text,page,section_name,is_paw_edit
"On August 19, 2024, Couche-Tard announced it would buy Pittsburgh-based GetGo from Giant Eagle, greatly expanding Circle K's presence in Pennsylvania (all of its existing stores in that state are descended from Lawson's/Dairy Mart) and complimenting its existing stores in Ohio, Indiana, and West Virginia, and add to its stores in Maryland. Criticism and controversy Animal welfare In 2018, Couche-Tard announced a commitment to sell only cage-free eggs in its corporate-owned Circle K stores in North America and Europe by the year 2025. In 2023, the company expanded this goal to include its thousands of international franchise locations. In March 2025, the animal protection organization The Humane League criticized Circle K for failing to publicly reported progress toward meeting its cage-free commitment. Wage violations",Circle K,Circle K,True
"Animal welfare  In 2013, Papa John's announced plans to eliminate the use of gestation crates in its pork supply chain by 2022. In 2024, the animal protection organization Animal Equality criticized the company for continuing to source pork from producers using gestation crates. In 2016, the company committed to sourcing only cage-free eggs by 2030. In 2025, it announced a temporary pause on this commitment, citing egg shortages. In 2020, Papa John's signed the Better Chicken Commitment, a pledge to improve broiler chicken welfare standards. In 2022, it was criticized by World Animal Protection for not publishing progress updates and for allegedly weakening its prior animal welfare standards. See also",Papa John's,Papa John's,True
"In 2022, Hinson was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.  Agriculture  In 2023, in response to California's Proposition 12, Hinson introduced the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act, which sought to prohibit state and local governments from imposing production standards on agricultural goods sold in interstate commerce. The proposal became a key point of contention during negotiations over the 2023 United States farm bill, but it was ultimately not included in the farm bill extension.  Infrastructure",Ashley Hinson,Ashley Hinson,True
"Marshall has used his former occupation as an obstetrician/gynecologist as a credential in his expressions of opposition to abortion.Marshall, Roger:  ""OPINION: Kansas made a saddening choice on abortion. But our work for mothers and babies continues,"" August 4, 2022, USA Today, retrieved March 2, 2025Marshall, Roger:  ""U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall supporting Value Them Both amendment,"" July 21, 2022, Hutchinson Post, retrieved March 2, 2025  Agriculture  In 2023, Marshall introduced the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act, which sought to prohibit state and local governments from imposing production standards on agricultural goods sold in interstate commerce. The bill was introduced in response to California's Proposition 12, which established animal welfare requirements for pork, veal, and egg products sold in the state, regardless of origin. Marshall argued that such regulations impose burdens on producers and disrupt interstate commerce. Opponents warned the legislation could undermine efforts to regulate food safety, animal welfare, public health, and environmental standards. The proposal became a key point of contention during negotiations over the 2023 United States farm bill, but it was ultimately not included in the farm bill extension.  Attempt to overturn the 2020 election results",Roger Marshall,Roger Marshall,True
"In 2017, Ernst introduced legislation allowing states to block Planned Parenthood from receiving Title X grants or reimbursements for treating Medicaid patients, although Planned Parenthood clinics provide multiple family planning services and the funding does not go to abortions except in rare circumstances. Ernst supported the 2022 Supreme Court decision Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that overturned Roe v. Wade, calling it a science-based decision.  Agriculture  In 2025, Ernst introduced the Food Security and Farm Protection Act, an updated version of the King Amendment and Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act which seeks to prohibit state and local governments from imposing production standards on agricultural goods sold in interstate commerce. The bill was introduced in response to California's Proposition 12, which established minimum space requirements for livestock producers selling pork, veal, and egg products in California. Ernst argued that such regulations impose unfair burdens on out-of-state producers. Opponents warned the legislation would undermine efforts to regulate food safety, animal welfare, and public health. The proposal is expected to be a significant issue in the 2025 farm bill negotiations.  Barack Obama",Joni Ernst,Joni Ernst,True
"Biggs is ""opposed to all forms of elective abortion"". He has argued in favor of abolishing the filibuster to make it easier to pass anti-abortion laws. He supported the 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade, calling it ""a major victory for the unborn"". Agriculture Biggs opposes federal preemption of state and local laws regulating agricultural products sold across state lines, including those related to animal welfare. In March 2024, Biggs was among ten House Republicans who signed a letter to the House Committee on Agriculture opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act in the 2024 farm bill. The EATS Act sought to invalidate certain state laws establishing minimum space requirements for animal products sold within the state, such as California's Proposition 12. The letter argued that the legislation would undermine states' rights and harm U.S. national security, while increasing the influence of foreign-owned corporations, especially those based in China, over the U.S. agricultural sector. Article V convention",Andy Biggs,Andy Biggs,True
"Luna has said she favors abortion bans, and has called herself a ""pro-life extremist"". She has said her anti-abortion stance originates from having dissected a chicken egg in college and seeing the chick react to a scalpel blade: ""God was using that opportunity to really wake me up."" Agriculture In March 2024, Luna led a letter signed by 10 House Republicans to the House Agriculture Committee opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agriculture Trade Suppression (EATS) Act in the 2024 farm bill. The EATS Act aimed to prevent state and local governments from enforcing regulations on the production of agricultural goods sold across state lines. The letter expressed concern that the legislation would negative impact American farmers and cede influence over the U.S. agricultural system to entities owned by foreign adversaries, particularly China. It was noted by agricultural industry observers and advocacy organizations for signaling conservative Republican opposition to federal preemption of state-level animal welfare laws such as California's Proposition 12. Economic issues",Anna Paulina Luna,Anna Paulina Luna,True
"On January 6, 2021, in a vote held after protestors stormed the U.S. Capitol, Carter voted against certifying the 2020 presidential election results in which Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump. Agriculture In 2023, Carter was among 16 House Republicans who signed a letter to the House Agriculture Committee opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act in the 2023 farm bill. The EATS Act would have invalidated certain state and local laws regulating agricultural products sold across state lines, including farm animal welfare laws like California's Proposition 12, which requires that pork, egg, and veal products sold within the state adhere to minimum animal space requirements. The letter argued that the legislation would infringe on states' rights and harm U.S. national security by unfairly advantaging the Chinese-owned pork producer WH Group and its subsidiary Smithfield Foods. Drug policy In 2017, Carter renewed his push to drug-test people who receive unemployment insurance.",Buddy Carter,Buddy Carter,True
"In January 2021, Donalds voted to object to the certification of electors from Arizona and Pennsylvania in the 2020 presidential election. Donalds has since claimed that Joe Biden was not the legitimate president of the United States, a claim he repeated in a Vanity Fair interview in July 2023. Agriculture In March 2024, Donalds was one of ten House Republicans who signed a letter to the House Agriculture Committee opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act or similar language in the 2024 farm bill. The EATS Act would have preempted state and local laws regulating for agricultural products sold across state lines, including animal welfare laws like California's Proposition 12.  Iraq",Byron Donalds,Byron Donalds,True
"Feinstein supported abortion rights during her Senate career. In 2003, she voted against the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, a proposal to ban intact dilation and extraction, although the proposal eventually became law. After the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in 2022, Feinstein called for congressional action to protect abortion rights and stated her support for lifting the Senate filibuster rule to allow such legislation to pass with a simple majority. Animal welfare In 2008, Feinstein was the first major statewide elected official in California to endorse Proposition 2, which prohibited the intensive confinement of certain farm animals. In 2022, she led a letter to the Solicitor General of the United States, Elizabeth Prelogar, which asked Prelogar to defend California's Proposition 12, extending Proposition 2's protections to all animals raised for pork, veal, and egg products sold in California, before the Supreme Court. After the Supreme Court dismissed a challenge to Proposition 12 in 2023, Feinstein led a letter opposing the inclusion of language in the 2023 farm bill that would have overturned Proposition 12 and other state farm animal welfare laws. Following Feinstein's death in 2023, American animal welfare activist and president of Animal Wellness Action Wayne Pacelle stated that Feinstein ""was a giant on the national stage on animal welfare public policy."" Capital punishment thumb|upright=0.9|Feinstein during the 108thCongressWhen Feinstein first ran for statewide office in 1990, she supported capital punishment. In 2004, she called for the death penalty in the case of San Francisco police officer Isaac Espinoza, who was killed while on duty. By 2018, she opposed capital punishment.",Dianne Feinstein,Dianne Feinstein,True
"thumb|upright=0.9|Feinstein during the 108thCongressWhen Feinstein first ran for statewide office in 1990, she supported capital punishment. In 2004, she called for the death penalty in the case of San Francisco police officer Isaac Espinoza, who was killed while on duty. By 2018, she opposed capital punishment. Energy and environment Climate change mitigation",Dianne Feinstein,Dianne Feinstein,True
"On July 29, 2024, Waltz was announced as one of seven Republican members of a bipartisan task force investigating the attempted assassination of Donald Trump. Agriculture In October 2023, Waltz led a letter by 16 House Republicans to the House Committee on Agriculture opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act in the 2023 farm bill. The EATS Act would have preempted state and local laws regulating agricultural goods sold in interstate commerce, including the California farm animal welfare law Proposition 12. The letter argued that the legislation would infringe on states' rights and undermine U.S. national security by unfairly advantaging the Chinese-owned pork producer WH Group and promoting ""Chinese infiltration of American agriculture."" In 2024, Waltz received a Congressional Leadership Award from the agricultural policy groups Organization for Competitive Markets and Competitive Markets Action for leading the letter. China Waltz served on the House China Task Force with 15 Republican lawmakers representing 14 committees of jurisdiction to coordinate policy on China. The Task Force collaborated and released the China Task Force report. The CTF issued a final report that includes 82 key findings and more than 400 forward-leaning recommendations for addressing the China threat.",Mike Waltz,Mike Waltz,True
"thumb|Burchett with President Donald Trump in 2020 Agriculture In March 2024, Burchett was one of 10 House Republicans who signed a letter to the House Agriculture Committee opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agriculture Trade Suppression (EATS) Act in the 2024 farm bill. The EATS Act would have invalidated state and local laws regulating agricultural goods sold in interstate commerce, including farm animal welfare laws like California's Proposition 12. The letter argued that the legislation would undermine states' rights and cede control over U.S. agricultural policy to the Chinese-owned pork producer WH Group and its subsidiary Smithfield Foods. Texas v. Pennsylvania",Tim Burchett,Tim Burchett,True
"Kim's 2018 congressional platform included opposition to the Affordable Care Act, support for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals recipients, support for ""the anti-sanctuary city stance taken by the County Board of Supervisors"" and support for chain migration. NBC News reported that the issues important to Kim included ""creating jobs and keeping taxes low"", ""beef[ing] up education funding in science, technology, engineering and math"", and reforming the immigration system to ""ensure those brought to the U.S. 'as children without legal documentation are treated fairly and with compassion.'"" She supports student loan forgiveness if the borrower is on the verge of bankruptcy. Kim favors reduced regulations and increased trade. She is a fiscal conservative. Animal welfare In October 2023, Kim was one of 16 House Republicans who signed a letter to the House Agriculture Committee opposing the inclusion of the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act in the 2023 farm bill. The EATS Act would have preempted certain state and local laws regulating agricultural products sold across state lines, including farm animal welfare laws like California's Proposition 12. In 2024, Kim was endorsed for re-election by the animal protection organizations Animal Welfare Action and Humane Society Legislative Fund, which cited her opposition to the EATS Act as well as her support for legislation to improve welfare standards for dogs and horses and phase out comestics testing on animals. Crime",Young Kim,Young Kim,True
"When Roe v. Wade was overturned in June 2022, Padilla condemned the decision. Animal welfare Padilla is a supporter of California's farm animal welfare law Proposition 12, which prohibits the sale of pork, veal, and egg products in California if they were produced by animals confined in gestation crates, veal crates, or battery cages too small for them to extend their limbs and turn around. In 2022, Padilla led letters to Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack and Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar calling on them to support Proposition 12 in a case challenging the law before the Supreme Court. After the Supreme Court dismissed the challenge in 2023, Padilla led a letter to the Senate Agriculture Committee opposing the inclusion of language in the 2023 farm bill that would have overturned Proposition 12 and other state and local agricultural laws. In 2024, Padilla was named a Legislator of the Year by the Humane Society Legislative Fund for leading the letter alongside Cory Booker and Dianne Feinstein. In 2022, Padilla was endorsed for re-election by the animal protection organization Animal Wellness Action, which cited his defense of Proposition 12 and support for legislation curtailing animal testing, banning the shark fin trade, and improving welfare standards for big cats and horses. Climate and environment Padilla supports climate action and said during budgetary discussions in October 2021 that ""[c]limate cannot be on the chopping block in this or any budget."" He supports the Green New Deal and has said that it ""offers a once-in-a-generation opportunity."" Padilla received a 100% score from the League of Conservation Voters in 2021.",Alex Padilla,Alex Padilla,True
"Padilla has been known for efforts to expand voting access. When he was appointed to the Senate in 2021, Newsom called him ""a national defender of voting rights"". Puerto Rico political status In November 2023, Padilla introduced legislation in the Senate to authorize a binding federally sponsored referendum, known as a plebiscite, to resolve Puerto Rico's political status. The legislation details the transition and implementation of non-territorial status for Puerto Rico: statehood, independence, or sovereignty in free association with the U.S.",Alex Padilla,Alex Padilla,True
"After Biden was elected president, Sanders became the subject of speculation over a potential appointment as Labor Secretary, which was supported by several progressive groups, such as the Sunrise Movement. For his part, Sanders said that he would accept Biden's nomination if it was offered, but Boston mayor Marty Walsh was chosen for the position instead. When announcing Walsh's nomination, Biden confirmed that he had discussed the position with Sanders, but the two agreed that Sanders's resignation from the Senate and the ensuing special election would have put the Democrats' slim Senate majority at risk. On February 23, 2021, Sanders became the first senator in the Democratic caucus to oppose one of Biden's cabinet picks when he voted against Tom Vilsack's confirmation as Agriculture Secretary, citing concerns about Vilsack's past work as a lobbyist and ties to large corporations. In 2022, Sanders signed letters to Vilsack and Solicitor General of the United States Elizabeth Prelogar asking them to support the California farm animal welfare law Proposition 12 against a challenge to the law filed by the National Pork Producers Council before the Supreme Court. Sanders strongly supported Senate Democrats' decision to use budget reconciliation, a procedure used to avoid filibusters, to pass the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, despite having criticized Republicans' use of reconciliation to pass the 2017 tax cuts. The bill passed the Senate by a 50–49 vote and was signed into law by Biden on March 11, 2021.",Bernie Sanders,Bernie Sanders,True
"On May 3, 2023, Darden announced it was acquiring Ruth's Hospitality Group Inc. for $21.50 per share in an all-cash transaction, with an equity value of approximately $715 million. Ruth's Hospitality is the owner and operator of the Ruth's Chris Steak House chain. Animal welfare In 2016, Darden announced an animal welfare policy phasing out the use of battery cage eggs in its U.S. locations by 2018 and crated pork by 2025. Following the announcement, it faced criticism by a coalition of environmental, labor, and animal welfare groups for continuing to source meat and dairy products from animals raised in intensive conditions, including routine antibiotic use. In 2019, Darden stated that it would stop sourcing meat from chickens treated with medically important antibiotics by 2023. In 2022, the Open Wing Alliance criticized Darden for failing to make sufficient progress on its cage-free egg commitment, after which Darden expanded its commitment to include all international locations by 2027. Units",Darden Restaurants,Darden Restaurants,True
"Schrier was sworn into office on January 3, 2019, as the U.S. representative for Washington's 8th congressional district. During the 116th Congress, she served on the Committee on Education and Labor and Committee on Agriculture. During Donald Trump's administration, Schrier voted in line with the president's stated position 6.6% of the time. As of June 2023, Schrier had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time. In May 2022, Schrier led a letter by 100 members of the House of Representatives to Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack and Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar calling on them to support California's animal welfare law Proposition 12 in a case challenging the law before the Supreme Court. Proposition 12 prohibited the sale of pork, veal, and egg products in California if they were produced by animals confined in gestation crates, veal crates, or battery cages too small for them to extend their limbs and fully turn around. In 2025, Schrier was one of 46 House Democrats who joined all Republicans to vote for the Laken Riley Act.",Kim Schrier,Kim Schrier,True
"Darden's management responded with a much shorter presentation two days later. Without going into specifics, it conceded most of Starboard's critique was valid and that the company was already responding to those issues. It defended the unlimited breadsticks policy as ""convey[ing] Italian hospitality"" and rebutted another claim the hedge fund had made: packaging for take-out food, which the hedge fund had claimed was dishwasher-safe and thus needlessly expensive, was in fact merely microwave-safe. Nevertheless, a month later shareholders voted to replace the company's entire board of directors with Starboard's slate. Animal welfare In 2016, Darden announced that it would be phasing out the use of battery cage eggs in its U.S. locations by 2018 and crated pork by 2025. In 2022, the animal welfare organization Open Wing Alliance criticized Darden and Olive Garden for failing to make sufficient progress toward the cage-free egg commitment. Later that year, Darden expanded its commitment to include both U.S. and international locations by 2027. In 2016, Olive Garden faced protests by environmental, labor, and animal welfare groups for continuing to source meat and dairy products from animals raised in intensive conditions, including routine antibiotic use. In 2019, Darden announced that by 2023, it would stop sourcing meat from chickens treated with medically important antibiotics. See also",Olive Garden,Olive Garden,True
"Animal welfare  The Co-op has faced ongoing media scrutiny over animal welfare issues in its supply chain. In 2021, undercover footage from a salmon supplier revealed fish being improperly stunned, leading to many being killed while still conscious. Later that year, an investigation into chicken farms supplying the Co-op documented birds dying of thirst, carcasses left among the living, and overcrowded sheds where cannibalism and ammonia burns were reported. In 2022, footage from a duck farm producing eggs for the Co-op showed workers swinging ducks by their necks and disposing of dead animals in bins. A December 2023 report from a farm supplying the Co-op and other British retailers showed workers swinging ducks by their necks and slamming them into drawers. In 2023, undercover footage at a Lincolnshire Co-op supplier showed chickens being crushed to death, with some birds suffering severe injuries including broken legs. In August 2023, chickens at multiple farms supplying the Co-op were reported to be collapsing from heat stress, struggling to breathe, and living in unsanitary conditions where they were left lying in their own waste. A BBC report in February 2024 found that 37% of chickens sold by the Co-op had chemical burns linked to ammonia exposure from waste. In March 2025, the Co-op announced that it would require all prawns in its supply chain to be electrically stunned prior to slaughter by 2027, following campaigns by animal welfare organizations advocating for improved standards. It also stated that it would stop the use of eyestalk ablation, a practice involving the crushing or removal of the eyestalks of female prawns to stimulate egg production. The decision came after several other UK supermarkets, including Waitrose, Tesco, Marks & Spencer, and Sainsbury's, introduced similar policies on crustacean welfare. Delivery robots",Co-op Food,Co-op Food,True
"Shake Shack's shakes have been reviewed as ""some of the best in the industry"". It also sells chicken burgers, fries, hot dogs, frozen custards, and beer and wine. In each new location, the beverage menu is customized to the local flavors of the city in which it operates. Their most famous product is the ShackBurger. Available in single or double, it contains a beef patty, American cheese, lettuce, tomato and a proprietary sauce known as Shack Sauce. Criticism and controversy Animal welfare In 2015, Shake Shack pledged to end the use of battery cage eggs in its U.S. supply chain by the end of 2016. In 2020, it expanded this commitment to include all Shake Shack franchise locations worldwide. In 2023, Shake Shack was identified by The Humane League and the Open Wing Alliance for failing to report progress on its cage-free transition. In 2016, Shake Shack adopted the Better Chicken Commitment, pledging to improve the living conditions and slaughter practices for broiler chickens in its supply chain, as well as stop sourcing chickens selectively bred to grow at rapid rates by 2024. In 2021, it co-founded a working group alongside six other brands and the animal welfare organization Compassion in World Farming to promote the Better Chicken Commitment across the food industry. In 2025, Shake Shack reported compliance with some aspects of the Better Chicken Commitment but stated that 0% of its chicken supply complied with the genetic or slaughter aspects. In 2024, Shake Shack was identified by the animal welfare organization Animal Equality as having made progress toward eliminating gestation crates in its pork supply chain, but not having eliminated them entirely. NYPD controversy",Shake Shack,Shake Shack,True
"As of the end of 2021, the Cheesecake Factory is open for business in Canada, USA, UAE, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Mexico, the Chinese Mainland, and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau. Criticism and controversy Animal welfare In 2012, the Cheesecake Factory committed to eliminate the use of gestation crates from its pork supply chain by 2022. In its 2021 Corporate Social Responsibility Report, it stated that by the end of 2022, 75% of its U.S. pork supply would be crate-free. In 2024, the Cheesecake Factory was highlighted by animal welfare organization Animal Equality for having made progress toward eliminating gestation crates in its supply chain, but not having eliminated them entirely. In 2015, the Cheesecake Factory stated that it would eliminate the use of battery cage eggs from its supply chain, but did not specify a timeline for doing so. In 2023, it was identified by The Humane League and the Open Wing Alliance for failing to report progress on its cage-free transition. In March 2025, The Humane League stated that the Cheesecake Factory had achieved a 100% cage-free transition ahead of schedule. Legal problems",The Cheesecake Factory,The Cheesecake Factory,True
"Blumenfield was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in March 2013. He represents the 3rd Council District, which spans the northwest portion of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley, including the communities of Canoga Park, Reseda, Tarzana, Winnetka and Woodland Hills. In September 2018, Blumenfield proposed an ordinance supported by animal rights organizations and activists to ban the sale and manufacture of new fur products in Los Angeles. The ordinance was approved by the City Council and Mayor Eric Garcetti in 2019, making Los Angeles at that point the largest city in the United States to have banned fur sales. The law went into effect in 2021. In December 2024, amid a housing shortage in Los Angeles, Blumenfield voted against a proposal to allow mid-sized mixed-income and affordable housing apartment buildings near public transit stations in some neighborhoods exclusively zoned for single-family houses. He said, ""I worry about the solutions that are proposed as being a little bit too one-size-fits-all."" He opposed the construction of 220 affordable housing units in Reseda, arguing ""large scale apartments should not be wedged in-between single family homes by right.""",Bob Blumenfield,Bob Blumenfield,True
"In April 2015, Garcetti released a long-range plan for making the city more economically and environmentally sustainable. In February 2019, Garcetti signed an ordinance supported by environmental and animal rights activists banning the sale and manufacture of new fur products in Los Angeles. At the time, Los Angeles was the largest city in the United States to ban fur sales. In October 2019, the law was codified by a statewide ban on new fur sales in California.  Urban development and transit",Eric Garcetti,Eric Garcetti,True
"After serving seven years on the Glendale City Council, including a term as the mayor of Glendale, Laura Friedman was elected to the California State Assembly in 2016. During her first term in office, Laura authored a package of bills to establish landmark water efficiency standards, strengthen environmental sustainability, improve access to higher education, health care, and transportation alternatives, and create new avenues for communities to tackle the affordable housing crisis. In addition, she secured $20 million in funding for the completion of the Glendale Riverwalk Project, which for the first time will provide a safe bicycle and pedestrian connection from Glendale to Griffith Park. She has been tapped for several leadership roles in the legislature and served as the Assistant Speaker pro Tempore for the Assembly in 2018. She has also served as Chair of Transportation Committee, Chair of Natural Resources, and the Chair of the Assembly Select Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. As the Chair of the Joint Rules Subcommittee on Sexual Harassment Prevention and Response, she's led a historic bicameral and bipartisan reform of the legislature's response to sexual harassment that's become a model for other states and local governments. In 2019, Friedman authored legislation supported by animal rights organizations and activists to prohibit the sale of new fur products in California. The bill was signed by Governor Gavin Newsom in October 2019, making California the first state to ban the sale of fur. In 2024, Friedman co-authored legislation with Assemblymember Steve Bennett to prohibit the commercial farming of octopuses in California. The legislation was enacted in September 2024, making California the second state to prohibit octopus farming after the state of Washington banned the practice earlier that year. On September 7, 2021, she delayed the release of $4 billion of voter approved bonds for the California High-Speed Rail, stating that the California High-Speed Rail Authority has ""not provided us any real details about what the money would go towards this year"". The CHSRA Chief Financial Officer, Brian Annis, countered by stating that the CHSRA already presented to the legislature the expenditure plan in February 2021 and that this delayed release by Friedman could cause budget delays to snowball.",Laura Friedman,Laura Friedman,True
"During Bennett's tenure in the state house he served on the Budget, Education, Elections, Privacy and Consumer Protection, Rules, and Water, Parks, and Wildlife committees. In 2024, Bennett authored legislation to prohibit the commercial farming of octopuses in California, citing ethical concerns around octopus sentience and intelligence, animal welfare, and the environment. The legislation was signed by Governor Gavin Newsom in September 2024, making California the second state to prohibit octopus farming after Washington enacted a ban earlier that year. Bennett is a member of the California Legislative Progressive Caucus.",Steve Bennett (California politician),Steve Bennett (California politician),True
"In April 2019, Whitehouse was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that American job growth could be stimulated by investment in capturing carbon emissions and expressing disagreement with President Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that do carbon capture research. In July 2024, Whitehouse authored legislation to prohibit the commercial farming of octopuses nationwide, following legislation banning octopus farming in Washington and California. Whitehouse cited environmental and animal welfare concerns, remarking to NPR: ""Octopuses are among the most intelligent creatures in the oceans. And they belong at sea, not suffering on a factory farm."" Since 2012, Whitehouse has spoken on the Senate floor about climate change every week the Senate has been in session, giving his 250th speech on the issue on July 24, 2019.",Sheldon Whitehouse,Sheldon Whitehouse,True
"Strom finished second in the August primary, defeating three other Democratic candidates. In the November election, Strom defeated McPheeters with over 60% of the vote  Peterson sponsored legislation banning assault weapons, which passed the house in March 2023. In 2024, Peterson authored legislation preemptively banning octopus farming in Washington over animal rights and welfare concerns. It was enacted in March 2024. References",Strom Peterson,Strom Peterson,True
"In 2023, Inslee praised the Washington House of Representatives' passage of a bill banning assault weapons. In 2023, several conservative organizations sued the Washington state government over SB5599, a bill Inslee signed into law that permits youth shelters to notify state authorities instead of parents when a minor seeks medical treatments such as abortion, puberty blockers, or gender-reassignment surgery. Critics of the bill argue that it infringes on parental rights protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments, claiming it deprives parents of their ""fundamental right to direct the care and upbringing of their children"" and their rights to the free exercise of religion, due process, free speech, and equal protection. In March 2024, Inslee signed legislation supported by animal rights and welfare activists making Washington the first state to ban the commercial farming of octopuses. Legislation to ban octopus farming was later adopted in California and proposed in the U.S. Senate. 2020 presidential campaign",Jay Inslee,Jay Inslee,True
"Animal rights  In 2021, Paul and Senator Cory Booker co-sponsored the FDA Modernization Act 2.0, which eliminated the requirement that pharmaceuticals in development use animal testing before commencing human trials. Paul stated that the bill would help ""end the needless suffering and death of animal test subjects"" and ""get safer, more effective drugs to market more quickly by cutting red tape that is not supported by current science."" The legislation was signed by President Joe Biden in December 2022. Following the law's enactment, the FDA failed to promptly issue updated regulations eliminating animal testing requirements. In November 2023, Paul led a bipartisan letter to FDA commissioner Robert Califf pressing the agency to bring its regulations into alignment with the relevant statute. In January 2025, Paul and Booker introduced a new version of the law, the FDA Modernization Act 3.0, to force the FDA to revise its regulations.  Disease control",Rand Paul,Rand Paul,True
Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín - Writer and philologist  Oscar Horta - moral philosopher and animal rights activist  Gonzalo Torrente Ballester - Writer and philosopher (1910–1999),University of Santiago de Compostela,University of Santiago de Compostela,True
"Meat advertisement ban  In September 2022, the Haarlem municipal council adopted an ordinance prohibiting advertisements for meat and fossil fuels in public spaces because of their climate impact. The ordinance took effect in 2024, making Haarlem the first city in the world to ban such advertisements. Twin cities",Haarlem,Haarlem,True
"On February 5, 2022, Murkowski joined Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson in condemning the Republican National Committee's censure of Representatives Adam Kinzinger and Liz Cheney for supporting and participating in the Select Committee of the U.S. House that was tasked with investigating the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Murkowski supports the Equal Rights Amendment. In 2022, she and 11 other Senate Republicans voted for the Respect for Marriage Act. As of 2023, Murkowski supports ConocoPhillips's controversial Willow oil drilling project on North Slope Borough, Alaska. In 2024, Murkowski and Senator Sheldon Whitehouse co-authored legislation to ban the commercial farming of octopuses. Murkowski and Whitehouse cited concerns relating to octopus intelligence and animal rights. In 2021, when asked whether she would remain a Republican, Murkowski replied, ""if the Republican Party has become nothing more than the party of Trump, I sincerely question whether this is the party for me"", but added, ""I have absolutely no desire to move over to the Democratic side of the aisle. I can't be somebody that I'm not."" In 2024, when asked if she intended to remain a Republican, Murkowski replied that she was ""independently minded"". Asked whether that meant she might drop her party affiliation, she responded: ""I am navigating my way through some very interesting political times. Let's just leave it at that.""Lisa Murkowski says she's considering quitting Republican Party because of Trump, The Independent, John Bowden, March 25, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024. She later added that she was ""not attached to a label"" and was ""more comfortable with that identity [...] than with an identity […] as a Republican, as a party person"", but that she would remain a registered Republican. Murkowski has criticized DOGE, saying she refuses to compromise her integrity by remaining silent. In April 2025, when questioned about the political climate, she said, ""We are all afraid"", adding, ""retaliation is real"".",Lisa Murkowski,Lisa Murkowski,True
"In 2021, Brookline banned the sale of tobacco and e-cigarettes to anyone born after January 1, 2000, in Article 8.23 of the town bylaws, expanding on Massachusetts' existing prohibition on the sale of tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21. In March 2023, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the bylaw in the case Six Brothers Inc. v. Town of Brookline. In 2025, the Brookline Town Meeting voted to ban the sale of foie gras. The ban was proposed by four Brookline High School students who argued that the production of foie gras involves extreme animal cruelty. Education","Brookline, Massachusetts","Brookline, Massachusetts",True
"One of Ed Gainey's key policies is on climate change and environmental issues. Gainey has pledged to pass a lead ordinance, not privatize PWSA, and work with environmentalists to develop a plan to address climate change. Other policy areas he plans to address are transit and land use. Gainey has said that he will advocate for better public transportation options, including high-speed rail. He has also said that he supports inclusionary zoning, which would require developers to set aside a percentage of units in new developments for affordable housing. In December 2023, during Gainey's mayoralty, Pittsburgh enacted a ban on the sale of force-fed animal products, including foie gras. City council members and animal rights advocates argued that the methods used to produce these items involve extreme animal cruelty.  2024 budget proposal",Ed Gainey,Ed Gainey,True
"Political positions Agriculture In September 2024, Newhouse led a letter by 11 House Republicans calling on Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines to conduct an analysis of Chinese biotechnology development, including in cultivated meat, and issue recommendations for the United States to promote innovation in the alternative proteins sector. The letter stated that U.S. leadership on biotechnology and alternative proteins, including cultivated meat, is critical for U.S. food security. LGBT rights",Dan Newhouse,Dan Newhouse,True
"Animal welfare  In August 2023, Lawler was a signatory on a letter to the House Agriculture Committee opposing the Ending Agricultural Trade Suppression (EATS) Act, which would have overturned state and local animal welfare laws, including California's Proposition 12 and other rules restricting the sale of animal products raised in intensive battery cages, gestation crates, and veal crates. Lawler also cosponsored the Puppy Protection Act, which would increase welfare standards for commercial dog breeders. In September 2024, Lawler was one of 11 House Republicans who signed a letter to Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines requesting an analysis of Chinese biotechnology and slaughter-free cultivated meat developments and soliciting recommendations to promote innovation in the alternative proteins sector. Cultivated meat  Boycotts",Mike Lawler,Mike Lawler,True
"Deutch voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time in the 117th Congress, according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis. Animal welfare Along with Representative Vern Buchanan, Deutch authored the Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture (PACT) Act, which made malicious animal cruelty a federal felony and authorized federal law enforcement agencies to prosecute animal cruelty cases. The PACT Act was signed into law in November 2019. Deutch supports federal funding for the research and development of cultivated meat, which is produced without animal slaughter. In April 2021, Deutch led a letter by 20 members of Congress calling for the appropriation of $100 million in research funding for alternative proteins. In May 2021, he told the Breakthrough Institute that he supports funding alternative proteins through Congressional appropriations and the United States Department of Agriculture. Environment On November 28, 2018, Deutch introduced a carbon fee and dividend bill, the Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act of 2018, saying, ""this aggressive carbon pricing scheme introduced by members from both parties marks an important opportunity to begin to seriously address the immediate threat of climate change."" After the bill died at the end of the 115th Congress, he reintroduced it as the Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act of 2019, saying, ""climate change is an urgent threat that demands urgent bipartisan action. With this legislation, we are making clear to our colleagues that bipartisanship is possible—even necessary—to address climate change in this Congress."" Gun policy",Ted Deutch,Ted Deutch,True
"Beyer voted to provide Israel with support following 2023 Hamas attack on Israel. He declined to vote in favor of a resolution declaring anti-Zionism a form of antisemitism, instead voting present. In October 2023, Beyer introduced legislation to prohibit the trade of donkey-hide gelatin, or ejiao, due to animal welfare concerns. Across multiple Congresses, Beyer has authored the Humane Cosmetics Act, which would prohibit testing cosmetics on animals and bar the sale of new animal-tested cosmetic products in the United States. In March 2025, Beyer stated: ""Cosmetics testing on animals is cruel, unnecessary, and outdated, and Congress should finally put a stop to it"".  Committee assignments",Don Beyer,Don Beyer,True
"Williamson has shared her belief that it is good to expand women's understanding of alternatives; however, eradicating or limiting women's options would not reduce the number of terminations sought. Instead, it would result in wealthier women having access to safe abortions while poorer women face risks to their health.   Animal rights  In 2020 and 2024, Williamson's presidential campaign published detailed policy proposals to protect animal welfare. In 2019, Williamson stated that she supports a prohibition on the construction and expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), also known as factory farms. She has stated that the mistreatment of animals is ""damaging to the American soul.""  Black American reparations",Marianne Williamson,Marianne Williamson,True
"He also serves on the Gateway Cities Caucus and the Portuguese-American Caucus. In 2025, Hendricks introduced legislation to prohibit the commercial farming of octopuses and the sale of farmed octopus in Massachusetts, citing concerns about octopus intelligence and animal rights. See also",Christopher Hendricks,Christopher Hendricks,True
"Following the election and swearing in of State Senator Donald Norcross to the United States House of Representatives in 2014, the Democratic committees of Camden and Gloucester counties (the two counties within the 5th district) appointed Cruz-Perez to the vacant Senate seat. She will serve until a special election in 2015 in which she is running. While in the Senate, she is serving on the Economic Growth, (vice-chair), Military and Veterans' Affairs, and Transportation committees and Joint Committee on the Public Schools. In addition to her legislative duties, she is also a vice-chair of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee (since 2015) and a member of the Rutgers University–Camden Board of Directors (since 2014). Between her legislative stints, she was the Democratic Vice-chair of the 2011 New Jersey Apportionment Commission, the committee delegated to redraw the state legislative districts following the 2010 census. In 2025, Cruz-Perez authored legislation to prohibit the commercial farming of octopuses, citing concerns about octopus intelligence and animal rights.  Committees",Nilsa Cruz-Perez,Nilsa Cruz-Perez,True
"Raised in Greensboro, North Carolina, Harrison earned a bachelor's degree from Duke University and a Juris Doctor from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Prior to joining the NC House of Representatives, she worked as a civil litigator and communications law attorney. A noted civic leader, she has served as President of the Julian Price Family Foundation, and in leadership with the NC Environmental Defense Fund and the Piedmont Land Conservancy. Harrison was first elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2004. She has been recognized as a leader on environmental issues, clean energy, and green jobs, receiving commendation for her work as Vice Chair of the legislative committees on the Environment and Judiciary. In 2025, Harrison introduced legislation to prohibit the commercial farming of octopuses, citing animal rights and environmental concerns. Committee assignments",Pricey Harrison,Pricey Harrison,True
"In November 2019, Hudson announced his candidacy for the 49th district in the Oregon House of Representatives. Hudson did not face an opponent in the Democratic primary and defeated Republican nominee Greg Johnson in the November general election.  Political positions  In January 2025, Hudson introduced legislation to ban the commercial farming of octopuses in Oregon, following the passage of laws the previous year banning octopus farming in Washington and California. Hudson claimed that farming octopuses is unethical, citing animal rights and environmental concerns. Electoral history",Zach Hudson,Zach Hudson,True
"In 2014 Titus received a 100% rating from Planned Parenthood for opposing a nationwide abortion ban after 20 weeks and supporting abortion access in the District of Columbia and through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Agriculture Titus supports reforms to agricultural commodity checkoff programs. She has authored the Opportunities for Fairness in Farming (OFF) Act, which would require federal checkoff programs to publish budgets, submit to audits, and refrain from contracting with organizations engaged in lobbying or anticompetitive behavior. In 2024, Titus introduced legislation to improve animal welfare standards in livestock transportation by strengthening enforcement of time limits for transporting animals and prohibiting the interstate transportation of sick and injured animals. Armenia–Azerbaijan war",Dina Titus,Dina Titus,True
"Joe Gresko is an American Democratic Party politician currently serving as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 121st district, which includes part of Stratford, since 2016. Gresko was first elected in a 2016 special election to replace former representative Terry Backer after previously being the spokesman for Bridgeport mayor Joe Ganim. Gresko was re-elected in 2018 over Republican Robert Mitchell. And again in 2020, over Republican Ed Scinto. Gresko currently serves as a member of the House Energy and Technology Committee, and co-chair of the Environment Committee. Political positions In 2025, Gresko introduced legislation to legalize commercial rabbit slaughter in Connecticut. The legislation was criticized by animal rights and welfare activists who argued that slaughtering rabbits is inhumane. References",Joe Gresko,Joe Gresko,True
"Schiff was sworn in on December 9, 2024, as a junior U.S. senator in the 118th United States Congress. Food and agriculture A member of the Senate Agriculture Committee, Schiff led a July 2025 letter signed by 32 Democratic senators urging committee leadership to exclude any provisions in the upcoming farm bill that would overturn the California farm animal welfare law Proposition 12, which restricts the sale of products from animals raised in intensive battery cages, gestation crates, and veal crates. Foreign policy",Adam Schiff,Adam Schiff,True
"Parshley focused her campaign on helping the middle class, expanding affordable housing, and extending healthcare protection. She was endorsed by Bateman as well as Olympia Mayor Dontae Payne. In the general election, Parshley defeated Locke by 65.2% to Locke's 34.8%. Although able to serve on the Olympia city council and the House of Representatives at the same time, Parshley chose to resign from the city council to focus her time in the legislature. Tenure In 2025, Parshley introduced legislation to require Washington dairies and feedlots to collect data on cattle methane emissions. The bill was mocked by some media outlets and Republican legislators as an attempt to regulate ""cow farts"". The same year, Parshley authored a bill that would have banned the production and sale of foie gras produced by force-feeding. She cited animal cruelty concerns, stating that as a veterinarian, she finds the practice of force-feeding ducks ""truly awful"" and ""horrifying"". References",Lisa Parshley,Lisa Parshley,True
"Animal welfare  In 2016, Ahold Delhaize USA stated that it would stop sourcing eggs from hens confined in battery cages and pork from crated pigs by the end of 2025. In December 2024, it extended the target dates, aiming for 70% cage-free egg sales by the end of 2030 and 100% by the end of 2032, and 100% crate-free pork by the end of 2028. After extending the implementation timeline, Ahold Delhaize and its subsidiaries faced pressure from consumer activist and animal welfare organizations over its failure to meet its initial commitments. In 2025, protesters demonstrated outside Food Lion headquarters in Salisbury, North Carolina, and near Hannaford headquarters in Portland, Maine. Josh Balk, a former vice president of the Humane Society of the United States and CEO of The Accountability Board, referred to Ahold Delhaize as one of the least transparent retailers on cage-free sourcing.  See also",Ahold Delhaize,Ahold Delhaize,True
"Animal welfare  Iceland has faced criticism for reversing key animal welfare commitments. In 2024, Iceland abandoned its 2016 pledge to source only cage-free whole eggs by 2025, becoming the first major UK retailer to do so. The change, made without a formal announcement, drew condemnation from animal welfare organisations, including The Humane League, which described the reversal as a ""deep betrayal"". Iceland attributed the decision to cost-of-living pressures, citing the need to maintain affordability, though it continues to offer free-range and barn eggs alongside caged options. The reversal followed a report by The Humane League that ranked Iceland last among UK supermarkets for adherence to cage-free egg commitments. Iceland has also been targeted over its seafood sourcing. In June 2024, campaigners held a protest outside one of its London stores, calling on the company to ban controversial prawn farming practices such as eye-stalk ablation and slaughter without stunning. While several UK supermarkets have moved to address these concerns, Iceland has not made comparable commitments, prompting criticism from animal welfare advocates.",Iceland (supermarket),Iceland (supermarket),True
"In May 2023, undercover footage taken by Joey Carbstrong at a Pilgrim's Pride pig slaughterhouse in the United Kingdom was released. The video shows pigs being lowered into carbon dioxide to stun the animals prior to being slaughtered. The investigation showed that many pigs remain conscious throughout the process. Campaigners described the treatment as ""utterly inhumane"". In January 2025, Pilgrim's Pride gave $5 million to the second inauguration of Donald Trump, making it the largest contributor to Trump's inauguration fund. In June 2025, the Trump administration Securities and Exchange Commission approved the listing of JBS S.A., Pilgrim's holding company, on the New York Stock Exchange. Senator Elizabeth Warren authored a letter to Pilgrim's Pride executives suggesting that the company donated to the inauguration fund in an attempt to gain influence over the administration's regulatory decisions. Purchase by JBS S.A.",Pilgrim's Pride,Pilgrim's Pride,True
"In January 2011, the DOE began a pilot program called Connecting Adolescents to Comprehensive Health (CATCH) that offers some reproductive health services to students in grades 9–12. Services include providing access to birth control such as condoms, emergency contraceptives, and birth control pills. Starting with 13 high schools, it has grown to serve 90 high schools by 2022. New York City began to offer free lunch to all students in 2017. In 2018, the city piloted a ""Meatless Monday"" program across 15 Brooklyn schools, serving only vegetarian meals on Mondays. In 2019, Mayor Bill de Blasio expanded the program citywide, saying it would improve childhood nutrition, lower risks of chronic disease, and reduce food-based greenhouse gas emissions. In 2022, the DOE implemented ""Plant-Powered Fridays"", wherein all meals served on Fridays are fully vegan, except cheese sandwiches and milk. Following the implementation of Meatless Mondays and Plant-Powered Fridays, the DOE's overall food-based carbon emissions fell by 42% per student. Teachers",New York City Department of Education,New York City Department of Education,True
"Environmentally harmful projects  Some NGOs have criticized the EBRD for financing projects they consider to be environmentally and socially harmful. Although it has increased its investments in energy efficiency and sustainable energy in recent years, the NGOs say the bank diminishes the impacts of green investments by financing carbon-intensive development such as coal, oil, and gas production, transportation, and generation, motorways, airports, fast food, and animal agriculture. Among the contested projects are the Ombla power plant in Croatia, the Kumtor Gold Mine in Kyrgyzstan, and the Šoštanj lignite power plant in Slovenia. In 2025, the EBRD considered investing €40 million to expand Burger King and Popeyes locations across Poland, Romania, and the Czech Republic, but cancelled the plan following opposition by environmental and animal welfare activists.  The Balkans",European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,True
"In May 2022, the United States House Select Oversight Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis released a report detailing the relationship between the Trump administration and the meat packing industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. The report describes the CEO of JBS (along with the CEOs of Tyson and Smithfield) asking the secretary of agriculture, Sonny Perdue, about elevating the need for workers to stay present at work, despite the risk of working in close quarters during the pandemic. In January 2025, JBS subsidiary Pilgrim's Pride contributed $5 million to the second inauguration of Donald Trump, making it the largest single donor to the inauguration fund. In May 2025, the Securities and Exchange Commission approved the listing of JBS S.A. on the New York Stock Exchange. Following the approval, Senator Elizabeth Warren authored a letter to JBS USA and Pilgrim's Pride executives expressing concern that the company donated to the inauguration fund to gain influence over the Trump administration's regulatory decisions. See also",JBS USA,JBS USA,True
"Shortly after assuming office, Horvath authored a  proclamation of local emergency for homelessness in Los Angeles County. In February 2024, Horvath co-authored a motion with Hilda Solis to require county departments to prioritize plant-based food procurement by default when signing new foodservice contracts. In January 2025, Horvath and Solis co-authored a motion to recommend that departments serve a 2:1 ratio of plant-based to non-plant-based entrees and require daily vegan meal options in all county food programs. Horvath stated that increasing plant-based procurement would help reduce the county's food-based greenhouse gas emissions. In 2024, Horvath co-authored Measure G, a charter reform measure approved by voters that expanded the Board of Supervisors, created an elected County Executive, and established an independent Ethics Commission.",Lindsey Horvath,Lindsey Horvath,True
"Hurricane Wilma struck Boynton Beach on October 24, 2005, causing widespread damage to homes and businesses. In 2006, the city government authorized the demolition of the historic Seaboard rail station, which had survived intact in private hands since passenger service to the station halted in 1971. In September 2021, Boynton Beach became the first city to support the Plant Based Treaty to encourage global policymakers to address the climate impacts of animal agriculture. On March 8, 2022, Ty Penserga was elected mayor of Boynton Beach in Florida, making him the first openly gay mayor of the city as well as the first out LGBTQ Asian American mayor elected in Florida state history. A high school biology and chemistry teacher, Penserga was sworn into office by State Attorney Dave Aronberg.  Crime","Boynton Beach, Florida","Boynton Beach, Florida",True
"In 2020, the United Kingdom received a B out of possible grades A-G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index. The UK scores relatively high (B) on protecting pets and zoo animals, and low (D) for animals used in farming or recreational purposes (e.g. horse/greyhound racing). Many UK animal welfare standards do not apply to imported products, including prohibitions on the production of foie gras and fur. An April 2025 report by Animal Policy International, Compassion in World Farming, and the RSPCA found that 84 of 88 UK trade partners practice lower animal welfare standards than permitted under UK law. The report alleged that by permitting lower-welfare imports, the UK ""is effectively outsourcing animal cruelty"".  See also",Animal welfare in the United Kingdom,Animal welfare in the United Kingdom,True
"For six years, Pocan sat on the Joint Finance Committee, including a term as co-chair. He also took on a leading role among Assembly Democrats, running caucus campaign efforts in 2008 when Democrats went from five seats down to retaking the majority for the first time in 14 years. Pocan is one of the few progressive Democrats to have joined the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a conservative-leaning organization that produces model legislative proposals. He used his membership to investigate the organization's agenda and sponsors and wrote a series of articles on his experiences with ALEC for the Madison-based magazine The Progressive from 2008 to 2011. On the September 29, 2012, edition of Moyers and Company, Pocan said, ""ALEC is a corporate dating service for lonely legislators and corporate special interests that eventually the relationship culminates with some special-interest legislation and hopefully that lives happily ever after as the ALEC model. Unfortunately what's excluded from that equation is the public."" Committee assignments",Mark Pocan,Mark Pocan,True
"Tenure In January 2020, Pocan endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for president. On July 19, 2024, he called for Joe Biden to withdraw from the 2024 United States presidential election. In July 2024, in protest of the Gaza-Israel conflict, Pocan chose not to attend Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's address to Congress. On March 4, 2025, he walked out of President Trump's address to Congress while Trump was speaking. On June 25, 2025, Pocan posted a comment on X telling White House Deputy Chief of Staff Stephen Miller, who is Jewish, to ""go back to 1930's Germany"". The White House condemned the post as antisemitic, but Pocan did not apologize, claiming he  would refuse to engage with what he called the ""racist base of the GOP”, and saying that ""normal people"" understood he was comparing Miller's views to those of the Nazis. Committee assignments",Mark Pocan,Mark Pocan,True
"thumb|Pocan in July 2018 Pocan identifies as a progressive Democrat. He is a member of organizations including Wisconsin Citizens Action, the American Civil Liberties Union, Fair Wisconsin and Midwest Progressive Elected Officials Network. Budget Pocan supports decreasing U.S. military spending. Pocan, Pramila Jayapal and Barbara Lee attempted to reduce the size of the $740 billion National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, but their motion was rejected 93-324. The Congressional Progressive Caucus cochairs Jayapal and Pocan declared: ""Every handout to Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman is money that could have been spent on ending [COVID-19] pandemic, keeping small businesses afloat and staving off an economic meltdown."" Pocan was among the 46 House Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023. Foreign policy Israel-Palestine In July 2019 Pocan voted against a House resolution introduced by Democratic Congressman Brad Schneider of Illinois opposing the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel. The resolution passed 398-17. In May 2021, Pocan and Representatives Rashida Tlaib and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez drafted a resolution to block the sale of precision-guided weapons to Israel after the Biden administration approved the sale. After the drone strikes on aid workers from World Central Kitchen in April 2024, Pocan, James P. McGovern, Jan Schakowsky, Nancy Pelosi and 36 other Democratic members of Congress urged President Joe Biden in an open letter to reconsider planned arms shipments to the Israeli military.FINAL Letter to Biden Admin re WCK Airstrike and Arms Transfers (5 April 2024, pocan.house.gov) Syria In 2023, Pocan was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days. Yemen In September 2018 Pocan supported legislation invoking the War Powers Resolution of 1973 to stop U.S. involvement in the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, saying, ""The world’s worst humanitarian crisis has been triggered by our secretive, illegal war in Yemen waged alongside the Saudi regime. As the Saudis use famine as a weapon of war, starving millions of innocent Yemenis to near death, the United States fuels, coordinates and provides bombs for Saudi airstrikes, and secretly deploys the military to participate in on-the-ground operations with Saudi troops.”",Mark Pocan,Mark Pocan,True
"In April 2019, after the House passed the resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen, Pocan was one of nine lawmakers to sign a letter to President Trump requesting a meeting with him and urging him to sign ""Senate Joint Resolution 7, which invokes the War Powers Act of 1973 to end unauthorized US military participation in the Saudi-led coalition's armed conflict against Yemen's Houthi forces, initiated in 2015 by the Obama administration."" They asserted the ""Saudi-led coalition's imposition of an air-land-and-sea blockade as part of its war against Yemen’s Houthis has continued to prevent the unimpeded distribution of these vital commodities, contributing to the suffering and death of vast numbers of civilians throughout the country"" and that Trump's signing the resolution would give a ""powerful signal to the Saudi-led coalition to bring the four-year-old war to a close."" Immigration In June 2018, Pocan announced that he would introduce legislation to dismantle ICE and establish a commission to determine how the government ""can implement a humane immigration enforcement system"" after visiting the Mexico–United States border and witnessing ""the nation's immigration crisis"".""Following Trip to Southern Border, Pocan to Introduce Legislation that Would Abolish ICE"", Rep. Mark Pocan, June 25, 2018. Representatives Pramila Jayapal and Adriano Espaillat joined Pocan in introducing the bill, the Establishing a Humane Immigration Enforcement System Act, in July 2018.Cummings, William. ""House Democrats introduce bill to abolish ICE, create 'humane' immigration system"", USA Today, July 12, 2018. Trump administration On December 18, 2019, Pocan voted for both articles of impeachment against President Trump.",Mark Pocan,Mark Pocan,True
"In 2022, Solis signed a letter, along with her four supervisorial colleagues, to California Gov. Gavin Newsom requesting the phase out of the dangerous chemical Modified Hydrofluoric Acid (liable to cause a mass-casualty event in the case of a breach of its containment unit) at refineries where it remains in use rather than a safer alternative. In 2024 and 2025, Solis and Supervisor Lindsey Horvath co-authored motions to adopt default plant-based food procurement and expand plant-based food options at county events and institutions. The motions sought to reduce the county's food-related greenhouse gas emissions. Awards and honors",Hilda Solis,Hilda Solis,True
"Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs  Prior to the 2024 general election, Reed stated that a Labour government would oversee ""the biggest boost in animal welfare in a generation"", including a ban on trail hunting, puppy farming, and snare traps, an end to animal testing and the badger cull, and a prohibition on importing food items that violate UK production standards, including foie gras. During negotiations over the Common Veterinary Area in February 2025, a Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs spokesperson refused to say whether the government remained committed to banning imports of foie gras. In July 2025, Reed and Labour were criticized by UK animal campaigners for allegedly failing to advance any of their promised animal welfare policies, while removing protections against chickens being carried by their legs. When the government's controversial changes to farmers' inheritance tax exemption rules were first announced, he claimed that they ""would not impact the vast majority of farm businesses"". However, a few months later, he acknowledged that even if ""no farms were going bust today because of the budget,  that could change once the policy takes effect next year.""",Steve Reed (politician),Steve Reed (politician),True
"Policy  Animal welfare The government introduced measures in January 2025 to ban the confinement of egg-laying hens in battery cages by 2029 and prohibit the castration of piglets without anesthetic by 2026. The National Assembly endorsed the measures in July 2025, overriding the veto of the National Council. Foreign policy",15th Government of Slovenia,15th Government of Slovenia,True
"Mateja Čalušić holds a bachelor degree in applied science in agriculture from the biotechnical faculty of the University of Ljubljana. Political career After the 2022 Slovenian parliamentary election, Čalušić became a member of the National Assembly for the political party Freedom Movement and was vice president of the committee on agriculture, forestry and food. On 4 January 2024, Prime Minister Robert Golob proposed to his government that Čalušić become the new Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Food after the resignation of Irena Šinko in October 2023. On 12 January 2024, Čalušić was sworn in by the National Assembly and took over from the interim minister, Marjan Šarec.  References",Mateja Čalušić,Mateja Čalušić,True
", HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States with $10.9 billion in annual revenues, Accessed October 12, 2022. serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents, providing services interpreted in more than 190 languages.  In 2022, HHC revised its food procurement policy to make plant-based meals the default option for patients, with animal source foods available only on request. As of 2023, a majority of meals served in HHC facilities were vegetarian, and food-related greenhouse gas emissions had fallen by 36% relative to before the program was implemented. The organization is headquartered at 125 Worth Street in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan.",NYC Health + Hospitals,NYC Health + Hospitals,True
"In 2008, the state turned control over OUSD back to the city. The local school board hired an interim superintendent, Roberta Mayor, in July 2008 while the school board undertook a year-long search for a permanent leader. Anthony ""Tony"" Smith was hired in July 2009 as the district's permanent superintendent. Smith resigned suddenly in April 2013 after four years leading the district, citing family health issues. School board member Dr. Gary Yee was named the acting superintendent. In September 2014, Antwan Wilson became OUSD's fourth superintendent in six years. After just two years at the helm, Wilson resigned in November 2016 to become chancellor of the District of Columbia Public Schools.;  Devin Dillon, OUSD's deputy superintendent of Academic Social Emotional Learning, was named acting superintendent, effective February 1, 2017. The school board selected Kyla Johnson-Trammell to replace Wilson as superintendent in July 2017. Johnson-Trammell grew up in East Oakland, attended Oakland public elementary and middle schools, and had served the district as a teacher, principal, and administrator. Between 2014 and 2015, OUSD participated in a pilot experiment with Friends of the Earth to reduce its food-related greenhouse gas emissions by cutting the amount of meat and dairy sourced for its lunch program by 30%. Friends of the Earth reported that the experiment reduced OUSD's emissions per meal by 14% and water use by 6%. In August 2024, OUSD, in partnership with transportation startup company Zum, introduced the first all-electric school bus fleet in the United States.",Oakland Unified School District,Oakland Unified School District,True
"Pat Buchanan announced his campaign in February 1995. The Christian Science Monitor wrote that he ""has highlighted an ideological schism within the GOP at a time when the party would rather be closing ranks to defeat President Clinton."" He used ""blunt, memorable"" populist and nativist language and divided the right wing, especially because of his opposition to free trade economic policies like NAFTA which many conservatives supported. Britannica writes: ""Buchanan criticized U.S. attempts to broker peace in the world and what he saw as the undue influence of Israel on U.S. foreign policy. He advocated [for] a temporary moratorium on immigration. He decried the feminist and homosexual rights movements and was adamantly opposed to abortion. He denounced as futile Republican attempts to win elections by moving toward the middle of the political spectrum."" He also wanted the U.S. stop giving foreign countries aid and take American soldiers out of Bosnia, saying American troops should be sent to the U.S.-Mexico border instead. After being compared ideologically to Ku Klux Klan member David Duke, Buchanan disavowed Duke and removed a campaign adviser who had ties to him. Buchanan made opposition to concentrated animal feeding operations and intensive pig farming a central theme of his campaign in Iowa, citing opposition to the practices by Iowa family farmers. He placed second in the Iowa caucus, receiving 23% of the vote and establishing himself as a serious challenger to frontrunner Bob Dole. Buchanan won the New Hampshire primary, receiving 27% of the vote, compared to Dole at 26% and former Tennessee Governor Lamar Alexander at 23%. Buchanan had difficulty later on. He continued his campaign until August 1996, and did not endorse Bob Dole, who won the nomination but later lost the general election. He encouraged his supporters to not leave the Republican Party. Buchanan received 20% of the primary vote or 3,184,943 votes and 4 states (Alaska, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Missouri).",Pat Buchanan 1996 presidential campaign,Pat Buchanan 1996 presidential campaign,True
"Jensen was elected into parliament in the 2005 election, and reelected in the 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019 elections. Jensen was appointed Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries in the Frederiksen II Cabinet on 15 December 2022. In October 2023, he launched the Danish Action Plan for Plant-Based Foods, which provides public funding for research, development, and promotion of plant-based foods. Jensen has stated that plant-based proteins ""are the future"" and promoted the plan as a step to reduce food-related greenhouse gas emissions.  External links",Jacob Jensen (politician),Jacob Jensen (politician),True
"In December 2020, DeFazio helped pass the bipartisan Water Resources Development Act of 2020. This legislation included a measure he fought for for decades which would allow Congress to appropriate any funds collected from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund for authorized harbor maintenance needs. This unlocked billions in already collected fees to support the infrastructure of federal ports and harbors.  Organic farming standards  DeFazio and Senator Patrick Leahy are credited with helping establish the National Organic Program in the 1990 Farm Bill.",Peter DeFazio,Peter DeFazio,True
"thumb|right|Poage working the ground in the Botanical Center of Washington, DC on May 6, 1937. In 1936, Poage was elected to the House of Representatives. He was later diagnosed with Ménière's disease, which eventually left him deaf in one ear. In the House, he supported acts designed to help the rural residents of his district. He supported the farm price supports of the Roosevelt Administration, and worked to keep farmers prosperous.Pearson, R. (1987, January 4). Former U.S. Rep William R. (Bob) Poage Dies. Washington Post. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Poage was the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture from 1967 to 1975, until he was removed from his position in a revolt by House Democratic Caucus against the seniority system. The Caucus considered Poage to be too conservative and he was replaced by Tom Foley (D-WA), a future Speaker of the House. He was one of the majority of the Texan delegation to decline to sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto opposing the desegregation of public schools ordered by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. However, Poage voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. And, when lobbied by the Johnson administration to support the War on Poverty legislation for the opportunities and services it would provide, Poage responded, ""Oh, I see! You're talking' about the niggers!""",William R. Poage,William R. Poage,True
"In June 2023, Jumbo announced that they would end the sponsorship deals with Verstappen and Team Jumbo-Visma after the current season. While the sponsorship for Team Jumbo-Visma will end in 2024, the company will be open for an early departure if the team is able to secure a new major sponsor. Jumbo will also no longer sponsor the Dutch Grand Prix. The decision to end all sports sponsorship is a part of new CEO Ton van Veen’s strategy for the company.  Corporate social responsibility  In March 2024, Jumbo became the first Dutch supermarket to stop offering discounts and other special promotions on meat products. It also pledged that by 2030, 60% of its protein sales would be plant-based foods, including meat alternatives. The commitment was supported by public health, environmental, and vegan and animal welfare activists. References",Jumbo (supermarket),Jumbo (supermarket),True
"The S Group has grown significantly in Finland in recent years, growing both organically and by acquisition. The S Group is a founding member of the Finnish trade association for plant-based foods, Pro Vege. In 2022, the S Group pledged that plant-based products would account for 65% of its food sales by 2030. In 2023, it reported that plant-based food accounted for 60% of sales.  Modernist architecture",S Group,S Group,True
"The AfDB's mission is to fight poverty and improve living conditions on the continent through promoting the investment of public and private capital in projects and programs that are likely to contribute to the economic and social development of the region.Retrieved on 2012, November 15 from  The AfDB has also supported initiatives to address climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been criticized by environmental and animal welfare activists for continuing to finance greenhouse gas intensive industrial animal agriculture operations despite promising to align its activities with the Paris Agreement.  Functions",African Development Bank,African Development Bank,True
"Sustainability Since 2009, the IFC has set development goals to expand sustainable agriculture, improve healthcare and education, increase access to microfinance, advance infrastructure, support small business growth, and invest in climate-related projects. The IFC Sustainability Framework outlines IFC's approach to sustainable development and risk management. Its environmental and social standards are used as benchmarks by many corporations, investors, financial intermediaries, stock exchanges, regulators, and governments.  Green buildings in less developed countries",International Finance Corporation,International Finance Corporation,True
"A 4-degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided—we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest. In December 2017, Kim announced the World Bank would no longer finance fossil fuel development.Ness, Erik, ""The Cost of Skepticism"", Brown Alumni Monthly, March/April 2018, p.16 In 2019, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists reported that the bank continues to finance fossil fuel infrastructure and that the bank ""has yet to meaningfully shift away from fossil fuels."" Civil society groups, including Extinction Rebellion, joined with EU finance ministers in November 2019 to call for an end to World Bank funding of fossil fuels. In 2023, U.S. president Joe Biden nominated Ajay Banga for president of the World Bank partly due to Banga's support for climate action. The previous president David Malpass faced criticism for challenging the scientific consensus on climate change. The same year, the UN operationalized the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage, which the World Bank hosts to provide climate finance directly to vulnerable frontline communities. Grants table",World Bank Group,World Bank Group,True
"In 2017 Espinal introduced and passed a bill calling for the full repeal of the New York City Cabaret Law, a regulation introduced in 1926 and often called racist, homophobic and authoritarian by its opponents. He soon after passed legislation creating the nation's first Office of Nightlife, a city agency dedicated to supporting the city's nightlife economy. In 2019, Espinal authored legislation requiring all New York City buildings to install solar panels or green roofs as part of New York City's ""Green New Deal"". He also led on initiatives to ban single-use plastics, secure funding for New York City's first electric school buses, and pass the city's first urban agriculture policy. On January 26, 2020, he resigned from the City Council to become the Executive Director and President of Freelancers Union.",Rafael Espinal,Rafael Espinal,True
"Brian Ernest Blake (born August 26, 1960) is an American logger, forester, and politician who served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 19th district from 2002 to 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Career Blake served as chair of the House Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee from 2009 to 2021. He was twice named the Washington Farm Bureau's legislator of the year. In 2019, Blake authored legislation to prohibit the sale of eggs from hens raised in battery cage facilities that fail to meet minimum animal welfare requirements. The law was supported by animal welfare groups like the Humane Society of the United States as well as Washington egg producers. References",Brian Blake,Brian Blake,True
"Galgiani attended San Joaquin Delta College before receiving her Bachelor's degree from California State University, Sacramento. Prior to working in the Legislature, Galgiani spent eight years as a physical therapy aide at San Joaquin General Hospital and Dameron Hospital in San Joaquin County. Galgiani served as the consultant to the legislative committee on the development of University of California, Merced, and helped secure funding for the university. She also served as a staffer for Pat Johnston, John Garamendi, and Barbara Matthews. In a 2011 interview with the Stockton Record, Galgiani publicly disclosed that she is gay. She became the eighth openly LGBT member serving in the California Legislature at the time. Galgiani was first elected to the State Senate after narrowly defeating Republican Assemblyman Bill Berryhill on November 6, 2012. In 2016, she won a second term, defeating Lodi Mayor Alan Nakanishi.",Cathleen Galgiani,Cathleen Galgiani,True
"Galgiani was first elected to the State Senate after narrowly defeating Republican Assemblyman Bill Berryhill on November 6, 2012. In 2016, she won a second term, defeating Lodi Mayor Alan Nakanishi. In 2018 Galgiani ran to represent the 2nd district on the California Board of Equalization. She finished third in the primary, 1.2 points behind second place, and was eliminated from the general election. References",Cathleen Galgiani,Cathleen Galgiani,True
"In December 2024, Condé Nast announced additional layoffs specifically targeting top executives at the company. In October 2025, the company announced that it would no longer feature new animal fur in its editorial content or advertising. The decision followed a nine-month campaign against Condé Nast and its business partners by the Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade. American digital assets and publications",Condé Nast,Condé Nast,True
"Animal welfare In 2014, Johnson and Council member Elizabeth Crowley introduced legislation to regulate the sale of pets in New York City, including bills to ban the sale of rabbits, require that pet shops spay or neuter dogs in their care, and ensure that known animal abusers are unable to obtain animals. The legislation passed in December. In 2015, Johnson introduced legislation mandating that either fire sprinklers or supervision be present in all establishments that house animals for more than 24 hours. In 2016, Johnson co-sponsored legislation by Council member Rosie Mendez to ban the use of wild animals and exotic animals in circuses for public entertainment, with exceptions for dog shows and camels for Manhattan's Radio City Christmas Spectacular. The bill was approved by the council in June 2017 and signed by de Blasio a month later. In 2019, Johnson authored a bill to ban the sale of garments and accessories made with real animal fur. The legislation was supported by animal rights and welfare activists who argue that the fur industry is inherently cruel. It was opposed by the fur industry and prominent members of the Black and Jewish communities concerned about its impact on their cultural traditions. Women's issues",Corey Johnson (politician),Corey Johnson (politician),True
"In 2018, Watts ran for election to represent the 15th district in the Nevada Assembly to replace Elliot Anderson, who was not seeking re-election. He won a five-way Democratic primary with 45.7% of the vote, and won the general election with 66.5% of the vote. Watts served as chair of the Assembly Natural Resources Committee from 2021 to 2023. He authored legislation supported by animal welfare groups and Nevada egg producers to prohibit the sale of eggs from chickens confined in intensive battery cage facilities. The legislation was signed by Governor Steve Sisolak in June 2021.  Tenure",Howard Watts III,Howard Watts III,True
"Tenure In his first four years as a legislator, Huffman authored and passed more than 40 pieces of legislation. In 2008, he sponsored a bill (AB 2950), which he wrote with internet attorney Daniel Balsam, that aimed to close what its proponents characterized as loopholes in the CAN-SPAM Act that made it more difficult to bring lawsuits against deceptive spammers. The bill passed the State Assembly and Senate, but Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed it. In 2009, Huffman authored a bill (AB 1437) to require all shelled eggs sold in California to comply with Proposition 2's requirement that egg-laying hens be raised with enough space to fully extend their limbs and turn around. The law was signed by Governor Schwarzenegger in 2010 and took effect on January 1, 2015. It was later codified and expanded by 2018 California Proposition 12, which prohibited the sale of products from animals raised in battery cages, gestation crates, and veal crates. On February 14, 2011, Huffman co-sponsored a bill with Paul Fong, California Assembly Bill 376, to make it illegal to possess, distribute, or sell shark fins, except for research or commercial purposes. Committee assignments",Jared Huffman,Jared Huffman,True
"Nutting was born in Lewiston, Maine and earned a B.S. degree in pre-veterinary sciences from the University of Maine in 1971. He is a retired dairy farmer in Leeds, Maine. Career Nutting served as Senate Chair of the legislature's Joint Committee on Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry. In 2009, he authored legislation supported by the Humane Society of the United States prohibiting the confinement of pigs and calves in gestation crates and veal crates. The legislation was passed unanimously by both chambers and signed by Governor John Baldacci. References",John Nutting (politician),John Nutting (politician),True
"Between 2012 and 2019, Aldi's UK operations became ""carbon neutral"", with investments in solar, green energy, energy efficiency, and offsets reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 53% per square meter of sales floor. On 4 March 2020, Aldi announced that all its suppliers  In January 2024, the company announced plans to eliminate plastic bags from its 2,300 US stores. Cloth bags would still be available for customer use. It also said it would aim to use natural refrigerants in its US stores by the end of 2035. Other grocery retailers were making similar moves at the time of the announcement. In 2016, Aldi committed to sourcing only cage-free eggs by the end of 2025. In 2024, it completed this transition for its stores in the United Kingdom. Reputation",Aldi,Aldi,True
"The company is headquartered in Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire, with some head office functions operating out of Solihull and Yardley, Birmingham in the West Midlands. Animal welfare In 2016, Farmfoods committed to stop sourcing eggs from hens confined in colony cages by the end of 2025. In September 2025, it abandoned this commitment and stated that it would continue to sell caged eggs, prompting criticism from animal welfare campaigners including The Humane League UK. As of 2025, Farmfoods is the only major UK retailer without a time-bound commitment to sell only free-range eggs. Discount vouchers",Farmfoods,Farmfoods,True
"In 2016, she was selected as a Fellow in the National Academy of Inventors.  Her induction ceremony took place on April 6, 2017, as part of the NAI's sixth annual convention at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston. Meat industry consulting Before her nomination to the USDA in 2018, Brashears served as a paid consultant for major meat-producing companies subject to federal inspection and regulation, including Cargill and Perdue Farms. After her departure in 2021, she accepted positions with Boar's Head Provision Company and the Meat Institute. Some consumer and food safety advocates argued that Brashear's nomination posed serious issues related to conflict of interest.  COVID-19 pandemic actions",Mindy Brashears,Mindy Brashears,True
"In April 2024, The Guardian obtained footage of pigs from RSPCA Assured farms at a slaughterhouse being hit in the face by workers with a paddle before entering a gas chamber to die. The RSPCA reviewed the footage and said the hitting of any animals was completely unacceptable and they would launch an immediate investigation. In May 2024, animal welfare activists released footage that was filmed at several intensive RSPCA Assured farms that supplied meat to Marks & Spencer, Tesco and Asda. The footage showed sick, dying and dead hens alongside living ones. M&S suspended one of the farms. In September 2024, undercover footage was released from an RSPCA Assured farm which supplied milk to M&S. Workers were observed mistreating cows, striking them with poles and kicking them. In one incident, a worker was seen jabbing a cow with a screwdriver. M&S immediately suspended the farm from their supply chain when the footage was released. The RSPCA also suspended the farm. An M&S spokesperson said: ""We take animal welfare extremely seriously and set rigorous standards for our suppliers."" Marks & Spencer, along with Waitrose and other supermarkets, has phased out the practice of eyestalk ablation in its shrimp supply chain. It has also committed to source only free-range eggs by the end of 2025. In 2024, it joined a letter by Compassion in World Farming and other major UK food companies calling on the government to ban the use of battery cages and colony cages for egg-laying hens. Acquisitions",Marks & Spencer,Marks & Spencer,True
"The brand value of Albert Heijn was 866 million dollars in 2014, according to Trademark Office Interbrand. This put Albert Heijn in 26th place in the European brand values top 50.  Sustainability  In 2024, Albert Heign reported its methane emissions on its 2024 sustainability report, becoming the world's first retailer to publicly disclose its methane emissions. The company committed to a 45% emissions reduction by 2030 (compared to 2018 values), and net zero by 2050.  See also",Albert Heijn,Albert Heijn,True
"The New Zealand economy relies heavily on agriculture and many animal welfare issues involve the farming sector. Although New Zealand has high animal welfare standards, a 2016 report from the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, reviewing the use of farrowing crates on pig farms, found that the pork industry does not accept its requirements under the Pigs Code of Welfare (2010), and that failure by industry to act in accordance with the Pigs Codes of Welfare (2010) is commonplace. Additionally, the Pigs Code of Welfare (2010) contradicts animals rights to express normal patterns of behavior as outlined in the Animal Welfare Act 1999. There were animal welfare concerns on the controversial CraFarms and in June 2011 five people involved with Crafers Taharua Dairy Farm pleaded not guilty to 714 charges of alleged animal welfare offences.",Animal welfare in New Zealand,Animal welfare in New Zealand,True
"In 2010 Landcare Research prepared a paper for MAF Biosecurity New Zealand called How humane are our pest control tools? Various vertebrate toxic agents such as 1080, Brodifacoum, Cholecalciferol and so on, kill traps in mammal species, in-burrow rabbit control methods and leg hold traps, rotenone, alphachloralose and DRC-1339 looked at the 'animal welfare impact' (humaneness) of these control tools. The paper describes in detail how various toxins affect different animals. Information on level of consciousness at various times/events after dosing are still needed to fully assess its negative experiences and humaneness. Agricultural imports Many New Zealand animal welfare standards do not apply to imports, including prohibitions on battery cages, gestation crates, and mulesing. A 2024 report by Animal Policy International and the New Zealand SPCA found that all of New Zealand's imported wool, 90% of pork, 80% of liquid eggs, and 70% of fish come from countries that allow practices that are prohibited in New Zealand. As of 2023, two-thirds of pork eaten in New Zealand is imported from countries with lower pig welfare standards, such as the United States and Canada, who can accordingly produce it more cheaply. Animal research",Animal welfare in New Zealand,Animal welfare in New Zealand,True
"On 10 December 2012, Countdown launched its first Countdown branded in-store pharmacy. On 3 November 2014, Countdown began selling low-cost travel and life insurance through a deal with insurance giant Cigna. On 1 August 2016, Countdown began its partnership with BP and Caltex through the AA Smartfuel programme to offer fuel discounts, replacing its partnership with Z. The partnership with Gull continued until October 2016. In 2017, Countdown announced that it would source 100% cage-free eggs by 2025. In 2019, a quiet-hour was introduced to the supermarkets for customers who had ear or eye sensitivities.",Countdown (supermarket),Countdown (supermarket),True
"Animal welfare  In 2022, Greggs signed the Better Chicken Commitment (BCC), which calls for the more ethical treatment and slaughter of farmed chickens. As of 2024, 86.6% of its chickens were reared with a stocking density of 30kg per square metre or less. Greggs aims to reach 100% by the end of 2025.  In 2024, Greggs was a signatory to a Compassion in World Farming letter to the UK government, calling on the government to ban the use of cages for egg-laying hens in UK production and in UK imports.  References",Greggs,Greggs,True
"In 1954, Griffiths was elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 17th congressional district to the 84th Congress and was subsequently re-elected to the nine following Congresses, serving from January 3, 1955, to December 31, 1974, in the U.S. House. She sat as a delegate at the Democratic National Convention in 1956 as well as in 1968. She was not a candidate for re-election to the 94th Congress in 1974. Major legislation Equal Rights Amendment During her time in Congress, Griffiths sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment, one of 33 proposed amendments to pass in Congress and be sent to the states for ratification, and among the six that were not ratified.",Martha Griffiths,Martha Griffiths,True
"The weapons she deployed during her 10-term congressional career included implacable determination, a lawyer's grasp of procedural niceties, and a tongue like a blacksmith's rasp. Humane Slaughter Act In 1955, Griffiths introduced the first version of the federal Humane Slaughter Act alongside Senator Hubert Humphrey. The law sought to prohibit the shackling and hoisting of conscious animals and the use of sledgehammers for stunning. A version of the law sponsored by Griffiths and Representative William R. Poage was enacted in 1958.  Quote",Martha Griffiths,Martha Griffiths,True
"In 2023, New World launched its fifth sticker promotion. During this, customers would receive a sticker upon spending $20, which could be exchanged for products, which in 2023, was Masterchef branded cookware.  Animal welfare  In 2017, New World committed to source 100% cage-free eggs by 2027. Gallery",New World (supermarket),New World (supermarket),True
"In March 2019, Gillibrand was one of 38 senators to sign a letter to U.S. Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue warning that dairy farmers ""have continued to face market instability and are struggling to survive the fourth year of sustained low prices"" and urging his department to ""strongly encourage these farmers to consider the Dairy Margin Coverage program."" In May 2019, Gillibrand and eight other Democratic senators sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary Perdue where they criticized the USDA for purchasing pork from JBS USA and wrote that it was ""counterproductive and contradictory"" for large foreign companies to receive funding from ""U.S. taxpayer dollars intended to help American farmers struggling with this administration's trade policy."" The senators requested the department ""ensure these commodity purchases are carried out in a manner that most benefits the American farmer’s bottom line—not the business interests of foreign corporations."" In June 2019, Gillibrand and Republican Lisa Murkowski announced the Summer Meals Act of 2019, legislation altering the Summer Food Service Program of the Agriculture Department to grant more children access to summer meals in addition to providing transportation for children in rural and hard-to-reach areas to aid their access of summer meals along with imposing flexibility to the program so children can have more than one meal.",Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand,Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand,True
"In June 2019, Gillibrand and 18 other Democratic senators sent a letter to USDA Inspector General (IG) Phyllis K. Fong with the request that the IG investigate USDA instances of retaliation and political decision-making and asserted that not conducting an investigation would mean these ""actions could be perceived as a part of this administration’s broader pattern of not only discounting the value of federal employees but suppressing, undermining, discounting, and wholesale ignoring scientific data produced by their own qualified scientists."" In 2019, Gillibrand proposed a bill that would have enabled the government to make inspections of Concentrated Animal Farming Operations (referred to by critics as ""factory farms"") implicated in the outbreak of foodborne illness. Gun laws",Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand,Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand,True
"In May 2025, footage filmed at a Crankswick farm, which supplied Sainsbury's, revealed the use of illegal and inhumane methods of killing piglets.  Workers held piglets by their legs and killed them by smashing them onto the floor.  Footage also showed a sow being kicked and beaten, and an animal left writhing after workers failed to kill it.  Sainsbury suspended supplies from the farm. However Sainsbury's has also taken some steps to improve animal welfare in its supply chain. Sainsbury's, along with Waitrose and other supermarkets, has phased out eyestalk ablation of prawns within its supply chain, a procedure believed to be painful. Sainsbury's was also the first UK retailer to sell 100% cage-free eggs.  VAT avoidance scheme",Sainsbury's,Sainsbury's,True
"He contested New Lynn again at the 2023 New Zealand general election. While he failed to capture New Lynn, Abel was elected to Parliament on the party list. In late November 2023, Abel assumed the Green Party's agriculture, animal welfare, food safety, Māori-Crown relations: Te Arawhiti, Just Transitions, resources and racing spokesperson portfolios. In May 2025, he introduced a member's bill to apply New Zealand animal welfare standards to imported agricultural products, including prohibitions on the use of battery cages and gestation crates. During the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, Abel attended a Palestinian solidarity rally where he joined fellow Green MPs Chlöe Swarbrick, Ricardo Menéndez March and Darleen Tana in chanting ""From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free.""",Steve Abel,Steve Abel,True
"Since 2023, Waitrose has collaborated with its suppliers to trial electrical stunning as a more humane method of slaughter for farmed prawns, replacing traditional practices such as asphyxiation or immersion in ice slurry. In 2025, the company announced plans to implement electrical stunning across its entire supply chain for farmed prawns by the end of 2026, following discussions with the International Council for Animal Welfare (ICAW). Waitrose has also phased out the practice of shrimps eyestalk ablation within its supply chain. In 2024, Waitrose was a signatory to a letter organized by Compassion in World Farming and signed by Aldi, the Co-op, M&S, Morrisons, and others which called on the UK government to ban the use of cages for egg-laying hens in the UK and in UK imports. Waitrose says that 100% of their eggs are free range. Awards and acclaims",Waitrose,Waitrose,True
"Woolworths confirmed it was undergoing a business retail restructure in April 2025. In 2025, Woolworths became the first retailer in New Zealand to achieve 100% cage-free products for their on-shelf eggs.  See also",Woolworths (New Zealand supermarket chain),Woolworths (New Zealand supermarket chain),True
"Santibáñez was part of the PRO's parliamentary committee until March 2019, when she submitted her resignation to the party, becoming an independent deputy. In September 2019, she joined the PCCh. In October 2025, Santibáñez introduced legislation to make Chile the first country to ban octopus farming, citing environmental and animal welfare concerns. References",Marisela Santibáñez,Marisela Santibáñez,True
"An inspection conducted by the Ohio State Corrections officials on June 30, 2014 discovered maggots in the Ohio Reformatory for Women in Marysville. Similar findings occurred in Michigan and Kansas correctional facilities.  Cage-free eggs  In 2017, Aramark committed to sourcing 100% cage-free eggs globally by 2025, responding to pressure from governmental regulations and animal activist groups. See also",Aramark,Aramark,True
"Anne Beiler's autobiography ""Twist Of Faith: The Story of Anne Beiler, Founder of Auntie Anne's Pretzels"" is currently being adapted into a feature film biopic, produced by Called Higher Studios and written by Mark Charran and Beth Goldberg.  Sustainability  In 2021, Auntie Anne's committed to sourcing 100% cage-free eggs in the US and Canada by 2026 and by 2028 globally.  See also",Auntie Anne's,Auntie Anne's,True
"Medirest operates in the UK and provides services in retail and medical places. Medirest Retail Shops and Cafes runs In-shop Cafes. It has several NHS contracts weld by A+ NHS cleaners clean hospitals, Pulse Hospital porters, who are NHS Hospital porters and Medirest Health Sector which do other tasks such as disposing of surgical waste, catering and cleaning.  Sustainability  In 2024, Compass Group committed to sourcing 100% cage-free eggs by the end of 2025. Criticisms of Compass Group",Compass Group,Compass Group,True
"On May 19, 2021, Valadao was one of 35 Republicans who joined all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to establish the January 6 commission meant to investigate the storming of the U.S. Capitol.  Agriculture  In 2025, Valadao led a letter by 14 House Republicans to the House Agriculture Committee opposing federal legislation to overturn California's Proposition 12 and other state and local animal welfare laws.  Environment",David Valadao,David Valadao,True
"Welfare and poverty  In 2013, Valadao was one of 15 House Republicans to vote against a Republican-backed bill to make deep cuts in food stamp spending.  Electoral history",David Valadao,David Valadao,True
"Cheh introduced the Taxicab Service Improvement Amendment Act of 2012, which requires taxis in the District to use GPS, credit card readers and modern meters, and uniform dome lights and color schemes. Similarly, she co-sponsored introduced emergency measures to keep application-based services like Uber, Lyft, and Sidecar street legal.Cheh, Evans pass legislation to protect Uber from city regulations - Newsroom In 2022, Cheh authored legislation to require new buildings in the District to be constructed with ""bird-friendly"" materials, including glass, to reduce bird–window collisions. In February 2022, Cheh announced that she would not seek a fifth term as Councilmember.",Mary Cheh,Mary Cheh,True
"On 5 July 2024, Vallance was appointed Minister of State for Science in the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology by Prime Minister Keir Starmer following the Labour Party's victory at the 2024 general election. On 17 July 2024, he was created a Life Peer taking the title of Baron Vallance of Balham, of Balham in the London Borough of Wandsworth and sits on the Labour benches in the House of Lords. In November 2024, Vallance gave the opening speech at the Royal Institute of Navigation annual seminar. In November 2025, Vallance introduced a plan to phase out animal testing through increased use of artificial intelligence and 3D bioprinting. Selected publications",Patrick Vallance,Patrick Vallance,True
"Animal welfare In 1994, The Co-operative Group became the first retailer to participate in the RSPCA Freedom Food animal welfare scheme. It also imposes a range of animal welfare standards for suppliers of its own-brand chicken, pork, and turkey products that exceed UK legal requirements. The Co-op labels the living conditions of egg-laying hens and became the first retailer to use only free-range eggs in all own-brand products. In 2025, following discussions with the International Council for Animal Welfare (ICAW) and the Aquatic Life Institute (ALI), as well as public attention to crustacean welfare, the Co-op ended the practice of eyestalk ablation in its shrimp supply chain. In 2013, the Co-op was awarded a Tier 2 standard by the Business Benchmark on Farm Animal Welfare. It was specifically recognized for banning the prophylactic use of antibiotics and artificial substances for promoting abnormal animal growth in all own-brand products. The Co-op states that it allows antibiotics to be administered ""with the specific written approval of a vet to address a specific health threat."" It also limits livestock transportation time to no more than 6 hours. Responsible fish sourcing",The Co-operative Group,The Co-operative Group,True
"thumb|The Weather Tech Cafe The building houses offices of Student Services including Campus Card Services, Disability Services, and Career Services among others. These services have been relocated to the C4C from various locations around campus. For example, Career Services was previously housed in the basement of the Willard Dormitory. There is a  underground parking structure that contains approximately 365 to 375 parking spaces. Student study areas are located on the upper floors and conference centers are open to campus and non-campus affiliates throughout the building. Dining services The dining services offered within the C4C include a CU on the run ""grab-n-go"", The Bakery, a late-night dining hub called the Weather Tech Café, open until 2 A.M., and finally a central dining facility. This dining facility seats 900 and offers students up to nine specialty dining choices including Persian, Asian, Latin, sushi, Italian, Kosher, a grill, salad bars, and desserts. Overall the Dining Center is projected to serve around one million meals per year. In 2025, Humane World for Animals ranked CU Boulder the top U.S. university for food service sustainability, noting that at least half of its meals were plant-based, and the university had plans to increase this share to 75% by the end of the year. Recreation Center",University of Colorado Boulder,University of Colorado Boulder,True
"In this speech, he stated that growth should not take place without corporate social responsibility. He was the first CEO to publicly state that human and environment aspects of a company should be taken into account. These ideas laid the ground to Danone's dual project (economic and social). Danone has set a target to reduce its methane emissions from fresh milk by 30% by 2030, including by increasing its plant milk portfolio. However, it has been criticized by environmental researchers for overstating its progress and overrelying on greenhouse gas removal. In 2020, Danone announced that it would source 100% of its eggs from cage-free suppliers by 2025.",Danone,Danone,True
"Controversies Climate change In 2025, Mars and other major food manufacturers were named in a report by the NewClimate Institute and Carbon Market Watch for failing to set a methane emissions reduction target or shift away from animal-based protein, and overstating progress by relying on greenhouse gas removal rather than source reduction. The report also noted that Mars had failed to establish a timeline to source only deforestation-free cocoa.  Unethical treatment of animals",Mars Inc.,Mars Inc.,True
"Multiple reports have documented the widespread use of child labour as well as slavery and child trafficking by cocoa suppliers, throughout West African plantations, on which Nestlé and other major chocolate companies rely. Environment Climate change In 2025, Nestlé was criticized by environmental researchers at NewClimate Institute and Carbon Market Watch for overstating its progress on reducing methane emissions from livestock and fertilizer and overrelying on greenhouse gas removal rather than source reduction. Nestlé responded that 91% of its reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 2024 was due to source reduction, and that it had reduced methane emissions significantly since 2018. Water At the second World Water Forum in 2000, Nestlé and other corporations persuaded the World Water Council to change its statement so as to reduce access to drinking water from a ""right"" to a ""need"". Nestlé continues to take control of aquifers and bottle their water for profit.",Nestlé,Nestlé,True
"PepsiCo has announced a global company goal of transitioning its electricity sources to 100% renewable energy, although they did not specify a specific year of which this goal would hypothetically occur at. PepsiCo has additionally also publicly announced its goal of decreasing its main operation's greenhouse gas emissions by 75% as compared to the 2015 baseline, by 2030. Pepsico has succeeded in achieving 23% of their absolute emissions target reduction as of 2022. In 2025, PepsiCo and four other major food manufacturers were named in a report by the NewClimate Institute and Carbon Market Watch for failing to set a methane emissions reduction target from livestock and fertilizer use in its supply chain and overstating progress by relying on greenhouse gas removal rather than source reduction.  Product nutrition",PepsiCo,PepsiCo,True
"The ships had a planned displacement of 41 @,@ 217 tonnes ( 40 @,@ 566 long tons ; 45 @,@ 434 short tons ) and 47 @,@ 000 t ( 46 @,@ 000 long tons ; 52 @,@ 000 short tons ) at a full load . The class design was 250 m ( 820 ft ) long at the waterline , and 251 @.@ 8 m ( 826 ft ) overall . The ships would have had a beam of 30 @.@ 8 m ( 101 ft ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 5 m ( 31 ft ) and would have used four propeller shafts , powered by Gihon turbines . The design staff intended to use turbine engines , which were to be powered by 19 Kampon water @-@ tube boilers , eleven of which were oil @-@ fired , while the other eight were to have mixed oil and coal for fuel . This system was designed to provide 131 @,@ 200 shaft horsepower ( 97 @,@ 800 kW ) for a top speed of 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) . The planned fuel stores amounted to 3 @,@ 900 tons of oil and 2 @,@ 500 tons of coal . The ships had a planned cruising speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , and with full fuel stores , the ships would have had a maximum range of 8 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Bonanno squad 's chief , Jack Stubing , was well aware of the measures Massino had taken to avoid scrutiny . He therefore decided to go after Massino with a rear @-@ guard action . He convinced his bosses to lend him a pair of forensic accountants normally used in fraud investigations , believing that they could easily pinpoint conspirators in the family 's money laundering schemes . Stubing believed that the threat of long prison sentences would be sufficient to get any conspirators to turn informer , and thus make it easier to trace how the money flowed to Massino . In the meantime , the FBI also targeted other members of the Bonanno administration . In 1995 , consigliere Anthony Spero was sentenced to two years imprisonment after being convicted of loansharking , then to life imprisonment in 2002 for murder . Graziano would assume Spero 's duties , but he too plead guilty to racketeering charges in December 2002 and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment . Vitale would also plead guilty to loansharking charges in June 2002 . Vitale was not immediately sentenced , and was placed under house arrest in the interim , but the relatively low maximum sentence he was eligible for lead Massino to wrongly suspect he was cooperating with law enforcement . He secretly ordered that , if he was arrested , Vitale was to be "" taken down "" - demoted or killed .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Kongō @-@ class ships had a single two @-@ cylinder double @-@ expansion horizontal return connecting rod @-@ steam engine made by Earle 's Shipbuilding and Engineering , driving a single two @-@ bladed 16 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) propeller . Six cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 4 @.@ 22 bar ( 422 kPa ; 61 psi ) . The engine was designed to produce 2 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 900 kW ) to give the ships a speed of 13 @.@ 5 knots ( 25 @.@ 0 km / h ; 15 @.@ 5 mph ) . During sea trials , the ships reached maximum speeds of 13 @.@ 75 – 13 @.@ 92 knots ( 25 @.@ 47 – 25 @.@ 78 km / h ; 15 @.@ 82 – 16 @.@ 02 mph ) . They carried a maximum of 345 – 390 long tons ( 351 – 396 t ) of coal , enough to steam 3 @,@ 100 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 700 km ; 3 @,@ 600 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Messi continued to struggle with injury throughout 2013 , eventually parting ways with his long @-@ time personal physiotherapist . Further damage to his hamstring sustained on 12 May ended his goalscoring streak of 21 consecutive league games , a worldwide record ; he had netted 33 goals during his run , including a four @-@ goal display against Osasuna , while becoming the first player to score consecutively against all 19 opposition teams in La Liga . With 60 goals in all competitions , including 46 goals in La Liga , he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year , becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times . Following an irregular start to the new season under manager Tata Martino , formerly of his boyhood club Newell 's Old Boys , Messi suffered his fifth injury that year when he tore his hamstring on 10 November , leaving him side @-@ lined for two months . Despite his injuries , he was voted runner @-@ up for the FIFA Ballon d 'Or , relinquishing the award after a four @-@ year monopoly to Cristiano Ronaldo .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In February 2016 , a commercial for Coca @-@ Cola mini cans aired during Super Bowl 50 . A Mini Marvel was created by Wieden + Kennedy for Coca @-@ Cola through a partnership with Marvel , and was directed by the Russo brothers . In the ad , Ant @-@ Man ( voiced by Paul Rudd , reprising his role ) and the Hulk first fight , and then bond , over a Coke mini can . Luma Pictures provided visual effects for the spot , having worked previously with the two characters in MCU films . For the Hulk , Luma redefined its previous muscular system and simulation process to create and render the character , while Ant @-@ Man received new motion capture . The Super Bowl campaign extended to "" limited @-@ edition Coke mini cans [ six packs ] that are emblazoned with images of Marvel characters , including Hulk , Ant @-@ Man , Black Widow , [ Falcon , Iron Man ] and Captain America . "" Consumers had the opportunity to purchase the cans by finding hidden clues in the commercial , though "" if the program goes well , Coke will consider making the cans available in stores . "" The ad had the third most social media activity of all the film @-@ related trailers that aired during the game .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The review by "" Herc "" for the website Ain 't It Cool News , praised the story about how Porthos was named and the elements of sexual tension between Archer and T 'Pol . However , he didn 't think the Odd Couple type relationship between Archer and Phlox worked all the time with some misfires amongst the comedic elements . He gave the episode a rating of three out of five , describing it as "" actually worth your valuable time "" . Michelle Erica Green watched the episode for TrekNation , saying that she enjoyed the episode on the whole and enjoyed the characterisation . However , she criticised the non @-@ moving Beagle prop as it made her son think the dog was dead , which was then followed by "" what looks like a drowned dog in formaldehyde "" . Jamahl Epsicokhan reviewed the episode for his website "" Jammer 's Reviews "" , giving it a score of one out of four . He called it "" easily the dumbest concept for an episode of Star Trek since Voyager 's holodeck was hijacked by the residents of Fair Haven "" . He felt that the episode made a mockery out of the characters and that some of the situations they were placed in were just ridiculous .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The gameplay was praised for its variety of weapons and enemies . Game Revolution said that each enemy is "" unique both in ability , structure , and behavior so that each requires a specific combat approach "" . Maximum PC reviewer Josh Norem praised the levels for their interesting objectives , stating that the missions "" vary widely , ranging from finding lost colleagues to defending strategic structures against enemy assaults "" . Computer Games Magazine praised the fact that the developers replaced the wire @-@ frame automaps of previous Descent games with flat @-@ shaded polygons because they "" provide more detail and make it easier to recognize where you are and how to get where you want to go "" . The multiplayer was highlighted positively due to its replay value and variety of game types . Computer Games Magazine also credited its "" rock @-@ solid performance on standard dialup modems and easy connectivity "" , while GameSpot praised it for being "" fun and stable "" . The game was a runner @-@ up for GameSpy 's Action Game of the Year and a nominee for GameSpot 's PC Action Game of the Year . Despite the positive reviews , the game did not perform well in sales . As a result , Daily Radar awarded the game a "" System Shock Award "" , named after the Looking Glass Studios 1994 game of the same name , implying that Descent 3 is a "" game that the critics loved but is over @-@ shadowed by lesser or greater games "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"As with previous games , Innocence uses an retouched version of the "" Linear Motion Battle System "" ( LMBS ) , a battle system involving direct control of characters similar to a fighting game . The version used is called the "" Dimension Stride LMBS "" . Full range of movement is available , and when enemies are launched into the air by attacks , characters can jump up after them and continue attacking . Three characters are controllable in battle , with one controlled by the player and two handled by the game 's artificial intelligence ( AI ) . There are standard attacks , and more powerful moves called Artes . The player can switch between characters instantly . By stringing attacks together into long combos or successfully defending against attacks , characters charge up their tension gauge . When fully charged , the selected character enters an "" awakened "" state , allowing their attacks to deal more damage . This state can be maintained as long as the player continues to successfully attack and defend without taking hits . If the right buttons are pressed during this period , the character teams up with the other two and unleashes powerful Artes . In addition to these standard and special attacks , each character can activate Mystic Artes , transforming into a form resembling their past selves to deal high amounts of damage . Defeated enemies drop items and currency that the player must collect before they fade or the battle ends . Whereas previous titles had set roles for characters in battle such as healing or ranged attacks , Innocence allows full customization of both the AI @-@ controlled characters ' rough roles and their detailed behavior . Materials gathered in exploration and battle can be fused with the weapons . Different fusions can both make the weapon stronger and grant special abilities , such as poisoning the enemy while striking it .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The worst of the damage was reportedly confined to a 50 mi ( 80 km ) area surrounding New York City . In a 24 @-@ hour period , 3 @.@ 82 in ( 97 mm ) of precipitation fell , breaking the daily rainfall record . Hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses accompanied the severe impact . Low @-@ lying areas of the city , particularly those near the coast , were flooded . Roofs and chimneys were ripped off buildings and windows were broken in many homes and businesses . In Central Park , "" More than a hundred noble trees were torn up by the roots , and branches were twisted off everywhere . "" The park was devastated and thousands of dead birds fell to the ground after being washed out of , or drowned in , their nests . Groups of children gathered the birds and picked them up , with the apparent intention of selling them to restaurants . The storm took the lives of 34 sailors as vessels were blown ashore and men swept overboard . The tugboat Panther , towing two coal barges , was wrecked ; 17 crew members perished and three lived .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"At first , there was a very positive reaction to Pulvermacher . Early in 1851 Pulvermacher gave Golding Bird , a well known London physician with an interest in electrotherapy , a sample of the machine with which to experiment . Bird was impressed enough with it that he later gave a representative of the Pulvermacher Company a testimonial as a letter of introduction to physicians in Edinburgh . Bird thought that the battery would make a useful source of portable electricity and could be used for treating patients with some forms of paralysis in their homes . Contemporary equipment was not very portable , and in the case of friction machines required skilled operators to keep going . By October 1851 Bird felt that he had tested the device sufficiently to give it a glowing article in The Lancet . But even at this early stage there were signs of disquiet . Even as he wrote the favourable report in The Lancet Bird felt the need to level criticism at the Pulvermacher Company 's London agent , one C. Meinig , for promoting the device as a "" universal panacea "" for almost any imaginable complaint in the company 's advertisements . Bird was a tireless opponent of quack practitioners , and was particular quick to criticise medically unqualified electrical treatment , as he felt this was a reason professional acceptance of his own work in electrotherapy was being held back . The quack practitioner market was the very sector that the Pulvermacher Company 's unrestrained claims were aimed at . Nevertheless , Bird was gracious enough to specifically exclude Pulvermacher himself from responsibility for these "" injudiciously puffed "" claims .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Following King Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 , the lack of a clear heir led to a disputed succession in which several contenders laid claim to the throne of England . Edward 's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex , Harold Godwinson , the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin , Edward 's earlier opponent . Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Archbishop of York Ealdred , although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by Stigand , the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury . Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers . Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this . Harald III of Norway , commonly known as Harald Hardrada , also contested the succession . His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus I of Norway and the earlier King of England Harthacanute , whereby , if either died without heir , the other would inherit both England and Norway . William and Harald immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"McMillan 's teams in 1928 began to play in the University of Minnesota Field House , a new on @-@ campus arena . Basketball had been off @-@ campus for several seasons when the team moved downtown . McMillan 's teams had middling success . His 1930 – 31 and 1931 – 32 teams competed near the top of the Big Ten , but his teams dropped off again until 1936 . John Kundla joined the team for the 1936 – 1937 season and helped the team to the Big Ten Championship , which was ended up being its last until 1972 . McMillan 's squad also competed in a tournament in 1936 to represent the United States in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin ; the team advanced several rounds before being ousted by DePaul . Many Gophers players in this era were recruited from Minneapolis public high schools , and in some seasons this even constituted a majority of the roster . McMillan resigned in 1942 , but returned in 1945 after three poor seasons for the Gophers in the interim . When he resigned for the second time in 1948 , he was replaced by O. B. Cowles .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The order was founded in 1783 , a year after the grant of substantial autonomy to Ireland , as a means of rewarding ( or obtaining ) political support in the Irish Parliament . The Order of the Bath , founded in 1725 , was instituted for similar reasons . The statutes of the Order restricted membership to men who were both knights and gentlemen , the latter being defined as having three generations of "" noblesse "" ( i.e. ancestors bearing coats of arms ) on both their father 's and mother 's side . In practice , however , only Irish Peers ( and occasional foreign princes with tenuous or no Irish connections ) were ever appointed to the Order . The cross of St Patrick ( a red saltire on a white background ) was chosen as one of the symbols of the Order . A flag of this design was later incorporated into the Union Flag . Its association with St. Patrick or with Ireland prior to the foundation of the Order is unclear , however . One of the first knights was The 2nd Duke of Leinster , whose arms carry the same cross .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The tall flint tower of St Michael 's at Ocklynge is one of Eastbourne 's landmarks . The church was consecrated in 1902 and built on the site of the mission hall where the nonsense writer Lewis Carroll ( the clergyman CL Dodgson ) is known to have preached during his holidays in the town . All Souls , in Italian style , is a finely proportioned building with an Evangelical church tradition . Holy Trinity also has a strong history of Evangelism , particularly during the early 20th century when Canon Stephen Warner was the vicar for 28 years . There is a Greek Orthodox Church converted from a 19th @-@ century Calvinistic chapel . The Strict Baptist Chapel in Grove Road is an interesting building , despite its rather grim street frontage . The United Reformed Church in Upperton Road has tall rogue Gothic windows set in red brick walls . Several other denominations have similarly interesting church buildings , including some of 20th century design , such as the Baptist Church in Eldon Road . The copyrights of many well @-@ known hymns used in the English @-@ speaking world are handled by Kingway 's Thankyou Music of Eastbourne . There is a tradition of Judaism in Eastbourne , and a Jewish rest home . The Islamic community uses a small mosque that was formerly the Seeboard social club .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club called the third season The X @-@ Files ' "" best season and maybe one of the greatest TV seasons of all time "" , noting it was consistent and "" [ swung ] from strength to strength "" between mythology and stand @-@ alone episodes . However , he thought it "" starts out kind of terribly "" with "" The Blessing Way "" . Zack Handlen , VanDerWerff 's colleague , wrote that the third season was "" one of the show 's strongest , with the conspiracy arc still keeping tension high instead of just vamping for time . By this point , the sometimes awkward effects work of the early years is gone , and the overall direction is highly polished , giving even the season 's weakest entries a cinematic feel "" . He also stated that Morgan 's "" Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose "" and "" Jose Chung 's From Outer Space "" were "" The X @-@ Files 's two greatest hours "" . The writing credits provided by Morgan was widely cited as a highlight of the season . "" War of the Coprophages "" written by him received positive reviews , and Entertainment Weekly gave "" War of the Coprophages "" an A – , who praised the absurdity and entertainment value of the episode . Another episode , "" Quagmire "" containing some writing credits by Morgan received positive reviews , with the 10 @-@ minute dialogue sequence featuring Mulder and Scully receiving highly positive reviews .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In April 2011 , Soundgarden announced a summer tour consisting of four dates in July , and was also headliner for Voodoo Experience at City Park in New Orleans Halloween weekend 2011 . It was announced in March 2012 via the band 's official Facebook page that they would be including a new song on the soundtrack of the upcoming movie The Avengers , based on the franchise by Marvel Comics . The song was titled "" Live to Rise "" and marked the first newly recorded song that the band have released since reforming in 2010 . "" Live to Rise "" was released as a free download on iTunes April 17 . Also in March it was announced that Soundgarden would headline the Friday night of the Hard Rock Calling Festival the following July . In April , Soundgarden announced the release of a box set titled "" Classic Album Selection "" for Europe , containing all of their studio albums ( except for Ultramega OK ) and live album Live on I @-@ 5 . On May 5 , just before The Offspring began playing their set , the band appeared as a special guest at the 20th annual KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine , California . Later that month , Soundgarden told Rolling Stone they were eyeing an October release for their new album . That June , the band appeared at Download Festival in Donington , England . The band released "" Been Away Too Long "" , the first single from their new album King Animal on September 27 . King Animal was released on November 13 , 2012 . The band released a video for "" By Crooked Steps "" , directed by Dave Grohl , in early 2013 . "" Halfway There "" was the third single to be released from the album .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In 1903 , with the design now confirmed , the MDHB requested that a number of builders submit a tender document for the construction of the building to the revised design . Over 30 builders were contacted , with William Brown & Son of Manchester winning the contract to construct the new building . Work began in 1904 , with the first nine months of construction focusing on laying the building 's foundations , which were dug to a depth of 30 – 40 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 – 12 @.@ 2 m ) below ground level . The building 's frame was built from reinforced concrete , which was then clad in Portland Stone , a design that meant the building was more fire resistant than with other structural forms . It was completed in 1907 at a cost of approximately £ 250 @,@ 000 , although when the cost of furniture , fittings and professional fees was taken into account , the total cost was nearer £ 350 @,@ 000 . Staff from the MDHB headquarters officially moved into the building on 15 July 1907 , with staff from departments located in other areas of the city moving in throughout the rest of the year .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Starting with Justice for All , the series localization direction has been handled by Janet Hsu ; by the time she joined Capcom 's localization team in 2005 , the first Ace Attorney had already been localized , with the original localization team having decided to do a full localization , changing the setting from Japan to Los Angeles . While Hsu thought that this was the right choice to make , as it made the characters and dialogue more relatable and made for an emotional experience closer to what players of the Japanese version experience , it resulted in issues with each following game . According to the localization editor , Brandon Gay , Justice for All was one of their largest games to localize due to its focus on the story , and how it needs to convey the whole game world and its characters through just text ; this made it a challenge to make the characters relatable for an American audience . Another thing the localization team had to keep in mind was to ensure that recurring characters were consistent with how they behave in the first Ace Attorney . According to JP Kellams , another staff member working on the localization , there was a lot of pressure on them to make a good localization , as the first game 's localization had been well received ; he also felt that there was room for creativity due to the game 's style and subject , with room for humor that might not fit in other localizations . A lot of the humor in the original was based on Japanese wordplay ; these jokes had to be redone entirely for the English release . Hsu felt that the game was more demanding than previous projects she had worked on , as the localizers "" almost have to become [ the characters ] "" in order to get the nuance and motivations right due to their complexity .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"After she returned from Spain in 1993 , Clarke began to think seriously about writing her novel . She signed up for a five @-@ day fantasy and science @-@ fiction writing workshop , co @-@ taught by writers Colin Greenland and Geoff Ryman . The students were expected to prepare a short story before attending , but Clarke only had "" bundles "" of material for her novel . From this she extracted "" The Ladies of Grace Adieu "" , a story about three women secretly practising magic who are discovered by the famous Jonathan Strange . Greenland was so impressed with the story that , without Clarke 's knowledge , he sent an excerpt to his friend , the fantasy writer Neil Gaiman . Gaiman later said , "" It was terrifying from my point of view to read this first short story that had so much assurance ... It was like watching someone sit down to play the piano for the first time and she plays a sonata . "" Gaiman showed the story to his friend , science @-@ fiction writer and editor Patrick Nielsen Hayden . Clarke learned of these events when Nielsen Hayden called and offered to publish her story in his anthology Starlight 1 , which featured pieces by well @-@ regarded science @-@ fiction and fantasy writers . She accepted , and the book won the World Fantasy Award for best anthology in 1997 .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Spanish national champion 's time held right into the final riders to take to the course , now at three @-@ minute intervals for the last 14 riders . BMC Racing Team 's Tejay van Garderen , the holder of the white jersey for the young rider classification leader , went beneath Sánchez 's time at the first split , but faded on the rest of the course and eventually finished 44 seconds outside of his time in third place . He had already passed his team @-@ mate Cadel Evans , who had started three minutes ahead , on course , and the Boulder , Colorado native later dedicated his performance to the victims of the shooting in nearby Aurora . Only Froome and Wiggins beat the time of van Garderen at the first time @-@ point , with Wiggins beating Froome by a dozen seconds ; Wiggins continued to extend his lead on course , holding a 54 @-@ second buffer at the second time @-@ check , and 1 ' 15 "" at the third . Froome crossed the line in a time of 1 hour , 5 minutes and 29 seconds to beat Sánchez 's time by 34 seconds , but Wiggins achieved his second stage win of the race , adding one second to his advantage between the third time @-@ check and the finish ; punching the air as he crossed the finish line . The only change in positions for the general classification inside the top ten was Evans being passed for sixth place by RadioShack – Nissan 's Haimar Zubeldia – despite nearly hitting a barrier during his pass through the course – by a margin of eight seconds .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In mid @-@ July , the Battle of the Ruhr was coming to an end and Bomber Command refocused its efforts on the port city of Hamburg in northern Germany . The codename for the attack was Operation Gomorrah ; the objective was the destruction of Hamburg . The operations began on 24 July 1943 and during four major night @-@ attacks by the RAF and two minor day @-@ attacks by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) between 40 @,@ 000 and 50 @,@ 000 civilians were killed . To counter the mounting success of the German night fighter force , which was directly attributed to the introduction of the Lichtenstein radar , the RAF introduced Window ( Chaff or Düppel to the Germans ) . Window was a radar countermeasure in which aircraft spread a cloud of small , thin pieces of aluminium which effectively made it impossible for the German radar operator to identify the genuine target . Saturation of the Himmelbett control areas by a bomber stream and the introduction of Window practically made the previous Himmelbett procedure obsolete . This was also evident to the German high command . To counter these British measures two new strategies were pursued , Wilde Sau ( Wild Boar ) and Zahme Sau ( Tame Boar ) . Wilde Sau , conceived by Hans @-@ Joachim Herrmann , was a technique by which the RAF bombers were mainly engaged by single @-@ seat fighter planes , illuminated by searchlights , over the target area . The Zahme Sau procedure , proposed by Viktor von Loßberg , called for a night fighter to infiltrate the bomber stream . The position , altitude , and general direction was then broadcast . The information was received by other night fighters , who navigated to the bomber stream by themselves . In Zahme Sau , the German night fighters were tracked and radio @-@ controlled by means of Y @-@ Verfahren ( Y @-@ Control ) . Schnaufer did not make any claims during Operation Gomorrah . Their next success came when he and Freymann shot down a Lancaster on 10 / 11 August 1943 at 00 : 32 . The target that night was Nuremberg and it was the first aerial victory of the entire German night fighter force achieved by Y @-@ Control . This was also the last victory with Freymann and his last as a member of II . Gruppe .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Hotarubi no Mori e ( Japanese : 蛍火の杜へ , lit . "" Into the Forest of Fireflies ' Light "" ) is a one @-@ shot shōjo manga written by Yuki Midorikawa . It was published in the July 2002 issue of LaLa DX in Japan , and in July 2003 it was reprinted in a tankōbon short story collection of the same name , which included four romantic one @-@ shot stories written by Midorikawa . Hotarubi no Mori e tells the story of a young girl named Hotaru and her friendship with Gin , a strange young man wearing a mask , who she meets at the age of six in a mountain forest near her grandfather 's country home . Hotaru learns that her friend is supernatural and that touching Gin will cause him to disappear forever . Hotaru returns every summer to spend time with Gin , and their relationship matures as both struggle with its limitations . The inspiration to write the story came suddenly to Midorikawa , who immediately drew the manga — a process that went smoothly despite some initial conflicting elements . Hotarubi no Mori e is considered a starting point for Midorikawa 's best known work , Natsume 's Book of Friends .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Following her performance at the Billboard Music Awards , Beyoncé initially received widespread praise from fans , critics and celebrities . However , the following day , critics voiced concerns about similarities to a performance by Italian pop star Lorella Cuccarini in February 2010 at the 60th Sanremo Music Festival . Billy Johnson , Jr of Yahoo ! Music wrote : "" Kenzo Digital , who spent a month creating Beyoncé 's interactive video , told Yahoo ! News that Lorella concert footage is only part of the inspiration for Beyoncé 's show : "" [ The Cuccarini artists ] are awesome and do incredible work as well , but there are a lot of different inspirations for where our piece came from . "" In a Yahoo ! Amplified interview with Daniel Kreps , Digital said : "" It 's just a bare white screen . It 's a technique in video art since the [ 19 ] 80s in terms of frontal projection and interactive things . That 's really nothing new . It 's not even a new technology . It 's just an incredibly simple , awesome storytelling device , and with a performer like Beyoncé it becomes incredibly powerful . "" Beyoncé later responded through an interview with AOL Music , saying she was inspired after finding Cuccarini 's performance online :",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"During "" Sunday Bloody Sunday "" , Bono would march waving a white flag around to illustrate his anti @-@ war and anti @-@ nationalist stances and spur audiences to shout , "" No more ! No war ! "" The white flags were also sometimes handed off the stage , where they would be passed around amongst the audience . Bono said that his "" limited voice "" compelled him to search for other ways to express a song 's meaning , and here this was the "" idea of a flag drained of all colour , the idea of surrender . "" This became the focal image of the tour , with Rolling Stone saying of the Red Rocks performance , "" The sight of Bono singing the anti @-@ violence anthem ' Sunday Bloody Sunday ' while waving a white flag through crimson mist ( created by a combination of wet weather , hot lights and the illumination of those crags ) became the defining image of U2 's warrior @-@ rock spirit . "" So strong was the image that the group became somewhat ambivalent about it ; years later , bassist Adam Clayton would say , "" If you had to reduce U2 down to the waving of the white flag , which is a moment from the War Tour , that would be the worst thing . At the time , I think it was in the spirit of the performance . But we weren 't very ironic people back then . We were pretty serious people , and we didn 't see that we could have been a little more subtle about things like that . But hey , as mistakes go , that 's probably not a bad one . """,wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The game 's story and characters also received praise . Snider said that the story is driven by the characters , and that the choices presented in the game were difficult , making him regret some choices for weeks after completing the game . He added that the game 's main quest was well @-@ written , and its quality boosted by excellent voice acting ; he called the performance of Claudia Black as Morrigan one of the best in the game . VanOrd commended the game 's story , saying that it was memorable and crafted with care , successfully making players care about the game 's world and characters . He added that the deep character development made every choice "" momentous "" . GamesRadar thought that the story and the Warden 's appearance felt generic , but that the story become more and more engrossing as it progressed . Nick Tan from Game Revolution liked the banter between companions as a humorous change of pace within the game . Gerald Villoria from GameSpy praised the exclusion of the moral system for making the characters feel more complex . Juba wrote that the story was good but predictable , not straying far from standard fantasy stories . Wesley Yin @-@ Poole from VideoGamer.com called the story memorable , saying that it "" leaves an itch in your mind "" , and has attracted players to return to the game "" like an addict seeking a hit of relief . """,wikitext-103,random_control,False
"For flexibility , and to ensure that the flying and engineering branches had a better appreciation of their respective operations , Wackett supported the practice of some general duties officers continuing to perform engineering work , and as many technical officers as possible receiving secondary training as aircrew . He was disappointed , however , by the limits imposed by the Air Board on career advancement for his personnel . While the General Duties Branch in the late 1940s was permitted to maintain thirty @-@ seven officer positions of group captain and above , the Technical Branch was only allowed fourteen such slots , though both departments had an almost identical overall strength of just under 400 staff . This anomaly led Wackett to submit a dissenting report on the subject to the Air Board , one of the few occasions a board member exercised his right to such a protest . His new organisation caused some other tensions in the RAAF : new airworthiness considerations frustrated pilots who found their flying time restricted by the introduction of more rigorous maintenance procedures ; supply officers feared being "" outshone "" by the new status accorded to engineers ; and so @-@ called "" black handers "" — old @-@ school technical officers who had risen through the ranks — regarded with disdain the prospect of an influx of "" silly young blokes with degrees "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The NSWCA were outraged by Lord Harris 's letter and convened a special meeting to consider their response and subsequently had their honorary secretary , Mr J.M. Gibson , write to The Daily Telegraph in reply . Gibson argued that "" the misconduct of those who took possession of the wickets has been exaggerated "" and that Lord Harris 's account was "" universally regarded here as both inaccurate and ungenerous . "" The letter said that "" We cannot allow a libel upon the people of New South Wales so utterly unfounded as this to pass without challenge "" . It went on to accuse Harris of omitting certain facts in his account , which according to the NSWCA , depicted Australia and the cricket authorities in a poor light . These included an accusation that Harris had failed to note that the NSWCA and the media had immediately and strongly condemned the disturbance and treatment of the English visitors . Gibson also criticised Lord Harris for claiming that Coulthard was "" competent "" , while "" admitting ' he had made two mistakes in our innings ' "" , especially as Coulthard 's not out ruling against Lord Harris "" was openly admitted by his lordship to be a mistake "" that favoured the Englishmen . The letter further denied the claim that those who incited the riot were associated with the NSWCA and accused Harris of inflammatory conduct during the disorder .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Bradford City signed Wetherall for a club record £ 1 @.@ 4 million , to give experience to a side who had just been promoted to the Premier League . Wetherall was aged just 28 , but manager Paul Jewell had made a number of signings aged over 30 , prompting journalists to call his team "" Dad 's Army "" . Bradford won their first game 1 – 0 with a last minute goal at Middlesbrough scored by Dean Saunders who started a celebration pouring scorn at the club 's cynics . Wetherall 's first goal for Bradford was in a League Cup game at Reading before he scored again in the following round as Bradford were knocked out by Barnsley . His first league goal came in a 2 – 0 win against Newcastle United on 18 December . Wetherall missed only two cup game for Bradford City during his first season , and was the only player in the Premier League to have played every minute of the league season . His partnership with the emerging Andy O 'Brien in central defence was the front line in Bradford 's survival attempt . Bradford went into the final game of the season facing possible relegation . After only 12 minutes of their final game with Liverpool , Wetherall headed home a Gunnar Halle free @-@ kick . Bradford held on for a 1 – 0 win and with Wimbledon 's defeat at Southampton , Bradford stayed up with a then @-@ record low of 36 points . The goal directly resulted in Wetherall 's former club Leeds United qualifying for the next season 's Champions League .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The thirteen @-@ track standard edition , the twenty @-@ one track deluxe edition and pre @-@ order bonus track editions of the album were complied from more than 50 songs which Bedingfield had written since touring . In an interview with PopEater she said "" I 've been touring for so many years now that I wrote with my live gigs in mind . I wanted to write anthems that people could sing along to – things that were still personal , but definitely trying to find the best way to connect with people . "" On the album she worked with Andreas Kleerup , John Hill , Wyclef Jean , Salaam Remi , Ryan Tedder , Jonas Myrin , Eg White and Sia Furler . None of the songs worked on with Jean , Remi or Furler made the final track listing , although all of the songs on the final track list were co @-@ written by Bedingfield . Additionally Idolator revealed that Bedingfield had recorded a Ne @-@ Yo @-@ assisted duet titled "" The Little Things "" , which was produced by StarGate , though it was not included on the final pressing either . Bedingfield told fans in December 2010 , via a recorded video message , that the album could be released elsewhere in the world later on but for the near present she was focusing on America .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Thor arrives and tells Loki to be silent , and threatens to rip Loki 's head from his body with his hammer . Loki asks Thor why he is so angry , and comments that Thor will not be so daring to fight "" the wolf "" ( Fenrir ) when it eats Odin ( a reference to the foretold events of Ragnarök ) . Thor again tells him to be silent , and threatens to throw him into the sky , where he will never be seen again . Loki says that Thor should not brag of his time in the east , as he once crouched in fear in the thumb of a glove ( a story involving deception by the magic of Útgarða @-@ Loki , recounted in the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning ) — which , he comments , "" was hardly like Thor "" . Thor again tells him to be silent , threatening to break every bone in Loki 's body . Loki responds that he intends to live a while yet , and again insults Thor with references to his encounter with Útgarða @-@ Loki . Thor responds with a fourth call to be silent , and threatens to send Loki to Hel . At Thor 's final threat , Loki gives in , commenting that only for Thor will he leave the hall , for "" I know alone that you do strike "" , and the poem continues .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In 1991 , Huey said Metallica with new producer Bob Rock simplified and streamlined its music for a more commercial approach to appeal to mainstream audiences . Robert Palmer of Rolling Stone said the band abandoned its aggressive , fast tempos to expand its music and expressive range . The change in direction proved commercially successful ; Metallica was the band 's first album to peak at number one on the Billboard 200 . Metallica noticed changes to the rock scene created by the grunge movement of the early 1990s . In Load — an album that has been described as having "" an almost alternative rock "" approach — the band changed musical direction and focused on non @-@ metal influences . Metallica 's new lyrical approach moved away from drugs and monsters , and focused on anger , loss , and retribution . Some fans and critics were not pleased with this change , which included haircuts , the cover art of Load , and headlining the alternative rock concert Lollapalooza . David Fricke of Rolling Stone described the move as "" goodbye to the moldy stricture and dead @-@ end Puritanism of no @-@ frills thrash "" , and called Load the heaviest record of 1996 . With the release of ReLoad in 1997 , the band displayed blues and early hard rock influences , incorporating more rhythm and harmony in song structures .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Business US Highway 131 ( BUS US 131 ) is a 2 @.@ 4 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 3 @.@ 9 km ) business loop running through downtown Grand Rapids . The southern end is at a partial interchange with US 131 south of the S @-@ Curve near the Grand River . Only northbound traffic on US 131 can directly access the business loop at this interchange , running northward on a long ramp that connects to Ottawa Avenue at an intersection with Cherry Street . Bus . US 131 follows Ottawa Avenue northward between parking lots , and after one block , it turns eastward onto Oakes Street immediately south of the Van Andel Arena . The business loop travels three blocks along Oakes Street past commercial properties before turning northward onto Division Street . As the highway runs along Division Street , it passes the various businesses , the campuses of Kendall College of Art and Design and Grand Rapids Community College . It also passes under Michigan Avenue at the base of the hill that makes up the Medical Mile . Immediately north of the Michigan Avenue overpass , Bus . US 131 passes under Interstate 196 ( I @-@ 196 ) without an interchange . Division Street here runs at the base of Belknap Hill through an area of the city dominated by industrial @-@ type properties . North of an intersection with Coldbrook Street , the business loop switches to Plainfield Avenue and turns northeasterly . One block later , Bus . US 131 turns westward onto Leonard Street . The business loop follows Leonard for a few blocks and then crosses the Grand River . On the western bank of the river , Bus . US 131 meets its parent highway at exit 87 and terminates . The streets that carry the business loop have either two or four lanes with an additional center turn lane .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"One of "" the most impressive engineering feats on the state 's 274 miles [ 441 km ] of toll roads "" is the Des Plaines River Valley Bridge , a bridge over the Des Plaines River , the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , the Illinois and Michigan Canal , Bluff Road , New Avenue , numerous railroads , and a major Commonwealth Edison utility corridor . The bridge is 1 @.@ 3 miles ( 2 @.@ 1 km ) long , and constituted $ 125 million of the cost of the extension . Work on the bridge included the construction of 34 piers and elevation of existing high @-@ voltage electricity lines to accommodate the highway . To limit the number of piers in the valley , the tollway authority built the bridge with both 170 @-@ foot ( 52 m ) pre @-@ stressed bulb tee girders and 270 @-@ foot ( 82 m ) post @-@ tensioned segmental concrete girders . This was $ 12 million ( equivalent to $ 13 @.@ 9 million in 2015 ) cheaper than the concrete box girder design option , and $ 50 million ( equivalent to $ 58 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) less than the steel plate girder design option . A design @-@ build clause in the original contract for the bridge , in addition to success in the design @-@ build contracts on the 2004 – 07 Tri @-@ State Tollway widening and reconstruction , allowed project managers to redesign and build the new bridge .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Following World War II , Kosovo was given the status of an autonomous province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia , one of six constitutional republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . After the death of Yugoslavia 's long @-@ time leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980 , Yugoslavia 's political system began to unravel . In 1989 , Belgrade used a series of political maneuvers known as the "" anti @-@ bureaucratic revolution "" to revoke Kosovo 's autonomy . Kosovo , a province predominantly inhabited by ethnic Albanians , is of great historical and cultural significance to Serbs , who formed a majority there before the mid @-@ 19th century but by 1990 represented only about ten percent of the population . Alarmed by their dwindling numbers , the province 's Serbs began to fear that they were being "" squeezed out "" by the Albanians , and ethnic tensions worsened . Once Kosovo 's autonomy was abolished , a minority government run by Serbs and Montenegrins was appointed by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to oversee the province , enforced by thousands of heavily armed paramilitaries from Serbia @-@ proper . Albanian culture was systematically repressed and hundreds of thousands of Albanians working in state @-@ owned companies lost their jobs . In 1991 – 92 , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated following the secession of former constituent republics Slovenia , Croatia , Macedonia and Bosnia @-@ Herzegovina . In 1992 , amidst the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , a Serb @-@ controlled federation consisting of Serbia ( including Kosovo ) and Montenegro , was proclaimed .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The New York Dramatic Mirror points out the plot of the film resembles a popular stage production The Prince Chap from several years ago . The plot of the play bear striking familiarities to the Thanhouser production . The play focuses on William Peyton , a sculptor , who takes in a young girl , Claudia , at the request of her dying mother . Claudia grows into a young woman , rejects her suitor , and concludes with Claudia and Peyton deciding to marry . Another mention of this film in The Morning Telegraph stated , "" This story has been told many times in pictures , excepting in this film the character is a playwright . "" The film director and the cameraman are unknown , but the "" Thanhouser Kid "" Marie Eline is the only known credit in the cast . Eline plays the role of the young orphan Grace . Other members cast may have included the other leading players of the Thanhouser productions , Anna Rosemond , Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming . A surviving film still shows the playwright in the process of trimming his cuffs with scissors before an interview , leaving hope that another credit may be attributed to the lost film .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Slezak stated that "" Mercedes ' musical moments in Season 3 have been really strong "" and that "" Don 't Wanna Lose You "" was "" no exception "" ; he gave it a "" B + "" grade . Lynch gave an "" A – "" and wrote , "" It 's been a treat to hear her develop the softer side of her voice . "" Chaney said that "" the number was fine , just not particularly interesting "" and gave it a "" C "" , but Futterman declared that Mercedes "" brings a richness and power and commendable Spanish pronunciation to Gloria Estefan 's song "" . Lynch called the "" Bamboleo "" / "" Hero "" mash @-@ up "" another Samcedes winner "" and gave it a "" B "" , and Chaney said it was a "" fun choice "" that "" would have been a fun number "" without the "" constant "" focus on the hipster boots , and graded it "" C + "" . Sullivan agreed that the boots were better not seen , but that "" the song actually worked "" ; he also noted that "" Sam can sound a hell of a lot like "" Iglesias . Futterman also heard the resemblance between Sam and Iglesias , though she said "" the performance lacks the fire and sex appeal of the originals "" . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal described it as "" the corniest number in several seasons "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"M. inquilina is one of the two known Myrmecia species to not have a worker caste , and it is an inquiline to M. nigriceps and M. vindex colonies . M. inquilina is a polygynous species ; colonies can house between two and several dozen queens , but some of them nesting in the colony are originally from there . Due to this , some M. inquilina females are ergatoid ants that lose their wings after eclosing in their cocoons . The parasitic queen ( s ) may only coexist indefinitely , but M. inquilina queens replace all host brood with their own eggs several months after infiltrating the nest . This only occurs if M. inquilina queens eat or destroy the brood laid by their host , and workers will even tend to the brood and protect it from potential invaders . M. inquilina queens tend to nest near the host queen and her brood , attended by worker ants without any form of aggression . Observations suggest that parasitic queens feed on trophic eggs laid by workers . Predatory threats only include other Myrmecia species ; they are rejected by a potential host colony . For example , M. regularis workers immediately seize M. inquilina queens and kill it as soon as the two species come into contact .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"As one of the eight original German Type IX submarines , later designated IXA , U @-@ 38 had a displacement of 1 @,@ 032 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 016 long tons ) when at the surface and 1 @,@ 153 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 135 long tons ) while submerged . The U @-@ boat had a total length of 76 @.@ 50 m ( 251 ft ) , a pressure hull length of 58 @.@ 75 m ( 192 ft 9 in ) , a beam of 6 @.@ 51 m ( 21 ft 4 in ) , a height of 9 @.@ 40 m ( 30 ft 10 in ) , and a draught of 4 @.@ 70 m ( 15 ft 5 in ) . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40 / 46 supercharged four @-@ stroke , nine @-@ cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4 @,@ 400 metric horsepower ( 3 @,@ 240 kW ; 4 @,@ 340 shp ) for use while surfaced , two Siemens @-@ Schuckert 2 GU 345 / 34 double @-@ acting electric motors producing a total of 1 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 740 kW ; 990 shp ) for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two 1 @.@ 92 m ( 6 ft ) propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres ( 750 ft ) .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Many critics believed that the number of releases of Guitar Hero games was "" milking "" the brand name and oversaturating the market . PaRappa the Rapper creator Masaya Matsuura stated that the video game market was growing stale and needed to move beyond games that simply challenge the player to mimic the playing of licensed music . Ryan Geddes of IGN stated that he "" hit the wall with play @-@ along music games "" , and challenged the game makers to explore other ways to combine music and video games . Analysts stated that such games must continue to innovate instead of just providing more songs in order to prevent "" genre fatigue "" . Jesse Divnich of Electronic Entertainment and Design Research commented that , much like Dance Dance Revolution , Guitar Hero and other music games explosively grew initially due to significant new features from other games but have become stagnant due to focusing on content over features , and suggested that for the genre to continue to grow , they must look to incremental changes as done with the first @-@ person shooter genre . Former CEO for RedOctane , Kelly Sumner , believed that Activision "" abused "" the series , as "" they tried to get too much out of the franchise too quickly "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"With the move to Los Angeles , many changes behind the scenes occurred , as much of the original The X @-@ Files crew was gone . New production designer Corey Kaplan , editor Lynne Willingham , writer David Amann and director and producer Michael Watkins joined and stayed for several years . Bill Roe became the show 's new director of photography and episodes generally had a drier , brighter look due to California 's sunshine and climate , as compared with Vancouver 's rain , fog and temperate forests . Early in the sixth season , the producers took advantage of the new location , setting the show in new parts of the country . For example , Vince Gilligan 's "" Drive "" , about a man subject to an unexplained illness , was a frenetic action episode , unusual for The X @-@ Files largely because it was set in Nevada 's stark desert roads . The "" Dreamland "" two @-@ part episode was also set in Nevada , this time in Area 51 . The episode was largely filmed at "" Club Ed "" , a movie ranch located on the outskirts of Lancaster , California .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"After its activation , the brigade began moving its components from Schweinfurt to Grafenwöhr , Germany , as part of the Grow the Army plan . Simultaneously , the brigade converted to a modular structure to become a Brigade Combat Team upon completion . In May 2008 , the brigade was alerted that it would be returning to Iraq in the fall of that year . The deployment was set to last 12 months , and was set to start after the unit 's 12 @-@ month out @-@ of @-@ action cycle ended on November 2008 . This would be the brigade 's third tour to Iraq , as it completed a tour of duty in Iraq shortly before being redesignated from the 2nd Brigade , 1st Infantry Division . The brigade began training for its deployment to the country as soon as it received orders for deployment . German military officers trained with the brigade during this preparation . The soldiers of the brigade were part of a 40 @,@ 000 @-@ soldier troop rotation into Iraq and Afghanistan , intended to maintain previous troop levels in both countries until late 2009 . In fall of 2008 , the brigade completed its transition to a brigade combat team , and was redesignated as the 172nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The foremost document containing the work of Archimedes is the Archimedes Palimpsest . In 1906 , the Danish professor Johan Ludvig Heiberg visited Constantinople and examined a 174 @-@ page goatskin parchment of prayers written in the 13th century AD . He discovered that it was a palimpsest , a document with text that had been written over an erased older work . Palimpsests were created by scraping the ink from existing works and reusing them , which was a common practice in the Middle Ages as vellum was expensive . The older works in the palimpsest were identified by scholars as 10th century AD copies of previously unknown treatises by Archimedes . The parchment spent hundreds of years in a monastery library in Constantinople before being sold to a private collector in the 1920s . On October 29 , 1998 it was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for $ 2 million at Christie 's in New York . The palimpsest holds seven treatises , including the only surviving copy of On Floating Bodies in the original Greek . It is the only known source of The Method of Mechanical Theorems , referred to by Suidas and thought to have been lost forever . Stomachion was also discovered in the palimpsest , with a more complete analysis of the puzzle than had been found in previous texts . The palimpsest is now stored at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore , Maryland , where it has been subjected to a range of modern tests including the use of ultraviolet and x @-@ ray light to read the overwritten text .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Seventy @-@ one years of age and becoming increasingly deaf , Cooper announced to the Kentucky Press Association on January 21 , 1972 , that he would not seek re @-@ election to his Senate seat , having served longer in that body than any other Kentuckian except Alben Barkley . The lame duck Cooper decided to make one more attempt to end the war , after an aggressive North Vietnamese offensive against the South in March 1972 intensified fighting in the region once again . Without advance notice , Cooper addressed a nearly empty Senate chamber on July 27 , 1972 , proposing an amendment to a military assistance bill that would unconditionally end funding for all U.S. military operations in Indochina in four months . The measure , which had no co @-@ sponsors , stunned Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and provoked heated debate in the Senate . Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke saved the amendment from almost certain demise by adding a provision that all American prisoners of war be returned prior to the withdrawal of U.S. forces . The revised amendment passed 62 – 33 , whereupon Nixon decided to sacrifice the entire military assistance bill . At Nixon 's insistence , the Senate defeated the amended bill 48 – 42 . Disappointed , Cooper nevertheless proclaimed , "" I feel purged inside . I 've felt strongly about this for a long time . Now it 's in the hands of the President . He 's the only person who can do anything about ending the war now . """,wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The original whippets were thought to be English Greyhounds that were too small for stag hunting in the forests of England . These dogs were frequently returned to their breeders , who were usually peasants and as such could not own hunting dogs under the Forest law . Because of this , dogs returned to them were maimed , usually by cutting a tendon in a leg or removing the toes on one paw . The breeders kept these dogs and continued to breed them , producing a smaller version of a greyhound that was suited for rat catching and hunting hares and rabbits . When the Forest Law was repealed , the "" small greyhounds "" became immensely popular . Whippets were then commonly known as "" snap dogs "" for their tendency to "" snap up "" nearby prey . In the picture by Jean @-@ Baptiste Oudry ( 1686 – 1755 ) of two dogs presented to Louis XV , they are either whippets or small greyhounds , but are probably related to an early form of whippet . Oudry also painted a second painting of Misse with a different , non @-@ sighthound dog . There is a 1758 painting by Pompeo Batoni entitled Portrait of Charles Compton , 7th Earl of Northampton which features a similar whippet @-@ like dog .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Critics from both Rolling Stone and Blender made strong comparisons between Long Distance and the English musical duo Everything but the Girl . The former stated that "" any fan on Everything but the Girl , Saint Etienne or vintage Blondie should find plenty to swoon over "" , while the latter called the sound "" cloudy and distant , [ but ] takes tentative steps toward Everything but the Girl "" . In a more mixed review , a critic from SonicNet stated that "" Ivy specialize [ s ] in nebulously oriented dream @-@ pop : too ethereal for straight pop fans , too structured for the 4AD crowd "" . In a divided review , Michaelangelo Matos of City Pages noted that he preferred Ivy 's previous releases , but stated , "" If your band had spent four years getting dropped and picked up and dropped again by record labels , you 'd sound tired too "" . Similarly , a reviewer from Alternative Press was negative , expressing that "" the 13 tracks here are improbably edgeless , all love @-@ me @-@ do / love @-@ me @-@ don 't plaints that evaporate on impact "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The 143rd Home Guard Regiment advanced towards Plaški , capturing it that evening , while the 14th Home Guard Regiment captured Primišlje , 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 miles ) northwest of Slunj . At 0 : 30 a.m. , the ARSK 13th Infantry Brigade and a company of the 19th Infantry Brigade counter @-@ attacked at the Korana bridgehead , causing the bulk of the 137th Home Guard Regiment to panic and flee across the river . A single platoon of the regiment remained but the ARSK troops did not exploit the opportunity to destroy the bridgehead . In the morning , the regiment reoccupied the bridgehead , reinforced by a 350 @-@ strong battlegroup drawn from the 104th Brigade ( including a tank platoon and multiple rocket launchers ) , and a company of the 148th Brigade from the Karlovac Corps operational reserve . The regiment and the battlegroup managed to extend the bridgehead towards the Karlovac – Slunj road . The 110th Home Guard Regiment attacked again south of Karlovac , but was repelled by prepared ARSK defences . That night , the Karlovac Corps decided to move elements of the 110th Home Guard Regiment and the 104th Brigade to the Korana bridgehead , while the ARSK 13th Infantry Brigade retreated to the right bank of Korana in an area extending about 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) north from Slunj .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and the rest of the fleet operated under the normal routine of individual and unit training in the first half of 1897 . Early in the year , the naval command considered deploying the I Division , including Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm , to another naval demonstration off Morocco to protest the murder of two German nationals there , but a smaller squadron of sailing frigates was sent instead . The typical routine was interrupted in early August when Wilhelm II and Augusta went to visit the Russian imperial court at Kronstadt ; both divisions of the I Squadron were sent to accompany the Kaiser . They had returned to Neufahrwasser in Danzig on 15 August , where the rest of the fleet joined them for the annual autumn maneuvers . These exercises reflected the tactical thinking of the new State Secretary of the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA — Imperial Navy Office ) , Konteradmiral Alfred von Tirpitz , and the new commander of the I Squadron , Vizeadmiral August von Thomsen . These new tactics stressed accurate gunnery , especially at longer ranges , though the necessities of the line @-@ ahead formation led to a great deal of rigidity in the tactics . Thomsen 's emphasis on shooting created the basis for the excellent German gunnery during World War I. The maneuvers were completed by 22 September in Wilhelmshaven .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Washington Park has been public property since the Dongan Charter was granted to Albany incorporating it as a city . The charter specified that all land not privately owned at the time became property of the Mayor , Aldermen , and Commonalty of the city of Albany , including the land that would become the site of Washington Park . A portion of the land was set aside for a structure built to house gunpowder in 1802 , and in 1806 the areas between Willett and Knox streets , and between State Street and Madison Avenue , became the Middle Public Square . In 1800 , the land west of Knox Street to Robin Street and south from State Street to Hudson Avenue was taken for a cemetery , which was apportioned into sections for each of Albany 's churches . There were separate sections for African @-@ Americans and for strangers . West of the cemetery was the alms @-@ house farm and the penitentiary grounds . In 1809 the Middle Public Square was renamed Washington Square , and later the Washington Parade Ground . In 1868 the remains and headstones in the cemetery were removed and reinterred , most to Albany Rural Cemetery , and some to the cemeteries of other churches .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The turn of the 20th century saw a rise in the popularity of Fauré 's music in Britain , and to a lesser extent in Germany , Spain and Russia . He visited England frequently , and an invitation to play at Buckingham Palace in 1908 opened many other doors in London and beyond . He attended the London premiere of Elgar 's First Symphony , in 1908 , and dined with the composer afterwards . Elgar later wrote to their mutual friend Frank Schuster that Fauré "" was such a real gentleman – the highest kind of Frenchman and I admired him greatly . "" Elgar tried to get Fauré 's Requiem put on at the Three Choirs Festival , but it did not finally have its English premiere until 1937 , nearly fifty years after its first performance in France . Composers from other countries also loved and admired Fauré . In the 1880s Tchaikovsky had thought him "" adorable "" ; Albéniz and Fauré were friends and correspondents until the former 's early death in 1909 ; Richard Strauss sought his advice ; and in Fauré 's last years , the young American , Aaron Copland was a devoted admirer .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Critics lauded the development of the storyline between Shane and Rick . Writing for Best Week Ever , Dan Hopper stated that it presented a cold and eerie outlook on the future of the two men . Nate Rawlings of Time evaluated their physical confrontation as "" darn good "" , and Alex Crumb of The Faster Times called it "" wholly satisfying "" . Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich commended the fight scene ; "" The Shane / Rick fight was great , a brilliantly extended scuffle that started out with an air of boys @-@ will @-@ be @-@ boys pettiness but quickly escalated into something genuinely homicidal . "" Goldman summated on the scene : "" Of course , it was also gratifying to finally see that conflict turn physical , with a fight we 've been waiting to see for a long time . Rick vs. Shane was appropriately brutal and did a very good job of representing the two men 's different tactics — Rick was no doubt a formidable and dangerous guy in a fight , wailing on Shane with a series of punches . But Shane was going for the kill , using anything he could grab as a weapon , as he shoved a motorcycle onto Rick at one point and then threw a massive wrench at him in an effective , ' Holy S * * t ! ' moment . """,wikitext-103,random_control,False
""" Paranoid Android "" is a song described as alternative rock , art rock and progressive rock . It has four distinct sections , each played in standard tuning , and a 4 / 4 time signature , although several three @-@ bar segments in the second section are played in 7 / 8 timing . The opening segment is played in the key of C minor with a tempo of 84 beats per minute ( BPM ) , and begins with a mid @-@ tempo acoustic guitar backed by shaken percussion before layered with electric guitar and Yorke 's vocals . The melody of the opening vocal lines span an octave and a third . The second section is written in the key of A minor and begins about two minutes into the song . Although the second section retains the tempo of the first , it differs rhythmically . Ending the second section is a distorted guitar solo played by Jonny Greenwood , which lasts from 2 : 43 to 3 : 33 . The third section was written by Jonny Greenwood , and reduces the tempo to 63 BPM . The harmonies form a looped chord progression resembling a Baroque passacaglia , with the tonality split between C minor and D minor . This section uses multi @-@ tracked , choral vocal arrangement and according to Dai Griffiths , a "" chord sequence [ that ordinarily ] would sound seedy , rather like something by the band Portishead "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"As a junior , he was named Ivy League Player of the week for the second weekend in February as he led the team on both ends of the court . The following week , he posted 21 points against Yale , which established his season @-@ high . Even after Allen and Maloney graduated , Princeton 's only two losses were to Penn . After Princeton and Penn ended the 1995 – 96 season tied as Ivy League Co @-@ Champions , Johnson made the decisive three point shot with one minute and four seconds remaining in overtime in the one @-@ game playoff , corralled a defensive rebound , added a pair of free throws with 24 seconds left and then made a steal . The win ended an eight @-@ game losing streak to Penn . The win earned the team the conference automatic bid to the 1996 NCAA Tournament and following the game head coach Pete Carril announced his retirement . The thirteen seeded team was matched against the defending national champion UCLA Bruins in its first round pairing . He was the team 's leading scorer with 11 points in the 43 – 41 first round victory over UCLA in the 1996 NCAA Tournament . The team fell behind 41 – 34 with over six minutes remaining . His 3 @-@ of @-@ 7 three point shooting performance included a shot to bring the team to within 4 . He also made the game @-@ tying layup to knot the score at 41 . He also defended Toby Bailey 's last second shot after Princeton took the lead with 3 @.@ 9 seconds remaining . During the game , UCLA jumped out to a 7 – 0 lead at the first TV timeout , and Johnson 's leadership held the team together early when UCLA looked strong .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"On 23 April , Waddle received an admiral 's mast ( a form of USN non @-@ judicial punishment ) from Fargo at the USN Pacific Fleet headquarters in Pearl Harbor . Fargo pronounced Waddle guilty of dereliction of duty and improper hazarding of a vessel . He fined Waddle a half @-@ month 's pay for two months ( fine delayed for six months , and waived after the six months with good behavior ) , gave him a verbal reprimand , and "" made clear that [ Waddle 's ] resignation was expected . "" Coen also received an admiral 's mast in which he was "" counseled for failing to execute his duties to ensure the safe navigation of the ship and to properly supervise watch personnel in the control room . "" Seacrest was admonished at a captain 's mast , and Brandhuber , Pfeifer , Coffman , and McGiboney received formal administrative admonishments . The masts and administrative admonishments were documented and placed in the servicemembers ' military records , perhaps affecting their future chances for promotions and assignments . Waddle , who had been working at a Navy desk job since being relieved of command , formally retired from the USN on 1 October 2001 . Waddle did receive interviews from several private corporations who "" put more value in the way Waddle handled himself during the grueling , 12 @-@ day court of inquiry than they did in any sort of blame for the collision . "" . After 10 months of unemployment , Waddle worked as a project manager for an energy firm in North Carolina and , in July 2004 , started his own business as a consultant , executive coach , and public speaker .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The ships ' armor consisted of compound steel for the first three ships and Krupp armor for the last three , coupled with teak . The upper section of the main armored belt was 240 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) thick in the central portion of the ship and reduced to 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) at either end . This was mounted on 330 mm ( 13 in ) of timber . The lower section of the belt was 140 mm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) thick in the central area , and 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) on the bow and stern . This portion of the armored belt was mounted on 290 mm ( 11 in ) of timber . The main armored deck was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick , though on Hagen and Heimdall this was increased to 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) . The conning tower had a roof that was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick and sides that were 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick ; the armor protection on the conning tower sides was also increased on Hagen and Heimdall , to 160 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Several hours later on August 8 , the JTWC also declared the system a tropical depression , classifying it at 10W . Later that day , convection associated with the depression became disorganized , preventing intensification of the system . The depression generally tracked towards the northwest during the day in response a subtropical ridge to the north . By August 9 , the center of circulation became more defined as convection wrapped around it . Around 1200 UTC , the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and gave it the name Etau . The JTWC , however , did not upgrade the system to a tropical storm for several more hours . On August 10 , the JTWC briefly downgraded the storm to a tropical depression . By this time , the system had re @-@ curved to the east around the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Etau also became slightly disorganized as it began to interact with the baroclinic zone near Japan . Early on August 11 , the JMA reported that the storm winds had peaked at 75 km / h ( 45 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) and a barometric pressure of 992 hPa ( mbar ) . Later that day , the storm once more became slightly disorganized due to increased wind shear ; however , the JTWC reported that the storm intensified based on satellite intensity estimates and weather radar imagery from Japan .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
""" Secrets "" attracted criticism from political commentators for its "" potentially misleading perception "" of emergency contraception . Shawn Rhea of Planned Parenthood cited that the morning @-@ after pills do not induce abortion , as the episode implies . Erin Gloria Ryan of Jezebel wrote : "" Lori would have been better off sending the men off to loot a shop that sells herbal remedies and brewing herself some pennyroyal tea or climbing a tree and jumping out in hopes that the impact would end the pregnancy . Both of those things are dangerous and might not work , but they 're about as effective as OD 'ing on levonorgestrel . "" Ryan prescribed that actual abortion pills are administered by medical professionals and are not available at pharmacies . Danielle Aronson of ACLU summated that the effectiveness of terminating a pregnancy with emergency contraception would be equivalent to "" cutting a zombie 's finger off to kill it . "" Similarly , Slate 's Amanda Marcotte opined : "" The problem with this storyline , outside the tedious fear of getting letters from irate anti @-@ choicers that dictates TV 's near @-@ absolute approach to unintended pregnancy , is simple : Morning @-@ after pills are not abortion . "" Marcotte asserted that abortion pills , commonly RU @-@ 486 , were only provided by medical personnel . "" Morning @-@ after pills are contraception , and they work by stifling ovulation before any sperm can make their way toward the Fallopian tubes . """,wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The episode has received generally positive reviews from television critics . Andrew Hanson of the Los Angeles Times remarked , "" Great acting , a decent twist and the truth behind one of the most enigmatic characters in television history . Why can ’ t more Fringe episodes be like this ? Why can ’ t more television be like ' Fringe ? ' "" . Hanson also lauded Jared Harris ' performance , calling him "" a fantastic villain . Arrogant and superior , with hints of insecurity . Jones ’ speech about all living creatures needing incentive might have been goofy coming from any other actor , but from Harris , it is creepy beyond belief . So glad Fringe found a way to bring David Robert Jones back . "" IGN 's Ramsey Isler rated it 9 @.@ 0 / 10 for being a "" fast @-@ paced story "" that was "" the best episode of the season so far "" . He continued "" Olivia 's great escape from Jones and Bad Nina was fantastic television and some clever writing . "" Isler did find some of the Observer revelations "" a bit of a let @-@ down "" however , as he felt he had already been made aware of them ; this was not enough to make him critical of the episode .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The next day , Miller bowled a fast bouncer at Compton , who moved into position to hook , before changing his mind and attempting to evade the ball . Compton lost balance and threw his legs apart , trying to avoid stepping onto his stumps . However , he was unsuccessful and was out hit wicket for 184 . Compton had batted for 413 minutes and hit 19 fours . Fingleton said that it was "" a most depressing end to an innings that will live always "" . Compton 's fall at 7 / 405 meant that there were no frontline batsmen left , leaving the English bowlers exposed to the visitors ' attack without specialist support . Australia quickly finished off the hosts ' innings ; Miller bowled Laker for four , before Evans reached 50 and England finished at 441 , leaving Australia with a victory target of 98 in three hours . The Australian paceman ended with 4 / 125 for the innings and 7 / 163 for the match , having removed England 's two leading batsmen in both innings and bowled 63 overs — more than his usual workload — because Lindwall was injured .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Meanwhile , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) wants to help a grocery @-@ store worker , Guillermo ( Lin @-@ Manuel Miranda ) , so she convinces Jay ( Ed O 'Neill ) to let Guillermo pitch him a business idea : a dog @-@ training system labeled "" The Good @-@ doggy / Bad @-@ doggy Training System "" , which consists of two sets of dog treats , one of them being bland and the other a tastier one with bacon . The pitch goes wrong when Guillermo 's dog , Stella ( Brigitte ) , chews on Jay 's pillow and seems to prefer the bad doggy treat . Seeing that Gloria 's blind encouragement is doing him no favours , Jay adopts a firm , frank tone with Guillermo and tells him that , while he has obvious skill , enthusiasm and charisma , his idea is not good . Guillermo , who had invested five years of his life in this idea , leaves in tears . Gloria follows him to apologize , but Guillermo admits that he found Jay 's honesty refreshing , and has decided to reorganize his life , which means moving back in with his sister to go back to school , but it also means that he must give the dog away . Gloria allows the dog to stay with them much to Jay 's anger , which is increased when Manny walks in and believes the dog is a present for him . Jay drives the dog to the pound but Stella 's sweet face makes him take her back home .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The music video for "" Kings and Queens "" was directed by Jared Leto under the pseudonym of Bartholomew Cubbins . It was shot the weekend of October 11 – 13 , 2009 in Los Angeles over the course of several nights , filming some of the city 's most iconic landmarks . Leto explained , "" I think this city is a beautiful place at night , and we have these empty streets , and it 's kind of a haunting , forgotten landscape ... very serene . "" The crew recruited scores of extras and all manner of surrealist street performers to appear in the video . On October 11 , 2009 , Thirty Seconds to Mars shut down Santa Monica Pier and filmed a segment of the short film along with a group of cyclists . Leto got the inspiration behind the video after some of his friends did Critical Mass and Crank Mob , "" groups of riders that get together and kind of reclaim public spaces and take over the streets in several cities around America , "" and he thought that it would be the perfect backdrop for the music video of "" Kings and Queens "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The varsity athletics fields are located south of the College Hill residential neighborhood . Fourteenth Street divides College Hill to the north , with the athletic fields to the south . Charles Boulevard borders the fields to the west and Greenville Boulevard borders it to the south . A residential neighborhood and Elmhurst Elementary School are the eastern borders . The northern portion of the area sits Dowdy @-@ Ficklen Stadium , Minges Coliseum , and Minges Natatorium , along with parking . The Murphy Center , which is the primary strength and conditioning , and banquet building , is located between Dowdy @-@ Ficklen and Minges Coliseum . The Tennis Complex , Ward Sports Medicine Building , Scales Field House , and the Pirate Club Building also surround Dowdy @-@ Ficklen . The Ward Sports Medicine Building houses offices for football and basketball , Pirate Club , media relations , and the director of athletics . The Scales Field House provides locker rooms , offices and equipment storage . The Pirate Club Building houses a ticket office , other offices , and an area for Pirate Club members . South of those facilities is the Cliff Moore Practice Facility which has a pair of natural grass fields and one FieldTurf field designed exclusively for the football team . On the southern border of the practice facility is Clark @-@ LeClair Stadium , which is the men 's baseball stadium . It opened in 2005 and seats 3 @,@ 000 in permanent seating with another 2 @,@ 000 located in the outfield . At the southern end of the fields is the Olympic Sports Complex , which include women 's soccer stadium , softball stadium , track and field facility , and Olympic Sports Team building . The Olympic Sports Complex was completed in 2011 with a price of $ 23 @.@ 4 million . The Smith @-@ Williams Center is a $ 17 million basketball development and practice facility , opened in 2013 . The football stadium is planning for a $ 40 million upgrade . The upgrades will include a new press , club , and suite areas , and upper deck , all located on the south side . This addition will increase the capacity from 50 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Nine is set in the year "" 202X "" , taking place during the latter half of Shin Megami Tensei and in the time leading up to its sequel Shin Megami Tensei II . In the wake of the ICBM attack on Tokyo , communities of survivors now live in underground cities . In the face of their predicament , the underground inhabitants create "" Idea Space "" , a virtual world based on Tokyo from the 1990s . The protagonist , named Kei Azuma by default , is exploring the virtual world when "" Noise "" , digitized demons hostile to humans , appear and begin attacking Idea Space players through their avatars . After fending off an attack , Azuma is employed by the Central Administration Bureau as a Debugger , a player who traverses Idea Space and repels Noise invasions . During their missions through Idea Space , Azuma meets with multiple characters : Baraki / Sumire , a childhood friend who represents "" Chaos "" , Mubiora / Miranda , a representative from the Central Administration Bureau who represents "" Law "" . While going through their duty as a Debugger , the events of the latter half of Shin Megami Tensei take place , which culminate in all parts of Tokyo being destroyed in a Great Flood triggered by the God @-@ worshipping Order of Messiah : Azuma survives due to their body being in cold storage , meaning that their mind becomes linked to Idea Space along with their Law and Chaos allies .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The first segment , "" The Diving Bell and the Butterball "" , was met with mixed reactions . Marnell called the parody "" wildly unfunny "" , while Childs was critical of Homer turning into a paralyzed Spider @-@ Man and stated that it was "" simply not very funny . "" Tim Surette of TV.com was more ambivalent and said : "" I found this sketch to be simultaneously awesome and terrible because I have the maturity of a 6 @-@ year old and the intelligence of an average man . "" The reference to the Broadway musical Spider @-@ Man : Turn Off the Dark was noticed by the producers of the musical . They reacted by issuing a statement the following day : "" Everyone at ' Spider @-@ Man : Turn Off the Dark ' was extremely flattered by last night ’ s tribute on ' The Simpsons . ' ' The Simpsons ' is an iconic American institution , and being part of last night 's episode was an honor and dream come true . "" Coincidentally , the previous aired episode of South Park , "" Broadway Bro Down "" , also had a reference to the musical , but the spokesperson for the Broadway show did not want to comment on that episode .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Iger subsequently contacted Tom Hanks to consider playing the role of Walt Disney , which would become the first @-@ ever depiction of Disney in a mainstream film . Hanks accepted the role , viewing it as "" an opportunity to play somebody as world @-@ shifting as Picasso or Chaplin "" . Hanks made several visits to the Walt Disney Family Museum and interviewed some of Disney 's former employees and family relatives , including his daughter Diane Disney Miller . The film was subsequently dedicated to Disney Miller , who died shortly before it was released . In April 2012 , Emma Thompson entered final negotiations to star as P. L. Travers , after the studio was unable to secure Meryl Streep for the part . Thompson said that the role was the most difficult one that she has played , describing Travers as "" a woman of quite eye @-@ watering complexity and contradiction . "" "" She wrote a very good essay on sadness , because she was , in fact , a very sad woman . She 'd had a very rough childhood , the alcoholism of her father being part of it and the attempted suicide of her mother being another part of it . I think that she spent her whole life in a state of fundamental inconsolability and hence got a lot done . "" Colin Farrell , Paul Giamatti , Jason Schwartzman , Bradley Whitford , B. J. Novak , and Ruth Wilson were cast in July 2012 .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"As to the seaquake theory , this disturbance – an earthquake on the sea bed – could , it is surmised , have caused sufficient turbulence on the surface to damage parts of the cargo , thus releasing noxious fumes . The displaced hatches might indicate that an inspection , or an attempted airing , took place . Rising fears of an imminent explosion could plausibly have led Briggs to order the abandonment . The New York World of January 24 , 1886 , drew attention to a case where a vessel carrying alcohol had exploded . The same journal 's issue of February 9 , 1913 , cited a seepage of alcohol through a few porous barrels as the source of gases that may have caused or threatened an explosion in the hold . Briggs 's cousin Oliver Cobb was a strong proponent of this theory as providing a sufficiently alarming scenario — rumblings from the hold , the smell of escaping fumes and possibly an explosion — for Briggs to have ordered the evacuation of the ship . The lack of damage from an explosion and the generally sound state of the cargo upon discovery tend to weaken this case . In 2006 an experiment was carried out for Channel Five television by Andrea Sella of University College , London , the results of which helped to revive the "" explosion "" theory . Sella built a model of the hold , with paper cartons representing the barrels . Using butane gas , he created an explosion , which caused a considerable blast and ball of flame , but contrary to expectation , no fire damage within the replica hold . "" What we created was a pressure @-@ wave type of explosion . There was a spectacular wave of flame but , behind it , was relatively cool air . No soot was left behind and there was no burning or scorching "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Didi and Stu decide to take Tommy and co. to go see The Dummi Bears and the Land Without Smiles at West Side Octaplex . The kids really want to see their first movie Reptar , which was rated MGR : Minor Guidance Recommended . When they go to the theater and the movie starts , the kids sneak off to try to find the room showing Reptar at the theater . The first room they attempt to get into is showing a romance film , so they move on and end up accidentally creating a huge mess at the concession stand . They look in the popcorn popper , eating candy bars , and playing with the orange and grape soda dispensers , ketchup and mustard pumps , and straws . They also find hot dogs , hot dog buns , popcorn tubs , lids , napkins , and cups . They find their way up to the projection booth and finally find the room where Reptar is playing . As they are watching the film through the booth window , they fall down on some film , and they decide to ride on the projectors for fun . In the process , though , all of the projectors in the room become unraveled , and various films break so they exit the room . They soon run into Grandpa , who is getting popcorn at the concession stand and are led back into the theater . As they arrive , The Dummi Bears and the Land Without Smiles is about to reach its climax ; however , the film burns as a result of the kids ' earlier tomfoolery , and everyone leaves the Octaplex disgruntled .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Brian Donlevy as Professor Bernard Quatermass : Donlevy reprised his role as the eponymous professor , much to the despair of Nigel Kneale , who had heavily criticised his interpretation of the role in The Quatermass Xperiment . As had been the case on The Quatermass Xperiment , Donlevy 's alcoholism presented challenges for the production . Nigel Kneale recalled visiting the set one day : “ He [ Donlevy ] was so full of whiskey he could hardly stand up . He staggered over to the set and looked dazedly around . They held up an idiot board with his lines on and he said , “ What 's this movie called ? ” and they said , “ Well , it 's called Quatermass 2 ” . He said , “ I 've got to say all that ? There 's too much talk . Cut down some of the talk ” . He tried to read it and he had to have go after go after go , so crippled with drink he hardly knew who he was ” . Val Guest has denied Kneale 's claims , saying “ So many stories have been concocted since , about how he was a paralytic [ drunk ] . It 's absolute balls , because he was not paralytic . He wasn 't stone cold sober either , but he was a pro and he knew his lines ” . Guest also recalled , “ By after lunch he would come to me and say “ Give me a breakdown of the story so far . Where have I just been before this scene ? ” We used to feed him black coffee all morning but then we discovered he was lacing it . But he was a very professional actor and very easy to work with ” .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In 814 , Wulfred travelled to Rome to visit Pope Leo III . Although the exact nature of his business with the pope is unknown , it was likely connected with the issue that arose between the archbishop and Coenwulf over lay control of monasteries . He was accompanied by the bishop of Sherborne , Wigberht . Laymen controlling monasteries had been customary for centuries , though in the half @-@ century or so before Wulfred became archbishop the church had begun to assert control over monasteries . In England , this attempt to secure control was manifested in decrees made by synods at Clofesho in 803 and more especially the synod of Chelsea in 816 . Tensions over the Kentish monastic houses of Reculver and Minster @-@ in @-@ Thanet reached such a point that Wulfred was deprived of authority by the king for a period of some years ; six according to the document drawn up in 825 recording the – then victorious – Canterbury view of the debate , though four is perhaps more likely . Wulfred still witnessed documents as archbishop in 817 , and by September 822 , he was once more officiating as archbishop , when he consecrated King Ceolwulf of Mercia . Wulfred was driven into exile briefly at some point during his suspension from office . However , the dispute was still active in the last years of Coenwulf 's reign , as at a council held perhaps in 821 , the king threatened the archbishop with exile unless he yielded . Wulfred and the Canterbury community fought Coenwulf vigorously , sending embassies to the pope and concocting forgeries in their favour which purported to have been issued by earlier kings .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"During the fourth and fifth seasons , Sidle seems to be on a downward spiral as her memories of childhood resurface , with cases becoming more difficult for her emotionally . Also , the fact that Grissom decided to promote Nick Stokes instead of Sidle , did not help . Season Four concludes with Sidle being stopped by a traffic cop . Although she is driving under the influence , she is not charged , but Grissom , as her supervisor , is informed of her arrest . He arrives at the station to bring her home , and finally seems to notice her emotional state . Later , in season five , she loses her temper with a domestic abuse suspect and then argues with supervisors Catherine Willows and Conrad Ecklie , which results in her suspension . Following this incident , she admits to Grissom that she has a problem with authority , has chosen emotionally unavailable men ( like Grissom ) , and has a self @-@ destructive streak . Sidle then opens up to him and reveals her family story ; it is during this season that she apparently starts bonding with Grissom . During the subsequent seasons ( sixth and seventh ) , after it is revealed that they are in a relationship , she appears to be happier and on a more even keel .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In 2002 , Wambach was selected second during the first round of the 2002 WUSA Draft by the Washington Freedom for the second season of the Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) . After tying with the Carolina Courage for last place during the previous season , the Freedom hoped to turn things around in 2002 . With Mia Hamm out for the first half of the season for knee surgery and recovery , the Freedom found themselves in sixth place . After Hamm 's return , the team finished the remainder of the season 9 – 1 – 2 , finishing third with a berth into the playoffs . Of the team 's turnaround , Wambach noted , "" Early on in the season it was difficult to get everyone on the same page . Mia was out , we had just started playing with the Chinese players , Steffi hadn 't come yet . There were so many factors that went into us not playing as well . Since people have returned , and we have been able to grasp what exactly one another was doing out there , it 's been easier to get results . "" During the semifinals , the Freedom upset the Philadelphia Charge 1 – 0 . During the final against the Carolina Courage , the Freedom lost in front of 12 @,@ 000 spectators at Herndon Stadium in Atlanta . Wambach assisted on Hamm 's 64th @-@ minute goal , the team 's second goal , after the Courage 's Danielle Fotopoulos scored an own goal in the 31st minute ; however , it was not enough to equalize Carolina 's three goals . After leading all first @-@ year players in the league in scoring , Wambach was named WUSA Rookie of the Year in 2002 . She was Washington 's leading scorer with ten goals and ten assists and finished tied for fourth for scoring in the WUSA .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"United States courts regularly use such interpretation , partially because there are significant differences between the British and American legislative systems . In the United States , legislation is regularly subject to negotiation and alteration after being introduced to Congress , and so it is in the courts ' interest to look at the particular Act 's history when interpreting it . The range of sources accepted is "" richer and more diverse "" , with individual Senators and Representatives and members of the Executive called to give evidence all valid . In the Supreme Court of the United States , 145 decisions ( approximately 20 percent of the decisions given ) between 1996 and 2005 reference legislative history . In the House of Lords and Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , only 9 @.@ 8 percent of decisions use legislative history as a tool . It is noted , however , that the House of Lords and Supreme Court rely on statutes less often than the United States equivalent . Michael Healy , writing in the Stanford Journal of International Law , notes that the use of statutory interpretation in the US Supreme Court combined with the uncertainty over what approach the court will take means lawyers have to write extremely broad arguments , increasing the cost of litigation — a concern raised in Pepper .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The osprey is the second most widely distributed raptor species , after the peregrine falcon . It has a worldwide distribution and is found in temperate and tropical regions of all continents except Antarctica . In North America it breeds from Alaska and Newfoundland south to the Gulf Coast and Florida , wintering further south from the southern United States through to Argentina . It is found in summer throughout Europe north into Ireland , Scandinavia , Finland and Scotland , England , and Wales though not Iceland , and winters in North Africa . In Australia it is mainly sedentary and found patchily around the coastline , though it is a non @-@ breeding visitor to eastern Victoria and Tasmania . There is a 1 @,@ 000 km ( 620 mi ) gap , corresponding with the coast of the Nullarbor Plain , between its westernmost breeding site in South Australia and the nearest breeding sites to the west in Western Australia . In the islands of the Pacific it is found in the Bismarck Islands , Solomon Islands and New Caledonia , and fossil remains of adults and juveniles have been found in Tonga , where it probably was wiped out by arriving humans . It is possible it may once have ranged across Vanuatu and Fiji as well . It is an uncommon to fairly common winter visitor to all parts of South Asia , and Southeast Asia from Myanmar through to Indochina and southern China , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Philippines .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Blaine was appointed to the Senate on July 10 , 1876 , but did not begin his duties there until the Senate convened in December of that year . While in the Senate , he served on the Appropriations Committee and held the chairmanship of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment , but he never achieved the role of leadership that he had held as a member of the House . The Senate in the 45th Congress was controlled by a narrow Republican majority , but it was a majority often divided against itself and against the Hayes administration . Blaine did not number himself among the administration 's defenders , but neither could he join the Republicans led by Conkling — later known as the Stalwarts — who opposed Hayes , because of the deep personal enmity between Blaine and Conkling . He opposed Hayes 's withdrawal of federal troops from Southern capitals , which effectively ended the Reconstruction of the South , but to no avail . Blaine continued to antagonize Southern Democrats , voting against bills passed in the Democrat @-@ controlled House that would reduce the Army 's appropriation and repeal the post @-@ war Enforcement Acts he had helped pass . By 1879 , there were only 1 @,@ 155 soldiers stationed in the former Confederacy , and Blaine believed that this small force could never guarantee the civil and political rights of black Southerners — which would mean an end to the Republican party in the South . Such bills passed Congress several times and Hayes vetoed them several times ; ultimately , the Enforcement Acts remained in place , but the funds to enforce them dwindled .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Blek is a puzzle game in which the player draws a "" snake @-@ like "" black line on the screen that is recorded and played back like a pattern , recurring repeatedly across the screen . The object is to draw a line that it will remove colored dot targets when it repeats across the screen without hitting a black dot . Lines that travel off the top or bottom of the screen reset the level , while lines that travel off the left or right of the screen reflect back towards the dots . Aside from repeating the player 's drawn pattern , the stroke mimics the player 's pace in drawing the stroke . The game begins with no prompt or tutorial other than to use a finger on the screen and experiment . The first puzzles are "" on open , white canvasses "" where the player can solve the simple puzzles "" by accident "" . The 80 levels progress in difficulty and require more complex solutions . Added elements include a "" chain reaction "" dot that launches other dots when struck . Its sound consists of a "" whoosh "" that accompanies the traveling stroke , a "" chime "" when colored dots are hit , and a human "" disappointed grumble "" when black dots are hit , resetting the level . The game is depicted in flat , plain colors , with no pause feature and no option menu other than Game Center achievements . Players navigate between puzzles using three small onscreen icons . There are no in @-@ app purchases or in @-@ game advertisements .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"On the game 's official Japanese website , the developers explain reasons for making particular characters playable and explain why some characters were not available as playable characters upon release . Initially , the development team wanted to replace Ness with Lucas , the main character of Mother 3 , but retained Ness in consideration of delays . The game 's creators later included Lucas in the game 's sequel , Super Smash Bros. Brawl . Video game developer Hideo Kojima originally requested the inclusion of Solid Snake to Sakurai , but the game was too far into development . As with Lucas , development time allowed for his inclusion in Brawl . Marth and Roy were initially intended to be playable exclusively in the Japanese version of Super Smash Bros. Melee . However , they received favorable attention during the game 's North American localization , leading to the decision for the developers to include them in the Western version . Additionally , Sakurai stated that the development team had suggested characters from four other games to represent the Famicom or NES era until the developers decided that the Ice Climbers would be in the game . The developers have noted characters that have very similar moves to each other on the website ; such characters have been referred to as "" clones "" in the media .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Complete stimulation of T helper cells requires the B7 molecule present on the antigen presenting cell to bind with CD28 molecule present on the T cell surface ( in close proximity with the T cell receptor ) . Likewise , a second interaction between the CD40 ligand or CD154 ( CD40L ) present on T cell surface and CD40 present on B cell surface , is also necessary . The same interactions that stimulate the T helper cell also stimulate the B cell , hence the term costimulation . The entire mechanism ensures that an activated T cell only stimulates a B cell that recognizes the antigen containing the same epitope as recognized by the T cell receptor of the "" costimulating "" T helper cell . The B cell gets stimulated , apart from the direct costimulation , by certain growth factors , viz . , interleukins 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 in a paracrine fashion . These factors are usually produced by the newly activated T helper cell . However , this activation occurs only after the B cell receptor present on a memory or a naive B cell itself would have bound to the corresponding epitope , without which the initiating steps of phagocytosis and antigen processing would not have occurred .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In November 1980 , the abbot Thích Giác Toàn along with Thích Giác Phúc organised an expansion that involved the erection of a two @-@ storied compound that included the main ceremonial hall . The compound was built in an octagonal shape , as planned by the architect Nguyễn Hữu Thiện . The tower part of the compound is 4 @.@ 40 metres ( 14 @.@ 4 ft ) tall , with octagonal sides of length 2 @.@ 25 metres ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) . At the top of the temple are 13 miniature levels , which represent the 13 realms of existence . The tower was constructed from wood , with lotuses depicted on the exterior walls . There are 12 paintings that depict various events in the life of Gautama Buddha , including the birth at Lumbini , the enlightenment at Bodh Gaya , the first dharma talk at Deer Park in Varanasi and the entering of nirvana at Kushinagar . Further parts of the wall display quotes from the Dhammapada written in Vietnamese . The entire artwork on and within the tower was the work of Thiện Ngộ and his group of artists from the Art School of Long An . The artwork was created between 1982 and 1984 . The main lecture hall on the ground floor has wooden benches and can house several hundred people . A large statue of the patriarch Thich Minh Dang Quang stands at the front of the hall , in front of the wall paintings and a table on a platform where the speaking monk sit while giving a dharma talk .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The first Silveto release was Guides to Growing Up in 1981 , which contained recitations from actor and comedian Bill Cosby . Silver stated in the same year that he had reduced his touring to four months a year , so that he could spend more time with his son . This also meant that he had to audition for new band members on an annual basis . He continued to write lyrics for his new albums , although these were not always included on the recordings themselves . The song titles reflected his spiritual , self @-@ help thinking ; for example , Spiritualizing the Senses from 1983 included "" Seeing with Perception "" and "" Moving Forward with Confidence "" . The next albums were There 's No Need to Struggle ( 1983 ) and The Continuity of Spirit ( 1985 ) . His band for performances in the UK and elsewhere in 1987 included trumpeter Dave Douglas and saxophonist Vincent Herring . Douglas reported that Silver seldom gave direct verbal guidelines about the music , preferring to lead through playing . A revival of interest in more traditional forms of jazz in the 1980s largely passed Silver by , and his albums on Silveto were not critical successes . Its last release was Music to Ease Your Disease , in 1988 . By the early 1990s Silver did not often play at jazz festivals , but his need to tour was limited , as he received steady rolyalties from his songbook .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Hnefatafl was mentioned in several of the medieval sagas , including Orkneyinga saga , Friðþjófs saga , Hervarar saga , and others . These three period treatments of Hnefatafl offer some important clues about the game , while numerous other incidental references to Hnefatafl or Tafl exist in saga literature . Sagas help indicate the widespread use of board games just by mentioning them — although rituals varied in the Viking period from region to region , there were some underlying basics to culture . The fact that the sagas mention board games indicates this use because the sagas are read and understood by a very large audience . In Orkeyinga saga , the notability of Hnefatafl is evident in the nine boasts of Jarl Rögnvald Kali Kolsson , who tops his list with skill at Tafl . In Friðþjófs saga , a conversation over a game of Hnefatafl reveals that the king 's men are red and the attackers white , and that the word hnefi does indeed refer to the kingpiece . The most revealing – and yet most ambiguous – clues to Hnefatafl lie in a series of riddles posed by a character identified as Odin in disguise ( see Gestumblindi ) in Hervarar saga . One riddle , as stated in Hauksbók , refers to "" the weaponless maids who fight around their lord , the [ brown / red ] ever sheltering and the [ fair / white ] ever attacking him , "" although there is controversy over whether the word weaponless refers to the maids or , as in other versions , to the king himself , which may support the argument that a "" weaponless king "" cannot take part in captures ( see # Balance of play ) . One may also note that the assignment of the colours of brown or red to the defenders and fair or white to the attackers is consistent with Friðþjófs saga . Another of Gestumblindi 's riddles asks , "" What is that beast all girded with iron , which kills the flocks ? He has eight horns but no head , and runs as he pleases . "" Here , it is the answer that is controversial , as the response has been variously translated as : "" It is the húnn in hnefatafl . He has the name of a bear and runs when he is thrown ; "" or , "" It is the húnn in hnefatafl . He has the name of a bear and escapes when he is attacked . "" The first problem is in translating the word húnn , which may refer to a die ( as suggested by the former translation ) , the "" eight horns "" referring to the eight corners of a six @-@ sided die and "" the flocks "" that he kills referring to the stakes the players lose . Alternatively , húnn may refer to the king , his "" eight horns "" referring to the eight defenders , which is more consistent with the latter translation , "" He has the name of a bear and escapes when he is attacked . "" Ultimately , the literary references prove inconclusive on the use of dice in Hnefatafl .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Astros traded Caminiti to the San Diego Padres before the 1995 season . With Caminiti no longer blocking his path to the major leagues , Nevin hoped he would be named the Astros ' starting third baseman . But the Astros did not invite him to spring training . Nevin attributed the snub to his refusal to work out with replacement players during the work stoppage . Not wanting to be seen as "" scabs "" by the Major League Baseball Players Association , minor league players who felt they would play in MLB after the resolution of the strike felt pressure to avoid playing with replacement players , while career minor @-@ leaguers were happy to get a taste of the major leagues . When prospects including Nevin and Billy Wagner refused to play with the replacement players , Astros ' general manager Bob Watson issued an ultimatum , saying anyone who refused to play in the team 's first exhibition game would be sent out of camp until further notice and be held in breach of contract . The Astros sent Nevin back to Tucson to start the 1995 season , while Dave Magadan started at third base on Opening Day . The Astros also planned to use Shipley and Chris Donnels at third base .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"During the pitch meeting at the Groucho Club , Ptaszynski realised that Moffat was talking passionately about his impending divorce and suggested that he write about that instead of his initial proposal , a school sitcom . Taking Ptaszynski 's advice , Moffat 's new idea was about "" a sitcom writer whose wife leaves him "" . Speaking about the autobiographical elements of the show , the writer jokes that he has to remember that his wife didn 't leave him for an estate agent ; his wife was an estate agent . In 2003 , Moffat told The New York Times that his "" ex @-@ wife wasn 't terribly pleased about her failed marriage being presented as a sitcom on BBC2 on Monday nights "" . In an interview with Richard Herring , Moffat says that "" the sit @-@ com actually lasted slightly longer than my marriage "" . Conversely , his later sitcom Coupling was based on his relationship with his second wife , TV producer Sue Vertue . Moffat reused the surname ' Taylor ' , which is Mark 's surname in Joking Apart , for Jack Davenport 's character Steve in Coupling .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Robert Cyril Stebbins ( March 31 , 1915 – September 23 , 2013 ) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians . His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians , first published in 1966 , is still considered the definitive reference of its kind , owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text . A professor of zoology at the University of California , Berkeley , for over 30 years , he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , a 1949 Guggenheim fellow , and author of over 70 scientific articles . His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation , and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles . He produced nature films , supported science education in primary grades , and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act . After retirement he continued to paint , collect field notes , and write books . Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species : Batrachoseps stebbinsi , the Tehachapi slender salamander ; Anniella stebbinsi , a legless lizard ; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi , the endangered Sonora tiger salamander .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"In Cuba , the outer bands of Ida produced widespread heavy rainfall across western areas of the country . A maximum rainfall amount of 12 @.@ 5 in ( 320 mm ) fell in Manuel Lazo , while nearby areas received between 7 and 9 in ( 180 and 230 mm ) . Strong winds , gusting up to 87 mph ( 140 km / h ) in localized areas , accompanied the storm during its passage . Several rivers were swollen due to the rains , including the Cuyaguateje River , which overflowed its banks and flooded nearby areas . In the Yucatan Peninsula , significantly less rain fell due to the asymmetrical structure of Ida even though the peninsula was relatively close to the storm . Isla Holbox , recorded substantial flooding , with roughly 70 percent of the island underwater . However , only minor damage was reported . Little to no beach erosion was sustained in coastal cities such as Cancun ; however , over 50 @,@ 000 tourists were evacuated from Chetumal , Quintana Roo , during the storm . The outer bands of Hurricane Ida also affected Grand Cayman . Moderate rainfall and gusty winds were reported across the island , and waves along the beach were estimated at 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Intending to promote the game worldwide , the league sent the San Jose Sharks and Calgary Flames to begin the 1998 – 99 season with two games in Tokyo , Japan . Since 2007 , the NHL has been sending teams to Europe to start each season . The Los Angeles Kings met the Ducks at the O2 Arena in London , England to start the 2007 – 08 season . A year later , four teams were sent to Prague , Czech Republic and Stockholm , Sweden . One of those teams , the Rangers , also participated in the inaugural Victoria Cup , defeating the Kontinental Hockey League 's Metallurg Magnitogorsk 4 – 3 in a single game . Another four teams opened the 2009 – 10 season in Stockholm and Helsinki , Finland . In 2010 , Vancouver hosted the Winter Olympics , the first time an NHL city has hosted the event since the league began participating . The NHL 's participation in future games remains in doubt , as it had expressed a desire not to participate in the 2014 games in Sochi , Russia . However , the NHL players did ultimately participate in those games . The players strongly favour continued participation in the Olympics . The third World Cup of Hockey is expected to take place in 2011 , seven years after the 2004 tournament .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Henrys left Fez for Meknes from which he telegraphed Lyautey promising to "" strike hard and fast "" so that the "" Laverdure disaster "" did not threaten the French position in Morocco . He said that "" everyone , everywhere must be aware of the fact that our forces are numerous , that strong columns are already on their way to Khenifra , and that the repression will be swift "" . Henrys dispatched Garnier @-@ Duplessix 's Groupe Mobile to Khénifra from El Graar and ordered Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Joseph Dérigoin to form another Groupe at Ito for mobile support . Garnier @-@ Duplessix was forced to fight his way through groups of Zaian tribesmen and did not reach the town until 16 November . Henrys joined Dérigoin and entered the town himself two days later , encountering no resistance on the way . Another part of the Khénifra relief force was the 6th battalion of the 2nd French Foreign Legion who marched from Mrirt and saw action at El Hammam and along the Oum er Rbia . By the end of the month the French garrison had swelled to 7 @,@ 000 troops , an all @-@ time high . Henrys , Garnier @-@ Duplessix and Kroll were all promoted shortly after the battle in recognition of their actions to prevent the loss of Khénifra .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Barrowman was one of the original hosts of Live & Kicking , a children 's Saturday morning variety show on the BBC . During this time , he became known for his catchphrase , "" it 's a dirty rat ! "" , which he used during a phone @-@ in game set in a haunted house . From 1993 – 1994 , Barrowman reported on technology news as the host of the Electric Circus segment of the show . He appeared on the children 's television game show , The Movie Game from 1994 – 1996 . Barrowman was one of the regular presenters on Five channel 's afternoon show 5 's Company from 1997 – 1999 . Barrowman read bedtime stories on the CBeebies channel between 1 and 5 May 2006 . That summer , Barrowman was on a Judges panel with Andrew Lloyd Webber , David Ian , and Zoe Tyler on BBC One 's music talent show How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? . In the same year , Barrowman made two television appearances on New Year 's Eve : He talked about spirituality and civil partnerships on BBC Television 's Heaven & Earth , hosted by Gloria Hunniford , and he appeared as a guest on Graham Norton 's one @-@ off BBC Television programme , The Big Finish , teaming up with Craig Revel Horwood and Louis Walsh to take a lighthearted look at news stories in 2006 . On 11 February 2007 , Barrowman co @-@ presented coverage of the BAFTA Film Awards , along with Ruby Wax for E ! : Entertainment Television . On 11 and 18 February 2007 , Barrowman guest @-@ presented two editions of Elaine Paige on Sunday , a pre @-@ recorded BBC Radio 2 weekly musical theatre and film music showcase .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Many studies in neurolinguistics take advantage of anomalies or violations of syntactic or semantic rules in experimental stimuli , and analyzing the brain responses elicited when a subject encounters these violations . For example , sentences beginning with phrases such as * the garden was on the worked , which violates an English phrase structure rule , often elicit a brain response called the early left anterior negativity ( ELAN ) . Violation techniques have been in use since at least 1980 , when Kutas and Hillyard first reported ERP evidence that semantic violations elicited an N400 effect . Using similar methods , in 1992 , Lee Osterhout first reported the P600 response to syntactic anomalies . Violation designs have also been used for hemodynamic studies ( fMRI and PET ) : Embick and colleagues , for example , used grammatical and spelling violations to investigate the location of syntactic processing in the brain using fMRI . Another common use of violation designs is to combine two kinds of violations in the same sentence and thus make predictions about how different language processes interact with one another ; this type of crossing @-@ violation study has been used extensively to investigate how syntactic and semantic processes interact while people read or hear sentences .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Attacks on the German submarines continued for the next six days . On the morning of 18 July a German reconnaissance aircraft spotted the Home Fleet , but the German Naval Command Norway assessed that it was heading north @-@ east to launch another attack . Accordingly , Group Trutz was ordered to sail north , and four more submarines sortied from Narvik to guard the approaches to Alten and Vest fjords . In the evening U @-@ 968 , one of the four boats that had sailed from Narvik , was attacked twice by Liberators ; she shot down the first attacker but was damaged by the second and had to return to port . U @-@ 716 also suffered severe damage from a Liberator attack at 19 : 15 on 18 July but managed to return to Hammerfest . At about 23 : 00 that day U @-@ 716 was seriously damaged by a Short Sunderland but also survived . Three other submarines were attacked on 20 July but only one suffered any damage . Following these actions the commander of submarines in the Norway area decided to dissolve Group Trutz as it was too vulnerable to air attack ; all but four of the surviving submarines returned to port and the remaining boats were ordered to sail north so that they were out of range of the British aircraft . The final attack on the submarines of the former Group Trutz was made on 23 July when a No. 330 Squadron Sunderland damaged U @-@ 992 near Vestfjord .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The major reasons for rising political tensions among the Finns were the autocratic rule of the Russian Czar and the undemocratic class system of the estates of the realm . The system originated in the Swedish Empire regime , preceding the Russian power , and divided the Finnish people into two groups , separated economically , socially and politically . Finland 's population grew rapidly in the 19th century ( from 860 @,@ 000 in 1810 to 3 @,@ 130 @,@ 000 in 1917 ) , and a class of industrial and agrarian workers and property @-@ less peasants emerged . The Industrial Revolution was rapid in Finland , though it started later than in the rest of Western Europe . Industrialization was financed by the state , and some of the social problems associated with the industrial process were diminished via control of the administration . Among urban workers , socioeconomic problems steepened during periods of industrial depression . The position of rural workers had worsened since the end of the 19th century , as farming became more efficient and market @-@ oriented and the gradually developing industry did not fully utilize the rapid population growth of the countryside .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Act required magistrates to appoint visitors , whom it empowered to inspect mills and report on their findings , but it did not require them to exercise their powers . Consequently , unless local magistrates were particularly interested in the issue , the Act was poorly enforced . Where factories were inspected , the visitors were amateurs ( as indeed they were ) in comparison to the paid Factory Inspectorate set up by the 1833 Act . Furthermore , the Act applied only to apprentices , and not to ' free children ' whose fathers ' right to dispose of their children 's labour on whatever terms they chose were unaffected by the Act . Improvements in the generation of rotary motion by steam engines made steam @-@ powered cotton mills a practical proposition ; they were already operating in Manchester in 1795 , using free children drawn from the local population . The great advantage parish apprentices had had was that they were tied to the mill , no matter how remote the mill had to be to avail itself of water power . If the mill no longer had to be remote , it became a problem that the mill was tied to the apprentices . Apprentices had to be housed clothed and fed whether or not the mill could sell what they produced ; they were in competition with free children whose wages would fall if the mill went on short time ( and might not reflect the full cost of housing clothing and feeding them , since that was incurred whether they were working or not ) and who could be discharged if sick , injured or otherwise incapable of work . Consequently , the use of free children came to predominate : the Act became largely a dead letter within its limited scope , and inapplicable to most factory children .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) , set up in 1993 based on the UN Security Council Resolution 827 , indicted Gotovina , Čermak and Markač for war crimes , specifically for their roles in Operation Storm , citing their participation in a joint criminal enterprise ( JCE ) aimed at the permanent removal of Serbs from the ARSK @-@ held part of Croatia . The ICTY charges specified that other participants in the JCE were Tuđman , Šušak , and Bobetko and Červenko , however all except Bobetko were dead before the first relevant ICTY indictment was issued in 2001 . Bobetko was indicted by the ICTY , but died a year later , before he could be extradited for trial at the ICTY . The trial of Gotovina et al began in 2008 , leading to the convictions of Gotovina and Markač and the acquittal of Čermak three years later . Gotovina and Markač were acquitted on appeal in November 2012 , in a ruling that refuted the charges of the two generals as well as Croatia 's political leaders of the 1990s , as the ICTY concluded that Operation Storm was not aimed at ethnic persecution .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Competing with Spain , the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke . The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony , after it was found abandoned on the return of the late @-@ arriving supply ship . With the East India Company , England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East . In 1588 , during the Elizabethan period , an English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada . The political structure of the island changed in 1603 , when the King of Scots , James VI , a kingdom which was a longtime rival to English interests , inherited the throne of England as James I — creating a personal union . He styled himself King of Great Britain , although this had no basis in English law . Under the auspices of King James VI and I the Authorised King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611 . It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare 's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language but also was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years , until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Arsenal entered the competition in the third round , receiving a bye as a Premier League club . Their opening match was a goalless draw against First Division club Port Vale at home , meaning the game was replayed at Vale Park , eleven days later . In the replay , Arsenal won 4 – 3 on a penalty shoot @-@ out , having drawn 1 – 1 in extra time . In the fourth round , Arsenal played Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium . Overmars scored the opening goal inside 68 seconds for the visitors and Parlour added a second to give Arsenal a commanding lead , going into the interval . Although Paul Merson scored in the second half for Middlesbrough , Arsenal did enough to progress into the fifth round . A 0 – 0 draw at home against Crystal Palace meant Arsenal needed to play a fifth round replay at Selhurst Park on 25 February 1998 . Goals from Anelka and Bergkamp ensured victory for an understrength Arsenal team . Against West Ham United in the quarter @-@ finals , Arsenal conceded the first goal when Frank Lampard 's corner kick was converted into the goal net by Stuart Pearce , through a first @-@ time shot . Although Bergkamp scored a penalty to equalise , Arsenal had to settle for a replay , staged at Upton Park , where it ended 4 – 3 on penalties after another draw . A goal by Wreh against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the semi @-@ finals meant Arsenal reached their 13th FA Cup final .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Emily Berman , counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law commented that "" [ Berghuis ] ' potential consequences are as predictable as night following day : Police will interrogate criminal suspects who do not explicitly invoke their rights — often , those will be suspects who are unsophisticated , poorly educated or mentally ill — for hours on end . This will lead , just as inevitably , to more coerced — and therefore unreliable — confessions ... the very phenomenon that Miranda aimed to eliminate . "" She noted the attorney general 's comment that Miranda warnings had not deterred terrorism suspects such as Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab and Faisal Shahzad from talking and providing "" valuable intelligence "" . The positive observation was a reflection upon attempts by Congress to amend Miranda legislatively , that the decision "" sends a strong signal "" that "" the Supreme Court is not shy about curtailing Miranda protections , even without prodding from Congress "" . She concluded that "" [ w ] hile it might look with hostility on congressional attempts to rein in the scope of the Miranda rule , the Supreme Court itself is willing to interpret narrowly the protections that Miranda affords criminal defendants . And it is willing to reach relatively far to do so . """,wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Daredevils topped the points table in the league stage , in which they won 11 out of 16 matches . They played its first match against the Kolkata Knight Riders , and won by eight wickets . This was followed by a 20 @-@ run loss against the Royal Challengers Bangalore . It won its next match against the Chennai Super Kings by eight wickets , and then in the "" battle of the heavyweights "" , aggressive bowling by the Daredevils earned it a win against the Mumbai Indians . In the match against the Deccan Chargers , it got a five @-@ wickets victory , and Pietersen played a 103 @-@ run innings . This was followed by two matches against the Pune Warriors India ; it lost the first by 20 runs , and won the second by eight wickets . Their next match against Mumbai saw a 37 @-@ run victory for the squad . Then in the match against the Rajasthan Royals , Morkel 's "" sensational penultimate over "" gave the Daredevils a one @-@ run victory , and also saw Sehwag becoming the only player to make four consecutive half @-@ centuries in the IPL . The team 's next fixture was also against the Royals , which was a six @-@ wicket win . Sehwag scored 73 runs from 38 balls , extending his record to five consecutive fifties . In the "" clash between the two most impressive teams in the tournament , "" the Knight Riders beat the Daredevils by six wickets . This caused the Daredevils to lose the top spot in the points table , a position it had held "" virtually from the start of the tournament "" . In its next game , a ton by David Warner and a half @-@ century by Naman Ojha led the team to a nine wickets win , and it regained the top spot . Then "" came a cropper on a lively pitch "" , as the Daredevils lost to the Super Kings by nine wickets . It became the first team to get into the playoffs when it registered a five wickets win against the Kings XI Punjab . Against the Royal Challengers Bangalore , it faced a 204 @-@ runs partnership between Chris Gayle and Virat Kohli , the second best in Twenty20 , and lost the match by 21 runs . It finished its league stage campaign with a six wickets win over the Kings XI .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The copper @-@ nickel cents from early in 1864 were generally bought up by speculators and did not circulate in large numbers . The Mint began producing bronze cents on May 13 , three weeks after the passage of the Coinage Act , and they were released into circulation on May 20 . Dies prepared for copper @-@ nickel pieces were used to strike bronze . Sometime during 1864 , Longacre sharpened his design for use in striking the softer bronze pieces , and also added his initial "" L "" . It is not known when this was done ; it may have been as early as May , with the new dies used alongside the old . These bronze pieces are often referred to as "" 1864 @-@ L "" and "" 1864 No L "" . The "" L "" is known on 1863 @-@ dated pieces , in both metals , and on 1864 @-@ dated copper @-@ nickel pieces — some of these issues , all extremely rare , were likely struck at a later date . The bronze cent was immediately accepted by the public , and heavy production of the issue soon alleviated the shortage of cents .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Lightning 's multiple outfits were designed by Isamu Kamikokuryo , the game 's art director , Toshitaka Matsuda , the lead art designer , and Toshiyuki Itahana , a designer who had worked on Final Fantasy IX and the Crystal Chronicles series . The three drew inspiration from character designs done by Amano and the atmospheres of game locations . Matsuda and Itahana also respectively did the character designs for Bhunivelze and Lumina . Tetsuya Nomura returned to design Lightning and Snow 's new looks . Kamikokuryo used the game 's theme of a dying world to create Nova Chrysalia , as well as incorporating cultural and architectural influences from the Middle East , Asia , and London during the Industrial Revolution . Nova Chrysalia was originally conceived as a single island , but as the game 's development advanced , the world grew into its final , four @-@ island configuration . The world 's open design was inspired by MMORPGs such as Final Fantasy XI , described by Abe as a "" tourist guide style "" . Each island was designed to have a definite feel and theme , while their construction was handled by separate small teams , with the content for each area held and quality @-@ controlled by each team . The art team used multiple real world locations as inspiration : Luxerion and Yusnaan were inspired by Paris and Las Vegas , while the Dead Dunes and Wildlands were influenced by Cairo and Costa Rica . The scenery for the final FMV was based on southern Europe .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Dream Lord keeps Amy awake in the TARDIS reality while the Doctor and Rory fall asleep and return to the Leadworth reality . The Dream Lord questions Amy as to whom she would choose between Rory and the Doctor . He states that she must choose between the worlds ; one leads to a peaceful married life with Rory while the other leads to adventure and excitement with the Doctor . Amy returns to Leadworth and rejoins Rory in defending her house from the Eknodine whilst the Doctor is trying to rescue people from Leadworth in a motor @-@ caravan . As Amy believes she is going into labour , Rory is sprayed by the Eknodine and turns to dust . Amy decides that she is willing to risk her own life for the chance of seeing Rory again and concludes the Leadworth reality is false . Amy and the Doctor drive the motor @-@ caravan into the house , leading to their assumed deaths . The three wake up again on the TARDIS where they are congratulated by the Dream Lord , who then reactivates the TARDIS . After the Dream Lord 's departure Amy and Rory are surprised by the Doctor when he directs the TARDIS to self @-@ destruct , apparently killing them all .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The original ending was similar in style to the previous Batman films , which had involved a scene with Alfred in the limousine , the camera tracking upward through the Gotham cityscape , followed by a rooftop shot involving a silhouetted hero ( Batman in the original , Catwoman in Batman Returns ) facing the Bat Signal . When Alfred drives Doctor Chase Meridian back to Gotham she asks him "" Does it ever end , Alfred ? "" Alfred replies , "" No , Doctor Meridian , not in this lifetime ... "" The Bat @-@ Signal shines on the night sky and Batman is standing on a pillar looking ahead . Robin then comes into shot and joins his new partner . They both leap off the pillar , towards the camera . A rough edit of the first half of the scene appears on the special edition DVD , but not in its entirety . The sequence with Batman and Robin at the end of this scene is not to be confused with a commercial for the video game , whose appears in a teaser trailer for the video game , which is on the VHS release of this film , released in the UK on December 3 , 1995 .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"For the second chorus , a new scene of Rihanna is introduced , with Rihanna meeting with her friends , having arrived at her destination , where they eat in restaurant and walk down the street . During the bridge , as Rihanna sings about the difficulties of getting over a failed relationship , scenes of Rihanna partying and talking to her ex @-@ boyfriend on her phone are depicted , which results in her agreeing to meet him as she sings "" Just blame yourself ' cause you blew it / I won 't forget how you do it , my sweet baby / This is where the game ends now / But somehow wanna believe you and me / We can figure it out "" , as she decides that their relationship is worth salvaging . During the final chorus , the singer is shown intimately dancing and partying with her boyfriend , whilst other scenes from the video are intercut . The video ends with a close @-@ up shot of Rihanna against a white backdrop ; when the song 's audio finishes , the singer turns her head to the side and looks into the distance , as the camera pans away .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"By June 1943 , McLachlan had been promoted group captain and given command of No. 73 Wing . He established his headquarters at Goodenough Island , where he was responsible for organising the wing into a fighter formation consisting of No. 76 Squadron ( Kittyhawks ) , No. 77 Squadron ( Kittyhawks ) and No. 79 Squadron ( Spitfires ) . As well as providing local air defence , and fighter escort for Australian bombers , the Kittyhawks were armed with incendiary and general @-@ purpose bombs so that they could engage in ground attack missions , a practice that had already been employed by Commonwealth forces in the Middle Eastern theatre . In August , the wing transferred to Kiriwina , while No. 9 Group 's other combat formation , No. 71 Wing , took over responsibility for Goodenough . Appointed senior air staff officer ( SASO ) at No. 9 Group , McLachlan handed over command of No. 73 Wing to Wing Commander Gordon Steege in October 1943 . Towards the end of his posting to No. 9 Group , McLachlan told its former commander , Air Commodore Joe Hewitt , that the USAAF was "" leaping ahead "" of the RAAF , which was being left to "" clean up the remnants "" of Japanese resistance . He feared that Australian fighter pilots especially would be "" increasingly restless if the Americans took all the fighting plums "" . Barely a year later , morale among senior RAAF fighter pilots had dropped to such an extent that eight of them tried to resign their commissions in the so @-@ called "" Morotai Mutiny "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The journalist John Kifner describes Migration of the Serbs as a "" Balkan equivalent to Washington Crosses the Delaware ... an instantly recognizable [ icon ] of the 500 @-@ year struggle against the Ottoman Turks . "" Professor David A. Norris , a historian specializing in Serbian culture , calls Jovanović 's approach "" highly effective "" , and writes how the stoic attitude of the priests , warriors and peasants reminds the viewer of the historical significance of the migration . He asserts that Migration of the Serbs and similar paintings stimulated a "" revived collective memory "" among the new Serbian middle class , "" transforming ... folk memory into a more modern vehicle for the invention of a new national ideology based on the Serbian struggle for freedom from foreign domination . "" Art historian Michele Facos describes the painting as a celebration of the Serbs ' "" valiant effort to defend Christian Europe against ... the Ottoman Turks . "" The historian Noel Malcolm doubts the historical veracity of depictions of Arsenije leading vast columns of refugees , saying there is no concrete evidence to confirm or deny that the number of migrants exceeded 40 @,@ 000 , as Church leaders claimed .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"What remained of August and most of September was taken up with training , until the regiment received embarkation orders and set sail from Auckland on 23 September . The unescorted transport ships returned to the same harbour the next morning , believing two German cruisers , were in the area . The troops disembarked and it was not until 11 October that they sailed again . This time they reached Wellington on 14 October . Two days later , now part of a large convoy of transport ships , four warships and 9 @,@ 000 men , they sailed again for an "" unknown destination "" . Stopping at Hobart , the New Zealand convoy waited until 1 November to be joined by an Australian contingent , then thirty @-@ eight ships set sail , heading north . With only brief halts to re @-@ coal at Colombo on 15 November and Aden on 24 November , the convoy entered the Suez Canal on 1 December . Four days later , the regiment disembarked at Alexandria . They entrained for Cairo and established their camp on the edge of the desert , in the suburb of Zeitoun . In the following months , the regiment practised their horsemanship , conducted small arms and bayonet training , and learned to construct trenches .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Early roguelikes were developed to be played on text @-@ based user interfaces , commonly UNIX @-@ based computer mainframes and terminals used at colleges and universities before transitioning to personal computers . Games used a mix of ASCII or ANSI characters to represent elements of the dungeon levels , creatures , and items on the level . These games typically included one or two text lines presenting the player 's current status at the bottom of the screen , and text @-@ based menu screens to manage inventory , statistics , and other details . The player 's character was nearly always represented by the @ across text @-@ based roguelikes , which had been chosen by the developers of Rogue to stand for "" where you 're at "" . Other examples would include $ for monetary treasure and D for a dragon . Later games would take advantage of color @-@ based text graphics to increase the variation of creature types , such as a red D for a red dragon that would shoot fire , while a green D could indicate a green dragon that would shoot acid . Players would use the keyboard , using one keypress to enter a command . With modern computer systems , users developed alternate means of displaying the game , such as graphical tilesets and Isometric @-@ based graphical front ends , as well as interfaces that took advantage of keyboard and mouse UI controls .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Miguel covers twelve Latin ballads in Romances , including songs by José Antonio Méndez , Carlos Arturo Briz , Consuelo Velázquez Álvaro Carrillo , Roberto Cantoral , María Grever , Enrique Santos Discépolo , Agustín Lara , and Luiz Bonfá . The latter composer wrote the song "" Manhã de Carnaval "" ( "" Morning of Carnival "" ) in Portuguese , later translated into Spanish by Jesus Maria Arozamena Bersategui as "" Canción de Orfeo "" ( "" Orpheus ' Song "" ) . "" De Quererte Así "" ( "" If I Love You Like This "" ) is a French song ( "" De T 'Avoir Aimée "" ) , originally performed and written by Charles Aznavour , which was translated into Spanish by Alex Marcoriginates . Miguel had covered some of the aforementioned composers ' songs on his previous Romance albums . Miguel covers Manazero 's songs "" Voy a Apagar la Luz / Contigo Aprendí "" ( "" I Am Going To Turn Off The Lights / With You I Learned "" ) and "" Amanecer "" ( "" To Be Awake "" ) . The two original compositions were "" Por Debajo de la Mesa "" ( "" Underneath the Table "" ) by Manzanero and "" Contigo ( Estar Contigo ) "" ( "" To Be With You "" ) by Bebu Silvetti and Sylvia Riera Ibáñez .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Unable to displace Staunton and Dominic Matteo , Bjørnebye agreed to a loan move to Danish side Brøndby IF in 2000 , who finished second in the Danish Superliga with Bjørnebye on the team . He decided to permanently leave Liverpool after returning from the European Championship , accepting a £ 300 @,@ 000 transfer to Blackburn Rovers that reunited him with former manager Graeme Souness . Promotion to the Premier League was achieved in his first year with Rovers , in the process , Bjørnebye scored his only goal for the club on 11 November 2000 , in a 2 – 2 draw against Portsmouth . His final trophy was gained when Blackburn defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2 – 1 in the 2002 League Cup Final . Successive injuries after the cup victory disrupted and eventually ended his career as a footballer . While preparing for the 2002 – 03 season , Bjørnebye fractured his eye socket in a training accident . He complained of double vision , underwent surgery , and was rendered unavailable for seven months . Further injury inflicted during a League Cup match on 17 December 2002 , in a 2 – 0 win against Wigan Athletic escalated , while Bjørnebye was recovering in Norway , necessitating emergency surgery to avert the possibility of foot amputation . Bjørnebye announced his retirement on 11 March 2003 . Blackburn manager Graham Souness reacted to the decision with a statement :",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The remaining expressway portion of SR 54 was replaced by a freeway in two phases in the late 1990s and the 2000s . The first phase corresponded with construction of SR 125 north of Jamacha Boulevard to SR 94 ; construction began in 1996 and was completed in 2003 . The second phase consisted of the construction of the SR 125 toll road and opened on November 19 , 2007 . While California Transportation Ventures owned the franchise on the tolled portion of SR 125 , the interchange with SR 54 was constructed with $ 160 million ( about $ 186 million in 2015 dollars ) of public funding . From 2005 to 2007 , 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 53 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of rock were blasted through in 160 separate explosions to allow for the interchange to be built . The project to convert the HOV lanes to regular mixed traffic lanes was authorized in 2006 . Caltrans determined that the lack of room for law enforcement to pull over those violating the carpool requirements , as well as a missing barrier separating the HOV lanes from regular traffic , made the lanes less effective . As of October 2014 , Caltrans was considering relinquishing the part of SR 54 from the SR 94 junction up to the El Cajon city limits to the County of San Diego .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The tropical depression quickly intensified into early on September 25 as the system continued to organize , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Karen that morning . The strengthening trend was temporarily halted , and Karen remained a weak tropical storm with relatively shallow convection . Late that evening , new bursts of deep convection developed with the storm . Early on September 26 , Karen intensified significantly and an inner core began to develop . That morning , a ragged eye developed and the system strengthened into a hurricane with 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) winds . The intensification trend was short @-@ lived , and the storm leveled off that afternoon as upper @-@ level wind shear increased substantially due to the presence of a nearby tropical upper tropospheric trough . The storm became less organized that evening . Hurricane Karen weakened to a tropical storm as flight data from NOAA Hurricane Hunters confirmed surface winds of 72 mph ( 115 km / h ) and a very large wind field late that evening . Operationally , Karen was classified as a strong tropical storm , but was reclassified as a Category 1 hurricane based on data from the reconnaissance flight late on September 26 and the less organized structure of the storm at that time .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Boulding 's 2007 – 08 season started in better form , when he scored in a 1 – 1 draw with Brentford on the opening day of the campaign , which was followed up with goals in each of Mansfield 's next three league fixtures . Despite his goals , Mansfield were soon at the bottom of the table . The club found some respite from their league form in the FA Cup ; their run started with a 3 – 0 victory against Conference South side Lewes when both Boulding brothers scored , and was followed with a 3 – 2 defeat of another non @-@ league team , Harrogate Railway Athletic , when Boulding scored twice in a televised game . However , Boulding missed a penalty in Mansfield 's next league game as they remained bottom of the table following a goalless draw with Bradford City , before they were knocked out of the FA Cup by Premier League club Middlesbrough in the fourth round once again live on television . Boulding , who hit the crossbar during the game , was pleased with the side 's performance , saying : "" If we can take that sort of performance into the league , we 'll definitely get out of this relegation battle . "" While Boulding 's own goalscoring form continued , Mansfield failed to pick up enough points to stay up . He finished the season with 25 goals , including a hat @-@ trick in his penultimate game against Shrewsbury Town .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The New Zealand Division was temporarily relieved and to cover its replacement by the US Fifth Army , B Squadron was attached to the 4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade , C Squadron to the 5th New Zealand Infantry and A Squadron to the 6th New Zealand Infantry . On the morning of 11 August , C Squadron supported the 23rd Battalion advance from Emboli to the Arno River . B Squadron was positioned in San Vito and A Squadron behind the Pesa River . The regiment withdrew to the divisional area near Castellina on 16 August , moving with the division to Iesi on the Adriatic . Arriving on 29 August , it was transferred to Fano on 5 September . The regiment moved back into the line on 22 September at Rimini , advancing along Route 16 towards Ravenna . On 29 September , all armoured cars were recalled due to heavy rain and poor visibility . Wilder Force was re @-@ formed on 3 October from the dismounted regiment and a machine @-@ gun platoon and it began crossing the Fiumicino River on 15 October . Four days later , Wilder Force was dissolved and the regiment returned to its vehicles . On 21 October , B and C Squadrons attempted to secure the area around Pisignano and were within a mile of the town by the end of the day . Since it was strongly held by the Axis , the 22nd Battalion came forward and the squadrons withdrew .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Many airmen credit their survival at Buchenwald to the leadership and determination of Lamason . Captured pilot Stratton Appleman stated that "" they were very fortunate to have Lamason as their leader "" . Another airman , Joe Moser , stated that Lamason was a great leader whom he would have been glad to follow anywhere he asked . British pilot James Stewart described Lamason as "" a wonderful unsung hero "" . In the book 168 Jump into Hell , Lamason was described as having single @-@ minded determination , selflessness , cold courage and forcefulness in the face of the threat of execution by the camp authorities because he was their leader and said that Lamason quickly established himself as a legendary figure in the airmen 's eyes . In the National Film Board of Canada 1994 documentary , The Lucky Ones : Allied Airmen and Buchenwald , captured pilot Tom Blackham stated that Lamason was not only the senior officer , but also their natural leader . Lamason emerged from Buchenwald with a giant reputation . In the book Destination Buchenwald , Lamason stated that he felt deeply honoured to have been the senior officer during the Buchenwald period .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Jazz Singer had its European sound premiere at the Piccadilly Theatre in London on September 27 , 1928 . According to film historian Rachael Low , "" Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable . "" On January 16 , 1929 , the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered : the German production Ich küsse Ihre Hand , Madame ( I Kiss Your Hand , Madame ) . Dialogueless , it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber . The movie was made with the sound @-@ on @-@ film system controlled by the German @-@ Dutch firm Tobis , corporate heirs to the Tri @-@ Ergon concern . With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film , Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor , Klangfilm , a joint subsidiary of Germany 's two leading electrical manufacturers . Early in 1929 , Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies . As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe , Tobis @-@ Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri @-@ Ergon patents , stalling the introduction of American technology in many places . Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system 's value , Tobis also established its own production operations .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The Japanese experiences off China had helped further develop the IJN 's carrier doctrine . One lesson learned in China was the importance of concentration and mass in projecting naval air power ashore . Therefore , in April 1941 , the IJN formed the First Air Fleet , or Kido Butai , to combine all of its fleet carriers under a single command . On 10 April , Akagi and Kaga were assigned to the First Carrier Division as part of the new carrier fleet , which also included the Second ( with carriers Hiryū and Sōryū ) , and Fifth ( with Shōkaku and Zuikaku ) carrier divisions . The IJN centered its doctrine on air strikes that combined the air groups of entire carrier divisions , rather than individual carriers . When multiple carrier divisions were operating together , the divisions ' air groups were combined . This doctrine of combined , massed , carrier @-@ based air attack groups was the most advanced of its kind in the world . The IJN , however , remained concerned that concentrating all of its carriers together would render them vulnerable to being wiped out all at once by a massive enemy air or surface strike . Thus , the IJN developed a compromise solution in which the fleet carriers would operate closely together within their carrier divisions but the divisions themselves would operate in loose rectangular formations , with approximately 7 @,@ 000 meters ( 7 @,@ 700 yd ) separating each carrier .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"The final type of ammunition developed for the Iowa class were "" Katie "" shells . These shells were born from the concept of nuclear deterrence that had begun to shape the United States armed forces as the Cold War began . To compete with the Air Force and the Army , which had developed nuclear bombs and nuclear shells for use on the battlefield , the US Navy began a top @-@ secret program to develop Mk . 23 nuclear naval shells with an estimated yield of 15 to 20 kilotons . These shells were designed to be launched from the best seaborne artillery platform available , which at the time were the four ships of the Iowa class . The shells entered development around 1953 , and were reportedly ready by 1956 ; however , it is not known whether they were ever actually deployed on the Iowa @-@ class battleships because the US Navy does not confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weapons aboard its ships . In 1991 the US unilaterally withdrew its nuclear artillery shells from service , and Russia responded in kind in 1992 . The US removed around 1 @,@ 300 nuclear shells from Europe and reportedly dismantled its last shells by 2003 .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Despite its vast extent , the collective mass of the Kuiper belt is relatively low . The total mass is estimated to range between 1 / 25th and 1 / 10th the mass of the Earth . Conversely , models of the Solar System 's formation predict a collective mass for the Kuiper belt of 30 Earth masses . This missing > 99 % of the mass can hardly be dismissed , because it is required for the accretion of any KBOs larger than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in diameter . If the Kuiper belt had always had its current low density these large objects simply could not have formed by the collision and mergers of smaller planetesimals . Moreover , the eccentricity and inclination of current orbits makes the encounters quite "" violent "" resulting in destruction rather than accretion . It appears that either the current residents of the Kuiper belt have been created closer to the Sun or some mechanism dispersed the original mass . Neptune 's current influence is too weak to explain such a massive "" vacuuming "" , though the Nice model proposes that it could have been the cause of mass removal in the past . Although the question remains open , the conjectures vary from a passing star scenario to grinding of smaller objects , via collisions , into dust small enough to be affected by solar radiation . The extent of mass loss by collisional grinding , however , is limited by the presence of loosely bound binaries in the cold disk , which are likely to be disrupted in collisions .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Moore 's first solo sculpture exhibition was held at Warren Gallery in London in 1928 . His first retrospective took place at Temple Newsam , Leeds , in 1941 . Moore was given his first major retrospective abroad by the Museum of Modern Art , New York , in 1946 . In 1948 , Moore was one of the featured artists of the Festival of Britain in 1951 and documenta 1 in 1955 . His sculpture and drawings have since been the subject of many museum exhibitions and retrospectives , including the Whitechapel Gallery , London ( 1957 ) ; Tate Gallery , London ( 1968 ) ; Forte di Belvedere , Florence ( 1972 ) ; Tate Gallery and the Serpentine Gallery , London for the occasion of Moore 's eightieth birthday ( 1978 ) ; Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ( 1983 ) ; Yorkshire Sculpture Park , Alex Rosenberg , in dialogue with Helaine Blumenfeld New York ( 1985 ) , Wakefield ( 1987 ) ; Kent Fine Art , New York ( 1986 ) ; Royal Academy of Arts , London ( 1988 ) ; Shanghai Art Museum ( 2001 ) ; National Gallery of Art , Washington D.C. ( 2001 ) ; CaixaForum , Barcelona , ( 2008 ) ; Kunsthal , Rotterdam ( 2006 , travelled to Didrichsen Art Museum , Helsinki in 2008 ) ; Kew Botanical Gardens , London ( 2007 – 08 ) ; Tate Britain ( 2010 ) ; and the Kremlin Museum , Moscow ( 2012 ) .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
""" Lift Up Your Face "" received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the vocals of The Blind Boys of Alabama . C. E 'Jon Moore of The Christian Manifesto praised "" Lift Up Your Face "" , saying "" [ the song ] gets you out of your seat and sticks with you long after the last note has faded "" . In his review of Move , Glenn McCarty of Crosswalk.com regarded "" Lift Up Your Face "" as an exception to a "" ho @-@ hum affair "" of an album and regarded the song as a "" classic Third Day rocker in the vein of ' Consuming Fire ' "" . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout regarded the song as "" edgy "" and the praised the vocal support from The Blind Boys of Alabama . Brian Mansfield of USA Today listed the song as a download pick from Move . Andrew Greer of Christianity Today regarded the song as a "" fiery collaboration with music 's legendary Blind Boys of Alabama "" and "" a hearty charge to look heavenward for lasting hope "" . Lindsay Williams of Gospel Music Channel said the song gives "" a glimpse of the grittiness of [ ' Move ' ] "" , but argued "" there are stronger songs [ on the album ] that would have made for better ' out of the box ' singles "" .",wikitext-103,random_control,False
"Shepard was born July 25 , 1833 in Jamestown in Chautauqua County , New York . He was the second of three sons of Fitch Shepard and Delia Maria Dennis ; the others were Burritt Hamilton and Augustus Dennis . Fitch Shepard was president of the National Bank Note Company ( later consolidated with the American and Continental Note Companies ) , and Elliott 's brother Augustus became president of the American Bank Note Company . Fitch , son of Noah Shepard , was a descendant of Thomas Shepard ( a Puritan minister ) and James Fitch ( son @-@ in @-@ law of William Bradford ) . Delia Maria Dennis was a descendant of Robert Dennis , who emigrated from England in 1635 . Elliott was described in 1897 's Prominent Families of New York as "" prominent by birth and ancestry , as well as for his personal qualities "" . He attended public schools in Jamestown and the college @-@ preparatory University Grammar School ( then located in the City University of New York building ) , and graduated from the university in 1855 . Shepard began studying law under Edwards Pierrepont , and was admitted to the bar in the city of Brooklyn in 1858 .",wikitext-103,random_control,False