title stringlengths 1 251 | section stringlengths 0 6.12k | text stringlengths 0 716k |
|---|---|---|
Anti-ballistic missile | History | History |
Anti-ballistic missile | 1940s and 1950s | 1940s and 1950s
thumb|right|1946 Project Wizard missile
thumb|right|Launch of a US Army Nike Zeus missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.
The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare, the German V-1 and V-2 program of World War II.
British fighters destroyed some V-1 "buzz bombs" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend-lease program, 200 US 90 mm AA guns with SCR-584 radars and Western Electric/Bell Labs computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V-1s that flew into their range.Gregory Canavan, "Missile Defense for the 21st Century" , Heritage Foundation, 2003, p.3
The V-2, the first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched Operation Crossbow to find and destroy V-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance a Spitfire happened upon a V-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands.
A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time, or some sort of weapon with ranges on the order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high-speed computing systems. By the mid-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems.
The American armed forces began experimenting with anti-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. Project Wizard began in 1946, with the aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V-2.
But defences against Soviet long-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of Sputnik, the Earth's first artificial satellite. The US Army accelerated development of their LIM-49 Nike Zeus system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within the US Air Force and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee mutually assured destruction. Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963.
In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low-yield nuclear weapons – 1.7kt boosted fission W25 warheads – launched from ships to very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic Ocean.Nuclear Weapon Archive.org. Argus . Such an explosion releases a burst of X-rays in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be the case, but Argus returned key data about a related effect, the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP). |
Anti-ballistic missile | Canada | Canada
Other countries were also involved in early ABM research. A more advanced project was at CARDE in Canada, which researched the main problems of ABM systems. A key problem with any radar system is that the signal is in the form of a cone, which spreads with distance from the transmitter. For long-distance interceptions like ABM systems, the inherent inaccuracy of the radar makes an interception difficult. CARDE considered using a terminal guidance system to address the accuracy concerns, and developed several advanced infrared detectors for this role. They also studied a number of missile airframe designs, a new and much more powerful solid rocket fuel, and numerous systems for testing it all. After a series of drastic budget reductions during the late 1950s the research ended. One offshoot of the project was Gerald Bull's system for inexpensive high-speed testing, consisting of missile airframes shot from a sabot round, which would later be the basis of Project HARP. Another was the CRV7 and Black Brant rockets, which used the new solid rocket fuel. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Soviet Union | Soviet Union
thumb|V-1000
The Soviet military had requested funding for ABM research as early as 1953, but were only given the go-ahead to begin deployment of such a system on 17 August 1956. Their test system, known simply as System A, was based on the V-1000 missile, which was similar to the early US efforts. The first successful test interception was carried out on 24 November 1960, and the first with a live warhead on 4 March 1961. In this test, a dummy warhead was released by a R-12 ballistic missile launched from the Kapustin Yar, Viewed 26 May 2012. and intercepted by a V-1000 launched from Sary-Shagan. The dummy warhead was destroyed by the impact of 16,000 tungsten-carbide spherical impactors 140 seconds after launch, at an altitude of .
The V-1000 missile system was nonetheless considered not reliable enough and abandoned in favour of nuclear-armed ABMs. Retired V-1000 was used to develop 1Ya2TA sounding rocket, capable of launching 520 kg scientific payload to an altitude of 400 km. A much larger missile, the Fakel 5V61 (known in the west as Galosh), was developed to carry the larger warhead and carry it much further from the launch site. Further development continued, and the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, designed to protect Moscow, became operational in 1971. A-35 was designed for exoatmospheric interceptions, and would have been highly susceptible to a well-arranged attack using multiple warheads and radar black-out techniques.
A-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two-layer system, the A-135. The Gorgon (SH-11/ABM-4) long-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3) short-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975.GlobalSecurity.org. -135 anti-ballistic missile system . |
Anti-ballistic missile | American Nike-X and Sentinel | American Nike-X and Sentinel
Nike Zeus failed to be a credible defense in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide.
By the time it was cancelled in 1963, potential upgrades had been explored for some time. Among these were radars capable of scanning much greater volumes of space and able to track many warheads and launch several missiles at once. These, however, did not address the problems identified with radar blackouts caused by high-altitude explosions. To address this need, a new missile with extreme performance was designed to attack incoming warheads at much lower altitudes, as low as 20 km. The new project encompassing all of these upgrades was launched as Nike-X.
The main missile was LIM-49 Spartan—a Nike Zeus upgraded for longer range and a much larger 5 megaton warhead intended to destroy enemy's warheads with a burst of x-rays outside the atmosphere. A second shorter-range missile called Sprint with very high acceleration was added to handle warheads that evaded longer-ranged Spartan. Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources claimed it accelerated to 8,000 mph (13 000 km/h) within 4 seconds of flight—an average acceleration of 90 g) and had a smaller W66 enhanced radiation warhead in the 1–3 kiloton range for in-atmosphere interceptions.
The experimental success of Nike X persuaded the Lyndon B. Johnson administration to propose a thin ABM defense, that could provide almost complete coverage of the United States. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara referred to it as "Sentinel". McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see cost-exchange ratio), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the USSR had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China.
In the meantime, a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. Difficulties that had already made an ABM system questionable for defending against an all-out attack. One problem was the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) that would give little warning to the defense. Another problem was high altitude EMP (whether from offensive or defensive nuclear warheads) which could degrade defensive radar systems.
When this proved infeasible for economic reasons, a much smaller deployment using the same systems was proposed, namely Safeguard (described later). |
Anti-ballistic missile | Defense against MIRVs | Defense against MIRVs
thumb|right|Testing of the LGM-118A Peacekeeper re-entry vehicles, all eight shot from only one missile. Each line is the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Hiroshima-style weapons.
ABM systems were developed initially to counter single warheads launched from large intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The economics seemed simple enough; since rocket costs increase rapidly with size, the price of the ICBM launching a large warhead should always be greater than the much smaller interceptor missile needed to destroy it. In an arms race the defense would always win.
In addition to the blast effect, the detonation of nuclear devices against attacking intercontinental ballistic missiles produces a neutron kill effect from the strong radiation emitted, and this neutralizes the warhead, or warheads, of the attacking missile. Most A.B.M. devices depend on neutron kill for their effectiveness.
In practice, the price of the interceptor missile was considerable, due to its sophistication. The system had to be guided all the way to an interception, which demanded guidance and control systems that worked within and outside the atmosphere. Due to their relatively short ranges, an ABM missile would be needed to counter an ICBM wherever it might be aimed. That implies that dozens of interceptors are needed for every ICBM since warhead's targets couldn't be known in advance. This led to intense debates about the "cost-exchange ratio" between interceptors and warheads.
Conditions changed dramatically in 1970 with the introduction of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) warheads. Suddenly, each launcher was throwing not one warhead, but several. These would spread out in space, ensuring that a single interceptor would be needed for each warhead. This simply added to the need to have several interceptors for each warhead in order to provide geographical coverage. Now it was clear that an ABM system would always be many times more expensive than the ICBMs they defended against. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 | Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972
Technical, economic and political problems described resulted in the ABM treaty of 1972, which restricted the deployment of strategic (not tactical) anti-ballistic missiles.
By the ABM treaty and a 1974 revision, each country was allowed to deploy a mere 100 ABMs to protect a single, small area. The Soviets retained their Moscow defences. The U.S. designated their ICBM sites near Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, where Safeguard was already under advanced development. The radar systems and anti-ballistic missiles were approximately 90 miles north/northwest of Grand Forks AFB, near Concrete, North Dakota. The missiles were deactivated in 1975. The main radar site (PARCS) is still used as an early warning ICBM radar, facing relative north. It is located at Cavalier Air Force Station, North Dakota. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976 | Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976
The U.S. Safeguard system, which utilized the nuclear-tipped LIM-49A Spartan and Sprint missiles, in the short operational period of 1975/1976, was the second counter-ICBMs system in the world. Safeguard protected only the main fields of US ICBMs from attack, theoretically ensuring that an attack could be responded to with a US launch, enforcing the mutually assured destruction principle. |
Anti-ballistic missile | SDI experiments in the 1980s | SDI experiments in the 1980s
The Reagan-era Strategic Defense Initiative (often referred to as "Star Wars"), along with research into various energy-beam weaponry, brought new interest in the area of ABM technologies.
SDI was an extremely ambitious program to provide a total shield against a massive Soviet ICBM attack. The initial concept envisioned large sophisticated orbiting laser battle stations, space-based relay mirrors, and nuclear-pumped X-ray laser satellites. Later research indicated that some planned technologies such as X-ray lasers were not feasible with then-current technology. As research continued, SDI evolved through various concepts as designers struggled with the difficulty of such a large complex defense system. SDI remained a research program and was never deployed. Several post-SDI technologies are used by the present Missile Defense Agency (MDA).
Lasers originally developed for the SDI plan are in use for astronomical observations. Used to ionize gas in the upper atmosphere, they provide telescope operators with a target to calibrate their instruments. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s | Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s
The Israeli Arrow missile system was tested initially during 1990, before the first Gulf War. The Arrow was supported by the United States throughout the 1990s.
The Patriot was the first deployed tactical ABM system, although it was not designed from the outset for that task and consequently had limitations. It was used during the 1991 Gulf War to attempt to intercept Iraqi Scud missiles. Post-war analyses show that the Patriot was much less effective than initially thought because of its radar and control system's inability to discriminate warheads from other objects when the Scud missiles broke up during reentry.
Testing ABM technology continued during the 1990s with mixed success. After the Gulf War, improvements were made to several U.S. air defense systems. A new Patriot, PAC-3, was developed and tested—a complete redesign of the PAC-2 deployed during the war, including a totally new missile. The improved guidance, radar and missile performance improves the probability of kill over the earlier PAC-2. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Patriot batteries engaged 100% of enemy TBMs within their engagement territory. Of these engagements, 8 of them were verified as kills by multiple independent sensors; the remaining was listed as a probable kill due to lack of independent verification. Patriot was involved in three friendly fire incidents: two incidents of Patriot shootings at coalition aircraft and one of U.S. aircraft shooting at a Patriot battery.
A new version of the Hawk missile was tested during the early to mid-1990s and by the end of 1998 the majority of US Marine Corps Hawk systems were modified to support basic theater anti-ballistic missile capabilities. The MIM-23 Hawk missile is not operational in U.S. service since 2002, but is used by many other countries.
thumb|right|Developed in the late 1990s, the Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile attaches to a modified SM-2 Block IV missile used by the U.S. Navy
Soon after the Gulf War, the Aegis Combat System was expanded to include ABM capabilities. The Standard missile system was also enhanced and tested for ballistic missile interception. During the late 1990s, SM-2 block IVA missiles were tested in a theater ballistic missile defense function. Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) systems have also been tested for an ABM role. In 2008, an SM-3 missile launched from the , successfully intercepted a non-functioning satellite. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Brilliant Pebbles concept | Brilliant Pebbles concept
Approved for acquisition by the Pentagon during 1991 but never realized, Brilliant Pebbles was a proposed space-based anti-ballistic system that was meant to avoid some of the problems of the earlier SDI concepts. Rather than use sophisticated large laser battle stations and nuclear-pumped X-ray laser satellites, Brilliant Pebbles consisted of a thousand very small, intelligent orbiting satellites with kinetic warheads. The system relied on improvements of computer technology, avoided problems with overly centralized command and control and risky, expensive development of large, complicated space defense satellites.
It promised to be much less expensive to develop and have less technical development risk.
The name Brilliant Pebbles comes from the small size of the satellite interceptors and great computational power enabling more autonomous targeting. Rather than rely exclusively on ground-based control, the many small interceptors would cooperatively communicate among themselves and target a large swarm of ICBM warheads in space or in the late boost phase. Development was discontinued later in favor of a limited ground-based defense. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD | Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD
While the Reagan era Strategic Defense Initiative was intended to shield against a massive Soviet attack, during the early 1990s, President George H. W. Bush called for a more limited version using rocket-launched interceptors based on the ground at a single site. Such system was developed since 1992, was expected to become operational in 2010 and capable of intercepting small number of incoming ICBMs. First called the National Missile Defense (NMD), since 2002 it was renamed Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD). It was planned to protect all 50 states from a rogue missile attack. The Alaska site provides more protection against North Korean missiles or accidental launches from Russia or China, but is likely less effective against missiles launched from the Middle East. The Alaska interceptors may be augmented later by the naval Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System or by ground-based missiles in other locations.
During 1998, Defense Secretary William Cohen proposed spending an additional $6.6 billion on intercontinental ballistic missile defense programs to build a system to protect against attacks from North Korea or accidental launches from Russia or China.PBS. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. A Viable Defense? . 28 January 1999.
In terms of organization, during 1993 SDI was reorganized as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. In 2002, it was renamed to Missile Defense Agency (MDA). |
Anti-ballistic missile | 21st century | 21st century
On 13 June 2002, the United States withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and recommenced developing missile defense systems that would have formerly been prohibited by the bilateral treaty. The action was stated as needed to defend against the possibility of a missile attack conducted by a rogue state. The next day, the Russian Federation dropped the START II agreement, intended to completely ban MIRVs.
The Lisbon Summit of 2010 saw the adoption of a NATO program that was formed in response to the threat of a rapid increase of ballistic missiles from potentially unfriendly regimes, though no specific region, state, or country was formally mentioned. This adoption came from the recognition of territorial missile defense as a core alliance objective. At this time, Iran was seen as the likely aggressor that eventually led to the adoption of this ABM system, as Iran has the largest missile arsenal of the Middle East, as well as a space program. From this summit, NATO's ABM system was potentially seen as a threat by Russia, who felt that their ability to retaliate any perceived nuclear threats would be degraded. To combat this, Russia proposed that any ABM system enacted by NATO must be universal to operate, cover the entirety of the European continent, and not upset any nuclear parity. The United States actively sought NATO involvement in the creation of an ABM system, and saw an Iranian threat as a sufficient reason to warrant its creation. The United States also had plans to create missile defense facilities, but NATO officials feared that it would have provided protection to Europe, it would have detracted from the responsibility of NATO for collective defense. The officials also argued the potential prospect of U.S-commanded operation system that would work in conjunction with the Article 5 defense of NATO.
On 15 December 2016, the US Army SMDC had a successful test of a U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket, to be used as a target for exercising various anti-ballistic missile scenarios. The rocket was launched as part of NASA's sounding rocket program, at White Sands Missile Range.U.S. Army announces successful test of U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket accessdate=2017-01-08
In November 2020, the US successfully destroyed a dummy ICBM. The ICBM was launched from Kwajalein Atoll Richard F. Pittenger and Robert B. Gagosian (Dec 2003) Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military "Military planners should begin to consider potential abrupt
climate change scenarios and their impacts on national defense."
David Vergun (22 April 2021) Defense Secretary Calls Climate Change an Existential Threat
Chris D’Angelo and Alexander C. Kaufman (01/18/2019) Pentagon Confirms Climate Change Is A National Security Threat, Contradicting Trump 79 Military installations; " 'Air Force's $1 billion radar installation on a Marshall Islands atoll 'is projected to be underwater within two decades'."
Scott Waldman, E&E News (1 March 2018) Key Missile Defense Installation Will be Uninhabitable in Less Than 20 Years :Rising seas will ruin Kwajalein Atoll site where 1,300 work and live in the general direction of Hawaii, triggering a satellite warning to a Colorado Air Force base, which then contacted the . The ship launched a SM-3 Block IIA missile to destroy the US dummy, still outside the atmosphere. |
Anti-ballistic missile | See also | See also
2010 Chinese anti-ballistic missile test
Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System
Atmospheric entry
Command systems in the United States Army
Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems
Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
Kinetic kill vehicle
Missile defense
Anti-torpedo torpedoes
Multiple Kill Vehicle
National Missile Defense
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear warfare
Safeguard/Sentinel ABM system
Spartan (missile)
Sprint (missile)
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
Intercontinental ballistic missile |
Anti-ballistic missile | Notes | Notes |
Anti-ballistic missile | Citations | Citations |
Anti-ballistic missile | General sources | General sources
Murdock, Clark A. (1974), Defense Policy Formation: A Comparative Analysis of the McNamara Era. SUNY Press. |
Anti-ballistic missile | Further reading | Further reading
Laura Grego and David Wright, "Broken Shield: Missiles designed to destroy incoming nuclear warheads fail frequently in tests and could increase global risk of mass destruction", Scientific American, vol. 320, no. no. 6 (June 2019), pp. 62–67. "Current U.S. missile defense plans are being driven largely by technology, politics and fear. Missile defenses will not allow us to escape our vulnerability to nuclear weapons. Instead large-scale developments will create barriers to taking real steps toward reducing nuclear risks—by blocking further cuts in nuclear arsenals and potentially spurring new deployments." (p. 67.) |
Anti-ballistic missile | External links | External links
Article on Missile Threat Shift to the Black Sea region
Video of the Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor missile system test by India
Video of the Exo-Atmospheric interceptor missile system test by India
Center for Defense Information
Federation of American Scientists
MissileThreat.com
Stanley R. Mickelson Safeguard complex
History of U.S. Air Defense Systems
Category:Missile defense
Category:Missile types
Category:Soviet inventions
Category:Surface-to-air missiles |
Anti-ballistic missile | Table of Content | short description, Current counter-ICBM systems, American plans for Central European site, Current tactical systems{{anchor, People's Republic of China, Historical Project 640, Operational Chinese systems, Europe, Aster, HYDIS², EU HYDEF, India, Iran, Israel, Arrow 2, Arrow 3, David’s sling, Japan, Soviet Union/Russian Federation, United States, Republic of China, South Korea, History, 1940s and 1950s, Canada, Soviet Union, American Nike-X and Sentinel, Defense against MIRVs, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976, SDI experiments in the 1980s, Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s, Brilliant Pebbles concept, Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD, 21st century, See also, Notes, Citations, General sources, Further reading, External links |
August 29 | pp-move | |
August 29 | Events | Events |
August 29 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine Malta.
1009 – Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire, which destroys the building on the day of its inauguration.
1219 – The Battle of Fariskur occurs during the Fifth Crusade.
1261 – Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV, becoming the 182nd pope.
1315 – Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered.
1350 – Battle of Winchelsea (or Les Espagnols sur Mer): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
1475 – The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between the kingdoms of France and England.
1484 – Pope Innocent VIII succeeds Pope Sixtus IV.
1498 – Vasco da Gama decides to depart Calicut and return to the Kingdom of Portugal.
1521 – The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
1526 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
1541 – The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
1588 – Toyotomi Hideyoshi issues a nationwide sword hunting ordinance, disarming the peasantry so as to firmly separate the samurai and commoner classes, prevent peasant uprisings, and further centralise his own power. For date conversion, see |
August 29 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1604 – The Guru Granth Sahib is fully compiled and completed by Guru Arjan.
1728 – The city of Nuuk in Greenland is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by the royal governor Claus Paarss.
1741 – The eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami: At least 2,000 people along the Japanese coast drown in a tsunami caused by the eruption of Oshima.
1756 – Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War in Europe.
1758 – The Treaty of Easton establishes the first American Indian reservation, at Indian Mills, New Jersey, for the Lenape.
1778 – American Revolutionary War: British and American forces battle indecisively at the Battle of Rhode Island.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: American forces battle and defeat the British and Iroquois forces at the Battle of Newtown.
1786 – Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
1807 – British troops under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat a Danish militia outside Copenhagen in the Battle of Køge.
1825 – Portuguese and Brazilian diplomats sign the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, which has Portugal recognise Brazilian independence, formally ending the Brazilian war of independence. The treaty will be ratified by the King of Portugal three months later.
1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
1842 – Treaty of Nanking signing ends the First Opium War.
1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries gives Federal forces control of Pamlico Sound.
1869 – The Mount Washington Cog Railway opens, making it the world's first mountain-climbing rack railway.
1871 – Emperor Meiji orders the abolition of the han system and the establishment of prefectures as local centers of administration. (Traditional Japanese date: July 14, 1871).
1885 – Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle with an internal combustion engine, the Reitwagen.
1898 – The Goodyear tire company is founded in Akron, Ohio. |
August 29 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1903 – The , the last of the five s, is launched.
1907 – The Quebec Bridge collapses during construction, killing 75 workers.
1910 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, becomes effective, officially starting the period of Japanese rule in Korea.
1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.
1911 – The Canadian Naval Service becomes the Royal Canadian Navy.Gilbert Norman Tucker The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official History Ottawa, 1952
1912 – A typhoon strikes China, killing at least 50,000 people.
1914 – World War I: Start of the Battle of St. Quentin in which the French Fifth Army counter-attacked the invading Germans at Saint-Quentin, Aisne.
1915 – US Navy salvage divers raise , the first U.S. submarine sunk in an accident.
1916 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.
1918 – World War I: Bapaume taken by the New Zealand Division in the Hundred Days Offensive.
1930 – The last 36 remaining inhabitants of St Kilda are voluntarily evacuated to other parts of Scotland.
1941 – World War II: Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is occupied by Nazi Germany following an occupation by the Soviet Union.
1943 – World War II: German-occupied Denmark scuttles most of its navy; Germany dissolves the Danish government.
1944 – World War II: Slovak National Uprising takes place as 60,000 Slovak troops turn against the Nazis.
1948 – Northwest Airlines Flight 421 crashes in Fountain City, Wisconsin, killing all 37 aboard.
1949 – Soviet atomic bomb project: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, known as First Lightning or Joe 1, at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
1950 – Korean War: British Commonwealth Forces Korea arrives to bolster the US presence.
1952 – American experimental composer John Cage's 4’33” premieres at Maverick Concert Hall, played by American pianist David Tudor.
1958 – United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
1960 – Air France Flight 343 crashes on approach to Yoff Airport in Senegal, killing all 63 aboard.
1965 – The Gemini V spacecraft returns to Earth, landing in the Atlantic Ocean.
1966 – The Beatles perform their last concert before paying fans at Candlestick Park in San Francisco.
1966 – Leading Egyptian thinker Sayyid Qutb is executed for plotting the assassination of President Gamal Abdel Nasser.
1970 – Chicano Moratorium against the Vietnam War, East Los Angeles, California. Police riot kills three people, including journalist Rubén Salazar.
1975 – El Tacnazo: Francisco Morales Bermúdez, Peruvian Prime Minister carries out a coup d'état in the city of Tacna, forcing the sitting President of Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado, to resign and assuming his place as the new President.
1982 – Meitnerium, a synthetic chemical element with the atomic number 109, is first synthesized at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.
1987 – Odaeyang mass suicide: Thirty-three individuals linked to a religious cult are found dead in the attic of a cafeteria in Yongin, South Korea. Investigators attribute their deaths to a murder-suicide pact.
1991 – Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party.
1991 – Libero Grassi, an Italian businessman from Palermo, is killed by the Sicilian Mafia after taking a solitary stand against their extortion demands.
1996 – Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashes into a mountain on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, killing all 141 aboard.
1997 – Netflix is launched as an internet DVD rental service.
1997 – At least 98 villagers are killed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.
1998 – Eighty people are killed when Cubana de Aviación Flight 389 crashes during a rejected takeoff from the Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito, Ecuador.
2001 – Four people are killed when Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261 crashes into the N-340 highway near Málaga Airport.
2003 – Sayed Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, the Shia Muslim leader in Iraq, is assassinated in a terrorist bombing, along with nearly 100 worshippers as they leave a mosque in Najaf.
2005 – Hurricane Katrina devastates much of the U.S. Gulf Coast from Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle, killing up to 1,836 people and causing $125 billion in damage.
2012 – At least 26 Chinese miners are killed and 21 missing after a blast in the Xiaojiawan coal mine, located at Panzhihua, Sichuan Province.
2012 – The XIV Paralympic Games open in London, England, United Kingdom.
2020 – 2020 Women's FA Community Shield.
2022 – Russo-Ukrainian War: Ukraine begins its southern counteroffensive in the Kherson Oblast, eventually culminating in the liberation of the city of Kherson. |
August 29 | Births | Births |
August 29 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
979 – Otto (or Eudes), French nobleman (d. 1045)
1321 – John of Artois, French nobleman (d. 1387)
1347 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (d. 1375)
1434 – Janus Pannonius, Hungarian bishop and poet (d. 1472)
1514 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1577)
1534 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
1597 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645) |
August 29 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1619 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1683)
1628 – John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1701)
1632 – John Locke, English physician and philosopher (d. 1704)
1724 – Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and author (d. 1803)
1725 – Charles Townshend, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1767)
1728 – Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, electress of Bavaria (d. 1797)
1756 – Jan Śniadecki, Polish mathematician and astronomer (d. 1830)
1756 – Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Austrian general and politician (d. 1845)
1772 – James Finlayson, Scottish Quaker (d. 1852)Brian D. J. Denoon: Finlayson, James (1772–1852), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
1777 – Hyacinth, Russian religious leader, founded Sinology (d. 1853)
1780 – Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, French painter and illustrator (d. 1867)
1792 – Charles Grandison Finney, American minister and author (d. 1875)
1805 – Frederick Denison Maurice, English priest, theologian, and author (d. 1872)
1809 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., American physician and author (d. 1894)
1810 – Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentine theorist and diplomat (d. 1884)
1813 – Henry Bergh, American activist, founded the ASPCA (d. 1888)National Cyclopedia of American Biography: Volume 3. New York: James White and Co., 1893; p. 106.
1842 – Alfred Shaw, English cricketer, rugby player, and umpire (d. 1907)
1843 – David B. Hill, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of New York (d. 1910)
1844 – Edward Carpenter, English anthologist and poet (d. 1929)
1854 – William C. White, American Seventh-day Adventist Church minister (d. 1937)
1857 – Sandford Schultz, English cricketer (d. 1937)
1861 – Byron G. Harlan, American singer (d. 1936)
1862 – Andrew Fisher, Scottish-Australian politician and diplomat, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
1862 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
1871 – Albert François Lebrun, French engineer and politician, 15th President of France (d. 1950)
1875 – Leonardo De Lorenzo, Italian flute player and educator (d. 1962)
1876 – Charles F. Kettering, American engineer and businessman, founded Delco Electronics (d. 1958)
1876 – Kim Koo, South Korean politician, 6th President of The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (d. 1949)
1879 – Han Yong-un, Korean independence activist, reformer, and poet (d. 1944)
1887 – Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Indian physicians and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Gujarat (d. 1978)
1888 – Salme Dutt, Estonian-English politician (d. 1964)
1890 – Peder Furubotn, Norwegian Communist and anti-Nazi Resistance leader (d. 1975)
1891 – Marquis James, American journalist and author (d. 1955)
1898 – Preston Sturges, American director and producer (d. 1959) |
August 29 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – Aurèle Joliat, Canadian ice hockey player and referee (d. 1986)
1904 – Werner Forssmann, German physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
1905 – Dhyan Chand, Indian field hockey player (d. 1979)
1905 – Arndt Pekurinen, Finnish activist (d. 1941)
1910 – Vivien Thomas, American surgeon and academic (d. 1985)
1911 – John Charnley, British orthopedic surgeon (d. 1982)
1912 – Sohn Kee-chung, South Korean runner (d. 2002)
1912 – Barry Sullivan, American actor (d. 1994)
1912 – Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian-English cinematographer and photographer (d. 2016)
1913 – Len Butterfield, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999)
1913 – Jackie Mitchell, American baseball pitcher (d. 1987)
1915 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)
1915 – Nathan Pritikin, American nutritionist and author (d. 1985)
1916 – Luther Davis, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 2008)
1917 – Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004)
1920 – Otis Boykin, American inventor and engineer (d. 1982)
1920 – Charlie Parker, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1955)
1920 – Herb Simpson, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1921 – Iris Apfel, American businesswoman, interior designer, and philanthropist (d. 2024)
1922 – Arthur Anderson, American actor (d. 2016)
1922 – Richard Blackwell, American actor, fashion designer, and critic (d. 2008)
1922 – John Edward Williams, American author and educator (d. 1994)
1923 – Richard Attenborough, English actor, director, and producer (d. 2014)
1924 – Dinah Washington, American singer and pianist (d. 1963)
1926 – Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic
1926 – René Depestre, Haitian writer
1926 – Donn Fendler, American author and speaker (d. 2016)
1926 – Betty Lynn, American actress (d. 2021)
1927 – Jimmy C. Newman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014)
1928 – Herbert Meier, Swiss author and translator (d. 2018)
1929 – Thom Gunn, English-American poet and academic (d. 2004)
1930 – Jacques Bouchard, Canadian businessman (d. 2006)
1930 – Carlos Loyzaga, Filipino basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
1931 – Stelios Kazantzidis, Greek singer and guitarist (d. 2001)
1931 – Lise Payette, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2018)
1933 – Sorel Etrog, Romanian-Canadian sculptor, painter, and illustrator (d. 2014)
1933 – Arnold Koller, Swiss politician
1934 – Dimitris Papamichael, Greek actor and director (d. 2004)
1935 – Hugo Brandt Corstius, Dutch linguist and author (d. 2014)
1935 – William Friedkin, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2023)
1935 – László Garai, Hungarian psychologist and scholar (d. 2019)
1936 – John McCain, American captain and politician (d. 2018)
1937 – James Florio, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 49th Governor of New Jersey (d. 2022)
1938 – Elliott Gould, American actor and producer
1938 – Angela Huth, English journalist and author
1938 – Christian Müller, German footballer and manager
1938 – Robert Rubin, American lawyer and politician, 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury
1939 – Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek, Hungarian discus thrower and shot putter (d. 2022)
1939 – Joel Schumacher, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2020)
1940 – James Brady, American politician and activist, 15th White House Press Secretary (d. 2014)
1940 – Gary Gabelich, American race car driver (d. 1984)
1941 – Robin Leach, English journalist and television host (d. 2018)
1942 – James Glennon, American cinematographer (d. 2006)
1942 – Gottfried John, German actor (d. 2014)
1942 – Sterling Morrison, American singer and guitarist (d. 1995)
1943 – Mohamed Amin, Kenyan photographer and journalist (d. 1996)
1943 – Dick Halligan, American pianist and composer (d. 2022)
1943 – Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
1945 – Chris Copping, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1945 – Wyomia Tyus, American sprinter
1946 – Bob Beamon, American long jumper
1946 – Francine D. Blau, American economist and academic
1946 – Demetris Christofias, Cypriot businessman and politician, 6th President of Cyprus (d. 2019)
1946 – Warren Jabali, American basketball player (d. 2012)
1946 – Giorgio Orsoni, Italian lawyer and politician, 17th Mayor of Venice
1947 – Temple Grandin, American ethologist, academic, and author
1947 – James Hunt, English race car driver and sportscaster (d. 1993)
1948 – Robert S. Langer, American chemical engineer, entrepreneur, and academic
1949 – Stan Hansen, American wrestler and actor
1949 – Darnell Hillman, American basketball player
1950 – Doug DeCinces, American baseball player
1950 – Frank Henenlotter, American director and screenwriter
1950 – Dave Reichert, American soldier and politician
1950 – Aki Yashiro, Japanese singer (d. 2023)
1951 – Geoff Whitehorn, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1952 – Karen Hesse, American author and poet
1952 – Dave Malone, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1952 – Don Schlitz, American Hall of Fame country music songwriter
1952 – Deborah Van Valkenburgh, American actress
1953 – David Boaz, American businessman and author
1953 – Richard Harding, English rugby union player
1953 – James Quesada, Nicaraguan-American anthropologist and academic
1954 – Michael P. Kube-McDowell, American journalist, author, and academic
1955 – Diamanda Galás, American singer-songwriter and pianist
1955 – Jack Lew, American lawyer and politician, 25th White House Chief of Staff
1956 – Mark Morris, American dancer and choreographer
1956 – Eddie Murray, American football player
1956 – Charalambos Xanthopoulos, Greek footballer
1956 – Steve Yarbrough, American novelist and short story writer
1957 – Jerry D. Bailey, American jockey and sportscaster
1957 – Grzegorz Ciechowski, Polish singer-songwriter, film music composer (d. 2001)
1958 – Lenny Henry, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter
1958 – Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter, producer, dancer, and actor (d. 2009)
1959 – Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
1959 – Ramón Díaz, Argentine footballer and manager
1959 – Ray Elgaard, Canadian football player
1959 – Chris Hadfield, Canadian colonel, pilot, and astronaut
1959 – Eddi Reader, Scottish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1959 – Timothy Shriver, American businessman and activist
1959 – Stephen Wolfram, English-American physicist and mathematician
1959 – Nagarjuna, Indian film actor, Producer and Businessman
1960 – Todd English, American chef and author
1960 – Tony MacAlpine, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
1961 – Carsten Fischer, German field hockey player
1961 – Rodney McCray, American basketball player
1962 – Carl Banks, American football player and sportscaster
1962 – Hiroki Kikuta, Japanese game designer and composer
1962 – Ian James Corlett, Canadian voice actor, writer, producer and author
1962 – Simon Thurley, English historian and academic
1962 – Richard Angelo, American serial killer and poisoner
1963 – Elizabeth Fraser, Scottish singer-songwriter
1964 – Perri "Pebbles" Reid, American dance-pop and urban contemporary singer-songwriter
1964 – Zisis Tsekos, Greek footballer
1965 – Will Perdue, American basketball player and sportscaster
1965 – Geir-Inge Sivertsen, Norwegian politician and engineer, Norwegian Minister of Fisheries and Seafood
1966 – Jörn Großkopf, German footballer and manager
1967 – Neil Gorsuch, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1967 – Anton Newcombe, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1968 – Meshell Ndegeocello, German-American singer-songwriter
1969 – Joe Swail, Northern Irish snooker player
1969 – Jennifer Crittenden, American screenwriter and producer
1969 – Lucero, Mexican singer, songwriter, actress, and television host
1971 – Henry Blanco, Venezuelan baseball player and coach
1971 – Alex Griffin, English bass player
1971 – Carla Gugino, American actress
1972 – Amanda Marshall, Canadian singer-songwriter
1972 – Bae Yong-joon, South Korean actor
1973 – Vincent Cavanagh, English singer and guitarist
1973 – Olivier Jacque, French motorcycle racer
1974 – Kumi Tanioka, Japanese keyboard player and composer
1975 – Dante Basco, American actor
1975 – Kyle Cook, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1976 – Stephen Carr, Irish footballer
1976 – Phil Harvey, English manager
1976 – Kevin Kaesviharn, American football player
1976 – Georgios Kalaitzis, Greek basketball player
1976 – Pablo Mastroeni, Argentine-American soccer player and manager
1976 – Jon Dahl Tomasson, Danish footballer and manager
1977 – Cayetano, Greek DJ and producer
1977 – Devean George, American basketball player
1977 – John Hensley, American actor
1977 – John Patrick O'Brien, American soccer player
1977 – Roy Oswalt, American baseball player
1977 – Charlie Pickering, Australian comedian and radio host
1977 – Aaron Rowand, American baseball player and sportscaster
1978 – Volkan Arslan, German-Turkish footballer
1978 – Celestine Babayaro, Nigerian footballer
1979 – Stijn Devolder, Belgian cyclist
1979 – Kristjan Rahnu, Estonian decathlete
1979 – Ryan Shealy, American baseball player
1980 – Chris Simms, American football player
1980 – David West, American basketball player
1981 – Martin Erat, Czech ice hockey player
1981 – Geneviève Jeanson, Canadian cyclist
1981 – Jay Ryan, New Zealand-Australian actor and producer
1982 – Ruhila Adatia-Sood, Kenyan journalist and radio host (d. 2013)
1982 – Carlos Delfino, Argentine–Italian basketball player
1982 – Yakhouba Diawara, French basketball player
1982 – Vincent Enyeama, Nigerian footballer
1983 – Jennifer Landon, American actress
1983 – Antti Niemi, Finnish ice hockey player
1983 – Anthony Recker, American baseball player
1986 – Hajime Isayama, Japanese illustrator
1986 – Lea Michele, American actress and singer
1987 – Tony Kane, Irish footballer
1989 – Charlotte Ritchie, English actress
1990 – Jakub Kosecki, Polish footballer
1990 – Chris Taylor, American baseball player
1990 – Patrick van Aanholt, Dutch footballer
1991 – Néstor Araujo, Mexican footballer
1991 – Deshaun Thomas, American basketball player
1992 – Mallu Magalhães, Brazilian singer-songwriter
1992 – Noah Syndergaard, American baseball player
1993 – Lucas Cruikshank, American YouTuber and actor
1993 – Liam Payne, English singer-songwriter from One Direction (d. 2024)
1994 – Ysaline Bonaventure, Belgian tennis player
1996 – Daryll Neita, British sprinter |
August 29 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 29 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
886 – Basil I, Byzantine emperor (b. 811)
892 – Theodora of Thessaloniki, Byzantine nun and saint (b. 812)
939 – Wang Jipeng, Chinese emperor of Min
939 – Li Chunyan, Chinese empress
956 – Fu the Elder, Chinese empress
979 – Abu Taghlib, Hamdanid emir
1021 – Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Japanese nobleman (b. 948)
1046 – Gerard of Csanád Venetian monk and Hungarian bishop (b.980)
1093 – Hugh I, duke of Burgundy (b. 1057)
1123 – Eystein I, king of Norway (b. 1088)
1135 – Al-Mustarshid, Abbasid caliph (b. 1092)
1159 – Bertha of Sulzbach, Byzantine empress
1298 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar, English princess (b. 1269)
1315 – Peter Tempesta, Italian nobleman (b. 1291)
1315 – Charles of Taranto, Italian nobleman (b. 1296)
1395 – Albert III, duke of Austria (b. 1349)
1442 – John V, duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
1499 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Florentine painter (b. 1427)
1523 – Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran reformer (b. 1488)
1526 – Louis II, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1506)
1526 – Pál Tomori Hungarian archbishop and soldier (b. 1475)
1533 – Atahualpa, Inca emperor (b. 1497)
1542 – Cristóvão da Gama, Portuguese commander (b. 1516) |
August 29 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1604 – Hamida Banu Begum, Mughal empress (b. 1527)
1657 – John Lilburne, English activist (b. 1614)
1712 – Gregory King, English genealogist, engraver, and statistician (b. 1648)
1749 – Matthias Bel, Hungarian pastor and polymath (b. 1684)
1769 – Edmond Hoyle, English author and educator (b. 1672)
1780 – Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect, co-designed The Panthéon (b. 1713)
1799 – Pius VI, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1717)
1844 – Edmund Ignatius Rice, Irish missionary and educator, founded the Christian Brothers and Presentation Brothers (b. 1762)
1856 – Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck, English author and activist (b. 1778)
1866 – Tokugawa Iemochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1846)
1877 – Brigham Young, American religious leader, 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1801)
1889 – Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian colonel (b. 1815)
1891 – Pierre Lallement, French businessman, invented the bicycle (b. 1843)
1892 – William Forbes Skene, Scottish historian and author (b. 1809) |
August 29 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1904 – Murad V, Ottoman sultan (b. 1840)
1911 – Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (b. 1866)
1917 – George Huntington Hartford, American businessman (b. 1833)
1930 – William Archibald Spooner, English priest and author (b. 1844)
1931 – David T. Abercrombie, American businessman, co-founded Abercrombie & Fitch (b. 1867)
1932 – Raymond Knister, Canadian poet and author (b. 1899)
1944 – Attik, Greek pianist and composer (b. 1885)
1946 – Adolphus Busch III, American businessman (b. 1891)
1946 – John Steuart Curry, American painter and academic (b. 1897)
1951 – Sydney Chapman, English economist and civil servant (b. 1871)
1952 – Anton Piëch, Austrian lawyer (b. 1894)
1958 – Marjorie Flack, American author and illustrator (b. 1897)
1966 – Sayyid Qutb, Egyptian theorist, author, and poet (b. 1906)
1968 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American general (b. 1881)
1971 – Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr., American murderer (b. 1904)
1972 – Lale Andersen, German singer-songwriter (b. 1905)
1975 – Éamon de Valera, Irish soldier and politician, 3rd President of Ireland (b. 1882)
1977 – Jean Hagen, American actress (b. 1923)
1977 – Brian McGuire, Australian race car driver (b. 1945)
1979 – Gertrude Chandler Warner, American author and educator (b. 1890)
1981 – Lowell Thomas, American journalist and author (b. 1892)
1982 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (b. 1915)
1982 – Lehman Engel, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
1985 – Evelyn Ankers, British-American actress (b. 1918)
1987 – Archie Campbell, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1914)
1987 – Lee Marvin, American actor (b. 1924)
1989 – Peter Scott, English explorer and painter (b. 1909)
1990 – Manly Palmer Hall, Canadian-American mystic and author (b. 1901)
1991 – Libero Grassi, Italian businessman (b. 1924)
1992 – Félix Guattari, French philosopher and theorist (b. 1930)
1995 – Frank Perry, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1930)
2000 – Shelagh Fraser, English actress (b. 1922)
2000 – Willie Maddren, English footballer and manager (b. 1951)
2000 – Conrad Marca-Relli, American-Italian painter and academic (b. 1913)
2001 – Graeme Strachan, Australian singer-songwriter & television personality (b. 1952)
2001 – Francisco Rabal, Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2002 – Lance Macklin, English race car driver (b. 1919)
2003 – Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, Iraqi politician (b. 1939)
2003 – Patrick Procktor, English painter and academic (b. 1936)
2004 – Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (b. 1942)
2007 – James Muir Cameron Fletcher, New Zealand businessman (b. 1914)
2007 – Richard Jewell, American police officer (b. 1962)
2007 – Pierre Messmer, French civil servant and politician, 154th Prime Minister of France (b. 1916)
2007 – Alfred Peet, Dutch-American businessman, founded Peet's Coffee & Tea (b. 1920)
2008 – Geoffrey Perkins, English actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1953)
2008 – Michael Schoenberg, American geophysicist and theorist (b. 1939)
2011 – Honeyboy Edwards, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1915)
2011 – Junpei Takiguchi, Japanese voice actor (b. 1931)
2012 – Ruth Goldbloom, Canadian academic and philanthropist, co-founded Pier 21 (b. 1923)
2012 – Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, English historian and author (b. 1953)
2012 – Shoshichi Kobayashi, Japanese-American mathematician and academic (b. 1932)
2012 – Anne McKnight, American soprano (b. 1924)
2012 – Les Moss, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1925)
2012 – Sergei Ovchinnikov, Russian volleyball player and coach (b. 1969)
2013 – Joan L. Krajewski, American lawyer and politician (b. 1934)
2013 – Medardo Joseph Mazombwe, Zambian cardinal (b. 1931)
2013 – Bruce C. Murray, American geologist and academic, co-founded The Planetary Society (b. 1931)
2014 – Octavio Brunetti, Argentine pianist and composer (b. 1975)
2014 – Björn Waldegård, Swedish race car driver (b. 1943)
2016 – Gene Wilder, American stage and screen comic actor, screenwriter, film director, and author (b. 1933)
2018 – James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1936)
2018 – Paul Taylor, American choreographer (b. 1930)
2021 – Ed Asner, American actor (b. 1929)
2021 – Lee "Scratch" Perry, Jamaican reggae producer (b. 1936)
2021 – Jacques Rogge, French orthopedic surgeon, Olympic sailor and the 8th President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1942)
2023 – Mike Enriquez, Filipino broadcaster (b. 1951)
2024 – Johnny Gaudreau, American ice hockey player (b. 1993) |
August 29 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Adelphus of Metz
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
Eadwold of Cerne
Euphrasia Eluvathingal (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
John Bunyan (Episcopal Church)
Sabina
Vitalis, Sator and Repositus
August 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
International Day against Nuclear Tests
Miners' Day (Ukraine)
Day of Remembrance of the Defenders of Ukraine (Ukraine)
Municipal Police Day (Poland)
National Sports Day (India)
Slovak National Uprising Anniversary (Slovakia)
Telugu Language Day (India) |
August 29 | References | References |
August 29 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 29 | Table of Content | pp-move, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
August 30 | redirect | |
August 30 | Events | Events |
August 30 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
1060 – The Mirdasids defeat the Fatimid Caliphate at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, signalling the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimids.
1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake Poyang begins, in which the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders (Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang) meet to decide who will supplant the Yuan dynasty.
1464 – Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II as the 211th pope.
1574 – Guru Ram Das becomes the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master.
1590 – Tokugawa Ieyasu enters Edo Castle. (Traditional Japanese date: August 1, 1590)
1594 – King James VI of Scotland holds a masque at the baptism of Prince Henry at Stirling Castle.Martin Wiggins & Catherine Richardson, British Drama 1533–1642: A Catalogue: 1590–1597, vol. 3 (Oxford, 2013), p. 247. |
August 30 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1721 – The Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia ends in the Treaty of Nystad.
1727 – Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.
1757 – Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf: Russian force under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin beats a smaller Prussian force commanded by Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, during the Seven Years' War.Peter H. Wilson, The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–479.
1791 – sinks after having run aground on the outer Great Barrier Reef the previous day.
1799 – The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the War of the Second Coalition.
1800 – Gabriel Prosser postpones a planned slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia, but is arrested before he can make it happen.
1813 – First Battle of Kulm: French forces are defeated by an Austrian-Prussian-Russian alliance.
1813 – Creek War: Fort Mims massacre: Creek "Red Sticks" kill over 500 settlers (including over 250 armed militia) in Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama.
1835 – Australia: Melbourne, Victoria is founded.
1836 – The city of Houston is founded by Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen.
1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Richmond: Confederates under Edmund Kirby Smith rout Union forces under General William "Bull" Nelson.
1873 – Austrian explorers Julius von Payer and Karl Weyprecht discover the archipelago of Franz Josef Land in the Arctic Sea.
1896 – Philippine Revolution: After Spanish victory in the Battle of San Juan del Monte, eight provinces in the Philippines are declared under martial law by the Spanish Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas. |
August 30 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1909 – Burgess Shale fossils are discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott.
1914 – World War I: Germans defeat the Russians in the Battle of Tannenberg.
1916 – Ernest Shackleton completes the rescue of all of his men stranded on Elephant Island in Antarctica.
1917 – Vietnamese prison guards led by Trịnh Văn Cấn mutiny at the Thái Nguyên penitentiary against local French authority.
1918 – Fanni Kaplan shoots and seriously injures Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, which along with the assassination of Bolshevik senior official Moisei Uritsky days earlier, prompts the decree for Red Terror.
1922 – Battle of Dumlupınar: The final battle in the Greco-Turkish War (Turkish War of Independence).
1936 – The RMS Queen Mary wins the Blue Riband by setting the fastest transatlantic crossing.
1940 – The Second Vienna Award reassigns the territory of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary.
1941 – The Tighina Agreement, a treaty regarding administration issues of the Transnistria Governorate, is signed between Germany and Romania.
1942 – World War II: The Battle of Alam el Halfa begins.
1945 – The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong comes to an end.
1945 – The Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General Douglas MacArthur lands at Atsugi Air Force Base.
1945 – The Allied Control Council, governing Germany after World War II, comes into being.
1959 – South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Dan was elected to the National Assembly despite soldiers being bussed in to vote for President Ngo Dinh Diem's candidate.
1962 – Japan conducts a test of the NAMC YS-11, its first aircraft since World War II and its only successful commercial aircraft from before or after the war.
1963 – The Moscow–Washington hotline between the leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union goes into operation.
1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
1974 – A Belgrade–Dortmund express train derails at the main train station in Zagreb killing 153 passengers.
1974 – A powerful bomb explodes at the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries headquarters in Marunouchi, Tokyo. Eight are killed, 378 are injured. Eight left-wing activists are arrested on May 19, 1975, by Japanese authorities.
1974 – The Third World Population Conference ends in Bucharest, Romania. At the end of the ceremony, the UN-Romanian Demographic Centre is inaugurated.
1981 – President Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Prime Minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar of Iran are assassinated in a bombing committed by the People's Mujahedin of Iran.
1983 – Aeroflot Flight 5463 crashes into Dolan Mountain while approaching Almaty International Airport in present-day Kazakhstan, killing all 90 people on board.
1983 – STS-8: The Space Shuttle Challenger takes off on the first night launch of the shuttle program. Guion Bluford becomes the first African-American in space on this mission.
1984 – STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.
1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.
1992 – The 11-day Ruby Ridge standoff ends with Randy Weaver surrendering to federal authorities.
1995 – Bosnian War: NATO launches Operation Deliberate Force against Bosnian Serb forces.
1998 – Second Congo War: Armed forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and their Angolan and Zimbabwean allies recapture Matadi and the Inga dams in the western DRC from RCD and Rwandan troops.
2002 – Rico Linhas Aéreas Flight 4823 crashes on approach to Rio Branco International Airport, killing 23 of the 31 people on board.
2008 – A Conviasa Boeing 737 crashes into Illiniza Volcano in Ecuador, killing all three people on board.
2014 – Prime Minister of Lesotho Tom Thabane flees to South Africa as the army allegedly stages a coup.
2021 – The last remaining American troops leave Afghanistan, ending U.S. involvement in the war.
2023 – Gabonese coup d'état: After Ali Bongo Ondimba's reelection, a military coup ousted him, ending 56 years of Bongo family rule in Gabon. |
August 30 | Births | Births |
August 30 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
1334 – Peter of Castile (d. 1369)
1574 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian writer and translator (d. 1634) |
August 30 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1609 – Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1644)
1609 – Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (d. 1668)
1627 – Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1705)
1716 – Capability Brown, English landscape architect (d. 1783)
1720 – Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician, founded Whitbread (d. 1796)
1748 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter and illustrator (d. 1825)
1768 – Joseph Dennie, American author and journalist (d. 1812)
1797 – Mary Shelley, English novelist and playwright (d. 1851)
1812 – Agoston Haraszthy, Hungarian-American businessman, founded Buena Vista Winery (d. 1869)
1818 – Alexander H. Rice, American businessman and politician, 30th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)
1839 – Gulstan Ropert, French-American bishop and missionary (d. 1903)
1842 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (d. 1849)
1844 – Emily Ruete/Salama bint Said, also called Sayyida Salme, a Princess of Zanzibar and Oman (d. 1924)
1848 – Andrew Onderdonk, American surveyor and contractor (d. 1905)
1850 – Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino journalist and lawyer (d. 1896)
1852 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
1852 – J. Alden Weir, American painter and academic (d. 1919)
1855 – Evelyn De Morgan, English painter (d. 1919)
1856 – Carl David Tolmé Runge, German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist (d. 1927)
1858 – Ignaz Sowinski, Galician architect (d. 1917)
1860 – Isaac Levitan, Russian painter and illustrator (d. 1900)
1870 – Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia (d. 1891)
1871 – Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand-English physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)
1883 – Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist (d. 1931)
1884 – Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
1885 – Tedda Courtney, Australian rugby league player and coach (d. 1957)
1887 – Paul Kochanski, Polish violinist and composer (d. 1934)
1890 – Samuel Frederick Henry Thompson, English captain and pilot (d. 1918)
1893 – Huey Long, American lawyer and politician, 40th Governor of Louisiana (d. 1935)
1896 – Raymond Massey, Canadian-American actor and playwright (d. 1983)
1898 – Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (d. 1992) |
August 30 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1901 – John Gunther, American journalist and author (d. 1970)
1901 – Roy Wilkins, American journalist and activist (d. 1981)
1903 – Bhagwati Charan Verma, Indian author (d. 1981)
1906 – Joan Blondell, American actress and singer (d. 1979)
1906 – Olga Taussky-Todd, Austrian mathematician (d. 1995)
1907 – Leonor Fini, Argentine painter, illustrator, and author (d. 1996)
1907 – Bertha Parker Pallan, American archaeologist (d. 1978)
1907 – John Mauchly, American physicist and co-founder of the first computer company (d. 1980)
1908 – Fred MacMurray, American actor (d. 1991)
1909 – Virginia Lee Burton, American author and illustrator (d. 1968)
1910 – Roger Bushell, South African-English soldier and pilot (d. 1944)
1912 – Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
1912 – Nancy Wake, New Zealand-English captain (d. 2011)
1913 – Richard Stone, English economist and statistician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
1915 – Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland (d. 2013)
1915 – Robert Strassburg, American composer, conductor, and educator (d. 2003)
1916 – Shailendra, Pakistani-Indian songwriter (d. 1968)
1917 – Dan Enright, American television producer (d. 1992)
1917 – Denis Healey, English soldier and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 2015)
1917 – Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia (d. 1992)
1918 – Harold Atcherley, English businessman (d. 2017)
1918 – Billy Johnson, American baseball player (d. 2006)
1918 – Ted Williams, American baseball player and manager (d. 2002)
1919 – Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist and vaccinologist (d. 2005)
1919 – Wolfgang Wagner, German director and manager (d. 2010)
1919 – Kitty Wells, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012)
1920 – Arnold Green, Estonian soldier and politician (d. 2011)
1922 – Lionel Murphy, Australian jurist and politician, 22nd Attorney-General of Australia (d. 1986)
1922 – Regina Resnik, American soprano and actress (d. 2013)
1923 – Barbara Ansell, English physician and author (d. 2001)
1923 – Charmian Clift, Australian journalist and author (d. 1969)
1923 – Vic Seixas, American tennis player (d. 2024)
1924 – Kenny Dorham, American singer-songwriter and trumpet player (d. 1972)
1924 – Lajos Kisfaludy, Hungarian chemist and engineer (d. 1988)
1924 – Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (d. 2004)
1925 – Laurent de Brunhoff, French author and illustrator (d. 2024)
1925 – Donald Symington, American actor (d. 2013)
1926 – Daryl Gates, American police officer, created the D.A.R.E. Program (d. 2010)
1927 – Bill Daily, American actor and comedian (d. 2018)
1927 – Piet Kee, Dutch organist and composer (d. 2018)
1928 – Lloyd Casner, American race car driver (d. 1965)
1928 – Harvey Hart, Canadian director and producer (d. 1989)
1928 – Johnny Mann, American singer-songwriter and conductor (d. 2014)
1929 – Guy de Lussigny, French painter and sculptor (d. 2001)
1929 – Ian McNaught-Davis, English mountaineer and television host (d. 2014)
1930 – Warren Buffett, American businessman and philanthropist
1930 – Noel Harford, New Zealand cricketer and basketball player (d. 1981)
1931 – Jack Swigert, American pilot and astronaut (d. 1982)
1933 – Don Getty, Canadian football player and politician, 11th Premier of Alberta (d. 2016)
1934 – Antonio Cabangon Chua, Filipino media mogul and businessman (d. 2016)
1935 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2001)
1935 – Alexandra Bellow, Romanian-American mathematician
1936 – Peter North, English scholar and academic
1937 – Bruce McLaren, New Zealand race car driver and engineer, founded the McLaren racing team (d. 1970)
1938 – Murray Gleeson, Australian lawyer and judge, 11th Chief Justice of Australia
1939 – Elizabeth Ashley, American actress
1939 – John Peel, English radio host and producer (d. 2004)
1940 – Jack Biondolillo, American bowler (d. 2021)
1941 – Ignazio Giunti, Italian race car driver (d. 1971)
1941 – Ben Jones, American actor and politician
1941 – Sue MacGregor, English journalist and radio host
1941 – John McNally, English singer and guitarist
1942 – Jonathan Aitken, Irish-British journalist and politician, Minister for Defence Procurement
1942 – John Kani, South African actor
1942 – Pervez Sajjad, Pakistani cricketer
1943 – Tal Brody, American-Israeli basketball player and coach
1943 – Robert Crumb, American illustrator
1943 – Colin Dann, English author
1943 – Nigel Hall, English sculptor and academic
1943 – Jean-Claude Killy, French skier
1943 – David Maslanka, American composer and academic (d. 2017)
1944 – Frances Cairncross, English economist, journalist, and academic
1944 – Freek de Jonge, Dutch singer and comedian
1944 – Molly Ivins, American journalist and author (d. 2007)
1944 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004)
1944 – Alex Wyllie, New Zealand rugby player and coach (d. 2025)
1946 – Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
1946 – Peggy Lipton, American model and actress (d. 2019)
1947 – Allan Rock, Canadian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations
1948 – Lewis Black, American comedian, actor, and author
1948 – Fred Hampton, American activist and revolutionary, chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (d. 1969)
1948 – Victor Skumin, Russian psychiatrist, psychologist, and academic
1949 – Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (d. 2001)
1949 – Don Boudria, Canadian public servant and politician, 2nd Canadian Minister for International Cooperation
1950 – Antony Gormley, English sculptor and academic
1950 – Dana Rosemary Scallon, Irish singer and activist
1951 – Timothy Bottoms, American actor
1951 – Gediminas Kirkilas, Lithuanian politician, 11th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 2024)
1951 – Jim Paredes, Filipino singer-songwriter and actor
1952 – Simon Bainbridge, English composer and educator (d. 2021)
1952 – Wojtek Fibak, Polish tennis player
1953 – Ron George, American businessman and politician
1953 – Lech Majewski, Polish director, producer, and screenwriter
1953 – Horace Panter, English bass player
1953 – Robert Parish, American basketball player
1954 – Alexander Lukashenko, Belarusian marshal and politician, 1st President of Belarus
1954 – Ravi Shankar Prasad, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Communications and IT
1954 – David Paymer, American actor and director
1955 – Jamie Moses, English-American guitarist
1955 – Martin Jackson, English drummer
1956 – Frank Conniff, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
1957 – Gerald Albright, American musician
1958 – Karen Buck, Northern Irish politician
1958 – Fran Fraschilla, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
1958 – Muriel Gray, Scottish journalist and author
1958 – Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist and activist (d. 2006)
1958 – Peter Tunks, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
1959 – Mark "Jacko" Jackson, Australian footballer, actor, and singer
1960 – Ben Bradshaw, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
1960 – Gary Gordon, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1993)
1960 – Guy A. Lepage, Canadian comedian and producer
1962 – Ricky Sanders, American football player
1962 – Craig Whittaker, English businessman and politician
1963 – Dave Brockie, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and bass player (d. 2014)
1963 – Michael Chiklis, American actor, director, and producer
1963 – Sabine Oberhauser, Austrian physician and politician (d. 2017)
1963 – Phil Mills, Welsh race car driver
1964 – Gavin Fisher, English engineer and designer
1964 – Ra Luhse, Estonian architect
1966 – Peter Cunnah, Northern Irish singer-songwriter and producer
1966 – Joann Fletcher, English historian and academic
1966 – Michael Michele, American actress
1967 – Frederique van der Wal, Dutch model and actress
1967 – Justin Vaughan, New Zealand cricketer
1968 – Diran Adebayo, English author and critic
1968 – Vladimir Malakhov, Russian ice hockey player
1969 – Vladimir Jugović, Serbian footballer
1969 – Dimitris Sgouros, Greek pianist and composer
1970 – Carlo Checchinato, Italian rugby player and manager
1970 – Paulo Sousa, Portuguese footballer and manager
1970 – Michael Wong, Malaysian-Chinese singer-songwriter
1971 – Lars Frederiksen, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1971 – Julian Smith, Scottish politician
1972 – Cameron Diaz, American model, actress, and producer
1972 – Pavel Nedvěd, Czech footballer
1972 – Hani Hanjour, Saudi terrorist, hijacker of American Airlines Flight 77 during the September 11 attacks (d. 2001)
1973 – Lisa Ling, American journalist and author
1974 – Javier Otxoa, Spanish cyclist (d. 2018)
1975 – Radhi Jaïdi, Tunisian footballer and coach
1976 – Mike Koplove, American baseball player
1977 – Shaun Alexander, American football player
1977 – Marlon Byrd, American baseball player
1977 – Raúl Castillo, American actor
1977 – Michael Gladis, American actor
1977 – Kamil Kosowski, Polish footballer
1977 – Félix Sánchez, American-Dominican runner and hurdler
1978 – Sinead Kerr, Scottish figure skater
1978 – Cliff Lee, American baseball player
1979 – Juan Ignacio Chela, Argentine tennis player
1979 – Leon Lopez, English singer-songwriter and actor
1979 – Scott Richmond, Canadian baseball player
1980 – Roberto Hernández, Dominican baseball player
1981 – Germán Legarreta, Puerto Rican-American actor
1981 – Adam Wainwright, American baseball player
1982 – Will Davison, Australian race car driver
1982 – Andy Roddick, American tennis player
1983 – Emmanuel Culio, Argentine footballer
1983 – Gustavo Eberto, Argentine footballer (d. 2007)
1983 – Jun Matsumoto, Japanese singer, dancer, and actor
1983 – Simone Pepe, Italian footballer
1983 – Tian Qin, Chinese canoe racer
1983 – Marco Vianello, Italian footballer
1984 – Anthony Ireland, Zimbabwean cricketer
1984 – Joe Staley, American football player
1984 – Michael Grant Terry, American actor
1985 – Duane Brown, American football player
1985 – Richard Duffy, Welsh footballer
1985 – Joe Inoue, American singer-songwriter
1985 – Leisel Jones, Australian swimmer
1985 – Éva Risztov, Hungarian swimmer
1985 – Steven Smith, Scottish footballer
1985 – Eamon Sullivan, Australian swimmer
1985 – Anna Ushenina, Ukrainian chess player
1985 – Holly Weston, English actress
1986 – Theo Hutchcraft, English singer-songwriter
1986 – Lelia Masaga, New Zealand rugby player
1986 – Ryan Ross, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1986 – Zafer Yelen, Turkish footballer
1987 – Johanna Braddy, American actress
1987 – Tania Foster, English singer-songwriter
1988 – Ernests Gulbis, Latvian tennis player
1989 – Simone Guerra, Italian footballer
1989 – Ronald Huth, Paraguayan footballer
1989 – Bebe Rexha, American singer-songwriter
1991 – Seriki Audu, Nigerian footballer (d. 2014)
1991 – Jacqueline Cako, American tennis player
1991 – Liam Cooper, Scottish footballer
1992 – Jessica Henwick, British actress
1994 – Monika Povilaitytė, Lithuanian volleyball player
1994 – Heo Young-ji, South Korean singer
1994 – Kwon So-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter and actress
1996 – Mikal Bridges, American basketball player
1996 – Trevor Jackson, American actor and singer-songwriter
2002 – Fábio Carvalho, Portuguese footballer
2002 – Drake Maye, American football player |
August 30 | Deaths | Deaths |
August 30 | Pre-1600 | Pre-1600
526 – Theodoric the Great, Italian ruler (b. 454)
832 – Cui Qun, Chinese chancellor (b. 772)
1131 – Hervey le Breton, bishop of Bangor and Ely
1181 – Pope Alexander III (b. c. 1100–1105)
1329 – Khutughtu Khan Kusala, Chinese emperor (b. 1300)
1428 – Emperor Shōkō of Japan (b. 1401)
1483 – Louis XI of France (b. 1423)
1500 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (b. 1443)
1580 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (b. 1528) |
August 30 | 1601–1900 | 1601–1900
1604 – John Juvenal Ancina, Italian Oratorian and bishop (b. 1545)
1619 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1535)
1621 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, co-founder of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (b. 1547)
1751 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish physicist and engineer (b. 1661)
1773 – Peshwa Narayan Rao, Prime Minister of Maratha Empire (b. 1755, assassinated)
1856 – Gilbert Abbott à Beckett, English lawyer and author (b. 1811)
1879 – John Bell Hood, American general (b. 1831)
1886 – Ferris Jacobs, Jr., American general and politician (b. 1836)
1896 – Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, Russian politician and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Russia (b. 1824) |
August 30 | 1901–present | 1901–present
1906 – Hans Auer, Swiss-Austrian architect and educator, designed the Federal Palace of Switzerland (b. 1847)
1907 – Richard Mansfield, American actor and manager (b. 1857)
1908 – Alexander P. Stewart, American general (b. 1821)
1928 – Wilhelm Wien, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
1935 – Henri Barbusse, French journalist and author (b. 1873)
1935 – Namık İsmail, Turkish painter and educator (b. 1890)
1936 – Ronald Fellowes, 2nd Baron Ailwyn, English peer (b. 1886)
1938 – Max Factor, Sr., Polish-born American make-up artist and businessman, founded the Max Factor Company (b. 1877)
1940 – J. J. Thomson, English physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
1941 – Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish physicist and engineer (b. 1874)
1943 – Eddy de Neve, Indonesian-Dutch footballer and lieutenant (b. 1885)
1943 – Eustáquio van Lieshout, Dutch priest and missionary (b. 1890)
1945 – Alfréd Schaffer, Hungarian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1893)
1946 – Konstantin Rodzaevsky, Russian lawyer (b. 1907)
1947 – Gunnar Sommerfeldt, Danish actor and director (b. 1890)
1948 – Alice Salomon, German-American social reformer (b. 1872)
1949 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
1951 – Konstantin Märska, Estonian director and cinematographer (b. 1896)
1954 – Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, Italian cardinal (b. 1880)
1961 – Cristóbal de Losada y Puga, Peruvian mathematician (b. 1894)
1961 – Charles Coburn, American actor (b. 1877)
1963 – Guy Burgess, English-Soviet spy (b. 1911)
1964 – Salme Dutt, Estonian-English lawyer and politician (b. 1888)
1967 – Ad Reinhardt, American painter, illustrator, and academic (b. 1913)
1968 – William Talman, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1915)
1970 – Del Moore, American comedian and actor (b. 1916)
1970 – Abraham Zapruder, American clothing manufacturer, witness to the assassination of John F. Kennedy (b. 1905)
1971 – Ali Hadi Bara, Iranian-Turkish sculptor (b. 1906)
1979 – Jean Seberg, American actress (b. 1938)
1981 – Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (b. 1921)
1981 – Mohammad-Ali Rajai, Iranian politician, 2nd President of Iran (b. 1933)
1985 – Taylor Caldwell, English-American author (b. 1900)
1988 – Jack Marshall, New Zealand colonel, lawyer and politician, 28th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1912)
1989 – Seymour Krim, American journalist and critic (b. 1922)
1990 – Bernard D. H. Tellegen, Dutch engineer and academic (b. 1900)
1991 – Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
1991 – Vladimír Padrůněk, Czech bass player (b. 1952)
1991 – Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
1993 – Richard Jordan, American actor (b. 1938)
1994 – Lindsay Anderson, English director and screenwriter (b. 1923)
1995 – Fischer Black, American economist and academic (b. 1938)
1995 – Sterling Morrison, American guitarist and singer (b. 1942)
1996 – Christine Pascal, French actress, director, and screenwriter (b. 1953)
1999 – Reindert Brasser, Dutch discus thrower (b. 1912)
1999 – Raymond Poïvet, French illustrator (b. 1910)
2001 – Govan Mbeki, ANC activist and father of President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki (b. 1910)
2002 – J. Lee Thompson, English-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1914)
2003 – Charles Bronson, American actor and soldier (b. 1921)
2003 – Donald Davidson, American philosopher and academic (b. 1917)
2004 – Fred Lawrence Whipple, American astronomer and academic (b. 1906)
2006 – Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon, New Zealand lawyer and judge (b. 1926)
2006 – Glenn Ford, Canadian-American actor and producer (b. 1916)
2006 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
2007 – Michael Jackson, English author and journalist (b. 1942)
2007 – Charles Vanik, American soldier and politician (b. 1918)
2008 – Brian Hambly, Australian rugby player and coach (b. 1937)
2008 – Killer Kowalski, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (b. 1926)
2009 – Klaus-Peter Hanisch, German footballer (b. 1952)
2010 – J. C. Bailey, American wrestler (b. 1983)
2010 – Alain Corneau, French director and screenwriter (b. 1943)
2010 – Myrtle Edwards, Australian cricketer and softball player (b. 1921)
2010 – Francisco Varallo, Argentine footballer (b. 1910)
2013 – William C. Campbell, American golfer (b. 1923)
2013 – Howie Crittenden, American basketball player and coach (b. 1933)
2013 – Allan Gotthelf, American philosopher and academic (b. 1942)
2013 – Seamus Heaney, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1939)
2013 – Leo Lewis, American football player and coach (b. 1933)
2014 – Charles Bowden, American non-fiction author, journalist and essayist (b. 1945)Library of Congress Name Authority File
2014 – Bipan Chandra, Indian historian and academic (b. 1928)
2014 – Igor Decraene, Belgian cyclist (b. 1996)
2014 – Andrew V. McLaglen, English-American director and producer (b. 1920)
2014 – Felipe Osterling, Peruvian lawyer and politician (b. 1932)
2015 – Wes Craven, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1939)
2015 – Edward Fadeley, American lawyer and politician (b. 1929)
2015 – M. M. Kalburgi, Indian scholar, author, and academic (b. 1938)
2015 – Marvin Mandel, American lawyer and politician, 56th Governor of Maryland (b. 1920)
2015 – Oliver Sacks, English-American neurologist, author, and academic (b. 1933)
2017 – Louise Hay, American motivational author (b. 1926)
2017 – Skip Prokop, Canadian drummer, guitarist and keyboardist (b. 1943)
2019 – Valerie Harper, American actress and writer (b. 1939)
2022 – Mikhail Gorbachev, 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1931)
2024 – Tūheitia Paki, Māori King (b. 1955)
2024 – Fatman Scoop, American rapper, hype man and radio personality (b. 1971) |
August 30 | Holidays and observances | Holidays and observances
Christian feast day:
Alexander of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodoxy)
Blessed Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
Blessed Eustáquio van Lieshout
Blessed Stephen Nehmé (Maronite Church / Catholic Church)
Charles Chapman Grafton (Episcopal Church)
Fantinus
Felix and Adauctus
Fiacre
Jeanne Jugan
Narcisa de Jesús
Pammachius
Theodosius of Oria
August 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Constitution Day (Kazakhstan)
Constitution Day (Turks and Caicos Islands)
Independence Day (Tatarstan, Russia not formally recognized)
International Day of the Disappeared
International Whale Shark Day
Popular Consultation Day (East Timor)
Saint Rose of Lima's Day (Peru)
Victory Day (Turkey) |
August 30 | References | References |
August 30 | External links | External links
Category:Days of August |
August 30 | Table of Content | redirect, Events, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Births, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Deaths, Pre-1600, 1601–1900, 1901–present, Holidays and observances, References, External links |
Acre | short description | thumb|Image comparing the acre (the small pink area at lower left) to other units. The entire yellow square is one square mile; the dark blue area at right represents 100 acres.
The acre ( ) is a unit of land area used in the British imperial and the United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a hectare. Based upon the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, an acre may be declared as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres. The acre is sometimes abbreviated ac but is usually spelled out as the word "acre".National Institute of Standards and Technology (n.d.) General Tables of Units of Measurement. .
Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be ploughed by one man using a team of eight oxen in one day.
The acre is still a statutory measure in the United States. Both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but they differ by only four parts per million (see below). The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.
The acre is used in many established and former Commonwealth of Nations countries by custom. In a few, it continues as a statute measure, although not since 2010 in the UK, and not for decades in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. In many places where it is not a statute measure, it is still lawful to "use for trade" if given as supplementary information and is not used for land registration. |
Acre | Description | Description
One acre equals (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet, or about (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends upon the particular yard on which it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a strip of land sized at forty perches (660 ft, or 1 furlong) long and four perches (66 ft) wide; this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day (a furlong being "a furrow long"). A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre. |
Acre | US survey acres | US survey acres
In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. The US authorities decided that, while the refined definition would apply nationally in all other respects, the US survey foot (and thus the survey acre) would continue 'until such a time as it becomes desirable and expedient to readjust [it]'. By inference, an "international acre" may be calculated as exactly square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement.
Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used (see survey foot and survey yard), so the exact size of an acre depends upon the yard upon which it is based. The US survey acre is about 4,046.872 square metres; its exact value ( m2) is based on an inch defined by 1 metre = 39.37 inches exactly, as established by the Mendenhall Order of 1893.* Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre.National Geodetic Survey, (January 1991), Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983.
Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre (0.016 square metres, 160 square centimetres or 24.8 square inches), is only about a quarter of the size of an A4 sheet or US letter, it is usually not important which one is being discussed. Areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable.Minimum Standard Detail Requirements For ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys. Federick, MD: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. 2021. [The stated maximum allowable "precision" (page 2) is 2 cm and 50 parts per million. An instrument consistently measuring 2 cm short would measure the area of a one international acre square, 63.614907 m on a side, as 4044.3 square metres, 2.6 square metres less than the true value, a far greater discrepancy than the difference between the international and survey acres.]
In October 2019, the US National Geodetic Survey and the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to end the "temporary" continuance of the US survey foot, mile, and acre units (as permitted by their 1959 decision, above), with effect from the end of 2022. |
Acre | Spanish acre | Spanish acre
The Puerto Rican cuerda () is sometimes called the "Spanish acre" in the continental United States.Units: C: cuerda. Russ Rowlett. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. |
Acre | Use | Use
The acre is commonly used in many current and former Commonwealth countries by custom, and in a few it continues as a statute measure. These include Antigua and Barbuda, American Samoa, The Bahamas, Belize, the British Virgin Islands,, Canada, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Grenada, Ghana, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Jamaica, Montserrat, Samoa, Saint Lucia, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, the United Kingdom, the United States and the US Virgin Islands. |
Acre | Republic of Ireland | Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the hectare is legally used under European units of measurement directives; however, the acre (the same standard statute as used in the UK, not the old Irish acre, which was of a different size) is still widely used, especially in agriculture. |
Acre | Indian subcontinent | Indian subcontinent
In India, residential plots are measured in square feet or square metre, while agricultural land is measured in acres. In Sri Lanka, the division of an acre into 160 perches or 4 roods is common.
In Pakistan, residential plots are measured in (20 = 1 = 605 sq yards) and open/agriculture land measurement is in acres (8 = 1 acre) and (25 acres = 1 = 200 ), and . |
Acre | United Kingdom | United Kingdom
Its use as a primary unit for trade in the United Kingdom ceased to be permitted from 1 October 1995, due to the 1994 amendment of the Weights and Measures Act,The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994 HM Government, 1995 where it was replaced by the hectare though its use as a supplementary unit continues to be permitted indefinitely. This was with the exemption of land registration, which records the sale and possession of land; in 2010 HM Land Registry ended its exemption. The measure is still used to communicate with the public and informally (non-contract) by the farming and property industries. |
Acre | Equivalence to other units of area | Equivalence to other units of area
frame|The area of one acre (red) superposed on an American football field (green) and Association football/soccer pitch (blue)
1 international acre is equal to the following metric units:
0.40468564224 hectare (A square with 100 m sides has an area of 1 hectare.)
4,046.8564224 square metres (or a square with approximately 63.61 m sides)
1 United States survey acre is equal to:
0.404687261 hectare
4,046.87261 square metres (1 square kilometre is equal to 247.105 acres)
1 acre (both variants) is equal to the following customary units:
66 feet × 660 feet (43,560 square feet)
10 square chains (1 chain = 66 feet = 22 yards = 4 rods = 100 links)
1 acre is approximately 208.71 feet × 208.71 feet (a square)
4,840 square yards
43,560 square feet
160 perches. A perch is equal to a square rod (1 square rod is 0.00625 acre)
4 roods
A furlong by a chain (furlong 220 yards, chain 22 yards)
40 rods by 4 rods, 160 rods2 (historically fencing was often sold in 40 rod lengths)
(0.0015625) square mile (1 square mile is equal to 640 acres)
Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards ( of 880 yards by of 880 yards), about the size of a standard American football field. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field (without the end zone). The full field, including the end zones, covers about .
For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as rather more than half of a football pitch. |
Acre | Historical origin | Historical origin
The word acre is derived from the Norman, attested for the first time in a text of Fécamp in 1006 to the meaning of «agrarian measure». Acre dates back to the old Scandinavian akr “cultivated field, ploughed land” which is perpetuated in Icelandic and the Faroese “field (wheat)”, Norwegian and Swedish , Danish “field”, cognate with German , Dutch , Latin , Sanskrit , and Greek (). In English, an obsolete variant spelling was aker.
According to the Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches, dating from around 1300, an acre is "40 perches [rods] in length and four in breadth", meaning 220 yards by 22 yards. As detailed in the diagram, an acre was roughly the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day.
Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres. In France, the traditional unit of area was the arpent carré, a measure based on the Roman system of land measurement.
The was used only in Normandy (and neighbouring places outside its traditional borders), but its value varied greatly across Normandy, ranging from 3,632 to 9,725 square metres, with 8,172 square metres being the most frequent value. But inside the same of Normandy, for instance in pays de Caux, the farmers (still in the 20th century) made the difference between the (68 ares, 66 centiares) and the (56 to 65 ca).Raymond Mensire, , 1939, p. 55. The Normandy was usually divided in 4 (roods) and 160 square , like the English acre.
The Normandy was equal to 1.6 , the unit of area more commonly used in Northern France outside of Normandy. In Canada, the Paris used in Quebec before the metric system was adopted is sometimes called "French acre" in English, even though the Paris and the Normandy were two very different units of area in ancient France (the Paris became the unit of area of French Canada, whereas the Normandy was never used in French Canada).
In Germany, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe the traditional unit of area was . Like the acre, the morgen was a unit of ploughland, representing a strip that could be ploughed by one man and an ox or horse in a morning. There were many variants of the morgen, differing between the different German territories, ranging from . It was also used in Old Prussia, in the Balkans, Norway, and Denmark, where it was equal to about .
Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and subsequently the United Kingdom, by acts of:
Edward I
Edward III
Henry VIII
George IV
Queen Victoria – the British Weights and Measures Act of 1878 defined it as containing 4,840 square yards.
Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres (or acres, roods, and perches), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles. For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32,000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land.
The acre is related to the square mile, with 640 acres making up one square mile. One mile is 5280 feet (1760 yards). In western Canada and the western United States, divisions of land area were typically based on the square mile, and fractions thereof. If the square mile is divided into quarters, each quarter has a side length of mile (880 yards) and is square mile in area, or 160 acres. These subunits are typically then again divided into quarters, with each side being mile long, and being of a square mile in area, or 40 acres. In the United States, farmland was typically divided as such, and the phrase "the back 40" refers to the 40-acre parcel to the back of the farm. Most of the Canadian Prairie Provinces and the US Midwest are on square-mile grids for surveying purposes. |
Acre | Legacy units | Legacy units
Customary acre – The customary acre was roughly similar to the Imperial acre, but it was subject to considerable local variation similar to the variation in carucates, virgates, bovates, nooks, and farundels. These may have been multiples of the customary acre, rather than the statute acre.
Builder's acre = an even or , used in US real-estate development to simplify the math and for marketing. It is nearly 10% smaller than a survey acre, and the discrepancy has led to lawsuits alleging misrepresentation.
Feddan - Middle Eastern measurement unit, .
Scottish acre = 1.3 Imperial acres (5,080 m2, an obsolete Scottish measurement)
Irish acre =
Cheshire acre = Holland, Robert. (1886). A glossary of words used in the County of Chester. London: Trübner for the English Dialect Society. p. 3.
Stremma or Greek acre ≈ 10,000 square Greek feet, but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the zeugarion)
Dunam or Turkish acre ≈ 1,600 square Turkish paces, but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the çift)
Actus quadratus or Roman acre ≈ 14,400 square Roman feet (about 1,260 square metres)
God's Acre – a synonym for a churchyard.
Long acre the grass strip on either side of a road that may be used for illicit grazing.
Town acre was a term used in early 19th century in the planning of towns on a grid plan, such as Adelaide, South Australia and Wellington, New Plymouth and Nelson in New Zealand. The land was divided into plots of an Imperial acre, and these became known as town acres. |
Acre | See also | See also
Acre-foot – used in US to measure a large water volume
Anthropic units
Conversion of units
French arpent – used in Louisiana to measure length and area
Jugerum
a Morgen ("morning") of land is normally of a Tagwerk ("day work") of ploughing with an ox
Public Land Survey System
Quarter acre
Section (United States land surveying)
Spanish customary units
Chinese acre |
Acre | Notes | Notes |
Acre | References | References |
Acre | External links | External links
The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 (United Kingdom)
Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States
Category:Imperial units
Category:Surveying
Category:Units of area |
Acre | Table of Content | short description, Description, US survey acres, Spanish acre, Use, Republic of Ireland, Indian subcontinent, United Kingdom, Equivalence to other units of area, Historical origin, Legacy units, See also, Notes, References, External links |
ATP | Wiktionary | ATP may refer to: |
ATP | Science, technology and biology | Science, technology and biology
Adenosine triphosphate, an organic chemical used for driving biological processes
ATPase, any enzyme that makes use of adenosine triphosphate
Advanced Technology Program, US government program
Alberta Taciuk process, for extracting oil from shale, etc.
Anti-tachycardia pacing, process similar to a pacemaker
Assistive Technology Practitioner - Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA)
AT Protocol, an open communications protocol intended for decentralized social networking services
Automated theorem proving, method of proving mathematical theorems by computer programs |
ATP | Companies and organizations | Companies and organizations
Association of Tennis Professionals, men's professional tennis governing body
ATP Tour
American Technical Publishers, employee-owned publishing company
Armenia Tree Project, non-profit organization
Association for Transpersonal Psychology
ATP architects engineers, architecture- and engineering office for integrated design
ATP Oil and Gas, defunct US energy company |
ATP | Entertainment, arts and media | Entertainment, arts and media
All Tomorrow's Parties (festival), UK organisation
ATP Recordings, record label
Alberta Theatre Projects, professional, not-for-profit, Canadian theatre company
Associated Talking Pictures, former name of Ealing Studios, a television and film production company |
ATP | Transport | Transport
British Aerospace ATP, airliner
Airline transport pilot license
ATP Flight School, US
ATP (treaty), UN treaty that establishes standards for the international transport of perishable food
Aitape Airport, Papua New Guinea, IATA code
Anti-trespass panels, meant to deter pedestrians from walking on or adjacent to train tracks
Automatic train protection, system installed in trains to prevent collisions through driver error
Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom), method of beacon based railway cab signalling |
ATP | Economics | Economics
Available-to-promise, responding to customer order enquiries
, a Danish pension
, a Swedish pension |
ATP | Other uses | Other uses
Around-the-post, a term used in the game of pickleball
Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod, created by Lockheed Martin
|
ATP | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Science, technology and biology, Companies and organizations, Entertainment, arts and media, Transport, Economics, Other uses |
Adenosine triphosphate | Short description | alt=A chemical formula|thumb|Interactive animation of the structure of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer.
When consumed in a metabolic process, ATP converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme. An average adult human processes around 50 kilograms (about 100 moles) daily."An average individual with a daily diet of 8000 kJ and a 30% efficiency of turning foodstuffs into chemical energy will synthesize (and hydrolyze) about 50 kg of ATP during 1 day."
From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Structure | Structure
ATP consists of an adenine attached by the #9-nitrogen atom to the 1′ carbon atom of a sugar (ribose), which in turn is attached at the 5' carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group. In its many reactions related to metabolism, the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged, but the triphosphate is converted to di- and monophosphate, giving respectively the derivatives ADP and AMP. The three phosphoryl groups are labeled as alpha (α), beta (β), and, for the terminal phosphate, gamma (γ).
In neutral solution, ionized ATP exists mostly as ATP4−, with a small proportion of ATP3−. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Metal cation binding | Metal cation binding
Polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelating polyphosphate group, ATP binds metal cations with high affinity. The binding constant for is (). The binding of a divalent cation, almost always magnesium, strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins. Due to the strength of the ATP-Mg2+ interaction, ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers.
A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain. The presence of Mg2+ regulates kinase activity. It is interesting from an RNA world perspective that ATP can carry a Mg ion which catalyzes RNA polymerization. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Chemical properties | Chemical properties
Salts of ATP can be isolated as colorless solids.
thumb|upright=1.5|The cycles of synthesis and degradation of ATP; 2 and 1 represent input and output of energy, respectively.
ATP is stable in aqueous solutions between pH 6.8 and 7.4 (in the absence of catalysts). At more extreme pH levels, it rapidly hydrolyses to ADP and phosphate. Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium, with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP. In the context of biochemical reactions, the P-O-P bonds are frequently referred to as high-energy bonds. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Reactive aspects | Reactive aspects
The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP(aq) + (l) = ADP(aq) + HPO(aq) + H(aq)
releases of enthalpy. This may differ under physiological conditions if the reactant and products are not exactly in these ionization states. The values of the free energy released by cleaving either a phosphate (Pi) or a pyrophosphate (PPi) unit from ATP at standard state concentrations of 1 mol/L at pH 7 are:
ATP + → ADP + Pi ΔG°' = −30.5 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol)
ATP + → AMP + PPi ΔG°' = −45.6 kJ/mol (−10.9 kcal/mol)
These abbreviated equations at a pH near 7 can be written more explicitly (R = adenosyl):
[RO-P(O)2-O-P(O)2-O-PO3]4− + → [RO-P(O)2-O-PO3]3− + [HPO4]2− + H+
[RO-P(O)2-O-P(O)2-O-PO3]4− + → [RO-PO3]2− + [HO3P-O-PO3]3− + H+
At cytoplasmic conditions, where the ADP/ATP ratio is 10 orders of magnitude from equilibrium, the ΔG is around −57 kJ/mol.
Along with pH, the free energy change of ATP hydrolysis is also associated with Mg2+ concentration, from ΔG°' = −35.7 kJ/mol at a Mg2+ concentration of zero, to ΔG°' = −31 kJ/mol at [Mg2+] = 5 mM. Higher concentrations of Mg2+ decrease free energy released in the reaction due to binding of Mg2+ ions to negatively charged oxygen atoms of ATP at pH 7.
thumb|This image shows a 360-degree rotation of a single, gas-phase magnesium-ATP chelate with a charge of −2. The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Production from AMP and ADP | Production from AMP and ADP |
Adenosine triphosphate | Production, aerobic conditions | Production, aerobic conditions
A typical intracellular concentration of ATP may be 1–10 μmol per gram of tissue in a variety of eukaryotes. The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism.
ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide, the combination of pathways 1 and 2, known as cellular respiration, produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose.
ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria, which comprise nearly 25% of the volume of a typical cell. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Glycolysis | Glycolysis
In glycolysis, glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate. Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase. Two equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are also produced, which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase. The pyruvate generated as an end-product of glycolysis is a substrate for the Krebs Cycle.
Glycolysis is viewed as consisting of two phases with five steps each. In phase 1, "the preparatory phase", glucose is converted to 2 d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p). One ATP is invested in Step 1, and another ATP is invested in Step 3. Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as "Priming Steps". In Phase 2, two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates. In Step 7, two ATP are produced. Also, in Step 10, two further equivalents of ATP are produced. In Steps 7 and 10, ATP is generated from ADP. A net of two ATPs is formed in the glycolysis cycle. The glycolysis pathway is later associated with the Citric Acid Cycle which produces additional equivalents of ATP. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Regulation | Regulation
In glycolysis, hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate, and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself. The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK), which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP. The inhibition of PFK by ATP is unusual since ATP is also a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by PFK; the active form of the enzyme is a tetramer that exists in two conformations, only one of which binds the second substrate fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). The protein has two binding sites for ATP – the active site is accessible in either protein conformation, but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6P poorly. A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP-induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK, including cyclic AMP, ammonium ions, inorganic phosphate, and fructose-1,6- and -2,6-biphosphate. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Citric acid cycle | Citric acid cycle
In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate (GTP) through substrate-level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase, as succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate, three equivalents of NADH, and one equivalent of FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are recycled (to NAD+ and FAD, respectively) by oxidative phosphorylation, generating additional ATP. The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2–3 equivalents of ATP, and the oxidation of one FADH2 yields between 1–2 equivalents of ATP. The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process. Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because O2 is used to recycle the NADH and FADH2. In the absence of oxygen, the citric acid cycle ceases.
The generation of ATP by the mitochondrion from cytosolic NADH relies on the malate-aspartate shuttle (and to a lesser extent, the glycerol-phosphate shuttle) because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. Instead of transferring the generated NADH, a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate, which is translocated to the mitochondrial matrix. Another malate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite direction, producing oxaloacetate and NADH from the newly transported malate and the mitochondrion's interior store of NAD+. A transaminase converts the oxaloacetate to aspartate for transport back across the membrane and into the intermembrane space.
In oxidative phosphorylation, the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the electron transport chain releases the energy to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping generates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Flow of protons down this potential gradient – that is, from the intermembrane space to the matrix – yields ATP by ATP synthase. Three ATP are produced per turn.
Although oxygen consumption appears fundamental for the maintenance of the proton motive force, in the event of oxygen shortage (hypoxia), intracellular acidosis (mediated by enhanced glycolytic rates and ATP hydrolysis), contributes to mitochondrial membrane potential and directly drives ATP synthesis.
Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol; thus it must be exported from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix. ATP outward movement is favored by the membrane's electrochemical potential because the cytosol has a relatively positive charge compared to the relatively negative matrix. For every ATP transported out, it costs 1 H+. Producing one ATP costs about 3 H+. Therefore, making and exporting one ATP requires 4H+. The inner membrane contains an antiporter, the ADP/ATP translocase, which is an integral membrane protein used to exchange newly synthesized ATP in the matrix for ADP in the intermembrane space. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Regulation | Regulation
The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates, particularly the ratio of NAD+ to NADH and the concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate, ATP, ADP, and AMP. Citrate – the ion that gives its name to the cycle – is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK, providing a direct link between the regulation of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Beta oxidation | Beta oxidation
In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA. The pathway is called beta-oxidation. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. The acetyl-CoA is metabolized by the citric acid cycle to generate ATP, while the NADH and FADH2 are used by oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta-oxidation of a single long acyl chain. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Regulation | Regulation
In oxidative phosphorylation, the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase, which is regulated by the availability of its substrate – the reduced form of cytochrome c. The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates:
which directly implies this equation:
Thus, a high ratio of [NADH] to [NAD+] or a high ratio of [ADP] [Pi] to [ATP] imply a high amount of reduced cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity. An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Ketosis | Ketosis
Ketone bodies can be used as fuels, yielding 22 ATP and 2 GTP molecules per acetoacetate molecule when oxidized in the mitochondria. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2), via the citric acid cycle. Ketone bodies cannot be used as fuel by the liver, because the liver lacks the enzyme β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase, also called thiolase. Acetoacetate in low concentrations is taken up by the liver and undergoes detoxification through the methylglyoxal pathway which ends with lactate. Acetoacetate in high concentrations is absorbed by cells other than those in the liver and enters a different pathway via 1,2-propanediol. Though the pathway follows a different series of steps requiring ATP, 1,2-propanediol can be turned into pyruvate. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Production, anaerobic conditions | Production, anaerobic conditions
Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air. It involves substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain. The equation for the reaction of glucose to form lactic acid is:
+ 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 + 2 ATP + 2
Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors. These include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide. |
Adenosine triphosphate | ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases | ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases
ATP can also be synthesized through several so-called "replenishment" reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs), which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high-energy phosphate donor, and the ATP:guanido-phosphotransferase family. |
Adenosine triphosphate | ATP production during photosynthesis | ATP production during photosynthesis
In plants, ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The process is called photophosphorylation. The "machinery" is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton-motive force. ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in oxidative phosphorylation. Some of the ATP produced in the chloroplasts is consumed in the Calvin cycle, which produces triose sugars. |
Adenosine triphosphate | ATP recycling | ATP recycling
The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mol/L. The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes. Thus, at any given time, the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant.
The energy used by human cells in an adult requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 mol/L of ATP daily, which means a human will typically use their body weight worth of ATP over the course of the day. Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 1000–1500 times during a single day (), at approximately 9×1020 molecules/s.
thumb|An example of the Rossmann fold, a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis () with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor |
Adenosine triphosphate | Biochemical functions | Biochemical functions |
Adenosine triphosphate | Intracellular signaling | Intracellular signaling
ATP is involved in signal transduction by serving as substrate for kinases, enzymes that transfer phosphate groups. Kinases are the most common ATP-binding proteins. They share a small number of common folds. Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate a cascade such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
ATP is also a substrate of adenylate cyclase, most commonly in G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathways and is transformed to second messenger, cyclic AMP, which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores. This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function, although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes. |
Adenosine triphosphate | DNA and RNA synthesis | DNA and RNA synthesis
ATP is one of four monomers required in the synthesis of RNA. The process is promoted by RNA polymerases. A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA, except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP. Like many condensation reactions in nature, DNA replication and DNA transcription also consume ATP. |
Adenosine triphosphate | Amino acid activation in protein synthesis | Amino acid activation in protein synthesis
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids, forming aminoacyl-tRNA complexes. Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP-amino acid to tRNA. The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps:
aa + ATP ⟶ aa-AMP + PPi
aa-AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa-tRNA + AMP
The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3′-end of the tRNA (the A in the sequence CCA) via an ester bond (roll over in illustration). |