RT3290 Wireless still not working

I've been trying to get my wireless working for two weeks now. I have 1814:3290 wireless card. I am on Linux Mint 14 64-bit. I have tried all the suggestion on here: http://askubuntu.com/questions/240553/how-do-i-install-ra3290-bin-wireless- driver-into-lib-firmware http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2104129 http://askubuntu.com/questions/240553/how-do-i-install-ra3290-bin-wireless- driver-into-lib-firmware I updated my kernel to 3.8.5-030805-generic. The first thing I tried was compiling the drivers (using original kernel 3.5.0-17-generic). When I compiled and installed, my wireless worked, but, I kept getting kernel panics every time I logged in. So I `modprobe -r rt3290sta`. After that I tried updating the kernel to the one I have now and copying the bin file. The kernel saw the wireless card but it was not active or anything. I checked `rfkill` and nothing was blocked. So then I tried compiling the drivers again after `make clean` first. Now when I try to compile the drivers I get this:               /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:43:23: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘rt2860_remove_one’     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:44:22: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘rt2860_probe’     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:63:46: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘__devinitdata’     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:85:17: error: ‘rt2860_pci_tbl’ undeclared here (not in a function)     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:86:17: error: ‘rt2860_probe’ undeclared here (not in a function)     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:88:5: error: implicit declaration of function ‘__devexit_p’ [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:88:29: error: ‘rt2860_remove_one’ undeclared here (not in a function)     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:292:24: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘rt2860_probe’     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:463:23: error: expected ‘=’, ‘,’, ‘;’, ‘asm’ or ‘__attribute__’ before ‘rt2860_remove_one’     /home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.c:71:1: error: ‘__mod_pci_device_table’ aliased to undefined symbol ‘rt2860_pci_tbl’     cc1: some warnings being treated as errors     make[2]: *** [/home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux/../../os/linux/pci_main_dev.o] Error 1     make[1]: *** [_module_/home/dis/Downloads/DPO_RT3290_LinuxSTA_V2600_20120508/os/linux] Error 2     make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-3.8.5-030805-generic'     make: *** [LINUX] Error 2      Everything is up to date also. I'm not sure where to go from here. Maybe I should downgrade my kernel to 3.6 or 3.7? Edit: So I downgrade my kernel to 3.7.2 and recompiled the drivers. The kernel sees my wireless card but doesn't really seem to work and everything freezes. Going to try kernel 3.6. Edit2: After more testing I found out that 3.7.2 and 3.6.11 both give me kernel panics after installing the wireless driver. Edi3: I installed 3.7.11 and compiled and installed the wireless drivers. Wireless worked for 3 seconds and then had a kernel panic.


xrdp: Super_L not working

My virtual machine runs `xrdp` and when I connect with `rdesktop`, the "windows" key (i.e. Super_L) is not assigned properly. Using `xev` I see that when the windows key is pressed, instead of showing `Super_L`, it shows `Control_L`. The real `CTRL` key also shows `Control_L`. In other words, both the windows key and `CTRL` have the same effect. How can I fix this, so that the Windows key maps to `Super_L`, same as on my laptop?


mdadm metadata: should i take precautions to prevent superblock overwrite?

Situation:   * I'm creating a new RAID1 array using mdadm.   * I won't be using additional layers, such as LVM or dm-crypt.   * I've noticed that metadata version 1.2 is now the default. I understand it's the recommended version, if all other parts of the system (for example grub2) support it. This is the case for me.   * From the manpage and several other sources I understand that metadata 1.2 means the superblock is stored at the beginning of the disk. At 4KiB from the start.   * On previous RAID1 arrays I created, I used metadata version 0.90 which stores the superblock at the end of the disk instead. To prevent it from being overwritten, I left the last part of the disk unpartitioned. It's my intention to partition the new RAID1 array with a GPT partition table, first partition starting at sector 2048. If a sector is 512 bytes, this means the actual partition will start at 1024KiB from the start of the disk. Questions:   * Should I take any precautions to prevent the version 1.2 superblock from being overwritten, or is starting the first partition at sector 2048 enough to be relatively safe?   * I imagine grub will write at the start of the disk, but it will probably only need the first 512 bytes. Do any other programs write right after those bytes on the disk?   * Is the part right after the end of the first sector, up to sector 2048, a 'regulated' part of the disk? Do other programs check if any other data is present before they start writing there? I couldn't find anything specific about this. I understand that using `dd` can destroy a superblock ;-) and so does `mdadm --zero-superblock`. I'm more concerned about any other utilities or filesystem layers such as LVM of which I may not immediately realise they could overwrite that specific part of the disk where the superblock is stored.


vim: Can I make *only* y perform a copy?

I'm learning to like vim, but one thing that I haven't yet fully embraced is the copy and paste situation. In a muggle text editor I would `Ctrl`-`C` copy a piece of text and then edit/delete and then paste the text somewhere else. However in vim I can't do this because after I copy text with `y`, modifying the text often involves `d` and `x` which obliterates my original text. Is there any way to make `d` and `x` not copy the text? Or otherwise, how should I be using these vim features?


Find doesn't want to find *.sh in certain level

I have a problem with `find`. It doesn't find *.sh files if I am in certain directory level. It does, however, find *.sql files.               /path$ cd do_not_upload/updates/1.1.1/     /path/do_not_upload/updates/1.1.1$ find . -path *.sh     ./run_pre_update/002.sh     ./run_pre_update/001.sh     ./run_post_update/001.sh     /path/do_not_upload/updates/1.1.1$ find . -path *.sh     ./run_pre_update/002.sh     ./run_pre_update/001.sh     ./run_post_update/001.sh     /path/do_not_upload/updates/1.1.1$ cd ..     /path/do_not_upload/updates$ find . -path *.sh     ./1.1.3/run_pre_update/002.sh     ./1.1.3/run_pre_update/001.sh     ./1.1.3/run_post_update/001.sh     ./1.1.1/run_pre_update/002.sh     ./1.1.1/run_pre_update/001.sh     ./1.1.1/run_post_update/001.sh     /path/do_not_upload/updates$ cd ..     /path/do_not_upload$ find . -path *.sh     ./updates/1.1.3/run_pre_update/002.sh     ./updates/1.1.3/run_pre_update/001.sh     ./updates/1.1.3/run_post_update/001.sh     ./updates/1.1.1/run_pre_update/002.sh     ./updates/1.1.1/run_pre_update/001.sh     ./updates/1.1.1/run_post_update/001.sh     /path/do_not_upload$ cd ..     /path$ find . -path *.sh     /path$ find . -path *.sql     ./do_not_upload/updates/1.1.3/sql_migrations/002.sql     ./do_not_upload/updates/1.1.3/sql_migrations/001.sql     ./do_not_upload/updates/1.1.1/sql_migrations/002.sql     ./do_not_upload/updates/1.1.1/sql_migrations/001.sql          $ find --version     find (GNU findutils) 4.4.2          /path$ stat do_not_upload/       File: ‘do_not_upload/’       Size: 60          Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   directory     Device: 14h/20d Inode: 159862      Links: 3     Access: (0775/drwxrwxr-x)  Uid: ( 1000/  jorgee)   Gid: ( 1000/  jorgee)     Access: 2014-09-10 14:02:34.449376973 -0300     Modify: 2014-09-10 13:54:13.805363567 -0300     Change: 2014-09-10 13:54:13.805363567 -0300      Birth: -


Can an executable know where it is stored? For my open source project, I wrote a small bash script to automate some operations. The script lies at the root of the project and performs its tasks on all files below. People have the project files on their own computers, at their favorite path, so I can't just hardcode `cd /home/nico/projects/theproject` at the beginning of the script. I don't want to force people to manually `cd` to the project's directory everytime before executing either. I would like people to be able to use a Gnome shortcut to launch the script. To do so, the script needs to know where itself is stored.


Limit CPU/RAM usage per user?

I'm running game server applications on dedicated server that I have, but I want to be able to limit the CPU/RAM/etc usage on a per-user basis to make sure one of the servers doesn't eat up more resources than it is supposed to be given. I've seen people recommend ulimit for this, but the way to limit CPU in it is confusing... What I'm aiming to do is limit each user to 1 thread ( out of 16 ) and 1G of RAM.. I'd also prefer not to do this in VMs, as I only have 3 IPs and my previous attempts to setup NAT have been rather unsuccessful.


How do I apply software patches?

I have an application `foobar` for which someone has written a patch to add a feature I like. How can I use the patch?


Terminal not displaying correctly after quitting Xorg

I am running a fresh arch-linux install (as of 17/07/12) with the ATI catalyst drivers (as mentioned on the wiki page). When I run `xinit`, everything works fine and looks great but when I exit the xsession it doesn't return me to the standard bash terminal correctly. Instead I get what appears to be the top left quarter of the original terminal which is unresponsive apart from the occasional visual corruption when I press keys. What can I do to fix this? **EDIT:** Using `Ctrl`+`Alt`+`F1` shows the same thing.


Bash script to find and kill a process with certain arguments?

I want a script which kills the instance(s) of `ssh` which are run with the -D argument (setting up a local proxy). Manually, I do `ps -A | grep -i ssh`, look for the instance(s) with -D, and `kill -9 {id}` each one. But what does that look like in bash script form? (I am on Mac OS X but will install any necessary commands via `port`)


Non-administrative network-related tools

I know there are tools to inspect packets (e.g. wireshark) or to simulate latency/packet loss (e.g. netem), but they all seem to require administrative permissions to inspect/modify packets. I'm looking for something which could intercept packets for a single application and be usable by a standard (non-root) user. I'd like some kind of `valgrind` tool for network, where you use it to wrap your application and it intercepts network requests to inspect/modify them. My main use case is to enable students to use such tools on university computers in a simple way (i.e. without needing virtual machines or support from the administrators). Do such tools exist? Otherwise, what prevents them from actually existing in the first place? Note: tools such as `setcap`, which need to be configured by system administrators and may grant too many powers to the users (e.g. inspecting every packet, and not just the ones generated by their applications) aren't suitable. **Edit** : OK, so after some research, I found out about the LD_PRELOAD trick, which could be used as a poor man's wrapper to intercept specific library functions (e.g. `connect`, `sendto`, etc.) and count/modify packets. Apparently the reason why there are not so many non-root tools based on this is because:   * it's not useful for security purposes (it can be easily circumvented), and   * most people during useful things with network already need root access anyway, so outside very specific applications tailored for learning, there is no real demand. But this is technically feasible, in case any curious students are willing to develop such applications themselves. Another technique would be to code a valgrind plug-in to deal with this and use valgrind to run the program. But it seems way overkill, so no sane people have done it. Could someone more knowledgeable than me just confirm if my previous statements are correct?


Cannot locate libncurses.so location when running a file

I'm trying to run a file name remote build which is to build a package on a target server. My target server is HP-UX-itanium 64 bit. When I run the remote build, somehow it cannot find `libncurses.so` or maybe it looks for the `libncurses.so` at some other location. This only happens on HP-UX itanium, while other server like Solaris, HP-UX-mp 32 bit, and other Unix platform can run the file smoothly. This is the error code:               libtool: link: gcc -g -O2 -o test_setpwnam test_setpwnam.o setpwnam.o  -L/usr/local/lib/hpux32 -lncurses -lsec -ldl -lpam -lpthread -Wl,+b -Wl,/usr/local/lib     /usr/bin/make  check-TESTS     /usr/lib/hpux32/dld.so: Unable to find library 'libncurses.so'.      I don't know why it keep looking into `_/usr/lib/hpux32_` when I think I have the code look into `/usr/local/lib/hpux32"_` (the `libncurses.so` is located in that directory). This is part of the remote build code which I think is related.               #!/usr/bin/perl          my $remote_uname = `ssh $USER\@$host uname -a`;     chomp($remote_uname);     my $local_uname = `uname -a`;     chomp($local_uname);     my $homepath = "/home";     my $build = "";     my $configure_param = " --with-ncurses --disable-openssl --disable-thread-support --disable-shared --disable-protoc";     my $gzip = "gzip";     my $configure_env = "PATH=\$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/lib/hpux32 CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include libevent_cv_getaddrinfo=no";     my $make_env = "PATH=\$PATH:/usr/local/bin";     my $whoami = "whoami";          } elsif ($remote_uname =~ /^HP-UX/) {         $build = "cd mypackage-$version/package/hpux && sh ./build.sh";         $gzip = "/usr/contrib/bin/gzip";         $configure_param .= " --with-ncurses";         $configure_env .= " LDFLAGS=\"-L/usr/local/lib/hpux32\""; //aint this the part where I'm suppose to specify the search?         die "Unknown remote uname [$remote_uname]";     }          rmake "rm -rf mypackage-${version}*";     make "scp mypackage-$version.tar.gz $USER\@$host:$homepath/$USER";     rmake "$gzip -dc mypackage-$version.tar.gz | tar xvf -";     rmake "cd mypackage-$version && $configure_env ./configure $configure_param && $make_env make && $make_env make check";     rmake $build;      This is my first time doing debug on perl code, so please excuse me if what I conclude is wrong.


Given a kernel ATA exception, how to determine which physical disk is affected?

I woke up this morning to a notification email with some rather disturbing system log entries.               Dec  2 04:27:01 yeono kernel: [459438.816058] ata2.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0xf SErr 0x0 action 0x6 frozen     Dec  2 04:27:01 yeono kernel: [459438.816071] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED     Dec  2 04:27:01 yeono kernel: [459438.816085] ata2.00: cmd 61/08:00:70:0d:ca/00:00:08:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 out     Dec  2 04:27:01 yeono kernel: [459438.816088]          res 40/00:00:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/40 Emask 0x4 (timeout)     Dec  2 04:27:01 yeono kernel: [459438.816095] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }       (the above five lines were repeated a few times at a short interval)     Dec  2 04:27:01 yeono kernel: [459438.816181] ata2: hard resetting link     Dec  2 04:27:02 yeono kernel: [459439.920055] ata2: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)     Dec  2 04:27:02 yeono kernel: [459439.932977] ata2: hard resetting link     Dec  2 04:27:09 yeono kernel: [459446.100050] ata2: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 300)     Dec  2 04:27:09 yeono kernel: [459446.314509] ata2.00: configured for UDMA/133     Dec  2 04:27:09 yeono kernel: [459446.328037] ata2.00: device reported invalid CHS sector 0       ("reported invalid CHS sector 0" repeated a few times at a short interval)      I make full nightly backups of my entire system to an external (USB-connected) drive, and the above happened right in the middle of that backup run. (The backup starts at 04:00 through cron, and tonight's logged completion just before 04:56.) The backup process itself claims to have completed without any errors. There are two internally connected SATA drives and two externally (USB) connected drives on my system; one of the external drives is currently dormant. I don't recall off the top of my head which physical SATA ports are used for which of the internal drives. When googling I found the AskUbuntu question Is this drive failure or something else? which indicates that a very similar error occured after 8-10 GB had been copied to a drive, but the actual failure mode was different as the drive switched to a read-only state. The only real similarity is that I did add on the order of 7-8 GB of data to my main storage last night, which would have been backed up around the time that the error occured. `smartd` is not reporting anything out of the ordinary on either of the internal drives. Unfortunately smartctl doesn't speak the language of the external backup drive's USB bridge, and simply complains about `Unknown USB bridge [0x0bc2:0x3320 (0x100)]`. Googling for that specific error was distinctly unhelpful. My main data storage as well as the backup is on ZFS and `zpool status` reports 0 errors and no known data errors. Nevertheless I have initiated a full scrub on both the internal and external drives. It is currently slated to complete in about six hours for the internal drive (main storage pool) and 13-14 hours for the backup drive. It seems that the next step should be to determine which drive was having trouble, and possibly replace it. The `ata2.00` part _probably_ tells me which drive was having problems, but **how do I map that identifier to a physical drive?**


Kernel 3.12 or 3.10? which one has more features, newer and better?

Based on https://www.kernel.org/ kernel 3.12 is released in 2014-04-23 and kernel 3.10 is released in 2014-04-27. Based on release date, 3.12 is older and based on version number 3.10 is older. Which one is newer? Which one has more features? **Does 3.12 have 3.10 features?**


interpretation of coninfo in uboot

U-Boot-PetaLinux> con     List of available devices:     serial   80000003 SIO stdin stdout stderr     ttyPS0   00000003 .IO      how is the serial and ttyPS0 different ? And how do I interpret the complete output ?


grepping with "shopt -s globstar extglob"

I have `shopt -s globstar extglob` in my `./bashrc`. I'm searching for files that refer to string `Foo` in the following command:               grep -Fwn Foo /**/src/**/*.@(h|cpp)      Now I want to except all refers from files `Foo.h` and `Foo.cpp`. The following is the command that gain this goal               grep -Fwn Foo /**/src/**/*.@(h|cpp) | grep -v Foo.h | grep -v Foo.cpp      I'd like to make it without piping command using `!` and `&` in location pattern. I mean something like the following               grep -Fwn Foo /**/src/**/@(*.@(h|cpp)&(!(Foo.*)))      Why the command from above do not work and how to fix it?


Editing Conky configuration variables from Lua

I've been messing around with Conky for a while now and I recently started dabbling in Lua scripting. One of the things that used to bug me about a "flat" `conkyrc` approach (as opposed to a combined `conkyrc` and `lua` script) was that you had to set the position for everything using trial and error. Using `lua` and `cairo` I was hoping to avoid that: I get the screen resolution from `xdpyinfo` and make all my dimensions relative to the screen resolution. The problem with this approach is that I still need to adjust the Conky window position from within the `conkyrc` file and (as far as I know) it can't be done programmatically. So my question is, can I use the results from my `lua` script to set Conky configuration variables like `gap_x` and `gap_y`? Or is there maybe another way to set these variables programmatically?


How to determine eth0 gateway address when it is not the default gateway?

In my system I have eth0 (which may or may not be connected) and a modem on ppp0 (which always may be up or down). The the case where both interfaces are up and ppp0 is the default route, I'd like to find a way to determine the gateway IP actual address of eth0. I tried "netstat -rn" but in this configuration the output is:               Kernel IP routing table     Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface     xx.xx.xxx.xxx   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.255 UH        0 0          0 ppp0     192.168.98.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0     127.0.0.0       0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 lo     0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         U         0 0          0 ppp0      So how do I determine eth0's gateway address? In the above case the actual gateway address is 192.168.98.1.


Uniformity of Linux files

How is it that, if you are in a folder with various files --- pictures, binary executables, scripts, even directories, zip files, just about everything --- how it is that when you hit `ls -l`, you get output that is similar (to the form) for all files? It is like the files are themselves placed in super files that are uniform, and has meta data attached, sort of like the control block structure of processes. And how come files that you expect would have nothing to do with Unix or Linux pose no problem? Is there like a file system preprocessor to deal with files from the Windows world? Or are files that cross-platform that it is not necessary? (That would be something!) Is there a way you could **see** this hidden (?) layer? (Even HTML (not to mention Lisp etc.) is difficult to understand just reading about it. But when you see it, you understand immediately.)


"No such file or directory" lies on Optware installed binaries

I've been using Optware to install packages on my ARM-based NAS for a while - the usual stuff like Transmission, Samba and others. However, I'd been having problems with Transmission hanging not long after starting up. I looked around for a solution for a while and finally discovered that the Optware feed I was using wasn't the one that had been set up for my NAS box. I switched the feeds and reinstalled all the packages but now I'm getting the following error when I try and run anything that was reinstalled:               $ smbd     -bash: /opt/sbin/smbd: No such file or directory     $ transmission-daemon     -bash: /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: No such file or directory     $ unrar     -bash: /opt/bin/unrar: No such file or directory      I checked `/opt/bin` and `/opt/sbin` and the executables are definitely there - so what's the real problem?               $ ldd /opt/bin/transmission-daemon     /usr/bin/ldd: line 116: /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: No such file or directory          $ file /opt/bin/transmission-daemon     /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped          $ readelf - l /opt/sbin/smbd     readelf: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory          $ cat /proc/$$/maps     …     40084000-4019e000 r-xp 00000000 09:01 112594 /lib/libc-2.7.so     …      I'm not sure what any of that means but it proves the file _is_ there, right? Or is this something to do with the shared libs?


Spurious "command not found"

I am in the process of trying to build and install pjsua on my embedded board running linux with a kernel which is a variant of 2.6.18.. The board is booted via nfs from my filesystem. I have built the program with my cross compiler, moved it to the directory which represents the filesystem booted to by the board, then tried to run it.               # ./pjsua-arm-unknown-linux-gnu     sh: ./pjsua-arm-unknown-linux-gnu: not found          # ls -lrt pjsua*     -rwxrwxr-x    1 1001     1001      1627777 May 31 10:14 pjsua     -rwxrwxr-x    1 1001     1001      1627777 May 31 12:00 pjsua-arm-unknown-linux-gnu      So, I made hello world using the same compiler, moved it in exactly the same way, and tried to run it;               # ./hello     Hello Everyone!      Here's my PATH               #echo $PATH      /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/games:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/opt/:.      The executable is in /opt, so fullpath!               /opt/pjsua-arm-unknown-linux-gnu     sh: /opt/pjsua-arm-unknown-linux-gnu: not found      I am completely perplexed. Has anyone got any idea what could be wrong?


Why does sh say "not found" when it's definitely there?

> **Possible Duplicate:**   >  "No such file or directory" lies on Optware installed binaries I'm trying to add ebtables to a little router box. I went and got a binary compiled for the correct architecture, and put it on the box in `/sbin/`. When I do `/sbin/ebtables`, the shell says `/bin/sh: /sbin/ebtables: not found`, but I can do `ls -l /sbin/ebtables` and it shows up perfectly:               -rwxr-xr-x    1 admin    admin        4808 Aug  4 10:36 /sbin/ebtables      Any ideas about what's going on here?


Slow keyboard response in some Distros

I will be quick and clear. My keyboard is very slow in Gentoo, Debian, Ubuntu, Arch, PCLinuxOS and LinuxMint. It works fine in Mandriva, Fedora and Sabayon (Gentoo Based) It is slow even in Gentoo installation; without the Xs, with KDE; Gnome, Fluxbox... I just want to use Arch Linux, but I can't even install it ! Help please. EDIT: Can this be the problem ? http://lwn.net/Articles/404712/


Linux Mint 13 can't detect SSD &/or Windows 7

I'm a newcomer to Linux OSes in general. I'm trying to install Linux Mint 13 Cinnamon alongside Windows 7. Linux Mint can't seem to see/detect either of my SSDs and because of that, it can't read/detect Windows 7. So how do I get Linux to read my SSDs without installing Linux first? And if that doesn't happen, how can I install Linux so that it appears in that "choose OS" list in the boot menu?


Check if the command exists in bash

I want to check if a given command exists in `bash` and I care only about the native commands of the bash and not the scripts written by the user. When I refer to `native commands` I mean all those commands that are generally available to a user. There are two commands               command -v     type      that can be used to check if the command exists. But it also returns a true for user written scripts whereas I want to restrict myself just to the inbuilt commands. **Note:** I am not just trying to distinguish between a `bash builtin` and other commands because type -t touch gives `file` as the type, but this is a command available to the user by default. But if the user writes a script and then tries to run it then I would like to filter that. Any help is appreciated.


About GNOME .gconf, .gnome2 etc. directories in $HOME

In users $HOME we know that GNOME keeps various of directories to store user specific configs. I know that `.gconf` is used to store user preferences (keybindings, and other settings) I know that `.config` is used to store application specific preferences Do you know what `.gnome2` and `.gnome2_private` `.gconf.path.defaults` and files`.gconf.path.mandatory` `.gconf.xml.defaults` `.gconf.xml.mandatory` for?


Gnome: how to close all applications?

I've configured the Debian system on my netbook to shut down whenever the battery runs too low. Problem is, shutting down kills all running applications without giving them any chance to save any document I may be working on. I'd like to write a script to "gently" close all open applications before shutdown kicks in, but I can't find a way to broadcast a "Close" message to all running applications in Gnome. Is there a way? Thanks. EDIT: Hibernating does not work on my netbook, so I can't use it as an alternative solution.


What is the difference between ping -w and ping -W?

What is the `-w` (deadline) flag in `ping` for? I cannot find a description of it in the `ping` man page; only for `-W`, which takes seconds as a parameter. What is the difference between them, and how can I set a ping timeout (if host is not responding) to 200ms?


Linux cache evictions

Looking at how the VFS cache on my Linux machine behaves, I can see that even when effectively idle (crond and most other daemons stopped, interfaces down) the amount of free memory gradually increases implying that items are being evicted from the cache. I did a lot of googling but can't find any reference to how this is controlled (unless it's a side effect of vm_swappiness). Can anyone put me on the right path to understanding why items are being evicted from the cache when there is no demand for new memory allocation?


How does RSyslog receive log messages automatically?

_Relevant part:_               anisha@linux-trra~> sudo cat /var/log/messages     Aug 29 13:04:22 linux kernel: imklog 5.6.3, log source = /proc/kmsg started.     Aug 29 13:04:22 linux rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="5.6.3" x-pid="1879" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start     Aug 29 13:04:22 linux kernel: [7.585951] type=1400 audit(1346225659.436:4): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" name="/sbin/syslog-ng" pid=807 comm="apparmor_parser" Aug 29 13:04:22 linux kernel: [7.667712] type=1400 audit(1346225659.518:5): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" name="/sbin/syslogd" pid=830 comm="apparmor_parser"      I couldn't find these PIDs on my system through `ps -el`.   * How do the programs _automatically_ know that they have to send messages to RSyslog?   * Is it that all programs dump their messages at one place, and RSyslog picks up the relevant ones?   * Man page of Syslog says that Syslog reads its messages from a socket in /dev. **So, how does it correlate with the above two points?**


What does x option for sed do actually when exchanging data between hold and pattern buffer?

I dont understand what x does when it comes to exchanging the contents of hold and pattern buffer.Does it exchanges the data between hold and pattern so that any previous data in hold or pattern is deleted.what happens exactly.


DHCP and WiFi Connectivity

If WiFi Dongle is associated successfully to Access-Point then is there any way to get notification ? I want to run some script (dhclient), if and only if, association is successful. Only way, that I know, is to record the log of `wpa_supplicant` with verbose mode, and search for the keyword `EAPO authentication completed successfully`. But, I guess, there must be some other way to do so. command-line solution is required as I normally work in CUI. I'm using Ubuntu-13.10.


How can one provide colour to tab completion in tcsh?

(Crossposted from StackOverflow.com) This question and the answer teach us how to introduce colour into tcsh prompts. This webpage explains nicely how to get colour into any output of the `echo` command:               > echo \\e[1\;30mBLACK\\e[0m     BLACK     > echo '\e[1;30mBLACK\e[0m'     BLACK      The word 'BLACK' in the example above is printed with a black (or darkgrey) foreground colour (depending on the overall color scheme). Now I'd like to introduce this into the `[TAB]` command autocompletion feature of `tcsh`. I tried:               complete testcmd 'p/*/`echo '"'"'\e[1;30mf834fef\e[0m'"'"'`/'      And I get:               > testcmd [TAB]     > testcmd ^[\[1\;30mf834fef^[\[0m      Obviously the characters lose their special meaning. Hopefully I just did not get the escaping right. But I tried several other ways. So any help is appreciated. The real use case is that I've got a command completion that offers three different types of completions and I'd like to visually distinguish the types. Also the alternatives are computed by an external command. That is why I need the completion to use the backticks with an external command, such as `echo`. I don't care about the details of this command. If you make it work in any way with the `tcsh`'s `complete` command I'll probably be able to adapt (thinking `perl -pe` wrappers and such). The reason why I believe this _has_ to work somehow is that the tcsh itself offers coloured command completion if you e.g. type `ls [TAB]`. That works correctly in my setup. Also you can use `ls -1F` inside the autocompletion and the colours that `ls` outputs are also piped through. An example would be:               complete testcmd 'p/*/`ls -1F`/'      Update: As user mavin points out on stackoverflow, the colourization of `ls` in this example is indeed not piped through. The colours of `ls` are lost, but the auto completion can reapply colours according to LS_COLOURS variable based on hints such as the `/` and `*` marker endings as added by the ls. This can be verified by doing               complete testcmd 'p/*/`ls --color -1`/'      which fails to provide colour, and only provides garbled output. (Literally pipes through the escape character sequences) I'm on `tcsh` version 6.13.00 Any ideas? Pointers?


How to check if libfftw3_threads.so.3.2.4 shared library was compiled for pthreads or for OpenMP?

There is FFTW library installed by an administrator system-wide, in `/usr/lib64`, and it includes `/usr/lib64/libfftw3_threads.so.3.2.4`. When I compiled this library myself, before it was installed by sysadmin, I have noticed that you have to choose between **OpenMP** and **pthreads** version: >   * `\--enable-openmp`: Like `\--enable-threads`, but using OpenMP compiler > directives in order to induce parallelism rather than spawning its own > threads directly. Useful especially for programs already employing such > directives, in order to minimize conflicts between different parallelization > mechanisms. Use either `\--enable-openmp` or `\--enable-threads`, not both; > in either case the multi-threaded FFTW interface/library (see Multi-threaded > FFTW) is compiled (with different back ends). > The distribution is Gentoo, so theoretically either is possible. How to check if said library was compiled with OpenMP support (which would be best), or with pthreads?


Forcing compton to free directory

I often have trouble unnounting filesystems because `compton` is keeping a subdirectory open. Here is one line from `lsof` I have right now:               compton   30043            valmi  cwd       DIR              254,0    32768       7485 /media/truecrypt1/videos      I cannot for the life of me figure what it is doing with this directory (it is not used by any other process nor was it ever opened in any application besides bash). So far, I always just ended up restarting X when this happened, but I would love for someone to tell me how to make `compton` understand that it should let go my directory, or as a consolation tell me what it is doing with it. If this is relevant, this is compton-git 20121102-2 from Debian stable, with 3.5.0-7 and everything up-to-date.


How can I print out the current keybindings in Linux/Debian?

How can I print out the current keybindings in Linux/Debian ? I tried               xmodmap -pp      and got the response:               xmodmap:  unable to open display ''


Extracting queries from log file that do not include banned lines

I have a log file that looks something like the following:               query1 startQuery     query1 do something     query1 do something else     query2 startQuery     query1 do something banned     query2 do something     query3 startQuery     query2 endQuery 1000     query3 something else to do     query1 endQuery 2003     query3 do something     query4 startQuery     query4 endQuery 100     query3 endQuery 1434      I am finding the longest running queries:               > grep "endQuery" logfile | awk '{print $3 " " $1}' | sort -nr | head -n 3     2003 query1     1434 query3     1000 query2      However, there are certain operations known to be long, and I want to find the longest running queries that _do not_ include these operations. For example, I want to find the longest running queries that do not, in any of their log lines, include the word "banned". In this example it would output:               1434 query3     1000 query2     100 query4      In reality these log files are large and contain a lot of queries.


How can I limit ssh *remote* port forwarding?

I need to limit which ports can be remotely '`ssh -R`' forwarded by an user. I know about `permitopen` option on authorized_keys, but as it says on man page it only limits local '`ssh -L`' port forwarding As discussed here an user would get the same with netcat or similar, but in this case user has no shell access I also found this thread that talks about using selinux or LD_PRELOAD, but I never configured selinux before and can't find info on how to do that with LD_PRELOAD. maybe someone have made a patch for openssh to implement that? EDIT: I've found this bug report so I guess it's not yet implemented


What happens to files in mountpoint after running fs-cifs to mount NAS?

I'm running QNX Neutrino. I've got some files in `/mountpoint`:               # ls /mountpoint     /mountpoint/a     /mountpoint/b      And after mounting my NAS using fs-cifs like so,               # fs-cifs //hostname:hostipaddress:/sharename /mountpoint login password &      I see the remote files (c, d) as well as my local files (a, b)               # ls /mountpoint     /mountpoint/a     /mountpoint/b     /mountpoint/c     /mountpoint/d      * * *   * Is this the expected behaviour? I thought `mount` usually hid the local files (as per Where do the files go if you mount a drive to a folder that already contains files?)   * Is there an easy way of determining whether the files listed are stored locally or on the NAS?   * Is there an easier method of moving local files in `/mountpoint` to the NAS than unmount, move local files to tmp, remount, move files from tmp to `/mountpoint`?


Mount a Rackspace drive in Linux

Is there any software that will allow me to mount a Rackspace drive in linux? I want to copy SQL files from my database onto my Rackspace. I have web min running a backup nightly and copying those backups offsite would be ideal for obvious reasons. On my Windows desktop I've been using Cyberduck to upload/download and manage files on the server. I purchased a subscription to "Jungle Disk" but this problem was unstable on all the systems I had available in my office — Ubuntu and Windows 7. The application itself seems alright but any click took on average 10 seconds to respond. Can anyone point me in the right direction to the most simple way to copy this stuff to Rackspace? I have a Cloud Files account and am using Ubuntu.


Any way to restart a Linux machine via SSH if the root filesystem is not working?

Just as a curiosity; something went wrong with a Linux machine, making the root file system show up as "64Z". A few commands work, like `top`, `df`, and `kill`, but others like `reboot` come up with "command not found" (since it can't read the root filesystem), and `chmod` comes up with a segmentation fault. Is there any way to restart the system anyway, i.e. without the `reboot` program? I tried `kill -PWR 1` (sending SIGPWR to init), but this didn't seem to do anything. It's mostly an academic curiosity. The labmate who was doing whatever large- database work that caused the failure will be physically restarting the machine soon.


Why did adding the Debian testing repository create so many package dependencies?

I have Debian 6.0.4, and I'm running an outdated Geany text editor package. There's no newer version available in the current stable repository, so I added testing packages to `sources.list`:               #debian testing     deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free     deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free      And this is what I get for installation of the package:               Reading package lists... Done     Building dependency tree            Reading state information... Done     The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:       python-crypto mono-2.0-gac python-tagpy libcommons-collections3-java       libhsqldb-java-gcj gstreamer0.10-alsa menu-xdg evolution-common       geoclue-localnet libgnomekbd4 libtracker-client-0.8-0 gnome-utils-common       libepc-ui-1.0-3 libpeas-common libpanel-applet-4-0 libboost-python1.46.1       python-pyasn1 geoclue python-twisted-core evolution-webcal ekiga       python-opengl libgtkmm-3.0-1 gir1.2-totem-1.0 rpm2cpio xsltproc gcalctool       freedesktop-sound-theme libcolamd2.7.1 libnl-3-200 lp-solve telepathy-salut       libarchive1 gnuchess-book gnome-nettool libxcb-render-util0 gnome-media       gnome-games-extra-data libepc-1.0-3 gnome-desktop-data libgnomepanel2.24-cil       aisle-themes liblouis-data       a empathy-common sound-juicer       qt4-qtconfig gnomine     Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.     The following extra packages will be installed:       abiword abiword-common accountsservice acl aisleriot alacarte apg apt aspell       baobab brasero brasero-common cheese cheese-common colord console-setup       console-setup-linux cpp-4.4 crda cups-pk-helper dbus dconf-gsettings-backend       dconf-service dconf-tools debianutils dvd+rw-tools empathy empathy-common       eog epiphany-browser epiphany-browser-data epiphany-extensions evince       evince-common evolution evolution-common evolution-data-server       evolution-data-server-common evolution-exchange evolution-plugins       file-roller folks-common fonts-cantarell fonts-opensymbol gcalctool gcc-4.4       gcc-4.4-base gcc-4.6-base gcj-4.4-base gcj-4.4-jre gcj-4.4-jre-headless       gconf-defaults-service gconf-service gconf2 gconf2-common gdebi gdebi-core       gdesklets gdm3 geany-common gedit gedit-common gedit-plugins gimp gimp-data       gir1.2-accountsservice-1.0 gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-caribou-1.0       gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-clutter-gst-1.0 gir1.2-cogl-1.0       gir1.2-coglpango-1.0 gir1.2-evince-3.0 gir1.2-folks-0.6 gir1.2-freedesktop       gir1.2-gconf-2.0 gir1.2-gdata-0.0 gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-gee-1.0       gir1.2-gkbd-3.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0 gir1.2-gmenu-3.0 gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0       gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0 gir1.2-goa-1.0 gir1.2-gst-plugins-base-0.10       gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-gtkclutter-1.0       gir1.2-gtksource-3.0 gir1.2-gucharmap-2.90 gir1.2-javascriptcoregtk-3.0       gir1.2-json-1.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0 gir1.2-networkmanager-1.0       gir1.2-panelapplet-4.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0 gir1.2-peas-1.0 gir1.2-polkit-1.0       gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-soup-2.4 gir1.2-sushi-1.0 gir1.2-telepathyglib-0.12       gir1.2-telepathylogger-0.2 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-totem-plparser-1.0       gir1.2-tracker-0.14 gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0 gir1.2-vte-2.90 gir1.2-webkit-3.0       gjs glchess glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services       glines gnect gnibbles gnobots2 gnome-applets gnome-applets-data       gnome-backgrounds gnome-bluetooth gnome-contacts gnome-control-center       gnome-control-center-data gnome-desktop3-data gnome-dictionary       gnome-disk-utility gnome-documents gnome-font-viewer gnome-games       gnome-games-data gnome-icon-theme gnome-icon-theme-extras       gnome-icon-theme-symbolic gnome-keyring gnome-mag gnome-media gnome-menus       gnome-nettool gnome-online-accounts gnome-packagekit gnome-packagekit-data       gnome-panel gnome-panel-data gnome-power-manager gnome-screensaver       gnome-screenshot gnome-search-tool gnome-session gnome-session-bin       gnome-session-common gnome-settings-daemon gnome-shell gnome-shell-common       gnome-sudoku gnome-sushi gnome-sushi-common gnome-system-log       gnome-system-monitor gnome-system-tools gnome-terminal gnome-terminal-data       gnome-themes-standard gnome-user-guide gnome-user-share gnome-utils-common       gnome-video-effects gnomine gnotravex gnotski gnumeric gnumeric-common       growisofs gsettings-desktop-schemas gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-gconf       gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-base       gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly       gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio gtali gtk2-engines-pixbuf gucharmap gvfs       gvfs-backends gvfs-bin gvfs-common gvfs-daemons gvfs-libs hamster-applet       hpijs hplip hplip-cups hplip-data iagno imagemagick-common initscripts       inkscape insserv iw krb5-locales krb5-multidev libaacs0 libabiword-2.9       libaccountsservice0 libacl1 libapache2-mod-python libarchive12 libasound2       libasound2-plugins libaspell15 libatk1.0-0 libatk1.0-data libatkmm-1.6-1       libattr1 libavahi-ui-gtk3-0 libavcodec53 libavformat53 libavutil51       libbluetooth3 libbluray1 libboost-python1.46.1 libbrasero-media3-1 libburn4       libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev libc6-i686 libcairo-gobject2 libcairo2       libcamel-1.2-29 libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module libcanberra-pulse       libcanberra0 libcap2-bin libcaribou-common libcaribou0 libchamplain-0.12-0       libchamplain-gtk-0.12-0 libcheese-gtk20 libcheese1 libclutter-1.0-0       libclutter-1.0-common libclutter-gst-1.0-0 libclutter-gtk-1.0-0       libclutter-imcontext-0.1-0 libcluttergesture-0.0.2-0 libcogl-common       libcogl-pango0 libcogl5 libcolord1 libcurl3-gnutls libcurl3-nss libdb5.1       libdbus-glib1.0-cil libdbus1.0-cil libdconf0 libdirac-decoder0       libdjvulibre-text libdjvulibre21 libdmapsharing-3.0-2 libdvbpsi7       libebackend-1.2-1 libebml3 libebook-1.2-12 libecal-1.2-10       libedata-book-1.2-11 libedata-cal-1.2-13 libedataserver-1.2-15       libedataserverui-3.0-1 libepc-1.0-3 libepc-common libepc-ui-1.0-3       libevent-2.0-5 libevince3-3 libevolution libexempi3 libfolks-eds25       libfolks-telepathy25 libfolks25 libgail-3-0 libgail-common libgail18       libgc1c2 libgcc1 libgcj10 libgcj10-awt libgck-1-0 libgconf-2-4 libgconf2-4       libgcr-3-1 libgcr-3-common libgdata13 libgdict-1.0-6 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0       libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgdu-gtk0 libgdu0 libgeocode-glib0 libgfortran3       libgimp2.0 libgirepository-1.0-1 libgjs0b libglib2.0-0 libglib2.0-bin       libglibmm-2.4-1c2a libgmime-2.6-0 libgmime2.6-cil libgmp10       libgnome-bluetooth8 libgnome-control-center1 libgnome-desktop-3-2       libgnome-keyring-common libgnome-keyring0 libgnome-media-profiles-3.0-0       libgnome-menu-3-0 libgnome2-0 libgnome2-common libgnomekbd-common       libgnomekbd7 libgnutls26 libgoa-1.0-0 libgoa-1.0-common libgoffice-0.8-8       libgoffice-0.8-8-common libgomp1 libgpg-error0 libgphoto2-2 libgphoto2-l10n       libgphoto2-port0 libgraphite2-2.0.0 libgrilo-0.1-0 libgssapi-krb5-2       libgssrpc4 libgstreamer-plugins-bad0.10-0 libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-0       libgstreamer0.10-0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libgtk-vnc-2.0-0       libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtkhtml-4.0-0 libgtkhtml-4.0-common       libgtkhtml-editor-4.0-0 libgtkmm-2.4-1c2a libgtkmm-3.0-1       libgtksourceview-3.0-0 libgtksourceview-3.0-common libgucharmap-2-90-7       libgvnc-1.0-0 libgweather-3-0 libhpmud0 libhunspell-1.3-0 libhyphen0       libicu48 libimobiledevice2 libisofs6 libjavascriptcoregtk-1.0-0       libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0 libjpeg8 libjs-jquery libjs-jquery-ui       libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson0 libjte1 libk5crypto3 libkadm5clnt-mit8       libkadm5srv-mit8 libkate1 libkdb5-6 libkrb5-3 libkrb5-dev libkrb5support0       liblcms2-2 libloudmouth1-0 libltdl7 liblzma5 libmagick++4 libmagickcore4       libmagickwand4 libmatroska5 libmhash2 libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil       libmono-addins0.2-cil libmono-cairo4.0-cil libmono-corlib2.0-cil       libmono-corlib4.0-cil libmono-posix4.0-cil libmono-security4.0-cil       libmono-sharpzip4.84-cil libmono-sqlite2.0-cil       libmono-system-configuration4.0-cil libmono-system-core4.0-cil       libmono-system-security4.0-cil libmono-system-web2.0-cil       libmono-system-xml4.0-cil libmono-system2.0-cil libmono-system4.0-cil       libmount1 libmozjs185-1.0 libmp3lame0 libmpfr4 libmtp-common libmtp-runtime       libmtp9 libmutter0 libmx-1.0-2 libnautilus-extension1a libnettle4       libnl-3-200 libnl-genl-3-200 libnl-route-3-200 libnm-glib4 libnm-gtk-common       libnm-gtk0 libnm-util2 libnotify4 liboauth0 liboobs-1-5 liborc-0.4-0 libots0       libp11-kit0 libpackagekit-glib2-14 libpam-gnome-keyring libpanel-applet-4-0       libpango1.0-0 libpangomm-1.4-1 libpcre3 libpeas-1.0-0 libpeas-common       libpixman-1-0 libpolkit-agent-1-0 libpolkit-backend-1-0       libpolkit-gobject-1-0 libpoppler-glib6 libpoppler13 libportmidi0       libpostproc52 libpulse-mainloop-glib0 libpulse0 libpython2.7 libqt4-dbus       libqt4-designer libqt4-network libqt4-opengl libqt4-qt3support libqt4-script       libqt4-sql libqt4-sql-mysql libqt4-sql-sqlite libqt4-svg libqt4-webkit       libqt4-xml libqt4-xmlpatterns libqtcore4 libqtgui4 libqtwebkit4 libquadmath0       libquvi-scripts libquvi7 libraptor2-0 librasqal3 librdf0       libresid-builder0c2a librest-0.7-0 librest-extras-0.7-0 librhythmbox-core5       librsvg2-2 librsvg2-common librtmp0 libsamplerate0 libsane-hpaio       libschroedinger-1.0-0 libseed-gtk3-0 libsidplay2 libsmbclient       libsocialweb-client2 libsocialweb0 libsoundtouch0 libsoup-gnome2.4-1       libsoup2.4-1 libspandsp2 libssl1.0.0 libstartup-notification0 libstdc++6       libsushi-1.0-0 libswscale2 libtag1-vanilla libtag1c2a libtalloc2 libtar0       libtdb1 libtelepathy-glib0 libtelepathy-logger2 libtiff4 libtinfo5 libtirpc1       libtotem-plparser17 libtotem0 libtracker-extract-0.14-0       libtracker-miner-0.14-0 libtracker-sparql-0.12-0 libtracker-sparql-0.14-0       libunique-3.0-0 libunistring0 libupower-glib1 libva-x11-1 libva1       libvisual-0.4-0 libvisual-0.4-plugins libvlc5 libvlccore5 libvo-aacenc0       libvo-amrwbenc0 libvpx1 libvte-2.90-9 libvte-2.90-common libvte-common       libvte9 libwbclient0 libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 libwebkitgtk-1.0-common       libwebkitgtk-3.0-0 libwebkitgtk-3.0-common libwmf0.2-7 libwnck-3-0       libwnck-3-common libwpd-0.9-9 libwpg-0.2-2 libwps-0.2-2 libwv-1.2-4       libx264-120 libxalan2-java libxapian22 libxcb-composite0 libxcb-keysyms1       libxcb-util0 libxcb-xfixes0 libxfixes3 libxklavier16 libxvidcore4 libyajl2       libyelp0 libzvbi-common libzvbi0 linux-headers-2.6.32-5-common locales       mahjongg make metacity-common mono-4.0-gac mono-gac mono-runtime       multiarch-support mutter-common nautilus nautilus-data nautilus-dropbox       nautilus-sendto nautilus-sendto-empathy network-manager       network-manager-gnome nfs-common nfs-kernel-server notification-daemon nscd       packagekit packagekit-backend-aptcc pkg-config planner planner-data       policykit-1 poppler-data printer-driver-hpcups printer-driver-hpijs       pulseaudio pulseaudio-esound-compat pulseaudio-module-x11 pulseaudio-utils       python python-apt python-brlapi python-cairo python-compizconfig       python-crypto python-cups python-dbus python-evolution python-gconf       python-gdbm python-gi python-gi-cairo python-glade2 python-gmenu       python-gnome2 python-gnomedesktop python-gnomekeyring python-gobject       python-gobject-2 python-gpgme python-gst0.10 python-gtk2 python-gtkglext1       python-gtksourceview2 python-httplib2 python-imaging python-libxml2       python-lxml python-markupsafe python-minimal python-mysqldb python-notify       python-numpy python-openssl python-packagekit python-pkg-resources       python-pycurl python-pygame python-pyorbit python-pysqlite2 python-rdflib       python-reportlab python-software-properties python-support python-tagpy       python-twisted-bin python-twisted-conch python-twisted-core       python-twisted-web python-vte python-webkit python-wnck python-xapian       python-zope.interface python2.7 python2.7-minimal qdbus qt4-qtconfig       quadrapassel rhythmbox rhythmbox-data rhythmbox-plugin-cdrecorder       rhythmbox-plugins rpcbind rsyslog rtkit samba samba-common seahorse       smbclient sound-juicer swat telepathy-logger tomboy totem totem-common       totem-mozilla totem-plugins tracker uno-libs3 update-manager-core       update-manager-gnome update-notifier update-notifier-common ure vinagre vino       vlc vlc-data vlc-nox vlc-plugin-notify vlc-plugin-pulse winbind       wireless-regdb wpasupplicant yelp yelp-xsl zeitgeist-core zenity       zenity-common zlib1g zlib1g-dev     Suggested packages:       dpkg-dev apt-doc lzma aspell-doc spellutils vcdimager libdvdcss2       gcc-4.4-locales cdrskin telepathy-haze telepathy-butterfly unrar       evolution-dbg evolution-plugins-experimental evolution-data-server-dbg       evolution-exchange-dbg arj lha lzip lzop ncompress rzip sharutils unace       unalz zoo gcc-4.4-multilib libmudflap0-4.4-dev gcc-4.4-doc libgcc1-dbg       libgomp1-dbg libmudflap0-dbg libcloog-ppl0 libppl-c2 libppl7 fastjar       gcj-4.4-jdk xz-lzma doc-base gimp-help-en gimp-help gimp-data-extras       gnome-hearts gnome-video-effects-frei0r gnumeric-doc gnumeric-plugins-extra       frei0r-plugins hplip-gui hplip-doc dia dia-gnome libsvg-perl libxml-xql-perl       python-uniconvertor skencil bootchart krb5-doc libapache2-mod-python-doc       libbluray-bdj python3 glibc-doc libcap-dev libgcj10-dbg gphoto2 gtkam       krb5-user libjs-jquery-ui-docs liblcms2-utils libmagickcore4-extra       libmono-i18n2.0-cil libmono-i18n4.0-all libmono-winforms2.0-cil libgamin0       ttf-baekmuk ttf-arphic-gbsn00lp ttf-arphic-bsmi00lp ttf-arphic-gkai00mp       ttf-arphic-bkai00mp libqt4-dev raptor2-utils rasqal-utils       librdf-storage-postgresql librdf-storage-mysql librdf-storage-sqlite       redland-utils librsvg2-bin libxalan2-java-doc libbsf-java libxsltc-java       xapian-tools make-doc avahi-autoipd network-manager-openvpn-gnome       network-manager-vpnc-gnome network-manager-pptp-gnome       packagekit-backend-smart hpijs-ppds pavumeter pavucontrol paman paprefs       python-tk python-apt-dbg python-apt-doc python-crypto-dbg python-crypto-doc       python-dbus-doc python-dbus-dbg python-gnome2-doc python-gdbm-dbg       python-gtk2-doc python-gobject-2-dbg python-gst0.10-dev python-gst0.10-dbg       libgtksourceview2.0-dev python-imaging-doc python-imaging-dbg       python-lxml-dbg python-egenix-mxdatetime python-mysqldb-dbg python-numpy-doc       python-numpy-dbg python-nose python-dev gfortran python-openssl-doc       python-openssl-dbg python-distribute python-distribute-doc       libcurl4-gnutls-dev python-pycurl-dbg timidity python-pysqlite2-doc       python-pysqlite2-dbg python-egenix-mxtexttools python-reportlab-doc       python-twisted-bin-dbg python-qt3 python-wxgtk2.8 xapian-doc python2.7-doc       rsyslog-mysql rsyslog-pgsql rsyslog-doc rsyslog-gnutls rsyslog-gssapi       rsyslog-relp smbldap-tools ldb-tools ctdb gstreamer0.10-lame       gstreamer0.10-plugins-really-bad tasque gromit ubuntu-system-service       cli-uno-bridge videolan-doc wpagui libengine-pkcs11-openssl       zeitgeist-datahub     Recommended packages:       abiword-plugin-grammar abiword-plugin-mathview fonts-liberation unoconv       gnome-session-fallback grilo-plugins-0.1 libmono-i18n-west4.0-cil       planner-doc python-reportlab-accel python-renderpm tdb-tools tracker-utils       tracker-gui tracker-miner-fs tracker-miner-evolution apport-gtk rdesktop       libpam-winbind     The following packages will be REMOVED:       capplets-data console-terminus deskbar-applet gcc-4.3 gir1.0-clutter-1.0       gir1.0-freedesktop gir1.0-glib-2.0 gir1.0-gstreamer-0.10 gir1.0-gtk-2.0       gir1.0-json-glib-1.0 gnome gnome-accessibility gnome-core       gnome-desktop-environment libbrasero-media0 libepc-1.0-2 libepc-ui-1.0-2       libmetacity-private0 libmtp8 libnautilus-extension1 libpolkit-gtk-1-0       libseed0 libtar libvlccore4 linux-headers-2.6-686 linux-headers-2.6.32-5-686       metacity openoffice.org openoffice.org-base openoffice.org-base-core       openoffice.org-calc openoffice.org-common openoffice.org-core       openoffice.org-draw openoffice.org-emailmerge openoffice.org-evolution       openoffice.org-filter-binfilter openoffice.org-filter-mobiledev       openoffice.org-gcj openoffice.org-gnome openoffice.org-gtk       openoffice.org-help-en-gb openoffice.org-help-en-us openoffice.org-impress       openoffice.org-java-common openoffice.org-math openoffice.org-officebean       openoffice.org-report-builder-bin openoffice.org-style-galaxy       openoffice.org-style-tango openoffice.org-thesaurus-en-us       openoffice.org-writer portmap python-gnomeapplet python-psyco python-uno       seahorse-plugins totem-coherence     The following NEW packages will be installed:       abiword abiword-common accountsservice acl aisleriot apg colord       console-setup-linux crda dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service dconf-tools       folks-common fonts-cantarell fonts-opensymbol gcc-4.6-base gconf-service       geany-common gir1.2-accountsservice-1.0 gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-caribou-1.0       gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-clutter-gst-1.0 gir1.2-cogl-1.0       gir1.2-coglpango-1.0 gir1.2-evince-3.0 gir1.2-folks-0.6 gir1.2-freedesktop       gir1.2-gconf-2.0 gir1.2-gdata-0.0 gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-gee-1.0       gir1.2-gkbd-3.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0 gir1.2-gmenu-3.0 gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0       gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0 gir1.2-goa-1.0 gir1.2-gst-plugins-base-0.10       gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-gtkclutter-1.0       gir1.2-gtksource-3.0 gir1.2-gucharmap-2.90 gir1.2-javascriptcoregtk-3.0       gir1.2-json-1.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0 gir1.2-networkmanager-1.0       gir1.2-panelapplet-4.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0 gir1.2-peas-1.0 gir1.2-polkit-1.0       gir1.2-rb-3.0 gir1.2-soup-2.4 gir1.2-sushi-1.0 gir1.2-telepathyglib-0.12       gir1.2-telepathylogger-0.2 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-totem-plparser-1.0       gir1.2-tracker-0.14 gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0 gir1.2-vte-2.90 gir1.2-webkit-3.0       gjs glchess glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services       glines gnect gnibbles gnobots2 gnome-contacts gnome-control-center-data       gnome-desktop3-data gnome-documents gnome-font-viewer       gnome-icon-theme-extras gnome-icon-theme-symbolic gnome-online-accounts       gnome-packagekit gnome-packagekit-data gnome-shell gnome-shell-common       gnome-sudoku gnome-sushi gnome-sushi-common gnome-themes-standard       gnome-video-effects gnomine gnotravex gnotski gnumeric gnumeric-common       growisofs gsettings-desktop-schemas gstreamer0.10-gconf       gstreamer0.10-pulseaudio gtali gvfs-common gvfs-daemons gvfs-libs iagno       imagemagick-common iw krb5-locales libaacs0 libabiword-2.9       libaccountsservice0 libarchive12 libasound2-plugins libatkmm-1.6-1       libavahi-ui-gtk3-0 libavcodec53 libavformat53 libavutil51 libbluray1       libboost-python1.46.1 libbrasero-media3-1 libcairo-gobject2 libcamel-1.2-29       libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module libcanberra-pulse libcap2-bin       libcaribou-common libcaribou0 libchamplain-0.12-0 libchamplain-gtk-0.12-0       libcheese-gtk20 libcheese1 libclutter-1.0-common libclutter-gst-1.0-0       libclutter-gtk-1.0-0 libclutter-imcontext-0.1-0 libcluttergesture-0.0.2-0       libcogl-common libcogl-pango0 libcogl5 libcolord1 libcurl3-nss libdb5.1       libdbus-glib1.0-cil libdbus1.0-cil libdconf0 libdirac-decoder0       libdmapsharing-3.0-2 libdvbpsi7 libebackend-1.2-1 libebml3 libebook-1.2-12       libecal-1.2-10 libedata-book-1.2-11 libedata-cal-1.2-13       libedataserver-1.2-15 libedataserverui-3.0-1 libepc-1.0-3 libepc-ui-1.0-3       libevent-2.0-5 libevince3-3 libfolks-eds25 libfolks-telepathy25 libfolks25       libgail-3-0 libgck-1-0 libgconf-2-4 libgcr-3-1 libgcr-3-common libgdata13       libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgeocode-glib0       libgirepository-1.0-1 libgjs0b libglib2.0-bin libgmime-2.6-0 libgmime2.6-cil       libgmp10 libgnome-bluetooth8 libgnome-control-center1 libgnome-desktop-3-2       libgnome-keyring-common libgnome-media-profiles-3.0-0 libgnome-menu-3-0       libgnomekbd7 libgoa-1.0-0 libgoa-1.0-common libgoffice-0.8-8       libgoffice-0.8-8-common libgphoto2-l10n libgraphite2-2.0.0 libgrilo-0.1-0       libgstreamer-plugins-bad0.10-0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common       libgtk-vnc-2.0-0 libgtkhtml-4.0-0 libgtkhtml-4.0-common       libgtkhtml-editor-4.0-0 libgtkmm-3.0-1 libgtksourceview-3.0-0       libgtksourceview-3.0-common libgucharmap-2-90-7 libgvnc-1.0-0       libgweather-3-0 libhunspell-1.3-0 libicu48 libimobiledevice2       libjavascriptcoregtk-1.0-0 libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0 libjpeg8 libjs-jquery       libjs-jquery-ui libjson0 libjte1 libkadm5clnt-mit8 libkadm5srv-mit8       libkdb5-6 liblcms2-2 libloudmouth1-0 liblzma5 libmagick++4 libmagickcore4       libmagickwand4 libmatroska5 libmhash2 libmono-cairo4.0-cil       libmono-corlib4.0-cil libmono-posix4.0-cil libmono-security4.0-cil       libmono-sharpzip4.84-cil libmono-system-configuration4.0-cil       libmono-system-core4.0-cil libmono-system-security4.0-cil       libmono-system-xml4.0-cil libmono-system4.0-cil libmount1 libmozjs185-1.0       libmp3lame0 libmtp-common libmtp-runtime libmtp9 libmutter0 libmx-1.0-2       libnautilus-extension1a libnettle4 libnl-3-200 libnl-genl-3-200       libnl-route-3-200 libnm-glib4 libnm-gtk-common libnm-gtk0 libnm-util2       libnotify4 liboauth0 liboobs-1-5 libots0 libp11-kit0 libpackagekit-glib2-14       libpanel-applet-4-0 libpeas-1.0-0 libpeas-common libpoppler-glib6       libpoppler13 libportmidi0 libpostproc52 libpython2.7 libqtwebkit4       libquadmath0 libquvi-scripts libquvi7 libraptor2-0 librasqal3       libresid-builder0c2a librest-0.7-0 librest-extras-0.7-0 librhythmbox-core5       librtmp0 libsamplerate0 libseed-gtk3-0 libsidplay2 libsocialweb-client2       libsocialweb0 libsoundtouch0 libspandsp2 libssl1.0.0 libsushi-1.0-0       libswscale2 libtar0 libtelepathy-logger2 libtinfo5 libtirpc1 libtotem0       libtracker-extract-0.14-0 libtracker-miner-0.14-0 libtracker-sparql-0.12-0       libtracker-sparql-0.14-0 libunique-3.0-0 libunistring0 libva-x11-1 libva1       libvlccore5 libvo-aacenc0 libvo-amrwbenc0 libvpx1 libvte-2.90-9       libvte-2.90-common libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 libwebkitgtk-1.0-common       libwebkitgtk-3.0-0 libwebkitgtk-3.0-common libwnck-3-0 libwnck-3-common       libwpd-0.9-9 libwpg-0.2-2 libwps-0.2-2 libwv-1.2-4 libx264-120       libxalan2-java libxcb-composite0 libxcb-util0 libxcb-xfixes0 libxvidcore4       libyajl2 libyelp0 libzvbi-common libzvbi0 mahjongg mono-4.0-gac       multiarch-support mutter-common packagekit packagekit-backend-aptcc       planner-data poppler-data printer-driver-hpcups printer-driver-hpijs       pulseaudio pulseaudio-esound-compat pulseaudio-module-x11 pulseaudio-utils       python-gi python-gi-cairo python-gobject-2 python-gpgme python-packagekit       python-pycurl python-reportlab python2.7 python2.7-minimal qdbus       quadrapassel rhythmbox-data rpcbind rtkit telepathy-logger tracker vinagre       wireless-regdb yelp-xsl zeitgeist-core zenity-common     The following packages will be upgraded:       alacarte apt aspell baobab brasero brasero-common cheese cheese-common       console-setup cpp-4.4 cups-pk-helper dbus debianutils dvd+rw-tools empathy       empathy-common eog epiphany-browser epiphany-browser-data       epiphany-extensions evince evince-common evolution evolution-common       evolution-data-server evolution-data-server-common evolution-exchange       evolution-plugins file-roller gcalctool gcc-4.4 gcc-4.4-base gcj-4.4-base       gcj-4.4-jre gcj-4.4-jre-headless gconf-defaults-service gconf2 gconf2-common       gdebi gdebi-core gdesklets gdm3 geany gedit gedit-common gedit-plugins gimp       gimp-data gnome-applets gnome-applets-data gnome-backgrounds gnome-bluetooth       gnome-control-center gnome-dictionary gnome-disk-utility gnome-games       gnome-games-data gnome-icon-theme gnome-keyring gnome-mag gnome-media       gnome-menus gnome-nettool gnome-panel gnome-panel-data gnome-power-manager       gnome-screensaver gnome-screenshot gnome-search-tool gnome-session       gnome-session-bin gnome-session-common gnome-settings-daemon       gnome-system-log gnome-system-monitor gnome-system-tools gnome-terminal       gnome-terminal-data gnome-user-guide gnome-user-share gnome-utils-common       gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-base       gstreamer0.10-plugins-good gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly gtk2-engines-pixbuf       gucharmap gvfs gvfs-backends gvfs-bin hamster-applet hpijs hplip hplip-cups       hplip-data initscripts inkscape insserv krb5-multidev libacl1       libapache2-mod-python libasound2 libaspell15 libatk1.0-0 libatk1.0-data       libattr1 libbluetooth3 libburn4 libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dev       libc6-i686 libcairo2 libcanberra0 libclutter-1.0-0 libcurl3-gnutls       libdjvulibre-text libdjvulibre21 libepc-common libevolution libexempi3       libgail-common libgail18 libgc1c2 libgcc1 libgcj10 libgcj10-awt libgconf2-4       libgdict-1.0-6 libgdu-gtk0 libgdu0 libgfortran3 libgimp2.0 libglib2.0-0       libglibmm-2.4-1c2a libgnome-keyring0 libgnome2-0 libgnome2-common       libgnomekbd-common libgnutls26 libgomp1 libgpg-error0 libgphoto2-2       libgphoto2-port0 libgssapi-krb5-2 libgssrpc4 libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-0       libgstreamer0.10-0 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtkmm-2.4-1c2a libhpmud0       libhyphen0 libisofs6 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libk5crypto3 libkate1 libkrb5-3       libkrb5-dev libkrb5support0 libltdl7 libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil       libmono-addins0.2-cil libmono-corlib2.0-cil libmono-sqlite2.0-cil       libmono-system-web2.0-cil libmono-system2.0-cil libmpfr4 liborc-0.4-0       libpam-gnome-keyring libpango1.0-0 libpangomm-1.4-1 libpcre3 libpixman-1-0       libpolkit-agent-1-0 libpolkit-backend-1-0 libpolkit-gobject-1-0       libpulse-mainloop-glib0 libpulse0 libqt4-dbus libqt4-designer libqt4-network       libqt4-opengl libqt4-qt3support libqt4-script libqt4-sql libqt4-sql-mysql       libqt4-sql-sqlite libqt4-svg libqt4-webkit libqt4-xml libqt4-xmlpatterns       libqtcore4 libqtgui4 librdf0 librsvg2-2 librsvg2-common libsane-hpaio       libschroedinger-1.0-0 libsmbclient libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1       libstartup-notification0 libstdc++6 libtag1-vanilla libtag1c2a libtalloc2       libtdb1 libtelepathy-glib0 libtiff4 libtotem-plparser17 libupower-glib1       libvisual-0.4-0 libvisual-0.4-plugins libvlc5 libvte-common libvte9       libwbclient0 libwmf0.2-7 libxapian22 libxcb-keysyms1 libxfixes3       libxklavier16 linux-headers-2.6.32-5-common locales make metacity-common       mono-gac mono-runtime nautilus nautilus-data nautilus-dropbox       nautilus-sendto nautilus-sendto-empathy network-manager       network-manager-gnome nfs-common nfs-kernel-server notification-daemon nscd       pkg-config planner policykit-1 python python-apt python-brlapi python-cairo       python-compizconfig python-crypto python-cups python-dbus python-evolution       python-gconf python-gdbm python-glade2 python-gmenu python-gnome2       python-gnomedesktop python-gnomekeyring python-gobject python-gst0.10       python-gtk2 python-gtkglext1 python-gtksourceview2 python-httplib2       python-imaging python-libxml2 python-lxml python-markupsafe python-minimal       python-mysqldb python-notify python-numpy python-openssl       python-pkg-resources python-pygame python-pyorbit python-pysqlite2       python-rdflib python-software-properties python-support python-tagpy       python-twisted-bin python-twisted-conch python-twisted-core       python-twisted-web python-vte python-webkit python-wnck python-xapian       python-zope.interface qt4-qtconfig rhythmbox rhythmbox-plugin-cdrecorder       rhythmbox-plugins rsyslog samba samba-common seahorse smbclient sound-juicer       swat tomboy totem totem-common totem-mozilla totem-plugins uno-libs3       update-manager-core update-manager-gnome update-notifier       update-notifier-common ure vino vlc vlc-data vlc-nox vlc-plugin-notify       vlc-plugin-pulse winbind wpasupplicant yelp zenity zlib1g zlib1g-dev     327 upgraded, 363 newly installed, 58 to remove and 1116 not upgraded.     Need to get 627 MB of archives.     After this operation, 84.4 MB disk space will be freed.     Do you want to continue [Y/n]? n      I'm not sure it's good idea to install all of this. Why is it doing so much to my system just to update one text editor?


dhclient exits with status 0 but still no address

I've been trying to find out with the man page and some other sources if the exit status doesn't necessarily mean you achieved an address but I'm thinking I maybe didn't read it correctly. Does anyone know why dhclient would still exit with status 0 if it doesn't think I'm connected to a network? RHEL 6 seems to have some serious network issues. Mostly I'm just confused as to whether or not I'm reading what the exit status is supposed to mean here. I run 'dhclient eth0' Nothing returns in stdout. Yes where I am plugging in has DHCP set up correctly. I should mention that if I pop in Fedora 13 live disc and drop to bash I can do the exact same steps and get on the network just fine. The _only_ difference being that I used Fedora 13 rather than RHEL 6 disc.


DNS not resolving using IP rule for dialup modem

I am running Ubuntu 12.04. I have a HSDPA USB Modem, with which I can successfully dial in. It works fine as well when I set the default gateway (remote IP address) in the main routing table. But I would like to use this modem in parallel to my WLAN, which will be the main interface, and therefore occupy the default gateway in the main table. I want to send packets through the modem only from sockets on the local IP address assigned by dialing. Thus I introduced a new rule in the IP rule table `from x.x.x.x lookup table 1`, where I used the local IP address. Then in the table I simply added the `default via x.x.x.x dev ppp0` where I used the remote IP address provided by the dialing process. Now, if I turn of my WLAN and remove the default rule in the main table, I cannot resolve any host. I can however use `traceroute` to trace a path to the primary DNS server (Address also supplied by the dialing). If I add the default rule back to the main table, everything works fine again. So, I suspected that the IP from rule would do its job, but somehow somewhere packets are apparently dropping. Can anyone suggest or hint to a solution to my problem? **EDIT:** By adding the primary (and secondary if you like) nameserver to the ip rule list of to address, `from all to x.x.x.x lookup table 1`, I can actually retrieve host information, i.e. I can e.g. run `host google.com` successfully. But even by forcing ping to use the **ppp0** interface, `ping google.com -I ppp0`, I cannot reach it, **Network is unreachable**.


bootloader's messages and bootm.c

When I boot linux on zynq board, one of the line that I get is;               Starting kernel . . .      For debugging purpose I wanted to know where in the source code these lines are written, I would change them and then add printf/printk statements at various points to debug my linux kernel. I found that in the bootm.c file it was indeed written. But I also found this 'fake' stuff here which I am uanble to understand.               /**      * announce_and_cleanup() - Print message and prepare for kernel boot      *      * @fake: non-zero to do everything except actually boot      */     static void announce_and_cleanup(int fake)     {             printf("\n Starting kernel ...%s\n\n", fake ?                     "(fake run for tracing)" : "");             bootstage_mark_name(BOOTSTAGE_ID_BOOTM_HANDOFF, "start_kernel");     #ifdef CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE_FDT                if (flag == BOOTM_STATE_OS_FAKE_GO)                     bootstage_fdt_add_report();     #endif     #ifdef CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE_REPORT             bootstage_report();     #endif      the complete file is available here also What exactly is this 'fake' stuf and why do we need it?


How to find out from the logs what caused system shutdown?

E.g. I'm seeing this in `/var/log/messages`:               Mar 01 23:12:34 hostname shutdown: shutting down for system halt      Is there a way to find out what caused the shutdown? E.g. was it run from console, or someone hit power button, etc.?


Lost connectivity after iptables change

I attempted to add a couple web ports to iptables and in doing so lost the ability to resolve any external address. I have a working SSH session open and can get to the box easily if needed. Here's the current iptables config: [user@boxen]# iptables --line-numbers -n -L               Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)     num  target     prot opt source               destination              1    ACCEPT     tcp  --  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           multiport dports 80,443 /* 100 allow http and https access */ state NEW      2    ACCEPT     tcp  --  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           multiport ports 22 /* 100 ssh 22 */      3    ACCEPT     all  --  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0                4    REJECT     all  --  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           reject-with icmp-host-prohibited           Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)     num  target     prot opt source               destination                   Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)     num  target     prot opt source               destination               and cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables               *filter     :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]     :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]     :OUTPUT ACCEPT [1:196]     -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443 -m comment --comment "100 allow http and https access" -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT      -A INPUT -p tcp -m multiport --ports 22 -m comment --comment "100 ssh 22" -j ACCEPT      -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT      -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited      COMMIT     # Completed on Wed Sep 25 14:20:02 2013      I can't ping the gateway or anything else. I am able to ping the gateway on another box in the same rack. I was able to ping gateway prior to my botched iptables update. What's wrong with this config?


ACPI Errors/Exeptions, why they spam, how to know and fix it?

I've been having these errors pollute my dmesg:               [21720.400079] ACPI Error: [\_TZ_.THRM] Namespace lookup failure, AE_NOT_FOUND (20130328/psargs-359)     [21720.400093] ACPI Error: Method parse/execution failed [\_GPE._L1C] (Node f584ec80), AE_NOT_FOUND (20130328/psparse-537)     [21720.400112] ACPI Exception: AE_NOT_FOUND, while evaluating GPE method [_L1C] (20130328/evgpe-580)     [21960.800116] ACPI Error: [\_TZ_.THRM] Namespace lookup failure, AE_NOT_FOUND (20130328/psargs-359)     [21960.800130] ACPI Error: Method parse/execution failed [\_GPE._L1C] (Node f584ec80), AE_NOT_FOUND (20130328/psparse-537)     [21960.800149] ACPI Exception: AE_NOT_FOUND, while evaluating GPE method [_L1C] (20130328/evgpe-580)      This happens infinitely. I tried each keyword and haven't found anything remotely relevant. This happens in each distribution I try. How do I diagnostic the origins of the message? Appart from polluting the message ring, I haven't found any other problem related to this.


mpd+ncmpcpp no lyrics

I was using an old version of ncmpcpp when suddenly it became unable to fetch lyrics anymore. I read on forums that the newer version fixed that bug. So I updated it but it still doesn't work... The following is the result of `ncmpcpp -v`               ncmpcpp version: 0.5.10          optional screens compiled-in:      - artist info          encoding detection: enabled     built with support for: curl iconv ncurses unicode      If anyone has a solution, please help me to make it work. I really like `mpd+ncmpcpp` but I also like to read the lyrics of songs I listen to...


Fontconfig default unavailable font selection, How is it defined in the XML configs? Couldn't locate in documentation

I've worked with Fontconfig previously, and understand how to do most of the common configurations. All my aliases work as expected, and I'm almost completely finished. I'm trying to set the default unavailable font selection, and couldn't find anything helpful in any documentation. Countless Google searches returned unrelated results. To clarify what I'm attempting to configure, how can I specify which font is selected in this circumstance?               fc-match 'nonexistent font'


How to see driver parameters?

Drivers often support various parameters. For example NIC driver `e1000` supports flow-control (`FlowControl`) or auto-negotiation (`AutoNeg`) parameters. Is there a way to see which parameters were passed to driver during loading? `modinfo` just displays all the possible parameters for driver, but I would like to see which parameters (and the value of those parameters) were passed to module. `dmesg` doesn't seem to provide this information as well. One place where I did find some information was under `/sys/module/`, but for example in case of `e1000`, only the `copybreak` parameter was listed in `/sys/module/e1000/parameters` while according to `modinfo` the `e1000` module supports more than dozen parameters.


Debian system with encrypted data that can be decrypted only from a remote server

This question is about the design of a service I want to setup. **Description** My purpose is to provide a client box which connects to a server and provides some features. The client box is a small computer like OLinuXino or Raspberry-Pi which would contain an embedded system with some files (information like security keys or executable files) I want to protect from being copied. Server is the centralized part of the service. Size of the protected files: from 1kB to 500kB. The client box will contain a Debian (wheezy) system which will be read-only and setup with tmpfs (as shown here). **How I want to secure it** This system will contain some configuration and executable files I want to keep hidden from curious eyes. So they will be strongly encrypted. As the client box will connect to the server and open a reverse ssh tunnel (from server to client), the server will have the ability to decrypt the files (with a key that is on server-side) after some verification. These files, once decrypted, will stay in client's RAM until shutdown of the client. This client box will be headless (no screen, no keyboard) and entirely automated, but I am not sure an user will not try to connect screen or keyboard to watch what is happening. So I would like to make the server checks that no keyboard nor screen is connected to the client. So it would call (remotely through an ssh call from server to client) some commands   1. to check the serial number, MAC address, some files checksum and other system specific information to verify that the client box was not compromised (nor the whole filesystem copied to another machine)   2. to detect if a keyboard was plugged and eventually block it.    3. to close all opened user sessions.   4. to block any new connection (keyboard, new session, devices)   5. to detect if a screen was plugged an block any output display. After this, the server would remotely decrypt the files in RAM. **My first question** : do you think this is a secure way to keep my files hidden ? Did I miss something ? **My second question** : for items 1, 2 and 3 of the above list, I am pretty sure I will find a way to do this. But for items 4 and 5, I am not sure. Would you have any suggestions ? Or do you think it is not possible at all ? Any advice (like "don't do this, it's silly" or "go, it will work") is welcome !


When using btrfs, why "Size", "Used" and "Avail" values from df do not match?

I have a btrfs partition. When I run `df -h`, it shows:               Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on     /dev/sda2       113G  101G  8.3G  93% /home      From Why is that? Is it because reserved space for root as wth ext2/3/4? Or is it something else? If the former, how can I change it and reclaim those 4GB ? As per btrfs wiki, I know that metadata are stored twice which inflates the size of "Used" data:               user@machine:~$ df -h /     Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on     /dev/sda1             894G  311G  583G  35% /                                 ^^^^     user@machine:~$ btrfs fi df /     Metadata: total=18.00GB, >>used=6.10GB<<  *2=  12.20GB     Data: total=358.00GB, >>used=298.37GB<<   *1= 298.37GB     System: total=12.00MB, >>used=40.00KB<<   *1=   0.00GB                                                == 310.57GB                                                 ~~ 311   GB      But this still does not explain why Used + Avail < Size.


Build a "live USB stick" image without actually using a stick

We're trying to build a customized installation stick for putting linux on our embedded product. We're wanting to build it from scratch every time -- that is, pull RPMs out of a (local) repository. All of the mechanisms we've used to date require us to have a physical USB stick in the build system at build time. For a variety of reasons, this is painful. What we'd really like to do is build an image (i.e., a file) that can later be copied to a physical device (e.g., a la _dd_ to a USB stick). We've toyed with using a virtual machine (Virtual Box) to spoof things, but haven't been able to figure out how to make a virtual USB stick appear there. What's a good way to create an image of the stick without the stick? It's acceptable that as a "finishing touch", some magic sectors have to be tickled -- that's something that can be quickly done at stick-population time. But waiting for a complete system generation is way too long for our scenario. [If it matters, we're using FC 7 as our base -- it's stable and, more importantly, our drivers all work with that kernel]


Passing custom variable from conky to lua

I am trying to use this rings script to make nice rings appear on my desktop. It allows for customization, addition of more rings, or so it says. How do I feed the output of my python script to these rings?


What is Bash's "Order of Operations" when parsing a command?

Given a command entered at a normal bash prompt, how does bash read that line once you hit enter? does it do variable substitution then command substitution? or does it do bash expansion first? or what? Given the command below, what does bash do start to finish?               for i in *.meow; do         cat <<WUTLOL        FILE ${PWD}/$i        WUTLOL        scp $i $(grab_server.sh kitten_blast{1..3}):      done


awk,how to change the value of the file using parameter sets?

I am trying to reset my data using `awk`. I have a data of 54 columns where I want to change six of the column values using the following script.               #!/bin/bash -x     # optimal parameters     set BI2=0.02841513     set DS2=0.37837487     set WS2=0.85392380     set D22=1.00048351     set D32=0.63893676     set DSMAX2=28.15795517          # change the calibration parameter     awk '{if($1==2) {       $6 = "${BI2}"       $7 = "${DS2}"       $8 = "${DSMAX2}"       $9 = "${WS2}"       $25 = "${D22}"       $26 = "${D32}"}       print $0;}' soil_params > tmp     mv -f tmp soil_params      my data looks like:               999 0   123 65.183534   -147.655522 0.2 0.001   10  0.9 2   10.84   9.79    9.76    812.42  1546.28 1334.35 -999    -999    -999    18.579  68.139  26.914  548 0.1 0.3 0.192752    -0.8725 4   35.39   30.13   19.34   0.323   0.347   0.382   1160.4  1196.2  1208.9  2186.08 2253.52 2411.44 -9.8    0.582   0.489   0.443   0.396   0.4841  0.28    0.001   0.0005  383.7   0.1 0.1 0.1 1   16.733299   16.733299                                                2   1   124 65.183534   -147.639897 ${BI2}  ${DS2}  ${DSMAX2}   ${WS2}  2   10.84   9.79    9.77    812.51  1544.96 1331.78 -999    -999    -999    18.579  68.277  26.915  676 0.1 ${D22}  ${D32}  -0.529166   4   35.45   30.19   19.37   0.323   0.347   0.382   1160.3  1196.3  1208.8  2185.87 2253.63 2411.11 -9.8    0.582   0.49    0.443   0.396   0.4851  0.28    0.001   0.0005  400.8   0.1 0.1 0.1 1   16.32   16.32                                                             when I run the above script, it didn't change the value from the parameter set assigned rather it simple changes to the parameters as you can Would you please help me on this regards?


When did Automake switch to using Perl

I tried to get remove Perl from my Ubuntu machine, but found that `automake` not only depends on Perl but itself is a Perl program. I read somewhere this was not always the case. Today I looked in the archives, but even version 1.0 already is in Perl. Did I misread, or was `automake` always in Perl? Are there any drop-in replacements that does not depend on Perl?


Window placement when switching to multiple monitors

Suppose you have several windows open distributed across multiple monitors. Then you switch to using a single monitor (perhaps because you have removed your laptop from its docking station). All your windows are now on one screen. Then you switch back to your multiple monitor configuration. You now have more screen space, but all your windows are initially piled up on a single monitor. It would be nice if your windows would go back to the monitor they were on originally. Any ideas on how to make this happen?


What's wrong with my Arch installation? Randomly bizarre screen output since last upgrade

Since my last upgrade of Arch Linux (a month ago perhaps), my screen looks weird. It happens randomly, and it would become normal with a slight update to the current window. See this screenshot of chromium browser for example, ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/aMcvv.png) If I scroll up or do anything that "updates" the browser, it would become normal again. Was it a problem related to X or the chromium browser? Anyone knows that?


I tried using this:               $ if [$a == 1] then { echo 'yes'; } fi;      but I get an error:               -bash: syntax error near unexpected token `}'      What is the correct format? I tried several with no luck.


Multicolored Grep

I'm trying to get each grep command to highlight it's results in a different color. I can do it manually with a line like this:               ls -l GREP_COLORS='mt=01;32' grep c | GREP_COLORS='mt=01;31' grep o | GREP_COLORS='mt=01;34' grep n | GREP_COLORS='mt=01;36' grep f      ![](http://i.imgur.com/SML5PI8.png) Every `c` character will be highlighted in green and every `o` character will be highlighted in red, etc... > **For this example to work you'll need to ensure that you always > have`\--color=always` on your grep commands. I've set this in my `.bashrc` > so grep will always have colors:** > > `export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=always'` * * * What I'm attempting to accomplish is to wrap this functionality with an alias so I can just call `grep` and have a different `GREP_COLORS` value each time. I understand the consideration of multiple shells for each new piped grep and I'm trying to over come this by creating some files (one for each color), to indicate that they have already been u I have made some attempts but strangely, this one seems to work the "best". I have this in my `.bashrc`:               alias mg="mygrep"     mygrep(){         # define possible colors         COLORS=("01;32" "01;31" "01;34" "01;36")         COUNTER=0         NUM=0         # as long as the color has already been used, keep searching         while [ -f /home/lior/Desktop/mygrep_$NUM ]; do             # get a random index             let NUM=`shuf --input-range=0-$(( ${#COLORS[*]} - 1 )) | head -1`             wait ${!}             $(( COUNTER+=1 ))             if [ "$COUNTER" -ge ${#COLORS[@]} ]; then                 # remove all color locks                 rm /home/lior/Desktop/mygrep_*                 wait ${!}             fi         done         # mark this color as used         touch /home/lior/Desktop/mygrep_$NUM         wait ${!}              # lets go!         GREP_COLORS="mt=${COLORS[$NUM]}" grep "$@"     }      I'm using this alias like so:               ll | mg c | mg o | mg n | mg f      The results are quite cool. There are however some errors that are slightly different each time. Here are a couple of screenshots: ![](http://i.imgur.com/J0dUNlY.png) ![](http://i.imgur.com/VSx1b9n.png) ![](http://i.imgur.com/FK5t46N.png) Looks like as the shell goes through each pipe command, the previous function did not yet finish it's execution. It tries to remove files that don't exist any more. I'm not too sure where those other `command not found` errors are coming from. As you can see, I've put in some `wait` commands to try let the file manipulation complete but this doesn't seem to be working too well. Another thing I have already tried is to use shared memory `/dev/shm` but it yielded similar results. How would I go about getting the results I want? > ### Note: > > I am looking for answers that simply wrap the grep command as it has lots of > functionality that I'm wanting to use and intend to insert other logic > between the pipes, so I don't want to provide all of the search terms at > once. I'm also not looking for other "grep like" tools. Sorry to @terdon who > has already posted an awesome perl suggestion.


missed X-Spam- headers for all messages in exim4 + spamassassin

I'm trying to configure spam filter on VPS Debian Squeeze, exim4-heavy + `spamassassin` and `dovecot`. Exim version 4.72, SpamAssassin version 3.3.1, Perl version 5.10.1 And I have an irritating problem with spamassassin: messages has no `X-Spam` headers. Exim4 config:               ### main/02_exim4-config_options     spamd_address = 127.0.0.1 783          ### acl/40_exim4-config_check_data     warn  spam = nobody:true        add_header = X-Spam-Score: $spam_score          accept      `/etc/spamassassin/local.cf` ( defaults omitted )               report_contact hostmaster@domain.name          add_header spam Flag _YESNOCAPS_     add_header all Status _YESNO_, score=_SCORE_ required=_REQD_ tests=_TESTS_ autolearn=_AUTOLEARN_ version=_VERSION_     add_header all Level _STARS(*)_          required_score 4.5      All messages have `X-Spam-Score` header added by exim, but no one has `X-Spam-` headers which should be added by `spamd`. I have received some spam email and tried gtube.txt, but no additional headers was added Headers of the spam ( score greater than 4.5, but no `X-Spam-Flag` )               X-Priority: 3     X-MSMail-Priority: Normal     X-Mailer: Microsoft Windows Live Mail 14.0.8117.416     X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V14.0.8117.416     X-Spam-Score: 8.8      What did I miss?


arm Glibc 2.19 'make check' error and ld error post install (non-standard dir), Should I report a bug, or have I done something wrong?

[I have a Galaxy SIII with the Snapdragon S4 and the Krait CPU.] Well I burnt out my laptop one way or the other, so I am stuck with this old computer and my phone which has 4x the memory and about the same Ghz CPU. I have also been trying to make Android more "GNU/Linux" like off and on for some time and have come up with a hack that is suitable at the moment, at least for myself. So I am using my old tower as an NFS and x11 server and my phone does all the real work (i.e. X forwarding over ssh), I con barely surf the web from my tower's browser unless I launch iceweasel on my phone over ssh with x forwarding, hope that makes sense. Note that I am trying to build a toolchain and all the prebuilts required by the Android build system. I want to see if my phone can build an OS for itself natively. So I have managed to compile GCC 4.8.2, the test suite reported about the same amount of errors as the same guy who builds the debian packages for armhf so I used it to build. I built Binutils 2.24 and the testsuite reported zero errors. I decompiled my wifi firmware with those tools and get the same results as with debian's binutils, nice! But, when I compiled glibc 2.19 I got 2 errors from testsuite:               make[2]: *** [check-abi-libc] Error 1     make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/edge-case/Android-Lab/glibc/2.19/glibc-2.19/elf'     make[1]: *** [elf/tests] Error 2     make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/edge-case/Android-Lab/glibc/2.19/glibc-2.19'     make: *** [check] Error 2      And the glibc wiki says to look into any errors reported by the tests. Also, I did make install (to a non-standard directory) and then set up my environment variables, PATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, etc so that I would use the new glibc (maybe thats where I went wrong) and then commands like ls through an error and even exit threw a seg fault. Something about "ld-linux-armhf.so.3" I lost the error on my screen already, too far up. I will try to reproduce if needed. Here is my environment and my configurations for the builds, maybe I did something wrong for my CPU and someone else knows better than I, I am just starting to learn ARM assembly: My Environment:               export LAB_ROOT=$(pwd)     export HOST_ARCH=$(uname -m)          # Find a way to make these more flexible     export HOST_CPU=krait     export BUILD_TARGET=native          export TOOL_PATH=${LAB_ROOT}/toolchains          # GCC-4.8.2     GCC_PATH=${TOOL_PATH}/gcc/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-4.8.2     GCC_LEX_PATH=${GCC_PATH}/libexec/gcc/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf/4.8.2     GCC_BIN_PATH=${GCC_PATH}/bin:${GCC_LEX_PATH}     GCC_INC_PATH=${GCC_PATH}/include     GCC_LIB_PATH=${GCC_PATH}/lib:${GCC_LEX_PATH}          # Binutils-2.24     BINUTILS_PATH=${TOOL_PATH}/binutils-2.24     BINUTILS_BIN_PATH=${BINUTILS_PATH}/bin:${BINUTILS_PATH}/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf/bin     BINUTILS_LIB_PATH=${BINUTILS_PATH}/lib:${BINUTILS_PATH}/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf/lib     BINUTILS_INC_PATH=${BINUTILS_PATH}/include          # Glibc-2.19     #GLIBC_PATH=${TOOL_PATH}/glibc-2.19     #GLIBC_LEX_PATH=${GLIBC_PATH}/libexec/getconf     #GLIBC_BIN_PATH=${GLIBC_PATH}/bin:${GLIBC_PATH}/sbin:${GLIBC_LEX_PATH}     #GLIBC_LIB_PATH=${GLIBC_PATH}/lib     #GLIBC_INC_PATH=${GLIBC_PATH}/include          TOOLS=${GCC_BIN_PATH}:${BINUTILS_BIN_PATH}     TOOL_LIBS=${GCC_LIB_PATH}:${BINUTILS_LIB_PATH}          export PATH=${TOOLS}:${PATH}     LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${TOOL_LIBS}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}     export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH/%:/}     export CFLAGS="-mabi=aapcs-linux -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=cortex-a15 -mfpu=neon-vfpv4"     export CPPFLAGS=${CFLAGS}     export CC="gcc -I${GCC_INC_PATH} -I${BINUTILS_INC_PATH}"     export CXX="g++ -I${GCC_INC_PATH} -I${BINUTILS_INC_PATH}"          function lab {         cd ${LAB_ROOT};     }      My Configuration options for GCC-4.8.2 (Note that I had not set up the previously mentioned Environment for this build, this config is all that got passed to the GCC build):               $PWD/../gcc-4.8.2/configure \         --prefix=$HOME/Android-Lab/toolchains \         --disable-multilib \         --with-float=hard      My Configuration for Binutils(Note- I had set up the Environment at this point minus the Binutils variables, I added those after this ):                   cd ${BINUTILS_BUILD_DIR} && \         ${BINUTILS_SRC_DIR}/configure \             --prefix=${TOOLCHAIN_DIR} \             --enable-shared \             --disable-werror \             --disable-multilib && \      My Configuration for Glibc:               export CFLAGS="-O1 ${CFLAGS}"     export CXXFLAGS=${CFLAGS}          ../glibc-2.19/configure \         --prefix=${TOOL_PATH}/glibc-2.19 \         --with-binutils=${TOOL_PATH}/binutils-2.24 \         --enable-add-ons \         --host=armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi \         --with-binutils=/home/edge-case/Android-Lab/toolchains/binutils-2.24 \         --enable-kernel=3.0.0      Running the testsuite resulted in the mentioned errors and then after using the uncommented `GLIBC_*` variables I got seg faults and ld error regarding the "ld-linux-armhf.so.3" lib. Note that I am running the 3.4.53 kernel with Android patches, except for "Paranoid_Networking". Also Note that I had the `GLIBC_*_PATH` variables in the `TOOLS_PATH` and `TOOL_LIBS` variables when I got these errors, I got rid of them from the variables after I got the errors. Did I get something wrong with the configuration for my hardware? Is this a bug and I should report it? Or, is my environment not set up properly?


compiling nginx shell fails from salt provisioner

I have a salt provisioner that is calling a shell script to compile Nginx with a few modules that are needed. This is the call to the script in the `.sls`:               nginx:     #  pkg.installed:     #    - name: nginx       file.directory:         - name: /src/         - user: root         - group: root         - mode: 644       cmd.run:         - name: /srv/salt/config/nginx/compiler.sh | bash         - cwd: /         - require:           - pkg: nginx-compiler-base      So it's `/srv/salt/config/nginx/compiler.sh | bash` that is run which does start. The script run is:               #!/bin/bash     cd ../../../../     cd /src/          nginxVersion="1.5.5" # set the value here from nginx website     wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-$nginxVersion.tar.gz     tar -xzf nginx-$nginxVersion.tar.gz     #rm nginx # removes the soft link     ln -sf nginx-$nginxVersion nginx          cd nginx              ./configure --with-http_auth_request_module \         --with-http_gzip_static_module        \         --with-http_stub_status_module        \         --with-http_ssl_module                \         --with-pcre                           \         --with-file-aio                       \         --with-http_realip_module             \         --without-http_scgi_module            \         --without-http_uwsgi_module           \         --without-http_fastcgi_module          make     make install      Which does get to the untaring part. After which I get this as the output and failed message:     ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/cJLyQ.png) If I `ssh` into the server, then `su`, I can run each line in the script and it works. I'm unsure why it's failing when the provisioner is failing.


Mount var to another directory, Mysql Database not found

I had an issue with rootfs and /dev/root/ because it was full at 100%. I did this command:               du -h      So I read this post: > How to increase the size of rootfs? And I decided to mount /var to another directory by doing this:               mv /var /oldvar     mount --bind /home/vardisk /var      cd /oldvar     tar cf - . |(cd /var; tar xpf -)      However, on my website, Mysql Database couldn't be found. What can I do ? Thanks.


How it is decided which certificate of a Certificate Authority will be used in a system certificate chain

I am looking for PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) knowledge and particularly at OS's built-in certificate chain list. Of course on Windows the company decides which certificate will be built-in, but what about OpenSource operating system like Linux?