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Support for this view comes primarily from weather satellites, which provide the only truly global data, independently confirmed by balloon sondes, and endorsed in a National Research Council report ([1][2]). Also, surface data from U.S. weather stations show the warmest years of the twentieth century as being around 1... |
Climate models all predict a faster warming for the atmosphere than for the Earth's surface. This throws further doubt on the reality of the reported surface warming and lowers our confidence in model-predicted future changes. Independent evidence against current climate models and the IPCC surface record comes from a ... |
Finally, sea-level rise has gone on since the peak of the last Ice Age, and will doubtless continue at the present rate (of ∼18 cm per century) for several more millennia as Antarctic ice continues to melt slowly—independent of any human actions. Quite apart from these scientific points, economists suggest that a moder... |
1. [↵][6]1. National Research Council |
, Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000). |
2. [↵][7]1. S. F. Singer |
, testimony to Senate Commerce Committee (July 18, 2000), [www.sepp.org/NewSEPP/senatetestimony.htm][8]. |
3. [↵][9]1. R. Mendelsohn, 2. J.E. Neumann |
, Eds. The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999). |
4. [↵][10]1. M. Parry 2. et al. |
, Nature 395, 741 (1998)S. F. Singer, Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming's Unfinished Debate , (The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA, ed. 2, 1999), p. 68. |
[OpenUrl][11][CrossRef][12][GeoRef][13][Web of Science][14] |
# Response {#article-title-2} |
Singer makes much of the alleged discrepancy between satellite and surface measurements, and references the National Research Council report ([1][2]). Here is what the Executive Summary of that report says: “In the opinion of the panel, the warming trend in global-mean surface temperature observations during the past 2... |
1. 1. National Research Council |
, Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000). |
# {#article-title-3} |
With its ardent rhetoric about President Bush's caution against immediate action on climate change, Donald Kennedy's editorial undermines the proper role of Science. That role is to provide scientific analyses, not to argue for specific politically derived proposals. To join that fray is to endanger the credibility sci... |
It is the job of policymakers to consider all factors, including economics and international political issues, before setting policies and taking actions. Stephen Schneider of Stanford University, a leading expert in atmospheric research, has said, “Of course, whether to act is not a scientific judgment, but a value-la... |
I am a regular reader of climate-related articles in Science, and it seems they tell us that while progress is being made, much more research remains to be done in the daunting task of understanding the climate system. Science should take a leading role in communicating this progress. It should not pollute this role by... |
1. 1. S. H. Schneider |
, Science 243, 778 (1989). |
[OpenUrl][15] |
[1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1060922 |
[2]: #ref-1 |
[3]: #ref-2 |
[4]: #ref-3 |
[5]: #ref-4 |
[6]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" |
[7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" |
[8]: http://www.sepp.org/NewSEPP/senatetestimony.htm |
[9]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" |
[10]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" |
[11]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D395%26rft.issue%253D6704%26rft.spage%253D741%26rft.atitle%253DAdapting%2Bto%2Bthe%2Binevitable%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F27316%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%... |
[12]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1038/27316&link_type=DOI |
[13]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=1998073316&link_type=GEOREF |
[14]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000076607400024&link_type=ISI |
[15]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.volume%253D243%26rft.spage%253D778%26rft.atitle%253DSCIENCE%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253ActxGut... |
R A healthy microbiota preserves and promotes host wellbeing and absence of disease, especially in the gastrointestinal tract R Initial colonization with ‘pioneer bacteria’ is enhanced by both bacteria and galacto-oligosaccharides in breast milk and the microbiota of the mother. These pioneer bacteria direct the later ... |
Two mental states occurring in black people, thwasa and bewitchment, are differentiated from schizophrenia and catatonic schizophrenia. The aetiology is seen as arising from the relationship of the afflicted individual to his ancestors, i.e. either positive or negative. An important concept of analytical psychology is ... |
Being the cinema, heir of painting, among other arts, it is natural that these two forms of representation have been theorized either by researchers in the field of film studies (Aumont, 2004), visual arts (Manovich, 2005), by filmmakers (Eisenstein, Godard...). Much of this theorization has had the object of studying ... |
Optical Haar wavelet transforms are achieved with liquid crystal (LC) elements: patterned-electrode liquid crystal cells serve as generators of optical Haar wavelets, and LC microlens arrays are used in the fabrication of shadow-casting systems. The phase modulation characteristics of the patterned electrode LC cells a... |
OBJECTIVE |
To investigate the effect of Arg-Gly-Asp peptides (RGD peptides)on the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and the mechanism. |
METHODS |
Using VEC cultured from the arteries of human greater omentum as a model, and detecting the content of VEGF and the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) under different concentration of RGD. |
RESULTS |
After incubation with 100-300 mg/ml of RGD peptide for 24h, the VEGF content and the activity of PKC in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01). |
CONCLUSION |
The stimulation of RGD peptide to the secretion of VEGF from VEC is in a dose-dependent way, and the stimulation is regulated by activating PKC.Colostral and milk antibody titers in cows vaccinated with a modified live-rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine. |
Colostral and milk whey rotavirus (RV) and coronavirus (CV) antibody titers stimulated in 15 beef heifers by vaccination with a modified live-RV-CV vaccine were compared with titers in 15 nonvaccinated heifers. Geometric mean antibody titers to RV in colostral and 3-day milk whey from vaccinated heifers were 2,807 and ... |
Abstract Chemical repellents sometimes can provide a nonlethal alternative for reducing wildlife impacts to agricultural production. In late summer and autumn 2002, we evaluated Bird Shield™ (active ingredient: methyl anthranilate, Bird Shield Repellent Corporation, Spokane, Wash.) as a blackbird (Icteridae) repellent ... |
We consider the problem of computing information-theoretic functions, such as entropy, on a data stream, using sublinear space. Our first result deals with a measure we call the entropy norm of an input stream: it is closely related to entropy but is structurally similar to the well-studied notion of frequency moments.... |
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease and cause of musculoskeletal disability in the elderly. Conventional management of OA primarily focuses on the relief of symptoms, using agents such as analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs, however, are associated with si... |
OBJECTIVE |
To empirically determine if a substance abuse comorbidity is related to longer inpatient stays for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and affective psychoses. |
STUDY DESIGN |
A cross-sectional analysis of patients in three states: Maryland, California, and Arizona. Using multivariate techniques, we control for the effects of patient severity, insurance, and hospital characteristics on length of stay. |
DATA COLLECTION |
We used a patient-level and state-specific hospital discharge database merged with hospital characteristics from the American Hospital Association. |
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