README.md

---
license: cc-by-4.0
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: image
    dtype: image
  - name: generator
    dtype: string
  - name: uid
    dtype: string
  - name: labels
    list:
    - name: label
      dtype: string
    - name: points
      list:
        list: float64
  - name: original_prompt
    dtype: string
  - name: positive_prompt
    dtype: string
  - name: negative_prompt
    dtype: string
  - name: guidance_scale
    dtype: float64
  - name: num_inference_steps
    dtype: int64
  - name: scheduler
    dtype: string
  - name: seed
    dtype: int64
  - name: width
    dtype: int64
  - name: height
    dtype: int64
  - name: image_format
    dtype: string
  - name: jpeg_quality
    dtype: int64
  - name: chroma_subsampling
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: labeled_train
    num_bytes: 1229331054
    num_examples: 918
  - name: labeled_test
    num_bytes: 3492466407
    num_examples: 2419
  - name: unlabeled_train
    num_bytes: 34599400559
    num_examples: 24013
  - name: unlabeled_test
    num_bytes: 35214906257
    num_examples: 24638
  download_size: 74508314134
  dataset_size: 74536104277
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: labeled_train
    path: data/labeled_train-*
  - split: labeled_test
    path: data/labeled_test-*
  - split: unlabeled_train
    path: data/unlabeled_train-*
  - split: unlabeled_test
    path: data/unlabeled_test-*
pretty_name: X-AIGD
---

# X-AIGD

<p align="center">
  <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19430"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2601.19430-b31b1b.svg" alt="arXiv"></a>
  <a href="https://github.com/Coxy7/X-AIGD"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-X--AIGD-blue?logo=github" alt="GitHub"></a>
</p>

X-AIGD is a fine-grained benchmark designed for **eXplainable AI-Generated image Detection**. It provides pixel-level human annotations of perceptual artifacts in AI-generated images, spanning low-level distortions, high-level semantics, and cognitive-level counterfactuals, aiming to advance robust and explainable AI-generated image detection methods.

For more details, please refer to our paper: [Unveiling Perceptual Artifacts: A Fine-Grained Benchmark for Interpretable AI-Generated Image Detection](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19430).

## 🎨 Artifact Taxonomy

We define a comprehensive artifact taxonomy comprising 3 levels and 7 specific categories to capture the diverse range of perceptual artifacts in AI-generated images.

<p align="center">
  <img src="taxonomy.jpg" width="800">
</p>

*   **Low-level Distortions:** `low-level-edge_shape`, `low-level-texture`, `low-level-color`, `low-level-symbol`.
*   **High-level Semantics:** `high-level-semantics`.
*   **Cognitive-level Counterfactuals:** `cognitive-level-commonsense`, `cognitive-level-physics`.

## 🚀 Dataset Contents

This repository currently hosts the **pixel-level annotated subset** of X-AIGD, which includes over 18,000 artifact instances across 3,000+ labeled samples, along with a large-scale **unlabeled** dataset.

**Note on Dataset Status:**
- `labeled_train`, `labeled_test`, `unlabeled_train`, and `unlabeled_test` splits are currently available.
- Real images are planned for upcoming release.

### Data Fields

- `image`: The AI-generated image (raw images with **PNG** format).
- `generator`: Name of the text-to-image generator.
- `uid`: Unique identifier for the image.
- `labels`: List of human-annotated artifacts, each containing:
    - `label`: Category of the artifact (e.g., `low-level-edge_shape`, `high-level-semantics`).
    - `points`: Polygon coordinates `[[x1, y1], [x2, y2], ...]` localizing the artifact.
- `original_prompt`, `positive_prompt`, `negative_prompt`: Text prompts used for generation.
- `num_inference_steps`, `guidance_scale`, `seed`, `scheduler`: Generation parameters.
- `width`, `height`: Image resolution.
- `image_format`, `jpeg_quality`, `chroma_subsampling`: Image compression details of the _corresponding real image_ (used for optional compression alignment).

### UID Correspondence

Each AI-generated (fake) image is generated based on the caption of a real image and inherits its `uid` from the corresponding real image metadata entry. This means the `uid` field in the fake splits matches the `uid` used across different generators, allowing direct pairing and comparison between images sharing the same semantic source.

## 📖 Usage Example

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

# Load the labeled test split (AI-generated images with artifact annotations)
ds = load_dataset("Coxy7/X-AIGD", split="labeled_test")

# Access an example
sample = ds[0]
print(f"Generator: {sample['generator']}")
print(f"UID: {sample['uid']}")

# Access artifact labels and polygon localization
for artifact in sample["labels"]:
    print(f"Artifact category: {artifact['label']}")
    print(f"Polygon points: {artifact['points']}")

# The image is a PIL object
# sample["image"].show()
```

## 📝 Citation

If you find our work useful in your research, please consider citing:

```bibtex
@article{xiao2026unveiling,
  title={Unveiling Perceptual Artifacts: A Fine-Grained Benchmark for Interpretable AI-Generated Image Detection},
  author={Xiao, Yao and Chen, Weiyan and Chen, Jiahao and Cao, Zijie and Deng, Weijian and Yang, Binbin and Dong, Ziyi and Ji, Xiangyang and Ke, Wei and Wei, Pengxu and Lin, Liang},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.19430},
  year={2026}
}
```

## 📄 License

The dataset is released under the [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.