prompt listlengths 1 1 | response stringlengths 2.12k 67.3k | text stringlengths 2.46k 68.6k |
|---|---|---|
[
{
"content": "Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:\nA. Deep transverse Perineus\nB. Perinial membrane\nC. Colle's fascia\nD. Sphincter Urethrae\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let me try to figure out this question about the urogenital diaphragm. The question is asking which of the options is NOT part of the urogenital diaphragm. The options are A. Deep transverse Perineus, B. Perineal membrane, C. Colle's fascia, D. Sphincter Urethrae.
First, I need to recall what the urogeni... | <|im_start|>user
Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:
A. Deep transverse Perineus
B. Perinial membrane
C. Colle's fascia
D. Sphincter Urethrae
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let me try to figure out this question ... |
[
{
"content": "Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?\nA. After 5 years\nB. After 2 years\nC. After 10 years\nD. At the time of diagnosis\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the advised time for fundus examinations in a child with Type I Diabetes. The options are after 5 years, 2 years, 10 years, or at diagnosis. Let me think through this step by step.
First, I remember that Type I Diabetes can lead to diabetic retinopathy, which affects the eyes. But... | <|im_start|>user
Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?
A. After 5 years
B. After 2 years
C. After 10 years
D. At the time of diagnosis
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, s... |
[
{
"content": "Most sensitive test for H pylori is-\nA. Fecal antigen test\nB. Biopsy urease test\nC. Serological test\nD. Urea breath test\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which test is the most sensitive for detecting H. pylori. The options are fecal antigen test, biopsy urease test, serological test, and urea breath test. Let me start by recalling what each of these tests does and their typical uses.
First, H. pylori is a bacterium that causes sto... | <|im_start|>user
Most sensitive test for H pylori is-
A. Fecal antigen test
B. Biopsy urease test
C. Serological test
D. Urea breath test
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which test is the most sensitive for dete... |
[
{
"content": "Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in\nA. Right and Left gastric aery\nB. Right gastric and sho gastric aeries\nC. Right gastroepiploic and sho gastric aeries\nD. Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which arteries would be compromised if the common hepatic artery is ligated. Let me start by recalling what the common hepatic artery supplies. The common hepatic artery is a major branch of the celiac trunk, right? It supplies blood to the liver, the gallbladder, and parts of the ... | <|im_start|>user
Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in
A. Right and Left gastric aery
B. Right gastric and sho gastric aeries
C. Right gastroepiploic and sho gastric aeries
D. Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|... |
[
{
"content": "Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week\nA. Blood culture\nB. Widal test\nC. Stool culture\nD. Urine culture\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the best investigation for typhoid in the first week. Let me start by recalling what I know about typhoid fever. Typhoid is caused by Salmonella Typhi, right? The disease has different stages, and diagnostic methods might vary depending on the stage.
The question is asking about t... | <|im_start|>user
Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week
A. Blood culture
B. Widal test
C. Stool culture
D. Urine culture
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the best investigation for typhoid in the first week.... |
[
{
"content": "Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -\nA. Nitric acid\nB. Sulphuric acid\nC. Hydrochloric acid\nD. Carbolic acid\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these acids is more likely to cause a perforation of the stomach when ingested. The options are nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and carbolic acid. Let me start by recalling what I know about these acids and their effects on the body.
First, I remember that ... | <|im_start|>user
Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -
A. Nitric acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Carbolic acid
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these acids is more li... |
[
{
"content": "Brown tumour is seen in\nA. Hyperparathyroidism\nB. Hypoparathyroidism\nC. Hypothyroidism\nD. Hypehyroidism\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which condition is associated with a Brown tumour. The options are Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Hyperthyroidism. Let me start by recalling what a Brown tumour is.
From what I remember, Brown tumours are a type of bone lesion. They are also known as ... | <|im_start|>user
Brown tumour is seen in
A. Hyperparathyroidism
B. Hypoparathyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Hypehyroidism
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which condition is associated with a Brown tumour. The opt... |
[
{
"content": "The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is\nA. Nohern blot\nB. PCR\nC. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR\nD. Reverse Transcriptase PCR\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which technique is best for accurate quantification of gene expression. The options are Northern blot, PCR, Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR, and Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Let me think through each one step by step.
First, I remember that gene expression quantification usually... | <|im_start|>user
The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is
A. Nohern blot
B. PCR
C. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR
D. Reverse Transcriptase PCR
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which te... |
[
{
"content": "A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce this clinical presentation?\nA. Abducent nerve\nB. Trochlear nerve\nC. Optic nerve\nD. Oculomo... | <think>
Okay, let's see. The patient has diplopia when looking to the right, and can't move their right eye laterally past the midline. So, I need to figure out which nerve is damaged here.
First, diplopia is double vision, which usually happens when the eyes aren't aligned properly. The problem here is when looking t... | <|im_start|>user
A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce this clinical presentation?
A. Abducent nerve
B. Trochlear nerve
C. Optic nerve
D. Oculomotor nerve... |
[
{
"content": "The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:\nA. Rostrum\nB. Genu\nC. Body\nD. Splenium\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which part of the corpus callosum the arrow is pointing to. The options are Rostrum, Genu, Body, or Splenium. Let me start by recalling what the corpus callosum looks like and its different parts.
First, the corpus callosum is a large bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left ... | <|im_start|>user
The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:
A. Rostrum
B. Genu
C. Body
D. Splenium
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which part of the corpus callosum the arrow is pointing to. Th... |
[
{
"content": "Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -\nA. Apoptosis\nB. Cell necrosis\nC. Electron transpo chain\nD. Cell division\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is correct regarding the function of cytosolic cytochrome C. Let me start by recalling what I know about cytochrome C.
First, cytochrome C is a protein involved in the electron transport chain, right? I remember that in the mitochondria, there are sever... | <|im_start|>user
Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell necrosis
C. Electron transpo chain
D. Cell division
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is corr... |
[
{
"content": "Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?\nA. 2\nB. 3\nC. 4\nD. 5\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out how many nuclei the trigeminal nerve has. The options are 2, 3, 4, or 5. Let me start by recalling what I know about the trigeminal nerve.
First, the trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve, right? It's responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions like chewing. I ... | <|im_start|>user
Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out how many nuclei the trigeminal nerve has. The options are 2, 3, 4, or 5. Let me start by recalling what... |
[
{
"content": "The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?\nA. Extension, Posterior subluxation & external rotation\nB. Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation\nC. Flexion, posterior subluxation & internal rotation\nD. Extension, Anterior subluxation & internal rotation\nPlease reason s... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the answer to this question about the deformity of the tibia in the triple deformity of the knee. The options are A through D, each with different combinations of extension, flexion, posterior or anterior subluxation, and external or internal rotation. Let me start by recalling wha... | <|im_start|>user
The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?
A. Extension, Posterior subluxation & external rotation
B. Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation
C. Flexion, posterior subluxation & internal rotation
D. Extension, Anterior subluxation & internal rotation
Please reason step by ste... |
[
{
"content": "What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?\nA. Deep leg veins\nB. Lumen of left ventricle\nC. Lumen of right ventricle\nD. Mesenteric veins\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the most common site of origin for thrombotic pulmonary emboli. The options are deep leg veins, left ventricle, right ventricle, or mesenteric veins. Let me think through this step by step.
First, I remember that pulmonary emboli are blood clots that travel to the lungs. The quest... | <|im_start|>user
What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?
A. Deep leg veins
B. Lumen of left ventricle
C. Lumen of right ventricle
D. Mesenteric veins
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure ou... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:\nA. B/L spontaneous discharge\nB. B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts\nC. U/L bloody discharge\nD. U/L bloody discharge with squeezing from a single duct\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answ... | <think>
Okay, let me try to work through this question. The question is about identifying which type of nipple discharge is most likely physiological. The options are A to D. Let me recall what I know about nipple discharge and its causes.
First, physiological nipple discharge is usually benign and not a sign of any d... | <|im_start|>user
Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:
A. B/L spontaneous discharge
B. B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts
C. U/L bloody discharge
D. U/L bloody discharge with squeezing from a single duct
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within ... |
[
{
"content": "Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?\nA. Low density lesion\nB. Smooth margins\nC. Clusters of microcalcification\nD. Popcorn calcification\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography from the given options. Let me start by recalling what I know about breast imaging and malignancies.
First, mammography uses X-rays to create images of the breast. When looking for cancer, certain features are indicative. I remember... | <|im_start|>user
Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?
A. Low density lesion
B. Smooth margins
C. Clusters of microcalcification
D. Popcorn calcification
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the hallmark of b... |
[
{
"content": "Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:\nA. 1cm size Aneurysm in the Hepatic Aery\nB. 1cm size Lymph node inthe para-aoic region\nC. 1cm size Mass in the tail of pancreas\nD. 1cm size Gall stones\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these options is least accurately diagnosed by a CT scan. Let me start by recalling what I know about CT scans and their limitations for different conditions.
First, the question lists four options: A, B, C, D. Each involves a 1cm size lesion or structure. The task is to ... | <|im_start|>user
Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:
A. 1cm size Aneurysm in the Hepatic Aery
B. 1cm size Lymph node inthe para-aoic region
C. 1cm size Mass in the tail of pancreas
D. 1cm size Gall stones
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im... |
[
{
"content": "NO is synthesized by -\nA. Uracil\nB. Aspartate\nC. Guanosine\nD. Arginine\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is involved in the synthesis of NO (nitric oxide). Let me start by recalling what I know about nitric oxide synthesis.
First, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule in the body, right? I remember that it's involved in processes like vasodilation, neurotra... | <|im_start|>user
NO is synthesized by -
A. Uracil
B. Aspartate
C. Guanosine
D. Arginine
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is involved in the synthesis of NO (nitric oxide). Let me start... |
[
{
"content": "The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:\nA. IgG\nB. IgA\nC. IgM\nD. IgD\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which immunoglobulin (Ig) has the highest serum concentration in humans. The options are IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgD. Let me start by recalling what I know about the different types of immunoglobulins.
First, I remember that there are five main classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD... | <|im_start|>user
The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which immunoglobulin (Ig) has the highest serum concentration i... |
[
{
"content": "Arlts line is seen in\nA. Vernal keratoconjunctis\nB. Pterygium\nC. Ocular pemphigoid\nD. Trachoma\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is associated with Arlt's line. Let me start by recalling what Arlt's line is. From what I remember, Arlt's line is a term I've heard in ophthalmology, probably related to some kind of lesion or finding in the eye. Let me think... I think it's something ... | <|im_start|>user
Arlts line is seen in
A. Vernal keratoconjunctis
B. Pterygium
C. Ocular pemphigoid
D. Trachoma
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is associated with Arlt's line. Let me ... |
[
{
"content": "A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is\nA. Abdominal rectopexy\nB. Delerom's procedure\nC. Anterior resection\nD. Goodsall's procedure\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the surgery of choice for a young male patient with complete rectal prolapse. Let me start by recalling what I know about rectal prolapse and the different surgical options.
First, rectal prolapse is when the rectum loses its normal attachments and protrudes through the anus. Ther... | <|im_start|>user
A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is
A. Abdominal rectopexy
B. Delerom's procedure
C. Anterior resection
D. Goodsall's procedure
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I nee... |
[
{
"content": "The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:\nA. Ritodrine\nB. Nifedipine\nC. Indomethacin\nD. Atosiban\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's see. The question is asking which drug inhibits uterine contractility and causes pulmonary edema. The options are Ritodrine, Nifedipine, Indomethacin, and Atosiban.
First, I need to recall what each of these drugs does. Let me start by thinking about each one individually.
Ritodrine: I remember t... | <|im_start|>user
The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:
A. Ritodrine
B. Nifedipine
C. Indomethacin
D. Atosiban
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's see. The question is asking which drug inhibits ut... |
[
{
"content": "Influenzae virus belongs to which family?\nA. Paramyxovirus\nB. Orthomyxovirus\nC. Bunyaviridae\nD. Togaviridae\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which family the Influenzae virus belongs to. The options are Paramyxovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Bunyaviridae, and Togaviridae. Let me start by recalling what I know about viral families and influenza.
First, I remember that influenza viruses are a type of RNA virus. They have a negat... | <|im_start|>user
Influenzae virus belongs to which family?
A. Paramyxovirus
B. Orthomyxovirus
C. Bunyaviridae
D. Togaviridae
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which family the Influenzae virus belongs to. The opti... |
[
{
"content": "Several weeks after surgical dissection of her left axilla for the removal of lymph nodes for staging and treatment of her breast cancer, a 32-year-old woman was told by her general physician that she had \"winging\" of her left scapula when she pushed against resistance during her physical examin... | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure this out. So the patient had surgery on her left axilla for breast cancer staging and treatment. Now she's having issues with her left scapula winging and trouble raising her right arm. The surgeon says a nerve was injured during the procedure. The question is asking which nerve was in... | <|im_start|>user
Several weeks after surgical dissection of her left axilla for the removal of lymph nodes for staging and treatment of her breast cancer, a 32-year-old woman was told by her general physician that she had "winging" of her left scapula when she pushed against resistance during her physical examination. ... |
[
{
"content": "Post transplant lymphoma is ?\nA. T cell\nB. B cell\nC. Null cell\nD. NK cell\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what type of cell post-transplant lymphoma is. The options are T cell, B cell, Null cell, or NK cell. Let me start by recalling what I know about lymphomas and post-transplant situations.
First, lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. The... | <|im_start|>user
Post transplant lymphoma is ?
A. T cell
B. B cell
C. Null cell
D. NK cell
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what type of cell post-transplant lymphoma is. The options are T cell, B cell, Null cell... |
[
{
"content": "The following insulin can be given intravenously?\nA. Protamine zinc insulin\nB. Ultra lente insulin\nC. Semi lente insulin\nD. Regular insulin\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the given insulin types can be given intravenously. The options are Protamine zinc insulin, Ultra lente insulin, Semi lente insulin, and Regular insulin. Let me start by recalling what I know about different types of insulin and their routes of administration.
First, insu... | <|im_start|>user
The following insulin can be given intravenously?
A. Protamine zinc insulin
B. Ultra lente insulin
C. Semi lente insulin
D. Regular insulin
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the given ins... |
[
{
"content": "Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, pharyngeal ulcers, and impaired immunity. For each disorder above, select the dietary deficiency that is likely to be responsible.\nA. Folate deficiency\nB. Thiamine deficiency\nC. Niacin deficiency\nD. Vitamin D deficiency\nPlease reason step by step, and put your... | <think>
Okay, let's see. The question is about identifying which dietary deficiency is responsible for each of the listed disorders: megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, pharyngeal ulcers, and impaired immunity. The options are folate deficiency, thiamine deficiency, niacin deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency.
First, I n... | <|im_start|>user
Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, pharyngeal ulcers, and impaired immunity. For each disorder above, select the dietary deficiency that is likely to be responsible.
A. Folate deficiency
B. Thiamine deficiency
C. Niacin deficiency
D. Vitamin D deficiency
Please reason step by step, and put your final ans... |
[
{
"content": "Tamsulosin belongs to\nA. 5a-reductase inhibitors\nB. a1a receptor blockers\nC. a1a receptor agonist\nD. 5a-transferase inhibitors\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which category Tamsulosin belongs to. The options are A to D. Let me start by recalling what I know about Tamsulosin.
First, I remember that Tamsulosin is a medication used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is enlargement of the prostate gland. It's commonly presc... | <|im_start|>user
Tamsulosin belongs to
A. 5a-reductase inhibitors
B. a1a receptor blockers
C. a1a receptor agonist
D. 5a-transferase inhibitors
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which category Tamsulosin belongs t... |
[
{
"content": "A patient with H. Pylori infection is treated with drugs. The best method to detect presence of residual H.Pylori infection in this person is which of the following?\nA. Rapid urease test\nB. Urea breath test\nC. Endoscopy and biopsy\nD. Serum anti H.Pylori titre\nPlease reason step by step, and p... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the best method to detect residual H. pylori infection after treatment. Let me start by recalling what I know about H. pylori and the methods used to test for it.
First, H. pylori is a bacterium that infects the stomach and is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease. Treatment usua... | <|im_start|>user
A patient with H. Pylori infection is treated with drugs. The best method to detect presence of residual H.Pylori infection in this person is which of the following?
A. Rapid urease test
B. Urea breath test
C. Endoscopy and biopsy
D. Serum anti H.Pylori titre
Please reason step by step, and put your fi... |
[
{
"content": "BRCA-1 postive women have ____% increased risk of breast carcinoma\nA. 10\nB. 20\nC. 40\nD. 60\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what the percentage increase in breast cancer risk is for BRCA-1 positive women. Let me start by recalling what I know about BRCA genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes. Mutations in these genes are associated with a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
I remember... | <|im_start|>user
BRCA-1 postive women have ____% increased risk of breast carcinoma
A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. 60
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what the percentage increase in breast cancer risk is for BRCA-1 positi... |
[
{
"content": "Structures in the portal triad are all except:\nA. Hepatic artery\nB. Hepatic vein\nC. Portal vein\nD. Bile duct\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about the portal triad. The question is asking which structure is NOT part of the portal triad. The options are Hepatic artery, Hepatic vein, Portal vein, and Bile duct.
First, I need to recall what the portal triad consists of. From what I remember, the portal triad refers to... | <|im_start|>user
Structures in the portal triad are all except:
A. Hepatic artery
B. Hepatic vein
C. Portal vein
D. Bile duct
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about the portal triad. The question is asking whi... |
[
{
"content": "Enzyme used in PCR is ?\nA. Reverse transcriptase\nB. Tag polymerase\nC. RNA polymerase\nD. None\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which enzyme is used in PCR. Let me start by recalling what PCR is. PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction, right? It's a technique used to amplify DNA. The process involves cycles of heating and cooling to denature the DNA, anneal primers, and extend the DNA strands.
Now, the q... | <|im_start|>user
Enzyme used in PCR is ?
A. Reverse transcriptase
B. Tag polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. None
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which enzyme is used in PCR. Let me start by recalling what PCR is. P... |
[
{
"content": "In depression , there is deficiency of:\nA. 5-HT\nB. Acetylcholine\nC. Dopamine\nD. GABA\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which neurotransmitter is deficient in depression. The options are 5-HT, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, and GABA. Let me start by recalling what I know about depression and neurotransmitters.
First, I remember that depression is associated with imbalances in certain neurotransmitters. T... | <|im_start|>user
In depression , there is deficiency of:
A. 5-HT
B. Acetylcholine
C. Dopamine
D. GABA
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which neurotransmitter is deficient in depression. The options are 5-HT, Acet... |
[
{
"content": "Drug commonly used in t/t of endometriosis -\nA. LH\nB. GnRH analogues\nC. MPA\nD. FSH\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which drug is commonly used in the treatment of endometriosis. The options are LH, GnRH analogues, MPA, and FSH. Let me start by recalling what I know about endometriosis and the available treatments.
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uteru... | <|im_start|>user
Drug commonly used in t/t of endometriosis -
A. LH
B. GnRH analogues
C. MPA
D. FSH
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which drug is commonly used in the treatment of endometriosis. The options are ... |
[
{
"content": "The physiological change occurs in a cardiac muscle cell when there is plateau phase of action potential is:\nA. Influx of Na\nB. Influx of Ca2+\nC. Influx of K+\nD. Closure of voltage gated K channels\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which physiological change occurs in a cardiac muscle cell during the plateau phase of the action potential. The options are influx of Na+, Ca2+, K+, or closure of voltage-gated K channels. Let me start by recalling what I know about cardiac action potentials.
First, I remember th... | <|im_start|>user
The physiological change occurs in a cardiac muscle cell when there is plateau phase of action potential is:
A. Influx of Na
B. Influx of Ca2+
C. Influx of K+
D. Closure of voltage gated K channels
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<t... |
[
{
"content": "Multiple painful ulcers over glans without in duration is suggestive of –\nA. LGV\nB. Granuloma inguinale\nC. Chancroid\nD. 2° syphilis\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let me try to figure this out. The question is about multiple painful ulcers on the glans that aren't specified to have a certain duration. The options are LGV, Granuloma inguinale, Chancroid, and 2nd degree syphilis.
First, I need to recall what each of these conditions presents with. Let me start by r... | <|im_start|>user
Multiple painful ulcers over glans without in duration is suggestive of –
A. LGV
B. Granuloma inguinale
C. Chancroid
D. 2° syphilis
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let me try to figure this out. The question is about m... |
[
{
"content": "Which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforation\nA. Erect\nB. Supine\nC. Right lateral\nD. Left lateral\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforation. The options are erect, supine, right lateral, and left lateral. Let me start by recalling what hollow viscus perforation means. Hollow viscera are organs like the stomach, intestines,阑尾, etc. A perforation would be a hole in... | <|im_start|>user
Which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforation
A. Erect
B. Supine
C. Right lateral
D. Left lateral
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforat... |
[
{
"content": "Initial treatment of keloid\nA. Topical steroid\nB. Intralesional steroid\nC. Excision\nD. Radiotherapy\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the initial treatment for a keloid. Let me start by recalling what a keloid is. From what I remember, a keloid is a type of scar that forms after a skin injury, but it's larger and more raised than the original wound. It's kind of like an overgrowth of scar tissue. People often get... | <|im_start|>user
Initial treatment of keloid
A. Topical steroid
B. Intralesional steroid
C. Excision
D. Radiotherapy
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the initial treatment for a keloid. Let me start by recalling ... |
[
{
"content": "Edema feet is not a feature of:\nA. Conn syndrome\nB. Hypothyroid\nC. CHF\nD. Nephrotic syndrome\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D does not have edema feet as a feature. Let me start by recalling what each of these conditions is and their symptoms.
First, let me remember what edema is. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling. It's commonly seen in the... | <|im_start|>user
Edema feet is not a feature of:
A. Conn syndrome
B. Hypothyroid
C. CHF
D. Nephrotic syndrome
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D does not have edema feet as a feature. Le... |
[
{
"content": "Ash leaf maculae is found in :\nA. Tuberous sclerosis\nB. Neurofibromatosis\nC. Lymphangioma\nD. None\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the given options is associated with ash leaf maculae. The options are Tuberous sclerosis, Neurofibromatosis, Lymphangioma, or None. Let me start by recalling what ash leaf maculae are.
From what I remember, ash leaf maculae are a type of hypopigmented spot on the skin. T... | <|im_start|>user
Ash leaf maculae is found in :
A. Tuberous sclerosis
B. Neurofibromatosis
C. Lymphangioma
D. None
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the given options is associated with ash leaf maculae. ... |
[
{
"content": "The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is\nA. Mitral stenosis\nB. Mitral regurgitation\nC. Aoic stenosis\nD. Aoic regurgitation\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the commonest valvular manifestation of acute and previous rheumatic carditis. Let me start by recalling what I know about rheumatic carditis. Rheumatic fever is a complication of group A streptococcal infections, right? And it can affect the heart, leading to rheumatic carditis.
... | <|im_start|>user
The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Mitral regurgitation
C. Aoic stenosis
D. Aoic regurgitation
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to fig... |
[
{
"content": "In peripheral tissues which of the following contains substance P:\nA. Plasma cell\nB. Mast cell\nC. Nerve terminal\nD. Vascular endothelium\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the given options contains substance P in peripheral tissues. The options are Plasma cell, Mast cell, Nerve terminal, and Vascular endothelium. Let me start by recalling what substance P is.
Substance P is a neurotransmitter and neuropeptide. I remember it's involved in t... | <|im_start|>user
In peripheral tissues which of the following contains substance P:
A. Plasma cell
B. Mast cell
C. Nerve terminal
D. Vascular endothelium
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the given option... |
[
{
"content": "A 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism presents with shortness of breath and edema. On examination, her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, JVP is 8 cm, the cardiac apex is displaced and enlarged, there are bilateral inspiratory crackles, and there is pedal edema.For the patient wi... | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure out this question. The patient is a 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism. She's presenting with shortness of breath and edema. The exam findings include low blood pressure (100/60), a fast pulse (110/min), elevated JVP (8 cm), displaced and enlarged cardiac apex, bilateral inspira... | <|im_start|>user
A 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism presents with shortness of breath and edema. On examination, her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, JVP is 8 cm, the cardiac apex is displaced and enlarged, there are bilateral inspiratory crackles, and there is pedal edema.For the patient with vi... |
[
{
"content": "In exocrine pancreatic cancer, the commonest tumour marker to be elevated as -\nA. CA-125\nB. CEA\nC. CA-15-3\nD. CA-19-9\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which is the commonest tumour marker elevated in exocrine pancreatic cancer. The options are CA-125, CEA, CA-15-3, and CA-19-9. Let me start by recalling what each of these markers is associated with.
First, CA-125. I remember that CA-125 is primarily associated with ovarian cance... | <|im_start|>user
In exocrine pancreatic cancer, the commonest tumour marker to be elevated as -
A. CA-125
B. CEA
C. CA-15-3
D. CA-19-9
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which is the commonest tumour marker elevate... |
[
{
"content": "`NALGONDA technique' is used in -\nA. Endemic-fluorosis\nB. Epidemic-dropsy\nC. Endemic-ascites\nD. Ncurolathyrisin\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D the Nalgonda technique is used for. Let me start by recalling what I know about the Nalgonda technique. I think it's related to water treatment, maybe for removing some kind of contaminant. Wait, wasn't there something about fluoride? Because fluorosis i... | <|im_start|>user
`NALGONDA technique' is used in -
A. Endemic-fluorosis
B. Epidemic-dropsy
C. Endemic-ascites
D. Ncurolathyrisin
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D the Nalgonda technique... |
[
{
"content": "Post moem stiffening is called: March 2005\nA. Putrefaction\nB. Rigor mois\nC. Livor mois\nD. Mummification\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question. The question is asking about the term for postmortem stiffening, and the options are Putrefaction, Rigor mortis, Livor mortis, and Mummification. The question is from March 2005, so maybe it's from a medical exam or something related to forensic pathology.
First, I need to rec... | <|im_start|>user
Post moem stiffening is called: March 2005
A. Putrefaction
B. Rigor mois
C. Livor mois
D. Mummification
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question. The question is asking about the term for postmortem s... |
[
{
"content": "Werner's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type I) is characterised by all of the following except -\nA. Tumours of anterior pituitary\nB. Tumours of parathyroids\nC. Pancreatic adenomas\nD. Phaeochromocytoma\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role... | <think>
Okay, let me try to work through this question. So the question is about Werner's syndrome, which is also known as multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. Wait, hold on. Wait, actually, I think there might be a confusion here. Let me recall. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, or MEN1, is a genetic disorder that ... | <|im_start|>user
Werner's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type I) is characterised by all of the following except -
A. Tumours of anterior pituitary
B. Tumours of parathyroids
C. Pancreatic adenomas
D. Phaeochromocytoma
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>... |
[
{
"content": "Renal threshold for glycosuria\nA. 100 mg/dl\nB. 180 mg/dl\nC. 300 mg/dl\nD. 350 mg/dl\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the renal threshold for glycosuria. Let me start by recalling what glycosuria means. Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine. Normally, the kidneys reabsorb all the glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream, so glucose shouldn't be present in the urine. But whe... | <|im_start|>user
Renal threshold for glycosuria
A. 100 mg/dl
B. 180 mg/dl
C. 300 mg/dl
D. 350 mg/dl
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the renal threshold for glycosuria. Let me start by recalling what glycosuria m... |
[
{
"content": "Bulls eye retinopathy is seen in toxicity of-\nA. Quinine\nB. Tobacco\nC. Ethanol\nD. Chloroquine\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is associated with bulls eye retinopathy. Let me start by recalling what bulls eye retinopathy is. From what I remember, it's a term used to describe a specific pattern of retinal damage. The "bulls eye" appearance probably refers to a central area of da... | <|im_start|>user
Bulls eye retinopathy is seen in toxicity of-
A. Quinine
B. Tobacco
C. Ethanol
D. Chloroquine
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is associated with bulls eye retinopathy... |
[
{
"content": "The following are indications for performing thoracotomy after blunt injury of the chest, except\nA. 1000 ml drainage after placing intercostal tube\nB. Continuous bleeding through intercostal tube of more than 200 ml/hour for three or more hours\nC. Cardiac tamponade\nD. Rib fracture\nPlease reas... | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about indications for thoracotomy after a blunt chest injury. The question is asking which of the options is NOT an indication. The options are A, B, C, D. Let me go through each one step by step.
First, I need to recall what the indications for thoracotomy are. Thoracotomy is ... | <|im_start|>user
The following are indications for performing thoracotomy after blunt injury of the chest, except
A. 1000 ml drainage after placing intercostal tube
B. Continuous bleeding through intercostal tube of more than 200 ml/hour for three or more hours
C. Cardiac tamponade
D. Rib fracture
Please reason step by... |
[
{
"content": "True regarding colovesical fistula\nA. Most commonly presents with pneumaturia\nB. Most commonly caused by colonic cancer\nC. More common in females\nD. Readily diagnosed on barium enema\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about colovesical fistula. First, I need to recall what a colovesical fistula is. From what I remember, it's an abnormal connection between the colon and the bladder. So, this would allow intestinal contents to pass into the bladder, which can lead to various symptoms.
Now, loo... | <|im_start|>user
True regarding colovesical fistula
A. Most commonly presents with pneumaturia
B. Most commonly caused by colonic cancer
C. More common in females
D. Readily diagnosed on barium enema
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let... |
[
{
"content": "All of the following are true about lateral cutaneous nerve EXCEPT:\nA. Supplies skin over the lateral skin of thigh\nB. Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh\nC. Arises from L2 and L3\nD. It is a purely sensory nerve\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which statement about the lateral cutaneous nerve is false. Let me start by recalling what I know about this nerve.
First, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh. I remember that it's a sensory nerve. Let me think about its origin. It comes from the lumbar plexus, right? The lum... | <|im_start|>user
All of the following are true about lateral cutaneous nerve EXCEPT:
A. Supplies skin over the lateral skin of thigh
B. Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh
C. Arises from L2 and L3
D. It is a purely sensory nerve
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
... |
[
{
"content": "Persistant vomiting most likely causes -a) Hyperkalemiab) Acidic urine excretionc) Hypochloraemiad) Hyperventilation.\nA. a\nB. c\nC. bc\nD. ad\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let me try to work through this question. The question is about persistent vomiting and what it's most likely to cause among the options given: hyperkalemia, acidic urine excretion, hypochloremia, or hyperventilation. The options are combinations of these, so I need to figure out which ones are correct.
... | <|im_start|>user
Persistant vomiting most likely causes -a) Hyperkalemiab) Acidic urine excretionc) Hypochloraemiad) Hyperventilation.
A. a
B. c
C. bc
D. ad
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let me try to work through this question. The ... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following lesion is least likely to be eccentric?\nA. GCT\nB. Simple bone cyst\nC. Osteochondroma\nD. Aneurysmal bone cyst\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. The question is asking which lesion is least likely to be eccentric. The options are GCT, simple bone cyst, osteochondroma, and aneurysmal bone cyst.
First, I need to remember what each of these lesions is and their typical locations. Eccentric means that the lesi... | <|im_start|>user
Which of the following lesion is least likely to be eccentric?
A. GCT
B. Simple bone cyst
C. Osteochondroma
D. Aneurysmal bone cyst
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. The question i... |
[
{
"content": "Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with :\nA. GnRH agonist\nB. Danazol\nC. Mifepristone\nD. All\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A, B, C, or D (which is all) is correct for the question: "Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with:" The options are GnRH agonist, Danazol, Mifepristone, or all.
First, I should recall what each of these drugs does and how they affect fibroids. Fibroids... | <|im_start|>user
Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with :
A. GnRH agonist
B. Danazol
C. Mifepristone
D. All
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A, B, C, or D (which is all) is correct for... |
[
{
"content": "A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound at the base of the neck (zone I) (Figure below). The most important concern for patients with such injuries is which of the following?For the purpose of evaluating penetrating injuries, the neck is divided into three zones.... | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question. So, the patient is a 19-year-old male with a stab wound at the base of the neck, specifically in Zone I. The question is asking about the most important concern for patients with such injuries. The options are upper extremity ischemia, cerebral infarction, exsanguinating hemorr... | <|im_start|>user
A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound at the base of the neck (zone I) (Figure below). The most important concern for patients with such injuries is which of the following?For the purpose of evaluating penetrating injuries, the neck is divided into three zones. Zone... |
[
{
"content": "Which is not a content of inguinal canal -\nA. Spermatic cord\nB. Ilioinguinal nerve\nC. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve\nD. Inferior epigastric artery\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is not a content of the inguinal canal. Let me start by recalling what the inguinal canal is. From what I remember, the inguinal canal is a passageway in the lower abdominal wall. It's important in the descent of the testes in males and the passage of th... | <|im_start|>user
Which is not a content of inguinal canal -
A. Spermatic cord
B. Ilioinguinal nerve
C. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
D. Inferior epigastric artery
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following ophthalmological anomaly is seen in WAGR syndrome\nA. Lens coloboma\nB. Retinitis pigmentosa\nC. Aniridia\nD. Trabeculodysgenesis\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure out which ophthalmological anomaly is associated with WAGR syndrome. First, I need to remember what WAGR syndrome is. From what I recall, WAGR stands for Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies, and mental Retardation. Wait, but the options here are about eye anomalies. So the q... | <|im_start|>user
Which of the following ophthalmological anomaly is seen in WAGR syndrome
A. Lens coloboma
B. Retinitis pigmentosa
C. Aniridia
D. Trabeculodysgenesis
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's try to figure out which ophthal... |
[
{
"content": "ACTH is produced by which of the following Bronchogenic carcinomas\nA. Adenocarcinoma\nB. Small cell carcinoma\nC. Squamous cell carcinoma\nD. Branchoalveolar carcinoma\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which type of bronchogenic carcinoma produces ACTH. The options are adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and bronchoalveolar carcinoma. Let me start by recalling what ACTH is. ACTH stands for Adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is produced by the pituitary ... | <|im_start|>user
ACTH is produced by which of the following Bronchogenic carcinomas
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Small cell carcinoma
C. Squamous cell carcinoma
D. Branchoalveolar carcinoma
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure o... |
[
{
"content": "Rubrospinal tract influences -\nA. Posture and balance\nB. Valuntary activity\nC. Vestibuloocular stimuli\nD. All of the above\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what the rubrospinal tract influences. The options are posture and balance, voluntary activity, vestibuloocular stimuli, or all of the above. Let me start by recalling what I know about the rubrospinal tract.
First, the rubrospinal tract is part of the extrapyramidal system, right... | <|im_start|>user
Rubrospinal tract influences -
A. Posture and balance
B. Valuntary activity
C. Vestibuloocular stimuli
D. All of the above
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what the rubrospinal tract influences. ... |
[
{
"content": "Long term potentiation means\nA. Enhancement of signal transmission\nB. Increased number of receptors\nC. Increased number of neurons\nD. Increased muscle tone\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what long-term potentiation means. Let me start by recalling what I know about this term. I remember that it's a concept in neuroscience, probably related to how neurons communicate. Let me think... Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is something to do with strengthening synapses, rig... | <|im_start|>user
Long term potentiation means
A. Enhancement of signal transmission
B. Increased number of receptors
C. Increased number of neurons
D. Increased muscle tone
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out what l... |
[
{
"content": "Fasciotomy- all of the following are cut except\nA. Skin\nB. Superficial fascia\nC. Deep fascia\nD. Muscles\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options is not cut during a fasciotomy. The question says all of the following are cut except one. The options are Skin, Superficial fascia, Deep fascia, and Muscles. Let me start by recalling what a fasciotomy is.
From what I remember, a fasciotomy is a surgical proc... | <|im_start|>user
Fasciotomy- all of the following are cut except
A. Skin
B. Superficial fascia
C. Deep fascia
D. Muscles
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options is not cut during a fasciotomy. The q... |
[
{
"content": "Identical twins can be differentiated by:-\nA. Finger print\nB. DNA fingerprinting\nC. Blood grouping\nD. Age\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about differentiating identical twins. The options are fingerprint, DNA fingerprinting, blood grouping, and age. Hmm, I need to think about each one.
First, I know that identical twins, or monozygotic twins, come from the same fertilized egg that splits into two. So they share ... | <|im_start|>user
Identical twins can be differentiated by:-
A. Finger print
B. DNA fingerprinting
C. Blood grouping
D. Age
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about differentiating identical twins. The options ar... |
[
{
"content": "Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in\nA. RBBB\nB. ASD\nC. VSD\nD. LBBB\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which condition causes a paradoxical splitting of the second heart sound. The options are RBBB, ASD, VSD, and LBBB. Let me start by recalling what paradoxical splitting means.
From what I remember, the second heart sound (S2) is created by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary v... | <|im_start|>user
Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in
A. RBBB
B. ASD
C. VSD
D. LBBB
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which condition causes a paradoxical splitting of the second heart sound. The opt... |
[
{
"content": "Little finger of hand corresponds to which of the following dermatomes:\nA. C6\nB. C7\nC. C8\nD. T1\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which dermatome corresponds to the little finger of the hand. The options are C6, C7, C8, and T1. Let me start by recalling what dermatomes are. Dermatomes are areas of skin that are innervated by specific spinal nerves. Each spinal nerve has a specific distribution pattern on the ... | <|im_start|>user
Little finger of hand corresponds to which of the following dermatomes:
A. C6
B. C7
C. C8
D. T1
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which dermatome corresponds to the little finger of the hand. The ... |
[
{
"content": "Human fibroblast cell line is used for cultivation of ?\nA. Adenovirus\nB. Poliovirus\nC. HIV\nD. Measles\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D uses a human fibroblast cell line for cultivation. Let me start by recalling what I know about cell lines and viruses.
First, human fibroblast cells are connective tissue cells that are commonly used in laboratories. They are easy to culture and can be ... | <|im_start|>user
Human fibroblast cell line is used for cultivation of ?
A. Adenovirus
B. Poliovirus
C. HIV
D. Measles
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D uses a human fibroblast cell lin... |
[
{
"content": "Patients with 'Hemophilia A' have bleeding disorder because of -\nA. Lack of platelet aggregation\nB. Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade\nC. Neutralization of antithrombin III\nD. Release of Thromboxane A2\nPlease reason step by step, and put your fin... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out why patients with Hemophilia A have a bleeding disorder. Let me start by recalling what I know about hemophilia. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot properly. There are different types, but Hemophilia A is the most common one.
From what I rem... | <|im_start|>user
Patients with 'Hemophilia A' have bleeding disorder because of -
A. Lack of platelet aggregation
B. Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade
C. Neutralization of antithrombin III
D. Release of Thromboxane A2
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer ... |
[
{
"content": "Not true about tubercular bacilli -\nA. Facultative anaerobe\nB. Discovered by Robert Koch\nC. Gram positive\nD. Has thick cell wall\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. The question is asking which statement is not true about tubercular bacilli. The options are A to D. Let me recall what I know about Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of tuberculosis.
First, let's go through each option one by one.
Option A:... | <|im_start|>user
Not true about tubercular bacilli -
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Discovered by Robert Koch
C. Gram positive
D. Has thick cell wall
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let me try to figure out this question. The question is a... |
[
{
"content": "Atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by –\nA. Patch test\nB. Wood lamp\nC. Clinical examination\nD. IgE\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out how atopic dermatitis is diagnosed. The options are patch test, wood lamp, clinical examination, or IgE. Let me start by recalling what I know about atopic dermatitis.
First, atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation. I reme... | <|im_start|>user
Atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by –
A. Patch test
B. Wood lamp
C. Clinical examination
D. IgE
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out how atopic dermatitis is diagnosed. The options are patch test, wood... |
[
{
"content": "Colour vision is with the help of:\nA. Rods\nB. Cones\nC. Cortex\nD. Optic disc\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is correct for the question: "Colour vision is with the help of:" The options are Rods, Cones, Cortex, Optic disc. Let me think through this step by step.
First, I remember that the human eye has two main types of photoreceptor cells in the retina: rods... | <|im_start|>user
Colour vision is with the help of:
A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Cortex
D. Optic disc
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is correct for the question: "Colour vision is with the he... |
[
{
"content": "A 23 yr. old female came with arthritis, Malar rash, oral ulcers, serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis). The likely investigation to be positive is\nA. Anti nuclear antibody\nB. Anti collagen antibody\nC. Anti epithelial antibody\nD. Antigen antibody complexes\nPlease reason step by step, and put ... | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question. So, the patient is a 23-year-old female presenting with arthritis, malar rash, oral ulcers, and serositis (which can be pleuritis or pericarditis). The question is asking which investigation is likely to be positive here. The options are Anti nuclear antibody (ANA), Anti collag... | <|im_start|>user
A 23 yr. old female came with arthritis, Malar rash, oral ulcers, serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis). The likely investigation to be positive is
A. Anti nuclear antibody
B. Anti collagen antibody
C. Anti epithelial antibody
D. Antigen antibody complexes
Please reason step by step, and put your final... |
[
{
"content": "Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in all except:\nA. Tuberculosis\nB. Encephalitis\nC. Sarcoidosis\nD. Wet gangrene\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about coagulative necrosis. The question is asking which of the options is NOT commonly associated with coagulative necrosis. The options are Tuberculosis, Encephalitis, Sarcoidosis, and Wet gangrene.
First, I need to recall what coagulative necrosis is. From what I remember, ... | <|im_start|>user
Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in all except:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Encephalitis
C. Sarcoidosis
D. Wet gangrene
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about coagulative necrosis. The question is... |
[
{
"content": "Bruxism is -\nA. Walking during sleep\nB. Nocturnal enuresis\nC. Grinding of teeth during sleep\nD. Sleep apnoea\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about bruxism. So, the question is asking what bruxism is, with options A to D. Let me think through each option step by step.
First, I need to recall what bruxism means. From what I remember, bruxism is a term related to teeth grinding. But I should verify that. Let me start b... | <|im_start|>user
Bruxism is -
A. Walking during sleep
B. Nocturnal enuresis
C. Grinding of teeth during sleep
D. Sleep apnoea
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about bruxism. So, the question is asking what bru... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following are the slowly adapting mechan- oreceptors present in the skin that are very sensitive to perpendicular indentation?\nA. Pacinian corpuscles\nB. Meissner's corpuscles\nC. Merkel discs\nD. Ruffini end organs\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxe... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these receptors are slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the skin that are sensitive to perpendicular indentation. Let me start by recalling what each of these receptors does.
First, the question mentions "slowly adapting mechanoreceptors." I remember that mechanoreceptors... | <|im_start|>user
Which of the following are the slowly adapting mechan- oreceptors present in the skin that are very sensitive to perpendicular indentation?
A. Pacinian corpuscles
B. Meissner's corpuscles
C. Merkel discs
D. Ruffini end organs
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_en... |
[
{
"content": "All the following are contents of sub-occipital triangle, except -\nA. Vertebral artery\nB. Dorsal ramus of C1 nerve\nC. Suboccipital plexus of vein\nD. Occipital artery\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question about the sub-occipital triangle. The question is asking which of the options is NOT a content of the sub-occipital triangle. The options are A. Vertebral artery, B. Dorsal ramus of C1 nerve, C. Suboccipital plexus of vein, and D. Occipital artery.
First, I need to recall what ... | <|im_start|>user
All the following are contents of sub-occipital triangle, except -
A. Vertebral artery
B. Dorsal ramus of C1 nerve
C. Suboccipital plexus of vein
D. Occipital artery
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this qu... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following feature on second trimester ultrasound is not a marker of Down's\nA. Single umbilical aery\nB. Choroid plexus cyst\nC. Diaphragmatic hernia\nD. Duodenal atresia\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure out which of these options is not a marker for Down's syndrome during the second trimester ultrasound. So the question is asking which feature is not associated with Down's. The options are A. Single umbilical artery, B. Choroid plexus cyst, C. Diaphragmatic hernia, D. Duodenal atresia... | <|im_start|>user
Which of the following feature on second trimester ultrasound is not a marker of Down's
A. Single umbilical aery
B. Choroid plexus cyst
C. Diaphragmatic hernia
D. Duodenal atresia
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's ... |
[
{
"content": "A young boy, Rahul presents with massive hemetemesis. He had fever for 15 days few days back which was treated with few drugs. Clinical examination reveal moderate splenomegaly). No other history is positive) Probable diagnosis is:\nA. Drug induced gastritis\nB. Oesophageal tear\nC. Bleeding duode... | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure out this question. So, Rahul is a young boy who has massive hematemesis, which is vomiting blood. He had a fever for 15 days a few days ago, and they treated him with some drugs. Now, on clinical exam, there's moderate splenomegaly. No other history is positive. The options are drug-in... | <|im_start|>user
A young boy, Rahul presents with massive hemetemesis. He had fever for 15 days few days back which was treated with few drugs. Clinical examination reveal moderate splenomegaly). No other history is positive) Probable diagnosis is:
A. Drug induced gastritis
B. Oesophageal tear
C. Bleeding duodenal ulce... |
[
{
"content": "Most common type of shoulder dislocation is:March 2011\nA. Posterior\nB. Anterior\nC. Inferior\nD. Superior\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the most common type of shoulder dislocation from the options given: posterior, anterior, inferior, or superior. Let me start by recalling what I know about shoulder dislocations.
First, the shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint, right? The head of the humerus (upper arm bone)... | <|im_start|>user
Most common type of shoulder dislocation is:March 2011
A. Posterior
B. Anterior
C. Inferior
D. Superior
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the most common type of shoulder dislocation from the opti... |
[
{
"content": "Bechet's disease is characterized by:\nA. Hypopyon\nB. Hyphema\nC. Subconjuctival hemmorrhage\nD. Scleritis\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is characteristic of Bechet's disease. Let me start by recalling what I know about Bechet's disease. From what I remember, Bechet's is an autoimmune condition that primarily affects the mouth and genital areas, causing sores. But it can also involve othe... | <|im_start|>user
Bechet's disease is characterized by:
A. Hypopyon
B. Hyphema
C. Subconjuctival hemmorrhage
D. Scleritis
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of the options A to D is characteristic of Bechet's ... |
[
{
"content": "Central anticholinergics are used in treatment of all except-\nA. Akathisia\nB. Parkinsonism\nC. Acute dystonia\nD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let me try to figure this out. The question is about central anticholinergics and which condition they are not used for. The options are Akathisia, Parkinsonism, Acute dystonia, and Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
First, I need to recall what central anticholinergics are used for. Anticholinergics block ... | <|im_start|>user
Central anticholinergics are used in treatment of all except-
A. Akathisia
B. Parkinsonism
C. Acute dystonia
D. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let me try to figure this out. The question... |
[
{
"content": "A 32-year-old woman is evaluated in the clinic for symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. She has no significant past medical history and her only medication is the oral contraceptive pill.Her physical examination is entirely normal. Urine and serum biochemistry investigations are suggestive of cent... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the answer to this question about central diabetes insipidus and MRI findings. Let me start by recalling what I know about diabetes insipidus. There are two main types: central and nephrogenic. Central DI is due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopress... | <|im_start|>user
A 32-year-old woman is evaluated in the clinic for symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. She has no significant past medical history and her only medication is the oral contraceptive pill.Her physical examination is entirely normal. Urine and serum biochemistry investigations are suggestive of central d... |
[
{
"content": "Bastio surgery for refractory LV hyperophy is:\nA. Patch repair\nB. MR repair\nC. Ventriculectomy\nD. Ventriculoplasty\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which surgery is used for refractory left ventricular hypertrophy. The options are Patch repair, MR repair, Ventriculectomy, and Ventriculoplasty. Let me start by recalling what each of these procedures entails and what conditions they're used for.
First, refractory left ventricul... | <|im_start|>user
Bastio surgery for refractory LV hyperophy is:
A. Patch repair
B. MR repair
C. Ventriculectomy
D. Ventriculoplasty
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which surgery is used for refractory left ventr... |
[
{
"content": "Obesity in a child of age 2 years is defined as:\nA. Weight for height more than double of expected\nB. Weight for age more than double of expected\nC. BMI >30\nD. BMI >95th percentile\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure out the answer to this question about obesity in a 2-year-old child. The options are A, B, C, D. The question is asking which definition is correct for obesity in a child of that age.
First, I need to recall what the standard definitions are for childhood obesity. I remember that in c... | <|im_start|>user
Obesity in a child of age 2 years is defined as:
A. Weight for height more than double of expected
B. Weight for age more than double of expected
C. BMI >30
D. BMI >95th percentile
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's... |
[
{
"content": "A 32-year-old male is a known hypertensive and is being planned for cholecystectomy. Which of the following anaesthetic agents is contraindicated in this person?\nA. Propofol\nB. Ketamine\nC. Midazolam\nD. Etomidate\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"ro... | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question. So, the patient is a 32-year-old male with known hypertension undergoing cholecystectomy. The question is asking which anesthetic agent is contraindicated here. The options are Propofol, Ketamine, Midazolam, and Etomidate.
First, I need to recall what each of these agents does... | <|im_start|>user
A 32-year-old male is a known hypertensive and is being planned for cholecystectomy. Which of the following anaesthetic agents is contraindicated in this person?
A. Propofol
B. Ketamine
C. Midazolam
D. Etomidate
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start... |
[
{
"content": "Methysergide is banned as it causes ?\nA. Pulmonary fibrosis\nB. Pleural effusion\nC. Syncope\nD. Myocarditis\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out why methysergide is banned and what condition it causes. The options are pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, syncope, or myocarditis. Let me start by recalling what methysergide is used for. From what I remember, methysergide is a medication that's been used for migraines, maybe ... | <|im_start|>user
Methysergide is banned as it causes ?
A. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Pleural effusion
C. Syncope
D. Myocarditis
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out why methysergide is banned and what condition it causes.... |
[
{
"content": "Methylergometrine is used in the prophylaxis of\nA. Migraine\nB. Postpartum hemorrhage\nC. PIH\nD. None of the above\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which option is correct for the question about methylergometrine's use in prophylaxis. Let me start by recalling what I know about this drug.
First, methylergometrine. I remember that ergot alkaloids are a class of drugs, and methylergometrine is one of them. Ergot derivatives are... | <|im_start|>user
Methylergometrine is used in the prophylaxis of
A. Migraine
B. Postpartum hemorrhage
C. PIH
D. None of the above
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which option is correct for the question about me... |
[
{
"content": "Treatment of Bipolar disorder includes:\nA. Anti-depressant drugs\nB. Lithium carbonate\nC. ECT\nD. All\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the answer to this question about the treatment of bipolar disorder. The options are A. Anti-depressant drugs, B. Lithium carbonate, C. ECT, and D. All. Let me think through each option one by one.
First, I remember that bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized ... | <|im_start|>user
Treatment of Bipolar disorder includes:
A. Anti-depressant drugs
B. Lithium carbonate
C. ECT
D. All
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out the answer to this question about the treatment of bipolar dis... |
[
{
"content": "Which of the following hallucinations is pathognomonic of schizophrenia -\nA. Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient\nB. Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry\nC. Auditory hallucinations criticizing the patient\nD. Auditory hallucinations talking to patient\nPlease reason step b... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these options is pathognomonic for schizophrenia. Let me start by recalling what pathognomonic means. From what I remember, pathognomonic refers to a sign or symptom that is so characteristic of a particular disease that its presence is almost diagnostic. So, the question ... | <|im_start|>user
Which of the following hallucinations is pathognomonic of schizophrenia -
A. Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient
B. Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry
C. Auditory hallucinations criticizing the patient
D. Auditory hallucinations talking to patient
Please reason step by step, an... |
[
{
"content": "A 9-year-old girl presents with menarche. History reveals thelarche at the age of 7 years and adrenarche at the age of 8 years- the M/C cause of this condition in girls is:\nA. Idiopathic\nB. Gonadal tumor\nC. Mc cure albright syndrome\nD. Hypothyroidism\nPlease reason step by step, and put your f... | <think>
Okay, let me try to work through this question. So, the question is about a 9-year-old girl who has menarche. Her history says she had thelarche at 7 and adrenarche at 8. The question is asking for the most common cause of this condition in girls. The options are idiopathic, gonadal tumor, McCune-Albright syndr... | <|im_start|>user
A 9-year-old girl presents with menarche. History reveals thelarche at the age of 7 years and adrenarche at the age of 8 years- the M/C cause of this condition in girls is:
A. Idiopathic
B. Gonadal tumor
C. Mc cure albright syndrome
D. Hypothyroidism
Please reason step by step, and put your final answe... |
[
{
"content": "After an injury to an axon, the subsequent degeneration of all axonal fibres distal to the injury, all fibres proximal to the injury are unaffected, this type of degeneration is known as:\nA. Retrograde degeneration.\nB. Wallerian degeneration.\nC. Transneuronal degeneration.\nD. None\nPlease reas... | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which type of axon degeneration is described here. The question says that after an injury to an axon, all the fibers distal to the injury degenerate, but the ones proximal are unaffected. Let me recall what I know about axon degeneration.
First, I remember there are different type... | <|im_start|>user
After an injury to an axon, the subsequent degeneration of all axonal fibres distal to the injury, all fibres proximal to the injury are unaffected, this type of degeneration is known as:
A. Retrograde degeneration.
B. Wallerian degeneration.
C. Transneuronal degeneration.
D. None
Please reason step by... |
[
{
"content": "Drug-induced colitis is most frequently associated with\nA. Neomycin\nB. Vancomycin\nC. Clindamycin\nD. Chloramphenicol\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these drugs is most frequently associated with drug-induced colitis. The options are Neomycin, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, and Chloramphenicol. Let me start by recalling what I know about each of these antibiotics and their side effects.
First, drug-induced colitis. I rememb... | <|im_start|>user
Drug-induced colitis is most frequently associated with
A. Neomycin
B. Vancomycin
C. Clindamycin
D. Chloramphenicol
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these drugs is most frequently associ... |
[
{
"content": "A 45 year old male has multiple grouped vesicular lesions present on the TN segment dermatome associated with pain. The most likely diagnosis is\nA. Herpes zoster\nB. Dermatitis herpetiformis\nC. Herpes simplex\nD. Scabies\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
... | <think>
Okay, let me try to figure this out. So the question is about a 45-year-old male with multiple grouped vesicular lesions on the TN segment dermatome along with pain. The options are Herpes zoster, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Herpes simplex, or Scabies.
First, I need to recall what each of these conditions typica... | <|im_start|>user
A 45 year old male has multiple grouped vesicular lesions present on the TN segment dermatome associated with pain. The most likely diagnosis is
A. Herpes zoster
B. Dermatitis herpetiformis
C. Herpes simplex
D. Scabies
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|i... |
[
{
"content": "Cold water is not used for ear cleaning because\nA. It will make the wax hard\nB. Damage to tympanic membrane\nC. Caloric stimulation caused by cold water\nD. It will cause infection\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out why cold water isn't used for ear cleaning. The options are A through D. Let me think about each one step by step.
First, I remember that earwax, or cerumen, is naturally produced in the ear canal. The ear has a self-cleaning mechanism where the wax and dead skin cells move out of... | <|im_start|>user
Cold water is not used for ear cleaning because
A. It will make the wax hard
B. Damage to tympanic membrane
C. Caloric stimulation caused by cold water
D. It will cause infection
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I ne... |
[
{
"content": "A patient Secta is diagnosed to be having iron deficiency anemia. The agent that can be used to improve the absorption of iron is:\nA. Antacids\nB. Tetracyclines\nC. Phosphates\nD. Ascorbic acid\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which agent improves the absorption of iron in a patient with iron deficiency anemia. The options are Antacids, Tetracyclines, Phosphates, or Ascorbic acid. Let me think through each one step by step.
First, I remember that iron absorption is influenced by various factors. Iron is... | <|im_start|>user
A patient Secta is diagnosed to be having iron deficiency anemia. The agent that can be used to improve the absorption of iron is:
A. Antacids
B. Tetracyclines
C. Phosphates
D. Ascorbic acid
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
O... |
[
{
"content": "A 38 year old woman with a history of multiple sexual paners is most at risk for which of the following?\nA. Bladder carcinoma\nB. Cervical carcinoma\nC. Endometrial carcinoma\nD. Ovarian carcinoma\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which cancer a 38-year-old woman with a history of multiple sexual partners is most at risk for. The options are bladder carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, or ovarian carcinoma. Let me think through this step by step.
First, I remember that certain cancers are l... | <|im_start|>user
A 38 year old woman with a history of multiple sexual paners is most at risk for which of the following?
A. Bladder carcinoma
B. Cervical carcinoma
C. Endometrial carcinoma
D. Ovarian carcinoma
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think... |
[
{
"content": "A 60 year old male presented to the emergency with breathlessness, facial swelling and dilated veins on the chest wall. The most common cause is:\nA. Thymoma\nB. Lung cancer\nC. Hodgkin's lymphoma\nD. Superior vena caval obstruction\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\b... | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure this out. The patient is a 60-year-old male presenting with breathlessness, facial swelling, and dilated veins on the chest wall. The question is asking for the most common cause among the given options.
First, I need to recall what each of these conditions typically presents with. Le... | <|im_start|>user
A 60 year old male presented to the emergency with breathlessness, facial swelling and dilated veins on the chest wall. The most common cause is:
A. Thymoma
B. Lung cancer
C. Hodgkin's lymphoma
D. Superior vena caval obstruction
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im... |
[
{
"content": "Delusion is not seen in -\nA. Depression\nB. Anxiety\nC. Schizophrenia\nD. Mania\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's tackle this question: "Delusion is not seen in -" with options A. Depression, B. Anxiety, C. Schizophrenia, D. Mania. Hmm, I need to figure out which of these conditions doesn't typically involve delusions.
First, I remember that delusions are fixed, false beliefs that aren't based in reality. They... | <|im_start|>user
Delusion is not seen in -
A. Depression
B. Anxiety
C. Schizophrenia
D. Mania
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question: "Delusion is not seen in -" with options A. Depression, B. Anxiety, C. Schizophre... |
[
{
"content": "\"Double bubble\" sign with absent distal bowel air shadows on X-ray abdomen is characteristic of\nA. Duodenal webs\nB. Duodenal atresia\nC. CHPS\nD. All of the above\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, let's try to figure out this question. The question is about a "double bubble" sign on an X-ray abdomen with absent distal bowel air shadows, and we need to determine which condition this is characteristic of. The options are Duodenal webs, Duodenal atresia, CHPS (which I think stands for Congenital Hyper... | <|im_start|>user
"Double bubble" sign with absent distal bowel air shadows on X-ray abdomen is characteristic of
A. Duodenal webs
B. Duodenal atresia
C. CHPS
D. All of the above
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, let's try to figure out t... |
[
{
"content": "What is deficient in exclusively breast fed baby ?\nA. Vitamin B\nB. Vitamin A\nC. Vitamin C\nD. Proteins\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which nutrient is deficient in an exclusively breastfed baby. The options are Vitamin B, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, or Proteins. Let me start by recalling what I know about breastfeeding and nutrient deficiencies.
First, I remember that breast milk is considered the optimal nutrition f... | <|im_start|>user
What is deficient in exclusively breast fed baby ?
A. Vitamin B
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin C
D. Proteins
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which nutrient is deficient in an exclusively breastfed baby... |
[
{
"content": "Early diagnosis of acute hepatitis-B infection is made by-\nA. Presence of HbeAg in serum\nB. Presence of IgM anti-Hbc in serum\nC. Presence HbsAg in serum\nD. Presence of IgG anti-HBc in serum\nPlease reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.",
"role": "user"
}
] | <think>
Okay, so I need to figure out which of these options is correct for early diagnosis of acute hepatitis B infection. Let me start by recalling what I know about hepatitis B markers.
First, hepatitis B virus (HBV) has several antigens and antibodies. The main ones are HBsAg (surface antigen), anti-HBs (surface a... | <|im_start|>user
Early diagnosis of acute hepatitis-B infection is made by-
A. Presence of HbeAg in serum
B. Presence of IgM anti-Hbc in serum
C. Presence HbsAg in serum
D. Presence of IgG anti-HBc in serum
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Ok... |
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