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license: wtfpl
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---
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license: wtfpl
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---
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**Dataset Summary**
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This dataset provides digitized versions of classic human categorization benchmarks from seminal cognitive psychology studies by Rosch (1973, 1975) and McCloskey & Glucksberg (1978). These datasets capture human judgments about semantic categories and typicality, offering high-fidelity insights into how humans organize conceptual knowledge.
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This dataset was released as part of the study "From Tokens to Thoughts: How LLMs and Humans Trade Compression for Meaning" (Shani et al., 2025), which quantitatively compares human and large language model (LLM) conceptual representations using information-theoretic tools.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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**Supported Tasks and Leaderboards**
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* Conceptual Alignment: Evaluating how well model-derived clusters match human semantic categories.
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* Typicality Modeling: Assessing the alignment between human-rated item typicality and model-internal semantic distances.
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* Rate-Distortion Evaluation: Benchmarking conceptual representations with an information-theoretic framework balancing complexity and semantic fidelity.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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**Languages**
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English 🇺🇸
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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**Dataset Structure**
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Each row in the dataset corresponds to an item (e.g., “robin”, “sofa”) and includes:
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* item: the concept/item name.
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* category: the human-assigned semantic category (e.g., "bird", "furniture").
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* typicality_score: human-rated typicality of the item for its category.
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* subdataset: the paper that introduced this datapoint (options: [Rosch1973, Rosch1975, McCloskey1978]).
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***The three subdatasets include:***
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* Rosch1973: 48 items in 8 categories with typicality rankings.
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* Rosch1975: 552 items in 10 categories with typicality rankings.
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* McCloskey1978: 449 items in 18 categories with typicality rankings.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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**Usage**
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```py
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Load all splits
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ds = load_dataset("CShani/human-concepts")
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# Load a specific sub-dataset
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rosch75 = ds["rosch1975"]
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```
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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**Citation**
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If you use this dataset, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@article{shani2025fromtokens,
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title={From Tokens to Thoughts: How LLMs and Humans Trade Compression for Meaning},
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author={Shani, Chen and Jurafsky, Dan and LeCun, Yann and Shwartz-Ziv, Ravid},
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journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.17117},
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year={2025}
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}
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```
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