diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dee895613d3a07164e48f7f040e481c2e1f141b4 Binary files /dev/null and b/.DS_Store differ diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes index 1ef325f1b111266a6b26e0196871bd78baa8c2f3..3037fc1befcae084ec0c2f1d0732961d67d4def7 100644 --- a/.gitattributes +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -57,3 +57,4 @@ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text # Video files - compressed *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text *.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +paper/arXiv.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text diff --git a/CITATION.cff b/CITATION.cff new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55b8be6a0921798f0523db4d27b78f761ced3ea1 --- /dev/null +++ b/CITATION.cff @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +cff-version: 1.2.0 +message: "If you use this software or the accompanying reproducibility bundle, please cite it as below." +title: "Wigner's Friend as a Circuit — Inter-Branch Communication Witness Benchmarks (Reproducibility Bundle)" +type: software +authors: + - family-names: Altman + given-names: Christopher + email: x@christopheraltman.com + website: "https://lab.christopheraltman.com" +repository-code: "https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel" +url: "https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel" +license: MIT +keywords: + - quantum computing + - quantum foundations + - Wigner's friend + - IBM Quantum + - reproducibility + - Qiskit + - noise models + - inter-branch communication +version: "wigner-friend-v2b" +date-released: "2026-01-21" +preferred-citation: + type: article + authors: + - family-names: Altman + given-names: Christopher + title: "Wigner's Friend as a Circuit: Inter-Branch Communication Witness Benchmarks on Superconducting Quantum Hardware" + year: 2026 + repository-code: "https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel" + notes: "arXiv preprint; reproducibility release tag: wigner-friend-v2b" diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce0ee509c388e38a4e87a5291ee346d059c48d4b --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +MIT License + +Copyright (c) 2026 Christopher Altman + +Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy +of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal +in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights +to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell +copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is +furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: + +The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all +copies or substantial portions of the Software. + +THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR +IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, +FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE +AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER +LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, +OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE +SOFTWARE. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c896264f194d3ccd1b7774613b95463a08687966 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,662 @@ +# Quantum Kernel Methods on IBM Quantum Hardware + +*Quantum kernel estimation for binary classification with realistic IBM Quantum hardware noise modeling and optional PSD (positive semidefinite) kernel projection for numerical stability.* + +
+ +[![Python 3.10+](https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.10+-blue.svg)](https://www.python.org/downloads/) +[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) +[![Google Scholar](https://img.shields.io/badge/Google_Scholar-Profile-blue?logo=google-scholar)](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tvwpCcgAAAAJ) +[![Hugging Face](https://img.shields.io/badge/huggingface-Coh%C3%A6rence-white)](https://huggingface.co/Cohaerence) + +[![CI](https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel/actions/workflows/ci.yml) +[![X](https://img.shields.io/badge/X-@coherence-blue)](https://x.com/coherence) +[![Website](https://img.shields.io/badge/website-christopheraltman.com-green)](https://www.christopheraltman.com) +[![LinkedIn](https://img.shields.io/badge/LinkedIn-Altman-blue?logo=linkedin&logoColor=white)](https://www.linkedin.com/in/Altman) + +
+ + + + Accuracy comparison: Ideal vs Noisy quantum kernels on IBM hardware noise model + + +
+ +> **TL;DR:** Realistic IBM Quantum noise (T1≈200 µs, T2≈135 µs, ECR error≈0.8%) degrades quantum kernel fidelity by 5–15% but classification capability persists. PSD projection ensures numerical stability under finite-shot noise with negligible impact on well-conditioned kernels. + +--- + +## Table of Contents + +- [Background](#background) + - [Quantum Kernel Methods](#quantum-kernel-methods) + - [Hardware Noise Effects](#hardware-noise-effects) + - [PSD Kernel Projection](#psd-kernel-projection) +- [Quickstart](#quickstart) +- [Execution Modes](#execution-modes) +- [Output Directory Semantics](#output-directory-semantics) +- [CLI Reference](#cli-reference) +- [Results Summary](#results-summary) +- [Project Structure](#project-structure) +- [Installation](#installation) +- [RAW vs PSD Experiment](#raw-vs-psd-experiment) +- [Interpreting Results](#interpreting-results) +- [Branch-Transfer Experiment (Inter-Branch Communication) — Hardware Implementation](#branch-transfer-experiment-inter-branch-communication--hardware-implementation) + - [What Was Implemented](#what-was-implemented) + - [Why Visibility Alone Is Insufficient](#why-visibility-alone-is-insufficient) + - [Quickstart: Reproduce the Results](#quickstart-reproduce-the-results) + - [Latest Hardware Run (Provenance)](#latest-hardware-run-provenance) + - [Artifacts & Reproducibility](#artifacts--reproducibility) + - [Collapse / Nonunitary Channel Constraint Analysis](#collapse--nonunitary-channel-constraint-analysis) + - [Scaling Roadmap](#scaling-roadmap) +- [Roadmap](#roadmap) +- [References](#references) +- [Citations](#citations) +- [License](#license) +- [Contact](#contact) + +--- + +## Background + +### Quantum Kernel Methods + +Quantum kernel methods embed classical data into quantum Hilbert space via parameterized quantum circuits (feature maps), then compute kernel matrices from overlap fidelities between quantum states: + +$$ +K(x_i, x_j) = \bigl|\langle \phi(x_i) \mid \phi(x_j) \rangle\bigr|^2 +$$ + +where the feature-mapped quantum state is $\lvert\phi(x)\rangle = U(x)\lvert 0\rangle^{\otimes n}$. This project uses the **ZZFeatureMap** from Qiskit, which encodes classical features through single-qubit rotations and ZZ entangling gates: + +$$ +U_{\mathrm{ZZ}}(\mathbf{x}) = \exp\Bigl(i \sum_{i < j} (\pi - x_i)(\pi - x_j)\, Z_i Z_j\Bigr) \prod_{k} R_z(x_k)\, H_k +$$ + +The resulting kernel matrix is used with a classical SVM for binary classification. + +### Hardware Noise Effects + +Real quantum hardware introduces several noise sources that degrade kernel fidelity: + +| Noise Source | IBM Brisbane (2026) | Effect on Kernel | +|--------------|---------------------|------------------| +| T1 relaxation | 200 µs | Energy decay during computation | +| T2 dephasing | 135 µs | Phase coherence loss | +| Single-qubit gate error | 0.15% | Rotation imprecision | +| Two-qubit (ECR) gate error | 0.80% | Entanglement degradation | +| Readout error | 2.5% | Measurement bit-flip noise | + +These parameters are extracted from IBM Quantum documentation and peer-reviewed literature (Journal of Supercomputing, April 2025). + +### PSD Kernel Projection + +Quantum kernel matrices may lose positive semidefiniteness due to: +- Finite shot noise (statistical sampling) +- Hardware gate/readout errors +- Numerical precision limits + +This violates the mathematical requirements for valid kernel matrices in SVMs. The **PSD projection** algorithm restores validity: + +1. **Symmetrize**: $K \leftarrow (K + K^T)/2$ +2. **Eigen-decompose**: $K = V \Lambda V^T$ +3. **Clamp eigenvalues**: $\lambda_i \leftarrow \max(\lambda_i, \epsilon)$ where $\epsilon = 10^{-10}$ +4. **Reconstruct**: $K' = V \Lambda' V^T$ +5. **Preserve trace**: Scale to maintain $\text{tr}(K') = \text{tr}(K)$ + +The projection is **off by default** and can be enabled via CLI flags. + +--- + +## Quickstart + +```bash +# Clone and setup +git clone https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel.git +cd ibm-qml-kernel +python -m venv venv && source venv/bin/activate +pip install -r requirements.txt + +# Run the full pipeline (ideal + noisy simulation) +python src/qke_model.py # Ideal quantum kernel estimation +python src/qke_noisy.py # Noisy simulation with IBM hardware parameters +python src/analyze_results.py # Generate analysis report +``` + +**Expected runtime:** 2–3 minutes on CPU + +--- + +## Execution Modes + +This project implements three quantum kernel estimation modes: + +| Mode | Script | Description | Runtime | +|------|--------|-------------|---------| +| **Ideal** | `qke_model.py` | Perfect quantum operations (statevector) | 30–60 s | +| **Noisy** | `qke_noisy.py` | IBM hardware noise model (2026 calibration) | 1–2 min | +| **Hardware** | `qke_full.py` | IBM Quantum Platform API integration | 5-30 min | + +### Hardware Access + +For IBM Quantum hardware execution: + +```bash +export QISKIT_IBM_TOKEN='your-token-here' +python src/qke_full.py +``` + +Get your token at [quantum.ibm.com](https://quantum.ibm.com) → Account → API Token. + +--- + +## Output Directory Semantics + +The project uses a flexible output routing system via `--output-tag`: + +| Flag | Results Directory | Plots Directory | Analysis Report | +|------|-------------------|-----------------|-----------------| +| (none) | `results/` | `plots/` | `docs/analysis_report.md` | +| `--output-tag raw` | `results_raw/` | `plots_raw/` | `docs/analysis_report_raw.md` | +| `--output-tag psd` | `results_psd/` | `plots_psd/` | `docs/analysis_report_psd.md` | + +### Output Files + +Each execution generates: + +``` +results[_TAG]/ +├── train_kernel_{ideal,noisy,hardware}.npy # Kernel matrices (N_train × N_train) +├── test_kernel_{ideal,noisy,hardware}.npy # Test kernels (N_test × N_train) +├── metrics_{ideal,noisy,hardware}.json # Accuracy, F1, noise params +├── noise_impact_stats.json # Kernel degradation analysis +└── comprehensive_analysis.json # Full cross-implementation comparison + +plots[_TAG]/ +├── kernel_matrices_{ideal,noisy,hardware}.png +├── accuracy_comparison.png +├── kernel_error_heatmap.png +└── noise_impact_comparison.png +``` + +--- + +## CLI Reference + +All scripts support these common flags: + +| Flag | Description | Default | +|------|-------------|---------| +| `--output-tag TAG` | Route outputs to `results_TAG/`, `plots_TAG/` | None | +| `--psd-project` | Enable PSD projection on training kernel | Disabled | +| `--psd-epsilon FLOAT` | Minimum eigenvalue threshold for PSD | 1e-10 | + +**Examples:** + +```bash +# Standard execution (default directories) +python src/qke_model.py + +# RAW experiment (no PSD projection) +python src/qke_model.py --output-tag raw + +# PSD experiment (projection enabled) +python src/qke_model.py --output-tag psd --psd-project --psd-epsilon 1e-10 +``` + +--- + +## Results Summary + +Results from the RAW vs PSD experiment (100 samples, 70/30 train/test split): + +### Accuracy Comparison + +| Simulator | Metric | RAW | PSD | Delta | +|-----------|--------|-----|-----|-------| +| **Ideal** | Train | 82.9% | 84.3% | +1.4% | +| **Ideal** | Test | 70.0% | 66.7% | -3.3% | +| **Noisy** | Train | 84.3% | 85.7% | +1.4% | +| **Noisy** | Test | 66.7% | 66.7% | 0.0% | + +### Noise Model Parameters + +| Parameter | Value | Source | +|-----------|-------|--------| +| T1 relaxation | 200 µs | IBM Brisbane (2026) | +| T2 dephasing | 135 µs | IBM Brisbane (2026) | +| Single-qubit error | 0.15% | Calibration data | +| Two-qubit (ECR) error | 0.80% | Calibration data | +| Readout error | 2.5% | Calibration data | +| Shots | 1024 | Default | + +### Kernel Matrix Differences (RAW vs PSD) + +| Kernel | Frobenius Norm | Mean Δ | Max Δ | +|--------|----------------|--------|-------| +| Ideal Train | 0.878 | 0.97% | 4.8% | +| Ideal Test | 0.799 | 1.3% | 7.5% | +| Noisy Train | 1.209 | 1.3% | 6.8% | +| Noisy Test | 0.796 | 1.3% | 7.1% | + +**Key Finding:** PSD projection has minimal impact on well-conditioned kernels (negative eigenvalues at the 1e-15 level are numerical noise, not physical). The projection becomes valuable for low shot counts or high gate error scenarios. + +--- + +## Project Structure + +``` +ibm-qml-kernel/ +├── src/ +│ ├── qke_model.py # Ideal quantum kernel estimation +│ ├── qke_noisy.py # Noise-modeled implementation +│ ├── qke_full.py # IBM Quantum API integration +│ ├── analyze_results.py # Comprehensive analysis suite +│ ├── kernel_utils.py # PSD projection utilities +│ └── path_utils.py # Output directory routing +├── tools/ +│ └── compare_raw_vs_psd.py # RAW vs PSD comparison script +├── data/ +│ └── ibm_hardware_params_2026.json # Hardware calibration parameters +├── tests/ +│ └── test_basic.py # Unit tests (11 tests, 4 PSD-specific) +├── docs/ +│ ├── EXECUTION_GUIDE.md # Detailed execution instructions +│ ├── analysis_report.md # Generated analysis report +│ └── raw_vs_psd_report.md # PSD experiment comparison +├── results/ # Default output directory +├── plots/ # Default plots directory +├── assets/ # README images +├── requirements.txt +├── pyproject.toml +└── README.md +``` + +--- + +## Installation + +### Prerequisites +- Python 3.10 or higher +- Virtual environment (recommended) + +### Steps + +```bash +# 1. Create virtual environment +python -m venv venv +source venv/bin/activate # Windows: venv\Scripts\activate + +# 2. Install dependencies +pip install -r requirements.txt +# Or: pip install -e . + +# 3. Verify installation +python tests/test_basic.py +``` + +### Dependencies + +``` +qiskit>=1.0 +qiskit-aer>=0.14 +qiskit-machine-learning>=0.7 +qiskit-ibm-runtime>=0.20 # For hardware access +scikit-learn>=1.3 +numpy>=1.24 +matplotlib>=3.7 +``` + +--- + +## RAW vs PSD Experiment + +Compare quantum kernel performance with and without PSD projection: + +```bash +# 1. RAW pipeline (no PSD projection) +python src/qke_model.py --output-tag raw +python src/qke_noisy.py --output-tag raw +python src/analyze_results.py --output-tag raw + +# 2. PSD pipeline (projection enabled) +python src/qke_model.py --output-tag psd --psd-project --psd-epsilon 1e-10 +python src/qke_noisy.py --output-tag psd --psd-project --psd-epsilon 1e-10 +python src/analyze_results.py --output-tag psd + +# 3. Generate comparison report +python tools/compare_raw_vs_psd.py +``` + +**Outputs:** +- `docs/raw_vs_psd_report.md` — Markdown comparison +- `docs/raw_vs_psd_comparison.json` — JSON data + +--- + +## Interpreting Results + +### Kernel Matrices + +Kernel matrices represent quantum state overlap (similarity): +- **Diagonal elements**: Self-similarity (should be ≈1.0) +- **Off-diagonal elements**: Cross-similarity (affected by noise) +- **Color intensity**: Higher values = more similar quantum states + +### Accuracy Metrics + +| Metric | Description | Typical Range | +|--------|-------------|---------------| +| Train Accuracy | Performance on training data | 80-100% (ideal), 75-95% (noisy) | +| Test Accuracy | Generalization to unseen data | 70-95% (ideal), 65-90% (noisy) | +| Degradation | Ideal − Noisy accuracy gap | 5-15% | + +### Kernel Alignment + +Measures similarity between two kernel matrices: +- **1.0**: Perfect alignment (identical kernels) +- **0.8-0.95**: Good noise tolerance +- **<0.8**: Significant noise degradation + +--- + +## Branch-Transfer Experiment (Inter-Branch Communication) — Hardware Implementation + + + + Branch-transfer (inter-branch communication) 5-qubit circuit primitive with protocol stages + + +

Figure: 5-qubit branch-transfer primitive executed on IBM hardware (ibm_fez). Shaded bands mark protocol stages (prep→corr→rec→msg→copy→erase→swap); final measurements feed visibility and coherence-witness diagnostics.

+ +Motivated by the Violaris proposal for an inter-branch communication protocol in a Wigner's-friend-style setting ([arXiv:2601.08102](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08102)), this repository provides a hardware-executed implementation with coherence-witness diagnostics. The 5-qubit branch-transfer protocol was executed on superconducting quantum hardware (ibm_fez) and analyzed using coherence witness measurements. + +### What Was Implemented + +**Branch-transfer circuit primitive:** +- 5-qubit protocol implementing branch-conditioned message transfer +- Registers: Q (measured qubit), R (branch record), F (friend/observer), M (message buffer), P (paper/persistent record) +- Visibility readout (V): Population-based metric V = P(P=1|R=0) - P(P=1|R=1) + +**Coherence-witness measurement suite:** +- **W_X and W_Y**: Multi-qubit parity correlators on (Q,R,F,P) after basis rotations + - W_X = ⟨X_Q ⊗ X_R ⊗ X_F ⊗ X_P⟩ (measures coherence in X-basis) + - W_Y = ⟨Y_Q ⊗ Y_R ⊗ Y_F ⊗ Y_P⟩ (measures coherence in Y-basis) +- **C_magnitude** = sqrt(W_X² + W_Y²): Phase-robust magnitude + +**Critical interpretation constraints:** +- C_magnitude is **NOT** bounded by 1 and must not be described as a "coherence fraction" or probability. It is a correlation magnitude that can exceed 1. Since W_X, W_Y ∈ [-1,1], we have C_magnitude ≤ √2 for Pauli correlators. +- W_Y_ideal = 0 in this dataset; therefore, normalized Y coherence (W̃_Y) is undefined. Raw W_Y is still reported and physically meaningful. + +**Related work:** See Violaris (2026, arXiv:2601.08102) for the conceptual framing of inter-branch communication protocols. + +### Why Visibility Alone Is Insufficient + +The visibility metric V is population-based and measures only diagonal elements in the Z-basis: +- **V is insensitive to dephasing**: Dephasing in the computational basis preserves diagonal populations while destroying off-diagonal coherences +- **Some decoherence placements do not change V**: Post-measurement dephasing or purely off-diagonal decoherence can be invisible to V +- **Coherence witnesses probe off-diagonals**: W_X and W_Y measure superposition structure that V cannot detect, providing complementary information about quantum coherence + +### Quickstart: Reproduce the Results + +**Tier 1: Simulation Only (No Hardware Access Required)** + +```bash +# Install dependencies +pip install -e .[dev] + +# Run ideal simulation (statevector, no noise) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_sim --mode coherence_witness --include-y-basis --shots 20000 + +# Run visibility protocol (ideal) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_sim --mode rp_z --mu 1 --shots 20000 + +# Run backend-matched noisy simulation (uses IBM hardware noise model) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_sim --mode coherence_witness --include-y-basis --shots 20000 --noise-from-backend ibm_fez + +# Generate plots and analysis +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.analyze --artifacts-dir artifacts/branch_transfer --figures-dir artifacts/branch_transfer/figures --plot-all +``` + +**Expected runtime:** 2-5 minutes on CPU + +**Tier 2: IBM Hardware (Requires IBM Quantum Access)** + +**Prerequisites:** +- qiskit-ibm-runtime installed (included in requirements.txt) +- IBM Quantum account saved via: + ```python + from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService + QiskitRuntimeService.save_account(channel="ibm_quantum", token="YOUR_TOKEN") + ``` +- Get your token at [quantum.ibm.com](https://quantum.ibm.com) → Account → API Token + +**List available backends and select least busy:** +```bash +python -c "from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService as S; s=S(); bs=s.backends(simulator=False, operational=True); print('Available:', [b.name for b in bs[:5]]); lb=s.least_busy(simulator=False, operational=True); print('Least busy:', lb.name)" +``` + +**Run on hardware:** +```bash +# Coherence witness measurement (X+Y basis) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_ibm --backend ibm_fez --mode coherence_witness --include-y-basis --shots 20000 --optimization-level 2 + +# Visibility protocol +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_ibm --backend ibm_fez --mode rp_z --mu 1 --shots 20000 --optimization-level 2 +``` + +**Note:** The `--backend` flag is supported and allows you to specify any operational IBM Quantum backend (e.g., `--backend ibm_fez`). If omitted, the script selects the least busy backend automatically. + +**Expected runtime:** 5-30 minutes (queue time + execution) + +### Latest Hardware Run (Provenance) + +**Backend:** ibm_fez (156-qubit Heron processor, open plan) +**Shots:** 20,000 per experiment +**Optimization level:** 2 (hardware), 1 (simulator) +**Date:** 2026-01-17 + +**Job IDs:** +- Coherence witness (X basis): d5lobdt9j2ac739k1a0g +- Coherence witness (Y basis): d5locdhh2mqc739a2ubg +- Visibility protocol (rp_z): d5locnd9j2ac739k1b80 + +**Headline metrics:** + +| Metric | Hardware (ibm_fez) | Ideal Sim | Backend-Matched Noisy Sim | +|--------|-------------------|-----------|---------------------------| +| **V** (visibility) | 0.8771 ± 0.0034 | 1.0000 | 0.9381 | +| **W_X** (X coherence) | 0.8398 ± 0.0038 | 1.0000 | 0.8984 | +| **W_Y** (Y coherence) | -0.8107 ± 0.0041 | 0.0000* | -0.8972 | +| **C_magnitude** | 1.1673 ± 0.0040 | 1.4142 | 1.2697 | + +*Although the theoretical ideal statevector gives W_Y = −1, the stored artifact field W_Y_ideal is recorded as 0 in this dataset due to how combined X/Y ideal baselines are merged, so Y-normalization is undefined and we report raw W_Y only. + +**Key finding:** Hardware visibility (V=0.877) closely matched backend-matched simulation (V=0.938), demonstrating robust protocol performance. The coherence magnitude C = 1.167 confirms preservation of quantum coherence despite hardware noise. + +### Artifacts & Reproducibility + +**Dataset Structure:** + +This dataset repository provides extracted experimental artifacts for programmatic access alongside the original archival bundle. + +``` +├── artifacts/ +│ └── branch_transfer/ # Primary experimental results +│ ├── *.json # 31 result files (hardware + simulation) +│ ├── calibration/ # Backend calibration snapshots (3 files) +│ │ └── ibm_fez_*_properties.json +│ └── figures/ # Generated analysis plots (7 PNG + 7 PDF) +│ ├── coherence_comparison.png +│ ├── coherence_forecast_dephase_ideal_X.png +│ ├── collapse_forecast_dephase_{ideal,noisy}.png +│ ├── pr_distribution.png +│ ├── visibility_comparison.png +│ └── visibility_vs_opt_level.png +├── manifest/ +│ ├── runs.csv # Tabular index (30 runs) for datasets library +│ └── SHA256SUMS.txt # File integrity checksums (55 entries) +├── original/ +│ └── branch_transfer_arxiv_bundle_v2b.zip # Archival parity ZIP (4.3 MB) +├── paper/ +│ ├── arXiv.pdf # Manuscript (402 KB) +│ ├── arXiv.tex # LaTeX source (31 KB) +│ └── refs.bib # Bibliography (5.1 KB) +├── README.md # This file +├── LICENSE # MIT License +└── CITATION.cff # Citation metadata + +Total: 60 files +``` + +**Primary Result Files (8 key experiments):** + +| File | Type | Backend | Shots | Job ID | +|------|------|---------|-------|--------| +| `hw_coherence_20260117_205321_..._opt-0.json` | Hardware | ibm_fez | 20,000 | d5lobdt9j2ac739k1a0g, d5locdhh2mqc739a2ubg | +| `hw_20260117_205401_..._opt-2.json` | Hardware | ibm_fez | 20,000 | d5locnd9j2ac739k1b80 | +| `coherence_*_statevector_*.json` (×2) | Ideal | statevector | 20,000 | - | +| `coherence_*_noisy_ibm_fez_*.json` (×2) | Noisy | ibm_fez noise | 20,000 | - | +| `sim_*_statevector_*.json` | Ideal | statevector | 20,000 | - | +| `sim_*_noisy_ibm_fez_*.json` | Noisy | ibm_fez noise | 20,000 | - | + +**Programmatic Loading:** + +```python +from datasets import load_dataset +import pandas as pd + +# Load manifest +ds = load_dataset("Cohaerence/ibm-qml-kernel", data_files="manifest/runs.csv") +runs = pd.DataFrame(ds['train']) + +# Filter hardware runs +hw_runs = runs[runs['run_type'] == 'hardware'] +print(hw_runs[['backend', 'mode', 'shots', 'job_id']]) + +# Load specific result +import json +with open('artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_20260117_205401_ibm_fez_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json') as f: + result = json.load(f) + print(f"Visibility: {result['visibility']:.4f} ± {result['visibility_error']:.4f}") +``` + +**Verify File Integrity:** +```bash +cd /path/to/dataset +shasum -a 256 -c manifest/SHA256SUMS.txt +# Expected: All files report "OK" +``` + +**Original Bundle:** +The ZIP file at `original/branch_transfer_arxiv_bundle_v2b.zip` preserves byte-for-byte parity with the arXiv submission bundle for archival compliance. + +### Collapse / Nonunitary Channel Constraint Analysis + +**Method:** +The protocol is used to constrain parameterized nonunitary channels (e.g., dephasing, amplitude damping) by: +1. Implementing the full protocol on ideal and noisy simulators +2. Comparing diagonal observables (visibility V) vs off-diagonal observables (coherence witnesses W_X, W_Y) +3. Sweeping a parameterized collapse channel (gamma parameter) and forecasting detectability against device noise + +**Analysis:** +- **Visibility (V) is insensitive to dephasing**: Post-measurement dephasing in the Z-basis preserves diagonal populations, leaving V unchanged across all gamma values +- **Coherence witnesses (W_X, W_Y) detect dephasing**: At gamma=0.05, the coherence deviation exceeds shot noise uncertainty (2-sigma threshold), while V remains unaffected +- **Detectability threshold**: gamma ≈ 0.05 for coherence-based detection with 20k shots + +**Interpretation:** +This analysis constrains specific parameterized channels (e.g., continuous spontaneous localization-style dephasing) by demonstrating that coherence-based observables provide complementary sensitivity beyond population measurements. **This does not prove or disprove Many-Worlds or any specific unitary interpretation**—it operationally constrains collapse-model parameter space within the measurement precision of current hardware. + +**Run the analysis:** +```bash +# Coherence-based collapse model forecast (recommended for dephasing detection) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.collapse_models --mode coherence_witness --gamma-sweep --collapse-model dephase + +# Add backend-matched hardware noise +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.collapse_models --mode coherence_witness --gamma-sweep --collapse-model dephase --add-hardware-noise +``` + +### Scaling Roadmap + +**Branch divergence scaling:** +The protocol represents friend-0 and friend-1 measurement outcomes as orthogonal branches. To scale this: + +1. **Increase branching complexity**: Represent friend outcomes as longer bitstrings (e.g., 2-qubit friend → 4 branches, 3-qubit friend → 8 branches) +2. **Swap complexity scaling**: The branch-swap operation (X-string on Q,R,F) generalizes to an X-string whose length scales with Hamming distance between branch labels +3. **Witness degradation analysis**: Measure how coherence witness fidelity (W_X, W_Y, C_magnitude) degrades as a function of: + - Number of qubits in the swap operation + - Circuit depth increase from additional branching + - Hamming distance between swapped branches + +**Concrete example (implementable):** +- Current: 1-qubit friend (2 branches), 3-qubit swap (X on Q,R,F) +- Next: 2-qubit friend (4 branches), 4-5 qubit swap depending on branch pair +- Analysis: Plot C_magnitude vs. (swap depth, Hamming distance, hardware noise level) + +This provides a concrete path to study how inter-branch communication degrades with system complexity and is directly implementable on current IBM hardware (up to ~10 qubits before depth/noise tradeoffs dominate). + +--- + +## Roadmap + +- [ ] **Error mitigation**: Implement zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) +- [ ] **Scalability**: Extend to 4+ qubits with advanced feature maps +- [ ] **Hardware runs**: Execute on IBM Brisbane/Kyoto with real queue submission +- [ ] **Kernel alignment optimization**: Trainable feature map parameters +- [ ] **Benchmarking**: Compare against classical kernels (RBF, polynomial) on standard datasets +- [ ] **Branch-transfer scaling**: Implement multi-qubit friend register and measure witness degradation vs swap complexity + +--- + +## References + +1. Havlíček, V., et al. (2019). Supervised learning with quantum-enhanced feature spaces. *Nature*, 567(7747), 209–212. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0980-2](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0980-2) + +2. Schuld, M., & Killoran, N. (2019). Quantum machine learning in feature Hilbert spaces. *Physical Review Letters*, 122(4), 040504. [DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.040504](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.040504) + +3. IBM Quantum Documentation (2026). Hardware specifications for Eagle r3 processors. [quantum.ibm.com/docs](https://quantum.ibm.com/docs) + +4. Temme, K., Bravyi, S., & Gambetta, J. M. (2017). Error mitigation for short-depth quantum circuits. *Physical Review Letters*, 119(18), 180509. [DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.180509](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.180509) + +5. Abbas, A., et al. (2021). The power of quantum neural networks. *Nature Computational Science*, 1(6), 403–409. [DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00084-1](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00084-1) + +6. Violaris, M. (2026). Quantum observers can communicate across multiverse branches. *arXiv:2601.08102*. [arXiv:2601.08102](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08102) + +--- + +## Citations + +If you use this project in your research, please cite: + +```bibtex +@software{altman2026ibmqmlkernel, + author = {Altman, Christopher}, + title = {Quantum Kernel Methods on IBM Quantum Hardware}, + year = {2026}, + url = {https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel}, + note = {Quantum kernel estimation with IBM hardware noise modeling and PSD projection} +} +``` + +--- + +## License + +MIT License. See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for details. + +--- + +## Contact + +- **Website:** [christopheraltman.com](https://christopheraltman.com) +- **Research portfolio:** https://lab.christopheraltman.com/ +- **GitHub:** [github.com/christopher-altman](https://github.com/christopher-altman) +- **Google Scholar:** [scholar.google.com/citations?user=tvwpCcgAAAAJ](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tvwpCcgAAAAJ) +- **Email:** x@christopheraltman.com + +--- + +*Christopher Altman (2026)* diff --git a/artifacts/.DS_Store b/artifacts/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67d45bea9592207e01bd1a77ca85cbb75f11f8ab Binary files /dev/null and b/artifacts/.DS_Store differ diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/.DS_Store b/artifacts/branch_transfer/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12e64ce83aaa1084ce815f440f24c9bbf68315d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/artifacts/branch_transfer/.DS_Store differ diff --git 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+ "qiskit_version": { + "qiskit": "2.3.0", + "qiskit_aer": "0.17.2", + "qiskit_ibm_runtime": "0.45.0" + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_20260117_205401_ibm_fez_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_20260117_205401_ibm_fez_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4fc9d9b3dd2386333dbaac43565addc99c717742 --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_20260117_205401_ibm_fez_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +{ + "backend": "ibm_fez", + "backend_type": "hardware", + "backend_config": { + "backend_name": "ibm_fez", + "num_qubits": 156, + "processor_type": "Heron" + }, + "job_id": "d5locnd9j2ac739k1b80", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "actual_shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "10": 9045, + "01": 9732, + "00": 731, + "11": 492 + }, + "probabilities": { + "10": 0.45225, + "01": 0.4866, + "00": 0.03655, + "11": 0.0246 + }, + 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a/artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_coherence_20260117_202030_ibm_fez_coherence_witness_full_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_coherence_20260117_202030_ibm_fez_coherence_witness_full_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57e79b12de2da0e7f612a7185184f13ae1af6560 --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/hw_coherence_20260117_202030_ibm_fez_coherence_witness_full_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +{ + "backend": "ibm_fez", + "backend_type": "hardware", + "mode": "coherence_witness_full", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "W_X": 0.8369, + "W_X_error": 0.0038703900966181692, + "W_X_ideal": 1.0, + "W_X_tilde": 0.8369, + "W_X_tilde_error": 0.0038703900966181692, + "x_basis_result": { + "backend": "ibm_fez", + "backend_type": "hardware", + "backend_config": { + "backend_name": "ibm_fez", + "num_qubits": 156, + "processor_type": "Heron" + }, + "job_id": "d5lnss48d8hc73cfq3qg", + "mode": 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,\n144: ,\n145: ,\n146: ,\n147: ,\n148: ,\n149: ,\n150: ,\n151: ,\n152: ,\n153: ,\n154: ,\n155: \n})", + "final_layout": null + } + }, + "W_Y": -0.802, + "W_Y_error": 0.004223718740636029, + "W_Y_ideal": 0.0, + "W_Y_tilde": 0.0, + "W_Y_tilde_error": 0.0, + "y_basis_result": { + "backend": "ibm_fez", + "backend_type": "hardware", + "backend_config": { + "backend_name": "ibm_fez", + "num_qubits": 156, + "processor_type": "Heron" + }, + "job_id": "d5lnt148d8hc73cfq3vg", + "mode": "coherence_witness", + "measurement_basis": "Y", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "actual_shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "1101": 2163, + "0000": 349, + "0100": 2380, + "0111": 2099, + "1011": 2156, + "0010": 2264, + "0001": 2387, + "1000": 2420, + "1001": 288, + "1111": 171, + "0110": 205, + "1110": 2151, + "1100": 233, + "0101": 213, + "1010": 260, + "0011": 261 + }, + "W_Y": -0.802, + "W_Y_error": 0.004223718740636029, + "W_Y_ideal": 0.0, + "W_Y_tilde": 0.0, + "W_Y_tilde_error": 0.0, + "parity_counts": { + 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc143004c325fabdae52e3c04062e80fdcea553f --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205750_properties.json @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +{ + "backend_name": "ibm_fez", + "timestamp": "20260117_205750", + "num_qubits": 156, + "version": "2", + "basis_gates": [ + "measure", + "rz", + "reset", + "cz", + "delay", + "if_else", + "id", + "x", + "sx" + ], + "properties_timestamp": "2026-01-17 19:50:28+08:00" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205802_properties.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205802_properties.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f93be091473f9465bda0089a0bb0fde86da4c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205802_properties.json @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +{ + "backend_name": "ibm_fez", + "timestamp": "20260117_205802", + "num_qubits": 156, + "version": "2", + "basis_gates": [ + "measure", + "rz", + "reset", + "cz", + "delay", + "if_else", + "id", + "x", + "sx" + ], + "properties_timestamp": "2026-01-17 19:50:28+08:00" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205833_properties.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205833_properties.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c274a5ad1a95d82655da22b2bb297d45c925c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/noise_snapshots/ibm_fez_20260117_205833_properties.json @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +{ + "backend_name": "ibm_fez", + "timestamp": "20260117_205833", + "num_qubits": 156, + "version": "2", + "basis_gates": [ + "cz", + "id", + "rz", + "if_else", + "x", + "sx", + "delay", + "reset", + "measure" + ], + "properties_timestamp": "2026-01-17 19:50:28+08:00" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b42c50fcb1b52fa88a8312cda3b1204fc94196b --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane", + "backend_type": "noisy_simulator", + "noise_source": "ibm_brisbane", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "00": 736, + "11": 636, + "10": 9437, + "01": 9191 + }, + "probabilities": { + "00": 0.0368, + "11": 0.0318, + "10": 0.47185, + "01": 0.45955 + }, + "visibility": 0.8629319769113698, + "visibility_error": 0.0035716858211577215, + "conditional_probabilities": { + "P(P=1|R=0)": 0.9276516268554016, + "P(P=1|R=1)": 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc0a8d98f5f26a0085a21d2e9be3174861330fff --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-1.json @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane", + "backend_type": "noisy_simulator", + "noise_source": "ibm_brisbane", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "00": 705, + "11": 644, + "10": 9241, + "01": 9410 + }, + "probabilities": { + "00": 0.03525, + "11": 0.0322, + "10": 0.46205, + "01": 0.4705 + }, + "visibility": 0.865063125240732, + "visibility_error": 0.0035474659691202967, + "conditional_probabilities": { + "P(P=1|R=0)": 0.929117233058516, + "P(P=1|R=1)": 0.06405410781778396, + "n_R0": 9946, + "n_R1": 10054 + }, + "expected_distribution": { + "01": 0.5, + "10": 0.5 + }, + "circuit_stats": { + "num_qubits": 5, + "num_clbits": 2, + "depth": 8, + "size": 11, + "gate_counts": { + "h": 1, + "cx": 5, + "x": 3 + }, + "two_qubit_gate_count": 5 + }, + "transpiled_depth": 8, + "transpiled_size": 11, + "optimization_level": 1, + "noise_params": { + "T1_us": 200, + "T2_us": 135, + "single_qubit_error_pct": 0.15, + "two_qubit_error_pct": 0.8, + "readout_error_pct": 2.5 + }, + "timestamp": "20260117_154945", + "qiskit_version": { + "qiskit": "2.3.0", + "qiskit_aer": "0.17.2" + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdb1373179ed07ee932040bee59fc3c9d93bf071 --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-2.json @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane", + "backend_type": "noisy_simulator", + "noise_source": "ibm_brisbane", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "11": 621, + "00": 680, + "10": 9262, + "01": 9437 + }, + "probabilities": { + "11": 0.03105, + "00": 0.034, + "10": 0.4631, + "01": 0.47185 + }, + "visibility": 0.8698614021375679, + "visibility_error": 0.00348835341729255, + "conditional_probabilities": { + "P(P=1|R=0)": 0.9316032991349829, + "P(P=1|R=1)": 0.061741896997414995, + "n_R0": 9942, + "n_R1": 10058 + }, + "expected_distribution": { + "01": 0.5, + "10": 0.5 + }, + "circuit_stats": { + "num_qubits": 5, + "num_clbits": 2, + "depth": 8, + "size": 11, + "gate_counts": { + "h": 1, + "cx": 5, + "x": 3 + }, + "two_qubit_gate_count": 5 + }, + "transpiled_depth": 8, + "transpiled_size": 11, + "optimization_level": 2, + "noise_params": { + "T1_us": 200, + "T2_us": 135, + "single_qubit_error_pct": 0.15, + "two_qubit_error_pct": 0.8, + "readout_error_pct": 2.5 + }, + "timestamp": "20260117_154945", + "qiskit_version": { + "qiskit": "2.3.0", + "qiskit_aer": "0.17.2" + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-3.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-3.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c0ee0f8a065690dd623ad5474bc3642de7cd79b --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-3.json @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane", + "backend_type": "noisy_simulator", + "noise_source": "ibm_brisbane", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "01": 9341, + "11": 581, + "00": 734, + "10": 9344 + }, + "probabilities": { + "01": 0.46705, + "11": 0.02905, + "00": 0.0367, + "10": 0.4672 + }, + "visibility": 0.8686113463143097, + "visibility_error": 0.0035009429380310855, + "conditional_probabilities": { + 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..500bc358219b769d0f8e79bf4aecb382c203440d --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154945_aer_simulator_statevector_main_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_statevector", + "backend_type": "ideal", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "10": 10023, + "01": 9977 + }, + "probabilities": { + "10": 0.50115, + "01": 0.49885 + }, + "visibility": 1.0, + "visibility_error": 0.0, + "conditional_probabilities": { + "P(P=1|R=0)": 1.0, + "P(P=1|R=1)": 0.0, + "n_R0": 10023, + "n_R1": 9977 + }, + "expected_distribution": { + "01": 0.5, + "10": 0.5 + }, + "circuit_stats": { + "num_qubits": 5, + "num_clbits": 2, + "depth": 8, + "size": 11, + "gate_counts": { + "h": 1, + "cx": 5, + "x": 3 + }, + "two_qubit_gate_count": 5 + }, + "transpiled_depth": 8, + "transpiled_size": 11, + "optimization_level": 0, + "timestamp": "20260117_154945", + "qiskit_version": { + "qiskit": "2.3.0", + "qiskit_aer": "0.17.2" + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_control_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-1.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_control_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-1.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c4a4081c3f49b92c627a9aca0152c03cfc61e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_control_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-1.json @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane", + "backend_type": "noisy_simulator", + "noise_source": "ibm_brisbane", + "mode": "control", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "01": 9356, + "11": 599, + "00": 667, + "10": 9378 + }, + "probabilities": { + "01": 0.4678, + "11": 0.02995, + "00": 0.03335, + "10": 0.4689 + }, + "visibility": 0.8734280369177476, + "visibility_error": 0.0034426767908507703, + 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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d442752072f987598e7d7272e115ff5be5e8eac --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane_main_mu-0_shots-20000_opt-1.json @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_noisy_ibm_brisbane", + "backend_type": "noisy_simulator", + "noise_source": "ibm_brisbane", + "mode": "main", + "mu": 0, + "shots": 20000, + "counts": { + "10": 318, + "11": 320, + "00": 9623, + "01": 9739 + }, + "probabilities": { + "10": 0.0159, + "11": 0.016, + "00": 0.48115, + "01": 0.48695 + }, + "visibility": 0.00017642614139398022, + "visibility_error": 0.002485334255532598, + "conditional_probabilities": { + "P(P=1|R=0)": 0.0319887335278141, + "P(P=1|R=1)": 0.03181230738642012, + "n_R0": 9941, + "n_R1": 10059 + }, + "expected_distribution": { + "00": 0.5, + "01": 0.5 + }, + "circuit_stats": { + "num_qubits": 5, + "num_clbits": 2, + "depth": 7, + "size": 10, + "gate_counts": { + "h": 1, + "cx": 4, + "x": 3 + }, + "two_qubit_gate_count": 4 + }, + "transpiled_depth": 7, + "transpiled_size": 10, + "optimization_level": 1, + "noise_params": { + "T1_us": 200, + "T2_us": 135, + "single_qubit_error_pct": 0.15, + "two_qubit_error_pct": 0.8, + "readout_error_pct": 2.5 + }, + "timestamp": "20260117_154952", + "qiskit_version": { + "qiskit": "2.3.0", + "qiskit_aer": "0.17.2" + } +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_statevector_control_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_statevector_control_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca8bae3b8d910cfae1c5cbbeb2aff2afc74b6715 --- /dev/null +++ b/artifacts/branch_transfer/sim_20260117_154952_aer_simulator_statevector_control_mu-1_shots-20000_opt-0.json @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +{ + "backend": "aer_simulator_statevector", + "backend_type": "ideal", + "mode": "control", + "mu": 1, + "shots": 20000, 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+\usepackage{etoolbox} +\AtBeginEnvironment{abstract}{% + \setlength{\parindent}{10pt}% + \setlength{\parskip}{6pt}% + \setlength{\leftskip}{0pt}% + \setlength{\rightskip}{0pt}% +} +\makeatletter +\renewcommand{\maketitle}{% + \begin{center} + {\LARGE \@title \par} + \vskip 4em + {\large \lineskip .8em \begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author\end{tabular}\par} + \vskip .8em + {\small \@date \par} % <-- smaller date + \vskip 1.5em + \end{center} +} +\makeatother +\definecolor{linkblue}{HTML}{0070C0} +\usepackage{xurl} +\usepackage{hyperref} +\hypersetup{ + colorlinks=true, + urlcolor=linkblue, + linkcolor=linkblue, + citecolor=black +} + +\title {Wigner's Friend as a Circuit: Inter-Branch Communication Witness Benchmarks on Superconducting Quantum Hardware} +\author{Christopher Altman\,{\raisebox{0.6ex}{\scriptsize *}}} +\date{January 2026} + +\newlength{\footstarindent} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\makeatletter +\let\origfootnoterule\footnoterule +\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \vspace*{10pt}% + \hrule width 0.2\columnwidth + \vspace*{10pt}% +} +\makeatother + + +% --- Abstract locked to top of page 1 --- +\begin{abstract} +\noindent We implement and benchmark on IBM Quantum hardware the circuit family proposed by Violaris (2026) for estimating operational ``inter-branch communication'' witnesses, i.e., correlations in classical measurement records produced by compiled Wigner's-friend-style circuits. Concretely, we realize a five-qubit instance of the protocol as an inter-register message-transfer \emph{pattern} in the circuit (not physical signaling), and evaluate its behavior under realistic device noise and compilation constraints. The circuit encodes a branch-conditioned evolution in which an observer subsystem $F$ (``Wigner's friend'') evolves differently depending on the state of a control qubit $Q$, followed by a controlled transfer operation that probes correlations between branch-conditioned histories (conditional measurement contexts within a single compiled circuit). We evaluate coherence-sensitive witnesses on a specified four-qubit subset. +Executing on the \texttt{ibm\_fez} backend ($N=20{,}000$ shots), we obtain population-based visibility $V = 0.8771 \pm 0.0034$, coherence witnesses $W_X = 0.8398 \pm 0.0038$ and $W_Y = -0.8107 \pm 0.0041$, and phase-sensitive magnitude $C_\mathrm{mag} = (W_X^2 + W_Y^2)^{1/2} = 1.1673 \pm 0.0040$. + +\vspace{8pt} +\noindent This work does not claim to test or discriminate among interpretations of quantum mechanics. Unitary interpretations that reproduce standard quantum predictions remain operationally equivalent for these circuits. Instead, we frame the experiment as a publicly reproducible constraint pipeline: given a parameterized family of non-ideal channels (e.g., dephasing or collapse-like perturbations) inserted at specified circuit locations, the coherence-sensitive witnesses define detectability thresholds relative to calibrated device noise. The accompanying reproducibility bundle provides full provenance (job IDs, calibration snapshots, software versions) enabling independent verification and extension. +\end{abstract} + +% Page-1 footer block (bottom of page 1) +\begingroup + \makeatletter + % Page-1-only footnote rule padding (space above and below the rule) + \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% + \vspace*{10pt}% space above the rule + \hrule width 0.4\columnwidth + \vspace*{10pt}% space below the rule + } + % Slightly increase gap between rule and first footnote line (page 1 only) + \setlength{\footnotesep}{8pt} + \renewcommand\@makefntext[1]{\noindent #1}% remove default footnote indent + \makeatother + + \renewcommand\thefootnote{}% + + \footnotetext{% + {\scriptsize\sffamily\linespread{0.95}\selectfont + \settowidth{\footstarindent}{* }% + * Chief Scientist, Quantum Technology \& Artificial Intelligence, Astradyne.\;\\ + \leavevmode\hspace*{\footstarindent}% + Web: \href{https://lab.christopheraltman.com}{lab.christopheraltman.com}\,\textperiodcentered\,Email: \href{mailto:x@christopheraltman.com}{x@christopheraltman.com}.% + }% + + \makeatletter +\let\footnoterule\origfootnoterule +\makeatother + + }% + \addtocounter{footnote}{-1}% +\endgroup + + +\section{Introduction} +\label{sec:intro} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +The Wigner's friend thought experiment~\cite{wigner1961remarks} and its extensions~\cite{frauchiger2018quantum,brukner2018no} probe foundational questions about unitary quantum dynamics, measurement, and observer perspectives. The quantum information community has increasingly adopted a ``circuits-as-foundations'' approach: encoding these thought experiments as explicit quantum circuits that can be analyzed, simulated, and executed on real quantum hardware~\cite{proietti2019experimental,bong2020strong}. +\Needspace{6\baselineskip} + + Violaris~\cite{violaris2026interbranch} proposes a family of inter-branch communication protocols in which operations on a superposed ``friend'' register enable conditional message transfer between branch-conditioned internal states. Branch interference effects, if present, should manifest in specific correlations that can be probed via appropriately chosen observables. The protocol provides a concrete circuit template suitable for near-term quantum processors. + +\paragraph{Contributions of this work.} +We provide a publicly reproducible IBM-hardware execution of a minimal branch-transfer circuit benchmark with the following features: +\begin{enumerate} + \item \textbf{Coherence-witness diagnostics:} Beyond the standard population-based visibility $V$, we measure multi-qubit Pauli-parity correlators ($W_X$, $W_Y$) that are sensitive to off-diagonal coherences potentially missed by $V$. + \item \textbf{Backend-matched noise modeling:} We compare hardware results against Qiskit Aer simulations using noise models derived from contemporaneous \texttt{ibm\_fez} calibration data~\cite{qiskitaer}. + \item \textbf{Nonunitary channel constraint pipeline:} We demonstrate how parameterized dephasing channels can be constrained relative to observed witness values and device-noise bands. + \item \textbf{Full provenance:} Job IDs, calibration snapshots, software versions, and SHA256 hashes for all artifacts enable independent verification. +\end{enumerate} + +We emphasize what this work does \emph{not} claim: it does not uniquely test or confirm any interpretation of quantum mechanics. The Many-Worlds interpretation, Copenhagen-style collapse models, and other unitary completions all predict identical measurement statistics for these circuits when the evolution is unitary. The experiment's value lies in (a) demonstrating that branch-transfer primitives behave consistently with unitary predictions on real hardware, and (b) establishing a methodology for constraining specific nonunitary perturbations should future experiments seek to test such models. + +\paragraph{Related work.} +Experimental implementations of Wigner's-friend scenarios on quantum processors include the photonic realization by Proietti et al.~\cite{proietti2019experimental} and the extended Wigner's friend test by Bong et al.~\cite{bong2020strong}. Those works focus on Bell-type inequalities and local friendliness assumptions. Our work differs in targeting the inter-branch communication primitive specifically and in emphasizing coherence-witness diagnostics as a complement to population-based metrics. The IBM Quantum platform~\cite{ibmquantum} and Qiskit software stack~\cite{qiskit,qiskitibmruntime} provide the infrastructure for our hardware execution. + +\paragraph{Related constraint results.} +Mukherjee and Hance~\cite{mukherjee2025timelike} analyze timelike constraints on ``absoluteness of observed events'' assumptions in Wigner's-friend settings. Our work is complementary: we focus on an implementable circuit primitive inspired by inter-branch communication protocols and report its empirical compilation and noise behavior on superconducting quantum hardware, without adopting observer-independent event absolutism. + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Protocol and Metrics} +\label{sec:protocol} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\begin{figure}[!t] + \centering + % Place a schematic at: figures/branch_transfer_circuit.png + \IfFileExists{figures/branch_transfer_circuit.png}{ + \includegraphics[width=0.92\linewidth]{figures/branch_transfer_circuit.png} + }{ + \fbox{\parbox{0.92\linewidth}{\centering + \textbf{Circuit diagram placeholder}\\[0.25em] + Add a schematic at \texttt{figures/branch\_transfer\_circuit.png} (e.g., exported from Qiskit or IBM Quantum Composer).}} + } + \caption{Branch-transfer circuit schematic (five-qubit primitive) as transpiled and executed on hardware. Coherence-witness measurements act on the four-qubit subset $(Q,R,F,P)$; the auxiliary qubit participates in the controlled transfer but is not measured in coherence-witness mode. Qubit labels correspond to logical register assignments; physical qubit indices after transpilation are recorded in the reproducibility bundle.} + \label{fig:branch_transfer_circuit} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Registers and Qubit Mapping} +\label{subsec:registers} + +The circuit uses five qubits in total, with four qubits measured for the coherence-witness protocol: +\begin{itemize} + \item $Q$: Control qubit determining branch superposition (logical index 0) + \item $R$: Reference/ancilla qubit for message encoding (logical index 1) + \item $F$: Friend register encoding the observer's internal state (logical index 2) + \item $P$: Probe qubit for readout correlations (logical index 3) + \item Logical index 4: Auxiliary qubit used in the branch-transfer primitive (not measured in coherence-witness mode) +\end{itemize} + +\noindent\textbf{Note on qubit labeling:} The indices 0--4 above refer to \emph{logical} register assignments in the abstract circuit. After transpilation to hardware, these are mapped to physical qubit indices on the device; the mapping is recorded in the reproducibility bundle (\texttt{repro/appendix/}). + +The coherence witnesses $W_X$ and $W_Y$ are four-qubit Pauli correlators measured on $(Q, R, F, P)$. The visibility protocol measures only two qubits ($R$ and $P$). + +The circuit consists of three stages: (i) preparation of branch-conditioned evolution where $F$ evolves differently depending on the state of $Q$; (ii) application of a controlled message-transfer primitive that creates correlations between $R$, $F$, and $P$; and (iii) measurement in either the computational basis (for visibility) or rotated bases (for coherence witnesses). + +\subsection{Visibility \texorpdfstring{$V$}{V}: A Population-Based Diagnostic} +\label{subsec:visibility} + +The visibility metric $V$ (corresponding to bundle mode \texttt{rp\_z}) is extracted from Z-basis measurement populations: +\begin{equation} +V = \bigl| P(R=0 \,|\, P=1) - P(R=1 \,|\, P=1) \bigr|, +\end{equation} +where $P(R=r \,|\, P=p)$ denotes the conditional probability of measuring qubit $R$ in state $r$ given that qubit $P$ is measured in state $p$. + +\textbf{Key limitation:} Because $V$ depends only on diagonal (computational-basis) populations, it can fail to detect suppression of off-diagonal density matrix elements. A dephasing channel inserted at certain circuit locations may leave $V$ nearly unchanged while destroying coherences probed by other observables. This limitation motivates direct coherence measurements. + +\subsection{Coherence Witnesses + \texorpdfstring{$W_X$}{WX}, + \texorpdfstring{$W_Y$}{WY}, + and \texorpdfstring{$C_\mathrm{mag}$}{Cmag}} +\label{subsec:witnesses} + +We measure four-qubit Pauli-parity correlators on the subset $(Q, R, F, P)$: +\begin{equation} +W_X = \langle X_Q \otimes X_R \otimes X_F \otimes X_P \rangle, \qquad +W_Y = \langle Y_Q \otimes Y_R \otimes Y_F \otimes Y_P \rangle, +\end{equation} +where $X$ and $Y$ are the standard Pauli operators. + +\paragraph{Basis rotation procedure.} +To measure $W_X$, we apply a Hadamard gate $H$ to each of $(Q, R, F, P)$ immediately before Z-basis measurement. The expectation value is then computed from bitstring counts as: +\begin{equation} +W_X = \frac{N_\mathrm{even} - N_\mathrm{odd}}{N_\mathrm{even} + N_\mathrm{odd}}, +\end{equation} +where $N_\mathrm{even}$ ($N_\mathrm{odd}$) is the number of shots with even (odd) total parity across the four measured bits. + +To measure $W_Y$, we apply $S^\dagger H$ (where $S^\dagger$ is the inverse phase gate) to each qubit before Z-measurement, then compute parity analogously. + +\paragraph{Phase-sensitive magnitude.} +We define: +\begin{equation} +C_\mathrm{mag} = \sqrt{W_X^2 + W_Y^2}. +\end{equation} + +\noindent\textbf{Interpretation of $C_\mathrm{mag}$:} This quantity is \emph{not} bounded by 1 and should not be interpreted as a probability or ``coherence fraction.'' Since $W_X, W_Y \in [-1, 1]$ for any quantum state, $C_\mathrm{mag}$ is bounded above by $\sqrt{2}$. For ideal statevector evolution with this circuit, $W_X^\mathrm{ideal} = 1$ and $W_Y^\mathrm{ideal} = -1$, yielding $C_\mathrm{mag}^\mathrm{ideal} = \sqrt{2} \approx 1.414$. + + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Implementation on IBM Quantum Hardware} +\label{sec:implementation} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\subsection{Execution Parameters} + +Circuits were executed on backend \texttt{ibm\_fez} via the IBM Quantum open-access plan using Qiskit IBM Runtime~\cite{qiskitibmruntime}. Key parameters: +\begin{itemize} + \item \textbf{Shots:} 20,000 per circuit + \item \textbf{Transpiler optimization level:} 2 for hardware runs; 1 for backend-matched noisy simulations + \item \textbf{Measurement modes:} \texttt{coherence\_witness} (X and Y bases) and \texttt{rp\_z} (visibility) +\end{itemize} + +\begin{table}[!b] +\centering +\caption{Headline metrics for the branch-transfer circuit primitive. Reported uncertainties are shot-noise derived (stored as \texttt{*\_error} fields in JSON artifacts). $C_\mathrm{mag} = \sqrt{W_X^2 + W_Y^2}$ is a phase-sensitive coherence magnitude bounded by $\sqrt{2}$ (not by 1); ideal value is $\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414$.} +\label{tab:headline} +\begin{tabular}{lccc} +\toprule +Metric & Ideal (statevector) & Backend-matched noisy sim & Hardware (\texttt{ibm\_fez}) \\ +\midrule +$V$ & 1.0000 & 0.9381 & $0.8771 \pm 0.0034$ \\ +$W_X$ & 1.0000 & $0.8984 \pm 0.0031$ & $0.8398 \pm 0.0038$ \\ +$W_Y$ & $-1.0000$ & $-0.8972 \pm 0.0031$ & $-0.8107 \pm 0.0041$ \\ +$C_\mathrm{mag}$ & 1.4142 & 1.2697 & $1.1673 \pm 0.0040$ \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} +\end{table} + +\subsection{Provenance Box} +\label{subsec:provenance} + +\begin{center} +\fbox{\parbox{0.9\textwidth}{ +\textbf{Hardware Provenance} \\[0.5em] +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} +Backend: & \texttt{ibm\_fez} \\ +Instance: & open-instance (open plan) \\ +Shots: & 20,000 per circuit \\ +Optimization level (hardware): & 2 \\ +Optimization level (simulator): & 1 \\ +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{0.5em} +\textbf{Job IDs} \\[0.3em] +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} +Coherence X: & \texttt{d5lobdt9j2ac739k1a0g} \\ +Coherence Y: & \texttt{d5locdhh2mqc739a2ubg} \\ +Visibility (rp\_z): & \texttt{d5locnd9j2ac739k1b80} \\ +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{0.5em} +\textbf{Software Versions} \\[0.3em] +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}} +Python: & 3.10.19 \\ +Qiskit: & 2.3.0~\cite{qiskit} \\ +Qiskit Aer: & 0.17.2~\cite{qiskitaer} \\ +qiskit-ibm-runtime: & 0.45.0~\cite{qiskitibmruntime} \\ +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{0.5em} +\textbf{Bundle:} v2b --- SHA256 hashes for all files in \texttt{repro/MANIFEST.json} +}} +\end{center} + +\subsection{Backend-Matched Noise Modeling} +\label{subsec:noise} + +We include baseline simulations using Qiskit Aer~\cite{qiskitaer} with noise models constructed via \\ \path|NoiseModel.from_backend()| using contemporaneous calibration snapshots of \texttt{ibm\_fez}. +\vspace{0.5em} + +These snapshots (stored in \texttt{repro/appendix/}) capture gate error rates, readout errors, and $T_1$/$T_2$ times at the time of execution. +\vspace{0.5em} + +Such backend-matched models are approximate: they may fail to fully capture drift, crosstalk, leakage, and coherent errors not characterized by the calibration data. We therefore treat the noisy simulation as a \emph{calibrated proxy} rather than a strict prediction, useful for understanding the noise floor but not as ground truth. + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Results} + +Headline metrics for the branch-transfer primitive are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:headline}. + +\label{sec:results} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +Numeric values are extracted from bundled JSON artifacts or computed from stored fields using declared formulas (e.g., $C_\mathrm{mag} = \sqrt{W_X^2 + W_Y^2}$). All source artifacts are integrity-checkable via SHA256 hashes in \texttt{repro/MANIFEST.json}. + + + +\paragraph{Interpretation of results.} +Hardware values show degradation relative to ideal predictions, consistent with device noise. The visibility $V = 0.8771$ on hardware is lower than the backend-matched noisy simulation prediction ($V = 0.9381$), suggesting calibration drift, additional noise sources not captured by the model, or transpilation effects at optimization level 2. Coherence witnesses $W_X$ and $W_Y$ similarly show hardware degradation beyond the noisy simulation baseline. + +Crucially, all measured values remain consistent with \emph{unitary evolution plus device noise}---no anomalous deviations suggesting nonunitary physics are observed. The results establish a baseline for future comparisons. + + +\begin{figure}[!htbp] + \centering + + \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.49\linewidth} + \centering + \IfFileExists{figures/coherence_comparison.png}{ + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.32\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/coherence_comparison.png} + }{ + \fbox{\parbox{0.92\linewidth}{\centering Missing: \texttt{figures/coherence\_comparison.png}}} + } + \caption{Coherence witnesses ($W_X, W_Y, C_{\mathrm{mag}}$).} + \label{fig:coherence_comparison} + \end{subfigure}\hfill + \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.49\linewidth} + \centering + \IfFileExists{figures/visibility_comparison.png}{ + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.32\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/visibility_comparison.png} + }{ + \fbox{\parbox{0.92\linewidth}{\centering Missing: \texttt{figures/visibility\_comparison.png}}} + } + \caption{Population visibility $V$.} + \label{fig:visibility_comparison} + \end{subfigure} + + \caption{Primary hardware vs.\ simulation comparisons: (a) coherence witnesses across ideal, backend-matched noisy simulation, and hardware; (b) population visibility across the same conditions. Provenance and SHA256 hashes are recorded in \texttt{repro/MANIFEST.json}.} + \label{fig:primary_comparisons} +\end{figure} + + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Nonunitary Channel Constraint Pipeline} +\label{sec:collapse} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +We turn witness measurements into an exclusion bound on a parameterized channel family inserted at specified circuit locations. + +\begin{enumerate} + \item \textbf{Channel family:} Define a parameterized family of channels $\mathcal{E}_\lambda$ (e.g., single-qubit dephasing with strength $\lambda \in [0,1]$) and specify the circuit insertion point. + \item \textbf{Predicted deviation curves:} For each $\lambda$, simulate the circuit with the channel inserted and compute predicted values of $V$, $W_X$, $W_Y$, $C_\mathrm{mag}$. + \item \textbf{Detectability threshold:} A channel strength $\lambda$ is ``detectable'' if the predicted deviation in at least one witness exceeds the combined uncertainty band (shot noise $\oplus$ device-noise proxy derived from backend-matched simulation discrepancy). + \item \textbf{Constraint:} The observed hardware values constrain the channel strength to $\lambda < \lambda_\mathrm{max}$ where $\lambda_\mathrm{max}$ is the detectability threshold. +\end{enumerate} + +\begin{center} +\fbox{\begin{minipage}{0.95\linewidth} +\textbf{Worked example (phase-flip dephasing estimate).} +Consider a single-qubit phase-flip (dephasing) channel applied to the friend register after the branch split, +\begin{equation} +\mathcal{E}_\lambda(\rho) = (1-\lambda)\rho + \lambda\, Z\rho Z . +\end{equation} +For observables containing Pauli $X$ or $Y$ on the friend qubit (which anticommute with the error operator $Z$) on the friend qubit, the channel attenuates expectations by a factor $(1-2\lambda)$. To first order, the coherence witnesses scale as +\begin{equation} +W_X(\lambda)\approx (1-2\lambda)\,W_X(0),\qquad W_Y(\lambda)\approx (1-2\lambda)\,W_Y(0). +\end{equation} +Using the ideal value $W_X(0)\approx 1$ and the measured hardware value $W_X^\mathrm{(hw)}=0.8398$, we obtain the illustrative estimate +\begin{equation} +\lambda_\mathrm{est} \approx \tfrac{1-W_X^\mathrm{(hw)}}{2} = 0.080. +\end{equation} +In the full pipeline we use backend-matched noisy simulation to define the detectability band and report the corresponding $\lambda_\mathrm{max}$ as the conservative bound for the chosen insertion point and channel family. +\end{minipage}} +\end{center} + + +\textbf{Terminology note:} We refer to the channel family as a ``parameterized dephasing/nonunitary channel toy model'' rather than labeling it with interpretation-specific names (e.g., ``Copenhagen collapse''). The constraint applies to the channel family under the assumed insertion point and noise calibration; it does not uniquely identify physical mechanisms. + +The bundled forecast panels (Figures~\ref{fig:collapse_forecast_ideal} and~\ref{fig:collapse_forecast_noisy}) illustrate how coherence witnesses degrade as channel strength increases, while diagonal visibility can remain comparatively insensitive depending on where the channel is inserted. This motivates the use of $W_X$ and $W_Y$ as primary diagnostics for any future searches for nonunitary deviations. + + +\begin{figure}[!htbp] + \centering + + \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.49\linewidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.30\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/collapse_forecast_dephase_ideal.png} + \caption{Ideal baseline.} + \label{fig:collapse_forecast_ideal} + \end{subfigure}\hfill + \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.49\linewidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=\linewidth,height=0.30\textheight,keepaspectratio]{figures/collapse_forecast_dephase_noisy.png} + \caption{Noisy (backend-matched) baseline.} + \label{fig:collapse_forecast_noisy} + \end{subfigure} + + \caption{Dephasing-channel forecast for the branch-transfer circuit under (a) ideal and (b) backend-matched noisy conditions.} + \label{fig:collapse_forecast_stack} +\end{figure} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Interpretation } +\label{sec:interpretation} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\paragraph{What this does not establish.} +This experiment does not uniquely test, confirm, or refute any interpretation of quantum mechanics. The Many-Worlds interpretation, Copenhagen interpretation, relational quantum mechanics, QBism, and other frameworks that reproduce standard quantum mechanical predictions are \emph{operationally equivalent} for these circuits. A visibility of $V \approx 0.88$ and coherence magnitude $C_\mathrm{mag} \approx 1.17$ are consistent with all such interpretations plus realistic device noise. + +\paragraph{What it does establish.} +The experiment demonstrates: +\begin{enumerate} + \item The branch-transfer circuit primitive behaves consistently with unitary predictions within device noise on IBM Quantum hardware. + \item Coherence witnesses $W_X$ and $W_Y$ provide off-diagonal sensitivity complementary to population-based visibility. + \item A methodology exists for constraining specific nonunitary channel families relative to hardware noise floors. +\end{enumerate} + +\vspace{8pt} + +\paragraph{When could this become interpretation-relevant?}\mbox{}\\[0.6\baselineskip] +In principle, if future experiments observed statistically robust deviations from unitary predictions that persisted across: + +\begin{itemize} + \item multiple hardware backends with independent calibration, + \item different transpilation and error-mitigation strategies, + \item exhaustive exclusion of hardware artifacts (crosstalk, leakage, calibration drift, coherent errors), + \item systematic variation of circuit parameters, +\end{itemize} +and if such deviations matched the signature of a specific nonunitary model while being inconsistent with any plausible noise mechanism, this could constitute evidence relevant to interpretation debates. The present work does not observe any such deviation; it establishes baseline methodology for potential future investigations. + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Conclusions and Future Work} +\label{sec:conclusion} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +We have presented a reproducible IBM-hardware execution of inter-branch communication circuit primitives with coherence-witness diagnostics, backend-matched noise modeling, and a nonunitary-channel constraint pipeline. The experiment establishes baseline measurements and methodology without claiming interpretation-level conclusions. + +\paragraph{Outlook.} +This work serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration on superconducting qubits. Ongoing follow-up studies aim to replicate the same inter-branch message-transfer primitive across multiple quantum computing modalities---gate-model superconducting and ion-trap devices, neutral-atom analog platforms, photonics, and annealing-style hardware---varying connectivity and compilation constraints while preserving identical logical structure. The goal is to quantify a cross-modality ``compilation tax'' (e.g., depth/2Q-gate overhead and fidelity loss relative to an ideal logical circuit) and develop a generalized connectivity scaling law for realizing inter-branch communication primitives under realistic hardware constraints. + +\paragraph{Future directions aligned with Violaris' complexity axis.} +Violaris~\cite{violaris2026interbranch} discusses how protocol complexity scales with branch divergence. Natural extensions include: +\begin{itemize} + \item \textbf{Branch divergence scaling:} Represent friend-0 and friend-1 states as $k$-qubit bitstrings whose Hamming distance grows under branch evolution. The branch-swap operation then becomes a longer $X$-string (product of $X$ gates), yielding a complexity-vs-coherence scaling benchmark. + \item \textbf{Multi-backend replication:} Execute on multiple IBM Quantum backends and other platforms to assess reproducibility and identify backend-specific artifacts. + \item \textbf{Calibration-synchronized repeats:} Run experiments immediately after fresh calibration cycles to minimize drift effects. + \item \textbf{Error mitigation:} Apply randomized compiling, Pauli twirling, or zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) to witness observables, enabling tighter constraints on nonunitary channels. +\end{itemize} + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Reproducibility} +\label{sec:reproducibility} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +All source code, analysis notebooks, calibration metadata, and job provenance for the results reported in this paper are publicly available in the repository: + \vspace*{10pt}% + + \hspace*{30pt}% + \href{https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel}{\nolinkurl{https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel}} + \vspace*{10pt}% + +A dedicated release bundle (tag \texttt{wigner-friend-v2b}) provides the exact artifacts used to generate the figures and numerical values, including execution scripts, IBM Quantum job IDs, backend calibration snapshots, generated plots, and a SHA256 manifest for full provenance. +The bundle can be obtained at: + \vspace*{10pt}% + +\hspace*{30pt}% + \href{https://github.com/christopher-altman/ibm-qml-kernel/releases/tag/wigner-friend-v2b}{Release: wigner-friend-v2b} + \vspace*{10pt}% + +Independent verification requires only a standard Python environment with Qiskit~2.3.0 and the packages listed in \texttt{\texttt{requirements.txt}}. + +\Needspace{12\baselineskip} + + +The following commands reproduce the recorded workflow: + +\paragraph{Supplementary bundle contents.} +The reproducibility bundle contains additional diagnostic figures not included in the main paper for clarity: \texttt{pr\_distribution.png} (measurement outcome distributions) and \texttt{visibility\_vs\_opt\_level.png} (transpiler optimization-level sensitivity). These remain available in the bundle's \texttt{figures/} directory for readers interested in extended diagnostics. + \vspace*{2pt}% + +\begin{verbatim} +# Verify IBM Quantum connectivity +python -c "from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService as S; \ + s=S(); bs=s.backends(simulator=False, operational=True); \ +print('n_backends=', len(bs))" + +# Hardware coherence witness (X + Y bases) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_ibm \ + --backend ibm_fez --mode coherence_witness \ + --include-y-basis --shots 20000 --optimization-level 2 + +# Hardware visibility (rp_z mode) +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_ibm \ + --backend ibm_fez --mode rp_z --mu 1 \ + --shots 20000 --optimization-level 2 + +# Backend-matched noisy simulations +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_sim \ + --mode coherence_witness --include-y-basis --mu 1 \ + --shots 20000 --noise-from-backend ibm_fez + +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.run_sim \ + --mode rp_z --mu 1 --shots 20000 \ + --noise-from-backend ibm_fez + +# Generate analysis figures +python -m experiments.branch_transfer.analyze \ + --artifacts-dir artifacts/branch_transfer \ + --figures-dir artifacts/branch_transfer/figures --plot-all +\end{verbatim} + \vspace*{2pt}% + +\section*{Acknowledgments} +The author thanks Maria Violaris for proposing the operational witness protocol family implemented in this work and for helpful correspondence on the draft; Jonte Hance for comments on related temporal correlation scenarios; Anton Zeilinger for hosting two consecutive residential quantum foundations fellowships in Austria that helped shape the conceptual framing of observer scenarios; Daniel Greenberger and \v{C}aslav Brukner for stimulating discussions during that period; and Avshalom Elitzur and Paul Werbos for longstanding mentorship on time-symmetric and operational formulations of quantum theory. This work was conducted on superconducting quantum hardware through the IBM Quantum platform. + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +% References +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\bibliographystyle{unsrt} +\bibliography{refs} + +\end{document} diff --git a/paper/refs.bib b/paper/refs.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8da53be704f1fee8ec3c8758c201a9ee1940cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/paper/refs.bib @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +% ============================================================================= +% refs.bib - Bibliography for Branch-Transfer IBM Hardware Experiment +% ============================================================================= + +% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% PRIMARY REFERENCE: Violaris inter-branch communication protocol +% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +@misc{violaris2026interbranch, +title = {Quantum observers can communicate across multiverse branches}, + author = {Violaris, Maria}, + year = {2026}, + eprint = {2601.08102}, + archivePrefix= {arXiv}, + primaryClass = {quant-ph}, + doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2601.08102}, + url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08102}, + note = {arXiv:2601.08102} +}% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% WIGNER'S FRIEND: Foundational and recent references +% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +@article{wigner1961remarks, + title = {Remarks on the mind-body question}, + author = {Wigner, Eugene P.}, + journal = {The Scientist Speculates}, + editor = {Good, I. J.}, + pages = {284--302}, + year = {1961}, + publisher = {Heinemann} +} +@article{frauchiger2018quantum, + title = {Quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself}, + author = {Frauchiger, Daniela and Renner, Renato}, + journal = {Nature Communications}, + volume = {9}, + number = {1}, + pages = {3711}, + year = {2018}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, + doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-05739-8} +} +@article{brukner2018no, + title = {A no-go theorem for observer-independent facts}, + author = {Brukner, {\v{C}}aslav}, + journal = {Entropy}, + volume = {20}, + number = {5}, + pages = {350}, + year = {2018}, + publisher = {MDPI}, + doi = {10.3390/e20050350} +} +% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% EXPERIMENTAL WIGNER'S FRIEND / OBSERVER-AS-CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATIONS +% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +@article{proietti2019experimental, + title = {Experimental Test of Local Observer Independence}, + author = {Proietti, Massimiliano and Pickston, Alexander and Graffitti, Francesco and Barrow, Peter and Kundys, Dmytro and Branciard, Cyril and Ringbauer, Martin and Fedrizzi, Alessandro}, + journal = {Science Advances}, + volume = {5}, + number = {9}, + pages = {eaaw9832}, + year = {2019}, + publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, + doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw9832} +} +@article{bong2020strong, + title = {A Strong No-Go Theorem on the Wigner's Friend Paradox}, + author = {Bong, Kok-Wei and Utreras-Alarc{\'o}n, An{\'i}bal and Ghafari, Farzad and Liang, Yeong-Cherng and Tischler, Nora and Cavalcanti, Eric G. and Pryde, Geoff J. and Wiseman, Howard M.}, + journal = {Nature Physics}, + volume = {16}, + number = {12}, + pages = {1199--1205}, + year = {2020}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, + doi = {10.1038/s41567-020-0990-x} +} +@misc{mukherjee2025timelike, +title = {Limits of Absoluteness of Observed Events in Timelike Scenarios: A No-Go Theorem}, + author = {Mukherjee, Sumit and Hance, Jonte R.}, + year = {2025}, + eprint = {2510.26562}, + archivePrefix= {arXiv}, + primaryClass = {quant-ph}, + doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2510.26562}, + url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.26562}, + note = {arXiv:2510.26562} +}% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% IBM QUANTUM PLATFORM AND QISKIT SOFTWARE STACK +% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +@misc{ibmquantum, + title = {{IBM} {Q}uantum Platform}, + author = {{IBM Quantum}}, + year = {January 2026}, + url = {https://quantum.ibm.com/}, + note = {Official platform (accessed 2026-01-19)} +} + +@software{qiskit, +title = {{{Qiskit}}: An Open-Source SDK for Quantum Computing}, + author = {{Qiskit contributors}}, + year = {January 2026}, + doi = {10.5281/zenodo.2573505}, + url = {https://qiskit.org/}, + note = {Version 2.3.0 (accessed 2026-01-19).} +}@software{qiskitaer, +title = {{{{Qiskit} Aer}}: High-Performance Quantum Circuit Simulation}, + author = {{Qiskit contributors}}, + year = {January 2026}, + url = {https://qiskit.org/ecosystem/aer/}, + note = {Simulator backend and noise modeling tools; Version 0.17.2 (accessed 2026-01-19).} +}@software{qiskitibmruntime, + title = {{Qiskit} {IBM} Runtime}, + author = {{IBM Quantum}}, + year = {January 2026}, + url = {https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-ibm-runtime}, + note = {Version 0.45.0} +} \ No newline at end of file