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3,212,635,538,106 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
PA is the art of distilling a highly secure key from a partially secure string through public discussion between two parties \cite{Bennett1988a}. The current main application domain of PA is quantum key distribution.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a notable technique which ex... |
3,212,635,538,107 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sect:s1}
Modern standard solar models are known to yield the solar structure
to an amazing degree of precision (see e.g., Guenther \&\ Demarque
1997; Basu, Pinsonneault \& Bahcall 2000; Winnick et al. 2002).
These models, however, cannot explain the solar cycle, and other
solar-cycle ... |
3,212,635,538,108 | arxiv | \section*{Plain Language Summary}
\section{Introduction}
\label{Sec: Sec1 Introduction}
Magnetic storms \cite<for a review see, e.g.,>[]{Dessler_Parker_1959, Gonzalez_1994,Daglis_1999, Daglis_2003, Daglis_SSR_2006} are the largest disturbances of the near-Earth space, driven by enhanced interaction bet... |
3,212,635,538,109 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
After receiving paper reviews, authors may optionally submit a rebuttal to address the reviewers' comments, which will be limited to a {\bf one page} PDF file.
Please follow the steps and style guidelines outlined below for submitting your author response.
The author rebuttal is optional and, f... |
3,212,635,538,110 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\allowdisplaybreaks
Massive MIMO is one of the highlights of the envisioned 5G communication systems. In massive MIMO paradigm, the base station is equipped with a number of antennas, typically much larger than the number of users served. Combined with a TDD-based transmission, this solves many... |
3,212,635,538,111 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Elekes and R\'onyai \cite{ER00} and Elekes and Szab\'o \cite{ES12}
pioneered the study of algebraic structures behind problems from combinatorial geometry.
The main result of \cite{ES12} was quantitatively improved by the authors in \cite{RSZ15} to the following statement;
we state it here in ... |
3,212,635,538,112 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most annoying drawbacks of the lattice discretization of a
fermionic theory is the impossibility\footnote{With the precondition
that very general properties of the continuum theory, like locality,
are preserved.} \cite{NiNi} to avoid the explicit breaking of
the chiral symmetry. In t... |
3,212,635,538,113 | arxiv | \section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{3ex plus 1ex minus
.2ex}{2ex plus .2ex}{\large\bf}}
\def\let\@currentlabel=\theequation\refstepcounter{equation{\let\@currentlabel=\Alph{section}.\arabic{equation}}\refstepcounter{equation}
\global\@eqnswtrue
\global\@eqcnt\z@\tabskip\@centering\let\\=\@eqncr
$$\... |
3,212,635,538,114 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is well known from observations that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) reside at the center of galactic nuclei \citep{1995ARA&A..33..581K,2001eaa..bookE2635K}. If a star passes within the radius $\displaystyle{r_{t}\sim R_{\star} (M_{\bullet}/ M_{\star})^{1/3}}$ of the galaxy's central black h... |
3,212,635,538,115 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The doped hole carriers have been believed to distribute nonuniformly in the multi-layer cuprate superconductors. How to estimate the individual carrier doping levels of the non-equivalent CuO$_2$ planes in the multi-layer superconductors has been an issue. The bond valence sum associated with a... |
3,212,635,538,116 | arxiv | \section{Introduction and results}
Liu, Slotine and Barab\'asi \cite{LSB} examined the controllability of both real networks and network models.
The models that were most relevant to them are the so-called scale-free networks, which are known to exhibit several characteristics, such as a power-law degree decay, of th... |
3,212,635,538,117 | arxiv |
\section{Relays Used in Experiments}
\label{sec:relays}
\begin{table}[h]
\footnotesize
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
RELAY-SET-1 & RELAY-SET-2 \\
\hline
\hline
bach & \$70DB...80A4 \\ %
BelieveInGood & agate \\
blutmagie & bach \\
BostonUCompSci & blutmagie \\
CompSciR0x & blutmagie4 \\
customer0648f5 & C... |
3,212,635,538,118 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:Intro}
Let $\pi$ be an irreducible representation of a group $G$
on a vector space $V$,
and $G'$ a subgroup.
The $G$-module $(\pi,V)$ may be seen as a $G'$-module by restriction,
for which we write $\pi|_{G'}$.
For an irreducible representation $(\rho,W)$
of the subgroup $G'$... |
3,212,635,538,119 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
\subsection{Problems with perturbation theory and the semi-classical expansion}
Consider an observable $\mathcal{O}$ in a quantum theory with a dimensionless coupling $\lambda$, defined by an appropriately regularized Euclidean path integral:
\begin{align}
\langle \math... |
3,212,635,538,120 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Thanks to recent advances in robotics, teams of autonomous robotic
systems start to pervade not only industrial settings, but also our
private spaces. Apart from numerous deployments in military settings~\cite{selecky_2013_aamas_demo},
autonomously navigating robots are more and more found in wa... |
3,212,635,538,121 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the greatest obstacles towards the physical realization of a large scale quantum computer with superconducting circuits is the short coherence time of its constituent quantum bits (qubits). During the implementation of an algorithm the state of the qubit register may be rapidly disturbed d... |
3,212,635,538,122 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Szemer\'edi-Trotter theorem gives a tight upper bound on the number of incidences between a collection of points and lines in the real plane. We write $A\lesssim B$ to denote $A\le C\cdot B$ for some absolute constant $C$ and $A \approx B$ if we have both $A \lesssim B$ and $B \lesssim A$.
\... |
3,212,635,538,123 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
In this paper we develop a Laplace's method to deal with series whose summand is sharply peaked about its maximum.
More precisely, the main object of the paper is the asymptotic evaluation of the series
\begin{equation}\label{eq:INalpha}
I(n,\alpha)= n^{1-\alpha} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} e^{-n f(\f... |
3,212,635,538,124 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
It is an interesting question how low the unification scale can be.
The most obvious issue is the proton lifetime. This is not necessarily a
severe constraint on models of quark-lepton unification based on
the Pati-Salam group \cite{PatiSalam}, since the
gauge interactions in such models do no... |
3,212,635,538,125 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Unsupervised learning has gained a lot of traction off late and is an exponentially growing field. This is primarily because of two reasons - the sheer amount of data that we collect on a daily basis and the humongous effort required to label them. It becomes practically impossible to label mill... |
3,212,635,538,126 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Attention is a technique for selecting a focused location and enhancing different representations of objects at that location. Inspired by the major success of transformer architectures in the field of natural language processing, researchers have recently applied attention techniques to compu... |
3,212,635,538,127 | arxiv | \section{External flows}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{flat_plate.eps}
\caption{Schematic of a flat plate moving at speed $U^*_{\infty}$ at zero angle of attack.}
\label{fig:flat_plate}
\end{figure}
The above discussion for internal flows can readily be extended to external flows, as... |
3,212,635,538,128 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
The {\it cyclic sieving phenomenon} was introduced by Reiner-Stanton-White in \cite{RSW04}.
Let $X$ be a finite set on which a cyclic group $C$ of order $n$ acts and $f(q) $ a polynomial in $q$ with nonnegative integer coefficients.
We say that $(X, C, f(q))$ exhibits the cyclic sieving phen... |
3,212,635,538,129 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In a set of recent papers \cite{darianoVax2006,beyondthequantum,QCM07} I showed how it is possible
to derive the mathematical formulation of Quantum Mechanics in terms of complex Hilbert spaces and
C${}^*$-algebras, starting from a small set of purely operational Postulates concerning experimen... |
3,212,635,538,130 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The anomalous magnetic dipole moment (MDM) of fer\-mions has been a fertile field of study, giving rise to a plethora of theoretical work within the context of the standard model (SM) \cite{Laporta:1996mq,Moore:1984eg,Jegerlehner:2018zrj,Czarnecki:1998rc}, as well as beyond the SM (BSM) theorie... |
3,212,635,538,131 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{ivlach:sec1}
Since its publication, Takens' embedding theorem \cite{Takens81,Sauer91} is reputed as
the most significant tool in non-linear time series analysis and has been used in many
different settings ranging from system characterization and approximation of invariant
quantities ... |
3,212,635,538,132 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
This work situates itself firmly within the {\em complexity is
information content} paradigm, a topic that dates back to the 1960s
with the work of Kolmogorov, Chaitin and Solomonoff. Indeed, the
seminal work of Mowshowitz in 1968
\cite{Mowshowitz68a,Mowshowitz68b,Mowshowitz68c,Mowshowitz68d}
de... |
3,212,635,538,133 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Across many different fields, optimization is a crucial element used for solving problems.
From scientific to industrial applications, optimization is used to generally boost performance and reduce risks.
In business operations, optimization models play an important rol... |
3,212,635,538,134 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Basically, we would like to investigate the following metaphysical question:
\centerline{\it What are the numbers in the physical world?}
\smallskip
Without making this question more precise we can make the following
two natural guesses which contradict each other:
\begin{itemize}
\item Obviou... |
3,212,635,538,135 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{l_intro}
In various underwater docking tasks, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) aim to detect, localize and physically attach to docking stations \citep{bellingham2016autonomous}, such as sea survey \citep{smith2010planning,yoerger2007techniques} and in-water ship hull inspection \cite... |
3,212,635,538,136 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
According to the Unified Model of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs, see
review by Urry \& Padovani, 1995), an axisymmetric
absorber/reflector is present around the central black hole of AGNs,
with a size between that of the Broad Emission Line Region (BELR,
$\sim 1000~R_S$, Schwarzschild radii, corr... |
3,212,635,538,137 | arxiv | \subsubsection{#1}\ \smallskip}
\usepackage{commands}
\graphicspath{ {figures/}
\newcommand{\comm}[3]{
\noindent{{\normalsize{\color{#2}{[[{\bfseries #1: }#3{\bfseries\ #1}]]}}}}}
\newcommand{\rutian}[1]{\comm{R}{red}{#1}}
\newcommand{\bernd}[1]{\comm{B}{orange}{#1}}
\newcommand{\steph}[1]{\comm{S}{blue!90}{#1}}
\... |
3,212,635,538,138 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Modified theory of gravity, in particular its $F(R)$ counterpart, is a strong contender to an alternative theory of dark energy, required for late-time accelerated expansion of the universe \cite{a, b}. The action for such a theory is expressed as
\be\label{1a} A = \int\sqrt{-g} d^4 x \left[{... |
3,212,635,538,139 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Thanks to the development of blockchain technology, the past few years have witnessed the emergence of more than 1,100 cryptocurrencies in the financial field, further reforming the financial system.
In general, blockchain technology can be described as a distributed ledger maintained by a peer-t... |
3,212,635,538,140 | arxiv | \section{Introduction.}\label{Intro}
The original Landau-Zener (LZ) problem involves a two-level system whose energy separation varies as a linear function of time. These two states can be associated to the lowest states of a single-particle in a double-well potential. As it is well known \cite{Landau,Zener}, the tr... |
3,212,635,538,141 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Evolution equations describe a variety of systems in various scientific areas. We focus on non-linear drift-diffusion equations that describe the evolution of an unknown density $u=u(t,x)$. A classical example is the linear Fokker--Planck equation in a bounded domain $D \subset \mathbb{R}^N$, $N... |
3,212,635,538,142 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{s:introduct}
Nuclear fusion in dense stellar matter is most important for the
evolution of all stars. The main source of energy for main-sequence
stars is provided by hydrogen and helium burning. Subsequent burning
of carbon and heavier elements \cite{clayton83} drives an ordinary
star al... |
3,212,635,538,143 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The multiple-access relay channel (MARC) models a network in which several users communicate with a single destination with the help of a relay \cite{Kramer:00}.
The MARC is a fundamental multi-terminal channel model that generalizes both the multiple access channel (MAC) and the relay channel m... |
3,212,635,538,144 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}
Contextual policy search (CPS) is a popular means for multi-task reinforcement
learning in robotic control \cite{deisenroth_survey_2013}. CPS learns a
hierarchical policy, in which the lower-level policy is often a
domain-specific behavior representation such as dynamical movement primitives
(DM... |
3,212,635,538,145 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Introduction}
The question of possible nucleon--antinucleon (${\N\Nbar}$) bound states
was raised many years ago, in particular by Fermi and
Yang\cite{Fermi:1959sa}, who remarked on the strong attraction at large
and intermediate distances between $\hbox{N}$ and ${\overline{\N}}$.
In t... |
3,212,635,538,146 | arxiv | \section{introduction}
Low swing repeaterless interconnects have been researched extensively
for improving the performance of long interconnects, while
keeping the power consumption to acceptable levels
\cite{Mensink-isscc-2007,RHo-isscc-2007,kim-jssc2010,Lee-jssc14}.
These techniques use low swing on the line with
e... |
3,212,635,538,147 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Variational problems and differential equations with gradient constraints,
has been an active area of study, and has seen many progresses. An
important example among them is the famous elastic-plastic torsion
problem, which is the problem of minimizing the functional
\[
\int_{U}\frac{1}{2}|Dv|^... |
3,212,635,538,148 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
One class of $B$ decays which is particularly intriguing involves
processes whose principal contribution comes from ${\bar b} \to {\bar s}$ penguin
amplitudes. The reason is that there are already several results in
these processes hinting at the presence of physics beyond the stan... |
3,212,635,538,149 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Recent studies on planet formation have highlighted the pontential importance of
the effects of cm- to m-sized objects called pebbles.
In particular, pebbles could resolve two main problems in the classical planet formation scenario ---
(1) formation of planetesimals, and (2) long ... |
3,212,635,538,150 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The past few months have brought exciting new developments in the study
of ${\cal N}=1$ superconformal field theories.
It is known that such field theories can be constructed in string theory
by placing a stack of D3-branes at the tip of a non-compact Calabi-Yau cone;
the first such examples of... |
3,212,635,538,151 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Fifteen years ago, the first examples of brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets were discovered,
sources which continue to challenge our understanding of low temperature atmospheres. Several hundred very
low-mass stars and brown dwarfs are now known (the latter distinguished by their lack of core ... |
3,212,635,538,152 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey \citep[SDSS;][]{2000AJ....120.1579Y}
represents the most impressive application yet of wide-field
multi-object spectrographs to provide spectroscopic samples of
quasars, galaxies and stars of unprecedented size. The final data
release \citep[DR7;][]{Abazajian:2009p543... |
3,212,635,538,153 | arxiv | \section{Motivation}
3HWC J1908+063 is one of the brighest, highest-energy gamma-ray sources, with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory observing emission extending past 200 TeV~\cite{3hwc,lorentz,HECatalog}.
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{J1908-spectraWithHardening.p... |
3,212,635,538,154 | arxiv |
\section{Time of availability for a partial sum}\label{sec:time-of-availability-for-a-partial-sum}
Any partial sum, $S_{\ig,\jg}$, can be seen as an element of a sub-codeword $SCW(\ig,\jg)$. This sub-codeword is the encoded version of the sub-code $\hu_a^b\in \hU$. All the elements of $SCW(\ig,\jg)$ are valid whenever... |
3,212,635,538,155 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In radiative equilibrium, the temperature naturally decreases with height. It therefore came as a surprise when
it was realised that the solar outer atmosphere shows a temperature increase, from about 6000~K at the visible
surface to millions of degrees in the corona. It is clear that the energy... |
3,212,635,538,156 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
Let ${\mathcal T}$ be a Tannaka category over $k$ with fiber functor
$\omega$ to $\text{\sf vect}_K$, where $K\supset k$ a field extension and let
${\mathcal S}$ be a full tensor abelian subcategory of ${\mathcal T}$ which is closed
under taking subquotients. The natural inclusion ${\mathcal S... |
3,212,635,538,157 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
While quantum control and quantum tomography each have long and distinct research histories, both areas are deeply intertwined. Indeed, manipulating the dynamics of a quantum system in a desired way and reconstructing quantum states through expectation value measurements can be considered as ``... |
3,212,635,538,158 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The cold Classical Kuiper Belt, hereafter cold CKB, is a population of trans-Neptunian
bodies dynamically defined as having orbits with semimajor axis $a=42$-48 AU, perihelion distances
that are large enough to avoid close encounters to Neptune, and low inclinations ($i\lesssim5^\circ$).
... |
3,212,635,538,159 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The Very Large Array (VLA) is an imaging array located on the plains of San
Augustin in west-central New Mexico. It consists of a total of 27 antennas,
each 25 meters in diameter, with nine antennas distributed along each of
three equilangular arms extending out to 21 km from the center. The... |
3,212,635,538,160 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Many interesting properties of signals in nature relate to nonlinear, non-Gaussian and non-stationary dynamics, which are poorly indexed by second-order measures such as power and cross spectra.
Because the spectrum of a stationary Gaussian process lacks any statistical dependence across frequen... |
3,212,635,538,161 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Accreting X-ray binaries, with luminosities up to $\sim
10^{38}-10^{39}$ erg/s, constitute the brightest X-ray sources in the
sky. Since their discovery (Giacconi et al. 1971) more than three
decades ago, they have provided a unique laboratory to study, among
other things, the physical processes... |
3,212,635,538,162 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
One of the most attractive theoretical extensions of the Standard Model (SM)
is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)\cite{MSSM, Guide}.
Recently, the interest
in this model has grown for several reasons. It is the simplest version of
low-energy supersymmetry, with the minimal gauge... |
3,212,635,538,163 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Recently, critical behaviour of models with absorbing states is attracting a lot of interest \cite{hinrichsen,malte1}. A lot of such models appeared mainly due to a large number of phenomena where they are potentially applicable, such as, for example, in spreading of fires or epidemics, heteroge... |
3,212,635,538,164 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper, we present the probability function (pf) of the NGNB model (Chakraborty and Imoto 2016)\cite{chak16} and propose closed form approximations for its mean and variance. The approximate expression for the mean can be used to develop a link function for the new generalized negat... |
3,212,635,538,165 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The rapid growth of the Internet over the last 20 years
has been startling. However, efforts to manage its
services and their underlying networks have
often fallen afoul due to poor performance of the management
systems in place. The problem is not that management systems and
protocols do not ex... |
3,212,635,538,166 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The structure of KMS-states for the gauge action or a generalised gauge action on the $C^{*}$-algebra of a directed graph has revealed a complex structure, even for finite graphs \cite{AA1, CT}. The same is true for the Toeplitz $C^{*}$-algebra of a finite directed graph \cite{AA1, AA2}, and it i... |
3,212,635,538,167 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Let $E$ be a non-CM elliptic curve defined over ${\mathbb Q}$. Fix an algebraic closure $\overline{{\mathbb Q}}$ of ${\mathbb Q}$. For a positive integer $N$, let $E[N]$ denote the $N$-torsion subgroup of $E(\overline{{\mathbb Q}}).$ As a ${\mathbb Z}/N{\mathbb Z}$-module $E[N]$ is free of rank ... |
3,212,635,538,168 | arxiv | \section{\label{sec:level1}INTRODUCTION}
Infinite-layer nickelates $R$NiO$_2$ ($R$ = rare-earth ion) have recently attracted a lot of attention owing to the discovery of superconductivity \cite{li2019superconductivity,osada2020superconducting,hepting2020electronic,lu2021magnetic,wang2021isotropic,leonov2020lifshitz,ry... |
3,212,635,538,169 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Introduction}
There are several theoretically proposed r-process nucleosynthesis sites, including neutrino-driven wind in ordinary core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe; e.g., \citealt{ArconesThielemann2013}), jets in CCSNe (e.g., \citealt{Winteleretal2012}), neutron stars (NSs) merger (e.g... |
3,212,635,538,170 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{Sect:1}
The distance and nature of the stellar coronae with temperatures of up to several million Kelvin together with the proximity of the stars themselves make direct probing of these environments impossible at present. In the absence of in-situ measurements, the emitted spectrum remain... |
3,212,635,538,171 | arxiv | \section{The Liouville Von--Neumann Equation}
An ensemble of $N$ quantum systems each described by a wave function $|\Psi\rangle$ may be expressed in terms of a density operator $\varrho$ defined by:
\begin{equation}
\varrho=\sum_{j=1}^N |\Psi^j\rangle\langle\Psi^j|.
\end{equation}
The temporal evolution of this quanti... |
3,212,635,538,172 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
An operator $\bar{T}=T+\delta T $ is called the stable perturbation of $T$ if $R(\bar{T}) \cap N(T^+)=\{0\}$.
This notation is introduced by Chen and the second author in \cite{GX,CWX}.
Later it is generalized to the Banach algebra by the second author in \cite{YFX} and to Hilbert $C^*$--mo... |
3,212,635,538,173 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
A stacked Gaussian process (StackedGP) is proposed to obtain analytical expectations of quantities of interests that require composition of functions. This type of problems are common in geostatistics and spatial predictions where spatial interpolations are required to determine external variabl... |
3,212,635,538,174 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
Ratios of percentiles from a single population may be of direct interest for many disciplines, but in particular it is very often used as a simple measure of income inequality. For example, in a recent brief discussion of income inequality measures, \cite{DE07} remarks that de... |
3,212,635,538,175 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In protoplanetary disks, micron-sized dust grains coagulate into pebbles of mm-cm sizes \citep{Dominik1997,Birnstiel2012,Krijt2016,perez2015,Tazzari2016}. But further growth is suppressed by bouncing or fragmentation due to the increasing compactification in collisions \... |
3,212,635,538,176 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A search for the ``right'' concept of intrinsic dimension of a dataset is not yet over, and most probably one will have to settle for a spectrum of various dimensions, each serving a particular purpose, complementing each other. (Cf. \cite{cv,CNBYM,ch,Kegl,pa,tmgm,ttf}, and references therein.) ... |
3,212,635,538,177 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
If $A\in \complns^{m \times m}$ and $f: D \subset \complns \to \complns$, the matrix function $f(A)$ is defined provided $f$ is $n(\lambda)-1$ times differentiable at all eigenvalues $\lambda$ of $A$ with $n(\lambda)$ being their multiplicity in the minimal polynomial of $A$. For diagonalizable $... |
3,212,635,538,178 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deriving a hydrodynamic limit is an important challenge in non-equilibrium statistical physics going back to Maxwell and Boltzmann. The derivations of this limit for molecular gases with deterministic dynamics, which originally triggered the development of kinetic theory, remain heuristic and ... |
3,212,635,538,179 | arxiv | \section{Equational theory of $\lambdacoop$}
\label{sec:appendix-equational-rules}
Values, user and kernel computations each have an equality judgement
\begin{equation*}
\Gamma \types V \equiv W : X
\qquad
\Gamma \types M \equiv N : \tyuser{X}{\Ueff}
\qquad
\Gamma \types K \equiv L : \tyuser{X}{\Keff}.
\end{equation*... |
3,212,635,538,180 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Recent achievements of deep neural networks (DNNs) make them an attractive choice in many computer vision applications including image classification~\cite{he} and object detection~\cite{mod_tradeoffs}. The memory and computations required for DNNs can be excessive for low-power... |
3,212,635,538,181 | arxiv | \subsection{The Bock-Aitkin Algorithm}
The Bock-Aitkin algorithm \citep{bock} is commonly used to find maximum likelihood estimates for parameters in item response models. It is based on the EM method and its relationship was further investigated in \cite{hsu} for continuous distributions.
Under the same parameterizat... |
3,212,635,538,182 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In this paper we propose a new first-order augmented Lagrangian algorithm
to solve the {\em basis pursuit} problem
\begin{align}
\min_{x\in\mathbb{R}^n}\|x\|_1 \hbox{ subject to } Ax=b, \label{ch2_eq:l1_minimization}
\end{align}
where $\ell_1$-norm $\norm{x}_1 := \sum_{i=1}^n \abs{x_i}$, $x_i$ de... |
3,212,635,538,183 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Bounding the amount of resources needed by algorithms and
programs is a fundamental problem in computer science. Here we are concerned
with space. In many applications, say, stream processing or web
crawling, \emph{linear} bounds on computing space are not satisfactory, given
the enormous am... |
3,212,635,538,184 | arxiv | \section{Chapter I}
\subsection{Dirac Monopole.}
Maxwell's equations in the absence of matter,
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \vec{E} = 0, & \: \: \: \: \: \: & \nabla \vec{B} = 0,
\nonumber \\
\nabla \times \vec{B} - \frac {\partial \vec{E}}{\partial
t} = 0, & \: \: \: \: \: \: & \nabla \times \vec{E} + \frac
{\parti... |
3,212,635,538,185 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Cauchy problem in several space dimension for hyperbolic system of conservation laws is a very important but complicated open problem. A particular kind of Cauchy problem in two-dimensional case is the two-dimensional Riemann problem which consists of initial data that are constant along any ray ... |
3,212,635,538,186 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Nearly all low-mass stars exhibit magnetic activity and some kind
of mass outflow.
Young stars add to this already complex situation by also undergoing
{\em accretion} along a subset of the magnetic field lines that
connect the star and its surrounding disk.
Out of the many unanswered questions ... |
3,212,635,538,187 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Social media users get exposed to many kinds of abusive behavior such as hate speech, online bullying, and racist and sexist comments. Detecting and identifying abusive behavior can contribute to a more harmonious virtual environment. Given the huge amount of social media text produced every day,... |
3,212,635,538,188 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{section: intro}
\subsection{Background and problem formulation}
In this paper, we consider a tensor-valued variational obstacle problem originates from the Landau-de Gennes model for nematic liquid crystals. We shall study the regularity of the minimizer and estimate the size of the c... |
3,212,635,538,189 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved great results and become one of the leading methods for sophisticated tasks, such as computer vision and natural language processing, in recent years \citep{krizhevsky2012imagenet,simonyan2014very}. However, they are also very computational... |
3,212,635,538,190 | arxiv |
\section{Introduction}
The excitation and subsequent ionization of Rydberg states of atomic hydrogen
by microwave fields is one of the most prominent examples of the manifestation
of classically nonlinear dynamics in a realistic physical system \cite{pmk}.
Given a
driving field frequency comparable to the classical ... |
3,212,635,538,191 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The young \citep[$\sim$12$^{+8}_{-4}$~Myr,][]{Zuckerman:2001} A6V-type star $\beta$\,Pic (HD~39060, A6V, 19.3\,pc) is surrounded by a famous planetary system, which is a prime target for understanding planetary system formation and evolution. Since its discovery \citep{Smith:1984}, successive ge... |
3,212,635,538,192 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The study of weak coherent pion production in charged current (CC) and neutral current (NC) processes, is in the agenda of several current and
future experiments~\cite{Hasegawa:2005td,Mahn:2006ac,Drakoulakos:2004gn,Ayres:2004js}.
For instance, the SciBooNE
detector~\cite{Mahn:2006ac} should b... |
3,212,635,538,193 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Dark matter haloes strongly affect the evolution of galactic bars: dynamical friction transfers angular momentum and energy from the galactic bar to the dark matter halo, allowing bars to slow and grow. This angular momentum transfer depends both on the density and on th... |
3,212,635,538,194 | arxiv | \section{#1}\vspace*{-0.35em}}
\newcommand{\mysubsection}[1]{\vspace*{-0.15em}\subsection{#1}\vspace*{-0.15em}}
\newcommand{{\mathcal E}}{{\mathcal E}}
\newcommand{{\mathcal R}_{i}}{{\mathcal R}_{i}}
\newcommand{{\mathcal T}}{{\mathcal T}}
\newcommand{{\mathcal A}}{{\mathcal A}}
\newcommand{{\mathcal B}}{{\mathcal B}}
... |
3,212,635,538,195 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The entries in the CKM matrix governing flavor transitions among quarks are fundamental parameters of the standard model (SM). As such they warrant intense experimental scrutiny. Currently the first two rows of the CKM are already being probed directly with ever improving precision using decays ... |
3,212,635,538,196 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Neutrino experiments have provided us a lot of information about the Standard Model (SM) and the physics beyond it.
Reactor experiments have become an important part of neutrino experiments recently since nuclear reactors can provide us an intensive antineutrino flux.
Experiments such as KamLAND... |
3,212,635,538,197 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Over the years, research in control of nonlinear dynamical systems has
lead to many different tools to
design (globally) asymptotically stabilizing feedbacks, see
e.g. \cite{FreemanKokotovic:2008,Khalil:1992,Kokotovic:1992}.
Usually these techniques require to impose special structure on the c... |
3,212,635,538,198 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are often used to generate samples from an unnormalized probability density $\pi(\theta)$ that is easy to evaluate but hard to directly sample.
Such densities arise quite often in Bayesian inference as the posterior of a generative model $... |
3,212,635,538,199 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Weight systems and chord diagrams are central objects in the study of finite-type invariants, and Chern-Simons theory, in different contexts.
Universal Vassiliev-type invariants typically take values in a space of diagrams -- e.g.~Jacobi, chord, etc. -- and weight systems are used to recover sp... |
3,212,635,538,200 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
In their work on the local index theorem \cite{CM:1995}, Connes and Moscovici introduced the notion of a regular spectral triple. Later, Higson showed that a spectral triple is regular if and only if a certain algebra constructed from the spectral triple is what he calls an algebra of generalize... |
3,212,635,538,201 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
Attention layers enable long-range representation learning
and are becoming indispensable in architectures for both Image Synthesis~\cite{biggan, sagan, daras2019local} and Natural Language Processing~\cite{albert, yang2019xlnet, devlin2018bert, dai2019transformer, t5, liu2019roberta}.
Attenti... |
3,212,635,538,202 | arxiv | \section{INTRODUCTION}{\label{Sec1}}
Quantum computing has been proved to have great potential in large number decomposition \cite{shor_polynomial-time_1997}, unordered database search \cite{grover_fast_1996} and chemical molecular simulation \cite{khaled_molecular_2008}. However, due to the limitations of today's phys... |
3,212,635,538,203 | arxiv | \section*{Introduction}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Introduction}
For any commutative algebra $A$ over a commutative ring $k$, the set $\Der_k(A)$ of $k$-derivations of $A$ is an ubiquous object in Commutative Algebra and Algebraic Geometry. It carries an $A$-module structure and a $k$-Lie algebra structure. Both ... |
3,212,635,538,204 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
The past 15 years have seen a plethora of exoplanet discoveries, with more than 450 announcements so far\footnote{See updated table at http://www.exoplanet.eu}. Mostly thanks to the development of the radial-velocity technique, some of the discovered planets have been found to have masses as low... |
3,212,635,538,205 | arxiv | \section{Introduction}
A vast amount of semantic and design knowledge is encoded in graphic designs,
which are created to effectively communicate messages about complex and often abstract topics.
Graphic designs include clipart~\cite{zitnick2013bringing,zitnick2016adopting}, comics~\cite{comicspaper}, advertisements~\... |
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