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  tags:
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  - mobileNetwork
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  - 5G
 
 
 
 
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  ---
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- COOPER Cellular Operational Observations for Performance and Evaluation Research
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  tags:
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  - mobileNetwork
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  - 5G
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+ task_ids:
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+ - Forecasting
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+ - Anomaly Detection
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+
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  ---
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+ # 📡 COOPER
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+ ### Cellular Operational Observations for Performance and Evaluation Research
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+ **An Open Benchmark of Synthetic Mobile Network Performance Indicators for Reproducible Research**
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## 🧭 Overview
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+ **COOPER** is an open-source **synthetic dataset of mobile network performance measurement (PM) time series**, designed to support **reproducible AI/ML research** in wireless networks. The dataset is named in honor of **Martin Cooper**, a pioneer of cellular communications.
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+ COOPER emulates the **statistical distributions, temporal dynamics, and structural patterns** of real 5G network PM data while containing **no sensitive or operator-identifiable information**.
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+ The dataset is released together with a **reproducible benchmarking framework** used to evaluate synthetic data generation methods.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## 🎯 Motivation
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+
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+ Access to real telecom PM/KPI data is often restricted due to:
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+ - Confidentiality agreements
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+ - Privacy regulations
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+ - Commercial sensitivity
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+ This lack of open data limits **reproducibility** in AI-driven research for wireless networks. COOPER addresses this gap by providing a **realistic yet privacy-preserving synthetic alternative** suitable for:
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+ - Network monitoring research
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+ - KPI forecasting
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+ - Anomaly detection
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+ - AI-native network automation
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+ - 5G/6G performance evaluation
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## 🏗 Dataset Creation Methodology
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+ To generate COOPER, three complementary synthetic data generation paradigms were evaluated:
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+ 1. **Adversarial approaches**
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+ 2. **Probabilistic models**
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+ 3. **Model-based time-series methods**
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+ These were benchmarked using a **unified quantitative and qualitative evaluation framework** considering:
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+ - Distributional similarity
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+ - Temporal fidelity
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+ - Shape alignment
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+ - Discriminative performance
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+ - Downstream forecasting capability
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+ The generator demonstrating the most **balanced and consistent performance** across these criteria was selected to produce COOPER.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## 📊 Source Data Characteristics (Before Anonymization)
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+ The real dataset used to model the synthetic data was:
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+ - Fully **anonymized** to remove operator-sensitive information
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+ - Cleaned and standardized for consistency
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+ | Property | Value |
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+ |---------|------|
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+ | Radio Access Technology | 5G |
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+ | Number of PM Indicators | 45 |
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+ | Total Number of Cells | 84 |
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+ | Base Stations | 12 |
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+ | Geographic Area | ~1.35 km² |
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+ | Collection Period | 31 days |
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+ | Sampling Interval | 1 hour |
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+ | Data Representation | Multi-cell time series |
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+ A **cell** is defined as a radiating unit within a specific RAT and frequency band. Each base station may host multiple cells.
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## 📡 Network Deployment Characteristics
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+ The modeled network includes two frequency bands and two 5G architectures:
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+ | Band | Architecture | Number of Cells |
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+ |------|-------------|----------------|
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+ | N28 (700 MHz) | Option 2 (Standalone) | 6 |
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+ | N28 (700 MHz) | Option 3 (Non-Standalone) | 48 |
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+ | N78 (3500 MHz) | Option 2 (Standalone) | 6 |
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+ | N78 (3500 MHz) | Option 3 (Non-Standalone) | 24 |
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+ Most cells operate in **Option 3 (NSA)** mode, reflecting a typical **EN-DC deployment** where LTE provides the control-plane anchor.
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+ ---
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+ ## 📈 PM Indicator Categories
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+ Indicators follow **3GPP TS 28.552** performance measurement definitions and are grouped into:
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+ ### 1️⃣ Radio Resource Control (RRC) Connection
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+ Procedures for establishing UE radio connections and tracking active users.
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+ - `RRC.ConnEstabSucc`
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+ - `RRC.ConnEstabAtt`
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+ - `RRC.ConnMax`
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+
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+ ### 2️⃣ Mobility Management
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+ Handover and redirection performance across frequencies.
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+ - `MM.HoExeIntraFreqSucc`
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+ - `MM.HoExeInterFreqSuccOut`
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+ ### 3️⃣ Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
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+ Distribution of downlink channel quality reports (CQI 0–15).
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+ - `CARR.WBCQIDist.Bin0`
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+ - `CARR.WBCQIDist.Bin15`
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+ ### 4️⃣ Throughput and Data Volume
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+ Traffic volume and transmission duration.
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+ - `ThpVolDl`
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+ - `ThpTimeDl`
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+ ### 5️⃣ Availability
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+ Cell downtime due to failures or energy-saving mechanisms.
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+ - `CellUnavail.System`
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+ - `CellUnavail.EnergySaving`
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+
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+ ### 6️⃣ UE Context
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+ User session establishment attempts and successes.
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+ - `UECNTX.Est.Att`
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+ - `UECNTX.Est.Succ`
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## 🧪 Benchmarking Framework
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+ COOPER is distributed with a **reproducible evaluation pipeline** that allows researchers to compare synthetic data generators using:
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+ - Statistical similarity metrics
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+ - Temporal alignment measures
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+ - Shape-based similarity
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+ - Classification distinguishability
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+ - Forecasting task performance
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+ This framework enables standardized evaluation of synthetic telecom datasets.
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+ ---
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+ ## 🔬 Intended Use Cases
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+ COOPER is suitable for:
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+ - Time-series forecasting research
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+ - Network anomaly detection
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+ - AI/ML benchmarking
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+ - Root cause analysis modeling
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+ - RAN performance optimization studies
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+ - Reproducible academic research in 5G/6G systems
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+
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+ ---
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+ ## ⚠️ Limitations
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+ - Synthetic data cannot capture all rare real-world network behaviors
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+ - Some extreme events may be underrepresented
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+ - Vendor-specific configurations are abstracted
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+ COOPER should be used as a **research and benchmarking dataset**, not as a substitute for operational network data.
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+ ---
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+ ## 🤝 Contribution & Reproducibility
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+ This project promotes **open and reproducible telecom AI research**.
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+ Researchers are encouraged to:
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+ - Benchmark new generation models using the provided framework
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+ - Share improvements and derived datasets
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+ - Compare methods under the same evaluation protocol
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+ ---
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+ ## 📜 License
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+ This dataset is released for **research and educational purposes**.
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+ (Include specific license here, e.g., CC BY 4.0 / MIT / Apache 2.0)
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+ ---
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+ ## 📖 Citation
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+ If you use COOPER in your research, please cite:
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+ > *COOPER: An Open Benchmark of Synthetic Mobile Network Performance Indicators for Reproducible Research*
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+ (Full citation to be added)
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+ ---
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+ ## 👤 Acknowledgment
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+ Named in honor of **Martin Cooper**, whose pioneering work made modern cellular communication possible.