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.gitignore

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+# Python
+*.py
+*.pyc
+*.pyo
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+.Python
+*.so
+venv/
+.venv/
+env/
+.env/
+*.egg-info/
+.eggs/
+dist/
+build/

README.md

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+**English** | [简体中文](README.zh.md)
+
+---
+
+# C³B: Comics Cross-Cultural Benchmark
+
+**Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness**
+
+[![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-OpenReview-blue)](https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl)  
+*ICLR 2026*
+
+---
+
+## About C³B
+
+C³B (**C**omics **C**ross-**C**ultural **B**enchmark) is a **multicultural, multitask, and multilingual** benchmark for evaluating cultural awareness capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs).
+
+- **Progressive task difficulty**: From basic visual recognition, to higher-level cultural conflict understanding, to cultural content generation.
+- **Comic-based**: Built on manga/comic images; comics better reflect cross-cultural narratives and conflict scenarios than single-culture real-world images.
+- **Scale**: Over **2,000 images** and **18,000+ QA pairs**, covering three tasks of increasing difficulty.
+
+**Task overview**
+
+| Type | Description |
+|------|-------------|
+| Basic visual recognition | Recognize and understand culture-related visual elements in comic panels |
+| Cultural conflict understanding | Understand cross-cultural conflicts, cultural symbols, and narrative intent |
+| Cultural content generation | Generate culture-related descriptions or stories from given settings or images |
+
+**Authors**: Yuchen Song, Andong Chen, Wenxin Zhu, Kehai Chen, Xuefeng Bai, Muyun Yang, Tiejun Zhao
+
+---
+
+## Data Format
+
+This repository contains C³B annotations and task data in the following structure:
+
+**task3/** — Multilingual translation/alignment  
+- Files: `task3.ja-en.json`, `task3.ja-de.json`, `task3.ja-es.json`, `task3.ja-ru.json`, `task3.ja-th.json`, etc.  
+- Fields: `manga_name`, `page_index`, `src` (source text), `tgt` (target text).  
+- Each item is a sentence or phrase pair for translation or alignment between languages.
+
+**task12/** — Cultural content generation (Task 1 and Task 2)  
+- task12 contains the data for **Task 1** and **Task 2** of the benchmark.  
+- `task12.json`: structured data for generation-style evaluation.
+
+**task12.json fields** (each item in the JSON array):
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+| `file_name` | string | Image filename (e.g. `0.png`) |
+| `Q1` | object | First question: multiple-choice options as keys A–E (e.g. region/culture names) |
+| `A1` | string | Answer to Q1 (e.g. one or more option letters such as `"B C E"`) |
+| `Q2` | object | Second question: options A–E (e.g. lists of scene elements) |
+| `A2` | string | Answer to Q2 (e.g. one option letter such as `"D"`) |
+| `A3` | string | Third answer (e.g. `"Yes"` / `"No"`) |
+| `A4` | list of strings | Cultural conflict descriptions (text explanations of conflicts in the image) |
+
+Refer to the actual data files in each task directory for exact schemas and usage.
+
+---
+
+## Obtaining Manga109
+
+Part of C³B is built on [Manga109](http://www.manga109.org/en/). For how to obtain the dataset (academic Manga109 or commercial subset Manga109-s), see the official site: [Manga109 download](http://www.manga109.org/en/download.html) and [Manga109-s](http://www.manga109.org/en/download_s.html). The dataset is also available on Hugging Face: [hal-utokyo/Manga109](https://huggingface.co/datasets/hal-utokyo/Manga109), [hal-utokyo/Manga109-s](https://huggingface.co/datasets/hal-utokyo/Manga109-s).
+
+---
+
+## Citation
+
+If you use C³B, please cite:
+
+```bibtex
+@inproceedings{song2026c3b,
+  title={Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness},
+  author={Song, Yuchen and Chen, Andong and Zhu, Wenxin and Chen, Kehai and Bai, Xuefeng and Yang, Muyun and Zhao, Tiejun},
+  booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
+  year={2026},
+  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl}
+}
+```
+
+When using Manga109 (or Manga109-s) data, please also cite the recommended papers:
+
+```bibtex
+@article{mtap_matsui_2017,
+  author    = {Yusuke Matsui and Kota Ito and Yuji Aramaki and Azuma Fujimoto and Toru Ogawa and Toshihiko Yamasaki and Kiyoharu Aizawa},
+  title     = {Sketch-based Manga Retrieval using Manga109 Dataset},
+  journal   = {Multimedia Tools and Applications},
+  volume    = {76}, number = {20}, pages = {21811--21838},
+  year      = {2017}, doi = {10.1007/s11042-016-4020-z}
+}
+
+@article{multimedia_aizawa_2020,
+  author    = {Kiyoharu Aizawa and Azuma Fujimoto and Atsushi Otsubo and Toru Ogawa and Yusuke Matsui and Koki Tsubota and Hikaru Ikuta},
+  title     = {Building a Manga Dataset ``Manga109'' with Annotations for Multimedia Applications},
+  journal   = {IEEE MultiMedia},
+  volume    = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {8--18},
+  year      = {2020}, doi = {10.1109/mmul.2020.2987895}
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## License
+
+### C³B
+
+C³B (this benchmark, including annotations and task data in this repository) is released under **CC BY 4.0** ([Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)). You may share and adapt the material with appropriate credit and under the same license terms.
+
+### Manga109 / Manga109-s
+
+- **Manga109**: Permitted only for **academic use by non-profit organizations**. Redistribution to third parties is not permitted. Use is subject to the terms on the [official Manga109 site](http://www.manga109.org/en/download.html); the University of Tokyo and the manga authors are not liable for use of the dataset.
+- **Manga109-s**: A subset of 87 titles with permission for use by **commercial organizations** under the conditions on the [Manga109-s page](http://www.manga109.org/en/download_s.html) (e.g., limits on publishing whole pages, no redistribution, proper attribution). All other terms and disclaimers apply as stated there.
+
+Use of Manga109 or Manga109-s is governed solely by the University of Tokyo laboratory and the official Manga109 website; users must comply with those terms and assume responsibility accordingly.

README.zh.md

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+[English](README.md) | **简体中文**
+
+---
+
+# C³B: Comics Cross-Cultural Benchmark
+
+**Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness**
+
+[![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-OpenReview-blue)](https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl)  
+*ICLR 2026*
+
+---
+
+## 关于 C³B
+
+C³B（**C**omics **C**ross-**C**ultural **B**enchmark）是一个面向多模态大语言模型（MLLM）的**多文化、多任务、多语言**文化感知能力评测基准。
+
+- **任务难度递进**：从基础视觉识别，到高层文化冲突理解，再到文化相关内容生成。
+- **漫画载体**：基于漫画图像构建，相比“一张图一种文化”的真实场景图，更贴近跨文化叙事与冲突场景。
+- **规模**：包含 **2000+ 张图像** 与 **18000+ 组问答对**，覆盖三种递进难度的任务。
+
+**任务概览**
+
+| 类型     | 说明 |
+|----------|------|
+| 基础视觉识别 | 对漫画画面中的文化相关视觉元素进行识别与理解 |
+| 文化冲突理解 | 理解画面中的跨文化冲突、文化符号与叙事意图 |
+| 文化内容生成 | 根据设定或画面生成与文化相关的描述或故事 |
+
+**作者**：Yuchen Song, Andong Chen, Wenxin Zhu, Kehai Chen, Xuefeng Bai, Muyun Yang, Tiejun Zhao
+
+---
+
+## 数据格式
+
+本仓库包含 C³B 的标注与任务数据，目录与格式如下：
+
+**task3/** — 多语言翻译/对齐  
+- 文件：`task3.ja-en.json`、`task3.ja-de.json`、`task3.ja-es.json`、`task3.ja-ru.json`、`task3.ja-th.json` 等。  
+- 字段：`manga_name`、`page_index`、`src`（源文本）、`tgt`（目标文本）。  
+- 每条为一句或一段的翻译/对齐对。
+
+**task12/** — 文化内容生成（Task 1 与 Task 2）  
+- task12 为本基准的 **Task 1** 与 **Task 2** 数据。  
+- `task12.json`：用于生成类评测的结构化数据。
+
+**task12.json 字段**（JSON 数组中每条记录）：
+| 字段 | 类型 | 说明 |
+|------|------|------|
+| `file_name` | string | 图像文件名（如 `0.png`） |
+| `Q1` | object | 第一问：选项为 A–E 的键（如地区/文化名称） |
+| `A1` | string | Q1 的答案（如一个或多个选项字母，如 `"B C E"`） |
+| `Q2` | object | 第二问：选项 A–E（如场景元素列表） |
+| `A2` | string | Q2 的答案（如单个选项字母，如 `"D"`） |
+| `A3` | string | 第三问答案（如 `"Yes"` / `"No"`） |
+| `A4` | list of strings | 文化冲突描述（图像中冲突的文本说明） |
+
+具体字段与用法以各任务目录下的数据文件为准。
+
+---
+
+## Manga109 的获取方式
+
+C³B 部分数据基于 [Manga109](http://www.manga109.org/en/) 构建。获取方式（学术版 Manga109 或商业子集 Manga109-s）请参考官网：[Manga109 下载](http://www.manga109.org/en/download.html)、[Manga109-s](http://www.manga109.org/en/download_s.html)。数据集亦在 Hugging Face 提供：[hal-utokyo/Manga109](https://huggingface.co/datasets/hal-utokyo/Manga109)、[hal-utokyo/Manga109-s](https://huggingface.co/datasets/hal-utokyo/Manga109-s)。
+
+---
+
+## 引用方法
+
+若使用 C³B，请引用：
+
+```bibtex
+@inproceedings{song2026c3b,
+  title={Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness},
+  author={Song, Yuchen and Chen, Andong and Zhu, Wenxin and Chen, Kehai and Bai, Xuefeng and Yang, Muyun and Zhao, Tiejun},
+  booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
+  year={2026},
+  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl}
+}
+```
+
+若使用 Manga109（或 Manga109-s）数据，请同时引用官方推荐论文：
+
+```bibtex
+@article{mtap_matsui_2017,
+  author    = {Yusuke Matsui and Kota Ito and Yuji Aramaki and Azuma Fujimoto and Toru Ogawa and Toshihiko Yamasaki and Kiyoharu Aizawa},
+  title     = {Sketch-based Manga Retrieval using Manga109 Dataset},
+  journal   = {Multimedia Tools and Applications},
+  volume    = {76}, number = {20}, pages = {21811--21838},
+  year      = {2017}, doi = {10.1007/s11042-016-4020-z}
+}
+
+@article{multimedia_aizawa_2020,
+  author    = {Kiyoharu Aizawa and Azuma Fujimoto and Atsushi Otsubo and Toru Ogawa and Yusuke Matsui and Koki Tsubota and Hikaru Ikuta},
+  title     = {Building a Manga Dataset ``Manga109'' with Annotations for Multimedia Applications},
+  journal   = {IEEE MultiMedia},
+  volume    = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {8--18},
+  year      = {2020}, doi = {10.1109/mmul.2020.2987895}
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## License（两个数据集的许可）
+
+### C³B
+
+C³B（本基准及本仓库中的标注与任务数据）采用 **CC BY 4.0**（[知识共享署名 4.0 国际](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)）许可。您可在署名且遵守相同许可条款的前提下共享与演绎该材料。
+
+### Manga109 / Manga109-s
+
+- **Manga109**：仅允许**非营利机构**的学术使用，禁止向第三方再分发。使用须遵守 [Manga109 官网](http://www.manga109.org/en/download.html) 所列条款；东京大学及漫画作者不对数据集的使用承担责任。
+- **Manga109-s**：87 部作品的子集，在 [Manga109-s 页面](http://www.manga109.org/en/download_s.html) 所载条件下允许**商业组织**使用（如整页发表限制、禁止再分发、正确署名等）。其余条款与免责声明以该页面为准。
+
+Manga109 与 Manga109-s 的使用完全以东京大学实验室及 Manga109 官网为准，使用者须遵守其条款并自行承担相应责任。

datacard.yml

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+# Hugging Face Dataset Card metadata for C³B
+# See: https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/datasets-cards
+
+pretty_name: "C³B - Comics Cross-Cultural Benchmark"
+short_description: "A multicultural, multitask, and multilingual benchmark for evaluating cultural awareness capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs)."
+description: |
+  C³B (Comics Cross-Cultural Benchmark) is a benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) 
+  comprising over 2,000 images and over 18,000 QA pairs. It features three tasks with progressive difficulty: 
+  basic visual recognition, cultural conflict understanding, and cultural content generation. 
+  Part of the data is built on the Manga109 dataset.
+
+license: "cc-by-4.0"
+license_link: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
+
+task_categories:
+  - visual-question-answering
+  - image-text-to-text
+  - text-generation
+  - image-captioning
+
+tags:
+  - multilingual
+  - image-text
+  - question-answering
+  - cultural-awareness
+  - comics
+  - manga
+  - benchmark
+  - multimodal
+  - MLLM
+  - cross-cultural
+
+languages:
+  - ja
+  - en
+  - de
+  - es
+  - ru
+  - th
+
+size_categories:
+  - 10K<n<100K
+
+multimodal:
+  - image
+  - text
+
+source_datasets:
+  - Manga109
+  - Manga109-s
+
+paper:
+  title: "Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness"
+  url: "https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl"
+  authors:
+    - Yuchen Song
+    - Andong Chen
+    - Wenxin Zhu
+    - Kehai Chen
+    - Xuefeng Bai
+    - Muyun Yang
+    - Tiejun Zhao
+  venue: "ICLR 2026"
+  bibtex: |
+    @inproceedings{song2026c3b,
+      title={Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness},
+      author={Song, Yuchen and Chen, Andong and Zhu, Wenxin and Chen, Kehai and Bai, Xuefeng and Yang, Muyun and Zhao, Tiejun},
+      booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
+      year={2026},
+      url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl}
+    }
+
+dataset_info:
+  config_name: default
+  features:
+    - name: manga_name
+      dtype: string
+      description: "Name of the manga title (from Manga109)."
+    - name: page_index
+      dtype: string
+      description: "Page index within the manga volume."
+    - name: src
+      dtype: string
+      description: "Source text (e.g., Japanese or source language)."
+    - name: tgt
+      dtype: string
+      description: "Target text (e.g., translation or answer)."
+  splits:
+    - name: task3
+      description: "Multilingual translation/alignment (e.g. task3.ja-en.json)."
+    - name: task12
+      description: "Cultural content generation (task12.json, generation/all_label.txt)."
+
+citation: |
+  If you use this benchmark, please cite:
+  @inproceedings{song2026c3b,
+    title={Culture In a Frame: C³B as a Comic-Based Benchmark for Multimodal Cultural Awareness},
+    author={Song, Yuchen and Chen, Andong and Zhu, Wenxin and Chen, Kehai and Bai, Xuefeng and Yang, Muyun and Zhao, Tiejun},
+    booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
+    year={2026},
+    url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=jvPdTOSTVl}
+  }
+
+restrictions: |
+  Part of C³B is built on Manga109. Redistribution of Manga109/Manga109-s is not permitted.
+  When using Manga109 images, credit the author (e.g. courtesy of [Author Name]) and cite the Manga109 papers.
+  See README for full terms and how to obtain Manga109.