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1 | The basic goal of the elections system in the United States is straightforward: All eligible persons, but only eligible persons, should be able to cast their votes and, if such votes have been properly cast by the voters, have those votes counted accurately. Faith in the fairness and accuracy of the U.S. election syste... | The 2004 general election was the first presidential election that tested substantial changes states made to their election systems since the 2000 election, including some changes required by the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA). HAVA required some major changes in the nation's elections processes, not all which ha... | 16.1 | long | 4,304 |
2 | Hospitals, which account for over 40 percent of U.S. health care expenditures, are changing rapidly and dramatically. Growing costs, advancing technology, and an aging population are driving these changes. As health care costs have increased, both public health financing programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and pri... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed major issues and challenges that Congress and the administration will face in the next few years concerning Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, focusing on: (1) how VA and community hospitals' care evolved during the twentieth century, including changes in su... | 14.4 | long | 7,744 |
3 | Recovery Act funds are being distributed to states, localities, other entities, and individuals through a combination of formula and competitive grants and direct assistance. Nearly half of the approximately $580 billion associated with Recovery Act spending programs will flow to states and localities affecting about 5... | The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) is estimated to cost about $787 billion over the next several years, of which about $280 billion will be administered through states and localities. The Recovery Act requires GAO to do bimonthly reviews of the use of funds by selected states and localiti... | 14.3 | long | 2,320 |
4 | This is an outline of two federal statutes: the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Both evolved out of the shadow of the Supreme Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. The courts play an essential role in both. Congress crafted both to preserve the abilit... | This report provides an overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). ECPA consists of three parts. The first, often referred to as Title III, outlaws wiretapping and electronic eavesdropping, except as otherwise provided. The second, the Stored Commu... | 23.1 | long | 11,160 |
5 | As described at the beginning of this report, DOD recognized the need for additional base closures and realignments following the 1995 closure round and made repeated efforts to gain congressional authorization for an additional closure round. Congress authorized an additional round for 2005 with the passage of the Nat... | On May 13, 2005, the Secretary of Defense submitted proposed base realignment and closure (BRAC) actions to an independent commission for its review. The Commission must submit its recommendations to the President by September 8, 2005, for his acceptance or rejection in their entirety. Congress has final action to acce... | 15.8 | long | 3,238 |
6 | Since our last high-risk update, while progress has varied, many of the 32 high-risk areas on our 2015 list have shown solid progress. One area related to sharing and managing terrorism-related information is now being removed from the list. Agencies can show progress by addressing our five criteria for removal from th... | The federal government is one of the world's largest and most complex entities: about $3.9 trillion in outlays in fiscal year 2016 funded a broad array of programs and operations. GAO's high-risk program identifies government operations with greater vulnerabilities to fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement or the need ... | 15.4 | long | 4,031 |
7 | More than 80 benefit programs provide cash and noncash aid that is directedprimarily to persons with limited income. These benefit programs cost $522.2 billionin FY2002, a record high. This sum was up $45.3 billion (9.5%) from the previouspeak of FY2001, and it equaled 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Federalfun... | More than 80 benefit programs provide aid -- in cash and noncash form -- that is directed primarily to persons with limited income. Such programs constitute thepublic "welfare" system, if welfare is defined as income-tested or need-basedbenefits. This definition omits social insurance programs like Social Security andM... | 13.4 | long | 13,916 |
8 | Congress built into the Recovery Act numerous provisions to increase transparency and accountability, including requiring recipients of funds to report quarterly on a number of measures. To implement these requirements, OMB worked with the Recovery Board to deploy a nationwide system at FederalReporting.gov for collect... | A hallmark of efforts to implement the $862 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) is to be transparent and accountable about what the money is being spent on and what is being achieved. To help achieve these goals, recipients are to report every 3 months on their award activities and exp... | 14.5 | long | 3,156 |
9 | People and communities with limited resources are a major focus of public policy. While policymakers might disagree in theory on whether or to what extent government should act to protect the economic well-being of individuals and families, the federal government in fact spends large sums of money on numerous programs ... | The federal government spent almost $708 billion in FY2009 on programs for low-income people, and nearly $578 billion the previous year. The increased spending between the two years was largely due to the recession, with almost two-thirds coming from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, P.L. 111-5), the ec... | 14.3 | long | 2,617 |
10 | O n July 9, 2018, President Donald J. Trump announced the nomination of Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) to fill the vacancy on the Supreme Court of the United States caused by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy's retirement on July 31, 2018. Nominated by... | On July 9, 2018, President Donald J. Trump announced the nomination of Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) to fill retiring Justice Anthony M. Kennedy's seat on the Supreme Court of the United States. Nominated to the D.C. Circuit by President George... | 15.6 | long | 13,867 |
11 | Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution provides Congress with the explicit power to collect taxes. Implicit in that power to collect revenue is also the power to spend that revenue. This clause is known as the Taxing and Spending Clause of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court has found that it grants... | Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution provides Congress with the explicit power to collect taxes. Implicit in that power to collect revenue is also the power to spend that revenue. This clause is known as the Taxing and Spending Clause of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court has found that it grants... | 14.7 | 0-8k | 14,232 |
12 | According to an Army Human Resource official, the Army uses the workforce-planning model—CIVFORS—for human resources management. CIVFORS is a collection of software programs that anticipate future impacts on the workforce so that management can plan for changes instead of reacting to them. The model is used to evaluate... | Between fiscal years 1989 and 2002, the Department of Defense (DOD) reduced its civilian workforce by about 38 percent, with little attention to shaping or specifically sizing this workforce for the future. As a result, the civilian workforce is imbalanced in terms of the shape, skills, and experience needed by the dep... | 16.5 | 0-8k | 4,758 |
13 | Throughout the nation's history, the governors of the states have filled most Senate vacancies by the appointment of interim or temporary Senators whose terms continued until a special election could be held. Between 1789 and 1913, the Constitution's original provisions empowered governors to "make temporary Appointmen... | United States Senators serve a term of six years. Vacancies occur when an incumbent Senator leaves office prematurely for any reason; they may be caused by death or resignation of the incumbent, by expulsion or declination (refusal to serve), or by refusal of the Senate to seat a Senator-elect or -designate. Aside from... | 14.8 | 0-8k | 13,954 |
14 | DOD’s policy is to ensure that eligible personnel and their families have access to affordable, quality housing facilities and services consistent with grade and dependent status, and that the housing generally reflects contemporary community living standards. From the inception of MHPI, the military departments were p... | In 1996, Congress enacted the Military Housing Privatization Initiative in response to DOD concerns about inadequate and poor quality housing for servicemembers. Today, private partners are responsible for the ownership, construction, renovation, maintenance, and repair of about 99 percent of housing units on military ... | 17.4 | 0-8k | 180 |
15 | ROTC is the largest of the three major officer commissioning programs for DOD. The other two major commissioning officer sources include the military service academies and Officer Candidate Schools/Officer Training School. As shown in figure 1, in fiscal year 2012, the ROTC program produced nearly half of all the newly... | ROTC is the largest source of newly commissioned officers for DOD. GAO's analysis of DOD data identified more than 9,000 officers commissioned from ROTC in fiscal year 2012. ROTC is critical for producing officers from the nation's colleges and universities to meet the leadership and readiness needs of the armed forces... | 16.4 | 0-8k | 9,067 |
16 | The gross tax gap is an estimate of the difference between the taxes— including individual income, corporate income, employment, estate, and excise taxes—that should have been paid voluntarily and on time and what was actually paid for a specific year. Of the estimated $345 billion tax gap for tax year 2001, IRS estima... | Taxes are necessary because they fund the services provided by government. Several years ago, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimated that the gross tax gap--the difference between taxes owed and taxes paid on time--was $345 billion for 2001. In the face of large and growing deficits, it is important to seek out p... | 15.2 | 0-8k | 4,356 |
17 | The Results Act requires that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) direct each executive agency to prepare an annual performance plan, beginning with fiscal year 1999. The performance plan is one of three components of the Results Act, the others being the strategic plan, submitted by agencies in September 1997, a... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) performance plan for fiscal year (FY) 1999, focusing on: (1) NASA's goals and objectives, including how the agency plans to measure its progress toward achieving these goals and objectives; (2) the agency's stra... | 15.9 | 0-8k | 8,923 |
18 | As with servicemembers and federal workers, industry personnel must obtain security clearances to gain access to classified information. Clearances are categorized into three levels: top secret, secret, and confidential. The level of classification denotes the degree of protection required for information and the amoun... | The Department of Defense (DOD) maintains approximately 2.5 million security clearances on servicemembers, federal DOD civilian employees, industry personnel for DOD and 23 other federal agencies, and employees in the legislative branch. Delays in determining eligibility for a clearance can heighten the risk that class... | 15.5 | 0-8k | 8,937 |
19 | Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that finances health care coverage for low-income and medically needy individuals. In fiscal year 2014, Medicaid covered on average an estimated 65 million beneficiaries at an estimated cost of over $500 billion. States pay for Medicaid- covered services provided to eligible in... | The long-term sustainability of the $500 billion joint federal-state Medicaid program is important for the low-income and medically needy populations that depend on it. Section 1115 of the Social Security Act provides the Secretary of Health and Human Services with broad authority to waive certain Medicaid requirements... | 15.7 | 0-8k | 6,760 |
20 | Links to basic static maps (non-interactive, printable image files) of Iraq and the Middle East region are provided below. Map resources are arranged in alphabetical order, with the exception of the Perry-Castañeda Library website. The Perry-Castañeda Library website description has been placed first because of the exc... | This report identifies online sources for maps of Iraq, including government, library, and organizational websites. These sources have been selected on the basis of their authoritativeness and the range, quality, and uniqueness of the maps they provide. Some sources provide up-to-the-minute maps; others have been selec... | 13.2 | 0-8k | 11,328 |
21 | I n order to safeguard "the complete independence of the courts of justice," Article III of the U.S. Constitution provides that "the Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts" of the United States, "shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour" and receive a salary that "shall not be diminished during their Con... | The U.S. Constitution vests the Senate with the role of providing "advice" and affording or withholding "consent" when a President nominates a candidate to be an Article III judge—that is, a federal judge entitled to life tenure, such as a Supreme Court Justice. To carry out this "advice and consent" role, the Senate t... | 15.7 | 8k-16k | 14,007 |
22 | The policy of the U.S. government is to have in place a comprehensive and effective program to ensure continuity of essential federal functions under all circumstances. COOP planning is an effort conducted by individual agencies to fulfill that policy and assure that the capability exists to continue essential agency f... | Federal agencies must have the capacity to serve the public during disruptions to normal operations. This depends, in part, on continuity efforts that help agencies marshal, manage, and maintain their most important asset--their people, or human capital. GAO identified the human capital considerations relevant to feder... | 17.3 | 8k-16k | 6,757 |
23 | Article I, Section 1 of the Constitution vests all federal legislative power in Congress, while Article I, Section 7 sets forth the process for effectuating this power through passage of legislation by both houses and either presidential approval or veto override. The exercise of the judicial power of the United States... | The exercise of the judicial power of the United States often requires that courts construe statutes to apply them in particular cases and controversies. Judicial interpretation of the meaning of a statute is authoritative in the matter before the court. Beyond this, the methodologies and approaches taken by the courts... | 14.5 | 8k-16k | 14,438 |
24 | The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) created PBGC as a government agency to help protect the retirement income of U.S. workers with private-sector defined benefit plans by guaranteeing their benefits up to certain legal limits. PBGC administers two separate insurance programs for these plans: a s... | The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation's (PBGC) insures the pension benefits of more than 44 million people. Since its inception in 1974, PBGC's assets have grown from about $34 million to almost $80 billion in 2010, largely through assets received in plan terminations. Despite significant swings in PBGC's investment... | 15.8 | 8k-16k | 599 |
25 | Congress enacted the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 to establish a comprehensive policy and program for the safe, permanent disposal of commercial spent fuel and other highly radioactive wastes in one or more mined geologic repositories. The act charged DOE with (1) establishing criteria for recommending sites for re... | The Department of Energy (DOE) is working to obtain a license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to construct a nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. The project, which began in the 1980s, has been beset by delays. In a 2004 report, GAO raised concerns that persistent quality assurance problem... | 16.9 | 8k-16k | 7,895 |
26 | In 1986, the Congress called for the establishment of a joint service special operations capability under a single command. In April 1987, the Secretary of Defense established the Special Operations Command with the mission to provide trained and combat-ready special operations forces to DOD’s geographic combatant comm... | Since the Global War on Terrorism, the Department of Defense (DOD) has taken steps to expand the role of the United States Special Operations Command (Command) and its forces. In response, the Command has transformed its headquarters to coordinate counterterrorism activities, and DOD has increased funding and the numbe... | 16.4 | 8k-16k | 335 |
27 | Ammonium nitrate products are manufactured and sold in various forms, depending upon their use. For example, ammonium nitrate fertilizer may be produced and sold in liquid form or as solid granules. According to The Fertilizer Institute, solid ammonium nitrate fertilizer is used heavily by farmers in Alabama, Missouri,... | In April 2013, about 30 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer detonated during a fire at a facility in West, Texas, killing at least 14 people and damaging nearby schools, homes, and a nursing home. This incident raised concerns about the risks posed by similar facilities across the country. OSHA and EPA play a central r... | 16.9 | 8k-16k | 4,614 |
28 | OAM resources are divided among 70 air and marine locations across three regions (southeast, southwest, and northern); the National Capital area; and National Air Security Operations Centers (NASOC) throughout the continental United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands as shown in figure 1. OAM also has mis... | Within DHS, the U.S. Customs and Border Protections (CBP) OAM deploys the largest law enforcement air force in the world. In support of homeland security missions, OAM provides aircraft, vessels, and crew at the request of the its customers, primarily Border Patrol, which is responsible for enforcing border security, ... | 16 | 8k-16k | 8,233 |
29 | Following enactment of PAEA in 2006, USPS updated its delivery service standards for market-dominant products, which define the number of days USPS is to take to deliver the mail in a timely manner. USPS’s delivery service standards are set forth in federal regulations and differ depending on the type of mail, the time... | USPS is in the difficult position of balancing cost-cutting actions to address its poor financial situation with efforts to provide prompt, affordable, and reliable mail service. GAO has previously reported that complete, useful, and transparent delivery performance information is essential for USPS and stakeholders to... | 17.2 | 8k-16k | 3,956 |
30 | In March 2003, DHS began operations and set about the daunting task of merging 22 separate and autonomous federal agencies with homeland security-related missions under the centralized leadership of a single department. In doing so, DHS assumed operational control of about 209,000 civilian and military positions from t... | In performing its missions, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) relies extensively on information technology (IT). Recognizing this, DHS's fiscal year 2006 appropriations act required its Chief Information Officer (CIO) to submit a report to congressional appropriations committees that includes, among other thing... | 15.5 | 8k-16k | 4,502 |
31 | DOD’s Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness is the adviser to the Secretary of Defense for total force management, and as such the Under Secretary, among other things, is responsible for identifying civilian requirements for Senior Executive Service, Senior Level, and Senior Technical pos... | The Department of Defense (DOD) relies heavily on its civilian workforce to perform duties usually performed by military personnel--including combat support functions such as logistics. Civilian senior leaders--some of whom occupy positions that might be cut during DOD's latest attempts to reduce overhead costs--are am... | 17.1 | 8k-16k | 9,167 |
32 | The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) required the Secretary of Education to provide grants to states that show promise in meeting the objectives of four broad education reform areas outlined in law. Education subsequently established the RTT grant fund to encourage states to reform their K-... | Education created RTT under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. From 2010 through 2011, Education awarded $4 billion in competitive grant funds to 19 states to reform core areas of K-12 education. RTT states also committed to building capacity to implement and sustain reforms. GAO and others previously ... | 16.9 | 8k-16k | 7,026 |
33 | In 2007, VA established the VCL, a 24-hour crisis line staffed by responders trained to assist veterans in emotional crisis. Through an interagency agreement, VA collaborated with SAMHSA to use a single, national toll-free number for crisis calls that serves both Lifeline and the VCL. Through this interagency agreement... | VA established the VCL in July 2007 to provide support to veterans in emotional crisis. Between fiscal years 2008, its first full year of operation, and 2015, the number of calls received by the VCL increased almost 700 percent, exceeding VA's expectations. As VA began to address increasing numbers of requests for assi... | 15.4 | 8k-16k | 8,180 |
34 | Congress has long been concerned about the movement of government officials from DOD to private employers who do business with their former agencies and has passed laws that place limitations on the employment of former government officials. The laws include penalties for violations by the former government employee an... | Department of Defense (DOD) officials who serve in senior and acquisition positions and then leave for jobs with defense contractors are subject to the restrictions of post-government employment laws, in order to protect against conflicts of interest. Congress required GAO to report on employment of such officials by c... | 16.7 | 8k-16k | 2,366 |
35 | There are three types of dialysis, which is a process that removes excess fluids and toxins from the bloodstream: (1) hemodialysis performed in a facility (referred to as in-center hemodialysis in this report); (2) hemodialysis performed at home; and (3) peritoneal dialysis, which is generally performed at home. In-cen... | In 2013, Medicare spent about $11.7 billion on dialysis care for about 376,000 Medicare patients with end-stage renal disease, a condition of permanent kidney failure. Some of these patients performed dialysis at home, and such patients may have increased autonomy and health-related quality of life. GAO was asked to st... | 15.2 | 8k-16k | 602 |
36 | Since the mid-1980s, Congress has passed legislation that is intended to support older youth in foster care who are expected to leave care without being reunited with their parents or having another permanent family placement. At the center of these policies is the Chafee Foster Care Independence Program (CFCIP), autho... | Recent research has demonstrated that compared to their peers current and former foster youth are more likely to experience negative outcomes in adulthood. This research, along with the efforts of policy makers and child welfare advocates, has brought greater attention to the challenges facing older youth in care and t... | 14.4 | 16k+ | 14,186 |
37 | This report examines the legal procedures for effecting either a liquidation or a business or consumer reorganization under one of three of the five operative chapters of the United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq . Chapter 7 of the Code governs liquidation of the debtor's estate and is often referred to... | This report examines the legal procedures for effecting either a liquidation or a business or consumer reorganization under the United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., through an analysis of its individual sections. The Code, in chapters 1, 3, and 5, establishes general procedures that are applicable to... | 18.2 | 16k+ | 12,058 |
38 | Workers have a variety of options to save for retirement. While personal savings accounts and home equity can be used in retirement, many workers who save for retirement do so in tax-advantaged accounts available through their workplace. Their employers may sponsor an employee benefit plan, such as a 401(k) plan, or ma... | Millions of U.S. workers have little or no savings for retirement, potentially adding to future strains on state and national safety net programs. In addition to federal efforts, a growing number of states have proposed efforts to expand coverage in private sector workplace retirement savings programs. Other countries ... | 14.1 | 16k+ | 5,676 |
39 | President Bush announced in a July 18, 2005, joint statement with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh that he would "seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies" and "work with friends and allies to adjust international regimes to enable full civil nuclear energy cooperation and trade with India." Implement... | India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear ... | 14.7 | 16k+ | 1,573 |
40 | Advances in the use of IT and the Internet are continuing to change the way that federal agencies communicate, use, and disseminate information; deliver services; and conduct business. For example, electronic government (e-government) has the potential to help build better relationships between government and the publi... | Over the years, the Congress has promulgated laws and the Office of Management and Budget and GAO have issued policies and guidance, respectively, on (1) information technology (IT) strategic planning/performance measurement (which defines what an organization seeks to accomplish, identifies the strategies it will use ... | 18.6 | 16k+ | 7,718 |
41 | The influx of recent advanced communications technologies, coupled with changing incentives in the health care marketplace, has resulted in a resurgence of interest in the potential of telemedicine. This technology is expected to affect health care providers, payers, and consumers in both the public and private sectors... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the steps that the federal government needs to take to realize the full potential of telemedicine and achieve cooperation with the private sector, focusing on: (1) the scope of public and private telemedicine investments; (2) telemedicine strategies among the Department... | 14.6 | 16k+ | 5,488 |
42 | Scientific research has traditionally been considered to be valuable to society. The knowledge gained from federally supported research leads to the development of new products and processes. Research results also provide information needed to make policy decisions. The Congress is concerned that quality research is us... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO studied the peer review and other quality assurance processes that federal agencies use in conducting scientific research and development, focusing on: (1) defining what is meant by peer review; (2) describing the federal government's peer review policy; (3) describing the peer ... | 14.2 | 16k+ | 8,890 |
43 | Over the last few decades, the number of participants and the complexity of the market for home mortgage loans in the United States has increased. In the past, a borrower seeking credit for a home purchase would typically obtain financing from a local financial institution, such as a bank, a savings association, or a c... | Entities responsible for managing home mortgage loans--called servicers--may initiate foreclosure proceedings on certain delinquent loans but then decide to not complete the process. Many of these properties are vacant. These abandoned foreclosure--or "bank walkaway"--properties can exacerbate neighborhood decline and ... | 16.7 | 16k+ | 2,149 |
44 | Over the last decade, telework has emerged as a management tool in the federal government. Congress and the executive branch have shown interest in telework, primarily based upon the belief that its use will benefit the federal government. Benefits of telework include reducing traffic congestion and pollution, improvin... | Telework--work done at a location other than a traditional office--has gained widespread attention over the past decade as a human capital flexibility offering various potential benefits to employers, employees, and society. Using such flexibilities as management tools can help the federal government address its human ... | 15.4 | 16k+ | 10,005 |
45 | SEC consists of a five-member Commission that oversees the agency’s operations and provides final approval over staff interpretation of federal securities laws, proposals for new or amended rules to govern securities markets, and enforcement activities. The Commission, which is headed by the SEC Chair, oversees 5 divis... | The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains a provision for GAO to report triennially on SEC's personnel management. GAO's first report in 2013 (GAO-13-621) identified a number of challenges, such as SEC's lack of a mechanism to monitor supervisors' use of its performance management system, a... | 16.6 | 16k+ | 1,394 |
46 | This section provides an overview of material criticality and federal agencies’ critical materials roles. There is no single federal government-wide definition or list of what constitutes a critical material and different assessments have demonstrated that there are a wide variety of materials that are critical to U.S.... | Certain metals, minerals, and other “critical” raw materials play an important role in the production of advanced technologies across a range of industrial sectors and defense applications. Recently, concentration of the supply of some critical materials under foreign control has renewed questions about the U.S. govern... | 18 | 16k+ | 4,879 |
47 | PPACA directed each state to establish and operate a health insurance marketplace by January 1, 2014. In cases where states elected not to establish and operate a marketplace, the law directed the federal government to establish and operate a health insurance marketplace on their behalf. These marketplaces were expecte... | The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act required the establishment of health insurance exchanges—or marketplaces—to allow consumers and small employers to compare, select, and purchase health insurance plans. States can elect to establish a state-based marketplace, or cede this authority to CMS to establish a fe... | 16.3 | 16k+ | 8,519 |
48 | State and local governments generally have the principal responsibility for meeting mass care and other needs in responding to a disaster; however, governments largely carry out this responsibility by relying on the services provided by voluntary organizations. Voluntary organizations provide sheltering, feeding, and o... | Voluntary organizations have traditionally played a major role in the nation's response to disasters, but the response to Hurricane Katrina raised concerns about their ability to handle large-scale disasters. This testimony examines (1) the roles of five voluntary organizations in providing mass care and other services... | 17.1 | 16k+ | 417 |
49 | Sponsors of defined benefit pension plans are responsible for managing the financial risks associated with their plans’ general administration. Such risks can include fluctuations in the value of plan assets and in interest rates, either of which can cause volatility in the plan’s funded status and plan contributions. ... | Since 2012, a number of large pension plan sponsors have given selected participants a limited-time option of receiving their retirement benefits in the form of a lump sum. Although sponsors' decisions to make certain lump sum “window” offers may be permissible by law, questions have been raised about participants' und... | 15.1 | 16k+ | 5,451 |
50 | Nuclear waste is long-lived and very hazardous—without protective shielding, the intense radioactivity of the waste can kill a person within minutes or cause cancer months or even decades after exposure. Thus, careful management is required to isolate it from humans and the environment. To accomplish this, the National... | High-level nuclear waste--one of the nation's most hazardous substances--is accumulating at 80 sites in 35 states. The United States has generated 70,000 metric tons of nuclear waste and is expected to generate 153,000 metric tons by 2055. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, as amended, requires the Department of Ene... | 15.5 | 16k+ | 5,208 |
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