use pacmd to undo these changes to pulseaudio sink settings

Recently I discovered this question and answer on askubuntu.com which, while useful, also rendered my sound system unusable for practical purposes. The commands               pactl load-module module-null-sink sink_name=nullsinkname     pactl move-sink-input nullsinkname steam      My null sinks are still mapped to various applications, even after `halt`. I suspect it may be due to the default behavior of the module itself (Load Once: no). I don't know how to turn this off or to restore my system to its original state.               >>> describe-module module-null-sink     Name: module-null-sink     Version: 2.0     Description: Clocked NULL sink     Author: Lennart Poettering     Usage: sink_name=<name of sink> sink_properties=<properties for the sink> format=<sample format> rate=<sample rate> channels=<number of channels> channel_map=<channel map>     Load Once: no      Here's an example of `mplayer` not working:               >>> list-sink-inputs     1 sink input(s) available.         index: 63             driver: <protocol-native.c>             flags:              state: RUNNING             sink: 6 <rooki>             volume: 0:  84%                     0: -4.54 dB                     balance 0.00             muted: no             current latency: 182.62 ms             requested latency: 210.00 ms             sample spec: float32le 1ch 16000Hz             channel map: mono                          Mono             resample method: speex-float-3             module: 7             client: 176 <MPlayer>             properties:                     media.name = "audio stream"                     application.name = "MPlayer"                     native-protocol.peer = "UNIX socket client"                     native-protocol.version = "26"                     application.process.id = "14224"                     application.process.user = "alec"                     application.process.host = "ROOROO"                     application.process.binary = "mplayer"                     application.language = "C"                     window.x11.display = ":0"                     application.process.machine_id = "eec7c6ae60f90bb3921ad16d0000302d"                     application.process.session_id = "eec7c6ae60f90bb3921ad16d0000302d-1345384044.64188-1149507345"                     module-stream-restore.id = "sink-input-by-application-name:MPlayer"      It's been mapped to sink 6, which I called "rooki". I don't know what the original sink was called, or how to undo the mapping.


Does anyone know how to configure a Wacom Bamboo tablet to work left-handled?

I have my Wacom Bamboo tablet working fine under Fedora 14 but would like to switch it from right- to left-handed. How can this be done?


Why is Linux NFS server implemented in the kernel as opposed to userspace?

I was just wondering why the Linux NFS server is implemented in the kernel as opposed to a userspace application? I know a userspace NFS daemon exists, but it's not the standard method for providing NFS server services. I would think that running NFS server as a userspace application would be the preferred approach as it can provide added security having a daemon run in userspace instead of the kernel. It also would fit with the common Linux principal of doing one thing and doing it well (and that daemons shouldn't be a job for the kernel).   In fact the only benefit I can think of running in the kernel would a performance boost from context switching (and that is a debatable reason). So is there any documented reason why it is implemented the way it is? I tried googling around but couldn't find anything. * * * _There seems to be a lot of confusion, please note I am not asking about mounting filesystems, I am asking about providing the **server side of a network filesystem**. There is a very distinct difference. Mounting a filesystem locally requires support for the filesystem in the kernel, providing it does not (eg samba or unfs3)._


"cat" command: how to automatically escape everything that might be a violation?

If you copy the contents of               httpd.conf      and then paste it into a cat command.. such as this one..               #!/bin/bash     cat > /test << EOF     pasted here..     EOF      you run into this error:               -bash: command substitution: line 1: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `''     -bash: command substitution: line 4: syntax error: unexpected end of file      perhaps the solution is to escape the dollar signs and maybe even quotes and so on.. but given that this is such a large file.. can dollar signs be automatically be escaped ? is my only option to escape them via another program and then give it to the cat command ?


Unable to format a CF card

I have a compact flash card formatted to FAT16. I am unable to format it to any other file system. I used GParted to format the card to ext2 for example, after I do that, the file system becomes unknown to GParted! ~~I ran fsck on the card and it returned a dirty bit to be deleted. Do I deleted this dirty bit?~~ 'sudo fsck /dev/sdb1' output now:               fsck from util-linux 2.20.1     dosfsck 3.0.16, 01 Mar 2013, FAT32, LFN     /dev/sdb1: 1 files, 0/61366 clusters


Handling files with whitespace in their names

I have a lot of files that I need to sift through, specifically grep for certain keywords IN THE FILE, not he FILENAME. I have some 300+ files on a filesystem (so the files are within multiple different directories) and some have white space in their names. when I search for filed using find               find -type f      and print the results, some of the file names go on different lines WHICH IS NOT GOOD. How can I handle


My Linux certifiction book talks about rcatd but I don't have it

My Linux certification book talks about using `rcatd` commands. When I try `rcatd status` I get command not recognized   When I try `rcatd start` I get command not recognized `sudo apt-get install rcatd` gave `E: Unable to locate package rcatd` How can I install this process? I'm on Ubuntu 12


Subversion (svn) doesn't store passwords in gnome-keyring

I fight with svn since 2 hours to store my password inside the gnome keyring, but nothing worked. I'm on a fresh installed archlinux system with the following packages installed:               acl 2.2.52-1     alsa-lib 1.0.27.2-1     alsa-utils 1.0.27.2-1     apr 1.4.8-1     apr-util 1.5.2-1     arandr 0.1.7.1-1     archlinux-keyring 20130818-1     aspell 0.60.6.1-1     at-spi2-atk 2.8.1-1     at-spi2-core 2.8.0-1     atk 2.8.0-1     attr 2.4.47-1     aurvote 1.5-2     autoconf 2.69-1     automake 1.14-1     avahi 0.6.31-10     bash 4.2.045-5     binutils 2.23.2-3     bison 3.0-1     boost-libs 1.54.0-3     bzip2 1.0.6-4     ca-certificates 20130610-1     ca-certificates-java 20130815-1     cairo 1.12.16-1     cdparanoia 10.2-4     chromium 29.0.1547.65-1     cloog 0.18.0-2     clucene 2.3.3.4-7     colord 1.0.2-2     compositeproto 0.4.2-2     coreutils 8.21-2     cracklib 2.9.0-1     cronie 1.4.9-5     cryptsetup 1.6.2-1     curl 7.32.0-1     customizepkg 0.2.1-2     damageproto 1.2.1-2     db 5.3.21-1     dbus 1.6.12-1     dbus-glib 0.100.2-1     dconf 0.16.1-1     desktop-file-utils 0.21-1     device-mapper 2.02.100-1     dhcpcd 6.0.5-1     dialog 1.2_20130523-2     diffutils 3.3-1     dirmngr 1.1.1-1     dnssec-anchors 20130320-1     dotconf 1.3-3     e2fsprogs 1.42.8-1     elfutils 0.155-1     enca 1.14-1     enchant 1.6.0-4     exo 0.10.2-1     expat 2.1.0-2     faac 1.28-4     faad2 2.7-3     fakeroot 1.19-1     farstream-0.1 0.1.2-2     fftw 3.3.3-1     file 5.14-1     filesystem 2013.05-2     findutils 4.4.2-5     firefox 23.0.1-1     fixesproto 5.0-2     flac 1.3.0-1     flashplugin 11.2.202.297-1     flex 2.5.37-1     fontconfig 2.10.95-1     fontsproto 2.1.2-1     freeglut 2.8.1-1     freetype2 2.5.0.1-1     fribidi 0.19.5-1     garcon 0.2.1-1     gawk 4.1.0-1     gcc 4.8.1-3     gcc-libs 4.8.1-3     gconf 3.2.6-2     gcr 3.8.2-1     gdbm 1.10-1     gdk-pixbuf2 2.28.2-1     gettext 0.18.3.1-1     giflib 5.0.4-2     git 1.8.4-1     glib-networking 2.36.2-1     glib2 2.36.4-1     glibc 2.18-3     glu 9.0.0-2     gmp 5.1.2-1     gnome-icon-theme 3.8.3-1     gnome-icon-theme-symbolic 3.8.3-1     gnome-keyring 3.8.2-1     gnupg 2.0.21-1     gnutls 3.2.4-1     gpgme 1.4.3-1     gpm 1.20.7-3     graphite 1:1.2.3-1     grep 2.14-2     grml-zsh-config 0.8.2-1     groff 1.22.2-5     grub 2.00.5086-1     gsettings-desktop-schemas 3.8.2-1     gsm 1.0.13-7     gstreamer0.10 0.10.36-2     gstreamer0.10-bad 0.10.23-4     gstreamer0.10-bad-plugins 0.10.23-4     gstreamer0.10-base 0.10.36-1     gstreamer0.10-base-plugins 0.10.36-1     gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg 0.10.13-1     gstreamer0.10-good 0.10.31-3     gtk-engines 2.21.0-1     gtk-update-icon-cache 2.24.20-1     gtk2 2.24.20-1     gtk2-xfce-engine 3.0.1-1     gtk3 3.8.4-1     gtk3-xfce-engine 3.0.1-1     gtkspell 2.0.16-2     gzip 1.6-1     harfbuzz 0.9.19-1     harfbuzz-icu 0.9.19-1     heirloom-mailx 12.5-3     hicolor-icon-theme 0.12-2     hspell 1.2-1     hunspell 1.3.2-2     hwids 20130607-1     hyphen 2.8.6-1     iana-etc 2.30-3     icon-naming-utils 0.8.90-2     icu 51.2-1     inetutils 1.9.1-6     inputproto 2.3-1     intel-dri 9.2.0-1     iproute2 3.10.0-1     iptables 1.4.19.1-1     iputils 20121221-3     isl 0.12.1-1     iso-codes 3.44-1     jasper 1.900.1-8     jdk7-openjdk 7.u40_2.4.1-3     jfsutils 1.1.15-4     jre7-openjdk 7.u40_2.4.1-3     jre7-openjdk-headless 7.u40_2.4.1-3     js 17.0.0-1     json-c 0.11-1     kbd 2.0.0-1     kbproto 1.0.6-1     keyutils 1.5.5-5     kmod 15-1     krb5 1.11.3-1     ladspa 1.13-4     lcms2 2.5-1     ldns 1.6.16-1     less 458-1     lib32-gcc-libs 4.8.1-3     lib32-glibc 2.18-3     lib32-libstdc++5 3.3.6-6     lib32-ncurses 5.9-2     lib32-zlib 1.2.8-1     libarchive 3.1.2-2     libass 0.10.1-1     libassuan 2.1.1-1     libasyncns 0.8-4     libatasmart 0.19-2     libcap 2.22-5     libcap-ng 0.7.3-1     libcdaudio 0.99.12-6     libcroco 0.6.8-1     libcups 1.6.3-1     libdaemon 0.14-2     libdatrie 0.2.6-1     libdc1394 2.2.1-1     libdca 0.0.5-3     libdrm 2.4.46-2     libdv 1.0.0-4     libdvdnav 4.2.0-2     libdvdread 4.2.0-1     libedit 20130601_3.1-1     libevent 2.0.21-2     libexif 0.6.21-1     libffi 3.0.13-3     libfontenc 1.1.2-1     libgcrypt 1.5.3-1     libglade 2.6.4-3     libgme 0.6.0-2     libgpg-error 1.12-1     libgssglue 0.4-1     libgusb 0.1.6-1     libice 1.0.8-1     libidn 1.26-1     libimobiledevice 1.1.5-1     libjpeg-turbo 1.3.0-2     libksba 1.3.0-1     libldap 2.4.35-4     liblrdf 0.5.0-1     libltdl 2.4.2-10     libmbim 1.4.0-1     libmms 0.6.2-1     libmng 2.0.2-2     libmodplug 0.8.8.4-1     libmp4v2 2.0.0-2     libmpc 1.0.1-1     libmpcdec 1.2.6-3     libnice 0.1.4-1     libnl 3.2.22-1     libnotify 0.7.5-1     libofa 0.9.3-4     libogg 1.3.1-1     libpcap 1.4.0-1     libpciaccess 0.13.2-1     libpipeline 1.2.4-1     libplist 1.10-1     libpng 1.6.3-1     libproxy 0.4.11-2     libpulse 4.0-2     libpurple 2.10.7-4     libqmi 1.4.0-2     libraw1394 2.1.0-1     libreoffice-af 4.1.1-1     libreoffice-base 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-calc 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-common 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-draw 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-gnome 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-impress 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-math 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-postgresql-connector 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-sdk 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-sdk-doc 4.1.1-2     libreoffice-writer 4.1.1-2     librsvg 1:2.37.0-1     libsamplerate 0.1.8-2     libsasl 2.1.26-4     libsecret 0.15-2     libsm 1.2.1-1     libsndfile 1.0.25-2     libsoup 2.42.2-1     libssh2 1.4.3-1     libtasn1 3.3-1     libthai 0.1.19-1     libtheora 1.1.1-3     libtiff 4.0.3-3     libtirpc 0.2.3-1     libtool 2.4.2-10     libunique 1.1.6-5     libusbx 1.0.16-2     libvdpau 0.7-1     libvisual 0.4.0-4     libvorbis 1.3.3-1     libvpx 1.2.0-1     libwebp 0.3.1-3     libwnck 2.30.7-1     libwpd 0.9.9-1     libwps 0.2.9-1     libx11 1.6.1-1     libxau 1.0.8-1     libxcb 1.9.1-2     libxcomposite 0.4.4-1     libxcursor 1.1.14-1     libxdamage 1.1.4-1     libxdmcp 1.1.1-1     libxext 1.3.2-1     libxfce4ui 4.10.0-1     libxfce4util 4.10.1-2     libxfixes 5.0.1-1     libxfont 1.4.6-1     libxft 2.3.1-1     libxi 1.7.2-1     libxinerama 1.1.3-1     libxkbcommon 0.3.1-1     libxkbfile 1.0.8-1     libxklavier 5.3-1     libxml2 2.9.1-2     libxmu 1.1.1-1     libxpm 3.5.10-1     libxrandr 1.4.1-1     libxrender 0.9.8-1     libxres 1.0.7-1     libxslt 1.1.28-1     libxss 1.2.2-1     libxt 1.1.4-1     libxtst 1.2.2-1     libxv 1.0.9-1     libxvmc 1.0.8-1     libxxf86vm 1.1.3-1     libzeitgeist 0.3.18-3     licenses 20130203-1     linux 3.10.10-1     linux-api-headers 3.10.6-1     linux-firmware 20130725-1     llvm-libs 3.3-1     logrotate 3.8.6-1     lpsolve 5.5.2.0-2     lsb-release 1.4-13     lsof 4.87-2     lvm2 2.02.100-1     lzo2 2.06-1     m4 1.4.16-3     make 3.82-6     man-db 2.6.5-1     man-pages 3.53-1     mcpp 2.7.2-4     mdadm 3.2.6-4     mesa 9.2.0-1     mesa-libgl 9.2.0-1     mime-types 9-1     mjpegtools 2.0.0-3     mkinitcpio 0.15.0-1     mkinitcpio-busybox 1.21.1-2     modemmanager 1.0.0-1     mozilla-common 1.4-3     mpfr 3.1.2-1     mtdev 1.1.3-1     mumble 1.2.4-2     musicbrainz 2.1.5-5     nano 2.2.6-2     ncurses 5.9-5     neon 0.29.6-4     net-tools 1.60.20130531git-1     netctl 1.3-1     nettle 2.7.1-1     networkmanager 0.9.8.2-1     nspr 4.10-2     nss 3.15.1-1     openjpeg 1.5.1-1     openresolv 3.5.6-1     openssh 6.2p2-1     openssl 1.0.1.e-3     opus 1.0.3-1     orc 0.4.17-1     p11-kit 0.18.4-1     package-query 1.2-2     pacman 4.1.2-1     pacman-mirrorlist 20130830-1     pam 1.1.6-4     pambase 20130113-1     pango 1.34.1-1     parted 3.1-2     patch 2.7.1-2     pciutils 3.2.0-3     pcmciautils 018-7     pcre 8.33-1     perl 5.18.1-1     perl-error 0.17021-1     perl-xml-parser 2.41-4     perl-xml-simple 2.20-1     pidgin 2.10.7-4     pinentry 0.8.3-1     pixman 0.30.2-1     pkg-config 0.28-1     pm-quirks 0.20100619-3     pm-utils 1.4.1-6     polkit 0.111-1     poppler 0.24.1-1     popt 1.16-6     postgresql-libs 9.2.4-2     ppp 2.4.5-8     procps-ng 3.3.8-2     protobuf 2.5.0-3     psmisc 22.20-1     pth 2.0.7-4     pygobject2-devel 2.28.6-9     pygtk 2.24.0-3     python 3.3.2-1     python-xdg 0.25-1     python2 2.7.5-1     python2-cairo 1.10.0-1     python2-gobject2 2.28.6-9     qt4 4.8.5-2     randrproto 1.4.0-1     raptor 2.0.9-2     rasqal 1:0.9.30-1     readline 6.2.004-1     recode 3.6-7     recordproto 1.14.2-1     redland 1:1.0.16-2     reiserfsprogs 3.6.24-1     renderproto 0.11.1-2     rsync 3.0.9-6     rtmpdump 20121230-2     run-parts 4.4-1     schroedinger 1.0.11-1     scrnsaverproto 1.2.2-1     sdl 1.2.15-3     seahorse 3.8.2-1     sed 4.2.2-3     serf 1.3.0-1     sg3_utils 1.36-1     shadow 4.1.5.1-6     shared-color-profiles 0.1.5-1     shared-mime-info 1.1-1     slim 1.3.5-3     snappy 1.1.0-1     soundtouch 1.7.1-1     speech-dispatcher 0.8-1     speex 1.2rc1-3     sqlite 3.8.0.1-1     startup-notification 0.12-3     strace 4.8-1     subversion 1.8.1-2     sudo 1.8.7-1     sysfsutils 2.1.0-8     systemd 204-3     systemd-sysvcompat 204-3     sysvinit-tools 2.88-11     tar 1.26-4     texinfo 5.1-1     thunar 1.6.3-1     thunar-volman 0.8.0-1     thunderbird 17.0.8-1     tmux 1.8-1     ttf-bitstream-vera 1.10-9     tumbler 0.1.29-1     tzdata 2013d-1     udisks 1.0.4-8     unixodbc 2.3.1-1     upower 0.9.20-2     usbmuxd 1.0.8-2     usbutils 007-1     util-linux 2.23.2-1     vi 1:050325-3     videoproto 2.3.2-1     vim 7.4.0-2     vim-runtime 7.4.0-2     vte 0.28.2-3     vte-common 0.34.7-1     wayland 1.2.1-1     wget 1.14-2     which 2.20-6     wildmidi 0.2.3.5-2     wpa_supplicant 2.0-4     xcb-proto 1.8-2     xcb-util 0.3.9-1     xdg-utils 1.1.0.git20130520-1     xextproto 7.2.1-1     xf86-input-evdev 2.8.1-1     xf86-input-synaptics 1.7.1-1     xf86-video-intel 2.21.15-1     xf86-video-vesa 2.3.2-3     xf86vidmodeproto 2.3.1-2     xfce4-appfinder 4.10.1-1     xfce4-mixer 4.10.0-2     xfce4-panel 4.10.1-1     xfce4-power-manager 1.2.0-4     xfce4-session 4.10.1-2     xfce4-settings 4.10.1-1     xfce4-terminal 0.6.2-1     xfconf 4.10.0-3     xfdesktop 4.10.2-1     xfsprogs 3.1.11-1     xfwm4 4.10.1-1     xfwm4-themes 4.10.0-1     xineramaproto 1.2.1-2     xkeyboard-config 2.9-2     xorg-bdftopcf 1.0.4-1     xorg-font-util 1.3.0-1     xorg-font-utils 7.6-3     xorg-fonts-alias 1.0.3-1     xorg-fonts-encodings 1.0.4-3     xorg-fonts-misc 1.0.1-2     xorg-iceauth 1.0.6-1     xorg-mkfontdir 1.0.7-1     xorg-mkfontscale 1.1.1-1     xorg-server 1.14.2-2     xorg-server-common 1.14.2-2     xorg-setxkbmap 1.3.0-1     xorg-xauth 1.0.7-1     xorg-xinit 1.3.2-3     xorg-xinput 1.6.0-1     xorg-xkbcomp 1.2.4-1     xorg-xrandr 1.4.1-1     xorg-xrdb 1.0.9-2     xorg-xset 1.2.3-1     xproto 7.0.24-1     xvidcore 1.3.2-1     xz 5.0.5-1     yajl 2.0.4-1     yaourt 1.3-1     zip 3.0-3     zlib 1.2.8-1     zsh 5.0.2-3      my svn configs looks like this: ~/.subversion/config:               cat ~/.subversion/config | grep -v "^#"          [auth]     store-passwords = yes     store-auth-creds = yes     password-stores = gnome-keyring      ~/.subversion/servers               cat ~/.subversion/servers | grep -v "^#"          [global]     store-passwords = yes     store-plaintext-passwords = ask      I also played with `store-plaintext-passwords = no|yes` while not having a proper result! According to several Threads it should work with this configuration. Has Anyone an idea what I#m doing wrong or can try next?


Change PATH in Debian 7.1.0 for JAVA

I would like to change the PATH of my Debian 7.1.0 system to link the java version I want. If I insert into the terminal:               java -version      I get:               java version "1.6.0_27"     OpenJDK Runtime Environment (IcedTea6 1.12.6) (6b27-1.12.6-1~deb7u1)     OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 20.0-b12, mixed mode)      This is the java version preinstalled by my distribution. I have now downloaded the SUN JDK 1.7.0 update 25. I would like my system to use this version instead of the preinstalled version. I have made to changes to my `PATH` in `.bashrc` but I have the same java version. My .bashrc file has the line:               PATH="PATH":/usr/local/jdk1.7.0_25     export PATH


cp or mv files to same directory they are already in when I am in another?

If I am in `~/blob` and I have a file in `~/blob/a_long_directory_name/c/x.x` I can type               mv blob/a_long_directory_name/c/x.x blob/a_long_directory_name/even_more/y.y      Is there any shortcut whereby I can type something shorter that uses the directory path in the first param (not my current directory though), e.g.               mv blob/a_long_directory_name/c/x.x $same_dir/y.y      where something like `$same_dir` would point to the dir of param 1


"Converting" a filesystem from ext3 to ext4

I've read on some Q&A on this website that one can "convert" an ext3 filesystem to ext4 without formatting, by issuing               tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/dev-name      And then running `fsck`. I have a few questions regarding said operation, which weren't clarified in said Q&As...   1. Is it **really** converted, as in "you'd get the same results formatting (except no data loss)"? It just seems strange for me (a layman) that it doesn't require formatting.   2. Does it matter if you have an "old" version of `tune2fs` (I'd do it from a live CD - Puppy 5.4 Dec 2012 - but I guess `fsck` doesn't update that often)?   3. Is there a significant performance gain by switching from ext3 to ext4 **on the boot partition**? I didn't want to mess with it and just do the switch on /home, but if there's a big difference I'd do some reading and apply it to the boot partition as well.


Cannot Access Webpage from Outside LAN

I have a CentOS 6.0 web server running httpd, mysql, php, and Joomla 2.5. It has a static, public IP address. I can access the webpage (which is the Joomla management console) by IP address perfectly from inside the LAN. I went home and tried to connect from behind my router and can't get to the webpage. I can ping and ssh to the server but can't pull the webpage with http. I'm using Chrome for my browser. Any thoughts? Edit: This is the output of `iptables --list`:               Chain INPUT (policy DROP)     target     prot opt source               destination     ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere     ACCEPT     udp  --  anywhere             anywhere            udp spt:domain     ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            icmp echo-request     ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            icmp echo-request     ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            icmp echo-reply     ACCEPT     tcp  --  anywhere             anywhere            multiport dports ftp,ssh,http,https state NEW,ESTABLISHED     ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere            state RELATED,ESTABLISHED     ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere            state RELATED,ESTABLISHED          Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)     target     prot opt source               destination          Chain OUTPUT (policy DROP)     target     prot opt source               destination     ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere     ACCEPT     udp  --  anywhere             anywhere            udp dpt:domain     ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            icmp echo-request     ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            icmp echo-reply     ACCEPT     tcp  --  anywhere             anywhere            multiport sports ssh,http,https state ESTABLISHED     ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere            state RELATED,ESTABLISHED     ACCEPT     tcp  --  anywhere             anywhere            state NEW tcp dpt:http


How do I delay/schedule sending a message in alpine (/realpine/pine)?

I want to send out my email(s) on Monday morning, not now. Is there a plugin / modification (or feature) for alpine to let me schedule when a message gets sent? I use an smtp service on my campus. If (re)(al)pine can't do what I want, would there be a way to set something up on my own machine (Ubuntu) that keeps ALL messages until Monday morning? e.g. though it wouldn't be ideal, I could do something to switch my SMTP server in pine to something local that actually delayed contacting the SMTP server?


Audio (speaker) jack detection with debian

How to find out whether speaker jack is connected or not in my motherboard Tried out some reference from : Detecting headphone connection/disconnection in Linux pasted my amixer output.Need guidance on detecting the audio jack plug in and plug out.                   numid=1,iface=MIXER,name='Mic Capture Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=on     numid=2,iface=MIXER,name='Mic Capture Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=1,min=0,max=6144,step=0       : values=0       | dBminmax-min=6.00dB,max=30.00dB     debian:/opt/vortex/bin# amixer -c0 contents     numid=36,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=on     numid=35,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=1,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=31       | dBscale-min=-46.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=11,iface=MIXER,name='Headphone Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=on,on     numid=37,iface=MIXER,name='PCM Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---RW-,values=2,min=0,max=255,step=0       : values=255,255       | dBscale-min=-51.00dB,step=0.20dB,mute=0     numid=19,iface=MIXER,name='Front Mic Boost'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=3,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=0.00dB,step=10.00dB,mute=0     numid=15,iface=MIXER,name='Front Mic Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=off,off     numid=14,iface=MIXER,name='Front Mic Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-34.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=2,iface=MIXER,name='Front Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=on,on     numid=1,iface=MIXER,name='Front Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=31,31       | dBscale-min=-46.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=4,iface=MIXER,name='Surround Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=on,on     numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Surround Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-46.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=7,iface=MIXER,name='Center Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=on     numid=5,iface=MIXER,name='Center Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=1,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0       | dBscale-min=-46.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=8,iface=MIXER,name='LFE Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=on     numid=6,iface=MIXER,name='LFE Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=1,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0       | dBscale-min=-46.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=17,iface=MIXER,name='Line Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=off,off     numid=16,iface=MIXER,name='Line Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-34.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=18,iface=MIXER,name='Mic Boost'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=3,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=0.00dB,step=10.00dB,mute=0     numid=13,iface=MIXER,name='Mic Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=off,off     numid=12,iface=MIXER,name='Mic Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-34.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=20,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=on,on     numid=21,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Switch',index=1       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=on,on     numid=22,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-16.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=23,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Volume',index=1       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-16.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=30,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Default PCM Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=on     numid=26,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Playback Con Mask'       ; type=IEC958,access=r-------,values=1       : values=[AES0=0x0f AES1=0xff AES2=0x00 AES3=0x00]     numid=27,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Playback Pro Mask'       ; type=IEC958,access=r-------,values=1       : values=[AES0=0x0f AES1=0x00 AES2=0x00 AES3=0x00]     numid=28,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Playback Default'       ; type=IEC958,access=rw------,values=1       : values=[AES0=0x04 AES1=0x00 AES2=0x00 AES3=0x00]     numid=29,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=off     numid=32,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Capture Default'       ; type=IEC958,access=r-------,values=1       : values=[AES0=0x04 AES1=0x00 AES2=0x00 AES3=0x00]     numid=31,iface=MIXER,name='IEC958 Capture Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1       : values=off     numid=34,iface=MIXER,name='Beep Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=off,off     numid=33,iface=MIXER,name='Beep Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-34.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0     numid=24,iface=MIXER,name='Input Source'       ; type=ENUMERATED,access=rw------,values=1,items=3       ; Item #0 'Mic'       ; Item #1 'Front Mic'       ; Item #2 'Line'       : values=0     numid=25,iface=MIXER,name='Input Source',index=1       ; type=ENUMERATED,access=rw------,values=1,items=3       ; Item #0 'Mic'       ; Item #1 'Front Mic'       ; Item #2 'Line'       : values=0     numid=10,iface=MIXER,name='Side Playback Switch'       ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=2       : values=on,on     numid=9,iface=MIXER,name='Side Playback Volume'       ; type=INTEGER,access=rw---R--,values=2,min=0,max=31,step=0       : values=0,0       | dBscale-min=-46.50dB,step=1.50dB,mute=0


shell Script: Sorting files into directories and subdirectories

I routinely write my notes in `markdown` in a complex directory structure like this.               ~/doc/doc.md     ~/doc/math/linearAlgebra/linearAlgebra.md     ~/doc/math/linearAlgebra/numericalAnalysis.md     ~/doc/linux/tmux/tmux.md     ~/doc/linux/newsbeuter/newsbeuter.md      This directory structure is ever expanding and each directory has various other files apart from the `*.md` files. I have a shell script that recursively looks for `markdown files` in the parent directory `doc/` and generates `html` and `pdf` files using `pandoc`. I also create a `doc.md` file (through the script) which contains a list of all the `*.md` files. Presently I use,               find ~/doc/**/*.md      to generate this list. I would like to sort them according to the directory structure for easy perusal like this:               math        linearAlgebra                               linearAlgebra.md                               numericalAnalysis.md     linux        tmux                               tmux.md        newsbeuter                               newsbeuter.md      If `fp=/home/user/doc/linux/tmux/tmux.md` is an example full path of a file, then `${${fp%/*.md}#/home/user/doc/}` gives me `linux/tmux`. I can further process it to isolate `linux` and `tmux` etc. But I don't know the algorithm to create the directory structure. I think that this will require use of arrays to store the complete directory structure for each file and then sorting it. If a shell script already exists to to this, please let me know. Otherwise, pointers on possible algorithm are welcome.


Which tftp server is running

I need to find out which `tftp` server/daemon is running, in order to edit it's configurations and view the error log. I found out that there's a service of tftpd running:               # netstat -tupln | grep ftp     udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:69              0.0.0.0:*                           7915/in.tftpd     # ps aux | grep ftp     root      7915  0.0  0.0   2704   296 ?        Ss   22:10   0:00 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --listen --user tftp --address 0.0.0.0:69 --secure /tftpboot      I've tried to edit it's configurations (notice the username `nobody`):               # nano /etc/xinetd.d/tftp     # cat /etc/xinetd.d/tftp     service tftp     {     protocol        = udp     port            = 69     socket_type     = dgram     wait            = yes     user            = nobody     server          = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd     server_args     = -v -s /tftpboot     disable         = no     }      But when restarting the tftpd, nothing changes:               # kill 7915     # ps aux | grep ftp     root     16815  0.0  0.0   2704   124 ?        Ss   22:31   0:00 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --listen --user tftp --address 0.0.0.0:69 --secure /tftpboot      So I've tried to edit the other configuration file:               # nano /etc/inetd.conf     # cat /etc/inetd.conf     # /etc/inetd.conf:  see inetd(8) for further informations.     #     # Internet superserver configuration database     #     #     # Lines starting with "#:LABEL:" or "#<off>#" should not     # be changed unless you know what you are doing!     #     # If you want to disable an entry so it isn't touched during     # package updates just comment it out with a single '#' character.     #     # Packages should modify this file by using update-inetd(8)     #     # <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path> <args>     #     #:INTERNAL: Internal services     #discard                stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal     #discard                dgram   udp     wait    root    internal     #daytime                stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal     #time           stream  tcp     nowait  root    internal          #:STANDARD: These are standard services.          #:BSD: Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.          #:MAIL: Mail, news and uucp services.          #:INFO: Info services          #:BOOT: TFTP service is provided primarily for booting.  Most sites     #       run this only on machines acting as "boot servers."     tftp            dgram   udp4    wait    nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --tftpd-timeout 300 --retry-timeout 5 --mcast-port 1758 --mcast-addr 239.239.239.0-255 --mcast-ttl 1 --maxthread 100 --verbose=5 /tftpboot          #:RPC: RPC based services          #:HAM-RADIO: amateur-radio services          #:OTHER: Other services      And then tried to restart:               # kill 16815     # ps aux | grep ftp     root     18287  0.0  0.0   2704   120 ?        Ss   22:34   0:00 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --listen --user tftp --address 0.0.0.0:69 --secure /tftpboot      But as you can see, nothing has changed. _I've trimmed the above output for better readability._ So how can I tell which tftp daemon is being executed and what are the config file & error log? * * * **Edit #1 (21 January 2014, 07:33 UTC):**   _Response to the commentor @"Mark Plotnick"_               # ps -efl|grep tftp     1 S root     18287     1  0  80   0 -   676 poll_s Jan20 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --listen --user tftp --address 0.0.0.0:69 --secure /tftpboot     0 S root     19271 10638  0  80   0 -  1097 pipe_w 11:36 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto tftp     # ps -p 1       PID TTY          TIME CMD         1 ?        00:00:03 init      * * * _Response to the responder @"slm"_ I've executed the commands you wrote after importing them to Ubuntu 12.04:               # dpkg --list | grep tftp     ii  atftp                                        0.7.dfsg-11                                      advanced TFTP client     ii  tftp                                         0.17-18ubuntu2                                   Trivial file transfer protocol client     rc  tftpd                                        0.17-18ubuntu2                                   Trivial file transfer protocol server     ii  tftpd-hpa                                    5.2-1ubuntu1                                     HPA's tftp server     # dpkg --listfiles tftpd-hpa     /.     /usr     /usr/sbin     /usr/sbin/in.tftpd     /usr/share     /usr/share/man     /usr/share/man/man8     /usr/share/man/man8/in.tftpd.8.gz     /usr/share/doc     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/README     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/README.security     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/README.Debian     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/copyright     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/examples     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/examples/sample.rules     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/examples/tftpd-hpa.preseed     /usr/share/doc/tftpd-hpa/changelog.Debian.gz     /usr/share/lintian     /usr/share/lintian/overrides     /usr/share/lintian/overrides/tftpd-hpa     /etc     /etc/init     /etc/init/tftpd-hpa.conf     /etc/init.d     /usr/share/man/man8/tftpd.8.gz     /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa     # dpkg --status tftpd-hpa     Package: tftpd-hpa     Status: install ok installed     Priority: extra     Section: net     Installed-Size: 137     Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>     Architecture: i386     Source: tftp-hpa     Version: 5.2-1ubuntu1     Depends: debconf (>= 0.5) | debconf-2.0, upstart-job, libc6 (>= 2.11), libwrap0 (>= 7.6-4~), adduser     Suggests: syslinux-common     Conflicts: atftpd, tftpd     Conffiles:      /etc/init/tftpd-hpa.conf 3647737c313ad1968b8463388ded2d26     Description: HPA's tftp server      Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a file transfer protocol, mainly to      serve boot images over the network to other machines (PXE).      .      tftp-hpa is an enhanced version of the BSD TFTP client and server. It      possesses a number of bugfixes and enhancements over the original.      .      This package contains the server.     Homepage: http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/network/tftp/     Original-Maintainer: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-technologies.net>     # /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --version     tftp-hpa 5.2, with remap, with tcpwrappers     # sudo lsof -p $(pgrep -n "in.tftpd")     lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon file system /home/tlvlab/.gvfs           Output information may be incomplete.     COMMAND    PID USER   FD   TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF     NODE NAME     in.tftpd 18287 root  cwd    DIR       0,20        0  9575553 /     in.tftpd 18287 root  rtd    DIR        8,1     4096        2 /     in.tftpd 18287 root  txt    REG        8,1    35008   270805 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1    47040 28836074 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.15.so     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1    42652 28836073 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.15.so     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1    30520 28836075 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.15.so     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1    92016 28836060 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.15.so     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1  1734120 28836077 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.15.so     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1    35032 28836781 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libwrap.so.0.7.6     in.tftpd 18287 root  mem    REG        8,1   134344 28836067 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.15.so     in.tftpd 18287 root    0u   CHR        1,3      0t0     1029 /dev/null     in.tftpd 18287 root    1u   CHR        1,3      0t0     1029 /dev/null     in.tftpd 18287 root    2u   CHR        1,3      0t0     1029 /dev/null     in.tftpd 18287 root    3u  unix 0xf0030d80      0t0  2154638 socket     in.tftpd 18287 root    4u  IPv4    2154641      0t0      UDP *:tftp      Probably the path to log file is `/var/log/syslog` (file `/etc/syslog.conf` doesn't exist).


How to highlight a word in the output of "cat"?

I can do the following to see if some word is available in the output of "cat":               cat filename | grep word      This filters the output and shows only those lines which contain "word". Now, is it possible to only highlight the "word" in the output, without dropping other lines?


How to integrate sound with desktop events?

On Windows, the `Sounds & Multimedia` control panel allows the connection of sound snippets to various operating system events, like window movements, process start/stop, and start-up/shutdown. I am using GNOME on Fedora 13, and I have not had any luck discovering any similar functionality. Does such a function exist? If so, is it cross-window- manager-compatible or tied to a specific window manager (GNOME, KDE, etc.) or distribution?


Centos GUI not working

I installed centos 6.3 Final . But after rebooting it stuck and doesn't show GUI ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/XbEmt.jpg)


~./inputrc file not sourcing correctly

I have this ~/.inputrc file that I created for certain key bindings.               # mappings for Ctrl-left-arrow and Ctrl-right-arrow for word moving     "\e[1;5C":forward-word     "\e[1;5D":backward-word     "\e[5C":forward-word     "\e[5D":backward-word     "\e\e[C":forward-word     "\e\e[D":backward-word      whenever I try to run `source ~/.inputrc`, it gives me the following error: > \e[1;5C:forward-word: Command not found. \e[1;5D:backward-word: Command not > found. \e[5C:forward-word: Command not found. \e[5D:backward-word: Command > not found. \e\e[C:forward-word: Command not found. \e\e[D:backward-word: > Command not found. It also doesn't work when I open a new terminal, I don't get the error but my ctrl key combinations are not working in new terminal as well. I created this file myself since I do not have root access to change /etc/inputrc. Can anybody help me out? Thanks. EDIT: I've tried the file with space after the colon (:) sign as well. It doesn't work. I also tried my making it executable (chmod +x ~/.inputrc), didn't work. EDIT: I realized that this procedure is only for 'bash' and I am running 'tcsh'. For 'csh', use `./bindings` file instead of `./inputrc` file and use `bindkey` syntax.


No effect of umask and chmod on mounted drives

The windows drives are mounted at boot-time using pysdm. The setting were `nls=iso8859-1,users,umask=002,sync,user,dirsync,uid=mtk` When I try to change the permission of files using chmod, I don't see any update in the permissions. Chmod quietly returns the prompt. Also the permission of created files must have been 755 instead of 775. Here is the output of terminal.               mtk@mtk-laptop$ umask     0022     mtk@mtk-laptop$ touch abc.txt     mtk@mtk-laptop$ ls -l abc.txt      -rwxrwxr-x 1 mtk root 0 May 14 00:00 abc.txt*     mtk@mtk-laptop$ chmod ugo-x abc.txt      mtk@mtk-laptop$ ls -l abc.txt      -rwxrwxr-x 1 mtk root 0 May 14 00:00 abc.txt*     mtk@mtk-laptop$       Does anyone know what is the issue behind this? I am using ubuntu 12.04.


How to customize .bashrc to configure command prompt?

Is there an easy way to change my Bash prompt to modify the colors and what text is displayed? I've heard that this is done in `.bashrc`, but I haven't found any nice, easy ways of modifying it. How are colors expressed in Bash?


How do I share an internet connection through USB?

I have two Linux boxes. One is running KNOPPIX and the other Ubuntu. I have only one wifi dongle between them, and only one of them has an Ethernet port. They both have free USB ports however. I need the box with the dongle to share the connection through a male-to-male USB cable. I know it is possible to do a similar setup with a desktop and certain portable devices, but I need it between two normal computers. I cannot buy any additional hardware.


How can you get console backgrounds for Arch Linux?

I have tested out openSUSE and found that the tty1 is a bit different from other systems as the tty has got a background. I know that Knoppix has a tux penguin for each core the computer has, but I'm not quite sure how I can set the background image for the tty terminal.. **I want to have a tty terminal with a background image.** How exactly can this be done? An example would be the OpenSUSE Gnome-shell LiveCD. When you boot up openSUSE, you see a splash screen (on tty1) so you press [Esc] the splash screen goes away, but you keep the background and the text explaining where we are up to while booting. I am specifically interested in doing this on Arch. Will this require re- compiling the Linux kernel? Other questions:   * What can we do to the was the tty terminal is displayed?   * Can each tty have it's own background image? If yes, how?      * I'm guessing having multiple entries in a config file?   * Can the font color be changed?      * [solved] -- vidcontrol for FBSD.. Google for some reason is not being friendly with the results, no matter what I try all links that are actually related have no answers. **Edit:** I've figured out that the frame-buffer is is being. How do i use it? Mplayer can use the frame-buffer to watch video on a tty terminal:               mplayer -vo fbdev google_main.mp4     # http://youtube.com/demo/google_main.mp4      So how can I make a underlay? (opposite to overlay in which mplayer has done) **Note:** From when I posted this question, I have switched to Archlinux.. ( Debian no more ) **Note:** Today I don't really care about these decorations. Although would still be somewhat interesting to have. I have found what I would need but I've forgotten what the package/program was. If anyone still wants to answer with the package's name would still be good for anyone else who may want to do the same. **Edit:** I've found what is required to set the background/console decorations. https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kernel_Mode_Setting


Why is my mmv command not overwriting the files?

I have a batch file that, among other things, uses the command `mmv` to rename some files. The relevant line is like this:               mmv "$BASEDIR/files/*.txt" "$BASEDIR/files/#1.strings"      In essence it works, but the problem is that it keeps asking me for confirmation to overwrite files when they happen to already exist. I want it to just go ahead and do that without confirmation, so I checked the man page for `mmv`, and it says to simply use the `-o` option, like this:               mmv -o "$BASEDIR/files/*.txt" "$BASEDIR/files/#1.strings"      It's not making any difference, though. Every time I run my script, when it comes to the `mmv` part, it starts asking me confirmation. Why is the `-o` option not doing its job, and how do I get `mmv` to overwrite without asking confirmation?


Suggestions needed to debug why ps -ef gets stuck

A few of my processes consume 100% cpu. I'm trying to figure out which scripts are causing it I tried running `strace ps -ef`:               open("/proc/PID/status", O_RDONLY) = 6     read(6, "Name:\textract\nState:\tR (running)"..., 1023) = 1023     close(6) = 0     open("/proc/PID/cmdline", O_RDONLY) = 6     read(6,      So it gets stuck trying to read `/proc/PID/cmdline`. I tried `cat`ting that, and it got stuck again. Something is obviously screwed in the kernel; what should I try next? Note: rebooting doesn't work -- if I shutdown manually the problem starts again. I'm using SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 (x86_64), Linux 2.6.27.19 * * * **Edit** : `ps -e` produces output, and I found there are too many `grep`s. The number of `grep`s varies: 250, 450, and now I see around 520 greps. I traced back and found it is the result of a cron script. I still have to understand those cron scripts. Yes, `top` displays results. We manually shutdown the server 2 days back. System has been running from last 2 days. I see some oracle stuff running all the time. I just did the memory test, no faults detected


Linux Mint 14 - Segfault in steam.sh (cannot launch steam)

Here is my output when I try to launch steam:               tetra@nick-Inspiron ~ $ steam     Running Steam on linuxmint 14 64-bit     STEAM_RUNTIME is enabled automatically     Installing breakpad exception handler for appid(steam)/version(1373503443_client)     Gen6+ requires Kernel 3.6 or later.     steam: ../../../../../src/mesa/main/context.c:1499: _mesa_make_current: Assertion `newCtx->Version > 0' failed.     [2013-07-13 21:15:04] Startup - updater built Apr 30 2013 10:04:24     [2013-07-13 21:15:04] Opted in to client beta 'publicbeta' via beta file     /home/tetra/.local/share/Steam/steam.sh: line 704:  4342 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) $STEAM_DEBUGGER "$STEAMROOT/$PLATFORM/$STEAMEXE" "$@"     Installing bootstrap /home/tetra/.local/share/Steam/bootstrap.tar.xz     Running Steam on linuxmint 14 64-bit     STEAM_RUNTIME has been set by the user to: /home/tetra/.local/share/Steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime     Installing breakpad exception handler for appid(steam)/version(1373503443_client)     Gen6+ requires Kernel 3.6 or later.     steam: ../../../../../src/mesa/main/context.c:1499: _mesa_make_current: Assertion `newCtx->Version > 0' failed.     [2013-07-13 21:15:05] Startup - updater built Apr 30 2013 10:04:24     [2013-07-13 21:15:05] Opted in to client beta 'publicbeta' via beta file     /home/tetra/.local/share/Steam/steam.sh: line 704:  4430 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) $STEAM_DEBUGGER "$STEAMROOT/$PLATFORM/$STEAMEXE" "$@"      I don't understand why I can't launch steam. I've reinstalled the package.


When connected by VNC all files are read only

For some reason when I'm connected to my server with VNC, I do not have permission to edit system files, even when I su - root I can only access system files in read only mode. Please can someone help me figure this out?


Install of pycrypto [Errno 28] No space left on device

I am installing this tool to Debian GNU/Linux 7.5 x64 (wheezy) and when I run `install_mnemosyne.sh` I get this error when the pycrypto installation is running:               Downloading/unpacking pycrypto (from -r requirements.txt (line 8))       Downloading pycrypto-2.6.1.tar.gz (446kB): 446kB downloaded     Cleaning up...     Exception:     Traceback (most recent call last):       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py"         status = self.run(options, args)       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/commands/instal         requirement_set.prepare_files(finder, force_root_egg_info=self.bundle, bundl       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/req.py", line 1         do_download,       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/req.py", line 1         self.session,       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/download.py", l         unpack_file(temp_location, location, content_type, link)       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/util.py", line         untar_file(filename, location)       File "/opt/mnemosyne/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip/util.py", line         destfp.close()     IOError: [Errno 28] No space left on device          Storing debug log for failure in /root/.pip/pip.log      But `df -i` shows this:               Filesystem                                               Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on     rootfs                                                    85344  20381    64963   24% /     udev                                                     214285    350   213935    1% /dev     tmpfs                                                    216800    287   216513    1% /run     /dev/disk/by-uuid/aa26072b-e0f4-4962-ba44-76d5e65346de    85344  20381    64963   24% /     tmpfs                                                    216800      3   216797    1% /run/lock     tmpfs                                                    216800      2   216798    1% /run/shm     /dev/sda9                                              35323904    576 35323328    1% /home     /dev/sda8                                                 97536    270    97266    1% /tmp     /dev/sda5                                                549440  57132   492308   11% /usr     /dev/sda6                                                183264   8085   175179    5% /var      and `du -sh /*`:               6,0M    /bin     16M     /boot     0       /dev     3,5M    /etc     14M     /home     0       /initrd.img     94M     /lib     12K     /lost+found     3,0K    /media     1,0K    /mnt     158M    /opt     19M     /pokus     0       /proc     294K    /root     808K    /run     5,6M    /sbin     1,0K    /selinux     1,0K    /srv     0       /sys     6,7M    /tmp     1,7G    /usr     2,2G    /var     0       /vmlinuz      If I run `df -i` during installation increase is about 1%:                 Filesystem                                               Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on         rootfs                                                    85344  20381    64963   25% /         udev                                                     214285    350   213935    1% /dev         tmpfs                                                    216800    287   216513    1% /run         /dev/disk/by-uuid/aa26072b-e0f4-4962-ba44-76d5e65346de    85344  20381    64963   25% /         tmpfs                                                    216800      3   216797    1% /run/lock         tmpfs                                                    216800      2   216798    1% /run/shm         /dev/sda9                                              35323904    576 35323328    1% /home         /dev/sda8                                                 97536    270    97266    1% /tmp         /dev/sda5                                                549440  57132   492308   11% /usr         /dev/sda6                                                183264   8085   175179    5% /var      But `df -h`:               Filesystem                                                Space Used Free Use% Mounted on     rootfs                                                     323M  311M     0 100% /     udev                                                        10M     0   10M   0% /dev     tmpfs                                                      406M  832K  405M   1% /run     /dev/disk/by-uuid/aa26072b-e0f4-4962-ba44-76d5e65346de     323M  311M     0 100% /     tmpfs                                                      5,0M     0  5,0M   0% /run/lock     tmpfs                                                      2,4G     0  2,4G   0% /run/shm     /dev/sda9                                                  531G  211M  504G   1% /home     /dev/sda8                                                  368M   18M  332M   5% /tmp     /dev/sda5                                                  8,3G  1,9G  6,0G  24% /usr     /dev/sda6                                                  2,8G  2,3G  402M  85% /var      So how can I expand rootfs please?


Why does Linux use a swap partition rather than a file?

It seems to me a swap file is more flexible.


WMI-based hotkeys on not working

On my `Dell latitude e6540`, the WMI hotkeys `Fn+UP` and `Fn+DOWN` are not working. I have all necesary modules compiled in my kernel:               CONFIG_DELL_LAPTOP=m     CONFIG_DELL_WMI=m     CONFIG_DELL_WMI_AIO=m      On the predecessor model (Latitude e6520), all worked fine, without any need for additional setup. I can still change the brightness with `echo`:               echo 35 > /sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness      but only as `root`, obviously. Pressing `Fn+UP` and `Fn+DOWN` does not change the walue in `/sys/class/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness`. On the previous model, it does change the value. One thing I noticed, on the older model, the max value is `15`. On the new model it is `95`. Looks like something might have changed inside this mechanism. Thus my question: How can I make WMI hotkeys work on my new laptop? # UPDATE: I have just noticed that the WMI hotkeys work fine when I am in BIOS !!! That is quite surprising that they don't work when I boot into linux. following is output of dmesg. The mention of `dell_wmi: Received unknown WMI event` looks relevant to my problem, but I get the same messages on the old laptop, where wmi hotkeys are working. So this alone does not seeem the be the issue.               dmesg | egrep -i '(dell|wmi)'     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] DMI: Dell Inc. Latitude E6540/05V0V4, BIOS A05 09/03/2013     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: RSDP 00000000000eee60 00024 (v02 DELL  )     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: XSDT 00000000d8fe0080 0007C (v01 DELL    CBX3    01072009 AMI  00010013)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: FACP 00000000d8fed7e8 0010C (v05 DELL    CBX3    01072009 AMI  00010013)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: DSDT 00000000d8fe0188 0D659 (v02 DELL    CBX3    00000014 INTL 20091112)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: APIC 00000000d8fed8f8 00072 (v03 DELL    CBX3    01072009 AMI  00010013)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: FPDT 00000000d8fed970 00044 (v01 DELL    CBX3    01072009 AMI  00010013)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: HPET 00000000d8feed38 00038 (v01 DELL    CBX3    01072009 AMI. 00000005)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:30 2014] ACPI: MCFG 00000000d8fef148 0003C (v01 DELL    CBX3    01072009 MSFT 00000097)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:38 2014] dcdbas dcdbas: Dell Systems Management Base Driver (version 5.6.0-3.2)     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:39 2014] wmi: Mapper loaded     [Tue Apr 15 22:04:39 2014] input: Dell WMI hotkeys as /devices/virtual/input/input10     [Wed Apr 16 18:30:04 2014] dell_wmi: Received unknown WMI event (0x0)     [Fri Apr 18 17:09:41 2014] dell_wmi: Received unknown WMI event (0x0)     [Fri Apr 18 17:09:41 2014] dell_wmi: Received unknown WMI event (0x0)     [Fri Apr 18 17:09:49 2014] dell_wmi: Received unknown WMI event (0x0)      # UPDATE2 after patching the WMI module, I get following messages for `Fn+UP` and `Fn+DOWN`               2014-04-18 19:00:49  kernel: [  120.731480] dell_wmi: WMBU = 0002 0010 0048     2014-04-18 19:00:49  kernel: [  120.731496] wmi: DEBUG Event GUID: 9DBB5994-A997-11DA-B012-B622A1EF5492          2014-04-18 19:00:53  kernel: [  123.935400] dell_wmi: WMBU = 0002 0010 0050     2014-04-18 19:00:53  kernel: [  123.935415] wmi: DEBUG Event GUID: 9DBB5994-A997-11DA-B012-B622A1EF5492


Working DNS-DHCP combo for LAN

Can anyone recommend a working DNS-DHCP combo for a small mixed-platform LAN? Preferably one where hosts can be assigned IP addresses and/or names with a web-GUI. The typical DHCP package on Linux claims to support BIND, but last I checked, it did not actually work. Of course, this might be out of date.


Unclaim a device

So I am using Ubuntu and trying to use some hardware which I had some problems with before. The problem before was that the company who made my hardware sold their internal parts to another company who made some different hardware with the same ID. Someone kindly made a driver for it which came with Ubuntu, but stopped the driver for my device from working. On my last system I just tracked down the kernel module and disabled it. I am getting the same message as on my previous machine: > Could not claim device (Vid: 0x2457, Pid: 0x1002, iface: 0) but plugging in the device does not seem to create an entry in /dev like before. How can I find what is claiming my device? I assume that the dmesg: > usb 4-1: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 16 is just saying that it is being detected and it is not ohci that is blocking my access.


Print shell arguments in reverse order

I am a bit stuck. My task is to print the arguments to my script in reverse order except the third and fourth. What I have is this code:               #!/bin/bash          i=$#     for arg in "$@"     do         case $i         in             3) ;;             4) ;;             *) eval echo "$i. Parameter: \$$i";;         esac         i=`expr $i - 1`     done      As I hate eval (greetings to PHP), I am looking for a solution without it but I am not able to find one. How can I define the position of the argument dynamically? PS: No its not a homework, I am learning shell for an exam so I try to solve old exams.


How come Debian has no time(1) manpage?

Searching for manpage for `time` command does not yield any result (search form). As a sidenote, it appears to be a BASH built-in command since `dpkg --search bin/time` cannot find it. Perhaps such commands don't have their own manpages?


Linux kernel 2.6.38 compilation error

When I try to compile the Linux 2.6.38 kernel on my Linux PC, I get:               $ make defconfig     $ make      I get:               ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1966:2: error: unknown field ‘num_private’ specified in initializer     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1966:2: warning: initialization makes pointer from integer without a cast     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1967:2: error: unknown field ‘num_private_args’ specified in initializer     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1967:2: warning: excess elements in struct initializer     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1967:2: warning: (near initialization for ‘ndis_handler_def’)     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1970:2: error: unknown field ‘private’ specified in initializer     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1970:2: warning: initialization makes integer from pointer without a cast     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1970:2: error: initializer element is not computable at load time     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1970:2: error: (near initialization for ‘ndis_handler_def.num_standard’)     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1971:2: error: unknown field ‘private_args’ specified in initializer     ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.c:1971:26: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type     make[2]: *** [ubuntu/ndiswrapper/iw_ndis.o] Error 1     make[1]: *** [ubuntu/ndiswrapper] Error 2     make: *** [ubuntu] Error 2      Any ideas how to solve this and why it happen with default configuration?


Graphical archive manager that uses /tmp

I am looking for a (preferably) graphical archive manager that can be configured to use `/tmp` as a scratch area for decompressing. My setup is as follows: I have my local workstation with `/home` mounted from a NFS partition which works well in general and I also have a good chunk of RAM so I have `/tmp` setup as a RAM disk. I also need to work with large (100-300MB) `tar.*` and `zip` archives on a regular basis. In my testing, I've found that decompressing to `/tmp` and then moving the files into the NFS mount is orders of magnitude faster, however doing this currently requires me to drop out to a shell and do it all manually so I rarely bother unless I need something done quickly. So, does anyone have any thoughts on applications that I could use to hopefully automate this a little more? I could easily write a console level wrapper to do the job, but I'm hoping for something that I can use from/with nautilus.


Why can't I install Debian amd64 in VirtualBox?

I'm trying to install the Debian ISO, `debian-live-7.2-amd64-standard.iso` into a virtual machine in VirtualBox but it just hangs. I'm running this version:               $ virtualbox -h     Oracle VM VirtualBox Manager 4.3.6_RPMFusion     (C) 2005-2013 Oracle Corporation     All rights reserved.


When is dd suitable for copying data? (or, when are read() and write() partial)

_Short version:_ In what circumstances is `dd` safe to use for copying data, safe meaning that there is no risk of corruption due to a partial read or write? _Long version — preamble:_ `dd` is often used to copy data, especially from or to a device (example). It's sometimes attributed mystical properties of being able to access devices at a lower level than other tools (when in fact it's the device file that's doing the magic) — yet `dd if=/dev/sda` is the same thing as `cat /dev/sda`. `dd` is sometimes thought to be faster, but `cat` can beat it in practice. Nonetheless, `dd` has unique properties that make it genuinely useful sometimes. _Problem:_ `dd if=foo of=bar` is not, in fact, the same as `cat <foo >bar`. On most unices¹, `dd` makes a single call to `read()`. (I find POSIX fuzzy on what constitutes “reading an input block” in `dd`.) If `read()` returns a partial result (which, according to POSIX and other reference documents, it's allowed to unless the implementation documentation says otherwise), a partial block is copied. Exactly the same issue exists for `write()`. _Observations_ : In practice, I've found that `dd` can cope with block devices and regular files, but that may just be that I haven't exercised it much. When it comes to pipes, it's not difficult to put `dd` at fault; for example try this code:               yes | dd of=out bs=1024k count=10      and check the size of the `out` file (it's likely to be well under 10MB). _Question_ : In what circumstances is `dd` safe to use for copying data? In other words, what conditions on the block sizes, on the implementation, on the file types, etc, can ensure that `dd` will copy all the data? (GNU dd has a `fullblock` flag to tell it to call `read()` or `write()` in a loop so as to transfer a full block. So `dd iflag=fullblock oflag=fullblock` is always safe. My question is about the case when these flags (which don't exist on other implementations) are not used.) ¹  I've checked on OpenBSD, GNU coreutils and BusyBox.


Where to find this specific source (centos 2.6.18-53.el5PAE)

okay all my looking around on the normal kernel site ftp can't find it. I need specifically, the PAE version. I am compiling virtualbox and if you don't use the right source you get this lovely: vboxdrv: disagrees about version of symbol struct_module


Ubuntu installation 11.10

I seem to be having problems installing Ubuntu on windows 7 and I'm getting an error message once boot up saying:               Unable to find a medium containing a live file system      and the drivers are ahci which have been set as default.


Name resolution issues in Ubuntu 10.04

I am having an error with name resolution that I am not able to figure out. The system is able to resolve names, say, www.google.com when using a graphical browser like chrome or firefox. But on the command line it is not able to (unless I add the domain in /etc/hosts). This extends to all operations on the command line like ping and others. We have a proxy in this environment and the proxy information is set using environment variables. ETA: I noticed that it does seem to resolve IP addresses but it is still not able to reach them. This makes it even more perplexing.               farhat@farhat:~$ traceroute www.google.com     traceroute to www.google.com (209.85.153.104), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets      1  192.168.4.1 (192.168.4.1)  0.496 ms  1.033 ms  1.294 ms      2  210.212.187.65 (210.212.187.65)  0.872 ms  0.942 ms  0.930 ms      3  * * *      4  * * *      5  * * *      6  * * *      7  * * *          farhat@farhat:~$ ping www.google.com     PING www.l.google.com (209.85.153.104) 56(84) bytes of data.     ^C     --- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---     100 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 99131ms      pinging www.google.com fails.


No pppoe-server in Fedora 14?

$ yum list | grep -i ppp     ppp.i686                                   2.4.5-12.fc14                @updates     rp-pppoe.i686                              3.10-6.fc12                  @fedora/$releasever     ppp-devel.i686                             2.4.5-12.fc14                updates      $       There isn't any pppoe server in Fedora 14?? Wow! Why?


Ubuntu 10.10 notification system area , many icons disappeared like network manager

When I restarted the computer I found no network icon. I tried to access internet but no connection was found. I also didn't have the Bluetooth, sound, battery, and power icon. Its really crazy that I have to use these commands to display them: * * *               bluetooth-applet     nm-applet --sm-disable     gnome-power-manager      * * * Every time I start the system I face this trouble! How can I fix it? Is there anyway to restore previous configuration? the history log               Start-Date: 2011-03-16  11:35:58     Install: hijra-applet:amd64 (0.1.18-3), python-hijra:amd64 (0.1.18-3, automatic), python-eggtrayicon:amd64 (2.25.3-5ubuntu2, automatic)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  11:36:15          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  19:12:49     Upgrade: libkrb5-3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libk5crypto3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), chromium-browser:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-browser-l10n:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-codecs-ffmpeg:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libkrb5support0:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libtiff4:amd64 (3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1, 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.2), chromium-browser-inspector:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  19:13:11          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:52:52     Install: gpredict:amd64 (1.1-7)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:53:03          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:55:55     Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:56:02          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:07     Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:16          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:22     Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:27          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:53     Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:56          Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:49     Install: klavaro:amd64 (1.5.0-1build1), libgtkdatabox-0.9.1-1:amd64 (0.9.1.1-3.1, automatic)     End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:57      Another problem that I didn't notice is that there is a problem with the graphics card also the visual effects can't be applied as in these photos![the drivers aren't installed](http://i.stack.imgur.com/XBEC4.gif)![the effect can't be applied](http://i.stack.imgur.com/eFRmX.gif)   it was working before. * * * another problem appeared I can't install any software from software center i click the install but nothing happens i tried many programs but the same result!! the internet connection is ok!!   I think it is virus but heard that Linux is so powerful in security.      I haven't seen a thing like this since windows 98 and XP first edition when viruses change desktop background and disable some menu items


Can I mount a microsoft mirrored dynamic disk?

I'm testing out sw raid in windows 7, but I almost always use linux and I would like to know if it's possible to mount such a mirrored dynamic disk. I can already mount each members separatly but accessing both of them at the same time would keep it consistent!


sshd process inoperative

I have an AIX server which suddenly stopped servicing SSH connections. When I try to start the service through startsrc -s sshd it says:               0513-059 The sshd Subsystem has been started. Subsystem PID is 258300.      However, right after issuing the command, the services status shows up as inoperative:                sshd             ssh                           inoperative      The init scripts are well located and throw the same result as above. EDIT: Here's the odmget command output:               SRCsubsys:         subsysname = "sshd"         synonym = ""         cmdargs = "-D"         path = "/usr/sbin/sshd"         uid = 0         auditid = 0         standin = "/dev/console"         standout = "/dev/console"         standerr = "/dev/console"         action = 1         multi = 0         contact = 2         svrkey = 0         svrmtype = 0         priority = 20         signorm = 15         sigforce = 9         display = 1         waittime = 20         grpname = "ssh"      When trying to start the service manually, the following error appears:               exec(): 0509-036 Cannot load program /usr/sbin/sshd because of the following errors:     0509-150   Dependent module libz.a(libz.so.1) could not be loaded.     0509-022 Cannot load module libz.a(libz.so.1).     0509-026 System error: A file or directory in the path name does not exist.      Any help would be greatly appreciated.


why is this init.d-script not being executed at system reboot?

I have a selfmade init.d script on a Linux box that worked fine with Debian 4 and Debian 5 but with Debian 6 (fresh install) it gets only executed at system boot but not before rebooting. The script is pratically this one:               ### BEGIN INIT INFO     # Provides:          selfheal     # Required-Start:     # Required-Stop:     # X-Start-Before:    mountall     # X-Stop-After:      umountfs     # Default-Start:     2 3 4 5     # Default-Stop:      0 1 6     # Short-Description: selfheal tool     # Description:       Saves/restores the user partition at (re)boot     ### END INIT INFO          echo $0 $*     sleep 3          # some useful stuff follows here...      At `reboot` I see the system switching to `runlevel 6` and unmounting the file systems (see that `X-Stop-After: umountfs` above). No sign of life from my `selfheal` script. At system _boot_ however, I see the `echo` line and the script is being executed. I've installed the script using:               rm /etc/rc*.d/[SK]??selfheal && update-rc.d selfheal defaults      no errors/warnings there. The symlink exists:               root@intermodul:~# ls -al /etc/rc6.d/     total 12     drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 May 16 16:09 .     drwxr-xr-x 68 root root 4096 May 16 16:07 ..     <snip>     lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   18 May 16 15:09 K09umountfs -> ../init.d/umountfs     lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   18 May 16 16:09 K10selfheal -> ../init.d/selfheal     lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   20 May 16 15:09 K10umountroot -> ../init.d/umountroot     lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   16 May 16 15:09 K11reboot -> ../init.d/reboot     -rw-r--r--  1 root root  351 Jan  1 06:34 README      Note that with Debian 6 came concurrent booting and I guess there is something wrong with my "INIT INFO". What is wrong here? ## Update The script gets executed when setting `CONCURRENCY=none` in `/etc/init.d/rc` but I'd like to have makefile concurrency enabled. So, why doesn't the script get executed in makefile concurrency mode?


Why doesn't my command work when aliased?

I use `ps -ef | grep catalina | grep -v grep` to print the tomcat process running on the system:               kshitiz   7099     1  0 May11 ?        00:02:29 /usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.8.0/bin/java -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,suspend=y,address=localhost:38156 -Dcatalina.base=/home/kshitiz/Documents/workspaces/ggts/.metadata/.plugins/org.eclipse.wst.server.core/tmp1 -Dcatalina.home=/opt/tomcat-7.0.42 -Dwtp.deploy=/home/kshitiz/Documents/workspaces/ggts/.metadata/.plugins/org.eclipse.wst.server.core/tmp1/wtpwebapps -Djava.endorsed.dirs=/opt/tomcat-7.0.42/endorsed -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath /opt/tomcat-7.0.42/bin/bootstrap.jar:/opt/tomcat-7.0.42/bin/tomcat-juli.jar:/usr/lib/jvm/jdk1.8.0/lib/tools.jar org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start      Then I use `ps -ef | grep catalina | grep -v grep | awk -F' ' '{print $2}'` to extract the process id:               7099      But when I alias the whole command `alias tomcat_id="ps -ef | grep catalina | grep -v grep | awk -F' ' '{print $2}'"` and use it via alias, it prints the whole text and `awk` doesn't seem to work. `type tomcat_id` gives:               tomcat_id is aliased to `ps -ef | grep catalina | grep -v grep | awk -F' ' '{print }''


Reading a filesystem from a whole disk image

I ran these commands:               VBoxManage clonehd d6b9f0a5-98df-48ca-83c8-91a0809ec349 --format RAW Debian.raw     sudo dd if=~/.VirtualBox/HardDisks/Debian.raw of=/dev/sda5      When I try to mount the partition, I get this complaint:               EXT4-fs (sda5): VFS: Can't find ext4 filesystem      Now I know that the VM had an ext4 partition. What did I do wrong?


Mounting Disk Image in Raw format

While Trying to mount a disk image in Raw(dd) format using the following command               mount  nps-2010-emails.dd /media/manu/      I get the following error message               mount: you must specify the filesystem type      I know that using -t we can specify the file system but what is the terminology for a RAW (dd) file, which can pe passed as an argument to the mount command. If my method to mount this file system is wrong please help me out in doing the same. On typing the command **file -s nps-2010-emails.dd** The output is as follows: **nps-2010-emails.dd: x86 boot sector; partition 1: ID=0xb, starthead 254, startsector 1, 20479 sectors, extended partition table (last)\011, code offset 0x0**


Replacing xfce with awesome in Xubuntu

I'm using Xubuntu 13.04 with xfce 4.10. I'm trying to entirely replace xfce 4.10 (not uninstall, but replace) with awesome. So far, I have yet to even get awesome to run. The steps that I have tried thus far:   1. Install awesome with `sudo apt-get install awesome`   2. ~/.xinitrc now just contains `exec awesome`.   3. `mkdir ~/.config/awesome/` and `cp /etc/xdg/awesome/rc.lua ~/.config/awesome/` I've tried restarting, I've tried just running awesome (I get `E: awesome: main:445: another window manager is already running`, which is expected, but I'd really like to start up my session in awesome, not have to manually quit xfce and then start awesome). What am I missing?


How to use casper-rw file for persistance

I have my USB stick setup using Easy2Boot. It allows me to drop ISO files onto the USB drive and boot from there no config or tweaking needed. I have been doing research on making it persistent. I have found that you can use a file or a partition called casper-rw. It has info on how to use the file, but my question is. Can you have the casper-rw file directly in the root of the bootable ISO or does it need to go into a special folder on the ISO? For that matter can I even have the file in the ISO or do I need to have it directly on the USB drive?


How do I set up of IBM Cognos Business Intelligence with an Apache web server?

I'm trying to put together an Apache configuration for quickly getting IBM Cognos Business Intelligence Server up and running. But I got no idea of how to do it, could someone help me?


/proc/PID/fd/X link number

In Linux, in `/proc/PID/fd/X`, the links for file descriptors that are pipes or sockets have a number, like:               l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 1 -> pipe:[6839]     l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 2 -> pipe:[6839]     lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 3 -> socket:[3142925]     lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 4 -> socket:[3142926]     lr-x------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 5 -> pipe:[3142927]     l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 6 -> pipe:[3142927]     lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 7 -> socket:[3142930]     lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 8 -> socket:[3142932]     lr-x------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 9 -> pipe:[9837788]      Like on the first line: 6839. What is that number representing?


find + grep to match exact keywords in a file

My script is not matching exact words only. Example: `12312312Alachua21321` or `Alachuas` would match for `Alachua`.               KEYWORDS=("Alachua" "Gainesville" "Hawthorne")     IFS=$'\n'     find . -size +1c -type f ! -exec grep -qF "${KEYWORDS[*]}" {} \; -exec truncate -s 0 {} \;


How to restrict ssh users to browse only /home/%u contents

Can I confine my users to their /home/%u directory using only OpenSSH configuration? From instructions I found on the Internet, I stopped the SSH server and appended the following to the `sshd_config` file:               Match group sftpusers         ChrootDirectory /home/%u         X11Forwarding no         AllowTcpForwarding no      I then started the SSH server again. FYI I have the users added to `sftpusers` group My users can still browse i.e `cd /` and are able to use cat command to list file content (`cat /usr/bin/test.sh`) in entire file structure on my system I'm running Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS.


Hardlinks in Dropbox not updated

I want to create a backup of a single _.tex_ file. I created the hard link to the file (which is not in Dropbox directory, lets say it is A) inside Dropbox directory. I did this so because I do not want to backup other auxiliary file created (eg. axu, .log, .bbl etc.) when compiling the tex file. I edit and compile the tex file in A. The changes are reflected when I see the file inside Dropbox directory. But its is not synced with the online folder. However, If I change the file (hard link) inside the Dropbox directory, it gets synced. Please let me know what is the problem here. Please give the solution within what I am using and trying to do rather than proposing alternative solution for same task. I am using Fedora 13.


Get device node by major/minor numbers pair

Each device node under `/dev` has its own major/minor number pair. I know that we can retrieve this pair of numbers from the device node by means of `stat`, like this:               stat -c 'major: %t minor: %T' <file>      Or, `ls -l` also shows these numbers. But how can we get device node(s) by given major and minor numbers? The only way I'm aware of is some kind of `ls -l` + `awk` trick, but I really hope there is better solution.


How can force my screen to unblank?

I've been doing a lot of looking around forums for different ways to unblank the screen. I am running embedded linux on a machine I have and I found out that the screen goes blank under certain conditions. I have my suspicions that this has to do with `consoleblank` but I haven't been able to find a way to reproduce the blanking consistently by either using setterm, or even changing the kernel parameters on bootup. So I'm trying to approach this from a different angle. I have my machine in the blanked state and I'm trying to wake it up to see if it is possible. Mouse input won't work, so I have telnet'ed into the machine and I am trying to wake it up. Running the command:               setterm -blank poke      returns "cannot force unblank" the following also produce that output:               setterm -term linux -blank poke     setterm -term linux -blank poke > /dev/tty02     setterm -term linux -blank poke > /dev/fb2      and a couple other variations do as well. How can I force my machine to unblank its screen? * * * UPDATE I have been looking into this screen blanking issue for over 2 days now and I finally at least found a way tp replicate the blanking. If I locally or remotely log into the system and do this: echo "4" > /sys/class/graphics/fb1/blank The screen blanks, input won't wake it up as per the case that comes up when I'm not expecting it. Then to unblank the screen I can do the following: echo "0" > /sys/class/graphics/fb1/blank This is all fine and dandy, but If I leave my machine on and it happens to blank the screen on its own, performing the second command does not wake up the display. The case where the blanking happens on its own is what is concerning me obviously and I am trying to determine what might undo it so that I can look more into preventing it from ever blanking in the first place.


How do I resolve a "rm: libtoolT: No such file or directory" error?

I'm doing a "portmaster -f" update on a machine just upgraded from FreeBSD 8.3 to 9.1 and am getting a "rm: libtoolT: No such file or directory" error. I see it's something that commonly afflicts Debian Linux distros, so I tried that fix (of adding a -f flag to the RM definition for the m4 processor). I also forced an autotool update and re-ran portmaster, same problem though. What should I try next?


set baud speed for tty

How do I set the baud speed for a specific tty (in this case a serial port)? I tried using               stty -F /dev/tty.iap ispeed 19200      But get the error `Invalid argument` for every speed I try (2400, 4800, etc.) except 9600 (the default). I can successfully change the speed in a C program using `cfsetspeed`. Do I need to make a change somewhere else, like the `ttys` file?


How can I make this System V init script start at boot?

I've installed udisks-glue on my Raspbian Raspberry Pi, along with a System V init script at `/etc/init.d/udisks-glue` (as per instructions here). I make it executable and run the following, which returns no errors.               sudo update-rc.d udisks-glue defaults      I can start the script fine, and it works as expected.               $ sudo service udisks-glue start     [ ok ] Starting Automounter: udisks-glue.     $ sudo service udisks-glue status     [ ok ] udisks-glue is running.      However, when I reboot, it's not running. This used to work fine, but I reinstalled a minimal system, and it no longer works. It's possible that I'm missing some packages.               $ sudo service udisks-glue status     [FAIL] udisks-glue is not running ... failed!      ## Troubleshooting I've tried to log output and errors by changing a line in the `start)` block to               start-stop-daemon --start --exec $DAEMON -- -p $PIDFILE &>> /tmp/udisks-glue.log      This file is empty on reboot. However, it does exist, suggesting that the script is at least partially executed. Finally, I've tried to confirm proper installation. Amongst other things, `locate udisks-glue` returns               /etc/rc0.d/K01udisks-glue     /etc/rc1.d/K01udisks-glue     /etc/rc2.d/S01udisks-glue     /etc/rc3.d/S01udisks-glue     /etc/rc4.d/S01udisks-glue     /etc/rc5.d/S01udisks-glue     /etc/rc6.d/K01udisks-glue      ## EDIT — Further troubleshooting I thought I might test if the script was acting too early, so I tested two possible solutions. Both failed. Firstly, I tried making the script run at a lower priority.               mv /etc/rc2.d/S{01,90}udisks-glue      Secondly, I reverted this then inserted `sleep 90` into the `start)` block, just before the `start-stop-daemon` invocation.


How can I run a grep on epub/mobi files?

Is there a way to do it, particularly on a set of multiple epub/mobi files in one directory?


How to set a new password from bash?

I'm using busybox with a limited passwd (I don't have --stdin option) and without `chpasswd` and I need to change the password of an user from bash. Here is my best result:               echo newpassword > pwdfile     echo newpassword > pwdfile     cat pwdfile | passwd myuser     Changing password for myuser     Enter the new password (minimum of 5, maximum of 8 characters)     Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers.     Enter new password:     Bad password: too simple.          Warning: weak password (continuing).     Re-enter new password:     passwd: The password for myuser is unchanged.


Why doesn't cp have a progress bar like wget?

Please note that I don't ask _how_. I already know options like `pv` and `rsync -P`. I want to ask _why_ doesn't `cp` implement a progress bar, at least as a flag ?


Setting execution right to whole directory - is it good or bad idea?

I have a zip file containing lot of files and directories for a certain application which should be running on Linux. Some files needs to be set as executable, but the zip file format afaik does not preserve execution rights. I need to manually set the execution right on files after extracting the archive and (I am getting to it) my question is: If I do not know which files need to be executable, is it good idea to add the execution permission recursively to the whole directory? Can it posses any security risks? Is anyone aware of any other problems it may cause?


rpd over https using a linux client

I posted this on SuperUser but I thought _this_ would be the better audience. (So sorry for crossposting...) My employer switched from vpn and rdp to using what our admin calls "rdp over https". Since that switch I find myself unable to connect to the "new" rdp server. I _think_ the progress is as follows:   * A rdp gateway-server is connected via tls   * the requested sever (different from the gateway-server) is then connected through the tls connection. In windows mstsc-settings the server name is the "internal network name" of the machine I wish to connect. And on the last tab (in German it is called "leistung" - could be activity) I go to the "connection from everywhere" settings and set the gateway-server under gateway-server. Now:   Is there **any** way to use this scenario under linux (apart from a virtual machine running Windows)?   I am interested in   * free ideas (e.g. is it possible to create a tls tunnel and connect through that using freerdp/rdesktop?)   * non-free ideas. As long as they work I'll worry about the costs later. Free ideas would be better :-) On SuperUser I got the idea to expose an ssh server and tunnel rdp through it. This is a valid idea but not feasible in my case. I really need a Idea to connect to the rdp server via the gateway-server.


Gnome menu panel blank space

I'm having a problem in the top menu panel since a couple of days, some space has been created between some icons and I don't know how to remove it. A screendump: ![alt text](http://i.stack.imgur.com/ddW4P.png) Does anyone know what the reason could be for it? By the way, I'm using Ubuntu Lucid (should I ask in the ubuntu site?). Thanks Edited: This is how it looks like now, still one blank space, but much better (I guess it has something to do with the question from Michael's link) ![alt text](http://i.stack.imgur.com/5V3m8.png) Edit 2: After a reboot, the blank space was gone so solved :)


How to handle bounce mail sent to the VERP address

We have our postfix configured to handle mail for our websites. For every website we have configured a bounce handling user with               local_recipient_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/recipient_maps      The file recipient_maps looks like:               site1_bounce@our-domain.com          site1_bounce/     site2_bounce@our-domain.com          site2_bounce/     ...      We're using lmtp for postfix to communicate with dovecot with local delivery:               local_transport = lmtp:unix:private/lmtp-dovecot      When one of our websites sends mail it uses the postfix VERP feature by using the senmail command options               /usr/sbin/sendmail -XV -t -i      All of this works nicely, and we're getting bounces in different IMAP folders. By checking the reputation of our mail server I stumbled over one RBL that black lists our mail server, http://v4bl.org. If I understand the informations correctly the reason for this is because we fail 1 test that can be checked out here http://multirbl.valli.org/fcrdns-test/ If I choose "test by sending an email" I'm getting 1 error, namely, the test program tries to send an email to our envelope RCPT TO address, that is e.g.               site1_bounce+testuser=testdomain.tld@our-domain.com      which obviously fails because we don't have a local mail account for every generated VERP address. One real world case would be that a recipient mail server accepts a mail from our postfix and sends a bounce mail later to the RCPT TO address. So how do we map those VERP addresses back to our bounce handling mail accounts? We tried our luck with               alias_maps = regexp:/etc/postfix/verp_alias_maps      with verp_alias_maps being:               /^site1_bounce\+.+@our-domain.com/       site1_bounce     /^site2_bounce\+.+@our-domain.com/       site2_bounce     ...      but it appears as postfix ignores our ailas_maps file.


Does character 'ä' in usernames cause bugs in linux systems?

I want to use my first name as an username but it contains character 'ä'. I found this thread. Now I understand, why some some characters are disabled, but what about 'ä'? Can this character cause any problems? Why are some unicode characters (ü, õ, ö, ä) disabled, when they are used in full names?


Grep for string in first line of all files in directory and descendants

How can I grep for a given string in all files in the current directory, and recursively so, only considering the first line? (the #! line, if present, but only if #! is in the -first- line)?


Alternative to xxd for QNX

I was just introduced to `xxd` today. See link. I am very familiar with the QNX `hd` and `od`commands, both of which will take input and create a hex dump (or octal dump if you like). See hd and od. What I am looking for is the `xxd -r` capability to go backwards from a hexdump to a binary file, but apparently QNX doesn't have that, or I'm not reading the description appropriately. Can someone point me in the right direction? This is regarding QNX Neutrino 6.4.1 or newer.


Running make with vermagic kernel string with parentheses causes /bin/sh syntax error

I am on Ubuntu Server 12.04 x86_64 and I need to build Android CyanogenMod 7.2 kernel module. My phone has custom ROM and a patched kernel:               adb shell cat /proc/version      yields               Linux version 2.6.37.3-cyanogenmod-gf3345ef-dirty (subbotin@avs234) (gcc version 4.4.0 (GCC) ) #2 PREEMPT Sun Mar 13 14:55:50 MSK 2011      I have this variable setup in addition to toolchain variables etc.               export LOCALVERSION="-cyanogenmod-gf3345ef-dirty (subbotin@avs234)"      When I run `make` ( ~~note that on Ubuntu`bash` is `dash`~~) I get the following:               CHK    include/linux/version.h     /bin/sh: 1: Syntax error: "(" unexpected (expecting ")")     make: ***[include/generated/utsrelease.h] Error 2      However, if I remove "(subbotin@avs234)" the kernel compiles just fine. I need a full vermagic string since I suspect that this kernel module wouldn't load because of difference in the version string. What is the problem with parentheses? A more detailed description: The device is HTC Desire (bravo) GSM and the application is EDS Lite (http://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sovworks.edslite). I partially followed this http://oldwiki.cyanogenmod.org/wiki/Building_Kernel_from_source and this is a kernel module compilation guide http://www.sovworks.com/details.html#compileModule. In the latter link it is mentioned that vermagic string should probably match completely. When I try to load this module from the application mount menu I get 'failed loading kernel module'               #get repo tool     mkdir -p ~/bin      curl https://dl-ssl.google.com/dl/googlesource/git-repo/repo > ~/bin/repo      chmod a+x ~/bin/repo           #clone repo for cm-kernel     mkdir -p ~/Android/kernel      cd ~/Android/kernel      git clone git://github.com/CyanogenMod/cm-kernel.git      cd cm-kernel          #pull the kernel configuration from the device     #my config file is here: http://pastebin.com/aHA2mETG     adb pull /proc/config.gz ~/Android/kernel/cm-kernel     cd ~/Android/kernel/cm-kernel     gunzip config.gz     #replace CONFIG_LOCALVERSION and CONFIG_LOCALVERSION_AUTO with null string     sed 's/CONFIG_LOCALVERSION\([[:alnum:][:punct:]]\)*//' config > .config     cp config .config          #toolchain from http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html#download (sdk tools)          export CROSS_COMPILE=~/Android/Toolchain/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.3/bin/arm-eabi-     export CCOMPILER=~/Android/Toolchain/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.3/bin/arm-eabi-     export ARCH=arm     export SUBARCH=arm     export LOCALVERSION="-cyanogenmod-gf3345ef-dirty (subbotin@avs234)"     make oldconfig          #Answer "no" CONFIG_LOCALVERSION_AUTO (the second prompt) request.     make          #download EDS kernel module src http://www.sovworks.com/downloads.html     #extract to ~/Android/km     cd ~/km     make -C ~/Android/kernel/cm-kernel\      ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=~/Android/Toolchain/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.4.3/bin/arm-eabi-\      EXTRA_CFLAGS=-fno-pic\      SUBDIRS=~/Android/km modules          #if LOCALVERSION="-cyanogenmod-gf3345ef-dirty" then vermagic string is as in the following     modinfo eds.ko     #...     vermagic:       2.6.37.6-cyanogenmod-gf3345ef-dirty preempt mod_unload ARMv7       upd: just noticed that the stable version of currently installed kernel (which is 3) is not equal to the built kernel stable version (6). Not sure if they are compatible - maybe the problem is with installed kernel version string after all?


Apache fails to reload... Is there a log that I can look in for details?

I have a webserver that I'm working on adding a site to. After running `a2ensite`, I ran `service apache2 reload`, and got this: > [FAIL] Reloading web server config: apache2 failed! Is there a log file that I can look in for more details?


Execute string result from shell script as a set of shell commands

I create a string result from my `shell script` and i want to execute it as a `shell command`. For example `file_a` is:               user1@gmail.com     user2@gmail.com      script:               awk '{print "mail -s \"welcome\"", $1}' file_a      And result:               mail -s "welcome" user1@gmail.com     mail -s "welcome" user2@gmail.com      So i want to execute the result as a set of shell commands.


Automate `pbrun su` via plink

I am trying to automate an sFTP process for our project. When I login with PuTTY and manually type the command `pbrun su - user1`, root access is given to user1 and I am able to do the sFTP process. I want to perform the same process via plink (a command line version of PuTTY). But when I type `plink -pw password user1@server pbrun su - user1` in the command prompt, root access is not given to the user1 and an error (`chown : no file or directory found`) is displayed. I am wondering why, when I type the same command manually via PuTTY, no error is displayed but when I send the same command via plink it does not work. Please tell me is there any config setup need to done at the powerbroker to automate the `pbrun su` command. Note : I am able to run all other UNIX commands via plink.


Does linux modules/drivers belong to kernal space or user space

Some articles say that modules/drivers belong to kernel space as it take part in forming the kernel; (reference: http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/drivers_linux) While others say that only Ring0(directly interact with hardware)can be called kernel space(excluded modules/drivers as they are at Ring2). (reference:http://jaseywang.me/2011/01/04/vfs-kernel-space-user-space-2/ ) Could anybody tell me which point of view is correct?


Occasional error from bash on AIX: Interrupted system call

I am experiencing problems with process substitution in bash on AIX It happens very rarely, apparently only when the server is loaded. An example error message is:               line 9: /tmp//sh-np-7841523: Interrupted system call      Before I investigate more into my script, I wanted to know if you had already had issues with process substitution. Or get your inputs regarding some possible recommendations to observe when implementing process substitution. Note: this simple script can generate the aforementioned error:               #!/bin/bash     read var < <(echo)      However I stress this point: the error is very rare. It cannot be reproduced systematically. The server on which the script has been tested is a production server.


How to disable "auto cd" in zsh with oh-my-zsh

Googling this didn't show up any results. Here's what I mean: I have a binary file named `x` in my path (not the current folder, but it is in the `PATH`), and _also_ a folder with the same name in the current working directory. If I type `x`, I want the binary to execute, but instead it cd's into that folder. How do I fix this?