbances in forested land in Colorado from 2010 to 2019.
Most Common Disturbances
A disturbance can be natural or human-caused. It has to be at least 1 acre in size and affect at least 25 percent of the forest canopy to be recorded in the field. Although FIA crews typically record specific types of disturbances (e.g., crown vs. ground), these disturbances have been aggregated to simplify this graph (Figure 1).
Insect damage was by far the most widespread disturbance, affecting over 4.1 million acres. Diseases were the second most commonly recorded disturbance, affecting over 1.7 million acres. Fire affected over 441,000 acres. The other top five disturbances totaled approximately 280,000 acres. There is approximately 24.5 million acres of forest in Colorado and approximately 17.7 million acres of forest had no visible disturbance observed, leaving 6.8 million acres having some observable disturbance.
The amount of forests affected by insects and disease, reported in merchantable net volume, increased from 2010 to 2015 in Colorado but has since been declining. Meanwhile, the amount of volume affected by fire damage remains steady from year to year. The majority of volume in Colorado remains unaffected by disturbances (Figure 2).
Exploring Forest Disturbances
The forests in Colorado are subject to many different disturbances. Some of the most common disturbances are insect damage, disease damage and fire damage. Historically, colder winter temperatures helped suppress insect populations (Raffa 2008; Negron and Cain 2019). Climate change has caused warmer winters, leading to beetle populations surviving the winter (Negron and Cain 2019). Climate change has also led to less snowpack, which reduces the amount of water available for the growing season (Negron and Cain 2019; Creeden et al. 2014). Lack of water reduces the amount of resin trees can produce (Negron and Cain 2019). Resin is essential for trees to fend off unwanted insects and survive insect attacks (Negron and Cain 2019).
Tree pathogens can be hard to notice with the naked eye. Diseases can affect trees and not show fruiting bodies, which are the obvious sign of an infection. Sometimes, it requires peeling away the bark of a tree to expose discoloration and mycelial fans (fanlike array of fungus) to know a tree is infected. Insects and diseases are two factors that often result in the mortality of a tree (Lalande 2020). Trees affected by drought may survive, but when coupled with an insect or disease, the chances of survival are far less (Lalande 2020).
Wildfire can play a huge roll in the disturbance of forests in Colorado. Lower elevation forests, such as ponderosa pine, are adapted to low-severity fires that are more frequent (Keith et al. 2010). Higher elevation forests, such as lodgepole pine, are adapted to infrequent but higher severity fires (Keith et al. 2010). Figure 2 shows there is less volume affected by fire than is affected by disease and insects.
Table 1 (below) represents the sampling error percent at a 68 percent confidence level for the data in the bar graph in Figure 2. Sampling error percentage is correlated to the number of plots measured where the type of disturbance was observed.
|No visible disturbance||8.12%||8.37%||8.51%||8.97%||9.04%||9.05%||9.8%%||9.8%%||10.38%||9.41%|
Creeden, Eric P., et al. “Climate, Weather, and Recent Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in the Western United States.” Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 312, 2014, pp. 239–251., doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.051.
Keith, Robin P., et al. “Understory Vegetation Indicates Historic Fire Regimes in Ponderosa Pine-Dominated Ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range.” Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 21, no. 3, 2010, pp. 488–499., doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01156.x.
Lalande, Bradley M., et al. “Subalpine Fir Mortality in Colorado Is Associated with Stand Density, Warming Climates and Interactions among Fungal Diseases and the Western Balsam Bark Beetle.” Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 466, 2020, p. 118133., doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118133.
Negrón, José F, and Bob Cain. “Mountain Pine Beetle in Colorado: A Story of Changing Forests.” Journal of Forestry, vol. 117, no. 2, 2018, pp. 144–151., doi:10.1093/jofore/fvy032.
Raffa, Kenneth F., et al. “Cross-Scale Drivers of Natural Disturbances Prone to Anthropogenic Amplification: The Dynamics of Bark Beetle Eruptions.” BioScience, vol. 58, no. 6, 2008, pp. 501–517., doi:10.1641/b580607. | <urn:uuid:1da904ed-81cb-4129-96d0-2468e13efa90> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://csfs.colostate.edu/2022/03/21/disturbances-in-colorados-forests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499468.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127231443-20230128021443-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.882085 | 1,657 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ant Rafting in an Extreme Ecosystem
Keywords:Campo rupestre, Linepthema micans, Mountaintop grassland, Rupestrian grassland, Serra do Cipó
Ants are among the most abundant organisms on Earth, being adapted for living on different solid surfaces. However, in some habitats, like riparian forests and flooded plains, water can be a constant obstacle, and overcoming this obstacle can be essential to determine the persistence of ants in such habitats. While most ant species avoid the water during a flood by foraging at higher elevations or climbing on trees, a few species developed ways to overcome this obstacle by swimming. Here, we report, for the first time, ants of the species Linepthema micans (Forel 1908) performing rafts. We observed 14 rafts in three consecutive days at approximately 1400 meters a.s.l. in Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Notably, this is the first record of ant rafting in tropical mountaintop grasslands, which are extreme habitats with shallow and sandy soils, and where small temporary water pools are extremely common in the wet season.
Anstett, D.N., Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. & Johnson, M.T. (2014). Latitudinal gradients in herbivory on Oenothera biennis vary according to herbivore guild and specialization. Ecology, 95: 2915-2923. doi: 10.1890/13-0932.1
Adams, B.J., Hooper-Bùi, L.M., Strecker, R.M. & O’Brien, D.M. (2011). Raft formation by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Journal of Insect Science, 11: 171. doi: 10.1673/031.011.17101
Adis, J. (1982). Eco-entomological observations from the Amazon: III. How do leaf-cutting ants of inundation-forests survive flooding? Acta Amazonica, 12: 839-840.
Avril, A., Purcell, J. & Chapuisat, M. (2016). Ant workers exhibit specialization and memory during raft formation. The Science of Nature, 103: 36. doi: 10.1007/s00114-016-1360-5
Bohn, H.F., Thornham, D.G. & Federle, W. (2012). Ants swimming in pitcher plants: kinematics of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in Camponotus schmitzi. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 198: 465-476. doi: 10.1007/s00359-012-0723-4
Calazans, E.G., Costa, F.V.D., Cristiano, M.P. & Cardoso, D.C. (2020). Daily dynamics of an ant community in a mountaintop ecosystem. Environmental Entomology, 49: 383- 390. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvaa011
Castro, F.S., Da Silva, P.G., Solar, R., Fernandes, G.W. & Neves, F.S. (2020). Environmental drivers of taxonomic and functional diversity of ant communities in a tropical mountain. Insect Conservation Diversity, 13: 393-403. doi: 10.1111/icad.12415
Clarke, C.M. & Kitching, R.L. (1995). Swimming ants and pitcher plants: a unique ant-plant interaction from Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11: 589-602.
Costa, F.V., Mello, M.A., Bronstein, J.L., Guerra, T.J., Muylaert, R.L., Leite, A.C. & Neves, F.S. (2016). Few ant species play a central role linking different plant resources in a network in rupestrian grasslands. PloS one, 11: e0167161. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167161
Fernandes, G.W. (Ed.) (2016). Ecology and conservation of mountaintop grasslands in Brazil. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Fielde, A.M. (1903). Experiments with ants induced to swim. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 55: 617-624.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990). The Ants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 732 p
Lach, L., Parr, C. & Abbott, K. (Eds.) (2010). Ant ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Merbach, M.A., Zizka, G., Fiala, B., Merbach, D., Booth, W.E. & Maschwitz, U. (2007). Why a carnivorous plant cooperates with an ant-selective defense against pitcher destroying weevils in the myrmecophytic pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook. f. Ecotropica, 13: 45-56.
Mlot, N.J., Tovey, C.A. & Hu, D.L. (2011) Fire ants self assemble into waterproof rafts to survive floods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 108: 7669-7673. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1016658108
Mlot, N.J., Tovey, C. & Hu, D.L. (2012). Dynamics and shape of large fire ant rafts. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 5: 590-597. doi: 10.4161/cib.21421
Monteiro, G.F., Macedo-Reis, L.E., Dáttilo, W., Fernandes, G.W., Castro, F.S. & Neves, F.S. (2020). Ecological interactions among insect herbivores, ants and the host plant Baccharis dracunculifolia in a Brazilian mountain ecosystem. Austral Ecology, 45: 158-167. doi: 10.1111/aec.12839
Nielsen, M.G. (1997). Nesting biology of the mangrove mud-nesting ant Polyrhachis sokolova Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in northern Australia. Insectes Sociaux, 44: 15-21.
Nondillo, A., Ferrari, L., Lerin, S., Bueno, O.C. & Botton, M. (2014). Foraging activity and seasonal food preference of Linepithema micans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a species associated with the spread of Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 107: 1385-1391. doi: 10.1603/EC13392
Purcell, J., Avril, A., Jaffuel, G., Bates, S. & Chapuisat, M. (2014). Ant brood function as life preservers during floods. PloS one, 9: e89211. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089211
Robson, S.K.A. (2010). Ants in the intertidal zone: colony and behavioral adaptations for survival. In Ant Ecology (ed. L. Lach, C.L. Parr and K.L. Abbott), pp. 185-186. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Silveira, F.A., Barbosa, M., Beiroz, W., Callisto, M., Macedo, D.R., Morellato, L.P.C., Neves, F.S., Nunes, Y.R.F., Solar, R.R. & Fernandes, G.W. (2019). Tropical mountains as natural laboratories to study global changes: a long-term ecological research project in a megadiverse biodiversity hotspot. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 38: 64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2019.04.001
Wheeler, W.M. (1910). Ants: Their Structure, Development, and Behavior. Columbia University Press.
Yanoviak, S.P. & Frederick, D.N. (2014). Water surface locomotion in tropical canopy ants. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217: 2163-2170. doi: 10.1242/jeb.101600
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2021 Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Flávio Siqueira de Castro, Flávio Camarota, Jéssica Cunha Blum, Renata Maia
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- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). | <urn:uuid:725e13c9-4e49-49f5-b885-122ad50f3a19> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://periodicos.uefs.br/index.php/sociobiology/article/view/7430 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.738133 | 2,219 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Cloud computing is a technology that is rapidly developing due to its benefits like minimizing the costs of operations while eliminating the burden of managing hardware and software. As cloud computing spreads to a wider range of users, cloud computing contracts -contracts that are regarding the performance of the services offered by cloud computing service providers- are starting to draw more attention in the legal field. It is essential to determine the qualification of cloud computing contracts within the legal framework since this shall affect the legal provisions to be applied to the disputes arising from such contracts. This article focuses on the classification of cloud computing contracts in the Turkish and European legal frameworks.
1. Cloud computing and cloud computing service models
Prior to classifying cloud computing contracts, it is important to understand what kind of services are provided pursuant to such contracts and who the parties to the contracts are.
The term "cloud computing" does not have a common legal definition, and various jurisdictions have different definitions regarding said term. According to Information Commissioner's Office, cloud computing is internet-based computing that "involves an organization using services - for example, data storage - provided through the internet."1 The Communication European Council has published statements that cloud computing is defined as storing, processing, and using data on remotely located computers accessed over the internet.2 Based upon these definitions, cloud computing can be understood as everything relating to distributing, managing, serving; and storing applications, services, and data relating to these activities.3
The main services cloud computing can provide under these service system types are virtualization, service-oriented architecture, and network services.
Virtualization is when software mimics the physical computers to optimize energy consumption, economize on the physical space that computers carrying servers will take, and maximize the capacity.4
Service-oriented architecture is a way to make software components reusable and interoperable via common interface standards, rapidly incorporating them into new applications and making it easier for the user to use different and incompatible systems together.5
Network services can be defined as applications at the network application layer that connects users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network.6
If a company is using cloud computing, it is regarded that the data is kept in a data center reserved by a cloud computing service provider with infrastructures outside the company. The data centers may have different cloud service models depending on the type of services they offer. The Turkish Data Protection Authority, in its decision dated 23.12.2021, specifically mentioned three main models as services of cloud computing contracts: Software as a Service ("SaaS"), Platform as a Service ("PaaS"), and Infrastructure as a Service ("IaaS"). 7
The most common cloud computing service model is SaaS, which allows the user to use an application through the web, and mainly aims at developing hardware and software while decreasing the total cost of maintenance and operations.8
On the other hand, PaaS provides services aimed at developers while decreasing the cost of managing, controlling, and purchasing hardware and software components while minimizing the complications. This model allows its user to develop software and program without the burden of managing a server.
IaaS mostly used in services such as data processing, storing, and forming a network while it offers its user software and storage opportunity.9
2. Contractual Status of Cloud Computing Contracts in Turkish Law
Cloud computing contracts are not regulated as special contracts under Turkish Law. As seen from the service models and types mentioned above, the services offered under a cloud computing contract can expand to a large scope that might fall under various contract types. Therefore, the type of the agreement may change depending on who the parties are and what services are offered. To decide on the characteristics of these contracts, parties and the nature of the services provided must be considered.
In cloud computing contracts, there is mostly the obligation of performing duties since the service provider undertakes the responsibility of processing, securing, and backing up data, as well as ensuring the safety and maintenance of the hardware and equipment that is used to keep the data. Some of these obligations can be undertaken by the cloud computing service provider as performance obligations under a contract of mandate. These services include but are not limited to the obligation to process data, maintain the software, and increase the bandwidth if requested by the user and the user receiving financial consultancy through cloud computing.10
On the other hand, users' data being processed after being digitalized, and cloud computing users downloading software into their devices to use cloud computing services are considered as performances of a work contract by some scholars.11 However, as a counterargument, some indicate that this cannot be the case since there is no work created specifically for the cloud computing service users, rather, it is a general service and must be considered as an obligation under a service agreement.12
The dominant view in the Turkish doctrine is that cloud computing contracts mostly have the characteristics of lease agreements.13 The basis for this view is the decision of the German Federal Court, in which the Court concluded that application service provider ("ASP") contracts that allow the provider to temporarily transfer the online usage of software to the users are considered lease agreements.14
Some scholars argue that cloud computing contracts are lease agreements as well, since the cloud computing service provider leaves the use of the software or the right to benefit from it to the user, even if it is virtually, same as the ASP contracts.15 However, according to Turkish Law of Obligations Article 299, only goods can be subject to lease agreements. In cloud computing services, computer programs are subject to transfer of use, and there is serious debate on whether computer programs can be considered goods. It can be seen that in some of its decisions, the German Federal Court decided that computer programs can be classified as goods, yet there is serious criticism of these decisions amongst scholars.16
Whether computer programs can be considered goods is a subject of debate, when there is little doubt that computer programs can be considered as work that can be subject to license agreements under Article 2 of the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works.17 Therefore, it is more likely a safer ground to consider cloud computing contracts license agreements rather than lease agreements when "transfer of use" is the service provided under these agreements.
As explained above, cloud computing contracts consist of characteristics of different types of agreements and do not fit into just one type of contract. The fact that separate services can be set as the performance obligation in cloud computing contracts prevents these from being considered under a single type of contract and makes them sui generis agreements.18
3. Contractual Status of Cloud Computing Contracts in European Union Law
In the European Union, there is no specific regulation applied to cloud computing contracts as well, and the contractual status of these agreements depends on the classification of the services provided.
In a comparative study conducted by the European Commission on cloud computing contracts, evaluations similar to Turkish scholars' have been made. This study firstly rules out the possibility that cloud computing contracts are sales agreements since only "goods" that are tangible and moveable objects can be subject to these agreements, and cloud computing contracts do not fulfil this requirement.19
In this study, different named agreements' characteristics have been attributed to cloud computing contracts depending on the service provided. For example, in a cloud computing contract made for storage capacity, infrastructure, or third-party applications, rules applying to service contracts are most likely to apply in countries such as England, France, Italy, and the Netherlands.20
On the other hand, work contract regulations apply where the cloud provider has agreed to perform customized services for the users; and lease contracts may be applicable where the provider offers hosting services.21
Since several types of classification based on the subject matter of the contract may be applied to cloud contracts, it is concluded in the Commission's report that cloud computing contracts are "sui generis" contracts, as is also regarded in the Turkish legal doctrine.
Both in Turkish Law and European Union Law, cloud computing contracts are not classified as a special type of contract. Rather, they are considered sui generis contracts that carry the characteristics of different types of agreements, such as lease, employment, and service contracts, depending on the service provided and the parties of the contract. Therefore, it is important to understand the functioning of cloud computing contracts to decide whether the courts will separately apply provisions of the legal agreements that cloud computing contracts carry the characteristics of; or whether a judicial law-making will be required each time a cloud computing contract is subject to a dispute.
1. Information Commissioner's Office, "Personal Information Online Code of Practice," accessed September 29, 2022, https://ico.org.uk/media/for-organisations/documents/1591/personal_information_online_cop.pdf.
2. European Commission, "Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions," 2.
3. Aybike Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim Sözlesmelerinin Hukuki Yapisi" (Doktora tezi, Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, 2020), 5-6.
4. Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim,"35-36.
5. IBM Cloud Education, "SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)," accessed 29 September 2022, https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/soa.
6. CISCO, "What are network services?" accessed 29 September 2022, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/what-are-network-services.html.
7. Resolution of the Personal Data Protection Board dated 23/12/2021 and numbered 2021/1304 on blacklisting practices in the car rental sector, https://kvkk.gov.tr/Icerik/7414/2021-1304
8. Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim,"13.
9. Hesham Elmasry, "Cloud computing: A study of infrastructure as a service (IAAS)," accessed 31 October 2022, 62.
10. Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim," 45.
11. Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim," 45.
13. Ibid., 46.
14. BGH, Urt. V. 15.11.2006 - XII ZR 120/04.
15. Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim,"46.
16. Ibid., 49.
17. Basak Erdem, "Bulut Bilisim Uygulama Maliyetlerinin, Müsteri Isletmeler Tarafindan Muhasebelestirilmesi," (Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakis Dergisi, 2020), 238.
18. Tunç, "Bulut Bilisim,"27.
19. European Commission, "Comparative Study on Cloud Computing Contracts," accessed 1 September 2022, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/16333.
21. European Commission, "Comparative Study on Cloud Computing Contracts," accessed 1 September 2022, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/16333.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances. | <urn:uuid:d723d15a-ca3a-48a2-b2ec-ce9845998e89> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/contracts-and-commercial-law/1258424/contractual-classification-of-cloud-computing-contracts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.936398 | 2,377 | 2.71875 | 3 |
One of the main issues that arise in the textile market is Textile Testing Labs. This can be judged through the help of a testing instrument known as the Color matching cabinet. The instrument not just contributes to quantify the real properties of a sample that are on high priority, but additionally which may be reoccurred with the necessary recognition. The profoundly précised estimation is the result of troublesome amalgamation of elements like, nature of the sample, actual condition of the specimen, improvement in colors due to changing ecological conditions, testing instrument and the procedure for performing the test.
You can find immense items that are created and alter daily in textile industries with distinctive styles, patterns, fabrics, and materials. The products often create serious challenges when endeavoring to produce exceptionally précised visual qualities of your item in terms of its shades and look. There is various writing that are handling the shading of your item and its appearance in numerous light shades. Regardless, the key distinction in between the both is elucidated as follows: Appearance is elucidated as the shading of the material, as well as incorporates different characteristics like its radiance, sparkle, and translucency. Shades and colours are characterized without all the properties such as a gloss, luster and transparency, to examine the identical.
People who operate in the textile industry will need to have the complete understanding of various fabrics and textile patterns that vary in different light shades. It is an inclusive actuality that the existence of a material changes when put under two unique causes of light. This phenomenon is well known as Metamerism. This will cause a noteworthy effect on the appearance as well as the color measurement of the fabric and reveals a distinctive influence on client request. Consequently, judging the colors and look in the textile materials in the single light source will not be adequate. To avoid such circumstances, it is required to test the colours from the fabrics in distinctive light shades with the goal which they produce an impression for being same even just in diverse light conditions.
Color matching chambers are employed from the producers of textile industries to test the visual appearance of the products in various light sources. The Colour Matching Cabinet is the well- known and commonly used color measurement instrument that maintains colour consistency and quality of fabrics. The cabinet consists of five different light sources namely, CWF light, TFL light, TL-84, UV black light, D65. Each light provided with an on/off switch button to use the lights. A specimen can be tested under multiple lights at the same time. The instrument offers highly accurate and reliable test results.
Those that are part of textile industry will need to have the skills from the behavior of a different fabric that changes in various light shades. It really is a universal fact that the look of a textile material changes rapidly when placed under two different sources of light. This phenomenon is known as Metamerism. This will cause a substantial change in the looks and the final output of the product and reveals the entirely different impact on customer demand. Hence, comparing the color and look from the fabric inside the single light source is not really sufficient. In order to prevent such situations, it really is mandatory to check colour in the textile material pathaf different light shades so that they appear to be same even during different light conditions.
Color matching cabinets are used through the manufacturers in textile industries to evaluate the appearance of the merchandise in numerous light sources, Colour Matching Cabinet will be the ศูนย์ วิเคราะห์ทดสอบสิ่งทอ that helps to keep up the color consistency and excellence of a product or service. These cabinets are supplied with standard light sources like TL- 84, D65, CWF light, TFL light, UV black light, etc. The testing tools are widely used by fabric dyeing manufacturers, yarn and garment manufacturers, and exporters. Also, while performing colour fastness test, it is most effective for measuring the real difference in colors with the aid of a grey scale. | <urn:uuid:872a3341-4f13-4016-8b0d-8fe5b499d365> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.portaldecasasrurales.com/998/textile-testing-equipments-why-so-much-attention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.938632 | 840 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This article has been just updated:
Modern storage devices look nothing like they did more than 50 years ago. The first hard drive in the world, the IBM 350, had fifty 24-inch platters, with a total capacity of 3.75 MB. Fast forward to today, and you can store the entire English Wikipedia uncompressed on a device the size of your thumb.
Storage devices have evolved at such an astonishing rate that it’s not easy to know which type is right for which application. In particular, many people wonder what’s the difference between Solid-State Drives (SSDs) and Hard Disk Drives (HDDs).
HDDs have been around since the 1950s, and it’s almost hard to believe how much they’ve changed over the years. Modern HDDs use magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks, called platters, coated with magnetic material. Each platter has its own actuator arm with a read/write head, which moves to locate read and write data.
The platters typically spin at 5,400 or 7,200 or 10,000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and come in two main form-factors: 3.5-inch, which is intended for desktop computers and servers, and 2.5-inch, which is primarily for laptops and compact home theater PCs.
Modern HDDs are connected via Serial ATA (SATA), a computer bus interface introduced in 2000. SATA connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices and supports native hot swapping and faster data transfer through higher signaling rates, among other things. Some HDDs use Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) instead of SATA, but there’s actually little physical difference between the two.
SSDs started to appear in the 1990s, but their popularity as cutting-edge alternatives to HDDs is a relatively recent development. Instead of platters and actuators, they use integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently with no moving parts whatsoever. You can think of them as special USB drives because they use the same base technology: flash memory, also called NAND.
SSDs are designed to be drop-in replacements for traditional HDDs. Early SSDs were available in the 2.5-inch form factor, but the industry is now leaning toward the M.2 form factor, which is a more flexible physical specification that allows different module widths and lengths to be paired with the availability of more advanced interfacing features.
M.2 also supports the NVM Express (NVMe) specification for accessing non-volatile storage media attached via a PCI Express (PCIe) bus. NVMe allows SSD manufacturers to overcome the biggest limitation of SATA: bottlenecking.
“The interface provides an optimized command issue and completion path. It includes support for parallel operation by supporting up to 64K commands within a single I/O queue to the device” – explains NVM Express, which was formed as an industry association to define a new storage interface protocol, NVM Express.
Not too long ago, Samsung unveiled the world’s largest SSD, with whopping 30.72 TB of storage space. Shortly after, American computer data storage software and systems company Nimbus Data introduced an SSD with 100 TB of storage space. Clearly, SSDs can offer a lot of space, but it comes with a premium price.
The 1TB version of the Samsung 860 Evo, which is one of the most popular SATA SSDs on the market today retails for $199, although you can often find it for less than $130. The Western Digital Blue 1 TB hard drive, on the other hand, retails for $109.99 and is often on sale for less than $50. That’s a huge difference in price per GB, and it increases even more if you compare NVM Express SSDs with HDDs.
To save money and still enjoy the superior performance of SSDs, most users today buy a smaller SSDs as a boot drive and a larger HDDs for data. That way, your system will boot up in a few seconds, but you can still store hundreds of movies and thousands of songs on your computer.
The best NVM Express SSDs have a sustained throughput of around 3 GB/s, SATA SSDs reach around 550 MB/s, and HDDs manage only 200 MB/s. What do these numbers mean in practice? A massive difference in application load times and overall system responsiveness.
If you have an older laptop with a 5,400 RPM HDD and an Intel Core i5 processor, you can expect to wait around 15 seconds for the Chrome web browser to open. With an SSD, Chrome should open in just a second.
The difference can be even more noticeable in games. Playing Destiny 2, for example, on a traditional HDD gives you a lot of time to make yourself a cup of tea or coffee as you wait for the game to load. Even a budget SSD will barely give you enough time to open a bottle of your favorite soda before the game starts.
If you’ve been paying attention, you should know that there are many moving parts inside traditional HDDs. The mechanical reality of all moving parts is that they wear out over time and may even fail catastrophically.
HDD manufacturers know this, which is why there’s an entire market with durable HDDs with increased lifespan and special safety features that are supposed to minimize shock damage, which typically occurs when the read-write head of the drive touches the magnetic platter. Unsurprisingly, extra-durable HDDs are more expensive than regular HDDs, which is why most consumers use regular HDDs instead.
SSDs don’t have any moving parts, so they’re inherently more resistant to shock damage. However, they do wear out as well—just for different reasons. SSD memory cells have a finite life expectancy because they are subject to an effect called write amplification, an undesirable phenomenon associated with flash memory where the actual amount of information physically written to the storage media is a multiple of the logical amount intended to be written.
Despite the write amplification effect, SSDs have a significantly better MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), and many SSD manufacturers include a 5-year or longer guarantee on their products.
Today, there are not many reasons to buy a traditional hard disk drive. Solid-state drives have become very affordable, and their speed and reliability are on another level. The only good reason to buy a traditional hard disk drive is to use it to store large amounts of data for cheap. But even then, we recommend you use a solid-state drive as a boot drive for your operating system. | <urn:uuid:d9ec2d7f-4113-4d13-9fc9-225e2359c4c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.bestsevenreviews.com/ssd-vs-hdd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.945444 | 1,399 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The following is from a 2001 paper by Norman Miller and colleagues titled “Why Physicians are Unprepared to Treat Patients Who Have Alcohol- and Drug-Related Disorders“.
In the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, a survey of mental health and substance disorders in almost 20,000 adult Americans, the lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 13.5% in the general U.S. population in the 1980s. A decade ago, the Institute of Medicine reported that approximately 6.4% of the U.S. population over the age of 12 probably need treatment for alcohol-use disorders. During the same period, the lifetime incidence of alcohol and comorbid drug disorders affected approximately 20% of the population. We see no evidence that these percentages have improved. […]
Surveys in the early 1990s showed that 5% of all deaths in the United States were directly attributable to alcohol-related problems. Alcohol use and alcoholism also contributed to 60–90% of deaths from cirrhosis, 40–50% of motor vehicle fatalities, [46–48] two million nonfatal motor vehicle injuries, 16–67% of home and job injuries, drownings, and fire fatalities, [47,50,51] and 3–5% of deaths due to cancer. [50,52,53] One study estimates that alcohol use and alcoholism are responsible for 15% of the years of life lost before age 65. In 1987, a total of 105,095 deaths were caused by alcohol, including 30,000 from unintentional injuries, 19,600 from digestive diseases (including cirrhosis), 17,700 from intentional injuries, and 16,000 from cancers.
Again, is there a more recent treatment of these issues?
UPDATE: A follow-up is here.
41. Swift RM, Miller NS, Lewis DC. Addictive disorders. In: Goldman LS, Wise TN, Brody DS (eds). Psychiatry for Primary Care Physicians. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1998.
42. Institute of Medicine. Broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.
43. Institute of Medicine. A study of the evolution, effectiveness and financing of public and private drug treatment systems. In: Gerstein DR, Harwood HJ (eds). Treating Drug Problems. Vol 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.
44. McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA. 1993;270:2207–12.
45. Johannes RS, Kahane SN, Mendeloff AI, Kurata J, Roth HP. Digestive diseases. Am J Prev Med. 1987;3:83–8.
46. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.
47. West LJ, Maxwell DS, Noble EP, Solomon DH. Alcoholism. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:405–16.
48. McCoy GF, Johnstone RA, Nelson IW, Duthie RB. A review of fatal road accidents in Oxfordshire over a 2-year period. Injury. 1989;20: 65–8.
49. Rouse BA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistic Sourcebook. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1965.
50. Milio N. Promoting health through public policy. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis, 1981.
51. Smith GS, Falk H. Unintentional injuries. Am J Prev Med. 1987;3: 143–63.
52. Doll R, Peto R. The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
53. Higginson J, Muir CS. Environmental carcinogenesis: misconceptions and limitations to cancer control. J Nat Cancer Inst. 1979;63:1291–8.
54. Amler RW, Eddins DL. Cross-sectional analysis: precursors of premature death in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 1987;3:181–7.
55. Centers for Disease Control. Alcohol-related mortality and years of potential life lost—United States, 1987. MMWR. 1990;39:173–8. | <urn:uuid:526f2949-4f66-45b4-ae50-8e17874c9950> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://theincidentaleconomist.com/wordpress/substance-use-americas-number-one-health-behavior-problem-ctd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203055519-20230203085519-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.870455 | 956 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written amidst the 1800’s. Hawthorne was a famous American author during that time frame. He is a relative to a judge from the Salem Witch Trials, which was his Great-Great Grandfather John Hathorne. Hathorne was the only judge who did not express atonement for his crimes, which led people to dislike all the Hathorne’s. This sparked Nathaniel Hawthorne's interest in the Puritan times, which resulted in the Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne delineates Puritan standards religiously and culturally in an outstanding way. He was also an Anti-Transcendentalist which means that he believed that all humans were evil. In his novel, the Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the symbols of the scarlet letter, Reverend Dimmesdale, and burrs to add onto the overall theme of guilt.
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a writer in the 1800s, an anti-transcendentalist, and the great-nephew of John Hathorne, a judge in the Salem Witch Trials. Hawthorne is obsessed with Puritanism and, due to being obsessed, bases all his writings on Puritan towns. All of his stories take place in New England in the 1600s, before the Salem Witch Trials; The Scarlet Letter is one of these stories. In his novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the symbolism of the Wild Rosebush, Hester’s Cabin, and the sunlight and the forest to contribute to the overall theme of imperfection.
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1849. This novel won him much fame and a good reputation as a writer. In writing The Scarlet Letter, Hawethorne was creating a form of fiction he called the psychological romance. A psychological romance is a story that contains all of the conventional trappings of a typical romance, but deeply portrays humans in conflict with themselves. The Scarlet Letter won Hawthorne great critical acclaim, and even today the book remains on the best seller list. The Scarlet Letter is so popular maybe because generations of readers can interpret it and see subtle meanings that somewhat reflect their own lives. Each of us, has
Nathaniel Hawthorne, an American novelist who wrote The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne wrote the book in the 18 hundreds. The Scarlet Letter took place in the 16 hundreds in a puritan society. In his novel,The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the symbolism of, The Leech, Pearl, and Dimmesdale to contribute to the overall theme of guilt.
Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter in an era commonly referred to as “The Transcendentalist Movement” (“The Scarlet Letter”). “Transcendentalism a reaction against the rationalism of the previous century and the religious orthodoxy of Calvinist New England, it stressed the romantic tenets of mysticism, idealism, and individualism” (“The Scarlet Letter”). It sees God as an important part of a person and the world, God was not a “harsh distant figure” (“The Scarlet Letter”). Simultaneously, Puritan values and ideas also played a major role in shaping The Scarlet Letter. “The Puritans are all alike and, taking themselves for the standard, see all difference and variety as unnatural, bad” (Baym 53). That is, anything out of the norm, Puritans will instantaneously oppose it and disassociate themselves from it. “Because they are dedicated to forms, rules, laws, [and] structures, the Puritans have no tolerance for secrets: they take people as purely public beings, and they hate and fear anything
Every great story has at least one theme, a central idea that the story’s events make the reader think about deeply. These themes are like the foundation of the story, giving the reader some solid ground to stand on as the tale unfolds. While some stories may contain many themes, they all need at least one to give them a purpose and direction. Several themes appear in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, including those of consequences for sin, sympathy, and the nature of evil, and as a result, the book takes on greater meaning because it encourages readers to study and interpret those themes.
In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne often demonstrates the frailty of humans. Nature is often described as beautiful, while the Puritan society and human nature are viewed in a harsh light. Hawthorne illustrates that human nature is flawed and judgmental through use of figurative language, critical diction, and symbolism.
“There are many things in this world that a child must not ask about” (Hawthorne). In a shameful society, prejudice against an individual can go far beyond a child’s understanding of the society. On the other side, revealed, corrupt action often yields to ignominy and humiliation in public; thus, one would rather keep their guilt or shame to themselves for a perfect image. Similarly, during the 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a novel in Salem, Massachusetts, The Scarlet Letter, which he portrays the impact of humanity’s ceaseless struggle with sin, guilt, and hypocrisy in public or private matters. Moreover, he reveals the society’s internal and external impact on the nature of the individuals. Specifically, Hawthorne utilized
Nathaniel Hawthorne lived from 1804 until 1864. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts. He came from a family with a long history and he added a ‘w’ to his last name because he did not want to be associated with the history of the Salem witch trials, because the name Hathorne was tied to a judge in Salem. The Scarlett Letter was published in 1850. The Scarlet Letter was a way to address Puritanism and witch trials and deal with his families past. And
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a nineteenth century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of real life. Hawthorne wrote his short story which created his own literary style to explore human destiny and human nature issues, and he is good at exposing the "evil" of human nature. For example, the story of The Birthmark conveyed the themes of human nature, selfishness of human consciousness and lack of feminism.
In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, symbolsim is constantly present in the actual scarlet letter “A” as it is viewed as a symbol of sin and the gradally changes its meanign, guilt is also a mejore symbol, and Pearl’s role in this novel is symbolic as well. The Scarlet Letter includes many profound and crucial symbols. these devices of symbolism are best portayed in the novel, most noticably through the letter “A” best exemplifies the changes in the symbolic meaning throughout the novel.
A common theme throughout literature is religion and how the author feels about his or her faith. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses rhetorical devices to draw comparisons between characters and events in The Scarlet Letter and Biblical figures and accounts. A few of the devices found in this novel that connect it to the Bible are symbolism, paradox, allusions, and characterization. It is important to first look at the characters and how they are described through characterization.
The Scarlet Letter Introduction The Scarlet Letter is a classic tale of sin, punishment, and revenge. It was written in 1850 by the famous American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. It documents the lives of three tragic characters, each of whom suffer greatly because of his or her sins. Shot Plot The story begins with Hester Prynne, a resident of a small Puritan community, being led from the town jailhouse to a public scaffold where she must stand for three hours as punishment for adultery. She must also wear a scarlet A on her dress for the rest of her life as part of her punishment. As she is led to the scaffold, many of the women in the crowd complain that
The Scarlet Letter is a modern classic of American literature written about controversy and published with controversy. The main topic of the book, adultery, is written in a dark and sad way, as Hawthorne describes injustice, fate or predetermination and conscience ( Van Doren, 1998) . No other American novel of the time has such a controversial theme as Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter. The setting of Nathanial Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter is the seventeenth century Puritan New England. But Hawthorne's writing for this book is heavily influenced by his own nineteenth century culture. Hawthorne strongly believed in Providence. Hawthorne was descended from the Puritan
In England 1629, King Charles I dissented the religious practices of Puritans and others, which were developed in England during his reign. With the many executions of Puritans in England, Puritans decided to seek a new life in the new world, which led to the Massachusetts bay colony. By letting them seek a new life, King Charles I approved by signing of the charter of the Massachusetts bay colony to the Dorchester Company. The charter states that people can choose who can govern them in the colony and the necessities the colony must have. The puritan leaders arrived and start to establish the colony based on God’s laws. “The Scarlet Letter” encloses a lot of the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay colony laws, and invokes them mostly on | <urn:uuid:e89604af-d1c0-43b7-af02-8e34102ddd6a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Scarlet-Letter-Thesis-PCP5JZRLE9T | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203055519-20230203085519-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.9668 | 1,932 | 3.84375 | 4 |
WOLFRAM SYSTEM MODELER
This information is part of the Modelica Standard Library maintained by the Modelica Association.
This example demonstrates different noise distributions methods that can be selected for a Noise block. Both noise blocks use samplePeriod = 0.02 s, y_min=-1, y_max=3, and have identical fixedLocalSeed. This means that the same random numbers are drawn for the blocks. However, the random numbers are differently transformed according to the selected distributions (uniform and truncated normal distribution), and therefore the blocks have different output values. Simulation results are shown in the next diagram:
As can be seen, uniform noise is distributed evenly between -1 and 3, and truncated normal distribution has more values centered around the mean value 1.
Type: Period (s)
Description: Sample period of all blocks
Description: Minimum value of band for random values
Description: Maximum value of band for random values
Default Value: uniformNoise.y
Default Value: truncatedNormalNoise.y
|June 22, 2015|| | <urn:uuid:745f4d02-60ad-49e7-b3c2-521376e29f0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://reference.wolfram.com/system-modeler/libraries/Modelica/Modelica.Blocks.Examples.NoiseExamples.Distributions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.71778 | 329 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Black History Month is one of our nation’s most significant milestones. Atlanta, known for Black excellence and historic contributions to the Civil Rights Movement, is one of the best cities to celebrate it. Many local attractions, events, tours, and charitable opportunities honoring the city’s African-American community occur across the city. Despite Black History Month may look a little different this year due to the pandemic, it’s not stopping many from attending both in-person and virtual events across the city. If you’re looking for some things to do during Black Month History month this year, you may want to check out this list.
As Atlanta’s leading property management group, we want to approach the celebration from the real estate perspective because we understand the importance of having the right to own property.
The quest for real property ownership by African Americans began immediately after emancipation. Even though free people of color were able to purchase real property in the South, their numbers were few. Many states refused to embrace a new era of equal rights and freedom for every human being. They had laws that prohibited land ownership by African Americans or imposed strict limitations on their ability to purchase real property, even after emancipation was declared. Some impediments came violently against African Americans who either made land purchases or attempted to make them. The Civil War period brought many legislative enactments that apparently provided recently enslaved African Americans with opportunities to acquire real property. Still, the opponents of their quest for land ownership were vehement in their efforts to obstruct black people from gaining their rights. African Americans saw land ownership as a pathway to independence and a confirmation of their freedom, so they stood firm and fought peacefully for years. It’s fair to say that the story of early African American land acquisition was intense desire and passion. A recognition that freedom without land would surely relegate them back to slavery.
Years later, the quest for equality, freedom, and opportunities continues to this day. However, we can say that many battles have been won, and there are thousands of success stories on this matter.
To contribute to the Black History Month commemorations, we thought of sharing one of the most important and relevant stories concerning wealth and property ownership by African Americans. Here’s our little homage to Alonzo Herndon.
Born a slave in Georgia in 1858 and without formal education, Alonzo Herndon made his way as a businessman. First becoming a barber and then owning a series of barbershops, in a time when African Americans were “not supposed to,” Herndon escalated to become the wealthiest African American in Atlanta.
His success was so spectacular that as his earnings grew, he got into real estate investment, acquiring more than 100 houses, a large commercial property block on Auburn Avenue, and even properties in other states. Alonzo Herndon was the founder and president of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, one of America’s most successful Black-owned insurance businesses. In 1910, as a symbol of his wealth, he built a stately Classical Revival mansion in Atlanta’s Vine City known as The Herndon Home, a National Historic Landmark.
At the time of his death in 1927, he was also Atlanta’s wealthiest Black citizen and property owner, with a real estate assessed at nearly $325,000 USD.
But besides all his entrepreneurial success, Alonzo Herndon was admired and respected for his support of local institutions and charities devoted to encouraging African American business and community life. Overcoming poverty and illiteracy, he had risen in his lifetime from slavery to become the wealthy head of one of the top Black financial companies.
Herndon’s is one of the many success stories of black entrepreneurship and property ownership in Atlanta and the whole nation. We think it’s worth remembering it as part of the celebration.
Here’s to all those African American pioneers that set the foundation for many other success stories and more to come.
Let this story inspire you to continue to own and grow your real estate rental portfolio. Contact us today to create your strategy and purchase your next acquisition. | <urn:uuid:525e1b48-d5e1-42fe-9ce2-d51c7595a0cb> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.sovereignrm.com/property-management-blog/black-history-month-from-the-real-estate-perspective-in-atlanta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.972032 | 848 | 2.75 | 3 |
When it comes to robotic joint replacements, Fox Valley residents from Green Bay to Oshkosh might require this procedure for a number of reasons. Learning more about cartilage damage is a good place to start. There are times when cartilage damage is so significant that replacing the joint is necessary to help restore function and range of motion.
What Are the Primary Functions of Cartilage?
Cartilage plays a major role in many areas of your body. When looking specifically at your joints and surrounding structures, cartilage works to:
- Cushion your joints and decrease friction
- Hold your bones together
Exploring the Different Types of Cartilage
There are three types of cartilage in your body. The elastic type is what makes up structures like your nose and ears. The hyaline type is between your joints and it is tough, elastic and springy. The fibrocartilage type it located between your spinal vertebrae and the pelvis and hip bones. It the toughest type and it is meant to stand up to heavy weight.
What Causes Cartilage Damage?
There are three primary ways that cartilage damage occurs. Wear and tear is a common cause and you often see it as a result of normal aging. A direct blow to a joint could result in damage to the associated cartilage. If the joints are not moved on a regular basis, this can cause the cartilage to become damaged.
Symptoms of Cartilage Damage
When the cartilage located in one of your joints becomes damaged, this can result in a number of unpleasant symptoms, including:
- Stiffness in the affected joint
- Inflammation that can cause the affected joint to become tender, warm, swollen and painful
- A limitation in the range of motion in the affected joint
Treating Cartilage Damage
It can take much longer for cartilage to heal when it is damaged due to the fact that it does not have a blood supply. For some people, medications and exercise can help to reduce symptoms and improve the damage. In other cases, surgery is necessary to repair the damage and ensure better joint function. The surgical options include:
- Marrow stimulation to help encourage the growth of new cartilage
- Debridement to remove loose edges
- Autologous chondrocyte implantation to create new cartilage and replace what is damaged
- Mosaicplasty to take healthy cartilage and use it to replace damaged cartilage
You can see that cartilage damage can vary in terms of severity and impact. Now that you know more about it, you can better address it should you ever experience it. In the most advanced cases, your doctor might discuss joint replacement surgery to help you to restore the use of the affected joint.
Additionally, OSI now offers a Walk-In Clinic at its Appleton location for new, acute orthopedic injuries.
The Orthopedic & Sports Institute has convenient locations to serve you. In addition to the flagship facility in Appleton, you will find outreach clinics in New London, Ripon, Shawano, Waupaca, and the newest location serving the Green Bay area, inside the NOVO Health Clinic in De Pere.
OSI is a proud member of NOVO Health. | <urn:uuid:d11255cc-17df-4bcf-afa9-6edd94d39a42> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.osifv.com/2018/08/09/learning-more-about-cartilage-damage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.941842 | 662 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The major river in Flood Zone 3 is Calleguas Creek with a watershed area of approximately 341 square miles. All stream flows in Zone 3 eventually end up in Mugu Lagoon before entering the Pacific Ocean. Major tributaries to Calleguas Creek include Revolon Slough (drains a portion of Flood Zone 2), Conejo Creek, Arroyo Santa Rosa, Arroyo Conejo, Arroyo Las Posas/Arroyo Simi, Happy Camp Canyon, Lang Creek, and Tapo Canyon. Virtually the entire watershed is within Ventura County, with dozens of smaller creeks too numerous to name here.
Historically, Calleguas Creek and its tributaries were all intermittent streams that only flowed seasonally from headwaters near Santa Susana at the east end of Simi Valley onto the Oxnard Plain. Due to development, Calleguas Creek is now primarily a perennial stream predominantly fed continuously by treated wastewater flows, with secondary surface flows originating from rising groundwater, agricultural and urban runoff, and periodic stormwater flows (Calleguas Creek Watershed Management Plan, 2002). Zone 3 incorporates three of the five supervisorial districts in Ventura County. The majority of the zone falls within Supervisor District 4, with the rest of the zone falling within Supervisor Districts 2 and 3.
Summers in the Calleguas Creek watershed are typically warm and dry, while winters are more mild with only occasional rainfall events. Winter frosts are rare in the coastal region, but not uncommon in the inland valleys and foothills. Except for very rare Summer or Fall rainstorms, almost all precipitation (approximately 85 percent) occurs during the Winter season, which extends from November through March. Mean annual precipitation varies from about 13 inches on the Oxnard Plain to 16 inches in the inland valleys, with a maximum of 20 inches in the higher elevations. The wettest rainfall year with recorded data occurred in 1941, when 38 inches of rain fell. The driest rainfall year was 1894, when only 3.3 inches of rain were measured.
Calleguas Creek topography is typified by rolling foothill type terrain with a few steep or even vertical slopes in the northern and eastern portions. In the south and west, landforms consist mostly of alluvial valleys, and coastal floodplains. Approximately 42 percent of the watershed has slopes greater than 20 percent, with another 46 percent of the watershed having slopes of less than 10 percent.
Located within the Transverse Range geomorphic province of California, geologic structures in the watershed formed from different sequences of sandstones, shales, conglomerates, and siltstones which were interrupted by basaltic flows and intrusives at later time stages (mostly in the eastern and southern portions of Zone 3). During the most recent Quaternary time frame, marine clays, sands, and gravels were deposited during episodes of erosion or during changing sea levels. The Fox Canyon member is the most important groundwater aquifer in the area because of its average thickness (500 feet), and the good water quality exhibited from water extraction wells perforated in this layer. Stream, terrace, alluvial fan, and former swamp deposits of silts, sands, and gravels up to 400 feet thick in some cases overlie most valleys and creeks in the watershed.
As a result of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Oat Mountain (an East-West ridgeline fold along the northern portion of Zone 3) was uplifted 18 inches. As a result, erosional processes have not always kept pace with uplift, so landslides and soil slippage can happen during intense or extended rainfall events. In upper elevations, natural channels can be deeply incised with unstable sidewalls that leading to sediment erosion which impacts design of flood control improvements.
With no natural water impoundments, the Calleguas Creek watershed contains the man-made Lake Bard (aka Bard Reservoir – main imported water supply for about 60% of Ventura County population), along with several Watershed Protection District constructed debris basins of varying sizes and depths designed to capture runoff sediment before it can cause damage to the Calleguas Creek drainage system. Some of the largest District basins include Sycamore Canyon, Las Llajas, and Runkle Canyon basins. Areas where damaging channel over-topping can occur from flash floods include smaller tributaries to the Arroyo Simi-Arroyo Las Posas, and Calleguas Creek levees downstream from Hwy 101. | <urn:uuid:fa072d8c-c722-4b4c-873e-061e0701ddb9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.vcpublicworks.org/wp/calleguas-creek/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500671.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208024856-20230208054856-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.941483 | 945 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Aksel Waldemar Johannessen, “Dog and Raven” (1918), woodcut on paper (via Wikimedia)
Last year DigVentures, a London-based archaeology group, unearthed the bones of a gigantic dog from a shallow grave, about 20 inches deep, in the ruins of Leiston Abbey, Suffolk. Archaeologists estimate that the canine stood more than seven-feet-tall on its hind legs and weighed about 200 pounds. DigVentures researchers believe the canine bones likely date to when the abbey was active, so are likely medieval, but they are awaiting confirmation from testing.
English folklore is full of stories about a supernatural dog, known as Black Shuck, that prowled the countryside around Leiston Abbey about 500 years ago. Due to the size and date of the bones, many have speculated that these large canine remains could be connected to the legend of Black Shuck.
Leiston Abbey (photograph by Ian Patterson)
A Middle Ages wood cut of a rabid dog (via Wikimedia)
Hellhounds in Mythology
A hellhound, or devil dog, is a supernatural animal found throughout mythology, folklore, and fiction. Hellhound legends date back to ancient times and sightings and attacks have been reported throughout history. Hellhounds tend to have black fur, glowing eyes, supernatural strength or speed, large teeth, long claws, and sometimes multiple heads.
Devil dogs guard the entrance to the Underworld and the grounds of graveyards, they also hunt lost souls and protect a supernatural treasure. In European folklore, seeing a hellhound or hearing it howl is seen as an omen of doom or the cause of death.
Hellhounds show up in many cultures and have many names including the three-headed Cerberus in Greek mythology, Anubis in Egyptian mythology, Garmr in Norse mythology, Perro Negro in Latin America, and Black Shuck in England. Most recently hellhounds were used in fiction in The Hound of the Baskervilles, the Grim in the Harry Potter series, and in movies like The Omen and Cujo.
Black Dog of Bungay, Suffolk on a street light (photograph by Keith Evans)
The Folklore of Black Shuck
Black Shuck, Old Shuck, Old Shock, or Shuck is the name given to a medieval hellhound in England. This devil dog was said to have black fur, flaming eyes, sharp teeth and claws, and great strength. Locals described sightings of Black Shuck in graveyards, forests, and roadsides. Shuck’s most famous attack happened on August 4, 1577 at two churches in Blythburgh and Bungay in the English countryside.
During a storm on August 4, 1577, Black Shuck reportedly broke through the doors of Holy Trinity Church in Blythburgh, about seven miles from Leiston Abbey, and charged through a large congregation. It was during this attack that he allegedly killed a man and a boy, before the church steeple collapsed through the roof. As the hellhound departed, he left claw marks on the north door of Holy Trinity Church that are supposedly still visible today.
Holy Trinity Church, Blythburgh, Suffolk (photograph by Robert Cutts)
St Mary’s Church, Bungay (photograph by William Metcalfe)
The same day, Black Shuck was rumored to have rampaged through St Mary’s Church in Bungay, about 12 miles away, which was described in A Straunge and Terrible Wunder, a pamphlet written by the Reverend Abraham Fleming in 1577:
“This black dog, or the divel in such a linenesse (God hee knoweth al who worketh all,) running all along down the body of the church with great swiftnesse, and incredible haste, among the people, in a visible fourm and shape, passed between two persons, as they were kneeling uppon their knees, and occupied in prayer as it seemed, wrung the necks of them bothe at one instant clene backward, in somuch that even at a mome[n]t where they kneeled, they stra[n]gely dyed.”
Title page of Rev. Abraham Fleming’s account of “Black Shuck” — “A straunge, and terrible wunder” — at the church of Bungay, Suffolk in 1577 (via Wikimedia)
Though musing about the earthly remains of a legendary creature or cryptid is always fun, this giant skeleton recently found at Leiston Abbey is likely the remains of an abbot’s faithful canine companion or hunting dog. At best, the sightings of this huge, domesticated dog by superstitious people may have sparked the rumors about Black Shuck. | <urn:uuid:ec05c755-f299-4068-9f28-a4553f76b7d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/archaeology-folklore-and-the-skeletal-remains-of-a-hellhound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494826.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230126210844-20230127000844-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.947245 | 997 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The United States is the world’s second-largest producer of carbon emissions, producing over five billion tons of carbon emissions annually. Private cars are one of the main contributors to this environmental issue.
Transportation is responsible for more than 20% of the country’s carbon emissions. This means that private cars are the biggest producer of carbon emissions in the United States. As a result, carbon emissions are a severe problem for the planet, contributing to climate change and global warming.
Many people don’t think twice about their daily car usage, but understanding how private cars affect the environment is essential if people want to reduce their impact on climate change and move towards a greener future. Here’s a look at the facts.
Carbon Footprint of Private Cars
It’s estimated that private cars account for roughly 25% of all carbon dioxide emissions produced by human activities in the United States each year. That amounts to over 1.8 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere due to cars alone! Moreover, that number has been steadily increasing since 2000 – even as other sources of emissions have decreased or stayed stable over time.
The Role of Car Culture
Perhaps people use private cars so much because car culture has become normalized in U.S. society. It’s not uncommon for people to own multiple vehicles, with some households having up to three or four family cars parked outside their homes! This contributes to an increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per person, which also leads to higher vehicle carbon emissions.
The culture started during the 1950s when Americans became increasingly mobile thanks to the affordability and popularity of cars. Since then, car ownership has become more common, with over $1 trillion in auto loans outstanding as of 2018. It’s one of the world’s highest rates of auto loans, and it seems like it’s not stopping anytime soon.
Opportunities for Change
The good news is that there are plenty of opportunities for individuals and communities alike to reduce their reliance on private vehicles. Here are ways to do that.
One of the easiest ways to reduce your carbon footprint is to drive less often or take public transportation instead of your vehicle. Public transportation options like trains, buses, and ride-share services like Uber and Lyft use fewer resources than individual cars and can help lower your overall emissions significantly over time.
Invest in Electric Vehicles
EVs are becoming increasingly affordable and accessible, with a growing number of options on the market to suit different needs. One of the best EVs in the market right is coming from Tesla.
Tesla EVs have been praised for their superior performance and range compared to other EVs, making them an excellent choice for those looking to switch to an electric vehicle. Investing in one can be a great way to reduce carbon emissions and overall costs. However, it can also be an expensive investment. Thankfully, there are ways to minimize the general depreciation of your Tesla. You can install a coating to protect it from scratches and external damage. An experienced XPEL installation service for Tesla vehicles can install good layers for your car. This can drastically reduce your costs and make even more savings.
Don’t Idle Your Vehicle
Idling gets zero miles per gallon, which means it wastes fuel and emits unnecessary pollutants into the air around you. Whenever possible, turn off your engine if you anticipate waiting more than 30 seconds at a single location (e.g., traffic lights). This simple action can save you money while reducing your carbon footprint simultaneously!
Smart driving techniques can make a big difference in reducing emissions from your car and saving money on fuel costs! For example, ensure you accelerate gently whenever possible, avoid speeding (especially on highways), use cruise control when available, and maintain proper tire pressure. These practices will improve fuel economy and keep pollutants out of the air people breathe daily!
Get Regular Maintenance Checks
Regular maintenance checks ensure that all parts of your car are operating as efficiently as possible—which helps keep toxic pollutants out of our environment! In addition, make sure to get regular oil changes and tune-ups according to manufacturer specifications to keep your emission levels low while also improving gas mileage!
Private cars significantly impact carbon dioxide emissions in the United States each year – but that doesn’t mean you can’t do anything about it! On the contrary, private car owners can help the world by investing in the right solutions. | <urn:uuid:8d6e532a-5bd6-484a-9b18-aed6699399ec> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.capandshare.org/impact-of-private-cars-on-carbon-emissions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494826.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230126210844-20230127000844-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.951453 | 909 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Starting With Happiness
Last month we started a series on happiness. We’ll do this at the beginning of each month for a while. Why? Hospice and Palliative care patients, understandably, often suffer from temporary or clinical depression. Families and friends often do not know how to help. So we’re starting each month spending time looking together at this important subject.
What is happiness?
In part 1 of this series, published on March 11, we discovered that happiness is many things to many people. But most of us would agree in general with what psychologists say. They describe it as a general sense of well-being.
How does happiness happen?
Well, interestingly enough, it doesn’t. Not on its own. At least not consistently. Scientists who study these things say that if you want to be consistently happy, you have to do the right things.
They’ve found that people who seem to be “naturally happy” aren’t really “naturally happy” at all. They just seem to naturally do the things that tend to sustain happiness. By the same token, people who tend to be “naturally” unhappy…don’t.
Happy on Purpose
This is actually really good news. What it means is that we can actually affect our own happiness. Now, it’s important to understand that happiness is not an “on” or “off” thing. There are levels, shades, and colors to happiness like any other emotion. And it’s also important to remember that you can’t control 100% of your emotional well-being. Any more than you can control your physical well-being.
But according to The How of Happiness, by Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky, about 40% of our happiness is completely in our hands. This means we not only have the ability to do something about it. We also have a responsibility.
Researchers have discovered several things that habitually happy people have in common. Intriguingly, one of those things is the presence of certain systems. Yes, you read that right–systems.
How can systems make you happy? Well, first, because effort itself is one of the things happy people have in common. And systems take effort. They take planning, discipline, and perseverance. The mental effort required for these things stimulates the brain in all the right places.
So are there magic “happiness systems?” Well, not really. Simply having a few systems in place that govern a significant part of your day or week can be quite a boost. But here are 3 suggestions for systems you can use to help set yourself up for increased happiness.
1. Support Systems
How intentional are you about your relationships? Do you have an idea how many times this month you’ll see certain friends or family? This can be a powerful system.
- Start by making two lists. List the people you see on a regular basis. But don’t just randomly write down names. List them in the order of how good they make you feel when you see them. In other words, you’re ranking your support team.
- The second list is different. These are people, maybe just one or two for some, that you don’t see regularly, but you could. And these are people you believe would be very supportive & encouraging for you. These may be family members, friends, clergy, or even a counsellor.
- The next step is definitely the most important. It’s time to schedule your support. Schedule a time to reach out to each of the top three or four people on your support team list.
- Next, reach out to the person or people you’d like to begin spending more time with. Set up a time to get together. This conversation itself can be a huge boost to your mood. Then decide how often you can regularly meet.
2. Involvement Systems
This is incredibly simple, but incredibly powerful. We all know it’s true: giving happiness is one of the best feelings of all! Get involved in a regular activity that is totally others-centered.
- Write letters to sick kids
- Make care packages for soldiers
- Serve at a soup kitchen
There are hundreds of activities that fit the bill. The key is to commit to a regular activity that gets your focus off yourself. Many patients lived lives of selfless giving prior to a life-limiting diagnosis. But since being diagnosed, they find themselves totally absorbed in survival.
But this is not always necessary. Giving is one of the most common keys to sustained happiness. So find a way to give. You’ll be happier for it!
And involvement systems have a second important benefit. The people you meet. You will develop relationships through involvement. Maybe face-to-face, or maybe just with a pen-pal or an unknown recipient.
But either way, these relationships are real and unique. And they provide us with a powerful esteem boost that many of us lack. From busy professionals to overwhelmed graduate students to pro athletes, many who lack these relationships find themselves dry, empty, and depressed.
The people you work with as well as the people you help will quickly become a bright spot in your thoughts. So get involved somehow. You may need to try a few things till you find the right one for you. But do something!
3. Time Systems
In last month’s issue, we talked about scheduling happiness-boosting activities. But activities are not the only thing to schedule. In fact, the act of scheduling is in itself a happiness-booster. As long as you don’t go too far.
Schedule visits with the right support people. Schedule your time to give happiness. Commit to these things. But don’t schedule things so tightly that you can’t keep up. And don’t schedule too much time with people who may not be able to keep their appointments with you.
A key to success in anything is frequent re-evaluation. Each month, look at your schedule. Is it too much? Or is it too easy? The schedule needs to be demanding enough that you have to think about it. But it needs to be do-able. So feel free to adjust as you go.
These three systems in place, you can set yourself up for increased happiness. There are many things in life you can’t control. But set your mind to control the things you can. And remember, one of the most powerful parts of this is the decision to do something. Begin now to take steps toward more sustained happiness in your life.
Hospice & Palliative Care
At Crown Hospice in Victoria, Texas, we specialize in helping you maintain the highest quality of life possible. Even after a terminal or life-limiting diagnosis, happiness is not out of reach. Our caring, professional staff are here for you whether you are a patient, family member, friend, or caregiver. If you or a loved one have questions about end-of-life or palliative care, please do not hesitate to call us at (361) 575-5900. We will help and support you in any way we can. | <urn:uuid:0a0a4623-6f24-4f3a-af8b-f928e7203cbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://crownhospice.com/blog/happiness-systems-to-sustain-happiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499470.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128023233-20230128053233-00852.warc.gz | en | 0.957601 | 1,527 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Industry experts expect corn ethanol production to stay strong despite a proposal to reduce federal renewable fuel requirements.
“Regardless of what you think personally about [corn] ethanol, from a market standpoint, it has found its feet and it is now a well-acknowledged, cheap source of octane in gasoline blends,” said Scott Irwin, agricultural marketing professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
The Environmental Protection Agency proposed to reduce renewable fuel mandates for 2014 through 2016, lessening what it initially slated in 2005.
The EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard requires oil refineries to produce specific amounts of ethanol made from corn and plant matter annually and blend it with gasoline. The standard was meant to keep gas prices low for consumers and decrease U.S. dependency on foreign oil.
The goal of the Renewable Fuel Standard is to produce a total of 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel by 2022.
Though the proposal increases the amount of renewable fuel overall, it still slashes more than 11 billion gallons from original federal goals.
Critics argue cuts were designed to appease big oil because adding ethanol to fuel makes it cheaper, taking away from politically powerful oil companies’ profits.
But Irwin said, regardless, corn ethanol won’t be as affected like other renewable fuels.
“If we took the [Renewable Fuel Standard] away tomorrow… in theory, we would use close to if not exactly the same amount of ethanol as we do today,” he said.
Irwin said that’s because the standard helped with the heavy costs of building ethanol plants, and now all producers need to do is maintain production – a task that shouldn’t be difficult because of the steady demand for corn ethanol.
Additionally, leftovers from the ethanol production process are turned into animal feed and sold for further financial gains.
For every gallon of gasoline blended in the United States, up to 10 percent comes from ethanol – the majority of which is produced from corn.
Under current regulations, Irwin said the ethanol mandates might save consumers a few pennies per gallon of gasoline. | Story continued below
The map below shows how much ethanol each state produced and had the capacity to produce in 2014. Use the tabs at the top left-hand corner to zoom in or out. | Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Uncertain policy discourages investment
The EPA’s latest decision to cut federal ethanol mandates came after months of delay, a waiting game energy policy experts believe created hesitation in the biofuel industry.
The comment period closed on July 27 and the EPA plans to finalize its proposal in November.
The delay sparked more than 66,000 comments, including those who felt the EPA should increase ethanol standards.
“Those reactions are being intensified by the current margin squeeze on corn farmers in the United States,” Irwin said. “They’re losing money right now. The price of corn is below the cost of production.”
Jay Kesan, a law professor from the University of Illinois who specializes in renewable energy policy, said the industry would be better served by lasting mandates that do not change every year.
“Constantly changing the mandates every year as the EPA has been doing has resulted in a lot of uncertainty,” Kesan said. “And uncertainty is very bad for people who are making investments.”
Kesan was part of a group of experts who produced a Bipartisan Policy Center report called “Options for Reforming the Renewable Fuel Standard” in December.
The report suggests the EPA should curb mandates for corn ethanol at 15 billion gallons in 2015 and gradually increase cellulosic, biodiesel and other advanced biofuel requirements.
Officials from one of the world’s largest corporate agribusinesses in the world supported Kesan’s assessment.
“There’s certainly potential in advanced biofuels,” said Jackie Anderson, spokesperson for Chicago-based Archer Daniels Midland. “But the success of advanced biofuels is being limited by a lack of regulatory uncertainty.”
Archer Daniels Midland reported $704 million in operating profits from bioproduct sales in 2014.
The company has six ethanol plants, and Senate lobbying disclosure records show it is active in lobbying on renewable fuel standard legislation.
Records show that other top agribusiness companies, including Monsanto, lobby on the legislation, as well.
Last year, Archer Daniels Midland spent a total of $1.65 million on lobbying initiatives that included the renewable fuel standard.
Monsanto spent $4.12 million on initiatives that also included the renewable fuel standard.
“We invest [in biofuels] to help farmers have a better harvest,” Monsanto corporate engagement representative Charla Lord said. “[Cellulosic biomass products] could be key enablers for future feedstock choices if growers believe there is an available market.” | <urn:uuid:c7ebdc29-9643-4815-84ed-18415bfdc5ad> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://investigatemidwest.org/2015/08/20/corn-ethanol-production-to-stay-strong-despite-federal-cuts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499470.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128023233-20230128053233-00852.warc.gz | en | 0.942806 | 1,031 | 2.8125 | 3 |
As crude oil prices surge on rising political tensions with Iran, a new government report released Thursday said that the U.S. is unprepared to face an oil supply crisis and urged U.S. policymakers to develop a strategy in order to reduce potential risks related to an oil shock.
The report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office concluded that the U.S. has no plans in place to address "peak oil," the future point in history of maximum oil production, which would be followed by irreversible declines in oil fields around the world.
"While the consequences of a peak would be felt globally, the United States, as the largest consumer of oil and one of the nations most heavily dependent on oil for transportation, may be particularly vulnerable," the GAO report said.
An expert told CNBC on Thursday that peak oil is the "the single biggest issue to threaten sustainable society" in the United States.
"We are on the verge of actually replacing global warming by this term peak oil," said Matthew Simmons, author of Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Oil Shock and the World Economy. "We have demand roaring ahead and supply is faltering."
Most studies predict oil production will peak sometime between now and 2040, the agency said.
"We're basically held hostage by countries that aren't friendly to us in terms of what's available," John Kilduff, senior vice president of energy risk management at Fimat USA, told CNBC. "That is so dangerous to the United States economy you can't believe it. We have big problems on our hands." | <urn:uuid:8f3a8b78-98aa-4e05-8ad3-939a0098eef8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.cnbc.com/id/17860269 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499470.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128023233-20230128053233-00852.warc.gz | en | 0.971598 | 320 | 2.671875 | 3 |
05 May Get Active & Get Healthy: Why Sitting Around Can be Dangerous
As many of us work from home, we may be spending more time than normal sitting and sedentary. It’s important to remember that sitting around for hours has been linked to serious health concerns, and has even gained the term “the sitting disease” over the last few years. Body One physical therapist Dr. Brian Pease shares why it’s so important to get up and get moving below:
The infographic below outlines some of the serious effects of sitting disease: Increased risk of high blood pressure and cholesterol leading to heart disease and stroke, and increased blood sugar levels leading to diabetes.
So, what are we going to do about sitting disease? My dad would have said, “Hey, get off your @$$ and do something”, but it’s not always that simple. Recent research has shown that the traditional hour in the gym several times a week may not be enough to offset the negative effects of prolonged sitting. The better answer may be embracing lifestyle changes that replace traditional sitting activities with standing or walking activities. Examples include:
- In addition to purposeful exercise sessions, get out of your home or office to the mall, school, or park for an additional hour a day to just move.
- Replacing reality TV with Really Living…cooking, cleaning, gardening, and walking the dog are all great substitutes for an hour or two watching TV.
- For those who sit at work, request a standing desk or find a high countertop to use as a work station several hours a day.
- Stand and walk while on the phone.
- Stand at the back of the room (if appropriate) during meetings and gatherings.
- Use lunchtime and break time to take a quick walk around your office space, or run an errand and take a few laps around the store.
- Re-arrange your office to require intermittent standing and walking to complete essential tasks throughout the day. (Sorry LEAN people)
- Drink more water, the secondary effect of which will be more trips down the hall to the restroom.
Once you have changed your mindset, you can see that prolonged sitting can be modified in a variety of ways. However, we often find that sitting is as much a symptom as a cause of inactivity. Stiffness or pain that prevents folks from standing or walking as much as they would like frequently contribute to excess sitting time. If your limitation is back pain, hip pain, knee pain, foot or ankle pain, or general balance or de-conditioning concerns, speak with your physician or call us for an appointment to evaluate your condition. We will be happy to get you off your rear and on your feet!
Wishing you and your family a healthy spring,
- All-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.240, 95% CI 1.09-1.41)
- Cardiovascular disease mortality (HR 1.179, 95% CI 1.106-1.257)
- Cardiovascular disease incidence (HR 1.143, 95% CI 1.002-1.729)
- Cancer mortality (HR 1.173, 95% CI 1.108-1.242)
- Cancer incidence (HR 1.130 95% CI 1.053-1.213)
- Type 2 diabetes incidence (HR 1.910, 95% CI 1.642-2.222)
If you need help getting active, Body One has three convenient locations serving Central Indiana: North Indianapolis/Carmel, Fishers, and Zionsville. Call today and find out how Body One can help get you moving in the right direction! | <urn:uuid:430aacc3-b725-427e-9315-9754df79fb78> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://bodyonept.com/2020/05/get-active-get-healthy-why-sitting-around-can-be-dangerous/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.935319 | 764 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What you need to know:
- From a study conducted by the ministry in all 155 wards in Vihiga, Kakamega, Trans Nzoia and Bungoma, 140 wards had reported cases of intestinal worms while at least 40 wards had over 40 per cent cases of bilharzia.
- Experts said many residents in the region aren’t keen on their personal hygiene.
More than six million people from western region are at risk of intestinal worms and bilharzia infections, according to the Ministry of Health in collaboration with Amref Health Africa
From a study conducted by the ministry in all 155 wards in Vihiga, Kakamega, Trans Nzoia and Bungoma, 140 wards had reported cases of intestinal worms while at least 40 wards had over 40 per cent cases of bilharzia.
The experts said many residents in the region aren’t keen on their personal hygiene.
The ministry and Amref have now combined efforts to sensitise school going children and the communities in general on the importance of good personal hygiene.
Florence Wakesho, a parasitologist from the division of vector-borne and neglected tropical diseases, called on households to ensure that they wash their hands frequently to protect themselves from germs and infections.
She urged schools to have hand washing points in every corner.
According to Wycliff Omondi, the head of division, vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases at the Health ministry, Kenya is seeking to upscale mapping of the regions with high prevalence of NTDs so as to lower transmission. “We have evidence that over 27 counties have a high prevalence of intestinal worms".
He noted that the disease burden from low levels of sanitation and hygiene is high in Nyanza and Western regions.
Moses Wambusi, a public health officer at Bungoma County Referral hospital, attributed the rise of the diseases to cultural beliefs, citing locals’ beliefs that the diseases are linked to witchcraft, which impedes their health seeking behaviour.
He also called on the residents to have pit latrines in their homes.Amref Health Africa officer Solomon Mwaniki said they have partnered with the Health ministry to help sensitise the community to combat spreading diseases in the Nyanza/ Western region.
At least 1.5million Bungoma residents and 600,000 from Vihiga have received treatment.
The World Health Organization recommends that cases should be below two per cent and we are working towards achieving this.
The intestinal worms are categorised as roundworms, whipworms and hookworms and are transmissible among both children and adults.
Although the National Health Insurance Fund does not cover NTDs, Mr Omondi said the Universal Health Coverage is looking at shouldering patients’ burden. | <urn:uuid:423b653b-6b77-45dd-b474-cfe94a643317> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://nation.africa/kenya/health/six-million-people-at-risk-of-intestinal-worms-bilharzia-infections-4012828 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.954061 | 572 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This course will assist in improving the richness of online learning opportunities by incorporating strategies to avoid the rote memorization and repeating of facts for assessment purposes. Instructors will be able to construct an overarching philosophy to coincide with templated materials. A foundation for success can begin with analyzing the principles of Malcolm Knowles’ Theory of Adult Learning and applying those principles to the online classroom.
The goal of this course is to help develop a better understanding of the topic and produce tangible resources to help implement plans, strategies, and ideas at your school. In addition to lecture videos, possible resource links, and assessments, you will be able to utilize the Journal and Learning Activities. Take advantage of a method that best works for you. For example, these assignments can be completed in print form on legal pad, in a spiral bound notebook, or in an actual journal. You may also complete the Journal and Learning Activities in digital form, with a word processor of your choice, as a way to have useful materials to use after successful completion of the class.
After completion of the course, learners will be able to:
- Identify the basics of online adult learning
- Interpret how Knowles’ Theory relates to the foundation of adult learning
- Apply Knowles’ Theory to the online classroom.
- Determine appropriate responsive feedback strategies to employ in an online classroom.
- You must complete a course section to unlock the next section
- You have unlimited attempts at the assessments
- A 70% or higher is required on each assessment
- You must complete the Course Completion Confirmation to receive your certificate. | <urn:uuid:4e8aac66-a4ac-443c-b956-ba0d09572503> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://staffandfacultytraining.com/courses/androgogy-in-online-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.879427 | 346 | 2.875 | 3 |
Boire et évacuer : le rôle préventif de l'eau sur l'infection urinaire
By Dr. Mariacristina Vecchio
Recorded on 23/06/2017
About the speaker
Mariacristina Vecchio earned her Doctorate Degree in Pharmacy with a specialization in clinical pharmacology at the University of Calabria, Italy. She worked at the Mario Negri Institute as a renal epidemiology research officer where she focused her research on pharmacological treatment for patients undergoing dialysis. She conducted several clinical studies on the comorbidities associated to dialysis treatment such as depression and sexual dysfunction. Currently at Danone Nutricia Research, Mariacristina is working as Hydration and Kidney Health Manager, focusing her research on the relationships between water intake and renal diseases.
About the talk
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases in women. The lifetime risk of developing UTI has been estimated to be over 60% in women, with 25% developing a recurrence within 6 months. UTIs are a key issue: although temporary, they can be associated with significant morbidities such as pain, general discomfort and decreased quality of life. Abundant fluid intake seems to be a possible option to prevent recurrent episodes of infection, promoting the flushing of the urethra by the passage of urine. Women suffering from recurrent UTIs are often recommended to drink more water as a preventive action; however, no official recommendations exist supporting the beneficial effects of increased water intake on recurrent UTIs. Despite many open questions, existing scientific evidence on this topic is sparse and high quality research is still lacking. Here, we present the results of the first randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of increased water intake on recurrent UTI in young healthy women. | <urn:uuid:9a77d88e-44df-4589-8cf6-0fd801d79bca> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.hydrationforhealth.com/fr/sciences-de-lhydratation/conference-series-fr/conference-series-list/drink-and-flush-preventive-role-water-uti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.939503 | 380 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Over the years hackers have used several diverse and innovative ways to infect users with a wide variety of malware strains. Ransomware is no different in the sense that it uses a lot of the same methods employed in other malware attacks. It is still to a large extent dependent on the same rules and methods to infect PCs. This does not mean that the threat posed by ransomware is somewhat reduced because its operators rely on similar tactics, rather these tactics continue to work despite the InfoSec community knowing about them and slack security habits shown from the public at large.
Before a deep dive into how ransomware performs the actual infection of the machine, a quick definition of ransomware is needed. Ransomware can be defined as a family of malware that prevents or limits users from accessing and using the infected machine. This is normally done in two ways by locking the screen or by encrypting files which in turn prevents access until decrypted. The locking of the screen, hence preventing user interaction, has fallen out of favor amongst hackers. This is because crypto-lockers, a general term given to ransomware which encrypts data and files, is far more effective and harder to combat. Both types of ransomware will require the victim to pay a ransom in order to gain access to the encrypted files or the removal of the locked screen.
Of all the methods of infection covered below, a list of how to prevent such an infection will be included as well. These measures do not require a degree in computer science and generally determined by researchers to make up accepted best practices with regards to securing your devices.
Table Of Contents
- Email Attachments
- Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
- Malicious URLs
- Drive-by Downloads
- Targeting Managed Service Providers (MSPs)
- Lateral Network Infections
- Physical Infection Vectors
- Downloading Pirated Content
The most common and exploited method of attempting infection with not only ransomware but most forms of malware. In many cases, the humble spoofed email is the first port of entry for personal users and corporate networks alike. When using spam emails hackers use a combination of social engineering tactics to try and trick the end-user into opening the malicious file.
The malicious file can be in a variety of formats, be they ZIP file, PDF, Word document, or Excel spreadsheet. That is by no means an exhaustive list. Even image files can be corrupted to install trojans that can latter download and install ransomware. What makes emails still a valid and incredibly effective threat is the extent to which hackers will compose fraudulent emails that look almost exactly as if sent by the legitimate company been mirrored. Further modern ransomware operators will painstakingly research their targets in order to make it more likely an end-user will click on the malicious file.
How to prevent email ransomware infections:
- Do not open attachments from suspicious addresses.
- Always check the sender's address for subtle spelling errors. This may suggest the email has been spoofed.
- A favored tactic for ransomware operators is to send malicious files that require macros to be enabled. It is advised that end-users should not enable macros as this can allow malicious scripts to be run often without the end user's knowledge.
- It is further advised that individuals and companies install anti-spam filtering software to prevent spam emails from even being received by the user or employee.
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
This is an incredibly popular option for ransomware operators to exploit. Ransomware variants like Dharma and GandCrab are well-known proponents of this attack method. The remote desktop protocol or RDP allows for the connecting of one or more computers across a network. Through this connection, applications can be downloaded and installed. If a hacker is able to exploit this connection then they can run malicious code which for the purposes of this article would mean the downloading and installing of ransomware.
RDP arose from a need for IT administrators to do their jobs over long distances and it is a convenient tool. Sadly, hackers were quick to realize the potential of the protocol as well. Normally RDP requests are handled through port 3389 which means hackers can use a tool known as a port scanner to detect exposed ports. The next phase begins when the hacker attempts to either use known vulnerabilities to gain access or to brute force a massive list of known credentials in an attempt to strike it lucky. Once this is done antivirus software can be disabled, ransomware installed, and a backdoor opened for future attacks.
Securing your RDP can be done by following these security measures:
- Always use strong passwords for RDP credentials.
- Further, it is advised that two-factor authentication is used for RDP sessions.
- By using a VPN it becomes far harder for hackers to find open ports.
- Change the RDP default port 3389.
This infection method is closely related to emails, as often rather than a malicious file like a Word document hackers will include a malicious link. The link will then redirect to a download which will then install the ransomware. It is not just emails that are susceptible by social media and instant messaging can be used to distribute the malicious link as well. Again, hackers will employ social engineering tactics to entice or scare the recipient into clicking the link.
Protecting yourself against malicious links can be done in the following ways:
- Hover over links in emails and direct messages to check the destination before clicking. If it looks suspicious do not click.
- Do not trust any embedded link sent in via email or instant messaging until thoroughly checked.
- Rather than clicking on a link, a user can enter the web address manually or search for the address on a search engine first. This can also help prevent phishing attacks.
In the past Sodinokibi was seen been distributed alongside malvertising campaigns. Malvertising, or malicious advertising, is an attack that involves hackers typically injecting malicious code into legitimate online advertising networks. The code typically redirects users to malicious websites. The malicious website is in turn linked to an exploit kit which is designed to take advantage of a number of known vulnerabilities in either Internet Explorer or Flash to gain access to the user’s machine. From there ransomware, or a whole host of other malware strains, can be installed on the victim’s machine.
Exploit kits were incredibly popular methods of infecting users with malware when the Internet Explorer and Flash dominated the Internet landscape. There use declined with the popularity of those products. However, exploit kits have seen a resurgence of late as skilled ransomware operators are now targeting large organizations who often run legacy software.
How to prevent falling victim to a malvertising campaign:
- Be sure to keep your operating system and software packages up to date by regularly installing updates if not done automatically.
- Various great ad-blockers are available which can go a long way in preventing users from falling victim to malvertising campaigns.
- Ensure that plugins like Flash and Java are set to click-to-play, this prevents them from running automatically which is what many hackers need to get a foothold on the system.
- Be sure to install and use verified or trusted plugins. Disable plugins not used regularly.
Drive-by downloads are typically seen as a malicious download that occurs without the end user’s knowledge. This can be done in a similar way to some malvertising campaign, in that the hacker could host a website with malicious downloads and gets victims to download from the hosted website. Another method drive-by downloads can be done is by injecting malicious code into legitimate websites and then use an exploit kit to compromise machines.
What makes drive-by downloads such a threat is that they do not need the end-user for any input. Unlike with enabling macros on Word documents. By simply visiting a website an infection can occur as the malicious content analyses your device for specific vulnerabilities and automatically executes the ransomware in the background.
That does not mean that you cannot defend yourself against drive-by downloads. The following measures prevent drive-by downloads from being a problem:
- Like with defending against malvertising, it is important to keep operating systems and software up to date.
- Uninstall unnecessary plugins.
Targeting Managed Service Providers (MSPs)
Managed service providers have allowed for many companies independent on size to help compete in an incredibly technologically driven global economy. The service providers in order to give a competitive service often require unparalleled access to company networks. This has given hackers an opportunity to compromise the MSP then the clients of the MSP. It is harder for the hacker to do but on slip on the side of the MSP can be dire for not only the MSP but their entire client base. A number of cities in Texas, including Keene near Fort Work, fell victim to this infection vector when the MSP was first compromised. The combined demanded ransom was 2.5 million USD.
In general MSPs and MSSPs (Managed Security Service Providers) have broad and reliable security policies and measures in place. Clients can further insist on two-factor authentication been implemented wherever possible. Further, the MSP and its employees should be aware of the latest phishing campaigns as this is still the favored method of compromise for many hackers.
Lateral Network Infections
Often in movies, computer viruses, now just commonly referred to as malware, is depicted as being able to replicate itself and infect machine after machine like a digital plague. While movies are prone to over-exaggeration for dramatic effect, there is a grain of truth to the idea. Worms, a type of malware incredibly popular in the early 2000s and peaked with Stuxnet, can replicate and spread to other machines without human interaction.
Not until WannaCry made international headlines did ransomware have worm-like capabilities. Leveraging the infamous EternalBlue exploit, this was the first time ransomware was seen moving laterally across networks. This ability to spread through a corporate network, for example, to other vulnerable machines has the ability to grind operations to a halt. Since WannaCry many of the more dangerous and competent ransomware strains have some features to allow for this lateral movement.
The following two measures have been proven to be the most reliable ways to prevent such movement across a network:
- Segment networks as well as heavily restricting administrative privileges to only those who need them.
- Implement a comprehensive backup strategy and practice.
Physical Infection Vectors
Up until now, we have only dealt with methods of infection dependent on the attacker relying on some form of internet connection in order to infect a machine. This physical transfer of data, namely USB and other portable storage devices, presents yet another opportunity for hackers to spread ransomware. The malware could have infected the device without the owner’s knowledge and once inserted into a PC the malware can get to work encrypting the now infected PC.
The following security tips also apply to other forms of malware distributed through physical devices:
- Companies should have strict policies when it comes to employees using their own devices.
- Never plug in an unknown device into your computer.
- Ensure that you have a reputable antivirus suite installed on your computer.
- Refrain from using public devices, such a photo printing kiosks, as these have been targeted by hackers in the past.
Downloading Pirated Content
For those looking to get a software package or their favorite TV series for free, downloading pirated versions has always been an option. An option that comes with a moral choice no doubt but an option none the less. Regardless of the moral implications, there is a very good reason that this is a bad option. Hackers have long been including malware into these downloads. Hackers also follow trends, when Game of Thrones was about to be released, hackers used supposed pirated leaked versions to spread the Bad Rabbit ransomware.
Even the websites used to facilitate pirate downloads have been more susceptible to exploitation by hackers looking to initiate drive-by downloads. Often pirated software includes no way to receive important security updates allowing hackers to exploit already patched vulnerabilities at will. Regardless of where one stands on the ethical debate regarding pirated software, the fact that it is an active target for hackers should be enough not to warrant downloading pirated versions.
Preventing infection via this route involves simply not visiting or downloading from websites promoting pirated content. Further, if a software deal is too good to be true, it is best to leave it alone.
Ransomware continues to be a major threat to anyone who uses a computer or mobile device. Hackers will develop novel and new ways to spread ransomware variants, however, they often rely on the tweaking of the above examples. In defending against ransomware the tips provided not only defend against ransomware but also against the vast majority of other malware variants. Good security practices often involve developing good security habits that compliment security software. This may be a pain at first but can save vast amounts of money in the long run, let alone a lifetime of family memories if it’s your family photos that get encrypted. | <urn:uuid:6aac1228-bd2f-4121-9d0f-4e78e96346f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.pcrisk.com/how-did-ransomware-infect-my-computer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499826.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130165437-20230130195437-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.934144 | 2,689 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Showing 1-10 results of 19 articles matching "opportunities"
Four Ways Students Can De-Stress and Maintain Their Mental Health
Here are four suggestions you can make to help your students navigate the ups and downs of school as well as the added pressures of the current climate.
Six Tips for Helping Elementary Students Build Strong Study Habits for Middle School
Today’s students need to know how to study effectively from an early age. Here are a few methods and habits you can share with and teach them to fuel their school success.
What is Visual Learning and How Can You Teach it to Students?
In today’s environment, where remote school is the norm in many places, it’s important to be mindful of visual learners when you plan your instruction. Here are a few tips on how you can do so.
Six Tips to Help Your Students Develop Stress Management Techniques
School can be stressful – and this year, the adjustment to remote learning is making it even more so for many students. How can you help your students develop good stress management techniques to make this year the best it can be?
Why Every Teacher Benefits from Having a Mentor
Teaching is one of the most challenging and rewarding jobs there is, and it does take some acclimating to get into a groove. One thing that can help tremendously is having a mentor to turn to and learn from as you move through your career.
The Importance of Routine in the Classroom
As a teacher, you know that the most successful students are those who are organized and efficient and who embrace solid routines. How can these routines positively impact students who are struggling and reinforce those succeeding?
How to Help Students with Time Management
Successful students know how to organize themselves and manage their time effectively. If you have some students who seem to spin their wheels when it comes time to work or who frequently hand in late assignments, it might be time for a time management tune-up.
Five Things Your Students Learn from Field Trips
If you’re all about allowing your students to learn by doing, keep in mind how beneficial field trips can be for them. Designed well, these outside-the-classroom experiences get students engaged and excited.
Seven Tips to Keep Your Day Organized and Productive
What You Need to Know About Project-Based Learning
Have you heard about project-based learning? Edutopia defines it as “a dynamic classroom approach in which students explore real-world problems and challenges and acquire a deeper knowledge.” This innovative methodology encourages students to think on their feet and collaborate to produce projects that present what they learned. | <urn:uuid:1cb30c74-878c-4a28-b844-52574b6a2306> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://huntingtonhelps.com/resources/educators-blog/tag/opportunities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499891.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131222253-20230201012253-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.955984 | 550 | 2.53125 | 3 |
KROOF Phase I
As a consequence of ongoing climate change, global forests have been facing repeated and prolonged droughts causing massive tree dieback (Hartmann et al. 2018, Schuldt et al. 2020). Under these circumstances, tree´s survival primarily depends on the extent to which tree function is impaired by drought (i.e. resistance, Lloret et al., 2011). To increase tree resistance and stand stability under these unfavorable conditions, mixtures of tree species have been promoted in Central Europe for many years (Pretzsch et al. 2010). However, in mature forest stands, the effect of long-term drought and species mixture are still poorly understood.
In Central Europe, Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] KARST.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are dominant tree species, accounting for 30% of the forest areas (Pretzsch et al. 2014). To elucidate the drought responses of these two tree species to a long-term and repeated drought in monoculture and mixed plantings, the “Kranzberg Roof Project” (KROOF, kroof.wzw.tum.de) was initiated in 2013 and received funding by DFG as well as by the Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry and to the Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Consumer Protection.
The phase I of this project has been focusing on the effect of a long-term drought and species mixture on mature beech and spruce trees. The experimental setup is comprised of 12 plots that contain clusters of 3–7 beech (c. 90 years old) and spruce (c. 70 years old) trees at the opposing sides of the plot (Figure 1a, for details see Grams et al. 2021). Six plots were equipped with roofs and assigned to throughfall exclusion plots (TE, Figure 1b). The other six plots were exposed to natural precipitation events as control plots (CO). The roofs were closed during the entire growing season (from April to November) for five years (2014-2018) and excluded ~70% of annual precipitation. The canopy crane located next to the plots enabled the measurements in sun-exposed crowns, such as leaf water potential and photosynthesis.
Both tree species showed significant drought effects in the first drought years: e.g. reduced leaf/twig (Tomasella et al. 2018), stem (Pretzsch et al. 2020), root growth (Nickel et al. 2018, Zwetsloot & Bauerle, 2021), and C storage pools (Hesse et al. 2021). However, both tree species seem to have acclimated to the long water-limiting conditions: i.e. leaf-level and crown-level CO2 assimilation and water consumptions increased somewhat in the last drought years. Our current work is focusing on the mechanism behind this observation and their acclimation strategies.
KROOF Phase II (Recovery)
Since frequency of drought events is predicted to increase in the future (IPCC 2014), recovery is another important aspect of tree survival, which has attracted less attention compared to drought effect per se (Ruehr et al., 2019).
To elucidate if both species can recover their impaired function to the control level after a long-term drought, the KROOF project was shifted to the phase II with a watering experiment in the sixth drought year.
In early summer 2019, drought recovery was initiated through controlled watering of individual drought plots (for details see Grams et al. 2021). To accomplish simultaneous watering of an entire plot, a watering system composed of soaker hoses (CS Perlschlauch Premium, CS Bewässerungssysteme, Reichelsheim, Germany) and garden hoses was designed (Figure 2). All TE plots were watered with c. 90 mm over 36 h and the soil water content increased to the level of the CO plots within one week.
This controlled watering system allowed detailed assessments of recovery processes. We have been mainly focusing on the following two aspects.
1. Focus water balance
a. More anisohydric beech recovers faster after drought than more isohydric spruce
b. Mixed stands recover faster than monocultures
Soil water content, Leaf water potential, Leaf osmotic potential, Leaf stomatal conductance, Sap flow
2. Focus carbon balance: 13C labeling experiment for carbon transport and allocation of mature spruce trees after drought release
Aside from water, carbon (C) supply to each tree organ is essential for tree survival. After drought release, belowground C sinks typically increase their C demand to restore the drought-impaired root system. The recovery of water uptake and other tree function can be expected only if the increased C demand after drought release can be met by available C. For mature trees, however, this is still poorly understood especially after a long-term drought.
I. Drought-reduced C transport speed recovers rapidly after drought release
II. Newly assimilated C is preferentially allocated to belowground C sinks after drought release
In parallel with the watering, we conducted a 13C labeling experiment on four CO and three TE spruce trees on neighboring plots (Figure 3a, for details see Hikino et al. accepted). The whole crowns of the spruce trees, i.e. four CO and three TE trees, were fumigated with 13C-depleted tank CO2 (δ13C of -44.3 ± 0.2‰) using micro-perforated PVC tubes hanging vertically from a carrier structure (Figure 3b). For the Hypothesis I (C transport), arrival time of the 13C-tracer was determined in stem and soil CO2 efflux, and tips of living fine roots to calculate: 1) Aboveground carbon transport rates from crown to trunk base (CTRabove in m h-1), 2) belowground carbon transport rates from trunk base to soil CO2 efflux (CTRbelow in m h-1), and 3) the incorporation time of 13C label in fine root tips (Figure 4). For Hypothesis II, we investigated whole-tree C demand and allocation of newly assimilated C. Here, the fate of 13C-tracer was tracked in various above- and belowground C sinks (Figure 5).
Leaf CO2 assimilation rates, Whole-tree C demand and allocation of newly assimilated C in CO2 efflux and growth of branches, stems, coarse and fine roots, ectomycorrhizae, root exudates, and soil
Grams, T. E. E., Hesse, B. D., Gebhardt, T., Weikl, F., Rötzer, T., Kovacs, B., Hikino, K., Hafner, B. D., Brunn, M., Bauerle, T. L., Häberle, K.‑H., Pretzsch, H., & Pritsch, K. (2021). The Kroof experiment: realization and efficacy of a recurrent drought experiment plus recovery in a beech/spruce forest. Ecosphere, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3399
Hartmann, H., Moura, C. F., Anderegg, W. R. L., Ruehr, N. K., Salmon, Y., Allen, C. D., Arndt, S. K., Breshears, D. D., Davi, H., Galbraith, D., Ruthrof, K. X., Wunder, J., Adams, H. D., Bloemen, J., Cailleret, M., Cobb, R., Gessler, A., Grams, T. E. E., Jansen, S., . . . O'Brien, M. (2018). Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought-induced tree and forest mortality. The New Phytologist, 218(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15048
Hesse, B. D., Hartmann, H., Rötzer, T., Landhäusser, S. M., Goisser, M., Weikl, F., Pritsch, K., & Grams, T. E. (2021). Mature beech and spruce trees under drought – Higher C investment in reproduction at the expense of whole-tree NSC stores. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 191, 104615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104615
Hikino, K., Danzberger, J., Riedel, V. P., Rehschuh, R., Ruehr, N. K., Hesse, B. D., Lehmann, M. M., Buegger, F., Weikl, F., Pritsch, K., & Grams, T. E. E. (accepted). High resilience of carbon transport in long-term drought stressed mature Norway spruce trees within two weeks after drought release.
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014:: Synthesis Report. Geneva, Switzerland,151 pp.
Lloret, F., Keeling, E. G., & Sala, A. (2011). Components of tree resilience: effects of successive low-growth episodes in old ponderosa pine forests. Oikos, 120(12), 1909–1920. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19372.x
Nickel, U. T., Weikl, F., Kerner, R., Schäfer, C., Kallenbach, C., Munch, J. C., & Pritsch, K. (2018). Quantitative losses vs. Qualitative stability of ectomycorrhizal community responses to 3 years of experimental summer drought in a beech-spruce forest. Global Change Biology, 24(2), e560-e576. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13957
Pretzsch, H., J. Block, J. Dieler, P. H. Dong, U. Kohnle, J. Nagel, H. Spellmann, and A. Zingg. 2010. Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient. Annals of Forest Science 67:712. doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010037
Pretzsch, H., Biber, P., Schütze, G., Uhl, E., & Rötzer, T. (2014). Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nature Communications, 5, 4967. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5967
Pretzsch, H., Grams, T., Häberle, K.‑H., Pritsch, K., Bauerle, T. L., & Rötzer, T., (2020). Growth and mortality of Norway spruce and European beech in monospecific and mixed-species stands under natural episodic and experimentally extended drought. Results of the KROOF throughfall exclusion experiment. Trees, 34(4), 957–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01973-0
Ruehr, N. K., Grote, R., Mayr, S., & Arneth, A. (2019). Beyond the extreme: Recovery of carbon and water relations in woody plants following heat and drought stress. Tree Physiology, 39(8), 1285–1299. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz032
Schuldt, B., Buras, A., Arend, M., Vitasse, Y., Beierkuhnlein, C., Damm, A., Gharun, M., Grams, T. E., Hauck, M., Hajek, P., Hartmann, H., Hiltbrunner, E., Hoch, G., Holloway-Phillips, M., Körner, C., Larysch, E., Lübbe, T., Nelson, D. B., Rammig, A., . . . Kahmen, A. (2020). A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests. Basic and Applied Ecology, 45, 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003
Tomasella, M., Beikircher, B., Häberle, K.‑H., Hesse, B. D., Kallenbach, C., Matyssek, R., & Mayr, S. (2018). Acclimation of branch and leaf hydraulics in adult Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a forest through-fall exclusion experiment. Tree Physiology, 38(2), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx140
Zwetsloot, M. J., & Bauerle, T. L. (2021). Repetitive seasonal drought causes substantial species-specific shifts in fine-root longevity and spatio-temporal production patterns in mature temperate forest trees. New Phytologist. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17432 | <urn:uuid:e5363374-d2a5-48e5-8399-2a8b6e2c93f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.lsai.wzw.tum.de/ag-oekophysiologie-der-pflanzen/projekte/kroof/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499891.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131222253-20230201012253-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.834171 | 2,909 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In many parts of Ghana, funeral ceremonies last for several days and display an important aspect of the country's culture. These elaborate celebrations are part of the mourning porcess, but they also function as a platform for social exchange. On weekends, funeral attire often dominates the public space. The clothing styles range from traditional to contemporary and are influenced by changing fashion trends. Through its funeral attire and its signs and symbols, Ghanaian society takes on a visible form.
During several trips, the costume designer Lisa Meier attended funerals in different regions of Ghana and captured in photographs of great immediacy the ceremonies and the mourning attire. The book, created together with the Ghanaian historian Irene Odotei, helps us read the clothes of the mourners. It provides an intimate view into West African culture and shows how it deals with death. Published by Edition Patrick Frey (Zurich).
250 pages, 20 x 17 cm, softcover, Edition Patrick Frey (Zurich). | <urn:uuid:52a729d4-c00a-40d4-b369-c941e019b458> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.perimeterbooks.com/products/lisa-meier-funeral-fashion-in-ghana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499891.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131222253-20230201012253-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.936552 | 197 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Focke-Wulf Fw 190: The Nightmare Of Allied Bombers
This Is One Of About Two Dozen Fw 190s Still Around Today
The footage of this rare bird was captured at the Planes of Fame Air Show in 2011. The backbone of the Nazi Luftwaffe along with the Messerschmitt Bf 109, this plane held air superiority until newer Allied fighter planes appeared in combat. Introduced in 1941, the Fw 190 was a single-seat, single-engine fighter used as a day and night fighter, fighter-bomber and ground-attack aircraft. During the course of the war, over 20,000 of these fighters were built as they were used continuously throughout World War II.
Here are some Fw 190’s specs at a glance:
- Maximum speed-408 mph
- Range-500 miles
- Service ceiling- 37,430 ft.
Although the Fw 190s were deigned four years after the infamous Bf 109s, they never really replaced them during the war. Both planes produced more than a dozen fighter aces and were well liked by the pilots who flew them. Although the Fw 190s were more maneuverable at lower altitudes, it’d be impossible to definitely pinpoint which aircraft faired better in the Luftwaffe. When flown against Allied bomber raids, neither was a welcome sight. | <urn:uuid:8b76aede-7293-4da7-94db-b7948f92833e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://worldwarwings.com/focke-wulf-fw-190-the-nightmare-of-allied-bombers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.974831 | 285 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Using the arts is a great way to connect with your kids. The ideas are endless, but we’re sharing 10+ ideas our family uses to connect through the arts.
Whether it’s drawing, painting, designing, cooking, movement, music, writing, or other forms of creating, one of the best ways to connect with your kids is through the arts!
Before we jump into what you can do to connect through the arts, let’s talk about how you can use the arts to connect.
4 Tips on How to Connect with your Kids through the Arts
- Be natural. One of the beauties of connecting through the arts is that some of the pressure is lifted. You’re not staring your kids in the eyes or waiting in uncomfortable silence. Your hands are busy, and often your feelings are coming out in what feels like a safer way — through music, movement, or making something!
- Ask open-ended questions or statements. Whether they’re two or twelve, it’s not always easy to tell what a kids’ artwork actually is. Don’t exclaim, “Wait, is that a bird or your brother or an astronaut landing on the moon?” Rather, ask open-ended questions or make general statements. One of my favorites is, “Wow! Look at what you’ve made! Tell me about it!”
- Focus on process not product. Who cares if the paint colors get muddied, he can’t remember the dance routine, she says the wrong words in the drama, or the recipe turns out terrible. Focus on learning, growing, expressing, and connecting!
- Don’t direct. Participate. As you engage in the arts with your kids, resist the temptation to enter teaching mode. Be a participant. Explore, express, and create right along-side of your kids. Learn from them; listen to their ideas. Don’t direct, just participate.
10+ Ways to Connect with your Kids through the Arts
- Visit an art exhibit or art museum. Now before you brush this one off as your kids being too young or disinterested, look up your local art museum online. Nowadays, many museums have interactive exhibits and hands-on activities.
- Attend a concert. Classical, pop, Christian, small-town, large-scale, whichever you choose!
- Bake Together :: My kids love when we bake together. They don’t care who picks the recipe, they just love joining me in the kitchen and working should to shoulder.
- Do a science project, like making slime together! My kids have this crazy obsession with slime, so we grabbed some slime supplies and our favorite slime book and set out to try a new slime recipe a few times each week!
- Invent a recipe with the kids. (Click here for ideas how.)
- Create a memory box with one of your kids. Gather stickers, embellishments, paints and markers, and other items to decorate the outside of a shoebox, plastic bin, or small wooden box like this. Talk about the different pictures, trinkets, and other memos your child can add to the box throughout the year.
- Make music together.
- See a play or musical.
- Build something together.
- Read or write poetry. These are some of our family’s favorite poetry books for kids.
- Take a dance class — or have a dance party in the kitchen.
- Listen to classical music geared toward teaching kids. We love these CDs!
Find more activities for Family Bonding on our Pinterest board!
The ideas for connecting with our kids through the arts are endless, but don’t let that stop you! Choose one activity to do today and build those relationships now! | <urn:uuid:c37f864d-4bf9-457f-8e55-22bef1e354c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://faithfulmoms.org/connecting-with-our-kids-through-the-arts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.918099 | 833 | 2.78125 | 3 |
About the Instructor
Howard Tsai is a lecturer at the Center for Latin American & Caribbean Studies. He received his PhD in anthropology from the University of Michigan specializing in the archaeology and prehistory of Andean South America. His research examines the interaction of ethnic groups in the river valleys of the Andes Mountains. He is the director of the Las Varas Archaeological Project, which investigated ethnic interaction at an 11th-century village located in the Middle Jequetepeque Valley, Peru. The results of his excavation at Las Varas will be published by the University of Alabama Press.
What are the principal learning objectives in this course?
The goal of this course is to familiarize students with the cultures of the Incas and Aztecs, the native empires of Peru and Mexico encountered by Spanish conquerors around the 16th century. Since these societies did not possess writing, we rely largely on Spanish records and research by archaeologists and anthropologists to understand native ideologies and cosmologies. We use analytic tools from disciplines ranging from history, anthropology, to archaeology. Since no single source or line of evidence is perfect, we must combine them to arrive at the best explanation of events or processes. Every era has its own version of fake news, so I want students to acquire the critical thinking skills that will help them resolve or at least gain a deeper understanding of contradictory historical accounts.
An overarching theme of this class is media, or the means by which information is transferred. We need to think deeply about how we transmit knowledge and how that affects our thinking and way of life. For example, students are surprised to learn that the Incas and Aztecs did not develop a true writing system, even though they were perfectly fine running large empires. It is we who have writing that constitute a strange society. Humans as a species have evolved and survived for hundreds of thousands of year relying solely on speech, song, dance, ritual, and craft.
How often is this course offered?
This course is offered in the summer semester. It is a 7-week class starting in late June and ending in mid-August.
What are the practical applications of the 3D lab's technology to the fields of history and archaeology?
The practical applications of 3D technology are twofold: (1) research/fieldwork and (2) education/dissemination. Not only can we 3D scan objects like artifacts, we can also 3D scan what archaeologists call “features,” or ephemeral things in the ground that we simply can’t bag and take away. This would include remnants of houses like postholes and walls, trenches or pits dug by prehistoric people, a campfire used for cooking, etc. Paleontologists have now 3D scanned dinosaur footprints, and this is great because it’s a non-destructive method of copying a footprint, whereas the traditional method of using plaster casts can slightly erode away the footprint in the soil. So in the rare case that we find ancient human foot- or handprints in a prehistoric house (and there are famous examples), wouldn’t it be neat to scan those imprints in the field, upload them to the cloud, and, copyright permitting, freely distribute them online.
*sample can be viewed here: https://skfb.ly/6tvpx
Who should take this course?
Students who are not afraid of a bit of intellectual romp and raucous. I tell the class that the seminar room is a time machine that will transport them to a distant land and time. The classroom itself, in fact (4009 Ruthven), is in an old, historic building—Ruthven Museum of Natural History—built in 1928. That same room was where some of the finest archaeologists in the world had been trained. So here students will learn about the Incas and Aztecs, see their artifacts, and imagine a different way of life. If you enjoy this kind of intellectual adventure, then this course is for you.
In terms of requirements and prerequisites, this course fulfills the LSA social science distribution and is suited for students of all majors. No prerequisites, and no background in history or archaeology is needed to take this course.
Do students need to have prior knowledge of Latin American history to take this course?
Not at all—students unfamiliar with Latin America are strongly encouraged to take this class. I teach this course like I’m promoting a tour package, a sales pitch I learned from Professor Christopher Donnan, with whom I took my first course on South American archaeology at UCLA. In class he repeatedly said that he expects every one of us, some day, to visit Peru, and he would list all the places we should see and all the foods we should try. So I’ve continued his tradition of telling students to go to Peru. In my class I divulge the secret locations of the best ceviche, chicha, and arroz chaufa, and students can see these places virtually with 3D glasses. Incas/Aztecs is a gateway course that will get you hooked on the wonderful sights and cultures of Latin America; you’ll travel there in hopes of kicking off the habit, only to relapse by taking more classes on the region and going back there time after time. | <urn:uuid:d6bf63e9-25e7-40b9-a88b-9b5f8cee6293> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ii.umich.edu/lacs/spotlight/course-summer2017-tsai.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.956576 | 1,094 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Inside: Using Sr. Wooly in Spanish class. How to teach using Señor Wooly in Spanish Class. Señor Wooly activities and teaching advice.
What is Señor Wooly?
Señor Wooly is a website for Spanish teachers with comprehensible music videos. It also has tons of ready to go worksheets and online activities. Sr. Wooly is a great sub plan or supplement to an acquisition-based curriculum.
How to get started with Señor Wooly
This year I tried a few new (to me) things. The one that I honestly can not believe that I had not used before is Sr. Wooly. Sure, as a Spanish teacher I had heard of Sr. Wooly and seen a couple of his videos on Youtube, but I had not yet drunk the kool-aid. I did not get what the fuss was all about. Last year when I had curriculum money to spend and posed the question of what to buy on Twitter and some Facebook groups, many people mentioned a subscription to Sr. Wooly Pro. We only get money every six years, so I went all-in with a six-year subscription. I AM SO GLAD I DID!
Trying out Sr. Wooly in Spanish Class
Even though I had the subscription, since I had no idea yet how to use it in class, it was not a part of my curriculum plan. I started the year on maternity leave and felt like I was playing catch up all year to make up for my students missing ten weeks of CI. The opening for Sr. Wooly came in my 8th grade exploratory class last fall. I did not want to move ahead, since the other section had the sub, so we were freestyling, spending most of the class on Special Person Interviews.
To mix it up one day I pulled up Sr. Wooly and the song ¿Puedo ir al baño? We watched the video as a class and I had them try out the “nuggets,” since we are 1:1 with Chromebooks. They loved it and started watching the other videos on their own and recommending them to me. For the last couple of weeks of class each day we spent the first half of class doing Special Person Interviews and the other half doing little Sr. Wooly units. In that class we also did Es una Ganga, Las Excusas and Guapo.
Señor Wooly Week
With that first class, I did not fully utilize the supplementary activities, puzzles, games, or readings that come with the teacher pro subscription. I also kind of forgot to try it out with any more of my classes. Fast forward to early February and I am bombarded with Wooly week on social media. I showed my first hour of Spanish 1 the brand new No Lo Tengo song to participate in the Wooly raffle and then decided to drop my original plan for the week and go all-in with Wooly week. We watched the three new videos that came out and completed tasks for the raffle. Also, we set up their Pro accounts and did a unit with No Lo Tengo. They loved the catchy song, differentiation, and change of pace from stories and novels.
A Typical Wooly Unit
Spanish 1 begged for more and is ending the year doing units on Es Una Ganga and Guapo. Now that I am more familiar with the site a typical unit is as follows:
- Do some pre-activities from the supplementary packet and maybe a Quizlet Live or Blooket or GimKit with vocab (I just search for pre-made sets)
- Read a couple of versions of the lecture embedded reading story.
- Watch the video as a class
- Students complete video nuggets
- Once done they have the option to complete a puzzle or do another post-viewing activity that I have printed, or assigned on Google Classroom
- Do a small assessment
Spreading the Señor Wooly Love
Spanish 4 was late to join the Wooly party and did a unit with the new song Amnesia as an introduction to their La Calaca Alegre unit. It worked great with the theme of Identity. They are sad they missed out on Sr. Wooly their past years and are always caught singing it in the hallway. Just last week Spanish 2 finally got their chance and also did Amnesia. To say they love it is an understatement. I have been told by other teachers that my students are obsessed with this black and white Spanish song, and I caught one blaring it on her Chromebook down the hall during passing time.
As I work on my curriculum plan for next year, I am working to intentionally plan Sr. Wooly units throughout the year. This Facebook group, Woology–Sr. Wooly Teachers & Fans, has been an awesome resource for all things Wooly. If you are on the fence and wondering if it is worth the money, GO FOR IT!
Do you use Sr. Wooly in class? How? What are your favorites and how do you use them? | <urn:uuid:0f59be93-665d-4190-b12c-a3c5ecd49bc5> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://misclaseslocas.com/using-sr-wooly-in-spanish-class/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.973193 | 1,059 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This page outlines Philotheism – the paradigm for the underlying concept of Philotheos.
In principle, philosophy should be capable of taking a philotheistic perspective. Ancient philosophers certainly had some notion of the mystical and spiritual, and indeed were capable of recognising a “First Cause”.
Modern philosophers, however, are extremely sceptical of the spiritual, and in particular the idea of God. While philosophers are quite capable intellectually of understanding the concept, they remain personally sceptical to the point of contempt.
This causes them to take a prejudiced view. That reveals a vital clue about their problem. They fail to recognise their own personal psychology in their process of reflection.
The famous and brilliant 20th century philosopher, Bertrand Russell, provides an example. In his magisterial History of Western Philosophy, published in 1945, Russell allocates less than 3 pages to the ‘Reformation’ and the ‘Counter Reformation’ together. They are conflated as one sub heading in a long list in book 3 titled, “Modern Philosophy”.
Yet in his Introduction to the entire History of Western Philosophy, Russell states this:
From the 16th century onward, the history of European thought is dominated by the Reformation
At the heart of the Reformation, of course, is the belief that the Bible of the Christian faith is the declared, recorded word of God; that the word of God is the final authority in all matters of faith, and therefore of life generally; and that each individual human being has the right to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.
This is the real basis of liberty in the English and western tradition – not today’s erroneous belief in the Rights of Man which dates only from the late 18th century.
Reformation thinking asserted that Final Authority lies with God, not with any human being, nor with any human institution. So, human beings are individually entitled to make enquiry and to assess for themselves what God says in the Bible. The individual decides, not the Church, nor the State, nor any one else for that matter.
The philosophical, psychological and practical ramifications of such a belief are vast. Indeed, Russell evidently recognised this in his comment on the impact of the Reformation on European thought from the 16th century onwards [cited above].
Bertrand Russell chose, however, not to examine this and thereby give it the profile which it manifestly merits. We are talking therefore about the predisposition, indeed prejudice, of the philosopher adversely influencing his analysis, presentation and conclusions. Russell acknowledges the key significance of the Reformation in his initial, broad review, but refuses to elaborate on this in the main text.
The effect is to minimise the significance of the Reformation to the point not just of distortion, but of deletion. That is otherwise known as censorship.
Russell’s treatment of the Reformation provides evidence which corroborates the philotheistic analysis. That analysis says that human beings are shut out from direct relationship with God their Maker, the very source of truth and light; they are locked up in their sin – that is their rebellious attitude to God; and in this state of sin they deceive themselves about their own attitude, and about the very existence of their Creator.
This attitude of philosophers in modern times also reflects the prevalent mentality and philosophy of our times. Indeed Bertrand Russell’s thesis in his History of Western Philosophy makes this very point. That is why the full title of his History is
History of Western Philosophy and its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
So what are the circumstances of our times, today ? What is the ruling idea or philosophy ? How might we adequately characterise the mindset of the society we live in today ? What marks out the nature and perspective of our contemporary world in relation to previous ages ?
In one word, MATERIALISM.
Anyone reading this must surely recognise that this is true.
What is more, this writer can make this assessment because his conceptual premise, his perspective and his paradigm are all Philotheistic, not philosophical. That is, this writer starts with respect for our Creator, with trust in the Creator’s declarations and with the logic of what God’s existence means. That is Philo-theos, love of God; it is not Philo-sophia, love of wisdom – a love which invariably defaults to man centred, man convinced wisdom, denying God’s wisdom.
The age in which we now live is characterised by the influence and triumph of Enlightenment thinking. That thinking stands in stark contrast to Philotheistic thinking. In fact it is a rival conception of our existence with a competing paradigm by which to reference and understand the world around us.
Enlightenment thinking is fully Materialist. It is characterised by
- a conception of our world as merely physical, not spiritual
- therefore our existence is explained in purely rational physical terms by scientific enquiry, not “superstitious” belief in a superior Spiritual Being
- as the physical world operates according to given laws of science, so human society is also explicable only in rational and discoverable terms
- being physical and material beings whose existence is to be explained as a material phenomenon, the reason for our existence starts and ends with human beings
- being merely an assemblage of atoms and molecules, morality concerns our needs and wants – not the dictates of a God figure conjured up by the imagination of ignorant, primitive humans
- as all human beings are the same, ie a collection of atoms with needs and wants, then all human beings stand in the same relation to each other, that is Equal
- as there is no God out there to order our Universe and to provide Purpose to our existence, we ourselves must collectively as the human race take positive action to order our environment and our future
- we must do this by means of organising everything to a common end and imposing regulations to prevent individual action departing from the common need
- there is therefore a vital collective order which the State as the supreme human institution must provide and guarantee
- and as humans are the centre of their universe and the sole determiners of our common destiny, we are our only “god”
However, Materialism does not remove the religious instinct in human beings – it simply diverts it from God to human beings. History show that Authoritarianism [invariably tyrannical and murderous] characterises States inspired by Materialism. It causes human beings to place fallible men at the centre, instead of recognising the true state of affairs, namely that God is at the centre – the Source, the Sustainer and the Summation of all.
By contrast a God first, God derived paradigm provides a perception of ourselves and our world characterised by
- the objective existence of a superior Being with total knowledge, power and presence
- such a Being inherently possesses proprietary rights over what “it” creates, including the human race; such rights include reward and punishment
- the Creator not only creates but sustains the creation
- the fact of design in the creation implies Purpose for that creation, including human beings
- having proprietary rights and purpose, the Creator has the right and power actively to direct the creation, including the conduct of human beings; conversely the creatures have no rights against their Creator
- as God is the Source, Sustainer and Summation of all things, human beings are totally dependent on God, in every way
- This being the actual state of existence, all analysis and understanding of our existence [the Why and How etc] must primarily reference the Supreme Being we call God – human beings cannot be the measure of all things and they necessarily deceive themselves if they try to do so
The contrast could not be more stark, nor the consequences more divergent for the way in which we live. Indeed the logic of the above analysis leads us clearly to the manifest reality of estrangement between God and human beings created by God.
Human beings manifestly and constantly defy the instinct for moral behaviour placed in them by their Creator. The fact that human beings can deny even the very existence of their Creator is evidence of their estrangement and their “sin”.
God requires moral behaviour from human beings because God values harmony in his creation. The Value of the individual in the philotheistic worldview is derived from God our Creator and from being created in the likeness of that Creator. Value in philotheism does not then derive from other human beings, or from the conception that we are all equally a collection of atoms and molecules. But in their “sin”, human beings reject any derivation from an objective and superior Creator.
The diagnosis of “sin” in the nature of human beings, and the proposed solution involving the worship of God, [as distinct from worship of humankind] is the contention of all 3 monotheistic world religions.
It is clear that in the Materialistic world system by which we think and live, human beings worship themselves, their wants, and the artefacts derived from the physical world about them. In this climate, the very idea of God is not only rejected, but regarded with contempt.
This is the ultimate self deception, and explains why philosophers fail to provide the definitive answers to the great questions of our existence.
Philotheism, however, does provide definitive answers because it analyses the philosophical problems correctly. The philotheistic analysis maintains that human beings deceive themselves in their sin – the state of estrangement from God and the consequent rebellion against God and his commands.
God being the Source, Sustainer and Summation of all, philotheism can be defined by 7 key principles:-
- human beings are creatures within God’s creation
- human beings reflect God’s nature and character [image] because they are created by God
- human beings, however, exist in a state of estrangement from God [sin] in which state they fail to perceive their condition and their existence correctly
- to understand themselves and their existence correctly, i.e. truly, human beings stand in need of God and of his intervention
- God’s intervention to meet the human need to see their situation correctly has been made clear in creation, in the Bible and in the Person and work of Jesus Christ
- the fundamental issue human beings must address is their psychology of rebellion against their Creator; the solution is therefore individual obedience to God’s teaching in the Decalogue as taught and interpreted by Jesus Christ – the answer does not lie in the primacy of Reason and Materialism which is the default position taken by fallen humanity [ie humanity estranged from God] and considered supreme [ie worshipped] in the thinking and attitudes of human philosophers
- God is the constant reference point, not the fallible reasoning of fallen humanity
So, for example, Philotheism can answer The Ultimate Question which Philosophers pose to deny the existence of God – a question which the Philosopher in his man centred philosophy cannot answer, but to which – AGAIN – the philotheist does have an answer. Again the answer entails accepting the concept of Philotheos and accepting its associated paradigm, Philotheism.
The “unanswerable” question Philosophers pose is this:
WHERE DOES GOD COME FROM ?
Like any question, the question reflects the mindset of the questioner. Deploying this question, the questioner has invariably already rejected the concept of God. But the questioner fails to see that their question derives from their Materialistic, human centred paradigm. They therefore fail to grasp the meaning of the concept of God. They do that for the simple reason that they have already rejected the concept of God. That rejection reflects a psychology derived from their sinful state of mind.
The Answer to their false question lies within the meaning of the word, God. As already stated, God is ALL powerful, ALL knowing and ALL present. God is the Source, the Sustainer and the Summation of ALL. It follows logically that the answer to this question is:
God has no origin and does not come from anywhere for the simple reason that God, by definition, IS !
As the Hebrew scriptures testify, God has told us: | <urn:uuid:8f9912dd-7073-48b6-80a3-d941d5948503> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://philotheos.org/index.php/philotheism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.949776 | 2,545 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Swab cultures are often used to examine the bacteriology of suspicious wounds. Nonetheless, the accuracy of swab specimens has been questioned and many clinicians believe they are not useful for guiding treatment decisions. Furthermore, little standardization exists to guide specimen collection and it is unclear which technique represents "best practice." Theoretically, the technique that most accurately reflects wound "tissue" bioburden rather than surface contamination would provide the most clinically meaningful information. Undiagnosed and untreated localized infection of chronic wounds acts to prolong healing, increases the likelihood of complications, and extends human suffering. Similarly, the indiscriminate treatment of chronic wounds based on faulty culture specimens can also adversely affect patient outcomes, consume unnecessary resources, and lead to inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents. Examination of the diagnostic validity of three commonly used swab culture techniques would clarify their role in monitoring wounds for infection and, if valid, would provide data from which to direct swabbing technique practices. In this way, the most economical and effective means of identifying infection can be delineated, swab techniques standardized, and the timely diagnosis of infection improved.
The purpose of this study is to examine the diagnostic validity of three different quantitative swab techniques in identifying chronic wound infection. The primary research questions to be addressed are: 1. What are the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and accuracy of quantitative cultures obtained using each of three different swab techniques? 2. Are there differences in accuracy among the three swab techniques? 3. What is the concordance between qualitative cultures of each of the three swab techniques and qualitative cultures of tissue specimens with regard to recovery and identification of isolates?
Swab specimens were obtained from the chronic wounds using 1) wound exudate, 2) broad Z-technique, and 3) Levine technique (Levine, Lindberg, Mason, & Pruitt, 1976). Acquistion of swab specimens was followed with a wound tissue biopsy. The diagnostic validity of each technique will be determined by associating the quantitative culture findings of each swab specimen with the culture findings of concurrent tissue specimen (gold standard). The culture findings are categorized as negative or positive. Positive cultures are defined as those with 1,000,000 or greater organisms per gram of viable wound tissue or swab,, or containing b hemolytic Streptococcus at any level. The "true" infection status of the wound is defined as the culture findings of wound tissue. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and accuracy will be calculated for each swab technique. Differences in accuracy among the three swab techniques will be examining the width and overlap of 95% confidence intervals constructed around these measures of accuracy. As an alternative to the specified criteria for positive culture (i.e., 1,000,000 CFU per gram of tissue or swab), sensitivity and specificity will also be evaluated for various cut-values. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each swab technique will be plotted and the area under the curve will be calculated and compared. In addition, the concordance between the tissue culture and each swab culture will be examined using only qualitative culture findings (i.e., organisms recovered).
Preliminary analyses of 78 study wounds found that Levine’s performed best of the three swab techniques in terms of all four validity parameters. Sensitivity was .70, specificity .90, positive predictive value .79, and accuracy .81. Preliminary data analysis also reveals that Staphylococcus aureus is present in over 50% of the wounds of these subjects. Furthermore, the presence of Staphylococcus aureus is significantly related to number of organisms per gram of tissue (Fisher’s exact; p = .000). Finally, preliminary analyses have shown that persons with diabetes and infected wounds express erythema less frequently than persons without diabetes.
The findings from this study would be widely applicable throughout the VA given the large numbers of older, diabetic veterans with chronic wounds, who are at risk for developing wound infection. Similar to the health care system in general, there is wide variation within the VA in the methods used to diagnose wound infection.
External Links for this Project
- Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Saltzman CL, Hillis SL, Park H, Scherubel M. Diagnostic validity of three swab techniques for identifying chronic wound infection. Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 2006 Sep 1; 14(5):548-57. [view]
- Gardner SE, Frantz RA. Obtaining wound specimens: 3 techniques. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 2004 Mar 1; 17(2):64-65. [view]
- Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Saltzman CL, Dodgson K. Staphylococcus aureus is associated with high microbial load in chronic wounds. Wounds. 2004 Aug 1; 16(8):219-225. [view]
- Gardner SE. Association of staphylococcus aureus with localized chronic wound infection. Paper presented at: Midwest Nursing Research Society Annual Conference; 2004 Feb 1; St. Louis, MO. [view]
- Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Saltzman CL, Hillis SL, Park H, Scherubel M. Diagnostic validity of three quantitative swab technique for identifying chronic wound infection. Poster session presented at: Advances in Skin and Wound Care Clinical Annual Symposium; 2005 Oct 23; Las Vegas, NV. [view]
- Gardner SE. Diagnostic validity of three quantitative swab techniques. Paper presented at: Midwest Nursing Research Society Annual Conference; 2004 Feb 1; St. Louis, MO. [view]
- Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Saltzman C. Relationship between Staphylococcus aureus and wound bacterial burden. Paper presented at: Advances in Skin and Wound Care Clinical Annual Symposium; 2003 Oct 1; Chicago, IL. [view]
- Gardner SE. Wound infection. Paper presented at: Advances in Skin and Wound Care Clinical Annual Symposium; 2003 Oct 1; Chicago, IL. [view]
Diagnosis, Treatment - Observational
Nursing, Quality assurance, improvement
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TED ED: The Science of Baking a Chocolate Chip Cookie
Ever baked chocolate chip cookies? Ever had your child help? Then you’ll both want to watch this adorable, informative TED ED animated video about what’s happening inside a cookie-in-the-making. (Ages eight and up.)
It’s quite the drama of chemical reactions. After all, how does a lump of dough—with the simple application of heat—turn into a mouth-watering chocolate chip cookie? Well, it’s all chemistry!
Different Reactions at Different Temperatures
- At 92 degrees, butter starts to melt. Melting makes the butter’s fat and water separate. The water expands into steam, puffing up the dough, and finally evaporating at 212 degrees, making the cookie stiffer, but leaving behind empty spaces that makes it lighter and flaky.
- At 144 degrees, the proteins in eggs—which look like tightly coiled springs—begin to unfold and link together, making the dough firmer and less squishy.
- At 310 degrees, the so-called Maillard Reactions begin: here, proteins and sugars break down and create hundreds of flavor and aroma compounds, turning browner in the process.
And there’s more, such as what happens when baking soda reacts with acids in the dough, and the final, hottest process called caramelization. But watch the video to get the whole, fun story!
Dig Deeper, Get Sweeter
As with all TED ED lessons, there are links for those with a hunger (sorry, couldn’t resist!) to learn more. A link I liked was to an NPR story, “How to Bake a Better Chocolate Chip Cookie” that features a food scientist with great tips.
For example, letting your chocolate chip cookie dough sit for 36 hours in the refrigerator makes cookies taste better and sweeter. How? Well, now that you know something about water’s role in the process of cookie-making, it won’t surprise you to learn that letting dough sit allows moisture to flow through the batter and permeate it with more flavor. And that’s just one of the tips to baking a better cookie.
So, watch the video! And next time you bake that chocolate chip cookie dough, you’ll watch it rising up and giving off aromas and know all the cool stuff that’s happening inside. | <urn:uuid:5d64972c-089f-4915-8a6c-58daa76423fc> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.learningliftoff.com/ted-ed-the-science-of-baking-a-chocolate-chip-cookie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.902411 | 512 | 3.625 | 4 |
Cast of Kemmerer Early Horse
Utah Museum of Natural History
Courtesy & © Mary Heers, PhotographerIn 1928 Elmer Cook, a rancher in Hagerman, Idaho, noticed an interesting bone sticking our of the hillside on his land overlooking the Snake River. Intrigued, he started to dig around and discovered it was a fossilized bone and there were plenty more like it. Elmer alerted the National Smithsonian Museum, who sent out a team. This team determined the bones were ancestors of the modern horse. They were 3½ million years old. In the end, after digging into the hillside for 2 years, they took over 200 fossils, including 12 complete horse skeletons, back to Washington D.C.
My own fascination with horse fossils actually began a few years ago when I was giving tours at the Utah Museum of Natural History in Salt Lake City. A fossil hunter near Kemmerer, Wyoming, had been quite surprised to find a small mammal while digging through layers of fossilized fish in an ancient seabed. This skeleton is now also in the Smithsonian Museum in D.C., but the Utah museum owns a copy.
When giving tours, I always paused my group as we entered the dinosaur floor. “I’m going to pull a whole horse out of here,” I’d say as I pulled a sliding drawer out of a chest with a flourish.
It was a fully grown horse about the size of a small dog – 24 inches long and 20 inches high.
It was over 50 million years old. In that time, the Intermountain West was a lush, swampy place. Fierce predators like the Utah Raptor roamed the land, and the mammals that survived were small and stayed hidden in the dense forested undergrowth.
Over the next 50 million years, the dinosaurs went extinct and the terrain dried out The Hagerman Horse (dating back 3 ½ million years ) stood about 4 ½ feet high. Most notably, it now stood on four hooves. The 3 toes on the Kemmerer Horse had evolved into a single dominant toe, perfectly adapted to running away from predators over dry terrain.
Unfortunately, this remarkable adaptation was not enough to save the horse. The horse went extinct in the Americas (along with other large mammals like the mammoth and giant sloth) about 10,000 years ago. It was the Spanish Conquistators that reintroduced the horse to North America. When Hernan Cortez and his 200 soldiers landed in Mexico in 1519, they brought 16 horses with them. Over time, some of these horses got away to form wild bands, and others fell into the hands of the Native Americans.
This summer I made a small archeological pilgrimage into Idaho, to see the Hagerman Fossil Beds, now a National Monument. In the newly opened visitor center I found a life size replica of the Hagerman Horse. As I stood next to it, admiring its shapely hoof, I remembered one more remarkable fact about the horse. The bows now used to play violins are made from horse hair It takes 5 horse tails to make a violin bow. To this day, absolutely nothing has been found that makes the strings of a violin sing as sweetly.
This is Mary Heers and I am Wild About Utah.
Photos: Courtesy & Copyright © Mary Heers
Featured Audio: Courtesy & Copyright © Kevin Colver, https://wildstore.wildsanctuary.com/collections/special-collections/kevin-colver
Text: Mary Heers, https://cca.usu.edu/files/awards/art-and-mary-heers-citation.pdf
Additional Reading: Lyle Bingham, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/
Wild About Utah, Mary Heers’ Wild About Utah Postings
Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, History, National Parks Service, US Department of the Interior, http://npshistory.com/publications/hafo/index.htm
The Hagerman Horse (Equus simplicidens), Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, National Parks Service, US Department of the Interior, https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/equus_simplicidens.htm
Hagerman Fossil Beds, National Parks Service, US Department of the Interior, https://www.nps.gov/hafo/index.htm
The Horse (Exhibit), Natural History Museum of Utah, July 21, 2014 – January 4, 2015, https://nhmu.utah.edu/horse#:~:text=The%20Natural%20History%20Museum%20of,and%20spiritual%20connections%20with%20them.
Natural History Museum of Utah,https://nhmu.utah.edu/
Fossil Horse Quarry Near Hagerman, Idaho, Worked by National Museum, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, The Smithsonian Institution, https://www.si.edu/object/fossil-horse-quarry-near-hagerman-idaho-worked-national-museum:siris_arc_367758
Plesippus shoshonensis Gidley, 1930, National Museum of Natural History, The Smithsonian Institution, https://www.si.edu/object/plesippus-shoshonensis-gidley-1930:nmnhpaleobiology_3590445 | <urn:uuid:1c8455d0-1ede-463b-a4f5-eb4c476a9d93> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://wildaboututah.org/tag/horses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500140.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204142302-20230204172302-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.919894 | 1,155 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Proper vaccine storage and handling have been an essential factor in preventing and eradicating many common vaccine-preventable diseases. Failure to regulate a vaccine’s temperature can reduce its potency, resulting in inadequate immune responses in patients and reduced protection against diseases. Providers in Vaccines for Children [VFC] programs must pay close attention to the cold chain to prevent vaccines from being exposed to temperatures outside the recommended ranges.
Temperature Monitoring Devices (TMDs) eliminate this problem by providing accurate information from monitoring temperature conditions inside refrigerator and freezer storage units.
The Challenges of Poor Maintenance of Cold Chain for Vaccines
The cold chain is a temperature-controlled environment used to maintain and distribute vaccines in optimal conditions. It begins with the cold storage unit at the manufacturing plant and extends through transport of vaccines to the distributor. From there, vaccines are delivered to and stored at the provider facility. The cold chain ends when the vaccine is administered to the patient. It is essential to appropriately handle and store vaccines at every link in the cold chain.
Too much exposure to heat, cold, or light at any step in the cold chain can damage vaccines, resulting in loss of vaccine potency. Each exposure to abnormal conditions further reduces the vaccine’s power.
While exposure to any inappropriate conditions can affect the potency of refrigerated vaccines, a single exposure to freezing temperatures (0° C [32° F] or colder) will destroy some. For example, liquid vaccines that contain an adjuvant can lose potency when exposed to freezing temperatures.
Storage and handling errors can cost thousands of dollars in wasted vaccine and revaccination. They can also result in the loss of patient confidence when repeat doses are required.
One of the limitations to measuring temperatures in a vaccine storage unit is the use of certain types of TMDs, like alcohol or mercury thermometers, bi-metal stem TMDs, food TMDs, chart recorders, infrared TMDs, and TMDs that do not have a current and valid Certificate of Calibration Testing. These devices can be challenging to read and, because they only show the temperature at the exact time they are checked, may fail to detect temperatures outside the recommended range.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the Vaccine Storage & Handling Toolkit in January 2018 to assist state and individual VFC providers in properly storing and handling their vaccine supply. In this toolkit, the CDC recommends the use of a specific type of TMD known as a Digital Data Logger (DDL) for continuous temperature monitoring and recording.
The Benefits of Using a Digital Data Logger (DDL)
Some significant benefits emerge when using DDL devices for continuous temperature monitoring and recording, including:
- Monitors vaccine temperatures more closely than standard thermometers
- Simplifies the reading records by removing false alarms
- Eliminates the need to constantly download the readings recorded
- Notifies staff members of out-of-range temperature situations
- Allows use of the device for either refrigerated or frozen storage
- Extends the life of the DDL device by providing a service to recalibrate it, change the battery, and perform annual maintenance
- Enables staff members to know when the device needs its battery changed
- Improves the measurement and recording of temperatures by allowing the logging interval (or reading rate) to be programmed
What to Look for in a Solution Provider
When looking for a company to integrate a DDL into a facility, consider the following requirements:
- Manufactures all types of portable test instruments. Seek a company with proven experience in the development and production of temperature-monitoring solutions.
- At least ten years’ market experience. Try to find a company that has been working with temperature-monitoring solutions for at least ten years and has a variety of customers and extensive knowledge.
- Offers certified calibration services. Look for a company that brings those services to support compliance, traceability, validation, and quality assurance programs.
- Compliance with CDC rules. The right solution should be compliant with CDC regulations that went into effect in January 2018.
- Compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR Part 11). Look for a solution that provides an accurate reading, programmable alarms and sampling intervals, and a USB connection to quickly and easily download temperature data.
- Easy to use. Be sure the device comes preconfigured and can easily be attached to the outside of the storage door, while the sensor bottle is placed inside, allowing users to read current and minimum/maximum temperatures without opening the unit.
The DeltaTrak Solution: The FlashLink Certified Vaccine USB PDF Data Logger
DeltaTrak has more than 27 years of experience as a leading innovator of end-to-end cold chain solutions for the produce, food, and life science industries. The company specializes in temperature and humidity monitoring and recording systems, product emulation capability, and cloud-based services that give 24/7 visibility to real-time actionable data.
The FlashLink Certified Vaccine USB PDF Data Logger has the following features:
- Compatible with CDC guidelines
- 21 CFR Part 11 compliant
- Single-channel, external sensor in glycol bottle
- Automatically generates encrypted PDF, CSV, and daily log reports
- Glycol-buffered sensor emulates products and prevents false alarms
- Can be used to monitor vaccines and liquid medicines during storage
- Audible and/or visual alarms
- Low-battery indicator on LCD
- Quick disconnect cable to download log
- User programmable: manual or auto start, logging intervals, hi/low alarms
- Scroll through recorded data on LCD
The Model 40527 includes an ISO 17025 Calibration Certificate from the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation, valid for two years. Reference standards traceable to International System of Units (SI) through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
To take the first step toward improving the temperature monitoring and recording of your vaccines, call 1-800-962-6776 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:9f0cc109-35dd-48a8-b090-a2ebc636ad41> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://jorgeluisalonso.com/2018/03/09/using-temperature-monitoring-devices-to-improve-the-cold-chain-for-vaccines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.896739 | 1,253 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Support your cells with omega fatty acids.
Good fats and oils are vital for our body. They perform key tasks for our immune and nervous systems, metabolism, hormone balance and a strong heart. Our body cannot produce omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids itself. We must obtain them daily from our diet.
Three different forms of omega-3 fatty acid are found in food:
- ALA (alpha-linolenic acid),
- EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and
- DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid).
We absorb alpha-linolenic acid mainly through vegetable oils. Especially oils from flaxseed, rapeseed, walnuts and soy provide larger amounts.
The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA are predominantly found in fatty marine fish, e.g. herring, salmon, tuna, sardine and mackerel.
They are found only in small amounts in freshwater fish such as trout or carp and in land animals. Depending on the fishing area and season, the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in fish can vary considerably.
Fatty acids and inflammation
The fact that today’s diet is rich in omega-6 and at the same time poor in omega-3 fatty acids plays an important role in the topic of inflammation. This is because inflammation is triggered, among other things, by the formation of inflammatory factors, formed from the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA).
In contrast, anti-inflammatory messengers are formed by the body from the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
For the conversion of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids into the pro- and anti-inflammatory messengers, respectively, the body needs the same enzyme system – in which the two types of fatty acids consequently behave like counterparts. And because omega-6 intake is so high these days, the formation of anti-inflammatory messengers from omega-3 fatty acids is blocked. With corresponding negative consequences for health.
Professional societies recommend an intake of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in a maximum ratio of 5:1, but the actual ratio is about 25:1.
The consequence of this imbalance: inflammations are not stopped sufficiently. This can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases.
What are the OMEGA 3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9 fatty acids derived from?
If you do not like fatty, freshly caught cold water fish, you can supply omega-3 fatty acids via algae oils. The fatty cold water fish eats this algae and deposits it in the fatty tissue. Not entirely unproblematic, in addition to overfishing, are the environmental pollutants, such as microplastics, heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotics, …etc., which are also deposited in the fat
To protect the fatty acids from oxygen (oxidative stress), the encapsulated form, is the best solution.
What are the effects of Omega 3 fatty acids, DHA & EPA?
The OMEGA-3 fatty acids DHA + EPA contribute to the normal functioning of the heart. DHA supports the maintenance of normal brain activity and visual function. | <urn:uuid:38236c1c-bf59-45a2-91a5-6865b1b5a9bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://proeva.net/omega_en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.901305 | 669 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Table of Contents Hide
- Q1. What is doctype in HTML? Is it required?
- Q2.What is the difference between inline element and block element?
- Q3. What are empty tags?
- Q4. What are the different types of list in HTML?
- Q5. Difference between id attribute and class attribute in HTML
- Q6. What does the anchor tag do?
- Q7. What is an iframe used for?
- Q8. What are semantics in HTML?
- Q9. Difference Between HTML and HTML5?
Here are the top 10 interview questions asked by the interviewer for web development.
Q1. What is doctype in HTML? Is it required?
It provides “information” about the document type to the browser. All HTML documents must start with a
In HTML 5, the declaration is simple: <!DOCTYPE html>
Q2.What is the difference between inline element and block element?
An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary. An inline element does not start on a new line.
<span> is and inline element
A block-level element always takes up the full width available. A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers automatically add some space (a margin) before and after the element.
<p> & <div> are the example of block – level element
Q3. What are empty tags?
A tags that does not have an enclosing tag is called an empty tags. Empty tags are self-closing tags.
<br> & <hr> are the example of empty tags
Q4. What are the different types of list in HTML?
There are mainly three type of list in HTML .
- Order list <ol>
- Unorder list <ul>
- Description <dl>
Q5. Difference between id attribute and class attribute in HTML
The main difference between them is that “class” attribute can apply to many items whereas “id” attribute can only apply to one element at a time and are unique inside a page.
Q6. What does the anchor tag do?
The anchor tag is used to create a link on a web page. The important attribute of anchor tag is href .
Q7. What is an iframe used for?
An iframe is used to embed another document within the current HTML document. Example- to add another web page inside a web page.
<iframe src=”https://www.google.co.in” title=”google search”></iframe>
Q8. What are semantics in HTML?
A semantic element is one that the developer and browser can both understand exactly what it means.
Example of some semantics tags are
Q9. Difference Between HTML and HTML5?
A Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the primary language for developing web pages. HTML5 is a new version of HTML with new functionalities with markup language with Internet technologies. Language in HTML does not have support for video and audio. HTML5 supports both video and audio. Some additional attribute also added to HTML5 like date, email, etc. | <urn:uuid:f8660714-3fa5-43d3-8c9c-6e29aeae9c09> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://softricks.in/top-10-question-asked-in-html-interview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.802021 | 734 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Native American tribes receive COVID-19 vaccines, and health officials work to ease fears about taking it
When the COVID-19 vaccines arrived at the Bay Area Indian Health Center in California's Santa Clara Valley, Miriam Mosqueda of the Chichimeca Guamare tribe almost didn’t take one. She was afraid.
But the 26-year-old staffer thought of her immunocompromised grandparents, whom she hadn't seen since March.
She thought of never again sipping her grandmother’s traditional vanilla atole while she told her stories, or never hearing her grandfather’s laughter as he insists she pick lemons from his tree.
Her culture reveres elders, and her grandparents helped raise her. “They’re like our third and fourth parents,” she said.
“I was like, I have to get this vaccine. If that means that I can protect them, too … and safely see them, then I will do that,” she said. “I can’t not take the opportunity to protect our community.”
Before the new year, Mosqueda, the center's youth professional development counselor, went in 30 minutes before the last round of the first dose was administered to the center's staff.
The center is one of 340 tribal health programs or urban Indian organizations nationwide to receive vaccine allocations from the federal Indian Health Service. Tribal nations had the choice to receive vaccines from the IHS or their states.
Navajo women are 'sacred' keepers of the cultural flame:They're also particularly vulnerable to COVID-19.
The IHS has distributed 290,900 doses of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines among its 12 geographic areas, and more than 74,000 first doses have been administered, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tribal health care workers and Native residents of long-term care facilities began receiving vaccinations last month as part of Phase 1 of the nation's coronavirus vaccine rollout.
COVID-19 has disproportionately affected Native communities, in part because of long-standing social inequities that have put American Indian and Alaskan Natives at higher risk for contracting the virus.
A CDC study found that among 23 states with data on race, American Indian and Alaskan Native people were 3.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with the coronavirus than white people and four times as likely to be hospitalized.
“It's been devastating for many of our community members,” said Sonya Tetnowski, CEO of the Indian Health Center of Santa Clara Valley. The state has one of the largest populations of American Indians, at more than 720,000, and 109 federally recognized tribes.
“Because we're serving a population that already has significant challenges just day to day, adding the coronavirus ... added to that stress and pressure of that community," she said. Many patients at the center, which also serves Hispanic and migrant workers, suffer from diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, making them vulnerable to the virus.
As the virus hits their communities hard, tribal leaders grapple with the challenge to help members feel comfortable taking the vaccines and understand its safety for most people. Injustices against tribal communities have planted seeds of doubt in many.
'Bringing all the facts to the table'
Health centers are the nexus of making sure Indian communities get vaccinated, and respected elders and tribal leaders within the groups leverage their influence to help get the message out.
People of color, including indigenous people, are more likely to rely on trusted voices within their own communities for information about the pandemic and the vaccine, a study by Northeastern University that tracked online behaviors suggests.
“It’s helped tremendously in Indian Country for people to have a transparent perspective,” said Virginia Hedrick, executive director of the California Consortium for Urban Indian Health. The group streams Facebook Live question-and-answer sessions every other week.
'Wary of government':Hit hard by COVID-19, some tribal members in Montana hesitant to get vaccine
"It's about transparency. It's about bringing all the facts to the table," said Hedrick, a member of the Yurok Tribe who grew up on the tribe's rural reservation. She said connecting CCUIH's messaging about the vaccines to American Indian values, such as community, has been essential.
“We don’t know about this vaccine’s ability to prevent transmission. What we do know is that it will save lives. And we do know as Indigenous people that that value resonates with us – that we really have to meet our prayers halfway," she said. "So when we’re praying for health and wellness and long life, we have to do the things that get us there.”
CCUIH works with another agency to create educational digital and print flyers about the vaccines featuring relatable images and taglines.
"When they see images that don't resonate with them, when they see taglines that are not important to them, they put the material to the side," she said. "'That's not important to me. That's not inclusive of what we do as a family.' Then it's a total missed opportunity."
In southeastern Minnesota, the Prairie Island Indian Community on the Mississippi River had early buy-in on the vaccines from community elders.
In mid-December, the tribe hosted a Zoom meeting for community members with elders, tribal council members and Prairie Island Health Center’s primary doctor to answer questions and talk about the vaccines.
“The majority of tribal elders have accepted the vaccine. They really feel a responsibility to protect their community,” said Katie Halsne, director of clinical operations for Neopath Health, which runs the Prairie Island clinic.
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The first round of vaccines went to health care workers at the clinic and long-term care facility, as well as residents and first responders, Halsne said, followed by about 80 elders and 200 members considered high-risk.
Emphasizing protecting elders has been key to helping communities understand the importance of the vaccines. "We do have a profound respect for our elders. They are our encyclopedias. They are our libraries. They cannot be replaced," Hedrick said.
Tetnowski said she and other IHC leaders post on their personal social media accounts about the vaccines.
"A lot of community members who were kind of on the fence ... know people now who've received it," she said, "who were comfortable with the way the process went."
'I can say I'm alive, and I'm doing OK'
In Sioux Falls, South Dakota, a team of mental health therapists helps guide the Flandreau Santee tribe through the stress brought on by the pandemic, discussing the vaccines with each patient. Doctors at other clinics make a point of publicly taking a vaccine to model its safety.
Family physician Courtney Keith said she wanted to be one of the first to receive the vaccine not just because she’s a health care worker treating patients but to show the tribal community the vaccines are safe.
"I work with a clinic that has had an abusive history with medicine," she said after receiving her first dose in December. "The reason I want to be one of the first (to get the vaccine) is to show I have confidence, and so six weeks down the road, when people are thinking and saying, 'Should I get it?' I can say I’m alive and I’m doing OK."
'A new chapter':Flandreau Santee Sioux distributes first COVID-19 vaccines
At Minnesota's Prairie Island clinic, Halsne said staff doled out vaccines to 140 people Wednesday. Of the 224 people they offered vaccines, 27% refused. Word of mouth brings people in, she said.
Blackfeet Nation health care workers in Montana received their first doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine before the Christmas holiday. The Nation peaked in cases mid-October at about 400 diagnoses.
In preparation for vaccine distribution last week, the tribe's COVID-19 Incident Command shared an announcement featuring a shaggy "rez dog" puppet who interviews a nurse practitioner about the vaccines.
In the video, the "Rez Dog Rep" asks the nurse questions ranging from the cost of the vaccines to whether he will need to continue to wear a mask after being immunized to who gets it first and potential side effects.
"Indian people like humor," said the tribe’s public information officer, James McNeely. "The idea of the PSA is to help ease people's minds, give them a sense of comfort and an education on the vaccine."
Tracking COVID-19 through 'population lens'
Andrea Klimo, who leads the IHS COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force Distribution and Allocation Team, said allocations were calculated based on population and storage abilities.
“Each geographical area has their own considerations," Klimo said. "They have a different population lens, they have different geographical constraints sometimes and some of them have different capabilities of storing the vaccines at various temperatures.”
Klimo said IHS relies on larger tribal health centers to distribute vaccines to surrounding rural tribal communities.
"Some areas have a really robust hub-and-spoke model," she said. "We send to our hubs, and then they distribute out to the more rural isolated locations."
One such tribe of varying needs using this model is the Navajo Nation, one of the largest in the country with about 172,000 residents living on land spanning more than 27,000 square miles across three states.
Last year, the tribe had the highest infection rate per capita, despite aggressive preparation a month before its first confirmed case.
The tribe's COVID-19 task force enforced policies and protocols, decreasing the case count significantly, according to data from the Navajo Department of Health.
Amid a surge nationwide, tribal authorities have scrambled to keep a lid on cases while prioritizing vaccine distribution to health centers with proper storage.
The Kayenta Health Center in Arizona, a rural hospital serving Navajo Nation residents, has a smaller freezer than other health centers that serve the tribe. Officials worked to get the vaccine to hospitals with more space and proper equipment to store doses, since the Pfizer vaccine requires such cold temperatures.
"We are placing it strategically in those freezers so that we can then take that vaccine to the other health centers and hospitals," said Loretta Christensen, chief medical officer for the Navajo area Indian Health Service.
Santa Clara Valley hosts a diverse and robust population because of the Indian Relocation Act of 1956 that forced Native people to move from reservations and assimilate into urban areas. The intertribal makeup makes health centers such as IHC and other hubs integral to making sure members of different communities get vaccinated when the vaccines become available to the general public.
The day after Mosqueda got vaccinated, she was finally able to visit her grandparents.
"I could worry about myself getting side effects after the vaccine, or I can think bigger picture," she said. "If I have chills the next two, three days but in the long run, my community as a whole will be safer, then I'm OK with that."
Contributing: Danielle Ferguson, Sioux Falls (South Dakota) Argus Leader, and Chelsea Curtis, The Arizona Republic | <urn:uuid:e29f5e01-1b64-45b0-9beb-9a2c63de3d10> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/14/american-indian-tribes-covid-19-vaccines-ihs-coronavirus/3942879001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.962748 | 2,376 | 3 | 3 |
This question seems like such a common occurrence. It most always follows the realization that we have a visual impairment. Honestly, it IS a fair question. I want to know the same thing when I meet someone with a visual impairment. I find it fascinating to understand how someone sees or hears or thinks. I view this question positively. If someone is curious and genuinely wants to understand, why not take the opportunity to teach? So guys, please, take pride in explaining this one, and don’t be offended or upset.
How Do Eyes Work?
I believe we need a quick (and short) lesson on the eye and how it works to begin our discussion. The parts of the eye that we can see are called the Cornea (the clear outer layer), Iris (the colored part of the eye, Pupil (the center of the Iris), and Sclera (the white part). Behind these, we have the Lens, and behind that is the Vitreous Fluid that fills our eye and gives it stability. In the back of our eye lies the Retina. Light enters the cornea and pupil, hits the lens, is directed through the vitreous fluid and onto the Retina at the back of the eye. From the Retina, light is converted into electric signals through the Optic Nerve behind our eyes and sent to our brain. Our brain then creates the beautiful pictures that we see before us. Our eyes are well-oiled machines (metaphorically speaking, of course). The only problem with this is that if one part of this smoothly running machine is working in-correctly, we have a problem.
What Happens to the Eye in Albinism?
Numerous eye conditions can result from both Ocular Albinism and Oculocutaneous Albinism.
In both types of Albinism, lack of pigment is one of the most portrayed problems with the eyes (“Red Eyes”). Pigment in the Cornea of a normal eye protects the eye from stray light, so the lack of pigment in the eye of someone with Albinism allows the stray light to penetrate the eye, causing Photophobia.
Photophobia is a painful over-sensitivity to light. Even the slightest amount of direct light or glare can impair our vision. Please see my post about why glasses can’t fix my vision for detailed information on photophobia and other eye conditions here.
A few more quite noticeable issues with our eyes include Nystagmus and Strabismus. I know you guys just love scientific names!
Nystagmus is simply unwanted rapid eye movement, either side to side or up and down. This, understandably, looks quite unnerving to most people. After all, eye contact is very important to the normally sighted world. For people who have Nystagmus, this has more than just an odd aesthetic effect. This rapid movement can make concentrating on one object or text tough and cause eye stress and over time, eye soreness and pain. It can be quite a hassle for today’s students and anyone working in situations involving reading for long periods of time. Simply taking breaks every half hour or so can be both a necessity and a sight-saver.
Strabismus is a muscle imbalance of the eye that encompasses a few specific conditions: Crossed eyes (esotropia), eyes that point outward (exotropia), and eyes that point upward (hypertropia). These can also look odd to onlookers, but they can have quite a few adverse effects to the person presenting with these conditions. Strabismus can cause double vision, poor depth perception, poor eye contact, “shifty eyes,” unusual head movements (compensating), and a few other issues. Thankfully, many of the problems with Strabismus can be lessened or corrected with surgery. I personally had three of these surgeries at a young age.
In many cases, Strabismus can lead to something called “lazy eye” or Amblyopia. In simple terms, this occurs when one eye is sending the brain unclear images. The brain then decides that that eye is not working correctly, so it “turns that eye off.” Amblyopia usually leads to permanent visual impairment. After Amblyopia occurs, the brain will continue to receive unclear images from the affected eye (or eyes in rare cases). This too can be treated if caught early enough, but it cannot be fully corrected. I was also treated for this with an eye patch on my better eye. Patches (or drops) are used on the better eye to encourage the use of the worse eye and to train the brain to correct the vision in that eye.
Nearsightedness, Farsightedness, and Astigmatism
And to wrap this listing up (for our purposes today at least), people with Albinism are also affected by the same refractive errors or focus problems that many people without Albinism are affected by. These of course include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and/or astigmatism. Most of us are very familiar with the various refractive errors and how they affect a person and how they are corrected (glasses, contacts, LASIK, etc). I am nearsighted and I have a slight astigmatism.
But What Can I See?
Now that you understand a little more about the majority of the eye conditions involved with Albinism, you may begin to understand what it is like to see through our eyes. I once read a very nice metaphor involving photos, but I would like to share another metaphor of my own. Imagine you’re sitting at the top of a large stadium. Then, imagine everyone around you has binoculars, and you do not. Everything to you will look undefined, a little out of focus, and you may have trouble making out the fine details of what you’re looking at. What I see is not “blurry” per se; it lacks detail. It is as if I cannot focus on distant objects the way that normally sighted individuals’ eyes can. My Zoom feature is turned off or broken.
What CAN’T I See
Are you still wondering what I can see? What if I tell you what I CAN’T see? If you’re standing more than a meter away from me, I would not be able to figure out who you are based on your face alone. If a sign is above my head, I cannot read it. If font is smaller than 12 point on a paper, I have to have excellent lighting and squint to see it even after my face is centimeters from the page. I have trouble distinguishing between darker colors like navy blue, black, brown, charcoal, gray, etc. At the moment I use my mother’s 23 inch monitor with ZoomText enlarging my screen 4 times. I can sit a normal distance from the screen with my glasses on and read most 12 point text. The downside to using this feature in public is that everyone within a twenty foot radius can also read my screen. (Luckily they do have privacy filters for computer monitors for just that reason.)
I know that we all do not have the same vision, but I hope that my insight can help you to better understand what we individuals with Albinism, as a whole, see. I also hope you have learned a few new things in reading this article. Let me know if you have any questions or comments or if I have incorrectly stated something. As always, thank you for reading.
If you’re interested in learning more about any of these conditions or you would like to know where I found my information, please check our Helpful Sites page. New links will be added as we discover them. | <urn:uuid:c8730c96-d34c-4e77-9e46-b5b91bf70481> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://albinismupclose.com/the-age-old-question-what-do-you-see/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500368.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207004322-20230207034322-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.945032 | 1,645 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In applied sport psychology, there are four mental areas that are considered to be central for athletes to be mentally prepared for athletic success: motivation, confidence, arousal, and concentration. A key part of that “sales pitch” is that, like the body, the mind is made up of “muscles” and that physical and mental muscles have much in common. They both can be weak if the muscles aren’t exercised regularly. Physical and mental muscles can be injured. This chapter explores the physiological changes that athletes experience in their sports participation. Motivation is the corner stone of athletic success. Research has determined that motivation plays a key role in performance in sports. For both reasons then, having a training partner is one of the simplest motivational strategies for athletes to employ. In the cases, athletes’ greatest competitors’ are those measures of performance. The techniques that have been described so far are helpful in increasing athletes’ short-term motivation. | <urn:uuid:2cbda95f-6916-4cf1-8201-637c36173fbe> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780429503689-4/mental-muscles-jim-taylor?context=ubx&refId=463224f5-4e5f-4860-ad67-b95e3e3138ee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500368.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207004322-20230207034322-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.956655 | 200 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Hi, I'm currently doing a school assignment on the Tudor-Stuart Law and Society/ Crime and Punishment in 7th form (age 17). I have came up with three questions to do my research on specifically during 1558~1667.
1. How were punishments for crime successful in maintaining social order in Tudor-Stuart England 1558~1667?
2. To what extent did men and women's criminal actions differ due to the different punishments in Tudor Stuart England 1558~1667?
3. How did the church have effect on the law and society in Tudor Stuart England 1558~1667?
I have already read materials on law courts and criminal trials and also watched documentarys, but I haven't found many specific cases during this time period and none based on differences in gender. The second question is a bit of a struggle to find information on.
Thank you so much for the help. | <urn:uuid:5f9ee03b-0e76-4d20-94ff-31c4187249de> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://queryblog.tudorhistory.org/2009/04/question-from-christina-gender.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.973741 | 194 | 3.25 | 3 |
Esports is a new sport that has been growing in popularity and acceptance. Esports include League of Legends, DOTA, Counter-Strike, Fortnite, World of Craft, and more. You can play these video games with various strategies like the use of an MMR checker. Esports are games that are played competitively with professional players in front of large audiences. They have become so popular that they have been recognized as sports by many countries around the world and have led to a boom in tournaments, leagues, and events.
The Government of Nepal Supports Esports
The Government of Nepal supports esports and promotes the gaming industry. This is a great move that will help the young generation to create an environment where they can thrive in.
The government has also set up a National Esports Federation to promote and support esports in Nepal. Esports is the fastest growing sport in the world and Nepal is determined to be on top of it.
Nepal’s support for esports has been appreciated by many countries around the world, including India, China, and Bangladesh.
Nepal Supports Esports Through The Unity Sports Promotion Fund Program
Nepal is one of the few countries that have actively supported esports. The Government of Nepal supports esports through the Unity Sports Promotion Fund Program. The government’s support for esports in Nepal has been a part of its strategy to promote physical fitness and sports. The government believes that by supporting esports, they are also supporting other sports such as football, cricket, and more. Nepal’s Ministry of Youth and Sports has been the most active in this field. They have established a fund program for esports in Nepal which provides financial support for tournaments, events, and players to help grow the industry.
The Ministry of Health and Population, Sports Authority Nepal, and the Ministry of Information Technology have also been supporting esports in Nepal. They have helped to organize national tournaments such as the first-ever Nepali FIFA World Cup. Government support for esports has led to growth in the industry. The government is working to increase awareness by sponsoring teams and players who participate
Get Involved With Esports
The benefits of getting involved with esports are many. It provides you with a chance to compete on an international level and also to be part of the global community that is passionate about this growing industry.
The industry is still in its infancy and is not yet fully developed, but the government of Nepal has been taking steps to support it. It has been a long journey for the people who are in this industry and it is still not easy for them. | <urn:uuid:c4f41c60-a232-4731-9536-8d2f87d4645c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nepaldemocracy.org/the-government-of-nepal-supports-esports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.978174 | 517 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Flooding presents a whole new realm of complications with healthcare systems already under pressure, public facilities closed, community services rolled back, and those more exposed to flooding impacts isolated at home. Many of the hubs that provide resources and refuge during flooding may not be opened this season, or will be unable to support the same capacity of people while abiding by the rules of self-quarantine and social distancing. In the event of injuries, an additional influx of people needing medical attention may further overwhelm a healthcare system already under strain.
Our individual ability to prepare and respond to flooding will also be hampered by the impacts of COVID-19. Collective, volunteer-based efforts such as sandbagging and neighbourhood check-in programs are a vital piece of flood resilience – in 2019, nearly 15,000 volunteers in Ottawa helped fill and remove 1.5 million sandbags. Such efforts may be stopped due to restrictions on large gatherings, and in-person support will be challenged by our simultaneous effort to flatten the curve. Monitoring flood risk and planning COVID-friendly ways to protect flood zones will be paramount, particularly this flood season.
Watching the warning signs of flooding
Snowpack levels and the rate of the snow melt are strong indicators of seasonal flood risk, as are warmer temperatures that cause earlier spring thaw and snow melt in many regions. Observations in Western Canada, Ontario, and Quebec have found that snow is melting less rapidly than other years thus far, an encouraging sign that reduces the risk of an early flood season. However, depending on precipitation and water levels, flooding is still possible even with lower snowpack. This was the case in 2019, where snow melt and high inflows combined with heavy rainfall and caused a total of $208 million of insured damage in Quebec and New Brunswick.
Past floods hold important lessons for COVID-19
Municipal, regional and provincial governments, particularly those in flood prone areas, are closely monitoring snow melt conditions and adjusting their responses. The municipality of Pontiac, Quebec is urging residents to find alternative evacuation plans, since the province will not be able to open emergency shelters as it did in the 2019 floods. The Canadian Armed Forces are reportedly preparing to be called in to bolster extreme weather response in northern, remote, and Indigenous communities, and in places more susceptible to wildfire and flooding.
Governments will need to think outside of typical emergency preparedness and response tactics, tapping into community partnerships and crowdsourced solutions. We have already seen innovative, collaborative responses to COVID-19 which are transferrable to the flooding scenario. Examples include cities providing shelter in unused hotel rooms, and resident-led support networks that help those who are more vulnerable and happen to be isolated. Key to resilience will be collaboration among all levels of government, and harnessing the power of the community to supplement flood resilience measures that can’t operate as they have in previous events. | <urn:uuid:bf98e1da-70fc-499d-af7d-9c46e4dcd82d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.wsp.com/en-za/insights/ca-climate-resilience-in-the-face-of-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.954144 | 587 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Construction Sense Activity
Construction Sense encourages young participants to experience a site visit focussing on their five senses; sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing and then produce a piece of creative writing capturing their thoughts.
Construction Sense can contribute to curriculum outcomes and is a fun early introduction to construction careers. Download the Activity Cover Sheet and the Activity Lead Deliver Notes below.
Download all documents for the Construction Sense Activity. | <urn:uuid:31ca59e5-82b3-4ee2-b885-0ea680d1b5d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://9947448e-70c9-4509-9b0a-ed897eb9ec0b.azurewebsites.net/educational-resources/resources-for-teachers/key-stage-2/construction-sense-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494936.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127033656-20230127063656-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.856017 | 87 | 2.890625 | 3 |
by Roman Davidov
(revisited from the June 2003 issue of Meteorite Times)
Zhamanshin. This word translated from Kazakh language like “bad soil” or “land without anything growing on it”.
Firstly, peculiarity of this place noticed in 1936 by V.Vahrameev and later in 1941 by A.Yanshin. This two scientists noticed the presence of Paleozoic rocks among the field of cainosoic rocks. Twenty years ago B.Pilya found some strange glasses here and P.V.Florensky began to study them. With a point of view of meteoritical hypothesis this region was recognized in 1966 year. Structural anomaly of place and uncommon composition of glasses and slags among which the pure leshatellerite was found, glass droplets which composition was analogous to tektites let to tell about explosive derivation of structure. But in all reference books and catalogues Zhamanshin stayed like “isometric local elevation” and glasses like “the products of cainosoic volcanism”. Finally in 1975 explosive derivation of structure was finally proved. Different slags and glasses was classified like impactites which named zhamanshinites and glass drops identified with tektites. Thus for the first time in the world, tektites were found in the meteorite crater.
Kazachstan met us with good shiny weather. Autumn only began to come to this country.
I traveled there with my friend Serge. I invite him to make me company because to be alone in this place is very dangerous. I remember one story about a woman who spent a winter in this place having only a small piece of meat. When their car was broken the driver went to the nearest village for help and disappeared. When she understood that no one helps, she cut this small piece of meat on 365 very thin slices. Then she dug a pit in which she slept in cold winter nights. She ate one slice of meat in a day and drunk water from a car radiator and collect a snow, so receiving a water. She was living there during hundred days until the people don’t find her.
The only goal of this expedition is to collect rocks for my own collection and for the museum of our committee. At first we planed to stay in Kazachstan during one or two weeks, but the circumstances were stronger then us. That’s why our trip to Kazachstan was much longer than we planned. I was in the firm belief that we have all information about the location of this crater. Although I never been in this places yet, I have a good detailed map and not worse detailed explanation of my friend (he was there in 1978 year in the expedition of Prof. Florensky),
everything found to be useless – the map was not so detailed as we desired and explanation of my friend was wrong. May be the memory played a bad joke with him.
Place we decided to be a crater was a valley with a hills around it. For the southwest this ring of hills have a hole. This valley probably was there like a result of erosion processes. All facts told us that this place has no common with meteorite crater. After a short conversation we decided to move towards opposite side of the valley. Twilight caught us on the half of the way
Next day the weather began to go bad. The clouds appeared on it and cold wind became blowing. From the other side also there was no sings of a crater. I noticed a hill more higher then others. The form of it was very similar to the hill which we seeing on the photos of a crater. I told about it to Serge. We decided to go to this hill. We are going more than an hour, talk on different topics. Suddenly I noticed a small chips consists of different fragments with sharp edges. I show it to my friend.
“Oh! It is very interesting!” he exclaimed. “Without doubt it is paleolyth workshops”…
But it was only a small part of historical artifacts of which this strange places can offer to the travelers as I understood later.
Here the hill at last. We are climbing into it’s mount. I rich mount first look around and feel only disappointment. “It seems to me that there is no crater” – Serge said. Mist was thickening. We cowered with my raincoat and study our map. Something was wrong with all our calculations. I told to my friend that we must go to the village which is situated in 30 kilometers from crater ask for a guide which knows this places well. “Yes You’re right we can’t find the crater alone without anybody’s help”. Wind and rain became stronger. Clay began gluing to our boots. Soon it becomes a real problem our boots became heavier with 3 kilograms. That’s why walking is very hard for us. In spite of raincoats our clothes became wet. We are trying to walk faster in order to reach the road before darkness. When we came to the road it was dark almost. “Road” it was only name. Rain convert it into a wash with numerous ruts from big and small wheels. I’m quick to add that traffic was not so animated. We are waiting for the car during thirty minutes but there were too much people in it. The next car appeared exemplary after an hour. It was a huge truck. We understood that it is our last chance to go out of here before darkness. The perspective to spend a night under torrential rain even having such a good tent that we have seems not so attractive. For our happiness a driver was a good man. After cold windy steppe warm cabin looks like a real heaven! Only one thing was not so good – the truck went to the opposite side we need. But our state was so that it was no matter for us. Car began to moving. But the clay was so
liquid, that it seems that we riding along melting butter. With every kilometer the road became worse and worse and we couldn’t driving at last. Another truck outstripped us and tried to drag us out from the pit. We took the shovels and moved the liquid clay out from the ruts… After five hours of fitting with the weather and terrible road we decide to turn back. The drivers told us that that in fifteen kilometers from the place there is small house in which we can intend for a good supper and a warm bed. We spent more than two hours to turn back the truck and reach the cross-road where the house is situated.
The house is called “chaihana” this word translated like a “place in which you can go to drink a cup of tea”. This chaihanas is situated near the road and beginning single centers of human civilization in these places. May be because of it people living there so happy to see a new man…
Another day we found a car going to the village. The village was partially destroyed by a tornado which is not rare in spring months there. People were busy to repair their houses.
This village was Russian fortress in the past. Russian government ordered to build this fortress to control nomadic tribes in these places. Even now you can see the ruins of it walls. During the Soviet period the most occupation of the villagers is sheep-breeding but nowadays most part of
Population hasn’t any job. They are working in their own gardens to have food to live. Some people are going to hunt in steppe.
Villagers met us cordially and helped us to find a guide and a car. The guide an old man told us that he knows place similar with what we are looking for but he was not sure it is exactly what we are looking for. We haven’t another variants and agreed to ride with him. Tomorrow morning we settled down the car and lived for searching the crater in forth time. This time we made a mistake costs a week to us… The car went away, disappeared in a dusty cloud. We let the driver and the guide instead of their advice to study the place carefully. Climbing to the next hill we thought that it is the crater bank. Looking around take away all our hopes. Having no ideas we went to the northwest.
“Listen!” my friend said. “Look at the ground. You see this shells?” Actually, the ground under our boots, and all around us, was covered by the different shells. They look very old. It’s a well-known fact that for a long time crater filled in by water. For Maybe two or three thousands of years water washed out the southwest crater bank. Maybe thousands tons of lake deposits were taking away by water. This theory looks rational and we were going to the nearest elevation over there probably the crater is situated. We never found the crater there. Instead of that we discovered the plateau with the ruins of ancient altar and fundaments of some strange buildings Maybe thousands years old.
Need to notice that we had confidence, which became stronger with every our failure, that we never go out of here until the crater not founded. Steppe in this period of time painted with yellow and golden colors of withered grasses. Sometimes we found white bones of different animals. The ground filled by holes. But more creatures living there like big spiders, scorpions and snakes were sleeping in this period. One time we found a skull of saigak-the steppe goat with greened from time ferrule arrow tip inside.
We have no ideas like moving back to the village. For our happiness the weather was good and shiny and we have a good stock of food and water. After a week of walking we reach the village. During three days of search we found an old hunter who told that he knows one expedition which took place in 1978 year. We asked him about details which we interested in. Judging by his story the real chance to find the crater appeared to us…
“Here we come!” told the driver; “There was no road further”. I jumped from the car, looking in the twilight. It is a crater or not? I have no confidence yet. An old hunter told us that we bewared of wolfs. Yes it is the one thing of which is really dangerous for travelers in that places. Autumn and winter months is a period of hunger for this animals. It connected with the migrations of a master food source for wolfs-the herds of saigaks. In this period, cases of man eating is very often.
But our strong argument is that we have guns and we are good hunters. I took my field glass to study the place in details. With no doubts it is the crater. Finally after more than two weeks of search we found exactly what we need!
We spent in Zhamanshin ten days collecting different rocks and tektites. Some times we saw a small packs of wolfs but they run away hearing the sound of shot. May be every man, being in such places noticed some kind of strange feelings happened with him.
I don’t want to looks strange but it seems to me that I felt like some kind of anxiety. Sometimes I felt as if the ground steel ringing like a bell, like echo of that disaster, happened in prehistoric times. More than that I’m quick to add that my physical condition was changed. May be the reason of it the magnetic anomaly May be anything else… I don’t know. The habits of animals also very strange and couldn’t be explained sometimes. Every time I recall the story one of my good friends which happened with him in 1975 in Zhamanshin. That time he was a young physicist taking part in the expedition of prof. Florensky. “That day we have meeting of the scientific committee of expedition. We are sitting in the improvisated lectorium on the open air,
hearing a report of one of our members. Suddenly in the hole near at hand of my chair a gopher appeared, looking on us than come up to me, sitting nearby and looking at the lecturer. It was wonderful, but he wasn’t afraid of loud voices, laughing and moving of people and was fully indifferent to such attention to his person. Gopher “with great attention” hearing all the lecture and when the lecturer said, that he finished, and wrote down the last formula on the slate, this “genius” move away in his hole. It was so unusual and funny that we are all laughing”…
Meteorite crater Zhamanshin is very interesting in the point of view of archaeology. It’s a well-known fact that for a long time there was a lake in the crater. Probably this circumstance attracts ancient people to this place. In the crater bank you can find the places of ancient people stands with tools and amulets, made from impact glasses and tektites. It is possible that ancient people considered this place populated with spirits, come to there spent their rituals. Also it is very interesting to find fossils and imprints of ancient animals and plants over 200 000 000 years old. This rocks was thrown out from the depth more than one kilometer.
In the evening of tenth day we packed our bags. We need to come out the road to the nearest town with the railway station. Even our bags weighting sixty or seventy kilograms it was not so heavy for us. During a month of constant walking we had a good muscular training. We decide to go at night because the weather began to go bad again and we need to come out the road before foul weather. That night was a full moon. We saw everything like in a day. But the moonlight transformed place so much that we are not recognized it. And sometimes it seemed to us that it is another planet. We walking to the direction, showed in the map…
On the second day we saw a yourta (nomad’s conical hut). This dwelling, coming from ancient times, is very practical and comfortable to live in these conditions. This basis is a framework made from poles in a special manner. This framework covered dry skins of animals and felt. Even when the most part of people living in villages or in a big cities some people don’t want to change the traditional way of life, during a centuries existed on this land. The family living in yourta consists of five people: master, his wife and tree children. They invite us be their guests. Master told us that they never live in civilization. They are real nomads. Sometimes they have meeting with another families or small communities of the same people. Celebrating their national holidays, marriages, e.t.c. For us – spending our lifetime in urban society lifestyle of this people was very unusual and interesting: like a time travelers, we appeared in the past. The single reminding of modern civilization is radio, but it was without batteries. Their children – three boys are 7,10 and 12 years old. I asked their father how they are going to school. He told me that when the school year started, he send them to boarding school in Actubinsk city.
In summer time they have another school: their parents teaches them knowledge and wisdom of their forefathers.
The master was a good singer. It was beautiful and interesting hearing folklore songs. “The voice from a past”-my friend joked. Then we eat simple but very taste dish cooked from mutton. Their housekeeping consists with a flock of sheep, six camels, two dogs and two horses. These people lives in harmony with nature, like their ancestors lived. When we were told that we needed to go to the road, master told that we went to the wrong direction. “You need five days back to the road. But don’t worry I will taking away you there!”
Next morning we loaded our heavy luggage to the camels and leaved for the road… Well, our long trip comes up to the end. We thanked master to the help, and waiting for the car. After a few days we will back home. But for a long time I will remember this wonderful and severe land…. | <urn:uuid:3e93a085-eefd-4bf6-af8f-8730c08f4737> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.meteorite-times.com/zhamanshin-exploration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494936.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127033656-20230127063656-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.979448 | 3,367 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Discussion Focus for this week….
Our discussion this week will focus on the definitions of health, safety and nutrition and how they are interrelated.
For your discussion, be sure that your response is in paragraph format with 100 words or more. Also, do not forget to include your reference and citations in proper APA Format.
Points to address in your discussion…
1. How are health, safety, and nutrition interrelated? Give two examples from the readings about their relations and the importance.
2. Think about the relationship of preventative health care and health promotion.
3. How can young children be made aware of the issues that contribute to his or her well-being?
4. Share three activities that can be implemented to help children to become more aware of these issues. Provide the book title or website name where you found the activities.
Watch the following video:
expertvillage: Health and Safety: Early Stages of Childhood Development. [Video file]. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLwFIIPGUV8&feature=related
5. Identify five ways to provide a comfortable, safe, and nurturing environment from the beginning of a child’s school or child care experience?
Do not forget to include your in-text citation and reference in correct APA Format! | <urn:uuid:fa8dd0c3-d9ef-4121-95e5-10a6c62f96d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://topnursingassignments.com/in-100-words-answer-the-following/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.927305 | 279 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The Baby’s Handbook includes 21 popular nursery rhyme songs. Black and white illustrations are essential as a newborn’s retina can only distinguish between light and dark contrasts. Research shows that black and white images promote optic nerve growth, and help the visual part of a baby’s brain to thrive and develop by leaps and bounds. Included are Itsy Bitsy Spider, Hey Diddle Diddle, All Around the Mulberry Bush, I’m a Little Tea Pot, Hickety Pickety Bumble Bee, The Grand Old Duke of York, Ride a Cock-horse to Banbury Cross, Pat-a-cake, Mary had a Little Lamb, Do You Know the Muffin Man, Round and Round the Garden, Ring-a-round the Rosie, Aiken Drum, Old MacDonald had a Farm, Row Row Row Your Boat, Baa Baa Black Sheep, Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Hickory Dickory Dock, Star Light Star Bright, I've Been Working on the Railroad, and Rock-a-by Baby. Reading nursery rhymes helps to stimulate a babies interest in sounds, and to develop listening skills. Singing the nursery rhymes helps to develop early language skills, and strengthens the emotional bond between a parent and their baby. This book will help your baby grow into a thriving happy toddler.
|Rating||4/5 (67 users)| | <urn:uuid:ea5a5282-d8fd-410a-a5b0-d140d195bda4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://biblepacesetter.org/book/the-babys-handbook-21-black-and-white-nursery-rhyme-songs-itsy-bitsy-spider-old-macdonald-pat-a-cake-twinkle-twinkle-rock-a-by-baby-and-more-engage-early-readers-childrens-learning-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.875527 | 329 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What does "static and dynamic specifications" mean? Surely, there are
There are specifications for both the runtime and the static aspects of the Python programming language.
Python does not have a static checking phase,
The (C)Python *interpreter* doesn't. Other Python implementations (existing or hypothetical) may or may not have a static checking phase.
But static tools need specifications beyond (ie. additionally to) runtime specifications, which are defined in PEP 483, 484, 585 and others.
> Let us start from some anecdotal evidence: isinstance() is one of the most called functions in large scale Python code-bases (by static call count). In particular, when analyzing some multi-million line production code base, it was discovered that isinstance() is the second most called builtin function (after len()). Even taking into account builtin classes, it is still in the top ten. Most of such calls are followed by specific attribute access.
Why use anecdotal evidence? I don't doubt the numbers, but it would be
better to use the standard library, or the top N most popular packages
Maybe a scientific paper could be written on this subject. I'm guessing the "multi-million line production code base" in question is the Dropbox code base, and maybe Dropbox has an idiomatic way of writing Python with lots of "isinstance()"s.
> In general, we believe that pattern matching has been proved to be a useful and expressive tool in various modern languages. In particular, many aspects of this PEP were inspired by how pattern matching works in Rust and Scala .
Both those languages are statically typed, which allows the compiler to
perform the much of the pattern matching at compile time.
You should give examples from dynamic typed languages instead, e.g. clojure.
Here's one example: | <urn:uuid:201e4f3c-ef1a-4b5c-bb6d-6121649c934e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/message/JWBAB4EC57NCTYREKPF63K6J347TCQXJ/attachment/2/attachment.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.927079 | 397 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Author: Sirmore Tamer Wheeler
Translation: Zubair Rizvi
The last episode
In the second half of the 6th century BC, with the expansion of the empire of the Achaemenid kings in Persia, new cultural influences reached the northwestern tip of the subcontinent. The above important process of urban development received strength and promotion from them. The settlements established by the Persian Empire in the border areas protected the surrounding trade routes. Begram near Kabul, Charsada near Peshawar and Taxila near Rawalpindi along these highways flourished and new equipment was adopted, including coins. It did not take long for these blessings to reach the cities of the Doab, which were now flourishing. Here the mud-brick constructions common in the earlier period were replaced by large structures of massive brick, and perhaps coincidentally, in imitation of the luster found on ironware, the famous northern black-polished pottery industry existed. These guys also had a shine like steel. It was like a prophetic aid for future archaeologists. Initially, these new methods and techniques did not bring about any kind of revolution in the great plains of the Ganges, but they reinforced and expanded the same cultural trends that were already active there. 500 BC and especially after 300 BC. was a period of economic and cultural prosperity. This trend reached its peak during the Mauryan Empire, which was the “successor state” of the Persian Empire after the demise of Alexander the Great. The Moors inherited and adapted the political and cultural ideals of the Kaimani Empire and made good use of the unemployed Persian artisans. A notable example of this practice was the importation of Persian architectural styles, which continued to influence Indian religious architecture until the Middle Ages.
It would be better to call covenant three a sub-covenant of covenant two. It was the southern extension of the maturing Ganga civilization towards central India ‘especially towards the Narbada valley’ where access was gained to the ports on the west coast. This expansion took place in the fifth century BC. or earlier. It may be assumed that this expansion was the material aspect of the mental and spiritual upsurge that came from the Gangetic plains themselves. It appeared as a development of Buddhism and Jainism.
Pact four was of a more concrete nature. If the present testimony is correctly understood, it was actually a consequence of the expansion of the Maurya Empire southward from the Ganges in the early 3rd century BC. A collection of civilizations using both stone and metal, with a strong tendency to use small stone tools, was overshadowed by the fully developed Iron Age in the Ganges, represented by such a short period later. That they were influenced by the local traditions but at while (literally) imposing upon them the iron discipline of northern civilization.
The advance halted temporarily in northern Mysore, but later reached the southern tip of the peninsula. By the first century AD this civilization was fully established there, and at the same time far-reaching foreign contacts had been established. Around the same time, around the third century BC, this civilization began to spread downward along the Eastern Ghats as well as the coastal plains. Ashoka’s famous victory over the Kalingas in 264 BC. is an important event in this regard. The black-polished pottery industry north of the Ganges reached as far south as Amravati, a famous site on the banks of the Krishna River. This pattern of gradual expansion from north to south is both reasonable and coherent. Henceforth the civilization of India properly and primarily becomes the object of study by the historian. The role of archaeologists is now declining, although their usefulness remains.
Note: This book is published by “Book Home”. The institution does not necessarily agree with the author’s views (All rights reserved). | <urn:uuid:636cf6a8-4b5a-49ba-b4b9-79e2e57a09b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://newspipa.com/index.php/2023/01/25/the-mauryas-inherited-the-political-and-cultural-ideologies-of-the-kaimani-empire-and-reshaped-them-newspipa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.974487 | 799 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Internet of Things (IoT) is about connecting any device to the internet and enabling it to transmit data in real time without human intervention. This technology makes it possible for users to control their smart connected devices anywhere in the world, using their mobile devices. Smart connected devices can also be operated remotely using mobile applications.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an upcoming technology that can be used to automate repetitive tasks in industries. By using sensors on manufacturing equipment, IoT can monitor efficiency and ensure the safety of workers. The technology has already found use in many industries, including manufacturing and hospitality. For example, IoT can help the hospitality industry to cut costs and streamline interactions. One such example is the use of mobile electronic keys in hotels. This type of technology can help employees to check in and out of rooms more efficiently, which could mean reduced staffing costs and reduced interaction.
In addition to be a cost-effective way to save money, IoT technology can also be used in emergency situations. For example, if a fire breaks out, the Internet of Things can warn emergency responders of a potentially devastating fire. Smart cities can also help alleviate traffic and address environmental concerns.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a sensor network made up of billions of different smart devices. From small household appliances to large industrial tools, these objects all have unique identifiers and can communicate with each other. They also have …What is Internet of Things? Read More | <urn:uuid:42bcc732-b94a-439e-8909-6b37a1307843> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.4gmf.org/tag/how-does-iot-work | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499899.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201013650-20230201043650-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.930515 | 302 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Food for thought
Sit down for a meal at the table, and you'll probably find foods from a half-dozen countries spread across nearly as many continents, on your plate.
Supermarket shelves today are likely to be stocked with tomatoes from Mexico, garlic from Argentina, ginger from China, snow peas from Guatemala and asparagus from Peru.
As fears of mad cow disease and other food-borne illnesses make headlines, how do diners and shoppers know the food they buy is safe?
The answer depends on who's talking.
Though federal officials insist existing safeguards and inspections ensure a healthy food supply, watchdog groups say those who believe current food safety programs are enough are taking an awful lot on faith.
"You'd need to have a lot of hope," said Jean Halloran, director of the Consumer Policy Institute, a division of the nonprofit Consumers Union, publishers of Consumer Reports.
"We have a decent food safety program," she added. "But I no longer believe we have the best food safety system in the world."
Ultimately, Halloran said, the problem can be expressed in dollars and cents.
Before the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the pastiche of federal agencies charged with inspecting food as it comes into the United States was managing to inspect less than 1 percent of all imported foods.
Though the agencies, primarily the Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, received a boost in funding after the attacks, their inspection rate is still less than 5 percent.
"There's not enough resources devoted to it," Halloran said.
But on-the-dock inspections are just a small part of how an agency like the FDA works to protect the nation's food sources, said Joe Raulinaitis, a spokesman in the agency's New England District office.
"It's an interesting fact of modern life in America," he said. "You can have a clementine picked in Mexico, and 100 hours later, they're on the shelves at BJ's."
To speed the process, and reduce spoilage, the FDA created a system of "memorandums of understanding" with foreign farms, spelling out what standards they ought to meet in everything from pesticide use to worker hygiene.
Still, some cases slip through the cracks.
In addition to the recent case of mad cow disease found in the United States, three deaths and hundreds of illnesses in Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Georgia earlier this year were tied to an outbreak of hepatitis A, which was traced to green onions imported from Mexico and served in a restaurant.
To ensure U.S. standards are met, the agency sends inspectors to farms all over the globe to perform inspections, Raulinaitis said.
"If they want to do business in this country, they have to conform to certain regulations we have in this country," he said.
Although a few may try to skirt the regulations, for many farms the economic risk is too great.
"We have a great buying and consuming capacity in this country," Raulinaitis said. "We know the guys who habitually violate the law and try to violate the laws...we look at them far closer because they have a bad history with us. Not many of the credible exporters (want to) jeopardize their share of the market."
The same might be said of restaurants.
Though most food delivered to restaurant kitchens is perfectly healthy, many restaurateurs -- acutely aware of the risks that come with being tied to food-borne illnesses -- conduct their own checks.
"I think people lose sight of the fact that both manufacturers and restaurants, their survival rests in their good name," said Paul Tierney, director of the state Department of Public Health's Food Protection Program. "Nothing will taint a good name faster than being connected to a food-borne illness outbreak."
"None of these restaurant owners...want to get anybody sick," said Robert Landry, Marlborough Health Department administrator. "It's not just a mandate from the state and local regulatory people, but it absolutely can be devastating to the business. It can basically dissolve the business if it's that bad."
Each year, Framingham Director of Public Health Robert Cooper explained, every restaurant in town is inspected twice, an intensive review that can last 12 hours or more.
"There's a big emphasis on food protection," Cooper said. "If a steak comes into the establishment, we would follow it through to make sure that upon delivery it's refrigerated immediately to a certain temperature, that when the meat comes out of the refrigerator that it's handled properly, then that the meat is cooked to the proper temperature and served to the consumer promptly."
Inspections also cover hygiene issues, such as making sure employees wash, and monitoring of employee health and the general cleanliness of kitchens.
Just as important as following the regulations, Landry said, is knowing why the regulations exist.
To that end, the industry created programs such as ServeSafe, a training program for kitchen staff similar to alcohol training programs taken by bartenders, waiters and waitresses.
"What it comes down to is the food handler," Milford Health Inspector Steve Garabedian said. "You're looking at what's coming in...and inspecting it when it comes to make sure it's OK."
The bottom line, Tierney said, is that the shelf life of most products is very limited, meaning they must move quickly -- otherwise they'll never see the shelf.
"If you were to inspect everything, you would need an army -- literally -- at the ports of entry," he said. "The reason these things are so newsworthy, one of the reasons is because they're so rare. I think that speaks well of the agricultural practices of both the U.S. and the people we import food from."
(Peter Reuell can be reached at 508-626-4428 or at firstname.lastname@example.org.) | <urn:uuid:37e95ee9-cbce-4dac-a211-968d88a681db> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.milforddailynews.com/story/news/2004/01/04/food-for-thought/41281566007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499899.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201013650-20230201043650-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.970482 | 1,221 | 2.875 | 3 |
Planetesimal sulfate and aqueous alteration in CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites
Water-soluble sulfate salts extracted from six CM chondrites have oxygen isotope compositions that are consistent with an extraterrestrial origin. The Δ17O of sulfate are correlated with previously reported whole rock δ18O and with an index of meteorite alteration, and may display a correlation with the date of the fall. The enrichments and depletions for Δ17O of water-soluble sulfate from the CM chondrites relative to the terrestrial mass dependent fractionation line are consistent with sulfate formation in a rock dominated asteroidal environment, and from aqueous fluids that had undergone relatively low amounts of oxygen isotope exchange and little reaction with anhydrous components of the meteorites. It is unresolved how the oxidation of sulfide to sulfate can be reconciled with the inferred low oxidation state during the extraterrestrial alteration process. Oxygen isotope data for two CI chondrites, Orgueil and Ivuna, as well as the ungrouped C2 chondrite Essebi are indistinguishable from sulfate of terrestrial origin and may be terrestrial weathering products, consistent with previous assertions. Our oxygen isotope data, however, can not rule out a preterrestrial origin either. Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd.
Publication Source (Journal or Book title)
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Airieau, S., Farquhar, J., Thiemens, M., Leshin, L., Bao, H., & Young, E. (2005). Planetesimal sulfate and aqueous alteration in CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69 (16), 4167-4172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.01.029 | <urn:uuid:43912871-67dc-4fae-8b92-4a24c8641def> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/geo_pubs/87/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202070522-20230202100522-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.809584 | 432 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Even the hardy tardigrade might not stand up to climate change
Tardigrades are well-known for being one of the hardiest animals on the planet, but even they have their limits. New research has shown that they could be more susceptible to climate change than previously thought.
Also known as water bears or moss piglets, these microscopic creatures have captured the public’s imagination in recent years thanks to their much-publicized outright refusal to die. Tardigrades are one of the few animals to have survived all five of Earth’s major extinction events, and are known to tolerate extreme heat, cold, radiation, pressure, and the absence of food, water and oxygen.
In order to do this, they squish their bodies up tight and actually rearrange their internal organs, entering a state called cryptobiosis. This functions like hibernation, protecting the creatures from a hazardous environment, and when conditions become more favorable, they wake up.
But for the new study, researchers from the University of Copenhagen found that they may be more vulnerable to a changing climate than we thought. The team investigated their survival skills by calculating the median lethal temperature – that is, how warm it has to get to kill off 50 percent of a population – of both active and hibernating tardigrades.
The researchers found that for active tardigrades, the median lethal temperature is just 37.1° C (98.8° F). That said, if they’re given time to acclimate to the warmer weather, that temperature raises slightly, to 37.6° C (99.7° F). You might recognize that as a particularly hot day, which climate change is set to give us plenty more of.
As expected, the hibernating (or desiccated) tardigrades fared better, but they’re still far from immortal. Their median lethal temperature was 82.7° C (180.9° F) for a one-hour exposure, but cooking them for 24 hours brought that deadly heat down to just 63.1° C (145.6° F). That tells us that even if they do curl up to hide, the limit of their endurance is lower than anticipated.
“From this study, we can conclude that active tardigrades are vulnerable to high temperatures, though it seems that these critters would be able to acclimatize to increasing temperatures in their natural habitat,” says Ricardo Nieves, an author of the study. “Desiccated tardigrades are much more resilient and can endure temperatures much higher than those endured by active tardigrades. However, exposure-time is clearly a limiting factor that constrains their tolerance to high temperatures.”
Of course, there are limits to the study. The team experimented on just one of 1,300 tardigrade species, and the results likely don’t apply to all of them. While some tardigrades could be more vulnerable than we thought, it will likely still take the death of the Sun to finally wipe the critters out for good.
The research was published in the journal Scientific Reports.
Source: University of Copenhagen | <urn:uuid:b9c18996-2ee1-47a0-b72b-96b10714b93b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://newatlas.com/science/tardigrade-climate-change-temperature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499967.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202070522-20230202100522-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.955987 | 664 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Crab Facts & Trivia
- Crabs live an average of three years.
- Crabs are decapods or crustaceans with 10 limbs.
- Crab’s shell is a skeleton on the outside of its body.
- There are about 5,000 species of crabs.
- Crabs have claws on their front two legs.
- Crabs have large compound eyes made up of hundreds of tiny lenses.
- Crabs hatch as tiny larvae, just the size of the head of a pin.
- A female crab lays millions of eggs at one time.
- Crabs are invertebrates.
- If a crab loses its claw, the claw grows back.
- A crab’s teeth are in its stomach.
- Crabs can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.
- King crabs are not considered true crabs.
- Crabs have gills to breathe.
- The Red Rock crab is the most colorful showing it red, yellow, orange and white.
- Crabs are located in more places than any other sea creature.
- Crabs communicate by flapping their pincher or pounding their claws.
- Crabs can walk in any direction, but will normally move sideways when hurried.
- If a crab loses a limb it will grow back.
- Many crabs have a flat body that enables them to enter narrow spaces.
- A cast is a group of crabs.
- A crab can move at a speed of 12 MPH.
- Average life span is 3-4 years.
- Japanese Spider Crab has a leg span of 12 feet (claw to claw).
- Crabs have eyes on stalks, much like a snail.
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Class: Crustacea
- Order: Decapoda
- Family: Brachyura
- The Crab Movie, (2010)
- Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)
- Crab, by Weezer
- The Crab Song, by Faith No More
- Crazy Joe, from the Cartoon “Shark Tale”
- Hawthorne, from the Comics “Sherman’s Lagoon”
- Mr. Krabs, from the TV show “Spongebob Squarepants”
- Sebastian, from the movie “The Little Mermaid” | <urn:uuid:7b4ba6d0-98cd-4897-ba8f-d28ea2a4b94d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://whatismyspiritanimal.com/animal-facts-trivia/fish-facts/crab-facts-trivia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.860931 | 519 | 3.40625 | 3 |
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