Split (1)

train · 261 rows

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<s>[INST] <word> lamellar armour [/INST] 찰갑 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> firing chamber [/INST] 소성실 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> jar with handle [/INST] 파수부호 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This article aims at critically reviewing the various types and the distribution of megalithic monuments, and their social meanings in European prehistory. [/INST] 이 글에서는 거석무덤을 포함한 거석기념물들의 종류와 분포 그리고 거석무덤을 포함한 거석기념물의 사회적 의미에 대해 살펴보았다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> roof tile kiln [/INST] 기와가마 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> iron barbed implement [/INST] 유자이기 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Heunam-ri type pottery [/INST] 흔암리식토기 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Alternatively, various perspectives and methodologies need to co-exist and their relative value also needs to be appreciated, which would make our understanding of the past more affluent. [/INST] 대신 다양한 시각과 방법론의 공존과 함께 그러한 시각과 방법론이 갖고 있는 상대적 가치를 인정할 수 있을 때 과거에 대한 우리의 해석은 더욱 풍부해질 수 있을 것이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Although the reconstructions have been conducted relying on the various lines of data, human skeletal remains are the most central and indicative source. [/INST] 그간 그런 복원은 다양한 자료를 대상으로 해왔지만, 그중 (인간) 유해만큼 핵심적이고 직접적인 원천은 없을 것이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> secondary burial [/INST] 세골장 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> In northeast China, the pedestal vessels are found for the first time in two different areas. In the Xiaozhushan Ⅲculture of the 4th millennium B.C.E. in the southern tip of Liaodong peninsula pedestal vessels appeared along with ding and gui tripods and they are very similar to those of the contemporary Dawenkou culture in Shandong peninsula. [/INST] 중국 동북지방에서는 요동반도의 샤오주산 3기 문화와 랴오닝 서부/네이멍구 동남부지방의 훙산 문화에서 기원전 4천년기의 거의 같은 시기에 두형토기가 각각 출현한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Defining surplus as extra-products beyond producer households’basic necessity, scrutinizing storage patterns as pseudo-index of surplus production at the household-level should be preceded for proper understanding on regional-level patterns. [/INST] 잉여란 일반생산자 가구의 필수적 요구치 이상을 의미한다는 보편적인 정의에 비춰보자면, 잉여생산의 간접적 지표인 저장양상을 家口차원에서 살펴보는 작업은 사회 전체의 양상을 이해하는 필수적인 과정일 수밖에 없다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Carnelian bead, an expensive luxury item imported through long-distance maritime trade, would have played an important role in socio-political development as a prestige good in Mahan society. [/INST] 원거리 해상교역을 통해 수입된, 고가의 사치품이었던 카넬리안 구슬은 위세품으로서 마한의 사회정치적 발전에 중요한 역할을 하였을 것이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Songguk-ri type pottery [/INST] 송국리형토기 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> halberd [/INST] 과 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> hand-shaping technique [/INST] 수날법 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> arrowhead [/INST] 화살촉 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> tomb passage [/INST] 묘도 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> stone spearhead [/INST] 석창 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Agency and structure, and their interrelationship, can be posited in order to conceptualize and actualize the internal condition. [/INST] 그중 내적 조건에 주목해서, 이러한 요인들에 작주(agency)와 구조라는 개념을 제시하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> In areal term, its eastern part exceeds the half of Chungbuk (North Chuncheong) Province. [/INST] 면적으로 보자면, 동부지역은 충청북도의 절반을 넘게 차지한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> One of the efforts is an attempt to explain the shift of subsistence-economic strategy and cultural divergence during the transition, so-called ‘stage of Pre-Songgukri-type assemblage.’ [/INST] 그러한 논리강화의 중요한 부분이 전기에서 중기로의 전이과정에서 소위 ‘先松菊里○○’의 생계경제전략의 양태 및 문화적 다변성 혹은 비일관성을 설명하려는 시도이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> However, by the mid-5th century, there occurred an intense power struggle between Baekjae and Dae-Gaya - the key areas of this struggle are presumed to be in the upper Geum River area and the midstream of the Seomjin River. [/INST] 그러나 5세기 중반 경에 이르면 백제와 대가야 세력이 치열한 각축을 벌이게 되는데, 그 핵심지대는 금강 상류와 섬진강 중류 일대로 추정된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> painting of the four directional animals [/INST] 사신도 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> long-necked pedestal jar [/INST] 대부장경호 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> crossbow [/INST] 석궁 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> circular burial stone marker [/INST] 호석 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Until now, stable isotopic results of humans from Neolithic period (Ando, Janghang, Daepo, Tongsamdong humans) revealed that the Neolithic people were mainly dependent on marine food resources as hunter-gatherers. [/INST] 신석기 조기/전기/중기까지 사람들은 장기간의 식량 조달의 생업전략에서는 일관되게 주로 해양자원에 의존하였다는 사실을 확인 할 수 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> In the studies looking for comprehensive understanding on the region, we have found that the features inferred from several lines of data indicated different things, that correlations expected a priori between archaeological and environmental data are not observed. [/INST] 지역에 대한 포괄적 이해를 도모하는 연구에서 각 갈래의 고고자료로 복원된 양상 사이에 불일치가 보이기도 하고, 우리가 (선험적으로) 전제했던 양상과는 달리 실제 고고자료와 환경자료의 비정합성을 발견하기도 한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> pedestal bowl with outward everted rim [/INST] 외절구연고배 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This is also the case for archaeology. [/INST] 고고학에서도 예외는 아닌 듯하다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> knife-shaped bronze coin with chinese inscription Ming [/INST] 명도전 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> bit [/INST] 재갈 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Finally, burials may not directly reflect the reality of past society. [/INST] 이와 더불어 계층성의 중요 자료인 무덤이 과연 해당 사회의 계층성을 잘 보여줄 수 있는지에 대한 의문이 제기된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Sangun-ri society, which reached its peak of cultural dynamism and social stratification during the mid-Mahan period, began to decline toward the latter period. The reason for its decline is understood to be related to Baekje’s southern conquests. [/INST] 마한 중기에 문화적 최전성기와 사회적 계층화의 정점을 보였던 상운리사회는 후기에 들어서면 쇠퇴의 모습을 보이게 되는데, 이는 백제의 남정과 관련되는 것으로 이해된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Although argument and counterargument in succession have made the debate more vivid, sometimes story-telling-like theorizing rather than positive hypothesizing deteriorate the productive discussion. [/INST] 반론과 재반론이 이어지는 과정에서 논의가 활성화되는 긍정적 효과를 보이기도 했으나 실증적 입론보다는 소모적 담론을 통해 논의의 방향이 모호해지고 있기도 하다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> iron mirror [/INST] 철경 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Secondly, cohesion and cooperation may be as important as conflict in maintaining and bringing about change in society. Thirdly, the important role of the lower or subordinated classes, as well as the role of individuals, is underestimated. [/INST] 하나의 사회가 유지 내지 변화하기 위해서는 ‘갈등’뿐만 아니라 ‘통합’ 또한 중요한 요소이며, 소위 하위계층 또는 피지배계층과 개인의 중요성이 무시될 가능성이 크다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> retouch [/INST] 잔손질 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> ring technique [/INST] 윤적법 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> semi-lunar-shaped [/INST] 반월형석도 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> plate [/INST] 접시 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> culture [/INST] 문화 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> pressed and drawn pattern [/INST] 압인문토기 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This suggests that arboreal cultivation began during the historical period, as the settlements were occupied for longer periods and territoriality became more pronounced. [/INST] 선사시대에는 야생 상태의 도토리를 식용하여 굳이 견과류 수목을 재배하지는 않았으며, 역사시대에 들어와 취락이 장기간 점유되고 영역성이 강화되면서 수목재배가 활성화되었다고 판단된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> main wall [/INST] 체성 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Although the question of the subsistence strategies in the Neolithic period is a central topic in Korean archaeology, the changes in subsistence activities have been investigated on the basis of preserved fauna and floral remains. [/INST] 본고는 지금까지 국내에서 진행된 신석기 인골의 자료 탄소와 질소 안정동위원소 분석의 결과를 종합하여 신석기 사람들의 생업을 정리하고자 하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The present essay critically reviews archaeological endeavors regarding the search for origins and the construction of lineages, and in doing so attempts to provide a proper method for recognizing and analyzing variations in the material record. [/INST] 이 글의 목적은 기원과 계통 관련 고고학 이슈를 이론과 방법론의 측면에서 비판적으로 검토함으로써 물질 자료의 변이를 인식하고 분류, 분석하는 적절한 방법을 모색하는 것이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> composite double-head bell [/INST] 조합식쌍두령 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This paper aims to investigate those archaeological issues from the Proto?Three Kingdoms to Hanseong Paekche period. [/INST] 이글의 목적은 진천 삼룡리·산수리가마유적 출토토기에 대한 자연과학적 분석을 중심으로 이 지역 한성백제성립기의 토기생산기술의 변동양상을 검토하는데 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> use-wear [/INST] 사용흔 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> signal fire station [/INST] 연대 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This would provide the empirical foundation in theorizing the socioeconomic development during the Korean Bronze Age. [/INST] 이러한 작업은 한국 청동기시대 사회경제적 변화에 대한 이론적 탐색의 기초를 마련할 것으로 기대된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> In the final Stage IV (after the early 1st century BCE), jar coffins were adopted and used as tombs, and this was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number and size of group tombs. [/INST] 마지막의 IV기(BC 1세기 초반이후)는 옹관묘가 묘제로 채택되며 군집묘의 수와 규모가 현저하게 감소한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> As a result, it is confirmed that any attempts made by cultural historical approach, for instance, establishment of archaeological assemblage and culture based upon typology and its association with nation (ethnic group) and its boundary, were not based at rigid theoretical argument and consideration. [/INST] 이를 통해 형식 분류와 시공간상에서 유형 및 문화의 설정, 그리고 이를 종족 집단 혹은 민족 집단과 연관시켜 설명하고자 하는 문화사 고고학의 시도는 엄밀한 이론적 기반 위에서 성립된 것은 아니라는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The presence of the oak and broad-leaved tree dominant groups suggests a warm humid climate and a stable environment without ecological disturbance. [/INST] 참나무류-활엽수와 참나무류 우세군은 온난 습윤한 기후와 장기간 교란이 없는 안정적인 환경을 의미한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> jar with wide shoulder and upright rim [/INST] 직구광견호 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> It also shows that rectangular houses has linear distribution, while round houses are clustered. [/INST] 또한, 휴암리식 방형주거지는 선형의 배치를 이루는 데에 반해, 송국리식 원형주거지는 군집을 이루며 분포한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> dirt guard [/INST] 장니 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Gojoseon [/INST] 고조선 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> stepped stone-piled tomb [/INST] 기단식적석총 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Gaya [/INST] 가야 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Recognizing the problems mentioned above, some effort to reconstruct parent vessels’ volumetric capacity has been made and its accomplishment can be appreciated. [/INST] 이러한 상황을 인식하여 파편 상태의 무문토기 용량을 복원하고자 하는 시도가 없었던 것도 아니며, 상당한 효과도 기대할 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> iron helmet with long vertical plates [/INST] 종장판주 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> convex roof tile [/INST] 수키와 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> lamp [/INST] 등잔 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The results of the analysis revealed that the Mahan mounded tombs of the establishment period feature common characteristics, such as being situated on hilltops, being independently placed, of having a square-planar form, of containing single-individual interments, and of yielding Suseok-ri and Songguk-ri culture grave goods. [/INST] 분석결과, 먼저 성립기 마한 분구묘의 공통적인 특징으로 구릉 정상 입지·독립 분포·방형계 평면 형태와 단(인)장·수석리와 송국리문화 유물 부장이라는 점을 알 수 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Due to the negative stance against the adoption of theories from western archaeology for a substantial period, we can see coexistence of various themes and approaches affiliating into different schools in the current archaeological discussion on the early state formation in Korea. [/INST] 그런데 상당기간 접촉과 수용에 소극적이었던 결과, 현재의 논의는 구미 국가기원론의 변모과정에서 제기된 다양한 주제와 패러다임이 공존하는 흥미로운 현상이 나타나기도 한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This paper analyzes locational preferences of Bronze Age Songgukri-type settlements in central-western Korea. [/INST] 본고는 수도 생산(水稻生産)과 관련지어 한반도 중서부지역 송국리형 취락(단위공동체)들의 입지를 분석한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> rock shelter [/INST] 바위그늘 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The Mahan society of Sangun-ri had a typical pyramidal hierarchical structure consisting of an uppermost social stratum (represented by the use of the outer clay box), an upper stratum (extra-large wooden coffin), a middle stratum (small and medium-sized wooden coffin a), and a lower stratum (small and medium-sized wooden coffin b). [/INST] 상운리의 마한사회는 최상층(점토곽)-상층(초대형 목관)-중층(중소형 목관a)-하층(중소형 목관b)의 전형적인 피라미드 계층구조를 가지고 있었다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> wide-blade bronze halberd [/INST] 광형동과 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Neolithic revolution [/INST] 신석기혁명 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> beacon mound [/INST] 봉돈 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> By contrast, in the Bronze Age, individualistic and self-expression by individuals is restricted with the specialization in agriculture and the emphasis on communality and equality in a community. Instead, self-expression of individuals is possible on the basis of social and symbolic values like communality and equality. [/INST] 청동기시대 전기와 중기에는 농경의 발달에 따른 노동의 분화와 함께 집단 내 공동체성 또는 평등성이 의식적으로 강조되면서 개인의 개인적 표현이 제약되었을 것으로 추정되며 따라서 개인적 정체성의 표현은 이러한 공동체성과 평등성을 강조하는 형태로 이루어졌을 것으로 생각된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> While archaeology in Korea has witnessed a dramatic increase in terms of the available archaeological record providing new lights on various aspects of prehistory and early historical periods, history textbooks do not adequately accommodate these developments. [/INST] 고고학은 지난 20여 년 동안 많은 발전을 하였지만, 역사교과서는 이런 성과를 잘 포괄하지 못하고 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Consequently, the identified wood remains primarily provide information about the composition of the surrounding vegetation. [/INST] 따라서 복원된 수종 구성은 일차적으로 주변 식생 환경에 관한 정보를 제공한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> transept [/INST] 익랑 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> 呂-shaped semi subterranean pit dwelling [/INST] 여자형 주거지 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> sacrificial burial [/INST] 순장 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> on-the-ground dwelling [/INST] 지상가옥 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Nevertheless, scholars in the early 20th centuries had interest and sufficient knowledge of the Paleolithic, while they tried to collect Paleolithic data. [/INST] 하지만 학사를 돌아보면 구석기 유적의 조사와 연구는 한국고고학의 발달에 큰 역할을 해왔음을 알 수 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This solid and pervasive human evolution system was formulated in the 1970s, and even today it is also strongly applied in paleoanthropological studies. [/INST] 이러한 계기적인 단위/단계는 1970년대부터 제안되어 사용되었다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This suggests that uniform model could not explain the development of complex societies even in Northeast Asia. [/INST] 결국, 동북아시아 제 지역의 초기 복합사회는 획일적인 모형으로 설명할 수 없음이 분명해진 셈이다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> burin [/INST] 새기개 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Some research consequently proposes the establishment of managerial leadership in this process. [/INST] 수도작을 수행하는 과정에서 협업적 노동조직의 원활한 운용 혹은 시설물 및 수확물의 방어를 위해 자연스레 성장한 수장층과 ‘관리자적 지도권’을 상정하고 있다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Through simple regression analysis, a relationship was established between the two-dimensional measurements and vessel volume. The results of the regression analysis provided equations useful for estimating a parent vessel’s volume from its sherds. [/INST] 다음으로, 단순회귀분석을 이용하여 2차원적 계측속성과 용량과의 관계를 설정해 보는데, 그 결과는 최종적으로 개별 토기가 파편으로 수습되었을 때도, 용량을 추정할 수 있게 해주는 수식이 된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> polished stone axe [/INST] 마제석부 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This article has considered the stream of Palaeolithic study during the early 20th century. [/INST] 본고에서는 영국 선사고고학 학회인 선사학회(the Prehistoric Society)를 통해서 초기 구석기연구의 전개과정을 살펴보았다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> These insights were to formulate a checklist of sorts on the points that must be taken into consideration when undertaking experimental work on iron production. [/INST] 이러한 본고의 논의를 통해 한국고고학에서 철 제련실험을 진행할 때 고려해야 할 사항들을 논의했다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> In this paper, the history textbooks of Key Stage 2, which is the upper grade of elementary school in the UK, were analyzed to examine this situation in more detail. [/INST] 이러한 현황을 보다 상세히 파악하기 위해 본 논문에서는 현재 시중에 판매되는 초등학교 3-6학년에 해당되는 ‘주요단계 2(Key Stage 2)’의 역사교과서를 분석하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> suggesting that there was utilization of a wider range of animal resources along with harvested crops among ancient farmers in the midwest part of the Korean peninsula. [/INST] 한반도의 청동기시대 농경민들은 송국리형 문화 단계에 집약적 도작농경이 확립된 이후에도 생업활동을 하는 데에 있어 작물재배와 함께 다양한 전략을 보조적으로 활용하였던 것으로 추측된다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Yeoksam-dong type pottery [/INST] 역삼동식토기 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Samhan Period [/INST] 삼한시대 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Thus, establishing the hard-mumun pottery period in the mid-lower Geum River and western Honam regions and considering the upper limit of tanalmun pottery as currently proposed cannot explain the growth process of Mahan. [/INST] 따라서, 마한의 성장지인 금강 중하류와 서부호남지역에서는 경질무문토기 단순기를 설정하여 타날 문토기의 상한을 현재와 같이 보는 것은 마한의 성장과정을 설명할 수 없다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> Pointing out that current models cannot properly explain the dynamic aspects of dolmen construction in Hoseo region, which drastically increased during the transition from Early to Middle Bronze Ages, I suggest a new one. [/INST] 본고는 지석묘의 사회경제적 기능에 대한 기존의 설명모형이 호서지역 지석묘의 축조양상 특히, 청동기시대 전?중기 전환기에 집중되는 양상을 역동적으로 설명하기에는 부족함이 있음을 지적하고 역동성을 담보할 수 있는 가설적 대안을 모색해 보고자 한다. </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> The results of the experiment indicate that a melting temperature of around 1200℃ and a barium content of 11% was needed for the manufacture of lead-barium glass, which hints at the role of cast-iron craftsmen in the production of this glass. [/INST] 또한 1200℃ 정도의 용융온도를 낼 수 있어야 납-바륨 유리 생산에 성공적이었으므로 이와 비슷한 고온 열처리 능력을 갖춘 주조철기 생산 장인들이 납-바륨 유리의 생산에도 관여했을 가능성을 제기하였다. </s>
<s>[INST] <word> Wa [/INST] 왜 </s>
<s>[INST] <word> tomb guardian animal statue [/INST] 진묘수 </s>
<s>[INST] <sentence> This is because it is believed that changes in population size and/or density in a given space were an impetus of and/or were generated by social, economic, and cultural transformations. [/INST] 인구 증감이 적잖은 사회·경제·문화적 변화를 추동했거나 그로 인해 유발된다고 믿어지기 때문이다. </s>

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