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it " soft " and " magical " , and saying that Kikuta " uses a mix of upbeat pipes and tinkering piano keys to bring the world of Mana to life " .
= = = Seiken Densetsu 3 = = =
Seiken Densetsu 3 Original Sound Version is a soundtrack album of music from Seiken Densetsu 3 . The soundtrack was composed by Hiroki Kikuta . Kikuta completed it with little assistance , having performed the sound selection , editing , effect design , and data encoding himself . The music has been described as ranging from " bouncy " and " energetic " to " flowing " and " serene " . The soundtrack features 60 tracks on 3 discs and spans a duration of 3 : 19 : 21 . The album was published by NTT Publishing on August 25 , 1995 with the catalog numbers PSCN @-@ 5026 ~ 8 and republished by Square Enix on October 1 , 2004 with the catalog numbers NTCP @-@ 5026 ~ 8 . The main theme from Secret of Mana , " Where Angels Fear to Tread " , called " Fear of the Heavens " there , makes a return in this installment .
Freddie W. of RPGFan , in his review of the album , named it as " one of the high points of Hiroki Kikuta ’ s work on the series " . He described it as having a very cohesive " feel " , and as being a " more refined and matured " version of the " feeling " of the Secret of Mana soundtrack . Square Enix Music Online 's review agreed with the quality of the music , calling it " among the finest ever heard on the Super Nintendo " . They also termed it " in many ways superior to the score of Seiken Densetsu 2 " , which they described as having been an " instant winner " due to the work of Kikuta .
Tracklist
= = = Secret of Mana + = = =
Secret of Mana + is an arranged album of music from Secret of Mana and Seiken Densetsu 3 . The music was composed and arranged by Hiroki Kikuta . The album is composed of a single track titled " Secret of Mana " that has a duration of 49 : 28 . This track incorporates themes from the music of Secret of Mana as well as a few themes from Seiken Densetsu 3 , which was still under development at the time . The style of the album is described as " experimental " , using " strange sounds " such as waterfalls , bird calls , cell phone sounds , and " typing " sounds . The music has also been described as covering many different musical styles , such as " Debussian impressionist styles , his own heavy electronic and synth ideas , and even ideas of popular musicians " . It was published by NTT Publishing / Square on October 29 , 1993 with the catalog number N30D @-@ 021 , and reprinted by NTT Publishing on August 25 , 1995 and October 1 , 2004 with the catalog numbers PSCN @-@ 5031 and NTCP @-@ 5031 .
Daniel Kalabakov , in his review for RPGFan , said that
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while popular opinion of the album was split between those who liked and extremely disliked the album , he personally " loved " it . He praised it for being an " unorthodox arrangement " and trying something new rather than being merely a piano or orchestral arranged album , the most common types . Chris Greening of Square Enix Music Online had similar feelings about the album , praising the wide range of styles and sounds and calling it an " unparalleled achievement " . Simon of Square Enix Music Online added that it was " refreshing to see there is no compromise " between Kikuta 's artistic vision and more traditional commercial styles .
= = Legend of Mana = =
Legend of Mana , released for the PlayStation in 1999 , features music composed by Yoko Shimomura . She had previously composed for several Square games including Live A Live and Parasite Eve and had originally joined Square for the purpose of composing music for fantasy role @-@ playing games . She was initially hesitant to compose for the Mana series , as she felt that it was so associated with the music of Ito and Kikuta . In 2002 , Shimomura said that of all her compositions to date , she considered the soundtrack to Legend the one that best expresses herself . Shimomura claims that she prefers " passionate music that comes from the heart " , and that she has to " feel the emotions of a piece in the extreme before I am able to write " the music by putting herself in the same mood as the piece is supposed to be in . Legend of Mana featured the first vocal track of any Mana game , " Song of Mana " , which also serves as the game 's opening theme . It was sung by Swedish vocalist Annika Ljungberg , who was chosen by Shimomura because she " wanted to stay away from working with someone popular that everyone already knows " . After hearing a sample of Annika 's music , she flew to Sweden " straight away " to do an analog recording of the song . Four of the game 's tracks were released as part of Drammatica : The Very Best Works of Yoko Shimomura , an arranged album highlighting the composer 's work : " Legend of MANA ~ Title Theme ~ " , " Hometown Domina " , " Colored Earth " , and " Bejeweled City Ruined " . Shimomura carefully chose the songs to be included on the album based on their apparent popularity among fans and how suitable they are for orchestra . In addition to the soundtrack album , a promotional album of music from Legend of Mana was produced and was included with preorders of the game in North America .
= = = Original Soundtrack = = =
Seiken Densetsu / Legend of Mana Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album of music from Legend of Mana , composed by Yoko Shimomura . The soundtrack features 55 tracks on 2 discs and spans a duration of 2 : 10 : 37 . It includes " Song of Mana " , sung by Swedish vocalist Annika Ljungberg . The song was later made available on the Square Vocal Collection album in 2001 . The music
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peace during the reign of Magnus ' father , Olaf . Magnus may have been present when Olaf died in Rånrike , Båhuslen ( southeastern Norway ) in September 1093 and was probably proclaimed king at the Borgarting , the thing ( assembly ) of the adjacent region of Viken later that month . When Magnus became king , he already had a network of support among the Norwegian aristocracy . Although sources are unclear about the first year of his reign , it is apparent that Magnus ' focus was on the west ( towards the British Isles ) . Since conditions were chaotic in Norse @-@ dominated parts of the British Isles since the death of Thorfinn the Mighty , this provided Magnus an opportunity to intervene in local power struggles . According to some accounts , he made his first expedition west in 1093 – 94 ( or 1091 – 92 ) , helping Scottish king Donald Bane to conquer Edinburgh and the Scottish throne and possibly gaining control of the Southern Isles ( Suðreyjar ) in return . It is unclear if this early expedition took place , since it is not directly referenced in early reliable sources or the sagas .
Magnus was opposed by his cousin Haakon Magnusson , son of King Olaf 's brother and short @-@ lived co @-@ ruler King Magnus Haraldsson , who claimed half the kingdom . Haakon was proclaimed king in the Uplands and at the Øyrating , the thing of Trøndelag ( in central Norway ) . According to Førsund , Haakon took control of the entire portion of the kingdom once held by his father ( also including the Frostating — the thing of Hålogaland in northern Norway — and the Gulating — the thing of western Norway ) . Haakon secured support by relieving farmers of taxes and duties ( including taxes dating back to the Danish rule of Sweyn Knutsson during the early 1030s ) , while Magnus pursued costly policies and demanded lengthy military service . After Magnus settled at the new royal estate in Nidaros for the winter of 1094 – 95 , Haakon also travelled to the city and took up residence at the old royal estate . Their relationship became increasingly tense , culminating when Haakon saw Magnus ' longships fully rigged at sea . Haakon summoned the Øyrating in response , leading Magnus to sail southwards . Haakon attempted to intercept Magnus by travelling south to Viken by land ( over the mountains of Dovrefjell ) , but he died unexpectedly while hunting in February 1095 .
The strongman behind Haakon 's monarchy had been his foster @-@ father Tore Tordsson ( " Steigar @-@ Tore " ) , who refused to recognise Magnus as king after Haakon 's death . With Egil Aslaksson and other noblemen , he had the otherwise @-@ unknown Sweyn Haraldsson set up as a pretender . Although later sagas maintain that Sweyn was Danish , some modern historians have speculated that he may have been a son of Harald Hardrada . The revolt was based in the Uplands , but also gained support from noblemen elsewhere in the country . After several weeks of fighting , Magnus captured Tore and his supporters and had them hanged on the island of Vambarholm ( outside Hamnøy , Lofoten , in northern Norway ) . Magnus was reportedly furious because he could not pardon Egil , a potentially useful , young and resourceful nobleman . As king , his honour would only allow a pardon if other noblemen pleaded for Egil 's life ; this did not happen .
Magnus ' final domestic dispute was with the noble Sveinke Steinarsson , who refused to recognise him as king . Although Sveinke reduced piracy in Viken , he was forced into exile for three years after negotiating with Magnus ' men . Since piracy increased soon after Sveinke 's departure ( possibly encouraged by Sveinke himself ) , Magnus met him in the Danish province of Halland to request his return to Norway . They reconciled ; Sveinke became a loyal supporter of Magnus , now the undisputed king of Norway .
= = = Other developments = = =
Since the Norse sources ( including the skaldic verses which were the sagas ' main sources ) chiefly describe war @-@ related matters , less is known about other events during the reigns of the early Norwegian kings . Snorri , for instance , wrote fifteen pages about Magnus and only two pages about Magnus ' peaceful father Olaf Kyrre ( despite Olaf 's reign lasting almost three times longer than Magnus ' ) . Modern historians have noted that this probably has made the image of kings like Magnus Barefoot one @-@ sided ( in Magnus ' case , skewed towards his deeds as a warrior ) .
Magnus ' rule was generally marked by Norway 's increasing similarity to other European kingdoms . Royal rule became established , and he consolidated power through a network of powerful noblemen ( some of whom were relatives ) ; church organisation also developed . The Nordic bishops belonged to the Archdiocese of Hamburg @-@ Bremen until a year after Magnus ' death ( when the Archdiocese of Lund was formed ) ; priests and bishops were largely foreigners from England and Germany . In reality , however , Magnus ruled the church in Norway .
Through numismatics , it is known that minting reform began during Magnus ' reign . The reform restored silver content in coins to around 90 percent , the level at Harald Hardrada 's 1055 reform ( Haraldsslåtten ) which reduced silver content to about 30 percent ( the remainder of the coin was copper ) . Coin size in Magnus ' reform was reduced to .45 gram , half the previous weight . Although the silver value of a coin remained about the same , copper was not needed in coins .
= = = First Irish Sea campaign = = =
Magnus sought to re @-@ establish Norwegian influence around the Irish Sea . He attempted to install vassal king Ingemund in the Southern Isles in 1097 , but the latter was killed in a revolt . It is unclear what Magnus ' ultimate ambitions were , and the significance of his campaign has been downplayed by modern English historians . English chronicler William of Malmesbury believed that Magnus sought to capture the throne from William II of England ( in common with the ambitions of his grandfather , Harald Hardrada ) . Historians have speculated that he wanted to establish an empire which included Scotland and Ireland , although most modern Norwegian and Scottish historians believe his chief aim was simply to control the Norse communities around the Irish Sea . While he may have been influenced by Ingemund
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Navy ( RAN ) . On 4 October 1913 the new replacement fleet for the foundation fleet of 1901 steamed through Sydney Heads for the first time .
The Royal Australian Navy has seen action in every ocean of the world . It first saw action in World War I , in the Pacific , Indian and Atlantic oceans . Between the wars the RAN 's fortunes shifted with the financial situation of Australia : it experienced great growth during the 1920s , but was forced to reduce its fleet and operations during the 1930s . Consequently , when it entered World War II , the RAN was smaller than it had been at the start of World War I. During the course of World War II , the RAN operated more than 350 fighting and support ships ; a further 600 small civilian vessels were put into service as auxiliary patrol boats . ( Contrary to some claims , however , the RAN was not the fifth @-@ largest navy in the world at any point during World War II . )
Following World War II , the RAN saw action in Korea , Vietnam , and other smaller conflicts . Today , the RAN consists of a small but modern force , widely regarded as one of the most powerful forces in the Asia Pacific Region .
= = Australia Station = =
In the years following the establishment of the British colony of New South Wales in 1788 , Royal Navy ships of the East Indies Squadron under the command of the East Indies Station would be station in or visit Australian waters . From the 1820s , a ship was sent annually to New South Wales , and occasionally to New Zealand .
In 1848 , an Australian Division of the East Indies Station was established , and in 1859 the British Admiralty established an independent command , the Australia Station , under the command of a Commodore who was assigned as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , Australia Station . The Australian Squadron was created to which British naval ships serving on the Australia Station were assigned . The changes were partially in recognition of the fact that a large part of the East Indies Station had been detached to Australian waters , and also reflecting growing concern for the strategic situation in the western Pacific in general , and in Tahiti and New Zealand in particular . In 1884 , the commander of the Australia Station was upgraded to the rank of Rear Admiral .
At its establishment , the Australia Station encompassed Australia and New Zealand , with its eastern boundary including Samoa and Tonga , its western edge in the Indian Ocean , south of India and its southern edge defined by the Antarctic Circle . The boundaries were modified in 1864 , 1872 and 1893 . At its largest , the Australia Station reached from the Equator to the Antarctic in its greatest north @-@ south axis , and covered 1 ⁄ 4 of the Southern Hemisphere in its extreme east @-@ west dimension , including Papua New Guinea , New Zealand , Melanesia and Polynesia .
In 1911 the Australia Station passed to the Commonwealth Naval Forces ( initially under the command of RN officers ) and the Australian Squadron was disbanded . The Station , now under nominal Australian command , was reduced to only cover Australia and its island dependencies to the north and east . In 1911 , the Commonwealth Naval Forces was renamed the Royal Australian Navy , which in 1913 came under Australian command . The Royal Navy 's Australia Station 's Sydney based depots , dockyards and structures were gifted to the Commonwealth of Australia . The Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provided additional blue @-@ water defence capability in the Pacific up to the early years of World War II .
= = Colonial navies and federation = =
Before the Federation of Australia in 1901 , five of the six self @-@ governing colonies in Australia operated a navy , the exception being Western Australia which did not have a naval force . The colonial navies were supported by the ships of the Royal Navy 's Australian Station which was established in 1859 . In 1856 , Victoria received its own naval vessel , HMCSS Victoria , which in 1860 was deployed to assist the New Zealand colonial government during the First Taranaki War . When Victoria returned to Australia , the vessel had taken part in several minor actions , with the loss of one crew member . The deployment of Victoria to New Zealand marked the first occasion that an Australian warship had been deployed overseas . In the years leading up to Federation , Victoria had the most powerful of the colonial navies . Victoria had HMVS Cerberus since 1870 , as well as HMVS Nelson , three small gunboats and five torpedo @-@ boats . NSW had two very small torpedo boats , and the corvette Wolverine . The colonial navies were expanded greatly in the mid @-@ 1880s and usually consisted of gunboats and torpedo @-@ boats for coastal defence of harbours and rivers , and naval brigades to man vessels and forts .
On 1 January 1901 , Australia became a federation of six States , as the Commonwealth of Australia , which on 1 March 1901 took over the defence forces from the States , to form the Commonwealth Naval Forces . The Australian and New Zealand governments agreed with the Imperial government to help fund the Royal Navy 's Australian Squadron , while the Admiralty committed itself to maintain the Squadron at a constant strength . In 1902 , the commander of the Australia Station was upgraded to the rank of Vice Admiral . The boundaries were again modified in 1908 .
= = Formation = =
A growing number of people , among them Captain William Rooke Creswell , the director of the Commonwealth Naval Forces , demanded an autonomous Australian navy , financed and controlled by Australia . In 1907 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and Creswell , while attending the Imperial Conference in London , sought the British Government 's agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy . The Admiralty rejected and resented the challenge , but suggested diplomatically that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would be sufficient . Deakin was not impressed with the Admiralty , and in 1908 invited the United States Great White Fleet to visit Australia . The visit prompted public enthusiasm for a modern navy and led to the order of two 700 @-@ ton River @-@ class torpedo @-@ boat destroyers , a purchase that angered the British . The surge in German naval construction in 1909 led the Australian admiralty to change its position on an Australian navy , which resulted in the Naval Defence Act of 1910 being passed which created the Australian navy .
The first Australian warship , the destroyer HMAS Parramatta , was launched at Govan in Scotland on Wednesday 9 February 1910 . Sister ship HMAS Yarra was launched at Dumbarton in Scotland on Saturday 9 April 1910 . Both ships were commissioned into the Royal Navy on 19 September 1910 and sailed for Australia , arriving at Port Phillip on 10 December 1910 . The event was marred by the death of Engineer Lieutenant W. Robertson , RN , who suffered a heart attack 8 miles ( 13 km ) outside Port Phillip Heads whilst onboard HMAS Yarra , and drowned .
The British Australia Station passed to the Commonwealth Naval Forces in 1911 and the Australian Squadron was disbanded . On 10 July 1911 , King George V granted the title of " Royal Australian Navy " to the Commonwealth Naval Forces , and RAN ships could carry the prefix " His Majesty 's Australian Ship " ( HMAS ) . The Station was reduced to cover Australia and its island dependencies to the north and east , excluding New Zealand and its surrounds , which became part of the China Station and called the New Zealand Naval Forces . The Navy was to operate under the authority of the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board , which functioned from 1 March 1911 .
At the 1911 Imperial Conference Australia expressed concern about Japan 's growing naval power and it was agreed that the British government would consult Australia when negotiating renewal of the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance . It was also decided that the Royal Navy would continue to support the RAN and provide blue @-@ water defence capability in the Pacific and that if there was war the ships of the RAN would be transferred to British Admiralty control . Under the Naval Defence Act ( 1912 ) the power to make the transfer was conferred in the Governor @-@ General . The RAN would become the Australia Squadron of the Royal Navy with all ships and personnel under the direct control of the British Admiralty , while the RAN remained responsible for
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the upkeep of the ships and training .
In 1913 , responsibility for the reduced Australia Station passed to the new Royal Australian Navy under nominal Australian command , with the Australia Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Australia Station coming to an end and its Sydney based depots , dockyards and structures being gifted to the Commonwealth of Australia . The first commanding officer was Admiral George Edwin Patey , Rear Admiral Commanding HM Australian Fleet , on loan from the Royal Navy . On Saturday 4 October 1913 the Australian fleet , consisting of the battle cruiser Australia , the cruisers Melbourne and Sydney , the protected cruiser Encounter , and the torpedo @-@ boat destroyers Parramatta , Yarra and Warrego , entered Sydney Harbour for the first time . The manpower of the fleet stood at four hundred officers and men and , for the next two years , ships were built for the fledgling navy .
The Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provide blue @-@ water defence capability in the Pacific up to the early years of World War II . In 1958 , the boundaries of Australia Station was redrawn again , now to include Papua New Guinea .
= = World War I = =
On 3 August 1914 , as the prospect of war with the German Empire loomed , the Australian Government sent the following message to the Admiralty .
In the event of war Government prepared place vessels of Australian Navy under control British Admiralty when desired .
The United Kingdom declared war on Germany the next day , and on 8 August , the Australian Government received a reply , requesting that the transfer be made immediately , if not already done . Two days later , on 10 August , the Governor @-@ General officially transferred control of the Royal Australian Navy to the British Admiralty , which would retain control until 19 August 1919 .
At the outbreak of war , the RAN stood at 3 @,@ 800 personnel and consisted of sixteen ships , including the battlecruiser Australia , the light cruisers Sydney and Melbourne , the destroyers Parramatta , Yarra , and Warrego , and the submarines AE1 and AE2 . The light cruiser Brisbane and three destroyers were under construction , and a small fleet of auxiliary ships was also being maintained . As a consequence the Royal Australian Navy at the start of the war was a small but formidable force .
Australian ships first saw action Asian and Pacific theatre ; assisting in the attack on German New Guinea by the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( AN & MEF ) . Germany had colonised the northeastern part of New Guinea and several nearby island groups in 1884 , and the colony was currently used as a wireless radio base , Britain required the wireless installations to be destroyed because they were used by the German East Asia Squadron which threatened merchant shipping in the region . The objectives of the force were the German stations at Yap in the Caroline Islands , Nauru , and Rabaul in New Britain . On 30 August 1914 , the AN & MEF left Sydney under the protection of Australia and Melbourne for Port Moresby , where the force met the Queensland contingent , aboard the transport HMAHS Kanowna . The force then sailed for German New Guinea on 7 September , leaving Kanowna behind when her stokers refused to work . Sydney and her escorting destroyers met the AN & MEF off the eastern tip of New Guinea . Melbourne was detached to destroy the wireless station on Nauru , while on 14 September , Encounter bombarded a ridge near Rabaul , while half a battalion advanced towards the town . The only major loss of the campaign was the disappearance of the submarine AE1 during a patrol off Rabaul on 14 September 1914 .
On 9 November 1914 , the German light cruiser SMS Emden attacked the Allied radio and telegraph station at Direction Island in the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands . The inhabitants of the island managed to transmit a distress signal , which was received by Sydney , only 50 miles ( 80 km ) away . Sydney arrived within two hours , and was engaged by Emden . Sydney was the larger , faster and better armed of the two , and eventually overpowered Emden , with captain Karl von Müller running the ship aground on North Keeling Island at 11 : 15 am . At first , Emden refused to strike its colours and surrender ; Sydney fired on the stationary Emden until it eventually struck its colours . The Battle of Cocos was the first battle the RAN participated in .
On 6 February 1915 , the obsolescent light cruiser HMAS Pioneer joined the East African campaign . On 6 July , she engaged the German cruiser SMS Königsberg and German shore batteries , during the Battle of Rufiji Delta . Pioneer remained off East Africa and took part in many bombardments of German East Africa , including Dar @-@ es @-@ Salaam on 13 June 1916 . Pioneer then returned to Australia , to be decommissioned in October 1916 .
During the Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign the Australian submarine AE2 became the first Allied warship to breach the Turkish defences of the Dardanelles . AE2 spent five days in the area , was unsuccessfully attacked several times , but was unable to find any large enemy troop transports . On 29 April 1915 , she was damaged in an attack by the Turkish torpedo @-@ boat Sultan Hisar in Artaki Bay and was scuttled by her crew . The wreck of AE2 remained undiscovered until June 1998 .
Ships of the Royal Australian Navy also assisted the Royal Navy in the blockade of the German High Seas Fleet . In February 1915 , HMAS Australia joined the British Grand Fleet , and was made flagship of the 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron . Australia was not involved in the Battle of Jutland ; in April , the battlecruiser was damaged in a collision with sister ship HMS New Zealand , and she did not return to service until June . Three RAN ships were present during the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet ; Australia , Sydney , and Melbourne , with Australia leading the port division of the Grand Fleet as it sailed out to meet the Germans .
The most decorated Australian Naval unit of World War One , however was not a ship at all , but the Royal Australian Navy Bridging Train , a land @-@ based unit composed mostly of reservists which landed at Suvla Bay with the British IX Corps and was responsible for receiving , storing and distributing the supplies , including potable water , of the British troops at Suvla . Due to their position working the piers and landings at Suvla , the Train was the last Australian unit to depart the Gallipoli Peninsula . After Gallipoli , the Train was sent to the Middle East , where they made a second amphibious landing at the Battle of Magdhaba , before returning to Australia and being disbanded after a series of miscommunications during May 1917 .
Expansion during the war had been limited , with the RAN growing to include thirty @-@ seven ships and more than 5 @,@ 000 personnel by 1918 . The RAN 's losses had also been modest , only losing the two submarines AE1 and AE2 , whilst casualties included 171 fatalities – 108 Australians and 63 officers and men on loan from the Royal Navy , with less than a third the result of enemy action .
= = The 1918 – 19 influenza pandemic = =
Between April 1918 and May 1919 , the Spanish Flu killed approximately 25 million people worldwide , far more than had been killed in four years of war . A rigorous quarantine policy was implemented in Australia ; although this reduced the immediate impact of the flu , the nation 's death toll surpassed 11 @,@ 500 .
When the pandemic struck in 1918 , the ships of the Royal Australian Navy were dispersed throughout the world . The speed at which the flu spread , coupled with the cramped mess decks and poorly ventilated living spaces on early 20
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"
= = = Feminine intelligence = = =
Although the novel deals with marriage and life after marriage , it also gives three " histories " : the history of Miss Mathews , Mrs Bennet , and Mrs Atkinson . It is the third story , that of Mrs Atkinson , which demonstrates feminine intellect . According to her story , she received her understanding of the classics from her father . To demonstrate her knowledge , she quotes from the Aeneid , an action that Fielding describes , in Book VI , Chapter 8 , as her performing " with so strong an Emphasis , that she almost frightened Amelia out of her Wits . " However , Fielding follows that by claiming she spoke on " that great Absurdity , ( for so she termed it , ) of excluding Women from Learning ; for which they were equally qualified with the Men , and in which so many had made so notable a Proficiency " and this idea was not accepted by either Amelia or Mrs. Booth . Unlike the two women , Dr Harrison criticises Mrs Atkinson and declares , in Book X , Chapter One , that women are " incapable of Learning . "
A dispute forms between the various characters on the issue , and Sergeant Atkinson , Mrs Atkinson 's husband , tries to stop the fight . Although his words provoke a harsh reaction from his wife , they soon come to accept each other 's intellectual capabilities . However , Mrs Atkinson 's status as a woman educated in the classics and as an advocate for other women to be educated , could have provoked deeper tension between herself and her husband . Her feminine intellect was described by Jill Campbell as a " threatening " force which her husband once reacted violently against , even though his violence was contained to him acting on it only in a dream @-@ like state . The actual nature of the plot lacks a certainty that would allow an overall stance on women 's issues to be determined , and it is not even certain as to where Fielding stood on the issue . His lack of authorial comments seems to reinforce a possible " anxieties about gender confusion " in the plot , and the characters ' sexual identities are blurred ; the dispute between Mrs Atkinson and Dr Harrison continues until the very end of the novel . Fielding did not comment on the gender roles , but Richardson 's friend , Anne Donnellan , did , and she asked , " must we suppose that if a woman knows a little Greek and Latin she must be a drunkard , and virago ? "
= = Critical response = =
John Cleland was one of the first reviewers of the novel , and in the December 1751 Monthly Review , claimed the work as " the boldest stroke that has yet been attempted in this species of writing " and that Fielding " takes up his heroine at the very point at which all his predecessors have dropped their capital personages . " However , he also stated that parts of the novel " stand in need of an apology . " A review in the London Magazine in the same month claimed that there were too many anachronisms . This piece was also the first to mention Amelia 's nose , and on it the writer claims that Fielding " should have taken care to have had Amelia 's nose so compleatly cured , and set to rights , after it being beat all to pieces , by the help of some eminent surgeon , that not so much as a scar remained . " John Hill soon attacked Amelia in the London Daily Advertiser on 8 January 1752 where he claimed that the book 's title character " could charm the World without the Help of a Nose . "
During this time , personal works , such as Fielding 's Amelia , became targets for a " paper war " between various London writers . Fielding was quick to respond , and on 11 January 1752 in a piece published in The Covent @-@ Garden Journal , he ironically stated : " a famous Surgeon , who absolutely cured one Mrs Amelia Booth , of a violent Hurt in her Nose , insomuch , that she had scarce a Scar left on it , intends to bring Actions against several ill @-@ meaning and slanderous People , who have reported that the said Lady had no Nose , merely because the Author of her History , in a Hurry , forgot to inform his Readers of that Particular . " However , Hill was not the only one to attack during this time ; Bonnell Thornton wrote satires of Amelia in the Drury @-@ Lane Journal . Thornton 's satires were first published on 16 January 1752 and included a fake advertisement for a parody novel called " Shamelia " , playing off of title of Fielding 's parody Shamela . He later parodied the work on 13 February 1752 in a piece called " A New Chapter in Amelia . " Tobias Smollett joined in and published the pamphlet Habbakkuk Hilding anonymously on 15 January 1752 . Although there was much criticism , there was some support for the work , and an anonymous pamphlet was written to attack " Hill and ' the Town ' " and praise the novel . On 25 January 1752 , Fielding defended his work again by bringing the novel before the imaginary " Court of Censorial Enquiry " , in which the prosecutors are Hill and the other critics and it is they , not Amelia that are truly put on trial .
Fielding 's rival , Samuel Richardson , declared in February 1752 that the novel " is as dead as if it had been published forty years ago , as to sale . " Previously , he attacked the " lowness " of the novel and claimed that " his brawls , his jarrs , his gaols , his spunging @-@ houses , are all drawn from what he has seen and known . " However , Richardson also claimed to have never read Amelia but , years later , Sir Walter Scott argued that Amelia was " a continuation of Tom Jones . " The second edition of Amelia was criticized for its various changes to the text . Some aspects of the revision , such as removing of Fielding 's Universal Register Office , were seen as " damaging " the work , although they were intended to remove anachronisms . In The Bible in Spain ( 1843 ) George Borrow , describing his first visit to Lisbon , wrote : " Let travellers devote one entire morning to inspecting the Arcos and the Mai das Agoas , after which they may repair to the English church and cemetery , Pere @-@ la @-@ chaise in miniature , where , if they be of England , they may well be excused if they kiss the cold tomb , as I did , of the author of Amelia , the most singular genius which their island ever produced , whose works it has long been the fashion to abuse in public and to read in secret . "
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In recent years , critics have examined various aspects of the novel that were previous ignored ; on the Virgilian images in Amelia , Ronald Paulson claimed that they " elevate the domestic ( marriage ) plot and to connect it with public issues of a degenerating society and nation . " However , those like Peter Sabor do not agree that the themes create " an elevating experience " .
= Bunnies & Burrows =
Bunnies & Burrows ( B & B ) is a role @-@ playing game ( RPG ) inspired by the novel Watership Down . Published by Fantasy Games Unlimited in 1976 , the game centered on intelligent rabbits . It introduced several innovations to role @-@ playing game design , being the first game to allow players to have non @-@ humanoid roles , and the first to have detailed martial arts and skill systems . Fantasy Games Unlimited published a second edition of the game in 1982 , and the game was modified and republished by Steve Jackson Games as an official GURPS supplement in 1992 .
As rabbits , player characters are faced with dangers mirroring those in the real world . The only true " monsters " in the game are humans , but there are many predators and natural hazards . The characters ' position in the food chain promotes an emphasis on role @-@ playing and problem solving over combat .
= = History = =
Originally published by Fantasy Games Unlimited in 1976 , only two years after the first role @-@ playing game Dungeons & Dragons was published , this edition is now long out of print . The game was inspired by Richard Adams ' fantasy novel Watership Down , and the players were given the opportunity to take on the role of rabbits . As such , the game emphasized role @-@ playing over combat for , according to Steffan O 'Sullivan , " You 're playing a rabbit , after all – how much combat do you want to do ? " David M. Ewalt , in his book Of Dice and Men , commented that Bunnies & Burrows " pushed setting even farther " than other early RPGs like Dungeons & Dragons and En Garde ! , as the " player characters were intelligent rabbits and had to compete for food , avoid predators , and deal with internal warren politics " . The poor production values provided a barrier to the acceptance of the game . The art , by Charles Loving , was " sketchy and of poor quality " , while the document as a whole gave the appearance of having been typewritten .
Building on this first edition , in 1979 , B. Dennis Sustare wrote " Different Worlds Present the World of Druid 's Valley : A Bunnies & Burrows Campaign " in Different Worlds , a magazine published by Chaosium . It detailed how to combine the world of Bunnies & Burrows with other fantasy worlds . This was followed by the mini @-@ adventure " The Jackrabbits ' Lair " , written by Daniel J. Maxfield , in Pegasus , a magazine published by Judges Guild .
A second edition of Bunnies & Burrows was printed in 1982 by Fantasy Games Unlimited , although the continuing popularity of the first edition is evidenced by how it was still being actively played in 2008 .
During a rise of " retro " games in the late 1980s and early 1990s , Steve Jackson Games entered negotiations with Dennis Sustare and Scott Robinson , the current owners of the Bunnies & Burrows copyright , to publish an official GURPS supplement . In 1988 , O 'Sullivan wrote an unofficial conversion of Bunnies & Burrows to GURPS while the negotiations continued . He indicated that he hoped to one day work on the official supplement . GURPS Bunnies & Burrows was published in 1992 .
The setting also had an unofficial conversion in 2004 to be used in Risus : The Anything RPG by Boyd Mayberry under their " Rules for Free Fan @-@ Supplements and Articles " .
= = Gameplay = =
The original game was very innovative for its time ( less than two years after the first published RPG ) . Not only could you play non @-@ humanoids for the first time , but it was the first role @-@ playing game to have detailed martial arts rules , the first attempt at a skill system , and the first RPG to appeal as widely to women
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as to men .
Bunnies & Burrows was the first role @-@ playing game to allow for non @-@ humanoid play . In addition , it was also the first role @-@ playing game to have detailed martial arts rules ( known as " Bun Fu " ) and the first attempt at a skill system . For its time , the game was considered " light years " ahead of the Original Dungeons & Dragons .
Players of Bunnies & Burrows take the role of rabbits as their player characters . Interaction with many different animal species is part of normal gameplay . Humans , whose thought processes and motivations are completely alien , are the only monster to be encountered .
Bunnies & Burrows has the advantage of offering players an intuitive grasp of relative dangers and appropriate actions not possible in game worlds that are substantially fictional . For example , a player is told their character is confronted with a fox . There is an immediate intuition on the amount of peril a rabbit is facing . Although player characters are substantially weaker than many of the dangers they face , the game is one of the first to encourage problem solving and outwitting obstacles , rather than out @-@ fighting them .
The mechanics of the role @-@ playing game system were created specifically for Bunnies & Burrows , common at the time of its original publishing . It features eight abilities and eight classes . The task resolution system is based on rolls of percentile dice . Although newer systems have updated game mechanics significantly , the ideas presented in Bunnies & Burrows created the framework for modern role @-@ playing games .
= = Reception = =
Although the game had " incredible role @-@ playing potential " , the concept of role @-@ playing rabbits can be viewed as bizarre , and as such at least one commentator believes that " most people thought it was stupid " when it was first released . This view is mirrored by Lev Lafayette , who , when describing his first exposure to the game , says " Oh , how we laughed . ' Who on earth would want to roleplay a rabbit ? ' , we mocked . ' What 's the point ? You can 't do anything ! ' " .
= = Publications = =
= = = Books = = =
Bunnies & Burrows ( 1976 ) , Fantasy Games Unlimited
Bunnies & Burrows ( Second edition ) ( 1982 ) , Fantasy Games Unlimited
= = = Articles = = =
Different Worlds Present the World of Druid 's Valley : A Bunnies & Burrows Campaign ( B. Dennis Sustare , 1979 ) . Different Worlds , Chaosium
The Jackrabbits ' Lair ( Daniel J. Maxfield ) . Pegasus , Judges Guild
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= Martin O 'Donnell =
Martin " Marty " O 'Donnell ( born May 1 , 1955 ) is an American composer known for his work on video game developer Bungie 's series , such as Myth , Oni , Halo , and Destiny . O 'Donnell collaborated with his musical colleague Michael Salvatori for many of the scores ; he has also directed voice talent and sound design for the Halo trilogy . O 'Donnell was Bungie 's audio lead until April 11 , 2014 .
O 'Donnell began his music career writing television and radio jingles as well as scoring for radio and film . O 'Donnell moved to composing video game music when his company , TotalAudio , did the sound design for the 1997 title Riven . After producing the music for Myth II , Bungie contracted O 'Donnell to work on their other projects , including Oni and the project that would become Halo : Combat Evolved . O 'Donnell ended up joining the Bungie staff only ten days before the studio was bought by Microsoft , and would be the audio director for all Bungie projects until he was fired .
O 'Donnell 's score to the Halo trilogy has been called iconic , earning him several awards , and the commercial soundtrack release of the music to Halo 2 was the best @-@ selling video game soundtrack of all time in the United States . He then went on to compose the scores to Halo 3 and Halo : Reach , released on September 25 , 2007 , and September 14 , 2010 , respectively . His final work for Bungie was composing music for the 2014 video game Destiny .
= = Early life and career = =
O 'Donnell describes his upbringing as " typical " ; he received piano lessons and wanted to start a rock band when he reached junior high school . His father made films while his mother taught piano . Despite his interest in progressive and fusion rock , O 'Donnell studied the classical component of music and composition at Wheaton College Conservatory of Music and received his Masters of Music Degree in composition with honors from the University of Southern California in the early 1980s .
After getting his degree , O 'Donnell moved to Chicago , where he expected that he would teach at the American Conservatory of Music . The job fell through , and instead he worked as a grip in the film and television business . O 'Donnell began his musical career in the field after one of his colleagues who knew of his music background approached him to write for his film . O 'Donnell talked to his friend Michael Salvatori , who had his own recording studio , and offered to split the profits from the job with him ; the two became constant partners .
After completing a film score and a few commercials , the two decided to quit their day jobs and produce music in Chicago ; they founded a production company , TotalAudio . O 'Donnell wrote the jingles for Mr. Clean and Flintstones Vitamins . After fifteen years of composing for TV and radio commercials , he decided that he wanted to work on game soundtracks and move on from commercial @-@ sounding music . " I was hoping to find some other medium that would be new and cutting @-@ edge and sort of the Wild West , " he recalled .
= = Video games = =
In 1993 , Dick Staub , a Chicago radio personality and friend of O 'Donnell 's , asked if his eighteen @-@ year @-@ old son Josh could visit O 'Donnell 's studio , as he was interested in computer games and audio . O 'Donnell agreed , and in talking with Josh learned that he had friends in Spokane , Washington who were making a game O 'Donnell had never heard of called Myst . In hearing the theme music to the game , O 'Donnell realized that the game industry was making great strides in creating " legitimate music " that contained dramatic elements . O 'Donnell became acquainted with the game 's developers , including brothers Rand and Robyn Miller , and was hired four years later as a sound designer for Myst 's sequel , Riven . Among the games Riven 's developers would play in their downtime was a title called Marathon , created by Chicago @-@ based Bungie Studios . On returning to Chicago O 'Donnell emailed a Bungie staffer and pursued them for a job .
TotalAudio produced the music for Bungie 's Myth : The Fallen Lords the same year . The company later composed the music for Valkyrie Studio 's Septerra Core : Legacy of the Creator , during which O 'Donnell met Steve Downes , whom he would later recommend as the voice actor for the Master Chief . O 'Donnell described the work for Septerra Core as his most difficult assignment ; during the production the TotalAudio studio burned to the ground and O 'Donnell had to be hoisted through a window in order to save some 20 hours of recordings .
Soon after producing the music for Myth II , Bungie contracted O 'Donnell for several of Bungie 's other projects , including the third @-@ person game Oni . In 1999 , Bungie wanted to re @-@ negotiate the contracts for Oni , and the negotiations resulted in O 'Donnell joining the Bungie team , only ten days before the company was bought by Microsoft . O 'Donnell was one of only a handful of Bungie employees who remained working at the company since then , until his termination as of April 2014 . While O 'Donnell worked at Bungie , Salvatori handled the business side of TotalAudio .
= = Halo series = =
After producing the music for Oni , O 'Donnell was tasked with composing the music for Bungie 's next project , which would be unveiled at E3 2000 . After talking with Joseph Staten , O 'Donnell decided the music needed to be " big , exciting , and unusual with a classical orchestra touch to give it some weight and stature . We also wanted it to have some sort of ' ancient ' feel to it . " O 'Donnell came up with the idea of opening the piece with gregorian chant and jotted down the melody in his car . Because he did not know how long the presentation would be , O 'Donnell created " smushy " opening and closing sections that could be expanded or cut as time required to back up a rhythmic middle section . The music was recorded and sent to New York the same night the piece was finished ; the resulting music became the basis for the Halo series ' " highly recognizable " signature sound , and what has been called one of the best @-@ known video game themes . The use of chant in the main theme has been credited with contributing to popular interest in the genre . Halo 's music used an interactive engine to change music in response to player 's actions ; this non @-@ linear method has since become widespread . The scores for Halo and its sequel Halo 2 garnered awards such as The Game Developer 's Choice Award and Best Original Video Game Soundtrack from Rolling Stone .
The music for Halo 3 contained refinements and revisions to previous themes heard in the series , as O 'Donnell stressed the importance of using previous motifs in the final installment of the trilogy ; the composer wanted to " blow out " the epic sounds from the first game . O 'Donnell also introduced a distinctive piano theme which had never been heard before , and first made its appearance in the Halo 3 announcement teaser . In an interview , O 'Donnell stated that he has always approached music from the keyboard , and that at the Electronic Entertainment Expo — where the trailer would first be shown — he had a feeling that , " no [ other announcement ] would start with a piano . " O 'Donnell planned on composing the music " at the last minute " , saying he had no intention of producing a large amount of music that would never be used . " It drives everyone crazy but it worked for me in the past and it works for the game in the best way . Writing music before the end just doesn 't work for me , " he said .
For Halo 3 : ODST , a planned expansion to Halo 3 that became a full game , O 'Donnell and Salvatori abandoned all previous Halo themes and started anew . Due to ODST 's shift to a new protagonist , O 'Donnell created new music that was evocative of past Halo but branched in a different direction . Since Bungie was aiming for a smaller , detective story feel , O 'Donnell felt that a jazz @-@ influenced approach worked best in echoing the film noir atmosphere .
In creating music for Halo : Reach , a prequel to Combat Evolved , O 'Donnell wanted to create music with a " grittier " feel because of the dark nature of the story . Reach was Bungie 's last Halo project . O 'Donnell called the prospect of writing new music both a challenge and a relief to step away from the iconic themes of Halo .
In 2015 , music from the Halo series was voted by listeners into the Classic FM Hall of Fame for the first time , reaching position 244 .
= = Destiny and post @-@ Bungie = =
In 2013 , O 'Donnell began composition of an eight @-@ movement symphonic suite entitled Music of the Spheres . Collaborating with famed Beatles member Paul McCartney as well as Michael Salvatori and C. Paul Johnson , the symphony contained music to be implemented in the 2014
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video game , Destiny , as well as any future installments of the franchise . On April 11 , 2014 , O 'Donnell announced via Twitter he had been fired from Bungie " without cause " . In June 2014 , he filed a lawsuit against Bungie president Harold Ryan , claiming he was terminated without cause and that Ryan withheld pay for vacation and sabbatical time . In a response filed in Washington 's Superior Court , Ryan denied wrongdoing . The suit was settled in June 2014 , with a final arbitration ruling decided September 4 , 2015 , in which the court stated that " [ ... ] Bungie breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing when it caused the closure of O 'Donnell 's stock and denied him any participation in the Profit Participation Plan " . At the 2015 D.I.C.E. awards , Destiny was awarded Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design . In 2015 , O 'Donnell founded video game development studio Highwire Games .
= = Collections = =
O 'Donnell 's music has been packaged into several soundtrack collections . For Halo 's music , O 'Donnell created " frozen " arrangements that represented an approximation of a play @-@ through of the games . The Halo Original Soundtrack sold over 40 @,@ 000 copies , and was followed by two different releases of the music to Halo 2 . The two volumes of the Halo 2 Original Soundtrack were produced by Nile Rodgers , with the first album being released in sync with the video game in 2004 and became the best @-@ selling game soundtrack of all time in the United States . The second album was released more than a year after the soundtrack had been mixed and mastered .
The Halo 3 Original Soundtrack was released in November 2007 , and featured a fan contribution that was the select winner from a pool of entries judged by O 'Donnell , Rodgers , and others . All of O 'Donnell 's work on the series was repackaged as Halo Trilogy — The Complete Original Soundtracks in December 2008 , alongside preview tracks written by Halo Wars composer Stephen Rippy . The music to ODST was released as a two @-@ disc set to coincide with the game 's release on September 22 , 2009 . Reach 's soundtrack was available in digital formats the same day as the game 's release on September 14 ; the physical two @-@ disc soundtrack was released September 28 .
= = Composition = =
O 'Donnell has used an Apple Macintosh computer for composition . In an interview O 'Donnell wished that his software would easily upgrade to newer revisions ; " for the last twenty years of technology , every time a ' new ' version of something comes out , the old version gets trashed and I find myself unable to do something that I used to depend on , " he said . O 'Donnell was involved in the implementation of his music as well as the composition , and was Bungie 's Audio lead . He composed at Bungie from a sound @-@ proofed room in the corner of Bungie 's office , dubbed the " Ivory Tower " .
O 'Donnell said in an interview that he feels that one problem with games is those that play music non @-@ stop , which he feels detracts from the overall impact . Composers are forced to either write ambient music , he says , or very light music that is not emotionally driven , which he said is a detriment . O 'Donnell prefers to write music towards the end of the development cycle , because he would rather score the final timing for things like cinematics and gameplay changes . O 'Donnell credits part of the success of the Halo theme to his background writing jingles . For that music , O 'Donnell had to make sure he could write music that would " get in people 's heads " after 15 to 30 seconds . O 'Donnell pushed Bungie to spend money on hiring singers and musicians to record the theme before Macworld as a way to present a strong showing .
Among the video game composers O 'Donnell admires are Jeremy Soule , Jason Hayes , Koji Kondo , and Nobuo Uematsu , but he notes that he is older than most fellow game composers and that he was not directly influenced by them . Instead classic music by Beethoven , Brahms , and Barber and progressive rock groups like Jethro Tull and Genesis informed O 'Donnell 's taste and works .
In addition to composition , O 'Donnell also arranges his work . He created a special arrangement that was used for a Halo 3 segment of Video Games Live in London , after which O 'Donnell appeared . He has also appeared with and without Salvatori at other shows featuring his music , including later Video Games Live tours and Play ! A Video Game Symphony .
= = Personal life = =
O 'Donnell has been married for more than 30 years to his wife , Marcie , and has two daughters , Alison and Christine . His children were part of a singing choir for the Flintstones Chewable Vitamins commercials . His father did voice work for Myth as the " Surly Dwarf " , as well as " The Prophet of Objection " in Halo 2 .
O 'Donnell is a self @-@ described political conservative , and Bungie coworkers described him as the most right @-@ leaning employee at the company . Despite his extensive work with Bungie , O 'Donnell remained co @-@ owner and president of TotalAudio , although as of 2009 the company had not done any non
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Navy .
= = Series history = =
= = = Early Years : 1905 – 1934 = = =
On October 25 , 1905 , the team then known as the Maryland Agricultural " Farmers " ( or " Aggies " ) traveled to Annapolis to meet the Navy " Admirals " for the first time . In the first eight games of the series , Navy outscored the teams of the Maryland Agricultural College , Maryland State College ( 1916 and 1917 ) , and finally , the University of Maryland ( 1930 onwards ) by a combined margin of 256 points to 7 .
The 1930 game proved to be the first competitive match of the series . Navy scored the only points with a 65 @-@ yard touchdown run on the second play of the game . The remainder was a defensive struggle , and Navy and Maryland advanced to the opposing one- and nine @-@ yard lines , respectively , before being rebuffed . The 1931 match @-@ up was held for the first time at a neutral site , Griffith Stadium in Washington , D.C .. In the first Maryland win of the series , the Terrapins scored the only points on a trick " triple @-@ pass " play . The Maryland administration put a halt to the series in 1934 amidst claims that Navy scored the winning go @-@ ahead , 16 – 13 , on an illegal play after reviewing game tape .
= = = Revival : 1950 – 52 = = =
The series resumed in 1950 after Georgetown unexpectedly canceled a scheduled game with Navy . Maryland agreed to fill in for Georgetown and hosted the Academy for the Byrd Stadium dedication game in front of a then Washington area @-@ record crowd of 43 @,@ 836 fans . The two teams last met in 1934 , and since that time the Terrapins had hired head coach Jim Tatum . Tatum , an innovator of the split @-@ T offense , had brought consistent success to Maryland in the intervening years . Fearing a renewal of post @-@ game mischief , the Midshipmen attending the match were given strict orders : " Behave like gentlemen and go straight home after the Maryland – Navy football game in College Park tomorrow . No midshipmen will enter the goal post activity or other altercation following the game . "
Newspapers predicted that Navy would win the 1950 game due to the inexperience of the Maryland quarterbacks , who were led by 19 @-@ year @-@ old sophomore Jack Scarbath . A week before , Scarbath had his first start in a 27 – 7 loss to Georgia , but he would later become one of Maryland 's greatest quarterbacks and the 1952 Heisman Trophy runner @-@ up .
In the first quarter against Navy , Scarbath scored on a quarterback keeper . Before the half , he completed passes to ends Stan Karnash and Pete Augsburger for 44- and 59 @-@ yard touchdowns . In the third quarter , the Midshipmen responded with a score of their own . In the final period , Maryland end Elmer Wingate returned an interception 34 yards for another touchdown . Then , 54 seconds later , end Lew Weidensaul recovered a Midshipmen fumble , which allowed
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Ed Modzelewski to rush five yards for the final score by the Terrapins . Navy scored twice more , but Maryland held on to win , 35 – 21 .
In 1951 , pranks soon returned to the two campuses . Midshipmen were caught in the act of painting the letter " N " on various buildings on the Maryland campus and defacing the grass with the Navy emblem . Early in the 1951 game , Navy 's Frank Brady returned a punt 100 yards to take the lead , 7 – 0 . It was the only time of Maryland 's undefeated season that they trailed an opponent . The Terrapins responded , and by the end of the third quarter , they had taken the game in hand , 34 – 7 . Against the stubborn Navy line , Scarbath resorted to the pass more than usual , and completed 16 of 34 for 285 yards . Despite a late Midshipmen surge , Maryland held on for the win , 40 – 21 .
= = = Navy resurgence : 1958 – 1963 = = =
Maryland struggled after the departure of Jim Tatum , and , in the next meeting in 1958 , Navy routed them , 40 – 14 . In 1959 , Maryland students painted a presumptive final score of " Maryland 59 , Navy 0 " on the statue of Tecumseh in front of Bancroft Hall . The prediction was off the mark , as first @-@ year head coach Wayne Hardin and future Heisman @-@ winning halfback Joe Bellino helped Navy to a victory , 22 – 14 .
In the early 1960s , the Terrapins were coached by former Florida State head coach Tom Nugent . While with the Seminoles , Nugent had wanted to recruit a black player , but felt the racial climate there was unsuitable . He said that " the head of the Ku Klux Klan lived in Tallahassee . You 'd come to your car and there 'd be a notice on it announcing a Klan meeting that night . " When he took over at Maryland in 1959 , Nugent saw his opportunity . He instructed the Terrapins ' quarterbacks coach Lee Corso to find a black player who was academically and athletically suited to come to College Park . Corso had been impressed by Roger Staubach 's preferred receiver , Darryl Hill , during a freshman match between Maryland and Navy , and had also heard a rumor that he was considering leaving the Naval Academy . In 1962 , Corso convinced Hill to transfer to Maryland , a school that had just 32 African @-@ Americans in its 35 @,@ 000 student body , and become the first black player in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Once there , Hill quickly befriended the team 's only Jew , linebacker Jerry Fishman .
= = = Middle @-@ finger incident : 1964 = = =
Before the 1964 game , Maryland supporters stole the Navy mascot , Bill the Goat , but what happened in the game itself was far more controversial . Terrapin players said they would seek revenge against Navy for roughing up Darryl Hill in 1963 . Roger Staubach , Navy 's Heisman Trophy quarterback , said that " it was not a friendly game ... Jerry [ Fishman ] did not have friendliness in his eyes . He had an extra mean streak that day . "
After a punt return , Fishman was penalized for a hard hit that injured receiver Skip Orr directly in front of the Navy stands , intensifying the ever @-@ present heckling from the crowd . In response , Fishman approached the Brigade of Midshipmen section and raised an extended middle finger . After Fishman was penalized again for a late hit on Staubach , Fishman gave the obscene gesture for a second time . High @-@ ranking Navy officers noticed Fishman 's middle finger and became incensed . Staubach later said that Fishman " told the fans he thought Maryland was number one and got his fingers wrong . "
Due to Fishman 's actions , Academy officials allowed their contractual obligation to the series to lapse after the 1965 game . Years later , Bud Thalman , Navy sports information director at the time , said the incident had taken place " when there was still some level of sportsmanship in athletes ... It was so out of character it was stunning . There was no inclination from Navy to seek out a renewal . That untoward act of sportsmanship created a bad taste among people . " Navy head coach Wayne Hardin called Fishman 's act " a disgrace to college football . " Maryland 's head coach , Tom Nugent , had a different opinion and said , " Both teams appeared to be just a bunch of red @-@ blooded guys trying to kill each other . "
The game itself was closely contested . Staubach completed 25 passes , but also threw two interceptions . Late in the fourth quarter , Navy took the lead , 22 – 21 . With less than three minutes remaining , the Midshipmen kicked off and halfback Ken Ambrusko fielded the ball from the Terrapins ' endzone . Ambrusko returned it 101 yards for a touchdown , and Maryland won the game , 27 – 22 .
= = = Another revival : 2005 = = =
In 1997 , Maryland had a new head coach , Ron Vanderlinden , and he immediately saw that Navy was a natural rival for his team , but was unaware of the past history . Vanderlinden attempted to renew the game , but it was not until after his relief that the idea materialized . In 2001 , Ralph Friedgen was hired as his successor and spearheaded efforts to reinvigorate the team 's old rivalries , including that against Navy . Friedgen , who played for Maryland as an offensive guard , was at the 1964 game as a recruit . He had also coached for nine years as Georgia Tech 's offensive coordinator , and he harbored nostalgic feelings for a rivalry with the passion of Clean , Old @-@ Fashioned Hate . Friedgen stated that , in addition to the rivalries with West Virginia and Virginia , a renewed in @-@ state series would be even more meaningful . In 2002 , the two schools agreed to meet for the first Crab Bowl Classic in forty years , scheduled for 2005 .
The 2005 game was played at the M & T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and attended by 67 @,@ 809 fans . The game was a close contest marked by costly Maryland turnovers and Navy penalties . A Sam Hollenbach interception helped Navy to end the first quarter with a 14 – 3 lead . Immediately before halftime , Maryland kicked a field goal and another third @-@ quarter field goal narrowed the deficit to 14 – 9 . Both Maryland and Navy rushed for touchdowns and failed to make two @-@ point conversions in the final quarter . Maryland took over on their own 18 @-@ yard line after the Navy kick , trailing 20 – 15 with 4 : 37 left on the clock . Hollenbach then engineered a 12 @-@ play , 82 @-@ yard drive capped by an 11 @-@ yard touchdown pass and a two @-@ point conversion . Navy took over with one minute left , and completed a first down on their 33 @-@ yard line before an interception sealed the game for the Terps 23 – 20 .
= = = Bowl game snubs : 2006 – 08 = = =
In the next postseason , Maryland declined an invitation to face Navy in the Meineke Car Care Bowl in Charlotte , North Carolina . Instead , the Terps had their sights on the Champs Sports Bowl , to play Purdue in Orlando . According to Maryland athletic director Deborah Yow and coach Friedgen , the decision was based on the players ' preference , a bigger school pay @-@ out , warmer weather , a Big Ten opponent , and more media exposure . Also , the Champs Sports Bowl was deemed to be the fourth @-@ most prestigious non @-@ BCS bowl while the Meineke game was number @-@ six .
Navy athletic director Chet Gladchuk stated that Maryland 's snub was the basis for their rejection of Maryland offers to renew the series in 2
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1935 , Hitler told Lipski that Schleicher was " rightfully murdered , if only because he had sought to maintain the Rapallo Treaty " . The statements that Schleicher had been killed because he wanted to partition Poland with the Soviet Union were later published in the Polish White Book of 1939 , which was a collection of diplomatic documents detailing German – Polish relations up to the outbreak of the war .
Former Kaiser Wilhelm II , who was in exile in Doorn , Netherlands , was horrified by the purge . He said , " What would people have said if I had done such a thing ? " . Hearing of the murder of former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and his wife , he also commented , " We have ceased to live under the rule of law and everyone must be prepared for the possibility that the Nazis will push their way in and put them up against the wall ! "
= = SA leadership = =
Hitler named Victor Lutze to replace Röhm as head of the SA . Hitler ordered him , as one prominent historian described it , to put an end to " homosexuality , debauchery , drunkenness , and high living " in the SA . Hitler expressly told him to stop SA funds from being spent on limousines and banquets , which he considered evidence of SA extravagance . Lutze did little to assert the SA 's independence in the coming years , and the SA lost its power in Germany . Membership in the organisation plummeted from 2 @.@ 9 million in August 1934 to 1 @.@ 2 million in April 1938 .
The Night of the Long Knives represented a triumph for Hitler , and a turning point for the German government . It established Hitler as " the supreme leader of the German people " , as he put it in his July 13 speech to the Reichstag . Later , in April 1942 , Hitler would formally adopt this title , thus placing himself de jure as well as de facto above the reach of the law . Centuries of jurisprudence proscribing extra @-@ judicial killings were swept aside . Despite some initial efforts by local prosecutors to take legal action against those who carried out the murders , which the regime rapidly quashed , it appeared that no law would constrain Hitler in his use of power . The Night of the Long Knives also sent a clear message to the public that even the most prominent Germans were not immune from arrest or even summary execution should the Nazi regime perceive them as a threat . In this manner , the purge established a pattern of violence that would characterise the Nazi regime .
Röhm was purged from all Nazi propaganda , such as the film of the 1933 Nuremberg rally , although a print copy of the motion picture by film director Leni Riefenstahl survived and was found in the United Kingdom many years later .
= Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette =
Marie @-@ Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette ( French pronunciation : [ maʁki də la fajɛt ] ; 6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834 ) , in the U.S. often known simply as Lafayette , was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War . A close friend of George Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson , Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830 .
Born in Chavaniac , in the province of Auvergne in south central France , Lafayette came from a wealthy landowning family . He followed its martial tradition , and was commissioned an officer at age 13 . He became convinced that the American cause in its revolutionary war was noble , and travelled to the New World seeking glory in it . There , he was made a major general , though initially the 19 @-@ year @-@ old was not given troops to command . Wounded during the Battle of Brandywine , he still managed to organize an orderly retreat . He served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island . In the middle of the war , he returned home to lobby for an increase in French support . He again sailed to America in 1780 , and was given senior positions in the Continental Army . In 1781 , troops in Virginia under his command blocked forces led by Cornwallis until other American and French forces could position themselves for the decisive Siege of Yorktown .
Lafayette returned to France and , in 1787 , was appointed to the Assembly of Notables convened in response to the fiscal crisis . He was elected a member of the Estates @-@ General of 1789 , where representatives met from the three traditional orders of French society — the clergy , the nobility , and the commoners . He helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , with the assistance of Thomas Jefferson . After the storming of the Bastille , Lafayette was appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the National Guard , and tried to steer a middle course through the French Revolution . In August 1792 , the radical factions ordered his arrest . Fleeing through the Austrian Netherlands , he was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison .
Lafayette returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte secured his release in 1797 , though he refused to participate in Napoleon 's government . After the Bourbon Restoration of 1814 , he became a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies , a position he held for most of the remainder of his life . In 1824 , President James Monroe invited Lafayette to the United States as the nation 's guest ; during the trip , he visited all twenty @-@ four states in the union at the time , meeting a rapturous reception . During France 's July Revolution of 1830 , Lafayette declined an offer to become the French dictator . Instead , he supported Louis @-@ Philippe as king , but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic . Lafayette died on 20 May 1834 , and is buried in Picpus Cemetery in Paris , under soil from Bunker Hill . For his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States , he is sometimes known as " The Hero of the Two Worlds " .
= = Early life = =
Lafayette was born on 6 September 1757 to Michel Louis Christophe Roch Gilbert Paulette du Motier , Marquis de La Fayette , colonel of grenadiers , and Marie Louise Jolie de La Rivière , at the château de Chavaniac , in Chavaniac @-@ Lafayette , near Le Puy @-@ en @-@ Velay , in the province of Auvergne ( now Ha
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ute @-@ Loire ) .
Lafayette 's lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne , perhaps in all of France . Males of the family enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry , and were noted for their contempt for danger . One of Lafayette 's early ancestors , Gilbert de Lafayette III , a Marshal of France , who had been a companion @-@ at @-@ arms of Joan of Arc 's army during the Siege of Orléans in 1429 . According to legend , another ancestor acquired the crown of thorns during the Sixth Crusade . His non @-@ Lafayette ancestors are also notable ; his great @-@ grandfather ( his mother 's maternal grandfather ) was the Comte de La Rivière , until his death in 1770 commander of the Mousquetaires du Roi , or Black Musketeers , King Louis XV 's personal horse guard . Lafayette 's paternal uncle Jacques @-@ Roch died on January 18 , 1734 while fighting the Austrians at Milan in the War of the Polish Succession ; upon his death , the title of marquis passed to his brother Michel .
Lafayette 's father likewise died on the battlefield . On 1 August 1759 , Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a British @-@ led coalition at the Battle of Minden in Westphalia . Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac , but the estate went to his mother . Perhaps devastated by the loss of her husband , she went to live in Paris with her father and grandfather , leaving Lafayette to be raised in Chavaniac @-@ Lafayette by his paternal grandmother , Mme de Chavaniac , who had brought the château into the family with her dowry .
In 1768 , when Lafayette was 11 , he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great @-@ grandfather at the comte 's apartments in Luxembourg Palace . The boy was sent to school at the Collège du Plessis , part of the University of Paris , and it was decided that he would carry on the family martial tradition . The comte , the boy 's great @-@ grandfather , enrolled the boy in a program to train future Musketeers . Lafayette 's mother and great @-@ grandfather died , on 3 and 24 April 1770 respectively , leaving Lafayette an income of 25 @,@ 000 livres . Upon the death of an uncle , the 12 @-@ year @-@ old Lafayette inherited a handsome yearly income of 120 @,@ 000 livres .
In May 1771 , aged less than 14 , Lafayette was commissioned an officer in the Musketeers , with the rank of sous @-@ lieutenant . His duties , which included marching in military parades and presenting himself to King Louis , were mostly ceremonial and he continued his studies as usual .
At this time , Jean @-@ Paul @-@ François de Noailles , Duc d 'Ayen was looking to marry off some of his five daughters . The young Lafayette , aged 14 , seemed a good match for his 12 @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Marie Adrienne Françoise , and the duc spoke to the boy 's guardian ( Lafayette 's uncle , the new comte ) to negotiate a deal . However , the arranged marriage was opposed by the duc 's wife , who felt the couple , and especially her daughter , were too young . The matter was settled by agreeing not to mention the marriage plans for two years , during which time the two spouses @-@ to @-@ be would meet from time to time in casual settings and get to know each other better . The scheme worked ; the two fell in love , and were happy together from the time of their marriage in 1774 until her death in 1807 .
= = Departure from France = =
= = = Finding a cause = = =
After the marriage contract was signed in 1773 , Lafayette lived with his young wife in his father @-@ in @-@ law 's house in
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s " This is the one . He drops for World Cup glory ... It 's up ! It 's over ! He 's done it ! Jonny Wilkinson is England 's hero yet again " . Agnew and Johnston secured 78 % of the votes .
= = Private life = =
In 1992 , a year after he became BBC cricket correspondent , Agnew 's first marriage to Beverley , to whom he was married in 1983 , ended in divorce . He has written about the role that cricket played in the collapse of the relationship , comparing his circumstances with those of then England batsman Graham Thorpe . He also found that his job interfered with his relationship with his children :
I had two young children , aged seven and five ... it was quickly evident that for me to have custody of my daughters – or even to form a relationship with them – was made impossible by my job . What chance do you have when , be it playing Test cricket or commentating on it , you are away for months at a time each and every winter ? ... There was one occasion when I did not recognise my eldest , Jennifer , when I returned from one tour ... my children continue to ask me why I did not resign and take a job that would have kept me in the country and allowed me to see them more often . I find that one especially hard to answer . "
Agnew has subsequently remarried : he met Emma Agnew , current editor of BBC East Midlands Today , when they worked together on BBC Radio Leicestershire .
Agnew suffers from Dupuytren 's contracture , a medical condition . The condition is causing Agnew 's right hand to contract into a claw @-@ like position . He has had eight operations , but it continues to degenerate and he finds the condition so upsetting he has considered having one of his fingers amputated . However , Agnew enjoys playing the piano and amputation would make worse his already impaired ability on the instrument .
= = = Personality = = =
During Agnew 's playing career , a dispute with team @-@ mate Phillip DeFreitas attracted media attention : when DeFreitas poured salt over Agnew 's lunch , Agnew responded by throwing DeFreitas ' cricket bag and kit from the dressing room balcony . Former England cricketer Derek Pringle has written about Agnew 's sense of humour , describing him as " hysterical " . The pair toured Sri Lanka together on England B 's 1986 tour . Pringle recalls that one hot day when England were in the field , Agnew came in for lunch : " It 's * * * * ing [ sic ] red hot on the field , and when you come off it 's * * * * ing red hot in the dressing @-@ room , " Agnew screamed . " Then , what do you get for lunch , * * * * ing red hot curry ? "
= = = Assisted suicide allegation = = =
It was reported in various newspapers in 2013 that Agnew had offered to accompany Brian Dodds , his second wife ’ s ex @-@ husband , to the Dignitas assisted suicide clinic in Zurich after Dodds was diagnosed with motor neurone disease . Dodds died in England from the disease in 2005 .
= William Robinson ( gardener ) =
William Robinson ( 5 July 1838 – 17 May 1935 ) was an Irish practical gardener and journalist whose ideas about wild gardening spurred the movement that led to the popularising of the English cottage garden , a parallel to the search for honest simplicity and vernacular style of the British Arts and Crafts movement . Robinson is credited as an early practitioner of the mixed herbaceous border of hardy perennial plants , a champion too of the " wild garden " , who vanquished the high Victorian pattern garden of planted @-@ out bedding schemes . Robinson 's new approach to gardening gained popularity through his magazines and several books — particularly The Wild Garden , illustrated by Alfred Parsons , and The English Flower Garden .
Robinson advocated more natural and less formal @-@ looking plantings of hardy perennials , shrubs , and climbers , and reacted against the High Victorian patterned gardening , which used tropical materials grown in greenhouses . He railed against standard roses , statuary , sham Italian gardens , and other artifices common in gardening at the time . Modern gardening practices first introduced by Robinson include : using alpine plants in rock gardens ; dense plantings of perennials and groundcovers that expose no bare soil ; use of hardy perennials and native plants ; and large plantings of perennials in natural @-@ looking drifts .
= = Life and career = =
Robinson began his garden work at an early age , as a garden boy for the Marquess of Waterford at Curraghmore , County Waterford . From there , he went to the estate of an Irish baronet in Ballykilcavan , County Laois , Sir Hunt Johnson @-@ Walsh , and was put in charge of a large number of greenhouses at the age of 21 . According to one account , as the result of a bitter quarrel , one cold winter night in 1861 he let the fires go out , killing many valuable plants . Other accounts consider the story to be a gross exaggeration . Whether in haste after the greenhouse incident or not , Robinson left for Dublin in 1861 , where the influence of David Moore , head of the botanical garden at Glasnevin , a family friend , helped him find work at the Botanical Gardens of Regent 's Park , London , where he was given responsibility for the hardy herbaceous plants , specialising in British wildflowers .
At that time , the Royal Horticultural Society 's Kensington gardens were being designed and planted with vast numbers of greenhouse flowers in mass plantings . Robinson wrote that " it was not easy to get away from all this false and hideous " art " . " But his work with native British plants did allow him to get away to the countryside , where he " began to get an idea ( which should be taught to every boy at school ) that there was ( for gardens even ) much beauty in our native flowers and trees . "
= = = Writing = = =
In 1866 , at the age of 29 , he became a fellow of the Linnean Society under the sponsorship of Charles Darwin , James Veitch , David Moore , and seven other distinguished botanists and horticulturists . Two months later , he left Regents Park to write for The Gardener 's Chronicle and The Times , and represented the leading horticultural firm of Veitch at the 1867 Paris Exhibition . He began writing many of his publications , beginning with Gleanings from French Gardens in 1868 , The Parks , Gardens , and Promenades of Paris in 1869 , and Alpine Flowers for Gardens and The Wild Garden in 1870 . In 1871 he launched his own gardening journal , simply named The Garden , which over the years included contributions from notables such as John Ruskin , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Gertrude Jekyll , William Morris , Dean Hole , Canon Ellacombe , and James Britten .
His most influential books were The Wild Garden , which made his reputation and allowed him to start his magazine The Garden ; and The English Flower Garden , 1883 , which he revised in edition after edition and included contributions from his lifelong friend Gertrude Jekyll , among others . She later edited The Garden for a couple of years and contributed many articles to his publications , which also included Gardening Illustrated ( from 1879 ) .
He first met Jekyll in 1875 — they were in accord in their design principles and maintained a close friendship and professional association for over 50 years . He helped her on her garden at Munstead Wood ; she provided plants for his garden at Gravetye Manor . Jekyll wrote about Robinson that :
... when English gardening was mostly represented by the innate f
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272 to 1307 . The first son of Henry III , Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father 's reign , which included an outright rebellion by the English barons . In 1259 , he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement , supporting the Provisions of Oxford . After reconciliation with his father , however , he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict , known as the Second Barons ' War . After the Battle of Lewes , Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons , but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort . Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , and within two years the rebellion was extinguished . With England pacified , Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land . The crusade accomplished little , and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died . Making a slow return , he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster on 19 August .
He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law . Through an extensive legal inquiry , Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties , while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law . Increasingly , however , Edward 's attention was drawn towards military affairs . After suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276 – 77 , Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282 – 83 with a full @-@ scale war of conquest . After a successful campaign , Edward subjected Wales to English rule , built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people . Next , his efforts were directed towards Scotland . Initially invited to arbitrate a succession dispute , Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom . In the war that followed , the Scots persevered , even though the English seemed victorious at several points . At the same time there were problems at home . In the mid @-@ 1290s , extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation , and Edward met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition . These crises were initially averted , but issues remained unsettled . When the King died in 1307 , he left to his son , Edward II , an ongoing war with Scotland and many financial and political problems .
Edward I was a tall man for his era , hence the nickname " Longshanks " . He was temperamental , and this , along with his height , made him an intimidating man , and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries . Nevertheless , he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship , as a soldier , an administrator and a man of faith . Modern historians are divided on their assessment of Edward I : while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration , others have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility . Currently , Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign , including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III , establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes , and reforming the law through statutes . At the same time , he is also often criticised for other actions , such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots , and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290 , by which the Jews were expelled from England . The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages , and it was over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1656 .
= = Early years , 1239 – 63 = =
= = = Childhood and marriage = = =
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17 – 18 June 1239 , to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence . Edward is an Anglo @-@ Saxon name , as was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman Conquest , but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor , and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint . Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain , son of King Henry 's brother Richard of Cornwall . Henry of Almain would remain a close companion of the prince , both through the civil war that followed , and later during the crusade . Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard 's death in 1246 .
There were concerns about Edward 's health as a child , and he fell ill in 1246 , 1247 , and 1251 . Nonetheless , he became an imposing man ; at 6 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) he towered over most of his contemporaries , and hence perhaps his epithet " Longshanks " , meaning " long legs " or " long shins " . The historian Michael Prestwich states that his " long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman , long thighs one as a horseman . In youth , his curly hair was blond ; in maturity it darkened , and in old age it turned white . [ His features were marred by a drooping left eyelid . ] His speech , despite a lisp , was said to be persuasive . "
In 1254 , English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward 's father to arrange a politically expedient marriage between his fourteen @-@ year @-@ old son and thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Eleanor , the half @-@ sister of King Alfonso X of Castile . Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Cast
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ile . As part of the marriage agreement , the young prince received grants of land worth 15 @,@ 000 marks a year . Although the endowments King Henry made were sizeable , they offered Edward little independence . He had already received Gascony as early as 1249 , but Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester , had been appointed as royal lieutenant the year before and , consequently , drew its income , so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province . The grant he received in 1254 included most of Ireland , and much land in Wales and England , including the earldom of Chester , but the King retained much control over the land in question , particularly in Ireland , so Edward 's power was limited there as well , and the King derived most of the income from those lands .
From 1254 to 1257 , Edward was under the influence of his mother 's relatives , known as the Savoyards , the most notable of whom was Peter of Savoy , the queen 's uncle . After 1257 , Edward increasingly fell in with the Poitevin or Lusignan faction – the half @-@ brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as William de Valence . This association was significant , because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy , and they would be at the centre of the ensuing years ' baronial reform movement . There were tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward and his Lusignan kinsmen , which raised questions about the royal heir 's personal qualities . The next years would be formative on Edward 's character .
= = = Early ambitions = = =
Edward had shown independence in political matters as early as 1255 , when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony , in the ongoing conflict between the Soler and Colomb families . This ran contrary to his father 's policy of mediation between the local factions . In May 1258 , a group of magnates drew up a document for reform of the King ’ s government – the so @-@ called Provisions of Oxford – largely directed against the Lusignans . Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions . The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence , however , and gradually Edward 's attitude started to change . In March 1259 , he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers , Richard de Clare , Earl of Gloucester . Then , on 15 October 1259 , he announced that he supported the barons ' goals , and their leader , Simon de Montfort .
The motive behind Edward 's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic ; Montfort was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony . When the King left for France in November , Edward 's behaviour turned into pure insubordination . He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers , causing his father to believe that his son was considering a coup d 'état . When the King returned from France , he initially refused to see his son , but through the mediation of the Earl of Cornwall and the Archbishop of Canterbury , the two were eventually reconciled . Edward was sent abroad , and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans , who had been exiled to France .
Back in England , early in 1262 , Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters . The next year , King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , with only limited results . Around the same time , Simon de Montfort , who had been out of the country since 1261 , returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement . It was at this pivotal moment , as the King seemed ready to resign to the barons ' demands , that Edward began to take control of the situation . Whereas he had so far been unpredictable and equivocating , from this point on he remained firmly devoted to protecting his father 's royal rights . He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – among them his childhood friend , Henry of Almain , and John de Warenne , Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels . Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France , an agreement was made between the two parties . This so @-@ called Mise of Amiens was largely favourable to the royalist side , and laid the seeds for further conflict .
= = Civil war and crusades , 1264 – 73 = =
= = = Second Barons ' War = = =
The years 1264 – 1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons ' War , in which baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the King . The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester , which Edward managed to retake from the enemy . When Robert de Ferrers , Earl of Derby , came to the assistance of the rebels , Edward negotiated a truce with the earl , the terms of which he later broke . Edward then captured Northampton from Montfort 's son Simon , before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby 's lands . The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes , on 14 May 1264 . Edward , commanding the right wing , performed well , and soon defeated the London contingent of Montfort 's forces . Unwisely , however , he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit , and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated . By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes , Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Montfort .
Edward remained in captivity until March , and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance . Then , on 28 May , he managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester , who had recently defected to the King 's side .
Montfort 's support was now dwindling , and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with relatively little effort . Meanwhile , Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon . Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle , where the younger Montfort was quartered , before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester . The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons ' War , the Battle of Evesham , on 4 August 1265 . Montfort stood little chance against the superior royal forces , and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field .
Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester , Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy . During the summer campaign , though , he began to learn from his mistakes , and acted in a way that gained the respect and admiration of his contemporaries . The war did not end with Montfort 's death , and Edward participated in the continued campaigning . At Christmas , he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire , and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports . A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth . In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement , and civil war would resume , but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth , the parties came to an agreement . Edward , however , was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars ; at this point his main focus was on planning his forthcoming crusade .
= = = Crusade and accession = = =
Edward took the crusader 's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268 , with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain . Among others who committed themselves to the Ninth Crusade were
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On November 3 , 2013 , Orr 's long @-@ awaited autobiography titled Orr : My Story , debuted at the # 8 position on The New York Times best seller list for nonfiction .
= = Personal life = =
While on vacation , Orr met Margaret Louise " Peggy " Wood , a Trenton , Michigan native and speech therapist who worked in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . They became engaged on Christmas Day , 1972 , and married in September 1973 at a ' secret ' ceremony in Parry Sound . They have two sons , Darren and Brent . Son Darren works as a player 's agent at Orr Hockey Group . Orr 's mother Arva died in November 2000 , 18 months after being diagnosed with cancer . Orr 's father Doug died in 2007 . Orr became a grandfather when granddaughter Alexis was born in 2009 . A second grandchild , Robert , was born in January 2011 .
Orr has been known to be fiercely loyal to former Bruin personnel and teammates . When Derek Sanderson had alcohol and prescription drug @-@ abuse problems and wound up penniless , Orr spent his own money to ensure that Sanderson successfully completed rehab . Decades later , Orr and Sanderson went into business together managing finances for hockey players . Orr also helped out Bruins trainer John ( Frosty ) Forristall , his roommate during his first years with the Bruins , who had just been fired from the Tampa Bay Lightning for alcoholism in 1994 . Forristall 's drinking put him on bad terms with his brother John , so he returned to Boston jobless and soon afterwards was diagnosed with brain cancer . Orr took Forristall into his home for a year until he died at the age of 51 . Orr was a pallbearer at his funeral .
Orr is also well known for his charitable works , although he kept mention of them out of the press . Former Eagle @-@ Tribune writer Russ Conway noted of one occasion when Orr and Conway visited Boston Children 's Hospital , with a box of programs , pennants , pucks , pictures and Boston memorabilia : " We went from room to room , Orr popping in , unannounced to visit the kids . Some couldn 't believe their eyes ; sick as they were , they laughed in astonishment and delight . Bobby Orr ! He talked and joked with every one of them , asking names , rubbing heads , giving everybody a little present from the box , leaving a stick , autographing everything in sight . " Orr made Conway promise to not print a word in the newspaper . Orr was involved in numerous charity fund raisers . In 1980 , Orr was awarded the Multiple Sclerosis Silver Hope Chest Award by the Multiple Sclerosis Society for his " numerous and unselfish contributions to society " .
Among other personal interests , Orr has a passion for fishing which he has had since childhood . He has a talent for solving jigsaw puzzles quickly . Orr is also known for his taste in clothes and style of dress . When living as a bachelor with Forristall during his years with the Bruins , Orr was also known for keeping a clean apartment and not drinking or smoking or going night @-@ clubbing . Orr projected a clean image .
= = Honours = =
In 1979 , Orr was invested as an officer in the Order of Canada . Two buildings in Parry Sound honour Orr . A museum , called the Bobby Orr Hall of Fame , where his Order of Canada medal is on display along with other exhibits . Also named in his honour is The Bobby Orr Community Centre , a multi @-@ purpose entertainment facility located in his hometown of Parry Sound , Ontario . In 1995 , Bobby Orr was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame . Orr has been honoured with a star on Canada 's Walk of Fame in Toronto . In 2004 an Elementary School in South Oshawa named after Orr opened . On November 27 , 2008 , the Oshawa Generals retired Orr 's number 2 jersey ; the Generals had not issued the number since Orr transferred to the NHL in 1966 . Orr thanked all who helped him in the four years he played in Oshawa : " I did a lot of growing up in Oshawa from ages 14 to 18 and I 'll be forever grateful for those people who helped me in that time of my life . " In February 2010 , Orr was one of the eight bearers of the Olympic flag at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics .
On May 10 , 2010 , the fortieth anniversary of Orr scoring the game @-@ winning goal against the St. Louis Blues in overtime to clinch the 1970 Stanley Cup , the Bruins commemorated the event with a bronze statue of Orr outside the TD Garden , the Bruins ' home rink . The statue depicts Orr sprawled in mid @-@ flight after scoring the goal . The unveiling was attended by many of Orr 's past team @-@ mates . Orr spoke at the unveiling : " This specific moment and time we celebrate with this statue is something we can all now nostalgically remember with fondness , together , each time we enter Boston Garden . To all of you , thank you very much from the bottom of my heart . I 'm honoured . Guys , thank you . " In 2012 , he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal .
= = Career achievements = =
Despite playing only twelve seasons and 657 games ( of which only his first nine seasons , totaling 621 games , were full seasons ) , and only playing 47 NHL games after his 27th birthday , Orr accomplished many records and achievements , a number of which still stand today , and are listed below .
As of the end of the 2014 – 15 season :
First and only defenceman to score nine hat tricks
First defenceman to score 30 goals ( 1969 – 70 ) and 40 goals ( 1974 – 75 ) in a season .
First player to record 100 assists in a season ( 1970 – 71 )
Only defenceman to win the Art Ross Trophy as league leader in scoring ( 1969 – 70 , 1974 – 75 )
Only player ever to win the Norris Trophy , Art Ross Trophy , Hart Trophy , and Conn Smythe Trophy in one season ( 1969 – 70 )
Highest single season plus @-@ minus rating , + 124 in 1970 @-@ 71 . Second all @-@ time in career plus @-@ minus rating , + 597 . ( retired as the overall leader ; never finished a full season less than + 30 since + / - once it became a statistic beginning with the 1968 – 69 season )
Fourth in league history in career point @-@ per @-@ game average , all @-@ time , ( 1 @.@ 393 ) ( highest among defencemen , minimum 500 career points )
Sixty @-@ second overall in league history in career assists and 97th in career points
= = = Awards = = =
OHA First All @-@ Star Team – 1964 , 1965 , 1966
Awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy ( rookie of the year ) in 1967 , the youngest ever to win the award , and the youngest ever to win a major NHL award up to that time
Named to the Second All @-@ Star Team in 1966 – 67 ( his only full season when he did not make the First Team , as a rookie )
Named to the NHL First All @-@ Star Team eight times consecutively ( 1968 @-@ 1975 )
Awarded the James Norris Trophy eight times ( from 1968 to 1975 , his last full season )
Played in the NHL All @-@ Star Game eight times ( from 1968 to 1975 )
Won the Art Ross Trophy in 1969 – 70 and 1974 – 75
NHL Plus / Minus leader in 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 and 1975 , the most in history
Awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy three times consecutively (
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indicators for classifying taxa into families .
= = = Antennae = = =
Antennae are prominent paired appendages that project forwards between the animal 's eyes and consist of a number of segments . In the case of butterflies , their length varies from half the length of the forewing to three @-@ quarters of the length of the forewing . The antennae of butterflies are either slender and knobbed at the tip and , in the case of the Hesperiidae , are hooked at the tip . In some butterfly genera such as Libythea and Taractrothera the knob is hollowed underneath . Moth antennae are either filiform ( thread @-@ like ) , unipectinate ( comb @-@ like ) , bipectinate ( feather @-@ like ) , hooked , clubbed or thickened . Some moths have knobbed antennae akin to those of butterflies , including the families Castniidae , Neocastniidae and Euschemonidae .
Antennae are the primary organs of olfaction ( smell ) in Lepidoptera . The antenna surface is covered with large numbers of olfactory scales , hairs or pits ; as many as 1 @,@ 370 @,@ 000 are found on the antennae of a Monarch . Antennae are extremely sensitive ; the feathered antennae of male moths from the Saturniidae , Lasiocampidae and many other families are so sensitive that they can detect the pheromones of female moths from distances of up to 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) away . Lepidoptera antennae can be angled in many positions . They help the insect in locating the scent and can be considered to act as a kind of ' olfactory radar ' . In moths , males frequently have antennae which are more feathery than those of the females , for detecting the female pheromones at a distance . Since females do not need to detect the males , they have simpler antennae . Antennae have also been found to play a role in the time @-@ compensated sun compass orientation in migratory Monarch butterflies .
= = = Eyes = = =
Lepidoptera have two large , immovable compound eyes which consist of a large number of facets or lenses , each connected to a lens @-@ like cylinder which is attached to a nerve leading to the brain . Each eye may have up to 17 @,@ 000 individual light receptors ( ommatidia ) which in combination provide a broad mosaic view of the surrounding area . One tropical Asian family , the Amphitheridae , has compound eyes divided into two distinct segments . The eyes are usually smooth but may be covered by minute hairs . The eyes of butterflies are usually brown , golden @-@ brown or even red as in the case of some species of skippers .
While most insects have three simple eyes , or ocelli , only two ocelli are present in all species of Lepidoptera , except a few moths , one on each side of the head near the edge of the compound eye . On some species , sense organs called chaetosemata are found near the ocelli . The ocelli are not homologous to the simple eyes of caterpillars which are differently named as stemmata . The ocelli of Lepidoptera are reduced externally in some families ; where present , they are unfocussed , unlike stemmata of larvae which are fully focussed . The utility of ocelli is not understood at present .
Butterflies and moths are able to see ultra @-@ violet ( UV ) light , and wing colours and patterns are principally observed by Lepidoptera in this region . The patterns seen on their wing under UV light differ considerably from those seen in normal light . The UV patterns act as visual cues which help differentiate between species for the purpose of mating . Studies have been carried out on Lepidoptera ( mostly butterflies ) wing patterns illuminated by UV light .
= = = Palpi = = =
Typically , the labial palpi are prominent , 3 @-@ segmented , springing from under the head and curving up in front of the face . There is great variation in morphology of labial palpi in different families of Lepidoptera ; sometimes the palpi are separate and sometimes they are connivent and form a beak , but they are always independently movable . In other cases , the labial palpi may not be erect but ' porrect ' ( projecting forward horizontally ) . Palpi consist of a short basal segment , a comparatively long central segment and a narrow terminal portion . The first two segments are densely scaled and may be hirsute ; the terminal segment is bare . The terminal segment may be blunt or pointed ; it may project straight or at an angle from the second segment inside which it may be concealed .
= = = Mouthparts = = =
While mandibles or ' jaws ' ( chewing mouthparts ) are only present in the caterpillar stage , the mouthparts of most adult Lepidoptera mainly consist of the sucking kind ; this part is known as the proboscis or ' haustellum ' . A few Lepidoptera species have reduced mouthparts and therefore do not feed in the adult state . Others , such as the basal family Micropterigidae , have mouthparts of the chewing kind .
The proboscis ( plural – proboscises ) is formed from maxillary galeae and is adapted for sucking nectar . It consists of two tubes held together by hooks and separable for cleaning . Each tube is inwardly concave , thus forming a central tube up which
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moisture is sucked . Suction is effected through the contraction and expansion of a sac in the head . The proboscis is coiled under the head when the insect is at rest and extended only when feeding . The maxillary palpi are reduced and even vestigial . They are conspicuous and 5 @-@ segmented in some of the more basal families and are often folded .
The shape and dimensions of the proboscis have evolved to give different species a wider and therefore more advantageous diet . There is an allometric scaling relationship between body mass of Lepidoptera and length of proboscis from which an interesting adaptive departure is the unusually long @-@ tongued hawk moth Xanthopan morgani praedicta . Charles Darwin predicted the existence and proboscis length of this moth before its discovery based on his knowledge of the long @-@ spurred Madagascan star orchid Angraecum sesquipedale .
There are primarily two feeding guilds in Lepidoptera – the nectarivorous who obtain the majority of their nutritional requirements from floral nectar and those of the frugivorous guild who feed primarily on juices of rotting fruit or fermenting tree sap . There are substantial differences between the morphology of the proboscises of both feeding guilds . Hawkmoths ( family Sphingidae ) have elongated proboscises which enable them to feed on and pollinate flowers with long tubular corrollas . Besides this , a number of taxa ( especially noctuid moths ) have evolved different proboscis morphologies . Certain noctuid species have developed piercing mouthparts ; the proboscis has sclerotised scales on the tip which to pierce and suck blood or fruit juices . Proboscises in some Heliconius species have evolved to consume solids such as pollen . Some other moths , mostly noctuids , have modified proboscises to suit their mode of nutrition – lachrymophagy ( feeding on tears of sleeping birds ) . The proboscises often have sharp apices as well as a host of barbs and spurs on the stem .
= = Thorax = =
The thorax , which develops from segments 2 , 3 and 4 of the larva , consists of three invisibly divided segments , namely prothorax , metathorax and mesothorax . The organs of insect locomotion – the legs and wings – are borne on the thorax . The forelegs spring from the prothorax , the forewings and middle pair of legs are borne on the mesothorax , and the hindwings and hindlegs arise from the metathorax . In some cases , the wings are vestigial .
The upper and lower parts of the thorax ( sterna and terga respectively ) are composed of segmental and intrasegmental sclerites which display secondary sclerotisation and considerable modification in the Lepidoptera . The prothorax is the simplest and smallest of the three segments while the mesothorax is the most developed .
Between the head and thorax is the membranous neck or cervix . It comprises a pair of lateral cervical sclerites and is composed of both cephalic and thoracic elements . Between the head and the thorax is a tufted scale called the pronotum . On either side is a shield @-@ like scale called a scapula . In the Noctuoidea , the metathorax is modified with a pair of tympanal organs .
= = = Leg = = =
Fore @-@ legs in the Papilionoidea exhibit reduction of various forms : the butterfly family Nymphalidae , or brush @-@ footed butterflies as they are commonly known , have only the rear two pairs of legs fully functional with the forward pair strongly reduced and not capable of walking or perching . In the Lycaenidae , the tarsus is unsegmented , as the tarsomeres are fused , and , tarsal claws are absent . The aroliar pad ( a pad projecting between the tarsal claws of some insects ) and pulvilli ( singular : pulvillus , a pad or lobe beneath each tarsal claw ) are reduced or absent in the Papilionidae . The tarsal claws are also absent in the Riodinidae .
In Lepidoptera , the three pairs of legs are covered with scales . Lepidoptera also have olfactory organs on their feet which aid in " tasting " or " smelling " food plants .
= = = Wings = = =
See glossary for terms used
Adult Lepidoptera have two pairs of membranous wings covered , usually completely , by minute scales . A wing consists of an upper and lower membrane which are connected by minute fibres and strengthened by a system of thickened hollow ribs , popularly but incorrectly referred to as ' veins ' , as they may also contain tracheae , nerve fibres and blood vessels . The membranes are covered with minute scales which have jagged ends or hairs and are attached by hooks . The wings are moved by the rapid muscular contraction and expansion of the thorax .
The wings arise from the meso- and meta @-@ thoracic segments and are similar in size in the basal groups . In more derived groups , the meso @-@ thoracic wings are larger with more powerful musculature at their bases and more rigid vein structures on the costal edge .
Besides providing the primary function of flight , wings also have secondary functions of self @-@ defence , camouflage and thermoregulation . In some Lepidoptera families such as the Psychidae and
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the series . When Vancouver won game five in New York on the strength of Bure 's two goals , and game six in Vancouver , the series was pushed to seven games . In the deciding game , the Rangers ended Vancouver 's playoff run by a 3 – 2 score to capture the Stanley Cup . Bure finished with a team @-@ high 16 goals and 31 points in 24 games , second in playoff scoring only to Conn Smythe winner Brian Leetch . Bure 's points total also remained the highest by any Russian player until Evgeni Malkin of the Pittsburgh Penguins recorded 36 in 2009 .
In the subsequent off @-@ season , the Canucks announced they had re @-@ signed Bure to a five @-@ year , US $ 24 @.@ 5 million contract on June 16 . The deal was reported to have been signed prior to game three of the Stanley Cup Finals against New York . It also obtained Bure 's marketing rights and put his father , Vladimir , on the team payroll as a fitness and marketing consultant . The average annual salary of US $ 4 @.@ 9 million made Bure the league 's third highest @-@ paid player , behind Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux . Bure and the Canucks had , in fact , entered into contract negotiations at the beginning of the 1993 – 94 season , although two years remained in his original deal . Neither side could come to an initial agreement ; one of the major factors was the Canucks ' demands for the contract to be in Canadian dollars on account of the American exchange rate . Numerous accusations were made in the media during the Canucks ' playoff run that Bure threatened not to play if a contract could not be agreed upon . A Toronto Star article published before the first game of the Finals on May 31 , 1994 , claimed that Bure had signed a five @-@ year , US $ 30 million contract that , if the Canucks had not agreed to , would have seen him pull out of game five of the Conference Finals against the Maple Leafs . The article was followed by two additional claims in the following two days in the Vancouver @-@ based newspaper The Province and Toronto Sun . The Toronto Sun held that the contract was a five @-@ year , US $ 22 @.@ 5 million deal , and that it was signed prior to either game six or seven of the opening round against the Flames after Bure 's agent , Ron Salcer , told general manager Quinn that Bure would not play if the deal was not made . As the story continued well into the next season , Pat Quinn appeared in a segment on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) ' s Hockey Night in Canada with host Ron MacLean on March 27 , 1995 , publicly denying the claims .
Due to the 1994 – 95 NHL lockout , Bure spent single @-@ game stints with HC Spartak Moscow of the Russian Super League and EV Landshut of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga ( DEL ) . He joined a team of Russian NHL players organized by Slava Fetisov that returned to Russia to play a five @-@ game charity tour against local clubs . On the team , Bure was reunited with former Central Red Army linemates Mogilny and Fedorov . When the NHL Players Association ( NHLPA ) and owners came to an agreement on January 12 , 1995 , NHL play was set to resume . However , there were unresolved contract issues , as Salcer claimed that the Canucks promised they would pay Bure 's full salary despite the lockout , which cancelled nearly half of the 1994 – 95 season . Bure held out for four days as a result ( the amount claimed to be owing was US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) , before the two sides reached an agreement that the Canucks would put the disputed amount in escrow and would continue discussions . He soon reported to Vancouver and went on to tally 43 points in 44 games of the shortened season . He spent the season with a rotation of linemates , taking turns being centred by Trevor Linden , Cliff Ronning and rookie Michael Peca . Bure had lacked a consistent linemate since he was centred by fellow Soviets Igor Larionov and Anatoli Semenov in each of his first two seasons . Nevertheless , in the 1995 playoffs , Bure set franchise records for most goals and points in a series with 7 and 12 respectively in a seven @-@ game series victory against the St. Louis Blues ( Mikael Samuelsson later tied Bure 's goal @-@ scoring record in 2010 against the Los Angeles Kings ) . The Canucks , however , failed to defend their Clarence Campbell Bowl title , being swept by the Chicago Blackhawks in round two . In the fourth and final playoff game against the Blackhawks , Bure left the contest early in the third period with a rib injury . The Canucks ' elimination in 1995 marked the last time Bure appeared in the post @-@ season with the club . He finished with a career playoff total of 66 points with the Canucks , including 34 goals , which remained the highest club total until Linden tied the mark in 2007 .
At the start of the 1995 – 96 season , Bure changed his jersey number from 10 to 96 . The switch commemorated the day on which he first landed in North America from Moscow , on September 6 , 1991 ( 9th month , 6th day ) . He had originally requested to wear the number when he first joined the Canucks , but was not permitted by head coach Pat Quinn , who did not approve of high jersey numbers . After the Canucks made a deal with the Buffalo Sabres to reunite Bure with Alexander Mogilny , the jersey number was deemed acceptable because
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@ seat outrigger . Once the news of Rush 's decision became public , betting odds changed dramatically , favouring Trickett , and the result of the race was considered almost a foregone conclusion . Still , Rush was known as an honest sportsman and was expected to put up a mighty effort to beat Trickett . And so he did , but without success .
The celebrations following the match recalled Trickett 's return from his London victory in November 1876 . The commercial exploitation of the event had been considerable , and thousands of pounds changed hands in wagers , but Trickett and Rush were out of pocket afterwards , Trickett claiming to be considerably so . The stakes were only £ 200 , and expenses such as training , accommodation , advertising , new boats and incidentals made professional sculling an expensive business , as Rush argued beforehand . Trickett claimed a considerable shortfall in gate money from spectator ships , and a public benefit concert was held for him by actor George Darrell . Others spoke up for Rush as a major financial loser from his endeavour .
Most histories of professional Australian sculling commence with this event . By 1877 , Australia had a vigorous interest in sport , and a class of professional athletes was emerging . Far from defeating him , the match of 30 June 1877 gave Rush new energy . After a year or two of retirement , he began to train and compete , mastering the sliding seat . He regained his Australian Championship in September 1881 .
= = = Rush vs Laycock = = =
Elias C. Laycock was his ' chief rival ' . Just a year younger than Rush , and like him , a large and powerful man , Laycock came to live on the Lower Clarence River around 1874 . The two scullers met first at the Queen 's Birthday regatta in Grafton in May 1874 . Laycock , untried at boat racing , was beaten , though undeterred . During the following years , Laycock challenged Rush and others to sculling matches , until in April 1879 , he beat World Champion Trickett at a State regatta . A series of matches followed to determine the current Australian sculling Champion , who would defend the World Title . Laycock beat Rush again and again , but Trickett eventually beat Laycock . Trickett once more went to the Thames to row against Ned Hanlan , but these preliminary contests in Sydney marked the end of Rush 's World Championship ambitions .
= = = The Walker Whiskey Trophy = = =
In April 1881 , Mason , Brothers offered a cash prize of £ 300 , to be known as the Walker Whiskey Trophy . The cash prizes attracted so many entrants that a series of preliminary heats was held during September 1881 . Rush took part , but was eliminated from the final race . Rush also rowed a number of private matches at this time , notably against J. J. Power , Harry Pearce , both of whom he beat , and Elias Laycock . The match against Laycock was for the Championship of Australia , which Laycock won with ease . Rush announced his retirement from sculling contests , not for the first or the last time .
= = = The Francis Punch Trophy = = =
Francis Punch was a younger brother of sculler , publican and promoter James ' Jem ' Punch . Following the death of James , Francis bought Punch 's Hotel . Punch sponsored a sculling prize and though this event did not attract any international entrants , Rush , Trickett and Laycock competed over the Championship course in early October 1882 . Rush won not only the Punch Trophy but regained the Australian Championship .
= = = The Rush Trophy = = =
Following his defeat in the Walker Whiskey Trophy events , a number of Rush 's admirers and backers held a banquet in his honour , at which they presented him with an illuminated testimonial along with a sterling silver tea set , salver , and claret jug , valued at £ 200 . These recognised his excellence as a sportsman , and his admirable qualities as a man . The salver was inscribed with a dedication , and each piece bore an inscribed caricature of Rush at the oars of an outrigger skiff . The silver items are now in the collection of the Clarence River Historical Society in Grafton , New South Wales .
= = = His last row = = =
Business and family commitments kept Rush busy for the next few years . He moved his home up @-@ river from Maclean to Grafton , the effective ' capital ' of the Clarence River district . Rush purchased a hotel and an adjacent store , and a riverside villa which he named ' Clarence House ' . Rush took an active part in a great many community and sporting organisations . He was a founder of the Grafton Rowing Club and was several times an office @-@ holder of the Clarence River Jockey Club . He continued to promote and take part in local regattas . One of these was the Clarence River Aquatic Carnival , held on
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relations with other countries . This ground of restriction has not yet been considered by local courts , but might have justified the withdrawal by the Board of Film Censors ( BFC ) of a certificate issued for the film Zoolander ( 2001 ) with effect from 8 February 2002 . The film , a comedy about a male model played by Ben Stiller who is brainwashed into attempting to assassinate the Prime Minister of Malaysia , had earlier been condemned by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board as " definitely unsuitable " , though it did not impose a ban as it expected film distributors to exercise discretion . The BFC stated only that the film had been banned " in view of controversial elements gathered from feedback " . The ban was lifted at the beginning of 2006 , which enabled the film to be released on DVD .
= = = = Public order = = = =
Article 14 ( 2 ) also empowers Parliament to impose restrictions on the rights guaranteed by all three limbs of Article 14 ( 1 ) on the ground of public order . The term public order has been given an expansive interpretation that highlights the importance which the Singapore Government places upon social stability . In Chee Siok Chin , which dealt with the constitutionality of sections 13A and 13B of the Miscellaneous Offences ( Public Order and Nuisance ) Act the High Court approved the following quotation from V.N. Shukla 's Constitution of India ( 9th ed . , 1994 ) :
The expression ' public order ' is synonymous with public peace , safety , and tranquility . It signifies absence of disorder involving breaches of local significance in contradistinction to national upheavals such as revolution , civil strife or war , affecting the security of the State . To illustrate , the State may , in the interests of public order , prohibit and punish the causing of loud and raucous noise in streets and public places by means of sound amplifying instruments ; regulate the hours and place of public discussions and the use of public streets for the purpose of exercising freedom ; provide for expulsion of hecklers from meetings and assemblies ; punish utterances tending to incite breach of the peace or riot and use of threatening , abusive or insulting words or behaviour in any public place or at any public meeting with intent to cause a breach of the peace or whereby breach of the peace is likely to be caused , and all such acts as would endanger public safety .
Such an interpretation is consistent with earlier cases . In Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor ( 1994 ) , Chief Justice Yong Pung How considered the term in relation to the right to freedom of religion embodied in Article 15 ( 4 ) of the Constitution and stated :
I am of the view that religious beliefs ought to have proper protection , but actions undertaken or flowing from such beliefs must conform with the general law relating to public order and social protection . The right of freedom of religion must be reconciled with " the right of the State to employ the sovereign power to ensure peace , security and orderly living without which constitutional guarantee of civil liberty would be a mockery " ( Commissioner , HRE v LT Swamiar AIR 1954 SC 282 ) . The sovereignty , integrity and unity of Singapore are undoubtedly the paramount mandate of the Constitution and anything , including religious beliefs and practices , which tend to run counter to these objectives must be restrained .
In Chee Siok Chin it was further clarified that " the legislative power to circumscribe the rights conferred by Art 14 of the Constitution is , inter alia , delineated by what is ' in the interest of public order ' and not confined to ' the maintenance of public order ' . This is a much wider legislative remit that allows Parliament to take a prophylactic approach in the maintenance of public order . This necessarily will include laws that are not purely designed or crafted for the immediate or direct maintenance of public order ... " .
= = = = = Restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly = = = = =
The Government has power to limit the circulation of local and foreign media in Singapore under the Broadcasting Act and the Newspaper and Printing Presses Act ( " NPPA " ) . These Acts can be considered as imposing restrictions on free speech based on public order . For instance , the Broadcasting ( Class Licence ) Notification , made under section 9 of the Broadcasting Act , makes it mandatory for an Internet content provider to register with the Media Development Authority ( MDA ) if it is , or if the Authority thinks that it is , an individual providing any programme about or a body of persons engaged in the " propagation , promotion or discussion of political or religious issues relating to Singapore , on the World Wide Web through the Internet " . The MDA can fine a licensee , or suspend or cancel its licence , if it has breached the terms of its licence , any relevant code of practice issued by the Authority , any provisions of the Broadcasting Act , or any direction issued by the Authority or the Minister for Information , Communications and the Arts . In addition , it is an offence to provide a broadcasting service without a licence , and a convicted person is liable to a fine of up to S $ 200 @,@ 000 , jail of up to three years , or both . If the offence continues after conviction , a further fine of up to $ 10 @,@ 000 per day may be imposed .
The Minister may declare that any foreign broadcasting service which is rebroadcast in Singapore has been " engaging in the domestic politics of Singapore " . Rebroadcasting such a " declared foreign broadcasting service " is prohibited without the Minister 's approval , which can be refused , revoked without reasons , or granted on conditions , which may include restrictions on the number of people permitted to receive the service and suspensions of the service for certain periods . Failing to comply with the above rules is a crime punishable by a fine of up to $ 100 @,@ 000 . Similar provisions exist in the NPPA to enable the circulation of foreign newspapers in Singapore to be restricted . In February 1987 , the Asian Wall Street Journal was declared to have engaged in domestic politics and its circulation was limited to 400 copies . The newspaper 's publisher , Dow Jones Publishing Co . ( Asia ) Inc . , applied unsuccessfully to the High Court for certiorari to quash the Minister 's orders . On appeal to the Court of Appeal , Dow Jones argued that the Minister had acted irrationally and misinterpreted scope of his powers under the NPPA by not considering the right to free speech protected by Article 14 ( 1 ) ( a ) . The Court dismissed the argument on the ground that Dow Jones could not rely on the Article as it only applied to Singapore citizens . Furthermore , even if Dow Jones could raise the constitutionality of the relevant provisions of the NPPA on the basis that Singapore citizens were indirectly affected by it , it was not evident that the right to free speech included the right to receive information . In any case , even if the latter argument was accepted , it might be said that the right of Singapore citizens to receive information by reading the Asian Wall Street Journal had not been impaired since 400 copies of it were still in circulation . The Court interpreted the term domestic politics broadly , holding that in Singapore 's context it included :
... the political system of Singapore and the political ideology underpinning it , the public institutions that are a manifestation of the system and the policies of the government of the day that give life to the political system . In other words , the domestic politics of Singapore relate to the multitude of issues concerning how Singapore should be governed in the interest and for the welfare of its people .
In addition to empowering the Minister to limit the circulation of foreign newspapers as described above , the NPPA generally imposes curbs on the foreign ownership of newspaper companies , and requires a permit to be obtained for the publication , sale and distribution of newspapers . In a September 2011 statement , the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts justified the NPPA 's existence , stating : " The various safeguards provided for in the NPPA help to ensure that the media operating in Singapore play a responsible role and that publishers are accountable for the content they publish . The safeguards also prevent local newspapers from being manipulated by foreign interests which can have a divisive effect on social cohesion . These considerations are still valid today . Journalistic freedom to report responsibly has not been compromised . "
The Sedition
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have once competed under the name " Tasmanian Devil " prior to becoming a full @-@ time writer . In celebration of the coming Millennium , Abe Jacobs was featured on a special commemorative edition of the New Zealand ten dollar note by the Chatham Islands Note Corporation .
The New Zealand Pro Wrestling Informer ( NZPWI ) , an online resource for New Zealand professional wrestling , appeared in 1999 , and was one of the earliest professional wrestling @-@ related websites to appear on the Internet . Between 2003 and 2008 , it interviewed numerous wrestlers from Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and World Wrestling Entertainment . Among those included retired foreign wrestlers who had previously competed in New Zealand as well as younger upcoming wrestlers such as Samoa Joe and Bobby Lashley .
= = = 2000s = = =
On 25 May 2003 , Auckland hosted a " champion vs. champion " match , in which NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarrett defeated Sting to unify Australia 's WWA World Heavyweight Championship . Mania Pro Wrestling , the first wrestling promotion since the close of Rickard 's All Star Pro @-@ Wrestling , was established in Auckland mid @-@ 2000 , following the success Mania Female Fighting Academy had enjoyed with their blend of stunt fighting and mat wrestling . Wellington promoter and former professional wrestler Martin Stirling took an interest in the return of the artform , and established Wellington Pro Wrestling in October 2003 . Early 2003 in Auckland the scene changed , as the collective of wrestlers who made up Mania Pro Wrestling , after a disagreement over the running of the company , established their own brand away from the Fighting Academy , known now as Impact Pro Wrestling . In January 2005 , Stirling changed his promotions title to New Zealand Wide Pro Wrestling .
WWE held their first live event tour in New Zealand on March 4 , 2006 at the Westpac Stadium . This was the WWE Smackdown Road to WrestleMania 22 Tour , which featured a main event triple threat match between Kurt Angle , Undertaker and Mark Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship .
WWE continued to tour New Zealand as a result of 23 @,@ 875 people attending the first event in 2006 .
Competition emerged in the New Zealand wrestling industry during May 2006 in Wellington , when Rip Morgan split from Stirling 's company and Kiwi Pro Wrestling was established , made up of a number of Stirling 's former stars . These new promotions also brought back televised wrestling , which had been absent since the days of Rickard 's On the Mat , with the debut of IPW Ignition and KPW 's Off the Ropes .
The decade saw cooperation between New Zealand and Australian promoters as well . In 2007 , Peter Ball 's Major Impact Wrestling merged with New Zealand 's Impact Pro Wrestling to form a sister promotion in Australia , Impact Pro Wrestling Australia . That same year , Dominic Ferrari 's New Aussie Wrestling took part in an inter @-@ promotional " Australia vs. New Zealand " supercard with Kiwi Pro Wrestling . In 2008 , the Australasian Wrestling Federation made two trips to New Zealand , performing using their own talent and members of New Zealand Wide Pro Wrestling .
= = = = Foreign Tours = = = =
Shows from North American promotions have been held in New Zealand
= = Professional wrestling promotions = =
= = Television programming = =
APW Aftershock Pro Wrestling - 30 minutes - 8 : 00pm Saturdays on CTV
WWE NXT - 1 hour - 1 : 00pm Thursdays on WWE Network
WWE Pay @-@ per @-@ views - Live once or twice a month - $ 29 @.@ 99 each on SKY Arena in HD & on WWE Network
WWE Raw - 3 hours - 3 : 35pm Wednesdays on the BOX
WWE Main Event - 1 hour - 2 : 35pm Sundays on the BOX
WWE SmackDown - 2 hours - 3 : 40pm Sundays on the BOX
WWE Superstars - 1 hour - 3 : 00pm Fridays on WWE Network
= Liam Miller =
Liam William Peter Miller ( born 13 February 1981 ) is an Irish footballer who plays for Wilmington Hammerheads in the United Soccer League . Miller began his career with Celtic and was later loaned to Aarhus in 2001 . He returned to Celtic Park and broke into the first @-@ team squad during the 2003 – 04 season . Rejecting the offer of a new contract from Celtic , he joined Manchester United in 2004 on a free transfer under the Bosman ruling . Loaned to Leeds United during the 2005 – 06 season , Miller made 22 first @-@ team appearances for Manchester United .
In 2006 , he joined Sunderland , but was linked with a move away from the club because of alleged timekeeping issues . He joined Queens Park Rangers in January 2009 and was released at the end of the 2008 – 09 season . Miller joined Hibernian at the start of the 2009 – 10 Scottish Premier League season on a free transfer . He moved to Australian A @-@ League club Perth Glory in 2011 after his contract with Hibernian expired . Miller represents the Republic of Ireland team internationally , making his debut in 2004 against the Czech Republic .
= = Background = =
Miller was born in Ballincollig , Cork , Ireland . He attended Coachford College . In a web chat , Miller revealed that family has been his largest influence in football , and that Martin O 'Neill and Sir Alex Ferguson were also influential to his career . Miller is married and has one son .
= = Club career = =
= = = Celtic = = =
Miller then joined Celtic in 1997 as a youth player , and made his professional league debut against Dundee United on 21 May 2000 . His UEFA Cup debut came against Luxembourg @-@ based club Jeunesse Esch on 24 August 2000 in a 7 – 0 win , and came close to scoring in the 64th minute . During his time at Celtic Park , he had been on a six @-@ month loan spell with Danish football club AGF Aarhus during the 2001 – 02 season , making 18 appearances without scoring a goal . They considered signing him permanently for £ 300 @,@ 000 .
His first Scottish Premier League goals came in a 5 – 0 win over Hearts on 18 October 2003 ; his first goal came after nine minutes when Stilian Petrov drilled the ball in low and Miller finished it off , and completed the scoring in the 50th minute with five @-@ yard finish . Miller scored a goal in a 2 – 0 Champions League win against Lyon ; Martin O 'Neill then offered him a long @-@ term contract , attempting to keep Miller at the club . Despite this , Miller signed a pre @-@ contract agreement in January 2004 with Manchester United . This move greatly disappointed Martin O 'Neill , who had intended to build a new Celtic team around Miller . According to Irish Abroad , " His departure from the Glasgow giants , after only 26 appearances for the Bhoys , led to outrage among the club 's supporters who perceived Miller to be showing a distinct lack of loyalty considering the Celts ' support of him through long @-@ term injury . "
= = = Manchester United = = =
Miller joined Manchester United for free on 1 July 2004 , and scored his first goal for the club on 26 October 2004 against Crewe Alexandra in the League Cup . After the start of his career for the Red Devils , he found first @-@ team opportunities rare towards the end of the 2004 – 05 season . He was given a rare first @-@ team start in January 2005 in an FA Cup tie against non @-@ league Exeter City , but turned in a poor performance and was substituted in the second half . In his entire time at the club he made only 22 first @-@ team appearances . Miller later commented that " Man Utd didn 't work out but I have no regrets about giving it a go . "
In July 2006 , The Telegraph reported that Miller would be allowed to leave Manchester United , should the Red Devils receive a suitable offer . It was made clear that Miller was not part of Alex Ferguson 's plans when , despite the huge number of senior players missing , he was still only a substitute in the opening
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north . Charles XI of Sweden , dependent on French subsidies , reluctantly occupied the Brandenburgian Uckermark in 1674 , starting the German theater of the Scanian War ( Brandenburg @-@ Swedish War ) . Frederick William reacted promptly by marching his armies from the Rhine to northern Brandenburg , and encountered the rear of the Swedish army , which was in the process of crossing a swamp , in the Battle of Fehrbellin ( 1675 ) . Though a minor skirmish from a military perspective , Frederick William 's victory turned out to be of huge symbolic significance . The " Great Elector " started a counter @-@ offensive , pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through Swedish Pomerania .
Polish king John III Sobieski planned to restore Polish suzerainty over the Duchy of Prussia , and for this purpose concluded an alliance with France on 11 June 1675 . France promised assistance and subsidies , while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in Poland @-@ Lithuania and promised to aid Hungarian rebel forces who were to distract the Habsburgs from their war against France . For this plan to work out , Poland @-@ Lithuania had to first conclude her war against the Ottoman Empire , which French diplomacy despite great efforts failed to achieve . Furthermore , Sobieski was opposed by the Papacy , by Polish gentry who saw the Ottomans as the greater threat , and by Polish magnates bribed by Berlin and Vienna . Inner @-@ Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels ' side added to the resentments . Thus , while Treaty of Żurawno ended the Polish @-@ Ottoman war in 1676 , Sobieski sided with the emperor instead , and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped .
By 1678 , Frederick William had cleared Swedish Pomerania and occupied most of it , with the exception of Rügen which was held by Denmark – Norway . This was followed by another success against Sweden , when Frederick William cleared Prussia of Swedish forces in what became known as the Great Sleigh Drive . However , when Louis XIV of France concluded the Dutch War by the Nijmegen treaties , he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally , and forced Frederick William to basically return to the status quo ante bellum by the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye ( 1679 ) . Though the Scanian War resulted only in minor territorial gains , attaching a small strip of the Swedish Pomeranian right bank of the lower Oder to Brandenburg @-@ Prussian Pomerania , the war resulted in a huge gain of prestige for the elector .
= = Frederick III ( I ) , 1688 – 1713 = =
Frederick III of Brandenburg , since 1701 also Frederick I of Prussia , was born in Königsberg in 1657 . Already in the last years of the reign of his father , the friendly relations with France established after Saint Germain ( 1679 ) had cooled down , not least because of the Huguenot question . In 1686 , Frederick William turned toward the Habsburg emperor , with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686 . For this alliance , Frederick William relinquished rights on Silesia in favor of the Habsburgs , and in turn received the Silesian County of Schwiebus which bordered the Neumark . Frederick III , present at the negotiations as crown prince , assured the Habsburgs of the continuation of the alliance once he was in power , and secretly concluded an amendment to return Schwiebus to the Habsburgs , which he eventually did in 1694 . Throughout his reign , Brandenburg @-@ Prussia remained a Habsburg ally and repeatedly deployed troops to fight against France . In 1693 , Frederick III began to sound out the possibility of an elevation of his status at the Habsburg court in Vienna , and while the first attempt was unsuccessful , elevation to a king remained the central goal on his agenda .
The envisioned status elevation did not merely serve a decorative purpose , but was regarded a necessity to prevail in political competition . Though Frederick III held the elevated status of a prince elector , this status was also gained by Maximilian I of Bavaria in 1623 , during the Thirty Years ' War , also by the Elector of the Palatinate in the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) , and by Ernest Augustus of the House of Hanover in 1692 . Thus , the formerly exclusive club of the prince @-@ electors now had nine members , six of whom were secular princes , and further changes seemed possible . Within the circle of prince @-@ electors , August the Strong , Elector of Saxony , had secured the Polish crown in 1697 , and the House of Hanover had secured succession of the British throne . From Frederick III 's perspective , stagnation in status meant loss of power , and this perspective seemed to be confirmed when the European royals ignored Brandenburg @-@ Prussia 's claims in the Treaty of Rijswijk ( 1697 ) .
Frederick decided to raise the Duchy of Prussia to a kingdom . Within the Holy Roman Empire , no one could call himself king except the emperor and the king of Bohemia . However , Prussia was outside the empire , and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it . The practicability of this plan was doubted by some of his
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East Asia Summit in 2005 .
Malaysia 's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries , regardless of their political system . The government attaches a high priority to the security and stability of Southeast Asia , and seeks to further develop relations with other countries in the region . Historically the government has tried to portray Malaysia as a progressive Islamic nation while strengthening relations with other Islamic states . A strong tenet of Malaysia 's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs .
The policy towards territorial disputes by the government is one of pragmatism , with the government solving disputes in a number of ways , such as bringing the case to the International Court of Justice . The Spratly Islands are disputed by many states in the area , and a large portion of the South China Sea is claimed by China . Unlike its neighbours of Vietnam and the Philippines , Malaysia historically avoided conflicts with China . However , after the enroachment of Chinese ships in Malaysian territorial waters , Malaysia has become active in condemning China . Brunei and Malaysia in 2009 announced an end to claims of each other 's land , and committed to resolve issues related to their maritime borders . The Philippines has a dormant claim to the eastern part of Sabah . Singapore 's land reclamation has caused tensions , and minor maritime and land border disputes exist with Indonesia .
Malaysia has never recognised Israel and has no diplomatic ties with it , and has called for the International Criminal Court to take action against Israel over their Gaza flotilla raid . Malaysia has stated it will only establish an official relations with Israel once a peace agreement with the State of Palestine been reached and called for both parties to find a quick resolution . Malaysian peacekeeping forces have contributed to many UN peacekeeping missions , such as in Congo , Iran – Iraq , Namibia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Somalia , East Timor and Lebanon .
The Malaysian Armed Forces have three branches , the Royal Malaysian Navy , the Malaysian Army , and the Royal Malaysian Air Force . There is no conscription , and the required age for voluntary military service is 18 . The military uses 1 @.@ 5 % of the country 's GDP , and employs 1 @.@ 23 % of Malaysia 's manpower .
The Five Power Defence Arrangements is a regional security initiative which has been in place for almost 40 years . It involves joint military exercises held among Malaysia , Singapore , Australia , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . Joint exercises and war games also been held with Brunei , China , Indonesia and the United States . Malaysia , Philippines , Thailand and Vietnam have agreed to host joint security force exercises to secure their maritime border and tackle issues such as illegal immigration , piracy and smuggling . There are fears that extremist militants activities in the Muslim areas of the southern Philippines and southern Thailand would spill over into Malaysia .
= = Subdivisions = =
Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories . These are divided between two regions , with 11 states and two federal territories on Peninsular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysia . Each state is divided into districts , which are then divided into mukim . In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into divisions .
Governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments , with different powers reserved for each , and the Federal government has direct administration of the federal territories . Lower @-@ level administration is carried out by local authorities , which include city councils , district councils , and municipal councils , although autonomous statutory bodies can be created by the federal and state governments to deal with certain tasks . The federal constitution puts local authorities outside of the federal territories under the exclusive jurisdictions of the state government , although in practice the federal government has intervened in the affairs of state local governments . There are 144 local authorities , consisting of 11 city councils , 33 municipal councils , and 97 district councils .
The 13 states are based on historical Malay kingdoms , and 9 of the 11 Peninsular states , known as the Malay states , retain their royal families . The King is elected by and from the nine rulers to serve a five @-@ year term . This King appoints governors serving a four @-@ year term for the states without monarchies , after consultations with the chief minister of that state . Each state has a unicameral legislature known as the State Legislative Assembly , and its own written constitution . Sabah and Sarawak have considerably more autonomy than the other states , most notably having separate immigration policies and controls , and a unique residency status . Federal intervention in state affairs , lack of development , and disputes over oil royalties have occasionally led to statements about secession from leaders in several states such as Johor , Kelantan , Sabah and Sarawak , although these have not been followed up and no serious independence movements exist .
= = Geography = =
Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area , with a land area of 329 @,@ 613 km2 ( 127 @,@ 264 sq mi ) . It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia , and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia . It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway and a bridge . The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam and the Philippines . The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River , the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal , whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention . Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia , with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts . Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago . Tanjung Piai , located in the southern state of Johor , is the southernmost tip of continental Asia . The Strait of Malacca , lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia , is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce , carrying 40 per cent of the world 's trade .
The two parts of Malaysia , separated from each other by the South China Sea , share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains . Peninsular Malaysia , containing 40 per cent of Malaysia 's land area , extends 740 km ( 460 mi ) from north to south , and its maximum width is 322 km ( 200 mi ) . It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains , rising to a peak elevation of 2 @,@ 183 metres ( 7 @,@ 162 ft ) at Mount Korbu , part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula . These mountains are heavily forested , and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks . Much of it has been eroded , creating a karst landscape . The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia 's river systems . The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) , and the peninsula 's coastline is nearly 1 @,@ 931 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) long , although harbours are only available on the western side .
East Malaysia , on the island of Borneo , has a coastline of 2 @,@ 607 km
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( 1 @,@ 620 mi ) . It is divided between coastal regions , hills and valleys , and a mountainous interior . The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak , dividing the state of Sabah . It is the location of the 4 @,@ 095 m ( 13 @,@ 435 ft ) high Mount Kinabalu , the tallest mountain in Malaysia . Mount Kinabalu is located in the Kinabalu National Park , which is protected as one of the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malaysia . The highest mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia . Sarawak contains the Mulu Caves , the largest cave system in the world , in the Gunung Mulu National Park which is also a World Heritage Site .
Around these two halves of Malaysia are numerous islands , the largest of which is Banggi . The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest ( April to October ) and northeast ( October to February ) monsoons . The temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans . Humidity is usually high , and the average annual rainfall is 250 cm ( 98 in ) . The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ , as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland , as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East . Local climates can be divided into three regions , highland , lowland , and coastal . Climate change is likely to affect sea levels and rainfall , increasing flood risks and leading to droughts .
= = Biodiversity = =
Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993 , and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998 . The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism . It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world 's animal species . High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo 's mountains , as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest . There are about 210 mammal species in the country . Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia , with many endemic to the mountains there . A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo . 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country , with about 150 species of snakes and 80 species of lizards . There are about 150 species of frogs , and thousands of insect species . Malaysia 's exclusive economic zone is 1 @.@ 5 times larger than its land area , and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle , a biodiversity hotspot . The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world . Bordering East Malaysia , the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot , with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species . The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world .
Nearly 4 @,@ 000 species of fungi , including lichen @-@ forming species have been recorded from Malaysia . Of the two fungal groups with the largest number of species in Malaysia , the Ascomycota and their asexual states have been surveyed in some habitats ( decaying wood , marine and freshwater ecosystems , as parasites of some plants , and as agents of biodegradation ) , but have not been or have been only poorly surveyed in other habitats ( as endobionts , in soils , on dung , as human and animal pathogens ) ; the Basidiomycota are only partly surveyed : bracket fungi , and mushrooms and toadstools have been studied , but Malaysian rust and smut fungi remain very poorly known . Without doubt , many more fungal species in Malaysia have not yet been recorded , and it is likely that many of those , when found , will be new to science .
About two thirds of Malaysia is covered in forest , with some forests believed to be 130 million years old . The forests are dominated by dipterocarps . Lowland forest covers areas below 760 m ( 2 @,@ 490 ft ) , and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest , which is supported by its hot wet climate . There are around 14 @,@ 500 species of flowering plants and trees . Besides rainforests , there are over 1 @,@ 425 km2 ( 550 sq mi ) of mangroves in Malaysia , and a large amount of peat forest . At higher altitudes , oaks , chestnuts , and rhododendrons replace dipterocarps . There are an estimated 8 @,@ 500 species of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia , with another 15 @,@ 000 in the East . The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2 @,@ 000 tree species , and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world , with 240 different species of trees every hectare . These forests host many members of the Rafflesia genus , the largest flowers in the world , with a maximum diameter of 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) .
= = = Conservation issues = = =
Logging , along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover , causing severe environmental degradation in the country . Over 80 per cent of Sarawak 's rainforest has been cleared . Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees , and over 60 per cent of the Peninsular 's forest have been cleared . With current rates of deforestation , the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020 . Deforestation is a major problem for animals , fungi and plants , as the forest is cut to make room for plantations . Most remaining forest is found inside national parks . Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life . Illegal fishing is another major threat , with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems . Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s . Hunting has also been an issue for some animals , with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals , from marine life to tigers . Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism .
The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection , but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment . Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation ; and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year . 28 national parks have been established ; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular . Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island . Animal trafficking is a large issue , and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti @-@ trafficking laws .
= = Economy = =
Malaysia is a relatively open state @-@ oriented and newly industrialised market economy . The state plays a significant but declining role in guiding economic activity through macroeconomic plans . Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia , with GDP growing an average 6 @.@ 5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005 . Malaysia 's economy in 2014 – 2015 was one of the most competitive in Asia , ranking 6th in Asia and 20th in the world , higher than countries like Australia , France and South Korea . In 2014 , Malaysia 's economy grew 6 % , the second highest growth in ASEAN behind Philippines ' growth of 6 @.@ 1 % . The economy of Malaysia ( GDP PPP ) in 2014 was $ 746 @.@ 821 billion , the third largest in ASEAN behind more populous Indonesia and Thailand and the 28th largest in the world .
In 1991 , former Prime Minister of Malaysia , Mahathir Mohamad outlined his ideal in Vision 2020 , in which Malaysia would become a self @-@ sufficient industrialised nation by 2020 . Najib Razak has said Malaysia could attain developed country status much earlier from the actual target in 2020 , adding the country has two program concept such as Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme .
According to a HSBC report , Malaysia will become the world 's 21st largest economy by
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Ramnaresh Sarwan ( caught ) , Chanderpaul ( LBW ) and Ryan Hinds ( caught ) . The West Indies were facing a whitewash going into the final Test at Antigua , and were accused by Sobers of underestimating the English bowlers . The fourth Test saw Lara come to the crease with the score at 33 / 1 . He stayed for 778 minutes and faced 582 balls in the process of making his world record Test innings of 400 not out , before declaring at 751 / 5 . It was not enough for victory and the game ended in a draw . As a result of this drawn match Lara was criticised by Ricky Ponting who stated that the whole West Indies first innings revolved around Lara 's score who let the Test match slip for his own personal gain . The series finished 3 – 0 to England .
= = = 2004 – 2009 English dominance = = =
England dominated the 2004 series and claimed the first English whitewash in the Wisden Trophy 's history . England won each Test comfortably , as the West Indian bowlers struggled to get wickets . Only Chris Gayle and Dwayne Bravo had bowling averages lower than 30 . This whitewash meant that England had won seven consecutive Tests for the first time in 75 years . The series was the beginning of a run that would see England win the Ashes the following year .
Andrew Flintoff was the leading performer for England , averaging 64 @.@ 50 with the bat and claiming 14 wickets . Ashley Giles was the leading wicket taker in the series with 22 . This series saw Ian Bell make his Test debut in the final Test of the series , where he compiled his maiden half @-@ century . The main highlights for the West Indies were Chanderpaul 's batting performance in scoring 437 runs at an average of 72 @.@ 83 , the highest in the series , and Bravo 's 16 wickets .
With the recent retirement of Lara , Sarwan became the captain of the West Indies . Sarwan injured himself while fielding in the second Test , and the captaincy was given to Daren Ganga . Andrew Strauss was England skipper for the first Test , after which Vaughan returned from injury to lead for the remaining Tests .
England were largely the better team and , if not for the resilient batting of Chanderpaul , they would have won by an even larger margin . The West Indies suffered greatly from his absence in the second Test , losing the match by an innings and 283 runs , their biggest defeat in Test history . England retained the Wisden trophy at Old Trafford by taking an unbeatable 2 – 0 lead , They ultimately won the series 3 – 0 .
Chanderpaul , who was named the West Indian player of the series , scored 446 runs at an average of 148 @.@ 66 . Bravo also impressed with his all @-@ round performance in claiming 6 wickets , scoring 291 runs and taking 7 catches . England saw the emergence of Matt Prior , who became the first English wicket @-@ keeper to score a Test century on debut . Monty Panesar claimed the most wickets ( 23 ) and received the award of the Englishman of the series , while Ryan Sidebottom took 16 wickets .
= = = 2009 – present West Indies regains , then loses the trophy = = =
Despite England going into the series as the favourites , West Indies won the series 1 – 0 after winning the first match at Sabina Park . The remaining matches all ended in draws . The series was originally intended as a four Test series ; however the abandonment of the Second Test due to the conditions of the field at the SVR Stadium in Antigua led to the rapid inclusion of an additional game staged at the Antigua Recreation Ground , resulting in a five , rather than four match Test series .
In a two @-@ match series that replaced the originally scheduled tour by Zimbabwe , and the previously announced tour by Sri Lanka , England regained the Wisden Trophy with a 2 – 0 win .
= = Summary of results = =
See also : List of Wisden Trophy records for a full listing of all the Wisden Trophy records .
A team must win a series to hold the Wisden Trophy . A drawn series results in the previous holders retaining the trophy . To date , a total of 23 Wisden Trophy series have been played , with West Indies winning 13 and England 6 . The remaining 3 series were drawn , with West Indies retaining the Wisden Trophy on each occasion ( 1973 – 74 , 1991 and 1995 ) . In the series ' 44 @-@ year history the Wisden Trophy has changed hands on five occasions ( 1968 , 1973 , 2000 and twice in 2009 ) with England
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visited shopping street in Inner London , attracting over half a million daily visitors in 2014 , and is one of the most popular destinations in London for tourists , with an annual estimated turnover of over £ 1 billion . It forms part of a shopping district in the West End of London , along with other streets including Covent Garden , Bond Street and Piccadilly .
The New West End Company , formerly the Oxford Street Association , is a group that oversees stores and trade along the street ; its objective is to make the place safe and desirable for shoppers . They have been critical of the overcrowding and quality of shops and started to clamp down on abusive traders , who have then been refused licences .
Several British retail chains regard their Oxford Street branch as the flagship store . Debenhams originally opened as Marshall & Snelgrove in 1870 ; in 1919 they merged with Debenhams , which had opened in nearby Wigmore Street in 1778 . The company was owned by Burton between 1985 and 1998 . The London flagship store of the House of Fraser began as D H Evans in 1879 and moved to its current premises in 1935 . It was the first department store in the UK with escalators serving every floor . Selfridges , Oxford Street , the second @-@ largest department store in the UK and flagship of the Selfridges chain , has been in Oxford Street since 1909 .
Marks & Spencer has two stores on Oxford Street . The first , Marks & Spencer Marble Arch , is at the junction with Orchard Street . A second branch between Regent Street and Tottenham Court Road stands on the former site of the Pantheon .
The music retailer HMV was opened at No. 363 Oxford Street in 1921 by Sir Edward Elgar . The Beatles made their first recording in London in 1962 , when they cut a 78rpm demo disc in the store . A larger store at No. 150 was opened in 1986 by Sir Bob Geldof , and was the largest music shop in the world at 60 @,@ 000 square feet ( 6 @,@ 000 m2 ) . As well as music and video retail , the premises supported live gigs in the store . Due to financial difficulties , the store closed in 2014 , with all retail moving to No. 363 .
The 100 Club , in the basement of No. 100 , has been running as a live music venue since 24 October 1942 . It was thought to be safe from bombing threats due to its underground location , and played host to jazz musicians , including Glenn Miller . It was renamed the London Jazz Club in 1948 , and subsequently the Humphrey Lyttelton Club after Lyttelton took over the lease in the 1950s . Louis Armstrong played at the venue during this time . It became a key venue for the trad jazz revival , hosting gigs by Chris Barber and Acker Bilk . It was renamed the 100 Club in 1964 after Roger Horton bought a stake in the venue , adding an alcohol licence for the first time . The venue hosted gigs by several British rhythm and blues bands , included the Who , the Kinks and the Animals . It was an important venue for punk rock in the UK and hosted the first British punk festival on 21 September 1976 , featuring the Sex Pistols , the Damned and the Buzzcocks .
The Tottenham is a Grade II * listed public house at No. 6 Oxford Street , near Tottenham Court Road . It was built in the mid @-@ 19th century and is the last remaining pub in the street , which once had 20 .
The London College of Fashion has an Oxford Street campus , which is on John Prince 's Street near Oxford Circus . The college is part of the University of the Arts London , formerly the London Institute .
The cosmetics retailer Lush opened a store in Oxford Street in 2015 . Measuring 9 @,@ 300 square feet ( 860 m2 ) and containing three floors , it is the company 's largest retail premises .
= = Transport links = =
Oxford Street is served by many major bus routes and by four tube stations of the London Underground . From Marble Arch eastwards , these stations are as follows :
Marble Arch , on the Central line
Bond Street , on the Central line and Jubilee line
Oxford Circus , on the Central line , Bakerloo line and Victoria line
Tottenham Court Road , on the Central line and Northern line
The four stations serve an average of 100 million passengers every year , with Oxford Circus being the busiest .
Crossrail , a major project involving an east @-@ west rail route across London , will have two stations serving Oxford Street , at Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road . Each station will be " double @-@ ended " , with exits through the existing tube station and also
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system with more land dedicated to parking lots . This growth resulted in the largest residence hall system in the United States . 16 @,@ 000 students live in MSU 's 23 undergraduate halls , one graduate hall , and three apartment villages . Though MSU has not built a new resident hall since 1967 , it has modernized several of its dormitories . In 2007 , MSU opened the Residential College in Arts & Humanities in a newly renovated Snyder @-@ Phillips Hall , the location of MSU 's first residential college , Justin Morrill College .
In 2001 a new master plan called 2020 Vision : A Community Concept for the MSU Campus was developed to guide future campus development . Amongst the recommendations it called for the removing of central campus parking to parking garages replacing it with green space , the removal of head @-@ in parking around West and East Circle Drives , adding more bike lanes and planting more trees on south campus in order to give it the look and feel of north campus .
= = Areas = =
= = = North campus = = =
The oldest part of campus is north of the Red Cedar River and south of Grand River Avenue and Michigan Avenue . Its buildings are an eclectic collection of architectural styles including Collegiate Gothic , Beaux Arts , and Richardsonian Romanesque . The north campus has plentiful trees and curving roads with few straight lines . In the center of the north campus lies the " Sacred Space " , which is surrounded on all sides by West Circle Drive . It was in this area that the College erected its first three buildings . None of these three buildings are still standing , but there are still some important historical buildings on and near the Sacred Space . These include Cowles House , the President 's official residence , and Beaumont Tower , a carillon clock tower marking the site of College Hall . To the east of the Sacred Space lies Laboratory Row , a group of laboratory buildings constructed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . These include Eustace @-@ Cole Hall and Marshall @-@ Adams Hall , America 's first freestanding laboratories for horticulture and bacteriology , respectively .
= = = South campus = = =
The campus south of the Red Cedar River consists mostly of buildings built after World War II . Many of them are built in the International and Brutalist styles , with relatively straight roadways and fewer trees than the north campus . South campus also has more surface parking lots , due partly to the sporting and performing arts venues . The " 2020 Vision " Master Plan proposes replacing these parking lots with parking ramps and green space , in order to replicate the park like feel of North Campus but these plans will take many years to reach fruition . Notable academic and research buildings on the South Campus include the Cyclotron and the College of Law .
= = = Service campus and beyond = = =
The majority of Michigan State 's academic and residential buildings are north of the Canadian National Railway . South of the CN line are service buildings such as the T. B. Simon Power Plant , laundry services , and the campus incinerator . Nevertheless , there are a growing number of academic buildings south of the railroad . The MSU Clinical Center and the Life Sciences Building are both in this part of campus , as is a nature preserve known as the Baker Woodlot . South still of the university service buildings and the CSX railroad lie thousands of acres of university @-@ owned farmland and agricultural research related facilities such the MSU Pavilion . The proximity of the farmland to campus helps MSU retain a rural feel in keeping with its roots as an agricultural college that mixes with the more urban atmosphere of East Lansing just a mile north . Recently , The Demmer Center has been added to Michigan State University 's campus . The Demmer Center is an educational place for students , faculty , and community members to learn to safely handle firearms .
= = Landmarks = =
Michigan State is home to three bronze statues , two of which were erected in 2005 and one in 2003 . On the entrance plaza of the Administration Building that bears his name is the statue of former president John A. Hannah . Downstream on the south bank of the Red Cedar River is the new bronze statue of " The Spartan " . This 2005 replica replaced the original terra cotta statue , which can still be seen in the west concourse of Spartan Stadium . The third statue , erected in 2003 , is a 12 @-@ foot likeness of famed Spartan Basketball star and Los Angeles Laker , Earvin " Magic " Johnson .
Another landmark is the spray painted boulder known as " The Rock " . Lying east of Farm Lane just north of the river , it is a popular spot for campus events such as outdoor summer theatre , Greek house tailgating , and candlelight vigils . It was once used by Michigan Agricultural College ( forerunner to MSU ) students to study mineral contents . MSU has several botanical gardens , including the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden just across the river from the stadium , the Old Horticulture Gardens next to the building of the same name , the MSU Horticulture Gardens , and the adjoining 4 @-@ H Children 's Garden .
The university has several buildings for public gatherings and events . Spartan Stadium serves as the university 's football stadium . The Breslin Center is a multi @-@ purpose basketball arena . The Munn Ice Arena is used for ice hockey . The MSU Pavilion serves as a venue for agricultural expositions and other types of events . Michigan State has two separate buildings for theatre . The MSU Auditorium / Fairchild Theatre is used for the MSU Theatre Department 's shows , concerts , and public speakers . The Auditorium is on Farm Lane and the north bank of the river , in the heart of campus . To the southeast lies the main theatre for the Lansing metropolitan area , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts . The Wharton Center features Broadway plays and other performances , and was the site the 1992 U.S. presidential election debates . The university also has its own hotel / convention center , the Kellogg Center .
= = Transportation = =
MSU 's campus has a network of sidewalks , bike paths , roads ( often with bike lanes ) , and unpaved trails . Its transportation network consists of 27 miles ( 43 km ) of roads and 100 miles ( 160 km ) of sidewalks . Common , non @-@ motor vehicle methods of campus navigation used are : Walking , bicycling , rollerblading and skateboarding . Motorscooters and mopeds are also not uncommon . A few skywalks and public underground tunnels link some buildings on campus . The non @-@ motorized Lansing River Trail 's eastern trailhead is located on campus , extending west to downtown Lansing and then north towards the airport . The non @-@ motorized River Corridor runs across campus along the south side of the Red Cedar River , and is the primary east @-@ west route for non @-@ motorized traffic on campus .
The main roads that go through MSU 's campus are West Circle Drive , East Circle Drive , Shaw Lane , Farm Lane , Wilson Road , Bogue Road , and Red Cedar Road . Passing through crowded areas of campus , these roads receive high volumes of pedestrian and vehicle traffic . Another popular mode of transportation is the
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contracts with a guaranteed first year . Each year consists of three fights , the first year 's purse per fight consists of $ 12 @,@ 000 guaranteed with a $ 12 @,@ 000 win bonus ( a maximum of $ 24 @,@ 000 per fight ) . The second year 's purse per fight is $ 16 @,@ 000 with a $ 16 @,@ 000 win bonus ( a maximum of $ 32 @,@ 000 per fight ) and the third year 's purse per fight is at $ 22 @,@ 000 with a $ 22 @,@ 000 win bonus ( a maximum of $ 44 @,@ 000 per fight ) .
A TUF winner who goes 9 – 0 can earn $ 300 @,@ 000 total on the contract , but only $ 150 @,@ 000 is guaranteed for all three years if nine fights are fought . Some TUF competitors who did not win the series were also offered UFC contracts , although not on as attractive terms .
= = Coaches involvement = =
With the exception of seasons two , four , eleven and thirteen , fifteen , sixteen and the first season of TUF : Brazil the coaches fought each other after the conclusion of the show . Season two featured Rich Franklin and Matt Hughes , who were in different weight categories , eliminating the possibility for a post @-@ season fight . The fourth season saw multiple guest coaches take the lead , differing from other seasons with two clearly designated coaches . As such , these seasons did not feature their respective coaches in competition . Season eleven coaches Tito Ortiz and Chuck Liddell 's fight was cancelled due to Ortiz 's need for neck fusion surgery . Season thirteen saw the fight between Brock Lesnar and Junior dos Santos cancelled after Lesnar was diagnosed with his second bout of diverticulitis . 2012 saw the cancellation of a bout between season 15 coaches Dominick Cruz and Urijah Faber , due to a torn ACL for Cruz . In addition , the expected match between the TUF : Brazil coaches Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva did not occur after Belfort sustained a broken hand while preparing for the fight . Season 16 was supposed to feature a fight between coaches Roy Nelson and Shane Carwin , though this was also cancelled after Carwin suffered a knee injury .
In addition to the seasons which did not feature post @-@ season fights between the coaches , several seasons have been impacted , forcing postponements . Due to injuries to the season six coaches Matt Serra and Matt Hughes , their fight was postponed . Serra suffered a herniated disc in his lower back and Hughes later suffered a torn MCL before the fight finally took place at UFC 98 . The fight between season ten coaches Rashad Evans and Quinton Jackson took place at UFC 114 with Rashad Evans winning by unanimous decision . The fight was postponed by five months due to Jackson 's A @-@ Team filming commitments and his temporary decision to retire from fighting .
Though rarely taking place at the live finales , the coaches ' fights are an important part of each season of The Ultimate Fighter . With each season effectively hyping the fight and the individuals for multiple weeks , the fights are usually the focal point of the pay @-@ per @-@ view event in which they are featured . The coaches ' fights have resulted in the following matchups and results :
= = Season synopses = =
Season 1 – 3
The first season of The Ultimate Fighter was the last attempt by the UFC to capture public interest in the sport . The Stephan Bonnar and Forrest Griffin bout saved the sport according to many journalists and Dana White . Despite his loss , Bonnar was also awarded a coveted contract live on the air , after White declared that " There were no losers in this fight . " Griffin and Diego Sanchez are also regarded as the original Ultimate Fighters , after their wins at the finale .
The second season saw welterweights and heavyweights compete , featuring coaches Rich Franklin and Matt Hughes . The final saw Rashad Evans defeating Brad Imes and Joe Stevenson defeating Luke Cummo .
The third season highlighted the long @-@ standing rivalry between Tito Ortiz and Ken Shamrock . It was also the first season to feature competitors from outside of North America , after the addition of Michael Bisping and Ross Pointon . The season saw a format change , when the team @-@ games were eliminated in favour of a conventional knockout style tournament format . The final fights saw Michael Bisping become the first non @-@ American winner , defeating Josh Haynes and Kendall Grove defeat Ed Herman .
Season 4 – 7
The fourth season was different from others before it , as it was the " comeback " season . Past UFC fighters who hadn 't had the success they were expected to have , were invited back , to compete in the show , with the winner receiving a guaranteed title shot . This season was also the only one to date to not feature team coaches . Instead , the show had guest coaches each week . The final saw Matt Serra defeat Chris Lytle and Travis Lutter defeat Patrick Côté to receive their guaranteed title shots .
The fifth season was coached by Jens Pulver and B.J. Penn , as the company attempted to kickstart the lightweight division . The show featured many of the future stars of the lightweight division such as Nate Diaz ,
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had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143 .
David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York . William FitzHerbert , nephew of King Stephen , found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England , and was deposed by the Pope . David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac , the new archbishop . Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III , supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York . In 1149 , Henry had sought the support of David . David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control , and marched on the city . However , Stephen 's supporters became aware of David 's intentions , and informed King Stephen . Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison . David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew . Richard Oram has conjectured that David 's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion . For Oram , this event was the turning point , " the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles lost forever " .
= = Scottish Church = =
Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises David 's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration , beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians , and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland . Focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church 's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury .
= = = Innovations in the church system = = =
It was once held that Scotland 's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today , scholars have moderated this view . Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David 's eulogy that when David came to power , " he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [ north of the Forth ] , and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property ; when he died , he left nine , both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored , and new ones which he erected " . Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to his new burgh of Aberdeen , and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness , no other bishoprics can be safely called David 's creation .
The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected . David appointed his reform @-@ minded French chaplain John to the bishopric and carried out an inquest , afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality , except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews . David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi @-@ monastic " bishoprics " like Brechin , Dunkeld , Mortlach ( Aberdeen ) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system .
As for the development of the parochial system , David 's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained . Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages , and the kind of system introduced by David 's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning , rather than creation ; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England , but he did not create it .
= = = Ecclesiastical disputes = = =
One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church . The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and / or Canterbury , an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to the see of St Andrews ( Cell Ríghmonaidh ) . It is likely that since the 11th century the bishopric of St Andrews functioned as a de facto archbishopric . The title of " Archbishop " is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric and Bishop Fothad II .
The problem was that this archiepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy , opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church . The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York , Thurstan . His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow , which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews . In 1125 , Pope Honorius II wrote to John , Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York . David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow .
Thurstan travelled to Rome , as did the Archbishop of Canterbury , William de Corbeil , and both presumably opposed David 's request . David however gained the support of King Henry , and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year 's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination . York 's claim over bishops north of the Forth were in practice abandoned for the rest of David 's reign , although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow .
In 1151 , David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews . Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151 . Tantalisingly for David , the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics . When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle , David made the request . In David 's plan , the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David 's Scottish territory , as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles . Unfortunately for David , the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy . In the following year the papacy dealt David
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parts of the northern Scottish mainland and their name can be found in Caithness , and in the Gaelic name for Sutherland ( Cataibh , meaning " among the Cats " ) .
The oldest version of the modern name Shetland is Hetlandensis , the Latinised adjectival form of the Old Norse name recorded in a letter from Harald count of Shetland in 1190 , becoming Hetland in 1431 after various intermediate transformations . It is possible that the Pictish " cat " sound forms part of this Norse name . It then became Hjaltland in the 16th century .
As Norn was gradually replaced by Scots , Hjaltland became Ȝetland . The initial letter is the Middle Scots letter , " yogh " , the pronunciation of which is almost identical to the original Norn sound , " / hj / " . When the use of the letter yogh was discontinued , it was often replaced by the similar @-@ looking letter z , hence Zetland , the misspelt form used to describe the pre @-@ 1975 county council . This is also the source of the ZE postcode used for the Shetlands .
Most of the individual islands have Norse names , although the derivations of some are obscure and may represent pre @-@ Norse , possibly Pictish or even pre @-@ Celtic names or elements .
= = Geography and geology = =
Shetland is around 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) north of mainland Scotland , covers an area of 1 @,@ 468 square kilometres ( 567 sq mi ) and has a coastline 2 @,@ 702 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 679 mi ) long .
Lerwick , the capital and largest settlement , has a population of 6 @,@ 958 and about half of the archipelago 's total population of 23 @,@ 167 people live within 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) of the town .
Scalloway on the west coast , which was the capital until 1708 , has a population of less than 1 @,@ 000 .
Only 16 of about 100 islands are inhabited . The main island of the group is known as Mainland , and of the next largest , Yell , Unst , and Fetlar lie to the north and Bressay and Whalsay lie to the east . East and West Burra , Muckle Roe , Papa Stour , Trondra and Vaila are smaller islands to the west of Mainland . The other inhabited islands are Foula 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) west of Walls , Fair Isle 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) south @-@ west of Sumburgh Head , and the Out Skerries to the east .
The uninhabited islands include Mousa , known for the Broch of Mousa , the finest preserved example in Scotland of these Iron Age round towers , St Ninian 's Isle connected to Mainland by the largest active tombolo in the UK , and Out Stack , the northernmost point of the British Isles . Shetland 's location means that it provides a number of such records : Muness is the most northerly castle in the United Kingdom and Skaw the most northerly settlement . The geology of Shetland is complex , with numerous faults and fold axes . These islands are the northern outpost of the Caledonian orogeny , and there are outcrops of Lewisian , Dalradian and Moine metamorphic rocks with histories similar to their equivalents on the Scottish mainland . There are also Old Red Sandstone deposits and granite intrusions . The most distinctive features are the ultrabasic ophiolite , peridotite and gabbro on Unst and Fetlar , which are remnants
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to the Shepherds ) ever made by the Tiffany Studios , this 58 @-@ panel stained glass window honors the church 's beloved pastor of the 1880s – 1890s , Maltbie Babcock .
Gabriel – the archangel Gabriel in the clouds , with feathers individually made of opalescent glass by Tiffany .
John , the Visionary – Wearing a red cloak and having an intense expression , St. John is portrayed by Tiffany in the style of the 17th @-@ century Flemish painter Reubens . The window is made of drapery , opalescent , and mottled glass .
The New Creation – located at the rear of the church , it is based on the description in Revelation 22 : 1 @-@ 2 , with stained glass depictions of trees , mountains , and streams of Living Water . At the top is a star morphing into a cross , with rays made of nuggets .
Brown Memorial 's stained glass windows
= 1966 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final =
The 1966 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final was an association football match between Borussia Dortmund of Germany and Liverpool of England played on 5 May 1966 at Hampden Park , Glasgow , Scotland . It was the final match of the 1965 – 66 season of Europe 's secondary cup competition , the European Cup Winners ' Cup . Both sides were competing in their first European final .
Each club needed to progress through four rounds to reach the final . The rounds were contested over two legs , with a match at each team 's home ground . Borussia 's ties varied from close affairs to comfortable victories . They beat Atlético Madrid by a single goal over two legs , while they defeated Floriana 13 – 1 on aggregate in the first round . Liverpool 's ties were mainly close affairs . Only one of Liverpool 's ties was won by more than two goals .
Watched by a crowd of 41 @,@ 657 , the first half was goalless . Dortmund took the lead in the second half when Sigfried Held scored , Liverpool equalised seven minutes later through Roger Hunt . The scores remained the same to the end of the second half , which meant the match went into extra time . Reinhard Libuda scored in extra @-@ time for Dortmund , and with no further goals , Dortmund won the match 2 – 1 to win the Cup Winners ' Cup and become the first German team to win a European trophy .
= = Route to the final = =
= = = Borussia Dortmund = = =
Borussia Dortmund gained entry to the competition by winning the 1964 – 65 DFB @-@ Pokal , Germany 's annual domestic cup competition . Their opponents in the first round were the Maltese cup winners Floriana . Dortmund won the first leg at Floriana 's home ground the Independence Ground 5 – 1 , and the second leg 8 – 0 at Dortmund 's home ground Stadion Rote Erde , thus winning the tie 13 – 1 on aggregate .
Their opponents in the second round were Bulgarian cup winners ' CSKA Sofia . The first leg was in Germany . Dortmund won 3 – 0 after goals from Wilhelm Sturm , Sigfried Held and Aki Schmidt . The second leg was played in Bulgaria at the Vasil Levski National Stadium . CSKA won the match 4 – 2 , but Dortmund progressed to the quarter @-@ finals after winning the tie 5 – 4 on aggregate .
Dortmund 's opponents in the quarter @-@ finals were Spanish cup winners ' Atlético Madrid . The first leg held at Atlético 's home ground the Vicente Calderón finished 1 – 1 . Dortmund won the second leg 1 – 0 in Germany and progressed to the semi @-@ finals courtesy of a 2 – 1 aggregate victory . Their opponents in the semi @-@ finals were the previous season 's champions West Ham United of England , who had England internationals Bobby Moore and Geoff Hurst in their side . The first leg at the Boleyn Ground , West Ham 's home ground was won 2 – 1 by Dortmund . Dortmund won the second leg in Germany 3 – 1 , to win the tie 5 – 2 on aggregate and progress to the first Cup Winners ' Cup final .
= = = Liverpool = = =
Liverpool qualified for the Cup Winners ' Cup by winning the 1964 – 65 FA Cup , England 's annual domestic cup competition . Their opponents in the first round were Italian cup winners Juventus . The first leg was held at Juventus ' home ground the Stadio Communale . With 81 minutes played and the score at 0 – 0 , Gianfranco Leoncini scored for Juventus . The Italian side subsequently won the first leg 1 – 0 . The second leg was held at Liverpool 's home ground Anfield , and they won the match 2 – 0 with two first half goals from Chris Lawler and Geoff Strong . Thus they won the tie 2 – 1 on aggregate .
Their opponents in the second round were Belgian team Standard
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as a structural element .
= = = = Rhyming schemes = = = =
In many languages , including modern European languages and Arabic , poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms , such as ballads , sonnets and rhyming couplets . However , the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition . Much modern poetry avoids traditional rhyme schemes . Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not use rhyme . Rhyme entered European poetry in the High Middle Ages , in part under the influence of the Arabic language in Al Andalus ( modern Spain ) . Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively from the first development of literary Arabic in the sixth century , as in their long , rhyming qasidas . Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language , culture or period , while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages , cultures or time periods . Some forms of poetry carry a consistent and well @-@ defined rhyming scheme , such as the chant royal or the rubaiyat , while other poetic forms have variable rhyme schemes .
Most rhyme schemes are described using letters that correspond to sets of rhymes , so if the first , second and fourth lines of a quatrain rhyme with each other and the third line does not rhyme , the quatrain is said to have an " a @-@ a @-@ b @-@ a " rhyme scheme . This rhyme scheme is the one used , for example , in the rubaiyat form . Similarly , an " a @-@ b @-@ b @-@ a " quatrain ( what is known as " enclosed rhyme " ) is used in such forms as the Petrarchan sonnet . Some types of more complicated rhyming schemes have developed names of their own , separate from the " a @-@ b @-@ c " convention , such as the ottava rima and terza rima . The types and use of differing rhyming schemes is discussed further in the main article .
= = = Form = = =
Poetic form is more flexible in modernist and post @-@ modernist poetry , and continues to be less structured than in previous literary eras . Many modern poets eschew recognisable structures or forms , and write in free verse . But poetry remains distinguished from prose by its form ; some regard for basic formal structures of poetry will be found in even the best free verse , however much such structures may appear to have been ignored . Similarly , in the best poetry written in classic styles there will be departures from strict form for emphasis or effect .
Among major structural elements used in poetry are the line , the stanza or verse paragraph , and larger combinations of stanzas or lines such as cantos . Also sometimes used are broader visual presentations of words and calligraphy . These basic units of poetic form are often combined into larger structures , called poetic forms or poetic modes ( see following section ) , as in the sonnet or haiku .
= = = = Lines and stanzas = = = =
Poetry is often separated into lines on a page . These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet , or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines . Lines may serve other functions , particularly where the poem is not written in a formal metrical pattern . Lines can separate , compare or contrast thoughts expressed in different units , or can highlight a change in tone . See the article on line breaks for information about the division between lines .
Lines of poems are often organized into stanzas , which are denominated by the number of lines included . Thus a collection of two lines is a couplet ( or distich ) , three lines a triplet ( or tercet ) , four lines a quatrain , and so on . These lines may or may not relate to each other by rhyme or rhythm . For example , a couplet may be two lines with identical meters which rhyme or two lines held together by a common meter alone .
Other poems may be organized into verse paragraphs , in which regular rhymes with established rhythms are not used , but the poetic tone is instead established by a collection of rhythms , alliterations , and rhymes established in paragraph form . Many medieval poems were written in verse paragraphs , even where regular rhymes and rhythms were used .
In many forms of poetry , stanzas are interlocking , so that the rhyming scheme or other structural elements of one stanza determine those of succeeding stanzas . Examples of such interlocking stanzas include , for example , the ghazal and the villanelle , where a refrain ( or , in the case of the villanelle , refrains ) is established in the first stanza which then repeats in subsequent stanzas . Related to the use of interlocking stanzas is their use to separate thematic parts of a poem . For example , the strophe , antistrophe and epode of the ode form are often separated into one or more stanzas .
In some cases , particularly lengthier formal poetry such as some forms of epic poetry , stanzas themselves are constructed according to strict rules and then combined . In skaldic poetry , the dróttkvætt stanza had eight lines , each having three " lifts " produced with alliteration or assonance . In addition to two or three alliterations , the odd numbered lines had partial rhyme of consonants with dissimilar vowels , not necessarily at the beginning of the word ; the even lines contained internal rhyme in set syllables ( not necessarily at the end of the word ) . Each half @-@ line had exactly six syllables , and each line ended in a trochee . The arrangement of dróttkvætts followed far less rigid rules than the construction of the individual dróttkvætts .
= = = = Visual presentation = = = =
Even before the advent of printing , the visual appearance of poetry often added meaning or depth . Acrostic poems conveyed meanings in the initial letters of lines or in letters at other specific places in a poem . In Arabic , Hebrew and Chinese poetry , the visual presentation of finely calligraphed poems has played an important part in the overall effect of many poems .
With the advent of printing , poets gained greater control over
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ale , made from hot milk and cold ale , and brakot or braggot , a spiced ale prepared much like hypocras .
That hops could be used for flavoring beer had been known at least since Carolingian times , but was adopted gradually due to difficulties in establishing the appropriate proportions . Before the widespread use of hops , gruit , a mix of various herbs , had been used . Gruit had the same preserving properties as hops , though less reliable depending on what herbs were in it , and the end result was much more variable . Another flavoring method was to increase the alcohol content , but this was more expensive and lent the beer the undesired characteristic of being a quick and heavy intoxicant . Hops may have been widely used in England in the tenth century ; they were grown in Austria by 1208 and in Finland by 1249 , and possibly much earlier .
Before hops became popular as an ingredient , it was difficult to preserve this beverage for any time , and so , it was mostly consumed fresh . It was unfiltered , and therefore cloudy , and likely had a lower alcohol content than the typical modern equivalent . Quantities of beer consumed by medieval residents of Europe , as recorded in contemporary literature , far exceed intakes in the modern world . For example , sailors in 16th century England and Denmark received a ration of 1 imperial gallon ( 4 @.@ 5 L ; 1 @.@ 2 US gal ) of beer per day . Polish peasants consumed up to 3 litres ( 0 @.@ 66 imp gal ; 0 @.@ 79 US gal ) of beer per day .
In the Early Middle Ages beer was primarily brewed in monasteries , and on a smaller scale in individual households . By the High Middle Ages breweries in the fledgling medieval towns of northern Germany began to take over production . Though most of the breweries were small family businesses that employed at most eight to ten people , regular production allowed for investment in better equipment and increased experimentation with new recipes and brewing techniques . These operations later spread to the Netherlands in the 14th century , then to Flanders and Brabant , and reached England by the 15th century . Hopped beer became very popular in the last decades of the Late Middle Ages . In England and the Low Countries , the per capita annual consumption was around 275 to 300 litres ( 60 to 66 imp gal ; 73 to 79 US gal ) , and it was consumed with practically every meal : low alcohol @-@ content beers for breakfast , and stronger ones later in the day . When perfected as an ingredient , hops could make beer keep for six months or more , and facilitated extensive exports . In Late Medieval England , the word beer came to mean a hopped beverage , whereas ale had to be unhopped . In turn , ale or beer was classified into " strong " and " small " , the latter less intoxicating , regarded as a drink of temperate people , and suitable for consumption by children . As late as 1693 , John Locke stated that the only drink he considered suitable for children of all ages was small beer , while criticizing the apparently common practice among Englishmen of the time to give their children wine and strong alcohol .
By modern standards , the brewing process was relatively inefficient , but capable of producing quite strong alcohol when that was desired . One recent attempt to recreate medieval English " strong ale " using recipes and techniques of the era ( albeit with the use of modern yeast strains ) yielded a strongly alcoholic brew with original gravity of 1 @.@ 091 ( corresponding to a potential alcohol content over 9 % ) and " pleasant , apple @-@ like taste " .
= = = Distillates = = =
The ancient Greeks and Romans knew of the technique of distillation , but it was not practiced on a major scale in Europe until some time around the 12th century , when Arabic innovations in the field combined with water @-@ cooled glass alembics were introduced . Distillation was believed by medieval scholars to produce the essence of the liquid being purified , and the term aqua vitae ( " water of life " ) was used as a generic term for all kinds of distillates . The early use of various distillates , alcoholic or not , was varied , but it was primarily culinary or medicinal ; grape syrup mixed with sugar and spices was prescribed for a variety of ailments , and rose water was used as a perfume and cooking ingredient and for hand washing . Alcoholic distillates were also occasionally used to create dazzling , fire @-@ breathing entremets ( a type of entertainment dish after a course ) by soaking a piece of cotton in spirits . It would then be placed in the mouth of the stuffed , cooked and occasionally redressed animals , and lit just before presenting the creation .
Aqua vitae in its alcoholic forms was highly praised by medieval physicians . In 1309 Arnaldus of Villanova wrote that " [ i ] t prolongs good health , dissipates superfluous humours , reanimates the heart and maintains youth . " In the Late Middle Ages , the production of moonshine started to pick up , especially in the German @-@ speaking regions . By the 13th century , Hausbrand ( literally " home @-@ burnt " from gebrannter wein , brandwein ; " burnt [ distilled ] wine " ) was commonplace , marking the origin of brandy . Towards the end of the Late Middle Ages , the consumption of spirits became so ingrained even among the general population that restrictions on sales and production began to appear in the late 15th century . In 1496 the city of Nuremberg issued restrictions on the selling of aquavit on Sundays and official holidays .
= = Herbs , spices and condiments = =
Spices were among the most luxurious products available in the Middle Ages , the most common being black pepper , cinnamon ( and the cheaper alternative cassia ) , cumin , nutmeg , ginger and cloves . They all had to be imported from plantations in Asia and Africa , which made them extremely expensive , and gave them social cachet such that pepper for example was hoarded , traded and conspicuously donated in the manner of gold bullion . It has been estimated that around 1 @,@ 000 tons of pepper and 1 @,@ 000 tons of the other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the late Middle Ages . The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1 @.@ 5 million people . While pepper was the most common spice , the most exclusive ( though not the most obscure in its origin ) was saffron , used as much for its vivid yellow @-@ red color as for its flavor , for according to the humours , yellow signified hot and dry , valued qualities ; turmeric provided a yellow substitute , and touches of gilding at banquets supplied both the medieval love of ostentatious show and Galenic dietary lore : at the sumptuous banquet that Cardinal Riario offered the daughter of the King of Naples in June 1473 , the bread was gilded . Among the spices that have now fallen into obscurity are grains of paradise , a relative of cardamom which almost entirely replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking , long pepper , mace , spikenard , galangal and cubeb . Sugar , unlike today , was considered to be a type of spice due to its high cost and humoral qualities . Few dishes employed just one type of spice or herb , but rather a combination of several different ones . Even when a dish was dominated by a single flavor it was usually combined with another to produce a compound taste , for example parsley and cloves or pepper and ginger .
Common herbs such as sage , mustard , and parsley were grown and used in cooking all over Europe , as were caraway , mint , dill and fennel . Many of these plants grew throughout all of Europe or were cultivated in gardens , and were a cheaper alternative to exotic spices . Mustard was particularly popular with meat products and was described by Hil
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property as the library itself . The Clinton Museum Store is located in the nearby River Market district .
= = Exhibits = =
The Clinton Library features numerous items from Clinton 's time as president . Clinton 's Cadillac One is on the first floor of the main building . The second floor includes the main gallery . It consists of a 110 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) timeline of each of Clinton 's years as President , as well as 14 alcoves featuring various events during Clinton 's terms . There is an orientation theater and full @-@ size replicas of the Clinton @-@ era Oval Office and Cabinet Room as well . The Oval Office exhibit is the only full @-@ size model Oval Office in any presidential library , and was constructed using thousands of photos taken by White House officials of the original office .
The timeline comprises eight panels , each one 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) wide and begins with Clinton 's 1993 inaugural address . Items on the alcove displays include the Oklahoma City bombing and Northern Ireland and Middle East peace efforts . Items released by the Presidential Records Act of 1978 are included in the exhibits , including personal letters written to and by the Clinton family , such as ones from Whoopi Goldberg and Arsenio Hall , as well as family photographs and even a Valentine 's Day note from Bill Clinton to Hillary . The second floor of the main gallery showcases artifacts from previous state dinners and various state gifts , such as ceramics and other decorative pieces . An exhibit on Clinton 's saxophone and another on family pets Socks and Buddy are also on the second floor .
Clinton has been criticized for not including enough details about the Monica Lewinsky scandal and his impeachment . One of the 14 alcoves is dedicated to the " politics of persecution " and is titled The Fight For Power . The alcove includes the Lewinsky affair , the Whitewater scandal , and the Republican Contract with America . Ralph Applebaum , the chief exhibit designer for the center , said that Clinton was heavily involved in the alcove 's design , and that Clinton " insisted on a transparent and illuminating exhibition " . The scandal is portrayed as a power struggle between Republicans in Congress and Clinton after the Republican Party took control of both the House of Representatives and Senate in 1994 .
= = Controversies and criticism = =
In 1997 , Eugene Pfeifer III sued the city of Little Rock to challenge its use of eminent domain in the use of the land but the city 's method of taking the land was upheld by the Arkansas Supreme Court in 2001 . Pfeifer argued against the use of revenue bonds for the project because he believed that the city could not afford to repay them . In 2001 , a rail depot dating from 1899 was discovered within a warehouse on the site . Preservationists lost a court battle to save the building , and the depot was destroyed . Protesters also picketed the city hall when the city tried to name the street in front of the library " President Clinton Avenue " . The two groups later compromised and only half of the street was renamed .
The library has been criticized for not including much information about the pardons Clinton issued just before leaving office . On January 20 , 2001 , his last day in office , Clinton pardoned former financier Marc Rich , a fugitive who had been charged with multiple counts of racketeering , wire fraud , income tax evasion , and illegal oil trading . Rich 's wife , Denise Eisenberg Rich , was reported to have made three donations totaling nearly $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to Clinton 's presidential library fund , as well as multiple other contributions to the Democratic Party and Hillary Rodham Clinton 's senate campaign . It was later found that she only made three payments totaling $ 450 @,@ 000 to the fundraiser . The Senate Judiciary Committee was investigating the pardon and issued subpoenas for Denise Rich 's bank records because she refused to testify before the House Government Reform Committee , in accordance with her Fifth Amendment right against self @-@ incrimination . U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White also launched a criminal investigation into whether the pardon had been a result of the contributions . It was later claimed that Rich had donated the funds months before asking for a pardon . Clinton maintained that the pardon had not been bought , but had been based instead on the legal merits of Marc Rich 's appeal . During the 2008 U.S. presidential election , Barack Obama referenced the donations in an attempt win over supporters of opponent Hillary Rodham Clinton .
Clinton has also been criticized for the library 's lack of coverage regarding various scandals during his presidency , including the Whitewater scandal . Clinton adviser Bruce Lindsey said that Clinton wanted to provide information regarding the incidents , but depicting the attacks as a scheme to " delegitimize " Clinton 's administration . The museum 's main exhibit designer has said that " this is the way the president wanted to see his legacy defined . "
= = Design = =
= = = General design = = =
The primarily modernist complex was designed by James Polshek 's Polshek Partnership Architects , led by Polshek and partner Richard Olcott . The structural engineer for this project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates . The museum and exhibitions were designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates , with landscaping by Hargreaves associates . Clinton did not announce his choice of architect until 1999 , when Polshek was officially hired that August . Although Appelbaum was the official designer for the exhibitions , Appelbaum called Clinton " the editor @-@ in @-@ chief , the curator @-@ in @-@ chief and in many times the art director of the exhibits " .
It is constructed primarily of steel and glass . The main building is based on the diagonal truss . Originally , the museum was planned parallel to the river , but was quickly changed so it would lie perpendicular to the river , for the purpose of providing a better view to visitors . The western façade of the museum is a screen wall composed of laminated glass tiles , providing a sunscreen for the building . The underside is constructed of aluminum . Some critics dislike the bridge design , saying it looks too much like a trailer on stilts .
= = = Environment = = =
The library incorporates many aspects of environmentally @-@ sensitive design , in accordance to Clinton 's work involving sustainable development . It first earned a Silver Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) certification under the United States Green Building Council LEED for New Construction program in 2004 and later Platinum Certification under LEED @-@ EB ( LEED for Existing Buildings ) in 2007 . The library 's flooring is made of recycled rubber tires and there are charging stations for electric vehicles in the parking lot . In
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2007 , a rooftop garden was established atop the library , in addition to existing solar panels . The garden collects runoff and is maintained without the use of gasoline @-@ powered lawn mowers and chemical pesticides or fertilizers .
= = Economic impact = =
After the location for the project was announced , many new businesses began to develop in the surrounding area . Numerous hotels , restaurants , housing complexes , offices , retail stores were established . The revived River Market district , a dining and retail area near the library , was created as a result of its location . In addition , over $ 1 billion of new real estate has been invested in downtown Little Rock . The world headquarters of Heifer International is located just beyond the library .
The center has spurred an estimated $ 2 billion in new projects in the surrounding parts of Little Rock . Since its opening , the library has had over 1 @.@ 64 million visitors . The museum had 302 @,@ 583 visitors in 2009 and 273 @,@ 108 visitors in 2008 . There were approximately 500 @,@ 000 visitors during its first year ( November 2004 – 2005 ) .
= Chilembwe uprising =
The Chilembwe uprising was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland ( modern @-@ day Malawi ) in January 1915 . Led by John Chilembwe , an American @-@ educated black millenarian Christian minister , the uprising was based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south @-@ east of the country . It was centred on the black middle class and encouraged by grievances against the colonial system , including forced labour , discrimination and the new demands on the indigenous population caused by the outbreak of World War I.
The revolt broke out in the evening of 23 January 1915 , when rebels , incited by Chilembwe , attacked the A. L. Bruce plantation 's headquarters at Magomero and killed three white colonists ; and a largely unsuccessful attack on a weapons store in Blantyre followed during the night . By the morning of 24 January the colonial authorities had mobilised the white settler militia and redeployed regular military forces south . After a failed attack on Mbombwe by troops of the King 's African Rifles ( KAR ) on 25 January , a group of rebels attacked a Christian mission at Nguludi and burned it down . The KAR and militia took Mbombwe without encountering resistance on 26 January after many of the rebels , including Chilembwe , fled , hoping to reach safety in neighbouring Portuguese East Africa ( modern Mozambique ) . About 40 rebels were executed in the revolt 's aftermath , and 300 were imprisoned ; Chilembwe was shot dead by a police patrol near the border on 3 February .
Although the rebellion did not itself achieve lasting success , it is commonly cited as a watershed moment in Nyasaland history . The rebellion had lasting effects on the British system of administration in Nyasaland and some reform was enacted in its aftermath . After World War II , the growing Malawian nationalist movement reignited interest in the Chilembwe revolt , and after the independence of Malawi in 1964 it became celebrated as a key moment in the nation 's history . Chilembwe 's memory , which remains prominent in the collective national consciousness , has often been invoked in symbolism and rhetoric by Malawian politicians . Today , the uprising is celebrated annually and Chilembwe himself is considered a national hero .
= = Background = =
British colonial rule in the region of modern @-@ day Malawi , where the revolt occurred , began between 1899 and 1900 , when the British sought to increase their formal control over the territory to preempt encroachment by German or Portuguese colonial empires . The region became a British protectorate in 1891 ( as " British Central Africa " ) and in 1907 , was named Nyasaland . Unlike many other parts of Africa , where British rule was dependent on the support of local factions , in Nyasaland British control rested on military superiority . During the 1890s the colonial authorities put down numerous rebellions by the local Yao , Ngoni and Cewa peoples .
British rule in Nyasaland radically altered the local indigenous power structures . The early colonial period saw some immigration and settlement by white colonists , who bought large swathes of territory from local chiefs , often for token payments in beads or guns . Most of
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the land acquired , particularly in the Shire Highlands , was converted into plantations where tea , coffee , cotton and tobacco were grown . The enforcement of colonial institutions , such as the Hut Tax , compelled many indigenous people to find paid work and the demand for labour created by the plantations , led to their becoming a major employer . Once employed on the plantations , black workers found that they were frequently beaten and subject to racial discrimination . Increasingly , the plantations were also forced to rely on a system of forced labour or corvée , known locally at the thangata .
= = = Chilembwe and the Providence Industrial Mission = = =
John Chilembwe , born locally in around 1871 , received his early education at a Scottish mission and later met Joseph Booth , a radical Baptist missionary who ran the Zambezi Industrial Mission . Booth preached a form of egalitarianism and his progressive attitude towards race attracted Chilembwe 's attention . Under Booth 's patronage , Chilembwe travelled to the United States to study at a theological college in Virginia . There he mixed in African @-@ American circles and was influenced by stories of the abolitionist John Brown and the egalitarianist Booker T. Washington .
Chilembwe returned to Nyasaland in 1900 and founded his own independent church , the Providence Industrial Mission , in the village of Mbombwe . He was considered a " model of non @-@ violent African advancement " by the colonial authorities during the mission 's early years . He established a chain of independent black African schools , with over 900 pupils in total and founded the Natives ' Industrial Union , a form of cooperative union that has been described as an " embryo chamber of commerce " . Nevertheless , Chilembwe 's activities led to friction with the managers of local plantations , who feared Chilembwe 's influence over their workers . In November 1913 , employees of the local Alexander Livingstone Bruce Plantation , burnt down Chilembwe 's church in Mbombwe , though it was soon rebuilt .
Chilembwe preached a form of Millenarian Christianity , common in southern Africa at the time , which predicted the liberation of the Africans and the end of colonial rule . He preached aggressive sermons , often from the Old Testament , concentrating on aspects such as the Israelites ' escape from slavery in Egypt . Chilembwe 's activities were initially supported by white missionaries . Information about his Church before the rebellion is scant , but his ideology proved popular and he developed a strong local following . Chilembwe was not part of the apocalyptic Watchtower ( Kitawala ) movement , which was popular in central Africa at the time but some of his followers may have been influenced by it . Kitawala predicted that the Apocalyse would occur in October 1914 and that God would then come to earth and end colonialism .
Chilembwe 's ideology grew more aggressive in the decade after his return to Nyasaland . He became demanding of his followers , encouraging them to adopt European @-@ style intellectual improvement . The Mission 's schools meanwhile began teaching racial equality , based on Christian teaching and anti @-@ colonialism . Chilembwe adopted Western dress , customs and ideas and encouraged his followers to do likewise . Many of his followers came from the local middle
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Festival . It first appeared in U.S. theaters on July 7 , 2000 , distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment . Fine Line Features had intended to distribute the film but dropped it two months before it was due to open following a dispute with the film 's production company , Ignite Entertainment . It closed after 8 weeks , with its widest release having been 115 theaters .
The film was released on Region 1 DVD by Lions Gate on July 22 , 2002 and by Universal Studios on October 3 , 2002 . Other than the theatrical trailer , it contains no extras . It was released on Region 2 DVD on June 2 , 2003 by Prism Leisure . In addition to the trailer , it features an interview with Jamie Babbit and behind the scenes footage .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office and audience reaction = = =
But I 'm a Cheerleader grossed US $ 2 @,@ 205 @,@ 627 in the United States and US $ 389 @,@ 589 elsewhere , giving a total of US $ 2 @,@ 595 @,@ 216 worldwide . In its opening weekend , showing at four theaters , it earned $ 60 @,@ 410 which was 2 @.@ 7 % of its total gross . According to Box Office Mojo , it ranked at 174 for all films released in the US in 2000 and 74 for R @-@ rated films released that year . As of December 2011 , its all time box @-@ office ranking for LGBT @-@ related films is 73 .
The film was a hit with festival audiences and received standing ovations at the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival . It has been described as a favorite with gay audiences and on the art house circuit .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critical response to But I 'm a Cheerleader was mostly negative . Rotten Tomatoes gave it a score of 34 % based on 47 reviews , and Metacritic gave it a score of 39 % based on 30 reviews . The overall theme of reviews is that it is a heartfelt film with good intentions , but that it is flawed . Some reviewers found it funny and enjoyable with " genuine laughs " , however . Roger Ebert rated it three stars ( of four ) and wrote , it " is not a great , breakout comedy , but more
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transport .
However , the primary agricultural product from Rancho Camulos was wine . Ninety acres ( 360 @,@ 000 m ² ) of vineyards were planted in the 1860s and Camulos wines and brandies were known throughout Los Angeles and Santa Barbara . In 1870 , records indicate Camulos was largest of the four vintners in the San Buenaventura Township of Santa Barbara County , with 45 tons ( 40 @,@ 900 kg ) of grapes grown , making 6 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 23 @,@ 000 L ) of wine and 800 US gallons ( 3 @,@ 000 L ) of brandy . In addition to oranges and grapes , the ranch produced almonds , walnuts , apricots , wheat , corn and barley . Rose petals grown at Camulos were shipped to Europe to make perfume .
Over the years , the vineyards were replaced by other fruits . Today , about 600 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) are under cultivation , most of it oranges , but lemons , grapefruit , and avocados are grown too . This makes Camulos a rare instance of a surviving citrus operation . During the years 1920 – 45 , the citrus industry experienced a period of great growth , and , in contrast to the natural desert @-@ like conditions of the area , images of " citrus belts " help cement the image of Southern California as an idyllic farmland in the nation 's eye . After World War II , urban development eliminated much of the Southern California citrus production , with the notable exception of the Santa Clara River Valley .
= = Ramona = =
Ramona , published in 1884 , was based in part of some of the experiences that Helen Hunt Jackson had had during her visit to Rancho Camulos in 1882 . Jackson only spent two hours on the ranch and did not meet with Ysabel del Valle , and yet she had a keen eye for details , many of which made it into the book . For example , the altar cloth in the rancho 's chapel had a small tear in it which had been mended ; in the story , Margarita accidentally tears the altar cloth and Ramona resews it together . The book became extremely popular and inspired a great deal of tourism , which happened to coincide with the opening of Southern Pacific railroad lines in Southern California .
With all of the interest generated by the book , a number of communities declared that they were the setting for the novel in order to cash in on the boom , most notably Rancho Guajome in San Diego County , where Jackson had also visited prior to the book 's publication . However , the location of the fictional Moreno Ranch , " midway in the valley [ between lands ] to the east and west , which had once belonged to the Missions of San Fernando and San Bonaventura [ sic ] " corresponds to the location of Rancho Camulos , and the physical description of some of the buildings on the fictional ranch accurately describe actual buildings at Camulos . On the other hand , relative to the other locations in the novel ( Ramona 's having been married in San Diego and Alessandro 's family being from the Temecula area ) , Camulos seems too distant to be the real location . Unfortunately , Jackson died in 1885 , never having publicly disclosed what locations the book was based on . Historians today are unsure whether Moreno Ranch actually represented a real location .
Nevertheless , by 1886 , the ranch was already considered the setting of the novel . Edward Roberts published an article entitled , " Ramona 's Home : A Visit to the Camulos Ranch , and to the Scenes Described by ' H.H. ' " in the May 13 , 1886 edition of the San Francisco Chronicle . Significantly , he was one of the first to publish an account that blended fact and fiction . The inclusion of his article as an appendix to later versions of the novel only served to cement that association .
The first book solely devoted to Ramona and the ranch was published in 1888 by Charles Fletcher Lummis , a close friend of the Del Valles and who had fallen in love with the teenage Susana Carmen ( nicknamed " Susanita " ) del Valle . Lummis took photographs of the buildings and published them in his own book , Home of Ramona : Photographs of Camulos , the fine old Spanish Estate Described by Mrs. Helen Hunt Jackson as the Home of " Ram
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reached epidemic levels in the city and requesting that Blackburn be sent to them as soon as possible . Blackburn arrived on September 7 to find that roughly 20 percent of the town 's population were ill with yellow fever . He organized cleanup crews to disinfect the town and a squad of Negroes to guard vacated homes . In late September , when it appeared the Hickman epidemic was waning , Blackburn traveled to Chattanooga and Martin , Tennessee , to render aid , but within ten days , he received word that the outbreak in Hickman had resurged and spread to nearby Fulton , Kentucky . Blackburn returned to the area and continued his ministrations until late October , when the outbreak had fully subsided .
= = Governor of Kentucky = =
Returning to Louisville , Blackburn was fêted at the Galt House hotel . For weeks , receptions were held in his honor , gifts of appreciation poured in from across the state and region , and he was hailed as the " Hero of Hickman " . It was against this backdrop that he resumed his gubernatorial campaign in November 1878 . Two other men also sought the Democratic gubernatorial nomination : Lieutenant Governor John C. Underwood and former Congressman Thomas Laurens Jones . Before the yellow fever outbreak , Underwood had been the favorite , but public sentiment had turned in Blackburn 's favor after his service to the people of Hickman . Underwood questioned whether Blackburn 's medical background had adequately prepared him to be the state 's chief executive ; he also mounted a failed legal challenge that claimed Blackburn had not met the constitutional state residency requirement of seven years . In late March 1879 , however , Underwood determined that he would not be able to overcome the " avalanche " of support for Blackburn and withdrew his candidacy . At the May 1 Democratic nominating convention , Blackburn was nominated by an overwhelming majority — 935 delegates to the convention voted for him compared to just 22 for Jones .
Due to ill health , Blackburn could not take an active part in the campaign . He sought relief from his ailments at Crab Orchard Springs , while much of the campaign oratory was delivered on his behalf by fellow Democrats Boyd Winchester , Parker Watkins Hardin , W. C. P. Breckinridge , and others . Republicans , who had nominated Walter Evans , had fewer speakers with which to canvass the state , and were at a decided disadvantage . Democrats attacked the administrations of Republican Presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes , cited the alleged abuses perpetrated in the South by Carpetbaggers and Scalawags , and leveled charges that Republicans favored capitalists over the state 's working class . Republican orators , led by William O 'Connell Bradley , charged Democrats with financial extravagance , citing a $ 3 million surplus in the state treasury in 1865 compared with a $ 1 million debt in 1878 . Bradley claimed that Democrats had maintained their power in the state through gerrymandering election districts . He cited poor conditions at the state penitentiary and inadequate funding of public education as evidence of Democratic mismanagement of the state .
In late May 1879 , the Republican @-@ leaning Cincinnati Gazette reported on Blackburn 's alleged plot to infect northern cities with yellow fever during the Civil War , apparently the first time the incident had been reported in Kentucky . The newspaper formed a special department for the sole purpose of investigating the claims against Blackburn and published a daily column in which it related the department 's findings . In the wake of the Gazette 's investigation , other Northern newspapers , including the Canton Repository , Cleveland Herald , and Philadelphia Press , derided Kentuckians for even considering the election of Blackburn ( who they nicknamed " Dr. Blackvomit " ) . The scandal gained more traction nationally than in Kentucky . Blackburn did not respond to the accusations , and Kentucky Republicans barely made mention of it , knowing that the northern press in general and the Cincinnati Gazette in particular were widely distrusted in the state . Kentucky newspaper editor Henry Watterson opined that most Kentuckians already knew about Blackburn 's Civil War activities and either explicitly approved of them or were apathetic about events that had occurred a decade and a half earlier .
In the general election , Blackburn defeated Evans by a vote of 125 @,@ 790 ( 56 % ) to 81 @,@ 882 ( 36 % ) , the largest Democratic margin of victory in a decade . Greenback Party candidate C. W. Cook garnered 18 @,@ 954 votes , approximately 8 percent of the total votes cast . These votes came mainly at the expense of Blackburn and the Democrats . Until the election of Ernie Fletcher in 2003 , Blackburn would be the only physician elected governor of Kentucky .
= = = Financial reform = = =
Immediately after his election , Blackburn began planning ways to balance the state 's budget . In his 1880 address to the legislature , Blackburn reported that since 1867 , the state had spent three million dollars more than it had taken in . Previous administrations had paid for the excess by using money from the federal government for " war claims " by the state and money from the state 's sinking fund . Further , an economic depression had lowered property values and the state legislature had , in response to public demand , lowered taxes , further shrinking government income . Blackburn forcefully asserted that the situation must be remedied .
In response to recommendations from the governor , the General Assembly enacted cost @-@ saving reforms in the judicial system , including the abolition of criminal , chancery , and common pleas courts , dividing the state instead into 18 circuit court districts . The number of jurors required for certain cases was reduced , juror salaries were set at a fixed rate , and penalties were established for soliciting jury duty . Reimbursement amounts for transporting and caring for prisoners were capped to prevent inflation of costs by local law enforcement . Salaries of state officials were reduced by 20 percent . The state property tax was also increased from 40 to 45 cents per $ 100 of taxable property , and laws were strengthened to facilitate the collection of delinquent taxes .
= = = Penal reform = = =
Blackburn 's primary focus was on reforms to the state 's penal system . According to Blackburn , 953 prisoners were being held at the state penitentiary , although the structure only contained 780 cells . Conditions in the penitentiary were poor and resulted in many illnesses . One fifth of the state 's prisoners suffered from pneumonia in 1875 . When Blackburn became governor in 1879 , the mortality rate of the almost one thousand inmates in the state penitentiary was over 7 percent . Scurvy caused by poor nutrition afflicted 75 percent of prisoners . Blackburn compared conditions at the penitentiary to the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta .
The poor conditions at the penitentiary were partially because the state leased management of the facility to private contractors , who frequently neglected prisoners ' needs to cut costs . These contractors often provided benefits such as cheap laundry services and free meals to legislators to secure contracts and encourage them to ignore their abuse of prisoners . Blackburn called for the contract system to be replaced with a system of oversight by wardens employed by the state .
Before the General Assembly could act on his recommendations , Blackburn began granting pardons to relieve prison overcrowding . He particularly favored clemency for the incurably sick so they could go home to die with their families . During his term , Blackburn pardoned over one thousand individuals , earning him the nickname " Lenient Luke " . The pardons were extremely unpopular with both the public and the Democratic political establishment . Several newspapers claimed that Blackburn sold pardons for two dollars apiece , though no evidence exists to support such an accusation .
In the 1880 legislative session , the General Assembly approved Blackburn 's recommendation to construct a new state penitentiary in Eddyville . Legislators also responded to Blackburn 's call for a warden system , authorizing the state to employ a warden , deputy warden , clerk , physician , and chaplain for the penitentiary . As a means of alleviating overcrowding , the Assembly allowed private contractors to lease convict labor from the penitentiary . These contractors would be responsible for feeding , clothing , housing , and caring for the prisoners in their charge . With no oversight of these contractors , however , prisoner abuses again occurred , including malnutrition , overwork , and beatings that often resulted in injury and death . Finally , legislators adopted , for the first time in state history , a rudimentary parole process . Due to his extensive record of reforming the state prison system , Blackburn is considered " the father of prison reforms in Kentucky " .
= = = Other reforms = = =
Blackburn was also a zealous advocate for improved river navigation . He persuaded the legislature to
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. South of the road the 1st Battalion occupied what appeared to be a command post of the NK 9th Division . Tents were still up and equipment lay scattered about . Two abandoned T @-@ 34 tanks in excellent condition stood there . Tanks and ground troops advancing along the road found it littered with North Korean dead and destroyed and abandoned equipment . By nightfall the counterattack had gained another 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) .
That night was quiet until just before dawn . The North Koreans then launched an attack against the 9th Infantry on the right of the marines , the heaviest blow striking G Company . It had begun to rain again and the attack came in the midst of a downpour . In bringing his platoon from an outpost position to the relief of the company , Sergeant First Class Loren R. Kaufman encountered an encircling North Korean force on the ridge line . He bayoneted the lead scout and engaged those following with grenades and rifle fire . His sudden attack confused and dispersed this group . Kaufman led his platoon on and succeeded in joining hard @-@ pressed G Company . In the ensuing action Kaufman led assaults against close @-@ up North Korean positions and , in hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting , he bayoneted four more North Korean soldiers , destroyed a machine gun position , and killed the crew members of a North Korean mortar . American artillery fire concentrated in front of the 9th Infantry helped greatly in repelling the North Koreans in this night and day battle .
= = = September 5 counterattack = = =
That morning , September 5 , after a 10 @-@ minute artillery preparation , the American troops moved out in their third day of counterattack . It was a day of rain . As the attack progressed , the marines approached Obong @-@ ni Ridge and the 9th Infantry neared Cloverleaf Hill where they had fought tenaciously during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the month before . There , at midmorning , on the high ground ahead , they could see North Korean troops digging in . The marines approached the pass between the two hills and took positions in front of the North Korean @-@ held high ground .
At 14 : 30 approximately 300 North Korean infantry came from the village of Tugok and concealed positions , striking B Company on Hill 125 just north of the road and east of Tugok . Two T @-@ 34 tanks surprised and knocked out the two leading Marine M26 Pershing tanks . Since the destroyed Pershing tanks blocked fields of fire , four others withdrew to better positions . Assault teams of B Company and the 1st Battalion with 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch rocket launchers rushed into action , took the tanks under fire , and destroyed both of them , as well as an armored personnel carrier following behind . The North Korean infantry attack was brutal and inflicted 25 casualties on B Company before reinforcements from A Company and supporting Army artillery and the Marine 81 mm mortars helped repel it .
September 5 was a day of heavy casualties everywhere on the Pusan Perimeter . Army units had 102 killed , 430 wounded , and 587 missing in action for a total of 1 @,@ 119 casualties . Marine units had 35 killed , 91 wounded , and none missing in action , for a total of 126 battle casualties . Total American battle casualties for the day were 1 @,@ 245 men . It is unknown how many North Koreans were killed or wounded on that day , but they likely suffered heavy casualties .
= = = North Koreans repulsed = = =
During the previous night , at 20 : 00 September 4 , General Walker had ordered the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade released from operational control of the 2nd Division effective at midnight , September 5 . He had vainly protested against releasing the brigade , believing he needed it and all the troops then in Korea if he were to stop the North Korean offensive against the Pusan Perimeter . At 00 : 15 , September 6 , the marines began leaving their lines at Obong @-@ ni Ridge and headed for Pusan . They would join the 1st Marine Regiment and 7th Marine Regiment in forming the new 1st Marine Division .
The American counteroffensive of September 3 – 5 west of Yongsan , according to prisoner statements , resulted in one of the bloodiest debacles of the war for a North Korean division . Even though remnants of the NK 9th Division , supported by the low strength NK 4th Division , still held Obong @-@ ni Ridge , Cloverleaf Hill , and the intervening ground back to the Naktong on September 6 , the division 's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack . The NK 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive .
Just after midnight on September 6 , the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was ordered back to Pusan in order to travel to Japan and merge with other Marine units to form the 1st Marine Division . This was done after a heated disagreement between Walker 's command and MacArthur 's command . Walker said he could not hold the Pusan Perimeter without the Marines in reserve , while MacArthur said he could not conduct the Inchon landings without the Marines . MacArthur responded by assigning the 17th Infantry Regiment , and later the 65th Infantry Regiment , would be added to Walker 's reserves , but Walker did not feel the inexperienced troops would be effective . Walker felt the transition endangered the Perimeter at a time when it was unclear if it would hold .
= = Aftermath = =
The North Korean 4th and 9th Divisions were almost completely destroyed in the battles at Naktong Bulge . The 9th Division had numbered 9 @,@ 350 men at the beginning of the offensive on September 1 . The 4th Division numbered 5 @,@ 500 . Only a few hundred from each division returned to North Korea after the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge . The majority of the North Korean troops had been killed , captured or deserted . The exact number of North Korean casualties at Yongsan is impossible to determine , but a substantial amount of the attacking force was lost there . All of NK II Corps was in a similar state , and the North Korean army , exhausted at Pusan Perimeter and cut off after Inchon , was on the brink of defeat .
The US casualty count at Yongsan is also difficult to know , as the division 's scattered units were engaged all along the Naktong Bulge without communication and total casualty counts in each area could not be ascertained . The US 2nd Infantry Division suffered 1 @,@ 120 killed , 2 @,@ 563 wounded , 67 captured and 69 missing during its time at the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge . This included about 180 casualties it suffered during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the previous month . American forces were continually repulsed but able to prevent the North Koreans from breaking the Pusan Perimeter . The division had numbered 17 @,@ 498 on September 1 , but was in excellent position to attack despite its casualties . The 1st
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ies in Madras . Cochrane returned to England in 1806 due to ill @-@ health , and had intended to appoint Balfour and Baker as his agents . However , before leaving , Cochrane was notified that the Navy was reviewing his accounts dating back to 1794 , and that the Navy had lost much of the paperwork . He then returned to England permanently to settle the accounts , which took until 1820 .
Instead of engaging agents , Cochrane passed the contract to Balfour and Baker , who held it until at least 1815 . At some point the partnership was dissolved , and the contract held by Balfour alone . When he left India , he had accumulated a fortune of £ 300 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to £ 24 @.@ 6 million in 2016 ) .
The Indian business did not end with Balfour 's return home . It was run on his behalf by agents , and within a few decades the family 's assets had grown ten @-@ fold to £ 3 million ( equivalent to £ 246 million in 2016 ) .
= = = Scotland = = =
On his return to Scotland in 1815 , Balfour married Lady Eleanor Maitland ( 1790 – 1869 ) , daughter of the Tory politician James Maitland , 8th Earl of Lauderdale . They had five children , one of whom died in a fire in infancy .
Within two years of their marriage , Balfour had bought two large county estates . The first was a sporting estate with shooting lodge in the Highlands , at Strathconan in Ross @-@ shire . In 1817 , he purchased the 10 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 4 @,@ 000 ha ; 16 sq mi ) Whittingehame estate in Haddingtonshire from Colonel William Hay of Duns Castle , which provided a net rental income of £ 11 @,@ 000 per year ( equivalent to £ 981 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) . He also bought a town house in London , No. 3 Grosvenor Square .
In the 1820s the Balfours employed the architect Robert Smirke , designer of the British Museum , to build a large classical mansion at Whittingehame , along with a stable block and gate lodges . They equipped their home with French furniture and Sèvres china . Built of pale cullalo stone , the house was expanded and altered in 1827 to the designs of William Burn , which were not entirely successful . Colin McWilliam and Christopher Wilson describe them as having changed " a dry composition into a boring one " .
They then rebuilt the local church , and created a new model village to the north @-@ west of the old one . Built in about 1840 of red sandstone , it consists of a row of cottages and a school .
Established as a country gentleman , though known locally as " the nabob " , Balfour became a justice of the peace , and in 1822 was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire .
In about 1823 or 1824 he paid £ 104 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to £ 8 @.@ 25 million in 2016 ) to buy from the 10th Earl of Leven a large estate in his native Fife , including Balgonie Castle . Adjacent to his native Balbirnie , the Balgonie estate included coal mines which worked seams described as " inexhaustible " and iron workings .
= = = Parliament = = =
In November 1820 , the death of Henry St Paul MP triggered a by @-@ election for the borough of Berwick @-@ upon @-@ Tweed , where Balfour 's father @-@ in @-@ law Lord Lauderdale had great influence . Balfour was also supported by Admiral Sir David Milne , who had defeated St Paul at the general election in March 1820 but was unseated on petition in July .
However , Lauderdale was disliked for his opposition to the popular Queen Caroline , which became a significant issue in the campaign . His agents claimed that Balfour would have opposed her trial for alleged adultery , but he was portrayed as too close to Liverpool 's Tory ministry to properly represent interests of the borough . After four days of polling , Balfour lost by 9 votes ( 374 — 363 ) to the Whig baronet Sir Francis Blake .
A further vacancy occurred in Berwick in 1822 , but Balfour did not contest the seat . Instead , he turned his attentions to the Anstruther Burghs , a set of five burghs which were located only 15 miles from his newly purchased estate at Balgonie in Fife . At the 1826 general election he won the support of three burghs of Pittenweem , Anstruther Easter and Crail , whereas the sitting MP and Lord Advocate of Scotland Sir William Rae won only Anstruther Wester and Kilrenny . With three out of five votes Balfour was declared elected , and a petition lodged by Rae was rejected in March 1827 .
In 1829 , several groups of his constituents submitted petitions against the Roman Catholic Relief Bill . Balfour presented all the petitions to Parliament , but in April he voted with the majority in favour of the Bill .
Balfour was opposed at the 1830 general election by Robert Marsham , the Warden of Merton College , Oxford . However , he won the seat , taking three of the four boroughs remaining after Kilrenny 's disenfranchisement in 1829 .
At the 1831 general election , Balfour was drafted to stand instead in the county seat of Haddingtonshire , the area which included Whittingehame . The sitting MP Lord John Hay had been an advocate of Parliamentary reform , a view which was supported by the county 's voteless tenant farmers but opposed by the existing voters . Lord John 's position looked untenable , so Balfour was drafted by Lord Lauderdale and Hay 's brother Lord Tweeddale . Describing himself as an opponent of the current reform proposals , but a supporter of a " wise and prudent amendment to the representative system " , he won the seat by a margin of 40 votes to the 11 of his opponent Sir David Baird , Bt . However , a crowd of non @-@ voting residents of Haddington shouted down his attempts to make a speech of thanks .
The new Parliament was dominated by the Reform Bills , and in the last Parliament of the Unreformed House of Commons Balfour voted against them at most opportunities . At the general election in December 1832 , with the franchise expanded under the Scottish Reform Act , Balfour was re @-@ elected but with a much narrower majority of 271 votes to 232 .
His health had been declining , and he cited that as his reason for retiring at the dissolution of Parliament in December 1834 . At the general election in January 1835 , the Haddingtonshire seat was won by the Whig Robert Ferguson .
= = Death and legacy = =
Balfour died at Whittingehame in April 1845 , aged about 70 . He was survived by his wife , two sons , and two daughters . One daughter had died in infancy .
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( in a series without a regular gay character ) at the 18th GLAAD Media Awards .
= = Plot = =
Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is concerned that Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is stressed and underperforming as the head writer of TGS with Tracy Jordan because of a lack of human contact . He suggests that she go on a date with his friend " Thomas " , which she initially refuses . When she almost chokes to death alone in her apartment that night , an action that Jack had foreshadowed as " a single woman 's biggest worry , " she changes her mind . She meets her date in a restaurant and finds that Jack has set her up with Gretchen Thomas ( Stephanie March ) , a lesbian . Although Liz and Gretchen have great chemistry , Gretchen is not interested in chasing after a " straight girl " . The next day , Liz chastises Jack for thinking she was a lesbian . At night , Liz gets lonely and calls Gretchen . After sharing their fears as single women , they go to dinner . There , Gretchen expresses that she feels she is starting to chase the " straight girl " and says they should stop seeing each other . Liz attempts to make a pact that they get back together after 25 years and start a relationship then if they are both still single , but Gretchen walks away .
At the same time , poker night is a Thursday night tradition among Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , Josh Girard ( Lonny Ross ) , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) , and J. D. Lutz ( John Lutz ) , the TGS staff . Jack and Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) join them for the first time . Jack is able to read and defeat all of the other players , except for NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) , who wins the final hand . The next day , Jack sets up another poker night . Eventually , Jack and Kenneth come down to the final hand . Jack has more chips and goes all @-@ in . He offers to make the hand winner @-@ take @-@ all if Kenneth bets his page jacket . Kenneth agrees , and Jack 's pair of twos beats Kenneth 's king high . Liz asks why Kenneth would bet on a hand like that , and he responds that he enjoys living on the edge and was also confused about the rules . Jack stops Kenneth from leaving , explains that he only made Kenneth bet his job to prove his power over him , and returns the jacket to Kenneth with the expectation that he come in early on Monday .
= = Production = =
" Blind Date " was written by co @-@ executive producer John Riggi and directed by supervising producer Adam Bernstein . This episode originally aired on October 25 , 2006 on NBC as the third episode of the show 's first season and overall of the series . This episode featured a guest appearance from actress Stephanie March , who played Gretchen Thomas . That season 's co @-@ executive producer Brett Baer had a brief appearance in " Blind Date " , as a man who hits on Liz , after Gretchen leaves .
One filmed scene from " Blind Date " was cut out from the airing . Instead , the scene was featured on 30 Rock 's season 1 DVD as part of the deleted scenes in the Bonus feature . In the scene , Pete comes to Liz 's office and tells her about how Jack set @-@ up the TGS stage in which they can play poker . Liz asks him if it would be all right if she brings Gretchen to the poker game .
Towards the end of the episode Jack declares about Kenneth ; " in five years we 'll all either be working for him , or dead by his hand " . This inadvertently foreshadows the events of Season 7 when Jack personally chooses Kenneth to be his replacement as the head of NBC .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Blind Date " was viewed by 6 @.@ 01 million viewers upon its original broadcast in the United States . It earned a 2 @.@ 2 rating / 6 share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was an increase from the previous episode , " The Aftermath " , as it was watched by 5 @.@ 7 million American viewers . This episode was the 72nd most watched episode of the week . " Blind Date " was nominated at the 18th GLAAD Media Awards for Outstanding Individual Episode ( in a series without a regular gay character ) , but lost to the Grey 's
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on 31 January 2014 . His second debut came when starting their 1 – 1 away draw with Liaoning Whowin on 9 March 2014 , before scoring his first goal of the 2014 Chinese Super League with a left @-@ footed volley from outside the penalty area in a 1 – 1 draw at home to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 26 April . He went without scoring in the final three months of the season , which he finished with five goals from twenty @-@ eight appearances as Shanghai ranked in fifth place in the 2014 Chinese Super League table . McBreen stated his desire to stay for another season , but admitted he might not be retained after the club was taken over by new owners .
He signed for Hong Kong Premier League club South China for the remainder of the 2014 – 15 Hong Kong Premier League on 21 January 2015 . McBreen debuted four days later as a seventy @-@ seventh @-@ minute substitute for Yuto Nakamura in a 4 – 2 away win over Sun Pegasus , before scoring twice in their 6 – 1 away victory against Global in the 2015 AFC Cup group stage on 25 February 2015 . He started for South China in their 4 – 0 defeat to Kitchee in the 2014 – 15 Hong Kong League Cup Final at Mong Kok Stadium on 22 April 2015 . McBreen scored both of the team 's goals in their 2 – 0 victory over Eastern Sports Club in the AFC Cup play @-@ off semi @-@ final , and started their 1 – 1 extra time draw with YFCMD in the final , but was substituted before the 4 – 2 penalty shoot @-@ out win . South China finished fourth in the 2014 – 15 Hong Kong Premier League table , and McBreen scored eleven goals from seventeen appearances before his contract expired in May 2015 .
= = International career = =
Australia national team coach Pim Verbeek selected McBreen in an extended squad of twenty @-@ five players for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Brisbane on 3 March 2010 . He was an unused substitute as Australia beat Indonesia 1 – 0 .
= = Style of play = =
McBreen was good in the air , and adept at holding the ball up and bringing teammates into play . At 6 ft 1 in ( 1 @.@ 85 m ) he provided a threat at set pieces . North Queensland Fury coach Ian Ferguson commented on his physicality , describing him as " an aggressive player ... who will give centre halves a hard time " .
= = Coaching career = =
McBreen was appointed the head coach of the Newcastle Jets U15 team in October 2015 .
= = Personal life = =
Before turning professional McBreen worked a number of jobs along with playing football , saying " I did everything – too many jobs to mention – and I know I would rather be on the training ground than sat in an office or hauling concrete all day " . He married Gabrielle Stockton in Sydney , New South Wales during December 2014 and the couple have two sons , Noah and Leo .
= = Career statistics = =
= = Honors = =
Falkirk
Scottish Football League First Division : 2004 – 05
Scottish Challenge Cup : 2004 – 05
Central Coast Mariners
A @-@ League Premiership : 2011 – 12
A @-@ League Championship : 2012 – 13
Individual
A @-@ League Golden Boot : 2012 – 13
Joe Marston Medal : 2012 – 13
PFA A @-@ League Team of the Season : 2012 – 13
= Batman Begins =
Batman Begins is a 2005 British @-@ American superhero film based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman , co @-@ written and directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale , Michael Caine , Liam Neeson , Katie Holmes , Gary Oldman , Cillian Murphy , Tom Wilkinson , Rutger Hauer , Ken Watanabe , and Morgan Freeman . The film reboots the Batman film series , telling the origin story of the title character ( Bale ) , from his alter ego Bruce Wayne 's initial fear of bats , the death of his parents , his journey to become Batman , and his fight to stop Ra 's al Ghul ( Neeson ) and the Scarecrow ( Murphy ) from plunging Gotham City into chaos . It draws inspiration from classic comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls , Batman : Year One , and Batman : The Long Halloween .
After a series of unsuccessful projects to resurrect Batman on screen following the critical failure and box office disappointment of Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) , Nolan and David S. Goyer began to work on the film in early 2003 and aimed for a darker and more realistic tone , with humanity and realism being the basis of the film . The goal was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne . The film , which was primarily shot in Iceland and Chicago , relied on traditional stunts and miniatures , while computer @-@ generated imagery was used minimally .
Batman Begins opened on June 15 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada in 3 @,@ 858 theaters . It grossed over $ 48 million in its opening weekend in North America , eventually grossing over $ 374 million worldwide . The film received positive reviews and is considered by many to be one of the best superhero films of the 2000s . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and three BAFTA awards . It is followed by The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) in a continual story @-@ arc , which has later been referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy .
= = Plot = =
As a child , Bruce Wayne falls down a dry well and is attacked by a swarm of bats , subsequently developing a phobia of the creatures . While watching an opera with his parents , Thomas and Martha , Bruce becomes frightened by performers masquerading as bats and asks to leave . Outside
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advise the sovereign to withhold assent . An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith , though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute . Hence , in modern practice , royal assent is always granted ; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch 's reserve powers .
= = = = Historical development = = = =
Originally , legislative power was exercised by the sovereign acting on the advice of the Curia Regis , or Royal Council , in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament . The so @-@ called Model Parliament included bishops , abbots , earls , barons , and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough among its members . In 1265 , the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation . The body eventually came to be divided into two branches : bishops , abbots , earls , and barons formed the House of Lords , while the shire and borough representatives formed the House of Commons . The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law . During Henry VI 's reign , it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills , which would not become law unless the sovereign 's assent was obtained , as the sovereign was , and still remains , the enactor of laws . Hence , all acts include the clause " Be it enacted by the Queen 's ( King 's ) most Excellent Majesty , by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons , in this present Parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , as follows ... " . The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process .
The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs . Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629 , after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power . During the eleven years of personal rule that followed , Charles performed legally dubious actions , such as raising taxes without parliament 's approval . After the English Civil War , it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly , but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills . In 1678 , Charles II withheld his assent from a bill " for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia , and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days , " suggesting that he , not parliament , should control the militia . The last Stuart monarch , Anne , similarly withheld on 11 March 1708 , on the advice of her ministers , her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland . No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament .
During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty , power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government . The first Hanoverian monarch , George I , relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs . Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation : George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath , which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy . However , George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers . Thus , as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved , the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse , both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms .
In 1914 , George V did take legal advice on withholding royal assent from the Government of Ireland Bill , a highly contentious piece of legislation that the Liberal government intended to push through parliament by means of the Parliament Act 1911 . The King decided that he should not withhold assent without " convincing evidence that it would avert a national disaster , or at least have a tranquillizing effect on the distracting conditions of the time " .
= = = = Devolved parliaments and assemblies = = = =
= = = = = Scotland = = = = =
Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament . The process is governed by sections 28 , 32 , and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998 . After a bill has been passed , the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four @-@ week period , during which the Advocate General for Scotland , the Lord Advocate , the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ( prior to 1 October 2009 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ) for review of its legality . Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament ( Letters Patent and Proclamations ) Order 1999 ( SI 1999 / 737 ) and of which notice is published in the London , Edinburgh , and Belfast Gazettes :
ELIZABETH THE SECOND by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Our other Realms and Territories Queen Head of the Commonwealth Defender of the Faith To Our trusty and well beloved the members of the Scottish Parliament GREETING :
For as much as various Bills have been passed by the Scottish Parliament and have been submitted to Us for Our Royal Assent by the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament in accordance with the Scotland Act 1998 the short Titles of which Bills are set forth in the Schedule hereto but those Bills by virtue of the Scotland Act 1998 do not become Acts of the Scottish Parliament nor have effect in the Law without Our Royal Assent signified by Letters Patent under Our Scottish Seal ( that is Our Seal appointed by the Treaty of Union to be kept and used in Scotland in place of the Great Seal of Scotland ) signed with Our own hand and recorded in the Register of the Great Seal We have therefore caused these Our Letters Patent to be made and have signed them and by them do give Our Royal Assent to those Bills COMMANDING ALSO the Keeper of Our Scottish Seal to seal these Our Letters with that Seal .
IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have caused these Our Letters to be made Patent .
WITNESS Ourself at ... the ... day of ... in the ... year of Our Reign .
By The Queen Herself Signed with Her Own Hand .
= = = = = Wales = = = = =
Measures , which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011 , were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council . Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four @-@ week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly 's legislative competence .
Following the referendum held in March 2011 , in which the majority vote for the assembly 's law @-@ making powers to be extended , measures were replaced by Acts of the Assembly . Similarly to Acts of the Scottish parliament , after a four @-@ week waiting period royal assent to acts of the assembly will be given by means of letters patent using the following wording :
ELIZABETH THE SECOND by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Our other Realms and Territories Queen Head of the Commonwealth Defender of the Faith To Our Trusty and well beloved the members of the National Assembly for Wales GREETING :
FORASMUCH as one or more Bills have been passed by the National Assembly for Wales and have been
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, Florida , and San Francisco , California . From June 1929 to September 1931 he served with the Marine detachment aboard USS Maryland , where he coached the boxing and wrestling squads . Following this duty he was assigned to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego . In May 1932 he was ordered to Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton , Washington , where he was promoted to first lieutenant one month later . He served on temporary duty with the Civilian Conservation Corps in Idaho and New Jersey from June 1933 to May 1934 , after which he returned to Bremerton .
Shoup went back to China in November 1934 , again serving briefly with the 4th Marines in Shanghai . He was soon reassigned as a legation guard in Peiping , where he taught the post 's pistol and rifle teams to shoot competitively . They won at least one major competition . He also had time to observe the troops of the Empire of Japan , gaining great respect for their discipline . In 1936 , he came down with a serious case of pneumonia and had to be evacuated from China . His next duty was at Puget Sound Navy Yard . In October 1936 , he was promoted to captain . In July 1937 he entered Junior Course , Marine Corps Schools in Quantico , which he completed in May 1938 . He then served as an instructor at Quantico for two years . In June 1940 he joined the 6th Marines in San Diego , and was promoted to major in April 1941 .
= = World War II = =
= = = Staff officer = = =
Shoup was assigned to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , which was moved to Iceland in May 1941 , supporting an occupation there to prevent Nazi German forces from threatening it . Replacing the outgoing British 49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division , the brigade continued to garrison the country for several months , and he was there with the Headquarters Company at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 . For his service in Iceland , he was awarded the Letter of Commendation with Commendation Ribbon . In February 1942 he was given command of the 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . With the United States at war , 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to New York City , New York , in March , and was disbanded . Shoup moved with his battalion to Camp Elliott in San Diego .
In July 1942 , Shoup was named as operations and training officer ( G3 ) of the 2nd Marine Division , and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in August 1942 . The following month accompanied the division to Wellington , New Zealand , aboard SS Matsonia and oversaw much of its training there . He was also briefly attached to the 1st Marine Division in October 1942 as an observer during the Guadalcanal campaign , then to the 43rd Infantry Division on Rendova Island during New Georgia Campaign in June 1943 . During the latter assignment , Shoup was wounded in action and evacuated . Still , from these experiences he observed amphibious warfare techniques which would be useful later in the war .
= = = Tarawa = =
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In mid @-@ 1943 , Shoup was transferred to the staff of Major General Julian C. Smith , commander of the 2nd Marine Division , and tasked to help plan the invasion of Betio on Tarawa Atoll . Shoup 's aggressive leadership style would complement the offensive strategy his superiors were seeking in taking the atoll . He was tasked with drawing up initial plans , designating the landing beaches on Betio for the 2nd Marines , and overseeing some rehearsals at Efate . However , after Colonel William W. Marshall , commander of the 2nd Marines , suffered a nervous breakdown before invasion , Smith promoted Shoup to Colonel and gave him command of the regiment in spite of Shoup 's lack of combat experience .
The invasion commenced on 20 November 1943 , with Shoup disembarking from Maryland , the flagship for the invasion . His force met heavy resistance on the beaches . His LVT was destroyed by shore fire , and he had to proceed without transportation . As he was wading ashore at around 11 : 00 , he was struck by shrapnel in the legs and received a grazing wound from a bullet in the neck . In spite of these wounds , he rallied the Marines and led them ashore . He was able to coordinate the troops on the beaches and organize them as they began to push inland against an anticipated Japanese counterattack . He continuously organized aggressive attacks on the defenders , and was noted for his bravery and vigour during the conflict . On the second day of the attack , he organized an advance inland , despite heavy casualties among the American troops . By the afternoon , they were winning the battle , and reinforcements began to arrive in force . That night , Shoup was relieved by Colonel Merritt A. Edson , the division 's Chief of Staff , who commanded the 2nd Marines for the remainder of the campaign . Six years later , Shoup made a cameo appearance in the movie " Sands of Iwo Jima " reprising his actions that first night on Tarawa , although he had originally been brought onto the movie as a technical advisor .
For his leadership during the assault and the push inland Shoup was awarded the Medal of Honor and the British Distinguished Service Order . For his role in planning the invasion he was awarded the Legion of Merit with " V " device . He also was awarded the Purple Heart for the combat wounds he suffered during the course of the campaign . Ten years after the assault , Shoup remarked of the operation , " there was never a doubt in the minds of those ashore what the final outcome of the battle for Tarawa would be . There was for some seventy @-@ six hours , however , considerable haggling with the enemy over the exact price we would have to pay . " In 1968 , he returned to Tarawa to dedicate a memorial to the battle and to the American and Japanese troops who had died there .
= = = Subsequent wartime service = = =
In December 1943 , Shoup became Chief of Staff of the 2nd Marine Division , which was then refitting and training in Hawaii for the upcoming invasion of the Marianas in June . Shoup performed well as a staff officer , assisting in the planning for the battles for Saipan and Tinian . Though a divisional staff officer , he still managed to find occasion to be forward in the fighting . In one instance on Saipan he became trapped in a forward observer post with fellow officer Wallace M. Greene . Greene later recalled in the midst of the Japanese attack Shoup remained impressively calm . Shoup was awarded a second Legion of Merit with " V " device for his work in this campaign . At the end of operations on the Mariana Islands , Shoup returned to the United States in October 1944 . He served as a logistics officer in the Division of Plans and Policies at Marine Headquarters in Washington , D.C. He remained at this post for the rest of the war .
= = Cold War era = =
In August 1947 , Shoup became Commanding Officer , Service Command , Fleet Marine Force , Pacific . In June 1949 , he was assigned to the 1st Marine Division at Camp Pendleton as its chief of staff . In July 1950 , he was then transferred to Quantico where he served as Commanding Officer of the Basic School .
In April 1952 , Shoup became Assistant Fiscal Director in the Office of the Fiscal Director , Headquarters Marine Corps . In this capacity , Shoup served under Major General William P. T. Hill , the Quartermaster General . Shoup was ordered by the Marine Corps Commandant General Lemuel C. Shepherd to establish a new fiscal office independent of Hill 's authority . Shoup and Hill clashed frequently , but Shoup was nonetheless able to establish a new , independent Fiscal Division . He was promoted to brigadier general in April 1953 , and in July he became Fiscal Director of the Marine Corps . He was involved in fiscal strategy hearings before the U.S. Congress , and established a programming system where officers researched and thought out programs before bringing them to Congress . This idea met with resistance from Marine leaders who favored going to the Hill to figure out the details of programs . While serving in this capacity , he was promoted to major general in September 1955 .
Shoup began a brief assignment as Inspector General for Recruit Training in May 1956 after being ordered to do so by Commandant Randolph M. Pate following the Ribbon Creek incident , which involved the accidental drowning of six recruits during a training march . As Marine leaders were investigating , they favored Shoup 's recommendation of not covering up the incident . He supported an overhaul of recruit training for the Marine Corps in response .
Following this , he served as Inspector General of the Marine Corps from September 1956 until May 1957 . He returned to Camp Pendleton in June to become commanding general of the 1st Marine Division . He became Commanding General of the 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa in March 1958 . Following his return to the United States in May 1959 , he served as Commanding General of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot , Parris Island , until October 1959 . During this time , he also served as president of the 2nd Marine Division Association .
= = Commandant of the Marine Corps = =
While still a major general , Shoup was unexpectedly nominated to become Commandant of the Marine Corps by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the behest of Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates , Jr .. To prepare for this duty he was promoted to lieutenant general on 2 November 1959 , and briefly assigned duties as Chief of Staff , Headquarters Marine Corps . He was elevated to general on 1 January 1960 , upon assuming the post as the 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps . He would later serve under the administration of John F. Kennedy from 1961 to 1963 , and the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963 .
= = = Leadership overhaul = = =
By 1959 , Gates and other officials viewed the Corps as fraught with internal squabbling and alienated from the other services . Because of this condition , combined with the reputation gained from the Ribbon Creek incident , it was decided that Pate needed to be replaced . Gates believed Shoup was a strong leader who could steer the Corps in the right direction . Shoup was selected over five lieutenant generals and four major generals senior to him in rank . Lieutenant General Merrill B. Twining was considered the likely appointee to the position ; Lieutenant Generals Edward Pollock and Vernon E. Megee also aspired to the position of Commandant . Twining openly vied for the position and retired immediately after Shoup was selected , reportedly in protest , as did several other officers . Shoup emphasized military readiness , training , and inter @-@ service cooperation , which differed from the political climate of the time . He rapidly gained a reputation as being extremely demanding and critical of poor performance , especially by Marine generals and leaders . He was sometimes blunt in his criticism of what he saw as poorly performing officers , to the extent that some considered him a bully .
Eisenhower favored Shoup because he feared other officers spent too much time in political affairs , and felt Shoup would reduce the influence of the military industrial complex . Immediately after his appointment , Shoup sought to place new officers in key positions , in an attempt to overhaul the leadership of the Marine Corps . He and Pate disagreed over some of the new appointments , as Shoup transferred many senior officers and encouraged others to retire . Shoup later wrote he felt the Joint Chiefs of Staff had an undue weight in the direction of military strategy . He also sought to curtail politicking by lower @-@ level Marine officers seeking career advancement .
= = = Budget strategy = = =
During the first year of Shoup 's service as Commandant , he served under the Eisenhower administration , in which military budget policy was dominated by the " New Look " policy , under which a strong nuclear deterrent was favored over conventional warfare forces . Eisenhower focused on containment without entangling the United States in proxy wars such as the Korean War . The end result of this was spending cuts and force reductions within the Marine Corps . The 1960 election of Kennedy ushered in a major change in military strategy with the adoption of the " Flexible Response " strategy , which saw a return to conventional military forces as a deterrent to nuclear war . Under the Kennedy administration there was increased civilian participation in defense policy @-@ building , and the new Secretary of Defense , Robert McNamara , sought more inter @-@ service cooperation .
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, Andover . Returning to Australia , he was promoted squadron leader and became Director of Technical Services , an organisation within the RAAF 's Supply Branch , in May 1935 ; the appointment made Wackett the Air Force 's senior engineer . The same year , he took charge of the Resources Committee for Electrical Equipment , Scientific and Optical Instruments , one of several subcommittees on the federal government 's Defence Resources Board set up to investigate and report on the readiness of Australian industry to provide munitions for defence in the event of international conflict .
= = World War II = =
Ranked wing commander at the outbreak of World War II , Wackett immediately faced major supply challenges in his role as Director of Technical Services . Spare parts for the RAAF 's mainly British @-@ built equipment were now in short supply , a fact complicated by the infancy of the local aircraft industry and a US arms embargo . His directorate made whatever use it could of civilian repair facilities , setting up central recovery depots to salvage spares from damaged aircraft and other equipment . He also drew on the advice and support of his brother Lawrence , who had established the RAAF 's technical services organisation in the 1920s and now , having retired from the Air Force , headed the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation ( CAC ) . By late 1940 , Wackett had been promoted temporary group captain , and joined the Flying Personnel Research Committee . Its members , drawn from the aviation , medical , scientific and technical disciplines , were to study and report upon such factors as aircrew safety , comfort , fatigue , survival , motion sickness , decompression and hypoxia .
Wackett was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1941 New Year Honours . In June , he became the RAAF 's representative on the federal Aircraft Advisory Committee , set up to assist the Director @-@ General of Aircraft Production . As well as members from governmental and scientific bodies , the committee included delegates from aircraft manufacturers such as de Havilland Australia and CAC , with Lawrence Wackett acting as Chief Technical Advisor . Later that year , the two brothers joined various academics on the newly formed Australian Council for Aeronautics , established by Prime Minister John Curtin to advise government , educational and scientific organisations on technical developments in the aircraft industry .
Raised to air commodore , Wackett was appointed Air Member for Engineering and Maintenance ( AME ) on 4 June 1942 . As AME , he sat on the Air Board , the RAAF 's controlling body , which consisted of its most senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff . His new position had been created to replace that of the Director @-@ General of Supply and Production , a civilian post . Wackett would serve on the Air Board for the next seventeen years , a record tenure for the RAAF , his experience and intellect making him , in the words of Air Force historian Alan Stephens , " singularly adept at bringing a committee around to his point of view " . During the war , the Air Board oversaw expansion from a complement in 1939 of 246 obsolescent machines such as CAC Wirraways , Avro Ansons and Lockheed Hudsons , to a strength in 1945 of 5 @,@ 620 sophisticated aircraft including Supermarine Spitfires , P @-@ 51 Mustangs , de Havilland Mosquitoes and B @-@ 24 Liberators ; to support this force , the RAAF had provided all @-@ through training for 18 @,@ 000 technical staff , and further education for 35 @,@ 000 more schooled initially outside the service .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
Following the end of the war , Wackett contributed to " Plan D " , the blueprint for restructuring the RAAF sponsored by the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice Marshal George Jones . A major facet of Plan D , adopted in June 1947 , was its encouragement of local industry to design and build military trainers and produce more sophisticated combat aircraft under licence from overseas manufacturers . This policy would eventually lead to the CAC Winjeel basic trainer and Australian co @-@ partnership in production of the CAC Sabre jet fighter and GAF Canberra jet bomber . Wackett also supported Air Vice Marshal Joe Hewitt , the Air Member for Personnel , in fostering apprenticeships as part of the " education revolution " that took place in the RAAF during the late 1940s and early 1950s . The Apprentice Training Scheme , designed to raise the standard of technical roles in the Air Force , opened early in 1948 at the Ground Training School in RAAF Station Wagga , New South Wales to provide education and technical training for youths aged 15 to 17 . By 1952 , it had been renamed the RAAF School of Technical Training .
Wackett played a key role in establishing technical services as a distinct department within the RAAF , rather than forming part of the Supply Branch as in previous years . Mindful of the increasing responsibility that was being placed on scientific and technical resources in the modern Air Force , he had raised the question of a specialist engineering branch immediately after the war , and in March 1946 gained broad approval for its establishment . After eighteen months of work defining its scope and responsibilities , the Technical Branch was formed under Wackett 's leadership on 23 September 1948 , his goals being " to support the operational power of the RAAF by providing the most efficient technical organisation possible " and " to increase the effectiveness of air power through technical development " . This in turn led to a separate " list " of engineering personnel , as opposed to the earlier Technical List subgroup under the General Duties Branch .
For flexibility , and to ensure that the flying and engineering branches had a better appreciation of their respective operations , Wackett supported the practice of some general duties officers continuing to perform engineering work , and as many technical officers as possible receiving secondary training as aircrew . He was disappointed , however , by the limits imposed by the Air Board on career advancement for his personnel . While the General Duties Branch in the late 1940s was permitted to maintain thirty @-@ seven officer positions of group captain and above , the Technical Branch was only allowed fourteen such slots , though both departments had an almost identical overall strength of just under 400 staff . This anomaly led Wackett to submit a dissenting report on the subject to the Air Board , one of the few occasions a board member exercised his right to such a protest . His new organisation caused some other tensions in the RAAF : new airworthiness considerations frustrated pilots who found their flying time restricted by the introduction of more rigorous maintenance procedures ; supply officers feared being " outshone " by the new status accorded to engineers ; and so @-@ called " black handers " — old @-@ school technical officers who had risen through the ranks — regarded with disdain the prospect of an influx of " silly young blokes with degrees " .
Wackett had been promoted temporary air vice marshal on 1 January 1947 ; this rank was made substantive following the formation of the Technical Branch . On 31 October 1949 , his title was changed from Air Member for Equipment and Maintenance to Air Member for Technical Services ( AMTS ) , in which capacity he would serve until his retirement from the RAAF in 1959 . Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1951 King 's Birthday Honours , Wackett again worked closely with Air Vice Marshal Hewitt , now the Air Member for Supply and Equipment , to introduce the concept of acquiring spare parts based on " life @-@ of @-@ type " , whereby the forecast number and type of spares necessary for an aircraft 's projected service life would be ordered when it was first deployed , to reduce costs and delivery time .
In 1953 , Wackett established advanced diploma training for twenty @-@ five airmen annually at Melbourne Technical College , the graduates receiving commissions as pilot officers . He also began recruiting university @-@ qualified engineers to the Technical Branch , and put in place formal relationships with such bodies as CSIRO , the Council of Aeronautics ( of which he was a member ) , Aeronautical Research Laboratories , and local aircraft manufacturers de Havilland Australia , Government Aircraft Factories , and CAC . He further initiated RAAF sponsorship of a chair of aeronautics at the University of Sydney . Wackett was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1957 New Years Honours . Two years later , his wife Doreen was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for her service as Vice President and , from 1948 , President of the RAAF Women 's Association .
= = Later life and legacy = =
When Wackett left the Air Force on 31 December 1959 , he was its longest @-@ serving
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to stop the spread of Lutheran doctrine , saw Henry VIII note that " sondry contentious and sinyster opiniones , have by wrong teachynge and naughtye bokes increaced and growen within this his realme of England " , and declare that all authors and printers must allow the Privy Council or their agents to read and censor books before publication .
= = = Stationers ' Company = = =
This censorship peaked on 4 May 1557 , when Mary I issued a royal warrant formally incorporating the Stationers ' Company . The old method of censorship had been limited by the Second Statute of Repeal , and with Mary 's increasing unpopularity the existing system was unable to cope with the number of critical works being printed . Instead , the royal warrant devolved this power to the Company . This was done by decreeing that only the Company 's publishers could print and distribute books . Their Wardens were given the power to enter any printing premises , destroy illegal works and imprison anyone found manufacturing them . In this way the government " harnessed the self interest of the publishers to the yoke of royal incentive " , guaranteeing that the Company would follow the rules due to the economic monopoly it gave their members . With the abolition of the Star Chamber and Court of High Commission by the Long Parliament , the legal basis for this warrant was removed , but the Long Parliament chose to replace it with the Licensing Act 1662 . This provided that the Company would retain their original powers , and imposed additional restrictions on printing ; King 's Messengers were permitted to enter any home or business in search of illegal presses . The legislation required renewal every two years , and was regularly reapproved .
This was not " copyright " as is normally understood ; although there was a monopoly on the right to copy , this was available to publishers , not authors , and did not exist by default ; it only applied to books which had been accepted and published by the Company . A member of the Company would register the book , and would then have a perpetual copyright over its printing , copying and publication , which could be leased , transferred to others or given to heirs upon the member 's death . The only exception to this was that , if a book was out of print for more than 6 months and the publisher ignored a warning to make it available , the copyright would be released and other publishers would be permitted to copy it . Authors themselves were not particularly respected until the 18th century , and were not permitted to be members of the Company , playing no role in the development or use of its licenses despite the Company 's sovereign authority to decide what was published . There is evidence that some authors were recognised by the Company itself to have the right to copy and the right to alter their works ; these authors were uniformly the writers of uneconomical books who were underwriting their publication .
The Company 's monopoly , censorship and failure to protect authors made the system highly unpopular ; John Milton wrote Areopagitica as a result of his experiences with the Company , accusing Parliament of being deceived by " the fraud of some old patentees and monopolisers in the trade of bookselling " . He was not the first writer to criticise the system , with John Locke writing a formal memorandum to the MP Edward Clarke in 1693 while the Licensing Act was being renewed , complaining that the existing system restricted the free exchange of ideas and education while providing an unfair monopoly for Company members . Academic Mark Rose attributes the efforts of Milton to promote the " bourgeois public sphere " , along with the Glorious Revolution 's alterations to the political system and the rise of public coffee houses , as the source of growing public unhappiness with the system . At the same time , this was a period in which clearly defined political parties were taking shape , and with the promise of regular elections , an environment where the public were of increasing importance to the political process . The result was a " developing public sphere [ which ] provided the context that enabled the collapse of traditional press controls " .
= = = Lapse of the Licensing Act = = =
The result of this environment was the lapse of the Licensing Act . In November 1694 , a committee was appointed by the Commons to see what laws were " lately expired and expiring [ and ] fit to be revived and continued " . The Committee reported in January 1695 , and suggested the renewal of the Licensing Act ; this was included in the " Continuation Bill " , but rejected by the House of Commons on 11 February . When it reached the House of Lords , the Lords re @-@ included the Licensing Act , and returned the bill to the Commons . In response , a second committee was appointed - this one to produce a report indicating why the Commons disagreed with the inclusion of the Licensing Act , and chaired by Edward Clarke . This committee soon reported to the Commons , and Clarke was ordered to carry a message to the Lords requesting a conference over the Act . On 18 April 1695 , Clarke met with representatives of the Lords , and they agreed to allow the Continuation Bill to pass without the renewal of the Licensing Act . With this , " the Lords ' decision heralded an end to a relationship that had developed throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries between the State and the Company of Stationers " , ending both nascent publishers ' copyright and the existing system of censorship .
John Locke 's close relationship with Clarke , along with the respect he commanded , is seen by academics as what led to this decision . Locke had spent the early 1690s campaigning against the statute , considering it " ridiculous " that the works of dead authors were held perpetually in copyright . In letters to Clarke he wrote of the absurdity of the existing system , complaining primarily about the unfairness of it to authors , and " [ t ] he parallels between Locke 's commentary and those reasons presented by the Commons to the Lords for refusing to renew the 1662 Act are striking " . He was assisted by a number of independent printers and booksellers , who opposed the monopolistic aspects of the Act , and introduced a petition in February 1693 that the Act prevented them from conducting their business . The " developing public sphere " , along with the harm the existing system had caused to both major political parties , is also seen as a factor .
The failure to renew the Licensing Act led to confusion and both positive and negative outcomes ; while the government no longer played a part in censoring publications , and the monopoly of the Company over printing was broken , there was uncertainty as to whether or not copyright was a binding legal concept without the legislation . Economic chaos also resulted ; with the Company now unable to enforce any monopoly , provincial towns began establishing printing presses , producing cheaper books than the London booksellers . The absence of the censorship provisions also opened Britain up as a market for internationally printed books , which were similarly cheaper than those British printers could produce .
= = = Attempts at replacement = = =
The rejection of the existing system was not done with universal approval , and there were ultimately twelve unsuccessful attempts to replace it . The first was introduced to the House of Commons on 11 February 1695 . A committee , again led by Clarke , was to write a " Bill for the Better Regulating of Printing and the Printing Presses " . This bill was essentially a copy of the Licensing Act , but with a narrower jurisdiction ; only books covering religion , history , the affairs of the state or the law would require official authorisation . Four days after its introduction , the Stationers ' held an emergency meeting to agree to petition the Commons - this was because the bill did not contain any reference to books as property , eliminating their monopoly on copying . Clarke also had issues with the provisions , and the debate went on until the end of the Parliamentary session , with the bill failing to pass .
With the end of the Parliamentary session came the first general election under the Triennial Act 1694 , which required the Monarch to dissolve Parliament every 3 years , causing a general election . This led to the " golden age " of the English electorate , and allowed for the forming of two major political parties - the Whigs and Tories . At the same time , with the failure to renew the Licensing Act , a political press developed . While the Act had been in force only one official newspaper existed ; the London Gazette , published by the government . After its demise , a string of newspapers sprang into being , including the Flying Post , the Evening Post and the Daily Courant . Newspapers had a strong bias towards particular parties , with the Courant and the Flying Post supporting the Whigs and the Evening Post in favour of the Tories , leading to politicians from both parties realising the importance of an efficient propaganda machine in influencing the electorate . This added a new dimension to the Commons ' decision to reject two new renewals of the Licensing Act in the new Parliamentary session .
Authors , as well as Stationers , then joined the demand for a new system of licensing . Jonathan Swift was a strong advocate for licensing , and Daniel Defoe wrote on 8 November 1705 that with the absence of licensing , " One Man Studies Seven Year , to bring a finish 'd Peice into the World , and a Pyrate Printer , Reprints his Copy immediately , and Sells it for a quarter of the Price ... these things call for an Act of Parliament
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to charge against the regiment . The firing suddenly ended and royalists began to fight with sword bayonets , under the cries " Long live the king ! " and " Long live the homeland ! " respectively . Finally , the royalists ended their cries and began to disperse .
When the regiment of Burgos realized that their line was broken , they stopped resisting , and the soldiers began to disperse . The cavalry pursued and killed most of them . At the end of the battle , the royalists had been trapped among the units of Las Heras in the west , Alvarado in the middle , Quintana in the east and the cavalries of Zapiola and Freire . Osorio tried to fall back to the hacienda " Lo Espejo " but could not reach it , so he tried to escape to Talcahuano . Ordóñez made his last stand at that hacienda , where 500 royalists died .
The battle ended in the afternoon . O 'Higgins , still injured by the wound received in Cancha Rayada , arrived during the final action at the hacienda . He claimed " Glory to the savior of Chile ! " , in reference to San Martín , who praised him for going to the battlefield with his unhealed wound . They made an embrace on their horses , now known as the " Embrace of Maipú " .
The battle of Maipú secured Chilean independence . Except for Osorio , who escaped with 200 cavalry , all top royalist military leaders were captured . All their armed forces were either killed or captured , and all their artillery , weapons , military hospitals , money and resources were lost . The victory was praised by Güemes , Bolívar and the international press .
= = = = Fleet of the Pacific = = = =
San Martín made a new request for ships to Bowles , but received no answer . He moved again to Buenos Aires , to make a similar request . He arrived to Mendoza a few days after the execution of the Chileans Luis and Juan José Carrera , brothers of José Miguel Carrera . The specific initiative of those executions is controversial . Chilean historian Vicuña Mackenna indicts San Martín , while J. C. Raffo de la Reta blames O 'Higgins instead . Manuel Rodríguez was also imprisoned and then killed in prison ; this death may have been decided by the Lautaro lodge . San Martín could not have taken part in it , as he was already on the way to Buenos Aires .
San Martín was not well received in Buenos Aires . Pueyrredón initially declined to give further help , citing the conflicts with the federal caudillos and the organization of a huge royalist army in Cádiz that would try to reconquer the La Plata basin . He thought that Chile should organize the navy against Peru , not Buenos Aires . San Martín discussed with him and finally got financing of 500 @,@ 000 pesos . He returned to Mendoza with his wife and daughter and received a letter from Pueyrredón , who said that Buenos Aires could only deliver one @-@ third of the promised funds . This complicated the project , as neither Santiago de Chile nor Mendoza had the resources needed . San Martín resigned from the Army , but it is unclear whether his decision to resign was sincere or was to apply pressure to his backers . The government of Buenos Aires still considered San Martín vital to the national defense , so Pueyrredón agreed to pay the 500 @,@ 000 pesos requested , and encouraged San Martín to withdraw his resignation .
San Martín proposed to mediate between Buenos Aires and the Federal League led by Artigas . He thought that the civil war was counter @-@ productive to national unity , and that an end to hostilities would free resources needed for the navy . He calculated that Artigas might condition the peace on a joint declaration of war to colonial Brazil ; so San Martín proposed to defeat the royalists first and then demand the return of the Eastern Bank to the United Provinces . O 'Higgins recommended caution , fearing that San Martín might be captured . Pueyrredón rejected the mediation , as he did not recognize Artigas as an equal to negotiate with him .
= = = = Act of Rancagua = = = =
Although Artigas was defeated by the Luso @-@ Brazilian armies , his allies Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez continued hostilities against Buenos Aires for its inactivity against the invasion . Pueyrredón called the Army of the Andes and the Army of the North ( led by Belgrano ) to aid Buenos Aires in the conflict . Guido noted to San Martín that if both armies did that , the north of Argentina and Chile would be easily reconquered by the royalists . San Martín also knew that most of the soldiers of the Army of the Andes would not be willing to aid Buenos Aires in the civil war , as most were from other provinces or from Chile . San Martín had doubts as well about the projected arrival of a large military expedition from Spain , as the absolutist restoration of Ferdinand VII had met severe resistance in Spain . San Martín finally kept the Army in Chile when Belgrano 's lieutenant Viamonte signed an armistice with López ; he thought that the conflict had ended .
However , the minister of war Matías de Irigoyen ordered once more the return of the Army of the Andes , and appointed Francisco Fernández de la Cruz as its leader , displacing San Martín . San Martín resigned again , and observed that the Army would not be able to cross the Andes from Chile to Buenos Aires because the winter snow was blocking the trails . All the leaders of the military units of the Army of the Andes refused to go to Buenos Aires , as their soldiers would mutiny or desert . Facing both the resignation of San Martín and the refusals to obey the orders , the Supreme Director canceled the orders , and the Army of the Andes stayed in Chile . With the sanction of the Argentine Constitution of 1819 , Pueyrredón ended his mandate as Supreme Director , replaced by José Rondeau .
The navy was finally completed in Chile , and British Earl Thomas Cochrane was appointed to lead it . But it was not sent to Peru immediately
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nkill =
The Fonteynkill ( alternatively written Fonteyn Kill and also known as Fountain Kill and Mill Cove Brook ) is a 1 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) urban stream ( or kill ) flowing through Dutchess County , New York , onto the campus of Vassar College , and into the Casperkill . The stream was first on land inhabited by the native Wappinger band before being transferred to the Dutch and then the British . A mill was built along the kill by 1714 and the stream 's presence influenced Matthew Vassar 's decision to locate his college in the area . The artificial Vassar Lake lies midway down the Fonteynkill and was once used for ice skating and boating .
While historically pure , the stream now suffers from urban stream syndrome , partially due to the amount of impervious surfaces within its watershed . Flowing over glacial till , the stream 's bed is rich in cobbles and the kill supports populations of benthic macroinvertebrates , trees , shrubs , fish , birds , snapping turtles , and frogs . As of 2016 , a Vassar – Cornell University program is monitoring the water quality of the Fonteynkill .
= = Course = =
The Fonteynkill is 1 @.@ 5 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) long . Historian Helen Wilkinson Reynolds reported in 1924 that the stream is fed by a spring in Arlington , New York . More recently , the exact source of the kill has been reported as unknown . Historical records indicate a variety of courses once followed by the stream . A 2010 study observed that the Fonteynkill flows from a culvert beneath Park Avenue in an eastward direction through an urban zone before turning southward and feeding into the artificial Vassar Lake . It then flows southeastward beneath Raymond Avenue through the campus of Vassar College , beneath the college 's Bridge for Laboratory Sciences , and into the Casperkill just below Sunset Lake at a location once dubbed " The Meeting of the Waters " . The Fonteynkill is the only perennial tributary of the Casperkill , itself a tributary of the Hudson River . In 1924 , the Fonteynkill was noted as having several small tributaries , primarily " small meadow @-@ runs , largely surface @-@ water " .
= = Watershed and hydrology = =
Historically , the Fonteynkill 's water has been noted for its cleanness . In 1924 , the stream 's " purity " was noted while an 1867 book describes the kill 's waters as " pellucid " . More recently , the stream has been cited as suffering from urban stream syndrome . Surfaces surrounding the Fonteynkill are highly impervious ; the stream drains an urban zone of the city of Poughkeepsie , New York , of which over 60 % is impervious . The exact size of the kill 's watershed is not known ; an area at least as large as the known watershed is presumed to contribute to the stream 's flow in the form of storm drainage . In spite of this , the stream itself is bordered by a combination of residential lots and forested swaths ranging from 4 – 70 meters ( 13 – 230 ft ) in width . On Vassar 's campus , the kill runs along the 4 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 6 ha ) outdoor Edith Roberts Ecological Laboratory and past the school 's Shakespeare Garden .
A 2010 study of the stream found that the Fonteynkill 's specific conductance , a measure of the amount of dissolved road salt in the stream 's water , was nearly 1 @.@ 0 mS / cm , higher than any value recorded in the Casperkill . Sites upstream of Vassar Lake were recorded in a separate study as having specific conductances twice as high as locations downstream of the lake , suggesting a regulating effect caused by water mixing and retention in Vassar Lake . The total inorganic nitrogen in the kill , which is usually correlated with surrounding green cover , was about 0 @.@ 6 milligrams per liter ( 2 @.@ 2 × 10 − 8 lb / cu in ) , average for measurements taken in the Fonteynkill and Casperkill in that study . The study also found that the Fonteynkill 's score on the Hilsenhoff family biotic index ( HBI ) , a scale measuring pollution based on the tolerance of endemic benthic macroinvertebrates , was approximately six , indicating fairly poor water quality , with scores for the rest of the Casperkill – Fonteynkill watershed were as high as seven ( poor water quality ) to as low as four ( very good water quality ) . In 2015 , Riverkeeper was alerted of a sewage leak in the kill , noting high levels of bacteria indicating the presence of fecal matter . A New York State Department of Environmental Conservation investigation found nearby private sewer pipes and manholes to be filled with sludge ; they were cleaned and plans have been instated to ensure that sewers would stay clear henceforth .
Efforts are being made to monitor the water quality of the Fonteynkill , led by Vassar College 's Environmental Research Institute and the Cornell University Cooperative Extension Dutchess County Environment Program . Three sites are regularly sampled for water quality while devices such as sondes continuously record temperature , conductivity , and pH . Benthic macroinvertebrates are frequently counted and fecal coliform counts are also run .
= = Geography and geology = =
Cambrian to Ordovician @-@ age dolomite , part of the Wappinger Group , and calcareous shales from the Hudson River Group underlie the Fonteynkill . Between 15 – 20 kya , a glacial lake covered the land that would become the Fonteynkill . Till and to a lesser extent other glacial sediments today sit atop the dolomite and shale . Surrounding soils are loamy , either silt loam or gravelly loam depending on the underlying surficial geology . The streambed is composed of about 25 % sand , silt , and clay and approximately 75 % cobbles . Quicksand was once common around the Fonteynkill and its minor tributaries . The distance covered by the stream is noted as being relatively flat , descending between 6 @.@ 1 – 9 @.@ 1 meters ( 20 – 30 ft ) over the course of its run .
Vassar Lake , through which the kill passes , is a shallow body of water , measured in 2013 with a maximum depth of 1 @.@ 8 meters ( 5 ft 11 in ) and an average depth of 0 @.@ 55 meters ( 1 ft 10 in ) .
= = Biology = =
The Fonteynkill and its riparian zone are home to a variety of species . Caddisflies , clams and mussels , crayfish ( Astacidae ) , damselflies , gammarids , isopods ( Asellidae ) , oligochaetes , black flies , leeches , chironomids , bladder snails , and other snails were recorded in the stream in 2010 . Trees along the banks of the Fonteynkill include American elms , sugar maples , black cherries , Norway maples , and red maples , while barberry , privet , holly , Japanese knotweed , honeysuckle , spicebush , common reeds , and Japanese roses make up the kill 's riparian shrubs . Carp , mallards , great blue herons , frogs , snapping turtles , and other birds also reside in and around the stream . A 1924 source observed that trout fishing on the kill .
= = History = =
The Fonteynkill flows through land originally inhabited by the Wappinger band which , throughout the 1600s ,
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is a white A @-@ type star around 423 light @-@ years distant from Earth , which is actually a close binary system . The main star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable — a class of short period ( six hours at most ) pulsating stars that have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study asteroseismology . It is around double the Sun 's mass , having siphoned off one whole solar mass from its companion , now a hydrogen @-@ depleted dwarf star of around only 0 @.@ 2 solar masses . The system shines with a combined light that varies between magnitudes 6 @.@ 06 to 6 @.@ 15 every 70 to 80 minutes .
Zeta Tucanae is a yellow @-@ white main sequence star of spectral type F9.5V and an apparent magnitude of 4 @.@ 20 located 28 light @-@ years away from the Solar System . Despite having a slightly lower mass , this star is more luminous than the Sun . The composition and mass of this star are very similar to the Sun , with a slightly lower mass and an estimated age of three billion years . The solar @-@ like qualities make it a target of interest for investigating the possible existence of a life @-@ bearing planet . It appears to have a debris disk orbiting it at a minimum radius of 2 @.@ 3 astronomical units . As of 2009 , no planet has been discovered in orbit around this star .
Five star systems have been found to have planets , four of which have been discovered by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher ( HARPS ) in Chile . HD 4308 is a star with around 83 % of the Sun 's mass located 72 light @-@ years away with a super @-@ Earth planet with an orbital period of around 15 days . HD 215497 is an orange star of spectral type K3V around 142 light @-@ years distant . It is orbited by a hot super @-@ Earth every 3 days and a second planet around the size of Saturn with a period of around 567 days . HD 221287 has a spectral type of F7V and lies 173 light @-@ years away , and has a super @-@ Jovian planet . HD 7199 has spectral type KOIV / V and is located 117 light @-@ years away . It has a planet with around 30 % the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of 615 days . HD 219077 has a planet around 10 times as massive as Jupiter in a highly eccentric orbit .
= = = Deep @-@ sky objects = = =
The second @-@ brightest globular cluster in the sky after Omega Centauri , 47 Tucanae ( NGC 104 ) lies just west of the Small Magellanic Cloud . Only 14 @,@ 700 light @-@ years distant from Earth , it is thought to be around 12 billion years old . Mostly composed of old , yellow stars , it does possess a contingent of blue stragglers , hot stars that are hypothesized to form from binary star mergers . 47 Tucanae has an apparent magnitude of 3 @.@ 9 , meaning that it is visible to the naked eye ; it is a Shapley class III cluster , which means that it has a clearly defined nucleus . Near to 47 Tucana on the sky , and often seen in wide @-@ field photographs showing it , are two much more distant globular clusters associated with the SMC : NGC 121 , 10 arcminutes away from the bigger cluster 's edge , and Lindsay 8 .
NGC 362 is another globular cluster in Tucana with an apparent magnitude of 6 @.@ 4 , 27 @,@ 700 light @-@ years from Earth . Like neighboring 47 Tucanae , NGC 362 is a Shapley class III cluster and among the brightest globular clusters in the sky . Unusually for a globular cluster , its orbit takes it very close to the center of the Milky Way — approximately 3 @,@ 000 light @-@ years . It was discovered in the 1820s by James Dunlop . Its stars become visible at 180x magnification through a telescope .
Located at the southern end of Tucana , the Small Magellanic Cloud is a dwarf galaxy that is one of the nearest neighbors to the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of 210 @,@ 000 light @-@ years . Though it probably formed as a disk shape , tidal forces from the Milky Way have distorted it . Along with the Large Magellanic Cloud , it lies within the Magellanic Stream , a cloud of gas that connects the two galaxies . NGC 346 is a star @-@ forming region located in the Small Magellanic Cloud . It has an apparent magnitude of 10 @.@ 3 . Within it lies the triple star system HD 5980 , each of its members among the most luminous stars known .
The Tucana Dwarf galaxy , which was discovered in 1990 , is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy of type dE5 that is an isolated member of the Local Group . It is located 870 kiloparsecs ( 2 @,@ 800 kly ) from the Solar System and around 1 @,@ 100 kiloparsecs ( 3 @,@ 600 kly ) from the barycentre of the Local Group — the second most remote of all member galaxies after the Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy .
The barred spiral galaxy NGC 7408 is located 3 degrees northwest of Delta Tucanae , and was initially mistaken for a planetary nebula .
In 1998 , part of the constellation was the subject of a two @-@ week observation program by the Hubble Space Telescope , which resulted in the Hubble Deep Field South . The potential area to be covered needed to be at the poles of the telescope 's orbit for continuous observing , with the final choice resting upon the discovery of a quasar , QSO J2233 @-@ 606 , in the field .
= Oh What a Circus =
" Oh What a Circus " is a song from the 1976 musical Evita , written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice , and music composed by Webber . It was recorded by English singer David Essex and released as a single on August 19 , 1978 , by Mercury Records . Essex had played the character of Che in the musical based on Che Guevara , and the song is sung from Che 's point @-@ of @-@ view . Produced and arranged by Mike Batt , " Oh What a
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date .
= = Gameplay = =
Kingdom Hearts is influenced by its parent franchise , Final Fantasy , and carries gameplay elements over into its own action @-@ based , hack and slash system . The main battle party consists of three characters : Sora , Goofy , and Donald Duck . Sora is directly controlled by the player from a third person camera angle . All other party members are computer @-@ controlled , though the player can customize their behavior to an extent through the pause menu . Donald and Goofy comprise the party in most areas but nearly every level features a character who may replace them . For instance , Jack Skellington can join the player 's party in Halloween Town , but cannot accompany the player elsewhere . In some worlds , the party changes its appearance , has abilities unique to that world , or both ; the party can fly in Neverland , acquire aquatic forms in Atlantica , which enable them to survive underwater , and gain Halloween costumes in Halloween Town to blend in with the locals .
Like traditional role @-@ playing games , Kingdom Hearts features an experience point system that determines character development . As enemies are defeated , the player characters gain experience and grow stronger , gaining access to new abilities . Unlike other games of its type , Kingdom Hearts allows a degree of character development customization through a short tutorial found at the beginning of the game . The tutorial allows the player to select from one of three main attributes ― strength , defense , or magic ― for Sora to excel in and one to lack in . By choosing certain options , the player may manipulate how Sora learns abilities , grows statistically , and gains levels . Donald , Goofy , and any other additional party members are assigned specific areas of strength from the outset . Donald excels in magic , while Goofy excels in defense and special attacks .
The game progresses linearly from one story event to the next , usually presented as a cutscene , though there are numerous side quests available that provide benefits to the characters . Players may also choose the order in which they tackle some areas . Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place . Combat in Kingdom Hearts occurs in real time and involves pressing buttons to initiate attacks by the on @-@ screen character . An action menu , similar to those found in Final Fantasy games , found at the bottom left of the screen provides other combat options such as using magic and items , although players can also assign selected magic spells that can be instantly used whilst holding the shoulder button . As players progress through the game , they can receive certain Disney characters as summons , such as Dumbo and Tinkerbell , each with their own unique abilities . There is also a context @-@ sensitive option at the bottom of the menu , usually used for interacting with the environment or performing special attacks . This menu is manipulated by using the right analog stick or digital pad , while movement is controlled by the left analog stick , allowing the player to navigate the menu while avoiding or approaching enemies .
Sora , along with his allies , both possess a HP meter and an MP meter , which increases as they gain experience and level up . The MP meter is divided into various sections that are used up whenever that character performs magic , with more powerful magic using more MP . MP can be replenished by performing melee attacks or using items such as ether . The HP meter determines the character 's health , reducing whenever a character takes damage , although it can be replenished by using potions or healing spells . If one of Sora 's allies run out of health , they will be knocked out for a while until someone heals them . However , if Sora loses all of his health , the game ends and the player must resume play from the beginning of an area or boss . Defeating enemies causes various orbs to fall ; green orbs which replenish health , blue orbs which restore MP and yellow orbs which represent Munny , the game 's currency , which can be used to purchase new items .
= = = Gummi Ship = = =
The Gummi Ship is the mode of travel between the various worlds in Kingdom Hearts . The gameplay for piloting the vessel is very different from the rest of the game as it switches to a rail shooter format . The player controls the Gummi Ship from a rear third @-@ person perspective as it travels in an outer space setting . While traveling , the player must avoid obstacles and defend against enemy ships that attempt to destroy the player 's vessel by firing missiles or ramming it . Surviving the route allows access to the next world . At the beginning of the game , there are few options available to customize the vessel , but as the game progresses , new weapons , engines , and armor become available . Different pre @-@ designed blueprints can be found throughout the game that can be used to quickly construct Gummi Ships . Geppetto also gives the player different Gummi Ship designs based on the number of Heartless defeated . From the start , the player can travel between worlds by using " Normal Drive " , which initiates the rail shooter @-@ like minigame . Later in the game , Sora can acquire a " Warp Drive " , which allows instant travel between previously @-@ visited worlds without having to play the minigame . However , worlds that have not been visited cannot be accessed with Warp Drive , and must be discovered first normally .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The universe of Kingdom Hearts is a collection of various levels , referred to as " worlds " , through which the player must progress . Thirteen can be accessed in the game and one , Disney Castle , is shown in cutscenes . Additional worlds are mentioned by various characters , but are inaccessible because they have been destroyed by the Heartless , beings of darkness . Ten of the worlds are based on Disney fiction , primarily from the Disney animated features canon , and the other four were created by Square specifically for the game .
The graphics and characters of each world were designed to resemble the artwork style of its respective Disney film . Each Disney world is inhabited by characters from their respective film ; Hercules and Philoctetes inhabit Olympus Colosseum , while Aladdin , Princess Jasmine , and Jafar inhabit Agrabah . Each world is disconnected from the others and exists separately . Most characters in the worlds are unaware of the other worlds ' existence , with few exceptions . Players travel from one world to another via Gummi Ship .
The worlds created specifically for the game mirror the overall appearance of the other worlds and feature either new characters or characters from several Final Fantasy games . The new worlds include : Destiny Islands , where the story opens ; Traverse Town , which serves as a launching point for most of the game ; Hollow Bastion , which many of the Final Fantasy characters call home ; and End of the World , a large , dark world created from the remnants of various worlds consumed by the Heartless . The main characters travel from world to world to seal each " Keyhole " ; this protects the world from the Heartless and ultimately from destruction . They also try to minimize their interaction with characters of other worlds to maintain a balance of separation . This sometimes requires Sora , Donald , and Goofy to blend in with the world inhabitants by changing their physical appearance .
= = = Characters = = =
The collaboration between Disney and Square resulted in a mixture of familiar Disney and Square characters , as well as several new characters created and designed by Tetsuya Nomura . The primary protagonist of the game is Sora , a 14 @-@ year @-@ old boy chosen to wield the Keyblade , a large key @-@ like weapon for battling darkness . The game also features two friends from his home world , Riku and Kairi . For most of the game , Sora is joined by Donald Duck and Goofy . Donald , the court wizard , and Goofy , captain of the royal guard , were sent from Disney Castle to find the Keyblade . The three join forces to search for King Mickey Mouse , Kairi , and Riku . The primary antagonist is Ansem , who seeks power and knowledge by using dark beings called the Heartless . The Heartless , hearts corrupted by darkness , serve as most of the enemies encountered in the game and come in a variety of shapes and sizes .
As a game meant to explore the fictional universes of various Disney films , over one hundred Disney characters are featured in various capacities . While many serve as major characters in the story , others appear in cameo roles , such as the One Hundred and One Dalmatians playing a part in a side @-@ quest . Most worlds also feature a Disney villain whom the player must defeat . The player can summon various Disney characters to fight alongside Sora in battle , causing Donald and Goofy to withdraw from the battlefield for the duration of the summon . Available summoned characters include the Genie from Aladdin , Tinkerbell from Peter Pan , and Simba from The Lion King , among others .
Square also incorporated several characters from the Final Fantasy series into the game , though the characters were slightly altered to fit the game '
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to denote Eastleigh . This was to prevent confusion with other locomotives of the same number inherited by the Southern from its constituent railways . " A " ( denoting Ashford ) was used for former South Eastern and Chatham Railway locomotives and " B " ( Brighton for those from the London Brighton and South Coast Railway . After 1931 the prefixes were dropped from former LSWR locomotives and the remainder were renumbered .
The gilt lettering was changed to yellow with " Southern " on the water tank sides with black and white lining .
With the appointment of Oliver Bulleid as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern , livery policy was changed once again to malachite green for passenger locomotives , with Sunshine Yellow lettering on the tank sides . This was lined with yellow and black with solid black edging . The numbers also lost their " E " prefix . During the war years the locomotives were outshopped in wartime black after overhaul , and some of the class retained this livery to nationalisation . Numbering depended on which batch the locomotive belonged to , and therefore each batch was allocated a series .
= = = Post @-@ 1948 ( nationalisation ) = = =
The M7 Class was given the BR Power Classification of 2P upon Nationalisation . Livery remained Southern lined malachite , though two which were painted soon after ( numbers 30038 / 30244 ) were lettered for British Railways in Sunshine yellow Gill Sans style along the sides of their tanks . This was eventually replaced with BR lined mixed traffic black livery . Numbering was initially that of the Southern , though for a period an " S " prefix was added to the number . This was replaced with the BR standard numbering system , with all locomotives being allocated , by batch , numbers within the 30xxx series .
= = Models = =
Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the M7 in OO gauge . Dapol manufactured a model of the M7 for British N gauge in 2006 but has since ended production of this model .
= Volvopluteus michiganensis =
Volvopluteus michiganensis is a species of mushroom in the family Pluteaceae . It was originally described under the name Pluteus michiganensis but molecular studies have placed it in the Volvopluteus , a genus described in 2011 . The cap of this mushroom is about 7 – 9 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , gray , and has a cracked margin that is sticky when fresh . The gills start out as white but they soon turn pink . The stipe is white and has a volva at the base . Microscopical features and DNA sequence data are of great importance for separating this taxon from related species . V. michiganensis is a saprotrophic fungus that was originally described as growing on sawdust . It has only been reported from Michigan ( USA ) and the Dominican Republic .
= = Taxonomy = =
This species was originally described by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in 1934 as Pluteus michiganensis , based on collections made in Ann Arbor in October 1932 . In the original description there is no mention of a volva at the base of the stipe , one of the morphological characters separating Pluteus from Volvopluteus . Smith did mention that " the large spores are unusual for the genus Pluteus " . The species then disappeared from the mycological literature of the 20th century and Smith did not include his own species when he revised the type collections of North American Pluteus . Morphological revision of the type and DNA sequence data ( based on Internal transcribed spacer sequences ) obtained from the collection confirmed that this taxon belongs in the genus Volvopluteus , and that it is a separate species from all the other members of that genus .
The epithet michiganensis refers to the state of Michigan , where the fungus was originally described . The original holotype specimens of this species are preserved at the University of Michigan Herbarium .
= = Description = =
= = = Macroscopic characters = = =
The cap of Volvopluteus michiganensis is between 7 and 9 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 and 3 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , more or less ovate or conical when young , then expands to convex or flat . It can have low , broad umbo at center in old specimens ; the surface is markedly viscid in fresh basidiocarps and covered with radially arranged fibrills ; the cap is ash gray , similar to the color of Tricholoma terreum . The gills are crowded , free from the stipe , ventricose , up to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) broad ; white when young turning pink with age . The stipe is 8 – 11 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 – 4 @.@ 3 in ) long and 1 – 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) wide , club @-@ shaped with a bulbous base ; the surface is white , smooth or tomentose . The volva is sac @-@ like , white and has a smooth surface . The context is white in the stipe and cap and it does not change when bruised or exposed to air . The smell was recorded as " earthy , fragrant " ; the taste was not recorded . The spore print color was not recorded , but it is assumed to be pinkish @-@ brown .
= = = Microscopic characters = = =
The basidiospores are 10 @.@ 5 – 13 @.@ 5 by 6 @.@ 5 – 8 µm with an ellipsoid shape . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are 35 – 55 by 10 – 15 µm , and four @-@ spored . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill faces ) are 70 – 110 by 25 – 45 µm , fusiform ( spindle @-@ shaped ) , utriform ( shaped like a leather bottle ) or lageniform ( flask shaped ) ; some have an apical excrescence ( outgrowth ) . Cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are 60 – 75 by 15 – 27 µm , commonly fusiform or utriform ; they cover completely the gill edge . The cap cuticle is an ixocutis ( parallel hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix ) . The stipitipellis is a cutis ( parallel hyphae not embedded in a gelatinous matrix ) . Caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stipe surface ) are sometimes present , and they are 100 – 360 by 10 – 20 µm and mostly cylindrical .
= = = Ecology and distribution = = =
Volvopluteus michiganensis is a saprotrophic mushroom . The type collection was collected on sawdust . The collections from the Dominican Republic were collected on piles of vegetable matter .
This species is only known from the type locality ( Ann Arbor ) and a second locality in the Dominican Republic . Morphologically , the Dominican collection matches the type collection well , but no molecular comparison has been performed .
= = Similar species = =
Molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region clearly separate the four species currently recognized in Volvopluteus but identification can be more difficult due to the sometimes overlapping morphological variation among the species . Size of the fruit bodies , color of the cap , spore size , presence or absence of cystidia and morphology of the cystidia are the most important characters for morphological species delimitation in the genus . Volvopluteus michiganensis is distinguished from other species of Volvopluteus by its relatively shorter spores , measuring on average less than 12 @.@ 5 µm long .
= Navy – Johns Hopkins football rivalry =
The Navy – Johns Hopkins rivalry was an American intercollegiate football rivalry between the Navy Midshipmen football team of the United States Naval Academy and the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football team of Johns Hopkins University . The two institutions , located within the span of a few miles in the state of Maryland , first met for a football game in 1882 . Following the initial contest , both teams played each other annually for eight years , before it was called off for unknown reasons . The teams competed again in 1911 and 1912 , again disbanding the contest until a final match took place in 1919 .
The rivalry was controlled by Navy for its entirety , with the Midshipmen winning nine out of twelve contests played . While Johns Hopkins ' largest win was a 25
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scanners . Helium 's other industrial uses — as a pressurizing and purge gas , as a protective atmosphere for arc welding and in processes such as growing crystals to make silicon wafers — account for half of the gas produced . A well @-@ known but minor use is as a lifting gas in balloons and airships . As with any gas whose density differs from that of air , inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice . In scientific research , the behavior of the two fluid phases of helium @-@ 4 ( helium I and helium II ) is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics ( in particular the property of superfluidity ) and to those looking at the phenomena , such as superconductivity , produced in matter near absolute zero .
On Earth it is relatively rare — 5 @.@ 2 ppm by volume in the atmosphere . Most terrestrial helium present today is created by the natural radioactive decay of heavy radioactive elements ( thorium and uranium , although there are other examples ) , as the alpha particles emitted by such decays consist of helium @-@ 4 nuclei . This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations up to 7 % by volume , from which it is extracted commercially by a low @-@ temperature separation process called fractional distillation . Previously , terrestrial helium was thought to be a non @-@ renewable resource because once released into the atmosphere , it readily escapes into space . However , recent studies suggest that helium is produced deep in the earth by radioactive decay , and that large untapped reserves may exist under the Rocky Mountains in North America and in natural gas reserves . Geologists / Researchers of Durham and Oxford universities found large quantities of helium within the Tanzanian East African Rift Valley .
= = History = =
= = = Scientific discoveries = = =
The first evidence of helium was observed on August 18 , 1868 , as a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587 @.@ 49 nanometers in the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun . The line was detected by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total solar eclipse in Guntur , India . This line was initially assumed to be sodium . On October 20 of the same year , English astronomer Norman Lockyer observed a yellow line in the solar spectrum , which he named the D3 Fraunhofer line because it was near the known D1 and D2 lines of sodium . He concluded that it was caused by an element in the Sun unknown on Earth . Lockyer and English chemist Edward Frankland named the element with the Greek word for the Sun , ἥλιος ( helios ) .
In 1882 , Italian physicist Luigi Palmieri detected helium on Earth for the first time through its D3 spectral line , when he analyzed the lava of Mount Vesuvius .
On March 26 , 1895 , Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay isolated helium on Earth by treating the mineral cleveite ( a variety of uraninite with at least 10 % rare earth elements ) with mineral acids . Ramsay was looking for argon but , after separating nitrogen and oxygen from the gas liberated by sulfuric acid , he noticed a bright yellow line that matched the D3 line observed in the spectrum of the Sun . These samples were identified as helium by Lockyer and British physicist William Crookes . It was independently isolated from cleveite in the same year by chemists Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet in Uppsala , Sweden , who collected enough of the gas to accurately determine its atomic weight . Helium was also isolated by the American geochemist William Francis Hillebrand prior to Ramsay 's discovery when he noticed unusual spectral lines while testing a sample of the mineral uraninite . Hillebrand , however , attributed the lines to nitrogen . His letter of congratulations to Ramsay offers an interesting case of discovery and near @-@ discovery in science .
In 1907 , Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei by allowing the particles to penetrate the thin glass wall of an evacuated tube , then creating a discharge in the tube to study the spectra of the new gas inside . In 1908 , helium was first liquefied by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes by cooling the gas to less than one kelvin . He tried to solidify it by further reducing the temperature but failed because helium does not solidify at atmospheric pressure . Onnes ' student Willem Hendrik Keesom was eventually able to solidify 1 cm3 of helium in 1926 by applying additional external pressure .
In 1938 , Russian physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa discovered that helium @-@ 4 has almost no viscosity at temperatures near absolute zero , a phenomenon now called superfluidity . This phenomenon is related to Bose – Einstein condensation . In 1972 , the same phenomenon was observed in helium @-@ 3 , but at temperatures much closer to absolute zero , by American physicists Douglas D. Osheroff , David M. Lee , and Robert C. Richardson . The phenomenon in helium @-@ 3 is thought to be related to pairing of helium @-@ 3 fermions to make bosons , in analogy to Cooper pairs of electrons producing superconductivity .
= = = Extraction and use = = =
After an oil drilling operation in 1903 in Dexter , Kansas , produced a gas geyser that would not burn , Kansas state geologist Erasmus Haworth collected samples of the escaping gas and took them back to the University of Kansas at Lawrence where , with the help of chemists Hamilton Cady and David McFarland , he discovered that the gas consisted of , by volume , 72 % nitrogen , 15 % methane ( a combustible percentage only with sufficient oxygen ) , 1 % hydrogen , and 12 % an unidentifiable gas . With further analysis , Cady and McFarland discovered that 1 @.@ 84 % of the gas sample was helium . This showed that despite its overall rarity on Earth , helium was concentrated in large quantities under the American Great Plains , available for extraction as a byproduct of natural gas .
This enabled the United States to become the world 's leading supplier of helium . Following a suggestion by Sir Richard Threlfall , the United States Navy sponsored three small experimental helium plants during World War I. The goal was to supply barrage balloons with the non @-@ flammable , lighter @-@ than @-@ air gas . A total of 5 @,@ 700 m3 ( 200 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of 92 % helium was produced in the program even though less than a cubic meter of the gas had previously been obtained . Some of this gas was used in the world 's first helium @-@ filled airship , the U.S. Navy 's C @-@ 7 , which flew its maiden voyage from Hampton Roads , Virginia , to Bolling Field in Washington , D.C. , on December 1 , 1921 , nearly two years before the Navy 's first rigid helium @-@ filled airship , the Naval Aircraft Factory @-@ built USS Shenandoah , flew in September 1923 .
Although the extraction process , using low @-@ temperature gas liquefaction , was not developed in time to be significant during World War I , production continued . Helium was primarily used as a lifting gas in lighter @-@ than @-@ air craft . During World War II , the demand increased for helium for lifting gas and for shielded arc welding . The helium mass spectrometer was also vital in the atomic bomb Manhattan Project .
The government of the United States set up the National Helium Reserve in 1925 at Amarillo , Texas , with the goal of supplying military airships in time of war and commercial airships in peacetime . Because of the Helium Control Act ( 1927 ) , which banned the export of scarce helium on which the US then had a production monopoly , together with the prohibitive cost of the gas , the Hindenburg , like all German Zeppelins , was forced to use hydrogen as the lift gas . The helium market after World War II was depressed but the reserve was expanded in the 1950s to ensure a
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supply of liquid helium as a coolant to create oxygen / hydrogen rocket fuel ( among other uses ) during the Space Race and Cold War . Helium use in the United States in 1965 was more than eight times the peak wartime consumption .
After the " Helium Acts Amendments of 1960 " ( Public Law 86 – 777 ) , the U.S. Bureau of Mines arranged for five private plants to recover helium from natural gas . For this helium conservation program , the Bureau built a 425 @-@ mile ( 684 km ) pipeline from Bushton , Kansas , to connect those plants with the government 's partially depleted Cliffside gas field near Amarillo , Texas . This helium @-@ nitrogen mixture was injected and stored in the Cliffside gas field until needed , at which time it was further purified .
By 1995 , a billion cubic meters of the gas had been collected and the reserve was US $ 1 @.@ 4 billion in debt , prompting the Congress of the United States in 1996 to phase out the reserve . The resulting " Helium Privatization Act of 1996 " ( Public Law 104 – 273 ) directed the United States Department of the Interior to empty the reserve , with sales starting by 2005 .
Helium produced between 1930 and 1945 was about 98 @.@ 3 % pure ( 2 % nitrogen ) , which was adequate for airships . In 1945 , a small amount of 99 @.@ 9 % helium was produced for welding use . By 1949 , commercial quantities of Grade A 99 @.@ 95 % helium were available .
For many years , the United States produced more than 90 % of commercially usable helium in the world , while extraction plants in Canada , Poland , Russia , and other nations produced the remainder . In the mid @-@ 1990s , a new plant in Arzew , Algeria , producing 17 million cubic meters ( 600 million cubic feet ) began operation , with enough production to cover all of Europe 's demand . Meanwhile , by 2000 , the consumption of helium within the U.S. had risen to more than 15 million kg per year . In 2004 – 2006 , additional plants in Ras Laffan , Qatar , and Skikda , Algeria were built . Algeria quickly became the second leading producer of helium . Through this time , both helium consumption and the costs of producing helium increased . From 2002 to 2007 helium prices doubled .
As of 2012 , the United States National Helium Reserve accounted for 30 percent of the world 's helium . The reserve was expected to run out of helium in 2018 . Despite that , a proposed bill in the United States Senate would allow the reserve to continue to sell the gas . Other large reserves were in the Hugoton in Kansas , United States , and nearby gas fields of Kansas and the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma . New helium plants were scheduled to open in 2012 in Qatar , Russia , and the United States state of Wyoming , but they were not expected to ease the shortage .
In 2013 , Qatar started up the world 's largest helium unit . 2014 was widely acknowledged to be a year of over @-@ supply in the helium business , following years of renowned shortages . Nasdaq reported ( 2015 ) that for Air Products , an international corporation that sells gases for industrial use , helium volumes remain under pressure due to feedstock supply constraints .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = The helium atom = = =
= = = = Helium in quantum mechanics = = = =
In the perspective of quantum mechanics , helium is the second simplest atom to model , following the hydrogen atom . Helium is composed of two electrons in atomic orbitals surrounding a nucleus containing two protons and ( usually ) two neutrons . As in Newtonian mechanics , no system that consists of more than two particles can be solved with an exact analytical mathematical approach ( see 3 @-@ body problem ) and helium is no exception . Thus , numerical mathematical methods are required , even to solve the system of one nucleus and two electrons . Such computational chemistry methods have been used to create a quantum mechanical picture of helium electron binding which is accurate to within < 2 % of the correct value , in a few computational steps . Such models show that each electron in helium partly screens the nucleus from the other , so that the effective nuclear charge Z which each electron sees , is about 1 @.@ 69 units , not the 2 charges of a classic " bare " helium nucleus .
= = = = The related stability of the helium @-@ 4 nucleus and electron shell = = = =
The nucleus of the helium @-@ 4 atom is identical with an alpha particle . High @-@ energy electron @-@ scattering experiments show its charge to decrease exponentially from a maximum at a central point , exactly as does the charge density of helium 's own electron cloud . This symmetry reflects similar underlying physics : the pair of neutrons and the pair of protons in helium 's nucleus obey the same quantum mechanical rules as do helium 's pair of electrons ( although the nuclear particles are subject to a different nuclear binding potential ) , so that all these fermions fully occupy 1s orbitals in pairs , none of them possessing orbital angular momentum , and each cancelling the other 's intrinsic spin . Adding another of any of these particles would require angular momentum and would release substantially less energy ( in fact , no nucleus with five nucleons is stable ) . This arrangement is thus energetically extremely stable for all these particles , and this stability accounts for many crucial facts regarding helium in nature .
For example , the stability and low energy of the electron cloud state in helium accounts for the element 's chemical inertness , and also the lack of interaction of helium atoms with each other , producing the lowest melting and boiling points of all the elements .
In a similar way , the particular energetic stability of the helium @-@ 4 nucleus , produced by similar effects , accounts for the ease of helium @-@ 4 production in atomic reactions that involve either heavy @-@ particle emission or fusion . Some stable helium @-@ 3 ( 2 pro
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being investigated , as the number of quolls protected from predators by the bait may be much more than those which ingest the poison and die .
= = Conservation efforts = =
Since 1770 , all Australian quoll species have declined in number owing to habitat loss caused by urbanization . The northern quoll is threatened by toxic cane toads , but a University of Sydney project revealed in 2010 is teaching them to avoid eating the invasive amphibians . In 2008 , the Northern Territory Wildlife Park in Australia recorded their first litter of quoll pups in the park . The quolls bred well in captivity , with over 15 litters in the 2008 breeding season alone .
In late October 2011 , a litter of five tiger quoll pups was born at Wild Life Sydney in Darling Harbour , Australia . The pups were born to inexperienced parents , both just one year old . The reason for the young parents was because older male quolls can become violent and kill the female if they do not want to mate . By breeding one @-@ year @-@ old quolls , there was no threat of violence . Four of the quoll pups will be sent to other zoos or wildlife parks across Australia , but one , which the researchers named Nelson , will stay at the centre to become an " ambassador for all quolls " .
Fox control programs have benefited the western quoll . The Department of Environment and Conservation ( Western Australia ) monitors western quoll populations in the Jarrah Forest as part of its faunal management programs , as well as ongoing research into fox control , timber harvesting , and prescribed burning . The Perth Zoo has been monitoring a successful captive @-@ breeding program since 1989 . It has successfully bred more than 60 western quolls , most of which it transferred to Julimar Conservation Park , with proposals to translocate to Wheatbelt reserves and Shark Bay .
The bronze quoll is kept in Wasur National Park and Tonda Wildlife Management Area . More research on distribution and threats is needed for further conservation .
Creating a native pet industry in Australia related to quolls could aid in their conservation . However , concerns exist about this methodology in regards to animal husbandry , conservation benefits , and other issues . Some scientists believe that keeping quolls as pets could aid in their long @-@ term conservation , but further research is needed on this topic to conclude whether this is true or false .
= Saturdays of Thunder =
" Saturdays of Thunder " is the ninth episode of The Simpsons ' third season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 14 , 1991 . In the episode , Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart. He strives to be a better father and learns that Bart is participating in a Soap Box Derby . Homer and Bart make a racer together ; however , it is not very good . Bart decides to drive Martin 's far superior racer instead , after Martin is involved in an accident where he receives a series of serious skin burns . Homer is at first devastated , but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.
The episode was written by Ken Levine and David Isaacs , and directed by Jim Reardon . American actors Larry McKay and Phil Hartman both made guest appearances as a television announcer and Troy McClure respectively . " Saturdays of Thunder " features cultural references to films such as Ben @-@ Hur , Lethal Weapon , and Days of Thunder . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics , who praised its sports theme . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 9 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and discovers he knows next to nothing about his son . He signs up for therapy at the National Fatherhood Institute and after a confidence @-@ building pep talk , offers to help Bart build his own soapbox racer , which they dub " Li 'l Lightnin ' " , for the upcoming Soap Box Derby . Bart is reluctant to want his father to help him , concerned that he may cost him the race . However , Homer refuses to hear any of it , insisting to help him out . At the qualifying race Bart and Martin , who has built a high tech , aerodynamically superior racer , form an alliance vowing that either must somehow beat bully Nelson and his very intimidating racer , the " Roadkill 2000 " , " armed with every dirty trick in the book . " As the race starts , Bart can barely reach any kind of noticeable speed with Li 'l Lightnin ' and the car falls apart before reaching the finish line .
Martin 's car wins the race. but was built too aerodynamically precise and the steepness of the hill causes it to careen past the finish line and crashes . Martin suffers a fractured arm in the accident and thus cannot race against Nelson , who finished second . Martin offers Bart the seat , and even though Bart believes Homer will be devastated if he abandons the racer they built , he accepts the offer as there is no other way
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of the 1995 – 96 English league season to determine the final promoted side from the Second Division . Bradford City beat Notts County 2 – 0 to join Swindon Town and Oxford United in winning promotion to the First Division . It was the 10th Second Division play @-@ off Final and the seventh to be held at Wembley .
For Bradford , it was the first time they had played at Wembley in their 93 @-@ year history . City finished sixth during the regular league season only winning a play @-@ off place with a victory on the final day of the season . They came from two goals down during the semi @-@ finals against Blackpool to gain a place in the play @-@ off final . Having been relegated the previous season , Notts County had the chance to win an instant promotion back to the First Division . They finished fourth during the regular season and defeated Crewe Alexandra in the semi @-@ final by drawing the away tie and winning by one @-@ goal in the second leg at home .
Bradford took an eighth @-@ minute lead in the final through 19 @-@ year @-@ old Bradford @-@ born Des Hamilton . Notts County only had one chance in the first half before applying more pressure during the early part of the second half . However Bradford 's recent signing Mark Stallard doubled their lead to give them victory and newspaper reporters agreed that Bradford dominated the game . Their manager Chris Kamara had only been in charge for six months before the final . Three years after their victory , Bradford went on to win promotion to the Premier League ; their opponents Notts County were relegated the season after their play @-@ off final defeat and have yet to finish higher since their fourth @-@ place finish in 1996 .
= = Route to the final = =
Second Division league champions Swindon Town and runners @-@ up Oxford United took the two automatic promotion spots after recording 92 and 83 points respectively , leaving Blackpool , Notts County , Crewe Alexandra and Bradford City to contest the play @-@ offs for the final promotion place . Bradford City , who appointed rookie manager Chris Kamara in November 1995 , won nine of their last 12 league games and only secured a play @-@ off berth on the final day of the season by defeating Hull City 3 – 2 at Boothferry Park in a game that was delayed because of crowd trouble . They were one point ahead of seventh place Chesterfield , and equal on points with Crewe but behind in goal difference ; they therefore finished sixth . As a result , in the play @-@ off semi @-@ finals Bradford played third @-@ place Blackpool , whose manager Sam Allardyce admitted his side had thrown away an automatic promotion spot ; they finished a solitary point behind Oxford . Bradford had already played Blackpool four times during the season , after being drawn together in the League Cup , with Bradford winning three of the previous encounters . Notts County , who had been relegated the previous season having finished in last place in the First Division , came in fourth position to set up a tie against Crewe Alexandra in the other semi @-@ final .
Notts County 's fourth place meant they were away to Crewe Alexandra in the first leg , which finished 2 – 2 at Gresty Road . With home advantage at Meadow Lane three days later , they won 1 – 0 thanks to a goal from Gary Martindale to give them a 3 – 2 aggregate victory . The other semi @-@ final went against home advantage ; City finished sixth so played at their Valley Parade home in the first leg , losing 2 – 0 . However , they overturned the deficit by winning 3 – 0 at Bloomfield Road . Des Hamilton , Carl Shutt and Mark Stallard scored the three goals that also gave them a 3 – 2 aggregate victory . Kamara called it the " best night " of his career , whereas his opposite number Allardyce was sacked .
= = Match summary = =
= = = Pre @-@ match = = =
City had only appeared in one previous major final when they won the 1911 FA Cup Final before Wembley Stadium had been built . Hence , the play @-@ off final was the club 's first game at Wembley in their 93 @-@ year history . For Notts County , it was the fifth visit to the national stadium since 1990 . The historic occasion for Bradford was reflected in the ticket sales , with City fans outnumbering their opponents nearly three @-@ to @-@ one with 28 @,@ 000 of the crowd of 39 @,@ 972 coming from Bradford .
Kamara 's main selection dilemma was in attack where he had to pick a strike partner for Stallard , a player who had joined from Derby County in January for £ 120 @,@ 000 and gone on to score ten goals . Kamara opted for Shutt , who was given only a 50 per cent of playing in the run @-@ up to the match because of a slight knock , with Ian Ormondroyd , a veteran of three play @-@ off finals with his previous club Leicester City , selected as substitute . Captain Eddie Youds , who overcame a knee problem to return to the side in defence in place of David Brightwell , was the only player not to have played in the second leg against Blackpool . Notts County 's side featured only two of the players that had been relegated the previous season – Tony Agana and Shaun Murphy . Their side also contained Darren Ward , who was selected for the Second Division PFA ( Professional Footballers ' Association ) representative side , and Steve Finnan , on loan from First Division Birmingham City .
City 's chairman Geoffrey Richmond was reported to have told his side before the game : " Well boys , you can either play Bury or Manchester City next season – it 's up to you ! " Two times league champions Manchester City had been relegated from the Premier League whereas Bury had been just promoted from the Third Division . Three of the City players , Richard Huxford , Wayne Jacobs and Andy Kiwomya – all Christians – went onto the pitch to pray before the game .
Gurnam Singh , from Wolverhampton , a former non @-@ league player who turned to officiating after an injury , was chosen as the match referee . He had been overlooked as the referee for the previous year 's First Division play @-@ off Final despite having the top marks in the country and The Independent reported after Singh 's career that his appointment a year on was the highlight of his career .
= = = First half = = =
Bradford opened the scoring after only eight minutes of the match through teenage hometown midfielder Hamilton . A long pass from Huxford down the right flank was headed by Shutt into Hamilton 's path . He beat three defenders and , despite the fact he was stumbling , shot past Notts County goalkeeper Ward , with the ball going in after hitting the crossbar . It had been Bradford 's first shot of the game . Steve Finnan had County 's first chance after 14 minutes but shot straight at Bradford keeper Jonathan Gould . Minutes later , City had two successive chances through Shutt and Youds , but the first was blocked and the second went wide . During this spell of play , County 's two central defenders Murphy and Gary Strodder both received yellow cards . Just before half @-@ time , Shutt had the chance to double City 's lead but his weak shot hit Ward 's ankles after good work by Kiwomya .
= = = Second half = = =
Ian Richardson was booked within a minute of the second half starting for bringing down Kiwomya . Notts County started to come back into the game ; Martindale headed wide , Agana and Richardson both had shots blocked during a goalmouth scramble and Tony Battersby had a shot saved over the
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to the water by a ramp , also composed of reeds . Nests built by members of the related genus Holochilus are similar in many details . Several dissected stomachs contained green plant material , suggesting that it is herbivorous , like Holochilus . A female caught in April was pregnant with three embryos , which were about 12 mm ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) long . The mites Gigantolaelaps wolffsohni and Amblyomma dubitatum have been found on specimens of L. molitor in Uruguay . Other rodents found in association with it include Scapteromys tumidus , Oligoryzomys nigripes , Reithrodon auritus , Akodon azarae , Oxymycterus nasutus , and Holochilus brasiliensis .
= = Conservation status = =
The species ' conservation status is currently assessed as " least concern " by the International Union for Conservation of Nature , reflecting a relatively wide distribution and the absence of evidence for a decline in populations . Several of the areas where it occurs are protected , but the destruction of its habitat may pose a threat to its continued existence .
= Parsifal =
Parsifal ( WWV 111 ) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner . It is loosely based on Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach , a 13th @-@ century epic poem of the Arthurian knight Parzival ( Percival ) and his quest for the Holy Grail ( 12th century ) .
Wagner first conceived the work in April 1857 but did not finish it until twenty @-@ five years later . It was Wagner 's last completed opera and in composing it he took advantage of the particular acoustics of his Bayreuth Festspielhaus . Parsifal was first produced at the second Bayreuth Festival in 1882 . The Bayreuth Festival maintained a monopoly on Parsifal productions until 1903 , when the opera was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York .
Wagner described Parsifal not as an opera , but as " Ein Bühnenweihfestspiel " ( " A Festival Play for the Consecration of the Stage " ) . At Bayreuth a tradition has arisen that there be no applause after the first act of the opera .
Wagner 's spelling of Parsifal instead of the Parzival he had used up to 1877 is informed by an erroneous etymology of the name Percival deriving it from a supposedly Persian origin , Fal Parsi meaning " pure fool " .
= = Composition = =
Wagner first read von Eschenbach 's poem Parzival while taking the waters at Marienbad in 1845 . After encountering Arthur Schopenhauer 's writings in 1854 , Wagner became interested in oriental philosophies , especially Buddhism . Out of this interest came Die Sieger ( The Victors , 1856 ) a sketch Wagner wrote for an opera based on a story from the life of Buddha . The themes which were later explored in Parsifal of self @-@ renouncing , reincarnation , compassion , and even exclusive social groups ( castes in Die Sieger , the Knights of the Grail in Parsifal ) were first introduced in Die Sieger .
According to his own account , recorded in his autobiography Mein Leben , Wagner conceived Parsifal on Good Friday morning , April 1857 , in the Asyl ( German : " Asylum " ) , the small cottage on Otto Wesendonck 's estate in the Zürich suburb of Enge , which Wesendonck - a wealthy silk merchant and generous patron of the arts - had placed at Wagner 's disposal , through the good offices of his wife Mathilde Wesendonck . The composer and his wife Minna had moved into the cottage on 28 April :
... on Good Friday I awoke to find the sun shining brightly for the first time in this house : the little garden was radiant with green , the birds sang , and at last I could sit on the roof and enjoy the long @-@ yearned @-@ for peace with its message of promise . Full of this sentiment , I suddenly remembered that the day was Good Friday , and I called to mind the significance this omen had already once assumed for me when I was reading Wolfram 's Parzival . Since the sojourn in Marienbad [ in the summer of 1845 ] , where I had conceived Die Meistersinger and Lohengrin , I had never occupied myself again with that poem ; now its noble possibilities struck me with overwhelming force , and out of my thoughts about Good Friday I rapidly conceived a whole drama , of which I made a rough sketch with a few dashes of the pen , dividing the whole into three acts .
However , as his second wife Cosima Wagner later reported on 22 April 1879 , this account had been colored by a certain amount of poetic licence :
R [ ichard ] today recalled the impression which inspired his " Good Friday Music " ; he laughs , saying he had thought to himself , " In fact it is all as far @-@ fetched as my love affairs , for it was not a Good Friday at all - just a pleasant mood in Nature which made me think , ' This is how a Good Friday ought to be ' " .
The work may indeed have been conceived at Wesendonck 's cottage in the last week of April 1857 , but Good Friday that year fell on 10 April , when the Wagners were still living at Zeltweg 13 in Zürich . If the prose sketch which Wagner mentions in Mein Leben was accurately dated ( and most of Wagner 's surviving papers are dated ) , it could settle the issue once and for all , but unfortunately it has not survived .
Wagner did not resume work on Parsifal for eight years , during which time he completed Tristan und Isolde and began Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg . Then , between 27 and 30 August 1865 , he took up Parsifal again and made a prose draft of the work ; this contains a fairly brief outline of the plot and a considerable amount of detailed commentary on the characters and themes of the drama . But once again the work was dropped and set aside for another eleven and a half years . During this time most of Wagner 's creative energy was devoted to the Ring cycle , which was finally completed in 1874 and given its first full performance at Bayreuth in August 1876 . Only when this gargantuan task had been accomplished did Wagner find the time to concentrate on Parsifal . By 23 February 1877 he had completed a second and more extensive prose draft of the work , and by 19 April of the same year he had transformed this into a verse libretto ( or " poem " , as Wagner liked to call his libretti ) .
In September 1877 he began the music by making two complete drafts of the score from beginning to end . The first of these ( known in German as the Gesamtentwurf and in English as either the Preliminary Draft or the First Complete Draft ) was made in pencil on three staves , one for the voices and two for the instruments . The second complete draft ( Orchesterskizze , Orchestral Draft , Short Score or Particell ) was made in ink and on at least three , but sometimes as many as five , staves . This draft was much more detailed than the first and contained a considerable degree of instrumental elaboration .
The second draft was begun on 25 September 1877 , just a few days after the first : at this point in his career Wagner liked to work on both drafts simultaneously , switching back and forth between the two so as not to allow too much time to elapse between his initial setting of the text and the final elaboration of the music . The Gesamtentwurf of Act III was completed on 16 April 1879 and the Orchesterskizze on the 26th of the same month .
The full score ( Partiturerstschrift ) was the final stage in the compositional process . It was made in ink and consisted of a fair copy of the entire opera , with all the voices and instruments properly notated according to standard practice . Wagner composed Parsifal one act at a time , completing the Gesamtentwurf and Orchesterskizze of each act before beginning the Gesamtentwurf of the next act ; but because the Orchesterskizze already embodied all the compositional details of the full score , the actual drafting of the Partiturerstschrift was regarded by Wagner as little more
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than a routine task which could be done whenever he found the time . The Prelude of Act I was scored in August 1878 . The rest of the opera was scored between August 1879 and 13 January 1882 .
= = Parsifal in performance = =
= = = The premiere = = =
On 12 November 1880 Wagner conducted a private performance of the Prelude for his patron Ludwig II of Bavaria at the Court Theatre in Munich . The premiere of the entire work was given in the Festspielhaus at Bayreuth on 26 July 1882 under the baton of the Jewish @-@ born German conductor Hermann Levi . Stage designs were by Max Brückner and Paul von Joukowsky who took their lead from Wagner himself . The Grail hall was based on the interior of Siena Cathedral which Wagner had visited in 1880 , while Klingsor 's magic garden was modelled on those at the Palazzo Rufolo in Ravello . In July and August 1882 sixteen performances of the work were given in Bayreuth conducted by Levi and Franz Fischer . The production boasted an orchestra of 107 , a chorus of 135 and 23 soloists ( with the main parts being double cast ) . At the last of these performances , Wagner took the baton from Levi and conducted the final scene of Act 3 from the orchestral interlude to the end .
At the first performances of Parsifal problems with the moving scenery during the transition from Scene one to Scene two in Act 1 meant that Wagner 's existing orchestral interlude finished before Parsifal and Gurnemanz arrived at the Hall of the Grail . Engelbert Humperdinck , who was assisting the production , provided a few extra bars of music to cover this gap . In subsequent years this problem was solved and Humperdinck 's additions were not used .
= = = The ban on Parsifal outside Bayreuth = = =
For the first twenty years of its existence , the only staged performances of Parsifal took place in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus , the venue for which Wagner conceived the work ( except eight private performances for Ludwig II at Munich in 1884 and 1885 ) . Wagner had two reasons for wanting to keep Parsifal exclusively for the Bayreuth stage . Firstly , he wanted to prevent it from degenerating into ' mere amusement ' for an opera @-@ going public . Only at Bayreuth could his last work be presented in the way envisaged by him – a tradition maintained by his wife , Cosima , long after his death . Secondly , he thought that the opera would provide an income for his family after his death if Bayreuth had the monopoly on its performance .
The Bayreuth authorities allowed unstaged performances to take place in various countries after Wagner 's death ( London in 1884 , New York City in 1886 , and Amsterdam in 1894 ) but they maintained an embargo on stage performances outside Bayreuth . On 24 December 1903 , after receiving a court ruling that performances in the United States could not be prevented by Bayreuth , the New York Metropolitan Opera staged the complete opera , using many Bayreuth @-@ trained singers . Cosima barred anyone involved in the New York production from working at Bayreuth in future performances . Unauthorized stage performances were also undertaken in Amsterdam in 1905 , 1906 and 1908 . There was a performance in Buenos Aires , in Teatro Coliseo , on June 20 , 1913 under Gino Marinuzzi .
Bayreuth lifted its monopoly on Parsifal on 1 January 1914 in the Teatro Comunale di Bologna in Bologna with Giuseppe
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layout artist who designed it worked on the drawings for more than two days , but ultimately it was cut . To ensure their work did not go to waste , some staff members have used the drawings on Christmas cards and other studio @-@ related notices .
In another deleted scene involving an alternate Simpsons future , the Simpsons had a teenage son named Roy . Groening said that " somebody from outside the show " originally suggested the idea . The joke was later used as a sub @-@ plot for the episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " , although Roy was a lodger in that episode , rather than a son .
Nightmare Cafeteria was the first Simpsons story to be written by David X. Cohen . He wrote the final scene where a nightmarish fog turns the family " inside out " . This was inspired by a thriller featured on the radio show Lights Out called " The Dark " , which frightened Cohen as a child . A dance number was added immediately afterwards in order to end the show on a lighter note . He also cut two scenes from this segment featuring Sherri and Terri being cooked as " Teriyaki " steak with a " Sherry " sauce and Homer regaling Lisa about his dream of eating Milhouse . Regardless , a book from this scene was featured in this segment . As a result of this scene being cut , Homer does not appear in the third segment , something Cohen thought never happened before . The " grade F meat " joke was written by Mirkin , inspired by his cousin once seeing a box of hot dogs labeled " grade C , approved for human consumption " .
= = Cultural references = =
The voice over in the pre @-@ title sequence is a reference to The Outer Limits . The first segment The Shinning is a parody of the Stephen King novel The Shining and the Stanley Kubrick film of the same name . The basic plot of the segment is the same as the novel and there are also many references to specific moments from the film , such as the blood coming out of the elevator and Homer breaking though a door with an axe and yelling " Here 's Johnny " .
The title of the second segment Time and Punishment is a reference to the Fyodor Dostoyevsky novel Crime and Punishment and the plot , where Homer causes major changes in the future by killing animals in the past , is a parody of the Ray Bradbury short story " A Sound of Thunder " . Peabody and Sherman from the animated series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , make an appearance during Homer 's time traveling sequence and when , as a side effect of Homer 's antics in the past , Kang and Kodos ' heads are unexpectedly replaced with those of Peabody and Sherman . The dinosaur scenes are reminiscent of Jurassic Park , and the floor morphing into a television screen is a reference to similar scenes in both Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Time Bandits . The title of the third segment Nightmare Cafeteria , is a reference to the television series Nightmare Cafe . The song sung over the end credits is based on the song " One " from the musical A Chorus Line
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top of the slope by one of two tow ropes or Poma lifts , and the slopes had about 250 feet ( 76 m ) of vertical drop . As of 2008 , the ski lodge remains open and is rented out to park visitors , while the Ski Slope Trail is a 1 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 3 km ) hiking trail that follows the former ski slope . It begins at the parking area near the dam , climbs Rattlesnake Mountain , and crosses Pennsylvania Route 504 near a historical marker for the Philadelphia – Erie Turnpike .
By the 1980s , the park started to receive official recognition for its unique resources . The three Historic Districts were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 in recognition of their CCC @-@ built structures . That same year the state celebrated Black Moshannon State Park 's " 50th Anniversary " . In 1994 , the DCNR established the " Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area " as part of a program to recognize areas of " unique scenic , geologic or ecological value . " In 1997 the park 's Important Bird Area ( IBA ) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania . By 2001 yearly attendance at Black Moshannon State Park was over 350 @,@ 000 . As of 2008 , the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( DCNR ) Bureau of Parks , which administers all 120 Pennsylvania state parks , had chosen Black Moshannon as one of its " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " , citing its location atop the Allegheny Plateau and within the state forest , its many trails and rare plants , and its status as a state park natural area and the " [ l ] argest reconstituted bog / wetland complex in Pennsylvania " .
= = Geology and climate = =
The rocks underlying the Black Moshannon Creek drainage basin are primarily shale , sandstone , and coal . Three major rock formations are present in Black Moshannon State Park , all from the Carboniferous period . These sedimentary rocks formed in or near shallow seas roughly 300 to 350 million years ago . The Mississippian Burgoon Formation is composed of buff @-@ colored sandstone and conglomerate . The late Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation is formed with grayish @-@ red shale , siltstone , sandstone , and conglomerate . The third is the early Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation , which is a gray conglomerate that may contain sandstone , siltstone , and shale , as well as anthracite coal .
The park is at an elevation of 1 @,@ 919 feet ( 585 m ) atop the Allegheny Plateau , just west of the Allegheny Front , a steep escarpment which rises 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) in 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) , and marks the transition between the Ridge @-@ and @-@ Valley Appalachians to the east and the Allegheny Plateau to the west . The Allegheny Plateau and Appalachian mountains were all formed in the Alleghenian orogeny some 300 million years ago , when Gondwana ( specifically what became Africa ) and what became North America collided , forming Pangaea .
The lake within the park is at an elevation of about 1 @,@ 900 feet ( 580 m ) , and the park itself sits in a natural basin . The basin and the underlying sandstone trap water and thus form the lake and surrounding bogs . The higher elevation leads to a cooler climate , and the basin helps trap denser , cooler air , leading to longer winters and milder summers .
The cooler climate also means the park is home to animals and plants typically found much further north . The Allegheny Plateau has a continental climate , with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges of 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) in winter and 26 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in summer . In 1972 , long @-@ term average monthly temperatures ranged from a high of 66 @.@ 8 ° F ( 19 @.@ 3 ° C ) in July to a low of 26 @.@ 2 ° F ( − 3 @.@ 2 ° C ) in January . The mean annual precipitation for the Black Moshannon Creek watershed is 40 to 42 inches ( 1016 to 1067 mm ) . The soil in the park is mostly derived from sandstone and as such does not have much capacity to neutralize acid rain . The highest recorded temperature at the park was 97 ° F ( 36 ° C ) in 1988 , and the record low was − 25 ° F ( − 32 ° C ) in 1994 .
= = Ecology = =
Within Black Moshannon State Park there is a State Park Natural Area protecting the bogs . The park itself is part of a much larger Important Bird Area , which includes most of the surrounding state forest
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plant to recover coal . In 1971 , the land was owned by the Blue Coal Company . A total of 22 million tons of coal have been mined in the area .
In the early 1900s , mine water and culm were discharged into Black Creek .
Between 1965 and 1967 , the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration , the United States Bureau of Mines , the United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife , the United States Geological Survey , and the Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries conducted a joint study on the watershed of Black Creek . The purpose of the study was to deal with water pollution due to acid mine drainage . Geological field work was carried out in the area between October 1965 and December 1965 . Core and rock cuttings were done between October 1966 and June 1967 . However , this study was ended before all of the necessary scientific investigations were completed .
= = Biology = =
The entire drainage basin of Black Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery .
= Slayer =
Slayer is an American thrash metal band from Huntington Park , California , formed in 1981 by guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King . Slayer rose to fame with its 1986 release Reign in Blood , and is credited as one of the " big four " thrash metal bands , along with Metallica , Megadeth , and Anthrax . Since its debut album in 1983 , the band has released twelve studio albums , two live albums , a box set , six music videos , two extended plays and a cover album . Four of the band 's studio albums have received gold certification in the United States . The band has received five Grammy nominations , winning one in 2007 for the song " Eyes of the Insane " , and one in 2008 for the song " Final Six " ( both from 2006 's Christ Illusion ) . Slayer has also played at several music festivals worldwide , including Unholy Alliance , Download and Ozzfest .
Slayer 's musical style involves fast tremolo picking , double bass drumming , riffs in irregular scales and shouted vocals . In the original line @-@ up , King , Hanneman , and lead vocalist / bassist Tom Araya contributed to the band 's lyrics , and all of the band 's music was written by King and Hanneman . The band 's lyrics and album art , which cover topics such as murder , serial killers , necrophilia , torture , genocide , human experimentation , Satanism , hate crimes , terrorism , religion , antireligion , Nazism , and warfare , have generated album bans , delays , lawsuits , and criticism from religious groups and the public . However , its music has been highly influential , often being cited by many bands as an influence musically , visually , and lyrically . Between 1991 and 2013 , the band sold 4 @.@ 9 million albums in the United States .
= = History = =
= = = Early years ( 1981 – 1983 ) = = =
Slayer was founded in 1981 , when guitarist Kerry King met drummer Dave Lombardo . Upon meeting , the two quickly discovered they had similar taste in music and in their aspirations . Kerry soon introduced guitarist Jeff Hanneman and recruited Chilean @-@ born bassist and vocalist Tom Araya , who had played with King before in the band Quits ( previously known as Tradewinds ) . The band played cover versions of Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs at clubs and parties in Southern California . Early shows relied on a Satanic image , which featured pentagrams , make @-@ up , spikes , and inverted crosses . Rumors that the band was originally known as Dragonslayer , after the 1981 movie of the same name , were denied by King , as he stated : " We never were ; it 's a myth to this day . "
The band was invited to open for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in Anaheim , California , performing eight songs , six of which were covers . While playing a gig , the band was spotted by Brian Slagel , a former music journalist who had , at the time , recently founded the label Metal Blade Records . Impressed with Slayer , he met with the band backstage and asked them to record an original song , " Aggressive Perfector " , for his upcoming Metal Massacre III compilation . The band agreed and the song created underground buzz , which led to Slagel offering the band a recording contract with Metal Blade .
= = = Show No Mercy , Haunting the Chapel and Hell Awaits ( 1983 – 1986 ) = = =
Without a recording budget , the band was forced to self @-@ finance its debut album . Combining the savings of Araya , who was employed as a respiratory therapist , and money borrowed from King 's father , the band entered the studio in November 1983 . The album was rushed into release , hitting shelves three weeks after tracks were completed . Show No Mercy , released in December 1983 by Metal Blade Records , generated underground popularity for the band , and the group began its first national club tour in 1984 to promote the album traveling in Tom Araya 's Camaro towing a U @-@ Haul trailer . The tour gave the band additional popularity ; sales of Show No Mercy reached more than 20 @,@ 000 in the US and another 20 @,@ 000 worldwide .
In August 1984 , Slayer released a three song EP titled Haunting the Chapel . The EP featured a darker , more thrash @-@ oriented style than its predecessor , and laid the groundwork for the future direction of the band . The opening track , " Chemical Warfare " , has become a live staple , played at nearly every show since 1984 . After the release of Haunting the Chapel , Slayer made its live European debut at the Heavy Sound Festival in Belgium opening for UFO , returning to the US to begin the Haunting The West Coast tour .
Following the tour , King joined Dave Mustaine 's new band Megadeth . Hanneman was worried about King 's decision , stating in an interview , " I guess we 're gonna get a new guitar player . " While Mustaine wanted King to stay on a permanent basis , King left after five shows , stating Mustaine 's band was " taking too much of my time " . The split caused a rift between King and Mustaine , which evolved into a long running feud between the two bands . Following King 's return , the band embarked on the 1984 Combat Tour , with Venom and Exodus , and released a live album titled Live Undead in November .
Slayer released its first live home video in 1985 , dubbed Combat Tour : The Ultimate Revenge . The video featured live footage filmed at New York 's Studio 54 club , on the band 's 1984 tour with Venom and Exodus . By early 1985 , Show No Mercy had sold over 40 @,@ 000 copies , which led to the band returning to the studio to record a second full @-@ length album . Metal Blade financed a recording budget , which allowed the band to hire producer Ron Fair .
Released in September 1985 , Slayer 's second full @-@ length release Hell Awaits expanded on the darkness of Haunting the Chapel , with hell and Satan as common song subjects . The album was the band 's most progressive offering , featuring longer and more complex song structures . The intro of the title track is a backwards recording of a demonic @-@ sounding voice repeating " Join us " , ending with " Welcome back " before the track begins . The album was a hit , with fans choosing Slayer for best band , best live band , Hell Awaits as 1985 's best album , and Dave Lombardo as best drummer in the British magazine Metal Forces ' 1985 Readers Poll .
= = = Reign in Blood ( 1986 – 1987 ) = = =
Following the success of Hell Awaits , Slayer was offered a recording contract with Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin 's newly founded Def Jam Records , a largely hip hop @-@ based label . The band accepted and with an experienced producer and major label recording budget , the band underwent a sonic makeover resulting in shorter , faster songs with clearer production . Gone were the complex arrangements and
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long songs featured on Hell Awaits , ditched in favor of stripped down , hardcore punk influenced song structures .
Def Jam 's distributor , Columbia Records , refused to release the album Reign in Blood due to the song Angel of Death . For example , " Angel of Death " detailed Holocaust concentration camps and the human experiments conducted by Nazi physician Josef Mengele . The album was distributed by Geffen Records on October 7 , 1986 . However , due to the controversy , Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records ' release schedule . Although the album received virtually no radio airplay , it became the band 's first to enter the Billboard 200 , debuting at number 94 , and the band 's first album certified gold in the United States .
In October 1986 , Slayer embarked on the Reign in Pain world tour , with Overkill in the US , and Malice in Europe . The band was added as the opening act on W.A.S.P. ' s US tour , but just one month in , drummer Lombardo left the band : " I wasn 't making any money . I figured if we were gonna be doing this professionally , on a major label , I wanted my rent and utilities paid . " To continue with the tour , Slayer enlisted Tony Scaglione of Whiplash . However , Lombardo was convinced by his wife to return in 1987 . At the insistence of Rubin , Slayer recorded a cover version of Iron Butterfly 's " In @-@ A @-@ Gadda @-@ Da @-@ Vida " for the film Less Than Zero . Although the band was not happy with the final product , Hanneman deeming it " a poor representation of Slayer " and King labeling it " a hunk of shit " , it was one of their first songs to garner radio airplay .
= = = South of Heaven and Seasons in the Abyss ( 1988 – 1993 ) = = =
Slayer returned to the studio to record their fourth studio album . To contrast the speed of Reign in Blood , the band consciously decided to slow down the tempos , and incorporate more melodic singing . According to Hanneman , " We knew we couldn 't top Reign in Blood , so we had to slow down . We knew whatever we did was gonna be compared to that album , and I remember we actually discussed slowing down . It was weird — we 've never done that on an album , before or since . "
1988 's South of Heaven received mixed responses from both fans and critics , although it was Slayer 's most commercially successful release at the time , debuting at number 57 on the Billboard 200 , and the second album to receive gold certification in the United States . Press response to the album was mixed , with AllMusic citing the album as " disturbing and powerful " , and Kim Nelly of Rolling Stone calling it " genuinely offensive satanic drivel " . King said " that album was my most lackluster performance " , although Araya called it a " late bloomer " which eventually grew on people .
Slayer returned to the studio with co @-@ producer Andy Wallace in 1989 , to record its fifth studio album . Following the backlash created by South of Heaven , Slayer returned to the " pounding speed of Reign in Blood , while retaining their newfound melodic sense " . Seasons in the Abyss , released on October 25 , 1990 , was the first Slayer album to be released under Rubin 's new Def American label , as he parted ways with Def Jam owner Russell Simmons over creative differences . The album debuted at number 44 on the Billboard 200 , and was certified gold in 1992 . The album spawned Slayer 's first music video , which was filmed in front of the Giza pyramids in Egypt .
Slayer returned as a live act in September 1990 to co @-@ headline the European Clash of the Titans tour with Megadeth , Suicidal Tendencies , and Testament . During the sold out European leg of this tour tickets fetched up to 1 @,@ 000 Deutschmark ( $ 680 USD ) on the black market . With the popularity of American thrash at its peak , the tour was extended to the US beginning in May 1991 , with Megadeth , Anthrax and opening act Alice in Chains . The band released a double live album , Decade of Aggression in 1991 , to celebrate ten years . The compilation debuted at number 55 on the Billboard 200 .
In May 1992 , Lombardo quit the band due to conflicts with other members , as well as his desire to be off tour for the birth of his first child . Lombardo formed his own band Grip Inc , with Voodoocult guitarist Waldemar Sorychta , and Slayer recruited former Forbidden drummer Paul Bostaph to take his place . Slayer made its debut appearance with Bostaph at the 1992 Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington . Bostaph 's first studio effort was a medley of three Exploited songs , " War " , " UK ' 82 " , and " Disorder " , with rapper Ice @-@ T , for the Judgment Night movie soundtrack in 1993 .
= = = Divine Intervention and Undisputed Attitude ( 1994 – 1997 ) = = =
In 1994 , Slayer released Divine Intervention , the band 's first record with drummer Bostaph . The record became the band 's highest charting at that time , peaking at number 8 on the Billboard 200 , and was eventually certified gold . The album featured songs about Reinhard
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has been known and consumed in Southeast Asia since prehistoric times , but has only been known to the western world for about 600 years . The earliest native reference to durian is the several bas relief panels of 9th @-@ century Borobudur depicting durian as one of fruit offering for Javanese king , and also as one of the fruits sold in marketplace .
The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of Niccolò Da Conti , who travelled to southeastern Asia in the 15th century . Translated from the Latin in which Poggio Bracciolini recorded Da Conti 's travels : " They [ people of Sumatra ] have a green fruit which they call durian , as big as a watermelon . Inside there are five things like elongated oranges , and resembling thick butter , with a combination of flavours . " The Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta described durians in Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India published in 1563 . In 1741 , Herbarium Amboinense by the German botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius was published , providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century . The genus Durio has a complex taxonomy that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius . During the early stages of its taxonomical study , there was some confusion between durian and the soursop ( Annona muricata ) , for both of these species had thorny green fruit . It is also interesting to note the Malay name for the soursop is durian Belanda , meaning Dutch durian . In the 18th century , Johann Anton Weinmann considered the durian to belong to Castaneae as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut .
D. zibethinus was introduced into Ceylon by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later . It has been planted in the Americas but confined to botanical gardens . The first seedlings were sent from the Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew , to Auguste Saint @-@ Arroman of Dominica in 1884 .
In southeastern Asia , the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level , probably since the late 18th century , and commercially since the mid @-@ 20th century . In My Tropic Isle , Australian author and naturalist Edmund James Banfield tells how , in the early 20th century , a friend in Singapore sent him a durian seed , which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of Queensland .
In 1949 , the British botanist E. J. H. Corner published The Durian Theory , or the Origin of the Modern Tree . His theory was that endozoochory ( the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach ) arose before any other method of seed dispersal , and that primitive ancestors of Durio species were the earliest practitioners of that dispersal method , in particular red durian ( D. dulcis ) exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants . However , in more recent circumscriptions of Durioneae , the tribe into which Durio and its sister taxa fall , fleshy arils and spiny fruits are derived within the clade . Some genera possess these characters , but others don 't . The most recent molecular evidence ( on which the most recent , well @-@ supported circumscription of Durioneae is based ) therefore refutes Corner 's Durian Theory .
Since the early 1990s , the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) region has increased significantly , partly due to the increasing affluence of Asia .
= = Culture and folk medicine = =
= = = Cultural influences = = =
A common local belief is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee or alcoholic beverages . The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when Rumphius stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and bad breath . In 1929 , J. D. Gimlette wrote in his Malay Poisons and Charm Cures that the durian fruit must not be eaten with brandy . In 1981 , J. R. Croft wrote in his Bombacaceae : In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea that " a feeling of morbidity " often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian . Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions , though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit 's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase , causing a 70 % reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body .
The durian is commonly known as the " King of the Fruits " , a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour . In its native southeastern Asia , the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the cultural perception it has in the region . The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in Hong Kong director Fruit Chan 's 2000 film Durian Durian ( 榴槤飄飄 , lau lin piu piu ) , and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of the eponymous Singaporean TV comedy Durian King played by Adrian Pang . Likewise , the oddly shaped Esplanade building in Singapore is often called " The Durian " by locals , and " The Big Durian " is the nickname of Jakarta , Indonesia .
A durian falling on a person 's head can cause serious injuries because it is heavy , armed with sharp thorns , and can fall from a significant height . Wearing a hardhat is recommended when collecting the fruit . Alfred Russel Wallace writes that death rarely ensues from it , because the copious effusion of blood prevents the inflammation which might otherwise take place . A common saying is that a durian has eyes and can see where it is falling because the fruit allegedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt . A saying in Indonesian , ketiban durian runtuh , which translates to " getting a durian avalanche " , is the equivalent of the English phrase " windfall gain " . Nevertheless , signs warning people not to linger under durian trees are found in Indonesia . Strong nylon or woven rope nettings are often strung between durian trees in orchards , serving a threefold purpose : the nets aid in the collection of the mature fruits , deter ground @-@ level scavengers , and most importantly , prevent the durians from falling onto people .
A naturally spineless variety of durian growing wild in Davao , Philippines , was discovered in the 1960s ; fruits borne from these seeds also lacked spines . Since the bases of the scales develop into spines as the fruit matures , sometimes spineless durians are produced artificially by scraping scales off immature fruits . In Malaysia , a spinesless durian clone D172 is registered by Agriculture Department on 17 June 1989 . It was called " Durian Botak " ( Bald Durian ) . In Indonesia , Ir Sumeru Ashari , head of Durian Research Centre , Universitas Brawijaya reported spineless durian from Kasembon , Malang . Another cultivar is from Lombok , Nusa Tenggara Barat , Indonesia .
Animals such as Sumatran elephants and tigers are known to consume durians .
One of the names Thailand contributed to the list of storm names for Western North Pacific tropical cyclones was ' Durian ' , which was retired after the second storm of this name in 2006 . Being a fruit much loved by a variety of wild beasts , the durian sometimes signifies the long @-@ forgotten animalistic aspect of humans , as in the legend of Orang Mawas , the Malaysian version of Bigfoot , and Orang Pendek , its Sumatran version , both of which have been claimed to feast on durians .
= = = Folk medicine = = =
In Malaysia , a decoction of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an antipyretic . The leaf juice is applied on the head of a fever patient . The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription , collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930 . It instructs the reader to boil the roots of Hibiscus rosa @-@ sinensis with the roots of Durio zibethinus , Nephelium longan , Nephelium mutabile and Artocarpus integrifolia , and drink the decoction or use it as a poultice .
Southeast Asian traditional beliefs , as well as traditional Chinese medicine , consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause excessive sweating . The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it . An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen , which is considered to have cooling properties . Pregnant women or people with high blood pressure are traditionally advised not to consume durian .
The Javanese believe durian to have aphrodisiac qualities , and
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Claiborne , Ike and Billy Clanton , Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp , Special Policeman Morgan Earp , Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side . Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed . Ike Clanton , who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps , claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight , along with Billy Claiborne . Virgil , Morgan , and Doc Holliday were wounded , but Wyatt Earp was unharmed . The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws , largely unopposed by law enforcement officers , who were spread thin over vast territories , leaving some areas unprotected .
The gunfight was not well known to the American public until 1931 , when Stuart Lake published an initially well @-@ received biography , Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal , two years after Earp 's death . The book was the basis for the 1946 film My Darling Clementine , directed by John Ford , and the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , after which the shootout became known by that name . Since then , the conflict has been portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy in numerous Western films and books .
Despite its name , the historic gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral , which fronted on Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with stalls on Fremont Street . The shootout actually took place in a narrow lot on the side of C. S. Fly 's Photographic Studio on Fremont Street , six doors west of the O.K. Corral 's rear entrance . Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) apart . About 30 shots were fired in 30 seconds . Ike Clanton , whose brother Billy had been killed , filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday . The lawmen were eventually exonerated by a local justice of the peace after a 30 @-@ day preliminary hearing and then by a local grand jury .
The gunfight was not the end of the conflict . On December 28 , 1881 , Virgil Earp was ambushed and maimed in a murder attempt by outlaw Cowboys . On March 18 , 1882 , Cowboys fired from a dark alley through the glass door of a saloon and shot Morgan Earp , killing him . The suspects in both incidents furnished alibis supplied by other Cowboys and were not indicted . Wyatt Earp , newly appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal in Cochise County , took matters into his own hands in a personal vendetta . He was pursued by county Sheriff Johnny Behan , who had received a Tucson warrant for Wyatt 's shooting of Frank Stilwell .
= = Background to the conflict = =
Tombstone , near the Mexican border , was formally founded in March 1879 ; it was a rapidly growing frontier mining boomtown . The Earps arrived on December 1 , 1879 , when the small town was mostly composed of tents as living quarters , a few saloons and other buildings , and the mines . Virgil Earp had been hired as Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County , with his offices in Tombstone , only days before his arrival . In June 1881 he was also
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appointed as Tombstone 's town marshal ( or police chief ) .
Though not universally liked by the townspeople , the Earps tended to protect the interests of the town 's business owners and residents , although Wyatt Earp helped protect Cowboy Curly Bill Brocius from being lynched after he accidentally killed Tombstone city Marshal Fred White . In contrast , Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan was generally sympathetic to the interests of the rural ranchers and Cowboys . In that time and region , the term cowboy generally meant an outlaw . Legitimate cowmen were referred to as cattle herders or ranchers .
= = Conflicting versions of events = =
Many of the supporting facts about the events leading up to the gunfight and details of the gunfight itself are uncertain . Newspapers of the day were not above taking sides , and news reporting often editorialized on issues to reflect the publisher 's interests . John Clum , publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph , had helped organize a " Committee of Safety " ( a vigilance committee ) in Tombstone in late September 1881 . He was elected as the city 's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881 . Clum and his newspaper tended to side with the interests of local business owners and supported Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp .
Harry Woods , the publisher of the other major newspaper , the The Daily Nugget , was an undersheriff to Behan . He and his newspaper tended to side with Behan , the Cowboys ( some of whom were part @-@ time ranchers and landowners ) , and the rural interests of the ranchers .
Much of what is known of the event is based on a month @-@ long preliminary hearing held afterward , generally known as the Spicer hearings . Reporters from both newspapers covered the hearings and recorded the testimony at the coroner 's inquest and the Spicer hearings , but only the reporter from The Daily Nugget knew shorthand . The testimony recorded by the court recorder and the two newspapers varied greatly .
According to the Earps ' version of events , the fight was in self @-@ defense because the Cowboys , armed in violation of local ordinance , aggressively threatened the lawmen , defying a lawful order to hand over their weapons . The Cowboys maintained that they raised their hands , offering no resistance , and were shot in cold blood by the Earps . Sorting out who was telling the truth then was difficult and remains so .
Though usually opposing each other in their reporting of events , reporting by both the Epitaph and the Nugget initially supported the lawmen 's version of events . Woods , the publisher of the pro @-@ Cowboy Nugget , was out of town during the hearings , and an experienced reporter , Richard Rule , wrote the story . The Nugget staff had a close relationship with Sheriff Behan , but Rule 's story , as printed in the Nugget the day after the shootout , backed up the Earps ' version of events . This varied widely from Behan 's and the Cowboys ' later court testimony . Subsequent stories about the gunfight published in the Nugget after that day supported Behan 's and the Cowboys ' view of events . Other stories in the Epitaph countered the Nugget 's later view entirely and supported the lawmen . In addition , the autopsies of the deceased Cowboys indicated that none of them were shot with their hands up , as the Clantons had claimed .
Part @-@ time newspaper reporter Howell " Pat " Hayhurst transcribed the testimony from the hearing in the early 1930s as part of a federal Federal Writers ' Project , part of the Works Progress Administration . According to one report , Hayhurst was a friend of the Behan family . After he completed his transcription , he kept the original document in his home , where it was destroyed in a house fire .
= = Origins of the conflict = =
= = = Earps versus Cowboys = = =
The interpersonal conflicts and feuds leading to the gunfight were complex . Each side had strong family ties . The brothers James , Virgil , Wyatt , Morgan , and Warren Earp were a tight @-@ knit family , working together as pimps , lawmen , and saloon owners in several Western towns , among other occupations , and had moved together from one town to another . Virgil served in the Union Army during the Civil War and in 1877 became a police officer in Prescott , Arizona . He followed that with a job as night watchman before he became a constable . Wyatt had held two jobs as a police officer in the cattle @-@ drive towns of Wichita and Dodge City , Kansas .
James , Virgil and Wyatt Earp , together with their wives , arrived in Tombstone on December 1 , 1879 , during the early period of rapid growth associated with mining , when there were only a few hundred residents . Virgil had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for the Tombstone area shortly before they arrived . In the summer of 1880 , Morgan and Warren Earp also moved to Tombstone . Wyatt arrived hoping he could leave " lawing " behind . He bought a stagecoach , only to find the business was already very competitive . The Earps invested together in several mining claims and water rights . The Earps were Republicans and Northerners who had never worked as cowmen or ranchers .
The Earps came into conflict with Cowboys Frank and Tom McLaury , Billy and Ike Clanton , Johnny Ringo , and Curly Bill Brocius , among others . They were part of a large , loose association of cattle smugglers and horse thieves known as the Cowboys , outlaws who had been implicated in various crimes . Ike Clanton was prone to drinking heavily and threatened the Earp brothers numerous times .
Tombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary , " A Cowboy is a rustler at times , and a rustler is a synonym for desperado — bandit , outlaw , and horse thief . " The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial , " Cowboys [ are ] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country ... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber . " At that time during the 1880s in Cochise County it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a " Cowboy . " Legal cowmen were generally called herders or ranchers . The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other 's aid . Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston , Arizona , and taken " an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo , the leader , that they would kill us.'
= = = The Earps as lawmen = = =
Virgil Earp had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County by U.S. Marshal Crawley Dake before the Earps arrived in Tombstone on December 1 , 1879 . Virgil ran for the office of Tombstone 's city marshal ( or police chief ) in November 1880 but lost to Ben Sippy . Sippy left town in June 1881 , and Virgil was appointed to replace him . At the time of the gunfight and afterward , until he was wounded on December 29 , 1881 , Virgil was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and town marshal . The city suspended him as town marshal after Ike Clanton filed
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final two days of play . In Ireland , from 2008 Setanta Ireland will broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage .
In Canada , broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media , with coverage divided between TSN ( cable ) , which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds , CTV ( broadcast ) , which simulcasts CBS 's coverage of the weekend rounds , and RDS , which carries French @-@ language coverage . Prior to 2013 , Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company , Graham Sanborn Media , which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network , TSN , and RDS ( except for 2012 when French @-@ language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports ) to air the broadcasts , also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts . This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting , as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders , such as ESPN International ( ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN ) . In 2013 , Global and TSN began selling advertising directly , and jointly produced their own preview and highlights shows for Canadian audiences ( while still carrying ESPN / CBS coverage for the tournament itself ) .
On December 15 , 2015 , TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to The Masters beginning 2016 under a multi @-@ year deal . Broadcast television coverage will move to co @-@ owned broadcast network CTV , while TSN uses its expanded five @-@ channel service to carry supplemental feeds ( including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round ) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms .
In most other countries , including much of Asia , Latin America , northern Africa , and the Middle East , broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks .
= = Ticketing = =
Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive , they are very difficult to come by . Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into . Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot . Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list , which is closed . A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978 . It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again . In 2008 , the Masters also began allowing children ( between the ages of 8 and 16 ) to enter on tournament days free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the owner of his or her badge . The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary ticket market . A majority of the badges for the Masters are delivered to the same group of patrons , fans , and members each year , and these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces such as StubHub , TicketCity , and VividSeats . Some of these marketplaces will allow fans to purchase a Masters badge for a single day , as opposed to the traditional 4 @-@ day pass .
= Haraldskær Woman =
The Haraldskær Woman ( or Haraldskjaer Woman ) is a bog body of a woman found naturally preserved in a bog in Jutland , Denmark , and dating from about 490 BCE ( pre @-@ Roman Iron Age ) . Workers found the body in 1835 while excavating peat on the Haraldskær Estate . The anaerobic conditions and acids of the peat bog contributed to the body 's excellent preservation . Not only was the intact skeleton found , but so were the skin and internal organs . Scientists settled disputes about the age and identity of this well preserved body in 1977 , when radiocarbon dating determined conclusively that the woman 's death occurred around the 5th century BCE .
The Haraldskær Woman 's body is on permanent display in an ornate glass @-@ covered sarcophagus inside St. Nicolai Church in central Vejle , Denmark .
= = Mistaken identity = =
After discovery of the body , early theories of her identity centered on the persona of Queen Gunnhild of Norway , who lived around 1000 CE . Most of the bog bodies recovered indicate the victim died from a violent murder or ritualistic sacrifice . These theories are consistent with the body being put into a bog as opposed to burial in dry earth .
According to the Jomsvikinga Saga , Harald Bluetooth of Denmark ordered Queen Gunnhild be drowned in a bog . Based upon
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12 foot of earth with the globe stuck on top . The statue was subsequently uncovered following the globe 's demise , but by 1866 it had deteriorated due to vandalism and was sold for £ 16 . Arguments continued about the fate of the garden , with Charles Augustus Tulk 's heirs erecting a wooden hoarding around the property in 1873 . These were quickly removed after the Master of the Rolls ordered that the land must be preserved for its original purpose .
The garden was saved by the Member of parliament Albert Grant , who purchased the park in 1874 for £ 11 @,@ 060 and donated it to the Metropolitan Board of Works . The title deed for the square passed to the succeeding public bodies and is now in the ownership of the City of Westminster . After the purchase , the architect James Knowles redesigned the park . A statue of William Shakespeare surrounded by dolphins was constructed in the centre . The four corner gates of the park had one bust each of famous former residents in the square : the scientist Sir Isaac Newton designed by W. Calder Marshall ; Sir Joshua Reynolds , the first President of the Royal Academy by H. Weekes ; John Hunter , a pioneer of surgery , by T. Wooler ; and William Hogarth , the painter , by J. Durham . Ownership transferred to Westminster City Council in 1933 . The most recent addition was a bronze statue of film star and director Charlie Chaplin , designed by sculptor John Doubleday in 1981 . On the pavement were inscribed the distances in miles to several Commonwealth countries , including Canada , Kenya and Jamaica . After the Great Outdoors refurbishment of the square , only the statue of Shakespeare still remains .
= = = Entertainment = = =
Leicester Square is the centre of London 's cinema land , and one of the signs marking the Square bears the legend " Theatreland " . It contains the cinema with the largest screen and another with the most seats ( over 1 @,@ 600 ) . The square is the prime location in London for film premières and co @-@ hosts the London Film Festival each year . Similar to Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood , the square was surrounded by floor mounted plaques with film stars ' names and cast handprints . During the 2010 – 2012 refurbishment , many of the plaques were removed , confusing tourists who still expected to find them there .
The Leicester Square Theatre is based in nearby Leicester Place . It was constructed in 1955 as a church , before becoming the Notre Dame Hall , then the Cavern in the Town , a popular live music venue in the 1960s . In the 1970s , it was renamed back to the Notre Dame Hall , where the Sex Pistols played one of their first gigs at the club on 15 November 1976 . It was converted into a theatre in 2002 as The Venue , and refurbished as the Leicester Square Theatre in 2008 . In 2014 , it began a production of a musical based on Oscar Wilde 's De Profundis .
The Square has been the home for TKTS ( originally known as the Official London Half @-@ Price Theatre Ticket Booth ) , since 1980 . Tickets for theatre performances taking place around the West End that day and during the week are sold from the booth at a significant discount . The popularity of the booth has given rise to other booths and stores around the Square that advertise half @-@ price tickets for West End shows . The Official London Theatre Guide recommends avoiding these booths as they are not official and do not contain the Society of Ticket Agents & Retailers ( STAR ) logo .
The Square is home to the 93 @,@ 000 square feet ( 8 @,@ 600 m2 ) Hippodrome Casino . Following a £ 40m refurbishment in 2012 , the premises can now accommodate 2 @,@ 000 patrons .
Global Radio has its headquarters on the east side of Leicester Square at No. 30 , close to the Odeon . The building houses the radio stations Capital , Capital Xtra , Classic FM , Gold , Heart , LBC , Smooth Radio and Radio X.
= = = = Cinemas = = = =
The Odeon Leicester Square , which dominates the east side of the square , hosts many film premières . It has a capacity for 1 @,@ 683 people , arranged in circle and stalls . The last 70mm film showing was Armageddon in 1998 , after which the theatre began to use digital technology . The projection room still contains some of the original 1930s decor and normally houses two projectors . The Empire opened in 1962 . It was previously the largest cinema on the square , but in 2013 it was subdivided to cater for an IMAX screen . The Odeon West End , on the south side , opened in 1930 . It was not generally used for premières and was earmarked for demolition in 2014 , to be replaced by a ten @-@ storey hotel including a two @-@ screen cinema . Westminster City Council reported 400 new jobs would be available after the redevelopment . Vue West End , on the north side , near the north east corner , was the first cinema in Europe to show a 3D film with Chicken Little in 2006 .
A short distance from the west of the Square , on the south side of Panton Street , is the Odeon Panton Street . The Prince Charles Cinema , to the north of the square opened in 1962 with a " satellite dish " design where the audience looks upwards to the stage . The cinema became notorious for showing pornographic and erotic films during the 1970s , including 1974 's Emmanuelle . It later became a favourite venue for showing cult films , including the The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) and a sing @-@ along version of The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , and marathon performances including all seven Muppet films back to back . Prices are considerably cheaper than the main cinemas in the square ; in 2013 a ticket for a new release at the Prince Charles cost £ 10 , compared to £ 24 at the Odeon .
= = = Other attractions = = =
Leicester Square is one of several places in the West End that puts on events relating to the Chinese New Year . The celebrations are organised by the London Chinatown Chinese Association and held on the first Sunday during the new year period . Events include music , acrobatics and dancing . In 2015 , the celebrations attracted more than 1 @,@ 00
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ibovitz 's photograph , More Demi Moore . As a groundbreaking work , the photograph of her pregnant pose was an iconic one for Moore , Leibovitz and women in general who now view public representation of pregnancy as socially acceptable . It had a cultural impact by causing numerous celebrities to pose for photographs in advanced pregnancy , which has made pregnancy photos fashionable and created a profitable business for photographers such as Jennifer Loomis . The American Society of Magazine Editors regards it as one of the best U.S. magazine covers ever , and it is one of Leibovitz ' best @-@ known works . Additionally , the photo served as a litmus test when Internet decency standards were first being legislated and adjudicated .
= Randolph , Tennessee =
Randolph is a rural unincorporated community in Tipton County , Tennessee , United States , located on the banks of the Mississippi River . Randolph was founded in the 1820s and in 1827 , the Randolph post office was established . In the 1830s , the town became an early center of river commerce in West Tennessee . Randolph shipped more cotton annually than Memphis until 1840 . In 1834 , the first pastor of the Methodist congregation was appointed . The fortunes of the community began to decline in the late 1840s due to failed railroad development , an unfavorable mail route and other factors . The first Confederate States Army fort in Tennessee was built at Randolph early in the Civil War in 1861 , a second fortification at Randolph was constructed later that same year . During the Civil War , the town was burned down twice by Union Army forces .
The settlement is located on the second Chickasaw Bluff , the landscape is dominated by valleys carved into the soil as a product of erosion . The surface soil is composed mostly of silt loam , derived from eroded loess , and is found in different qualities and at different stages of erosion . The stratum beneath the surface consists of glacial gravel . Randolph is situated on the southeastern edge of the New Madrid Seismic Zone , an area with a high earthquake risk . Between 1974 and 2004 , forty @-@ five earthquakes were recorded in a radius of 20 miles ( 32 km ) around the settlement . Located in the humid subtropical climate zone , the climate is characterized by hot , humid summers and chilly to mild winters .
In 2008 , Randolph Bluff Historic Park was dedicated . The park is intended to promote the Civil War history of the community and make the unique views of the Mississippi River available to a wider public . As of 2008 , Randolph has a population of about 200 and consists of about two dozen dwellings . The economy of the rural community is dominated by agriculture with no major industries and businesses present . The Girl Scouts Heart of the South operates a camp at Randolph .
= = History = =
= = = European settlement = = =
Around 1800 , Europeans began settling the land east of the Mississippi River that was inhabited by the Chickasaw Indians for centuries prior to the arrival of Europeans . Chickasaw land in West Tennessee and southwestern Kentucky was ceded in the Jackson Purchase . In 1818 , both sides agreed to the transfer by signing the Treaty of Tuscaloosa .
In the early 19th century , the terrain of the Chickasaw Bluffs provided promising locations for a harbor on the Mississippi River for Randolph . In 1820 , the area had an estimated population of 54 . Early in the 1820s , investors John T. Brown and Robert Bedford were the owners of the land that would form Randolph a few years later . Only 40 – 50 miles ( 60 – 80 km
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pretty funny " , although Mrs. Wolowitz 's appearance was described as an " easy joke " .
= Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution =
The Thirteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIII ) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . In Congress , it was passed by the Senate on April 8 , 1864 , and by the House on January 31 , 1865 . The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6 , 1865 . On December 18 , 1865 , Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption . It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War .
Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the original Constitution through provisions such as Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 , commonly known as the Three @-@ Fifths Compromise , which detailed how each state 's total slave population would be factored into its total population count for the purposes of apportioning seats in the United States House of Representatives and direct taxes among the states . Though many slaves had been declared free by President Abraham Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their post @-@ war status was uncertain . On April 8 , 1864 , the Senate passed an amendment to abolish slavery . After one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration , the House followed suit on January 31 , 1865 . The measure was swiftly ratified by nearly all Northern states , along with a sufficient number of border and " reconstructed " Southern states , to cause it to be adopted before the end of the year .
Though the amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the United States , factors such as Black Codes , white supremacist violence , and selective enforcement of statutes continued to subject some black Americans to involuntary labor , particularly in the South . In contrast to the other Reconstruction Amendments , the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law , but has been used to strike down peonage and some race @-@ based discrimination as " badges and incidents of slavery " . The Thirteenth Amendment applies to the actions of private citizens , while the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments apply only to state actors . The amendment also enables Congress to pass laws against sex trafficking and other modern forms of slavery .
= = Text = =
Section 1 . Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude , except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted , shall exist within the United States , or any place subject to their jurisdiction .
Section 2 . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation .
= = Slavery in the United States = =
The institution of slavery existed in all of the original thirteen British North American colonies . Prior to the Thirteenth Amendment , the United States Constitution ( adopted in 1789 ) did not expressly use the words slave or slavery but included several provisions about unfree persons . The Three @-@ Fifths Clause ( in Article I , Section 2 ) allocated Congressional representation based " on the whole Number of free Persons " and " three fifths of all other Persons " . This clause was a compromise between Southerners who wished slaves to be counted as ' persons ' for congressional representation and northerners rejecting these out of concern of too much power for the South , because representation in the new Congress would be based on population in contrast to the one @-@ vote @-@ for @-@ one @-@ state principle in the earlier Continental Congress . Under the Fugitive Slave Clause ( Article IV , Section 2 ) , " No person held to Service or Labour in one State " would be freed by escaping to another . Article I , Section 9 allowed Congress to pass legislation outlawing the " Importation of Persons " , but not until 1808 . However , for purposes of the Fifth Amendment — which states that , " No person shall ... be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law " — slaves were understood as property . Although abolitionists used the Fifth Amendment to argue against slavery , it became part of the legal basis for treating slaves as property with Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) .
Stimulated by the philosophy of the Declaration of Independence between 1777 and 1804 , every Northern state provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery . Most of the slaves involved were household servants . No Southern state did so , and the slave population of the South continued to grow , peaking at almost 4 million people in 1861 . An abolitionist movement headed by such figures as William Lloyd Garrison grew in strength in the North , calling for the end of slavery nationwide and exacerbating tensions between North and South . The American Colonization Society , an alliance between abolitionists who felt the races should be kept separated and slaveholders who feared the presence of freed blacks would encourage slave rebellions , called for the emigration and colonization of both free blacks and slaves to Africa . Its views were endorsed by politicians such as Henry Clay , who feared that the main abolitionist movement would provoke a civil war . Proposals to eliminate slavery by constitutional amendment were introduced by Representative Arthur Livermore in 1818 and by John Quincy Adams in 1839 , but failed to gain significant traction .
As the country continued to expand , the issue of slavery in its new territories became the dominant national issue . The Southern position was that slaves were property and therefore could be moved to the territories like all other forms of property . The 1820 Missouri Compromise provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state , preserving the Senate 's equality between the regions . In 1846 , the Wilmot Proviso was introduced to a war appropriations bill to ban slavery in all territories acquired in the Mexican – American War ; the Proviso repeatedly passed the House , but not the Senate . The Compromise of 1850 temporarily defused the issue by admitting California as a free state , instituting a stronger Fugitive Slave Act , banning the slave trade in Washington , D.C. , and allowing New Mexico and Utah self @-@ determination on the slavery issue .
Despite the compromise , tensions between North and South continued to rise over the subsequent decade , inflamed by , amongst other things , the publication of the 1852 anti @-@ slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin ; fighting between pro @-@ slave and abolitionist forces in Kansas , beginning in 1854 ; the 1857 Dred Scott decision , which struck down provisions of the Compromise of 1850 ; abolitionist John Brown 's 1859 attempt to start a slave revolt at Harpers Ferry and the 1860 election of slavery critic Abraham Lincoln to the presidency . The Southern states seceded from the Union in the months following Lincoln 's election , forming the Confederate States of America , and beginning the American Civil War .
= = Proposal and ratification =
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, and the state 's second @-@ largest city , Tulsa .
US @-@ 412 has two tolled sections , both of them in Oklahoma — the Cimarron Turnpike and the Cherokee Turnpike . The tolled portions of the highway are operated by the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority ( OTA ) , with the remainder of the route maintained by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) . In addition to the freeway @-@ grade turnpikes , a large amount of the highway has been upgraded to four @-@ lane expressway facilities , although some portions remain two @-@ lane , especially in the Panhandle . Much of US @-@ 412 's route through Oklahoma either overlaps or is in close proximity to that of US @-@ 64 .
US @-@ 412 was extended into Oklahoma in 1988 to encourage recreational travel and the resulting economic benefit to the state . This extension , in which the new designation replaced or overlapped several already existing highways , brought US @-@ 412 's western terminus to Woodward . In 1993 , it was extended west of Oklahoma , bringing it through the Panhandle and into New Mexico .
= = Route description = =
= = = The Panhandle = = =
U.S. Route 412 crosses the New Mexico – Oklahoma state line northeast of Clayton , New Mexico , concurrent with US @-@ 56 and US @-@ 64 . The three highways enter the state just north of the extreme southwest corner of Cimarron County , the westernmost tip of the Oklahoma Panhandle . The highways head northeast , passing through disconnected parcels of the Rita Blanca National Grassland . The first town US @-@ 56 , US @-@ 64 , and US @-@ 412 encounter in Oklahoma is unincorporated Felt , which they skirt the northern edge of . The highways then cross the Beaver River before intersecting US @-@ 385 , which joins the other three highways in a concurrency as they approach Boise City , the county seat . In Boise City , the highways reach a traffic circle which surrounds the Cimarron County Courthouse . At this traffic circle , US @-@ 56 , US @-@ 64 , and US @-@ 412 all turn east , while US @-@ 385 splits away to the north . State Highway 3 ( SH @-@ 3 ) enters the circle from the north and leaves from the east , following US @-@ 412 , while SH @-@ 325 begins at the circle and heads west toward Kenton . East of town , US @-@ 56 / US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 412 / SH @-@ 3 have an interchange with US @-@ 287 , which bypasses Boise City to the east . Six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) northeast of here , US @-@ 56 splits away from the other highways ; it continues northeast , while US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 412 / SH @-@ 3 turn onto a due east course . The routes intersect SH @-@ 171 eight miles ( 13 km ) east of the split .
Approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of the SH @-@ 171 junction , US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 412 / SH @-@ 3 cross into Texas County . Seven miles ( 11 km ) east of the county line , at unincorporated Four Corners , SH @-@ 95 joins the concurrency ; it splits away after following the other three routes for five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) . The next major highway junction lies 18 @.@ 1 miles ( 29 @.@ 1 km ) miles to the east , where SH @-@ 136 joins with US @-@ 64 / US @-@ 412 / SH @-@ 3 as the highways turn south toward Guymon . The four highways cross the Beaver River once again before entering that city , Texas County 's seat and the largest city in the Panhandle . In Guymon , US @-@ 64 splits away to the east , while US @-@ 412 and State Highways 3 and 136 continue south , turning back east along US @-@ 54 to form a short concurrency . A US @-@ 412 truck route follows US @-@ 64 and US @-@ 54 around the east side of the city , reuniting with mainline US @-@ 412 where it splits away from SH @-@ 136 . Just 217 feet ( 66 m ) east of the US @-@ 54 junction , SH @-@ 136 splits away to the south , leaving US @-@ 412 and SH @-@ 3 to continue east . Southwest of Optima Lake , the two highways serve as the southern terminus of SH @-@ 94 . East of the highway junction , US @-@ 412 / SH @-@ 3 enter Optima National Wildlife Refuge , where they cross Coldwater Creek , one of the lake 's tributaries . After leaving the refuge , the routes pass through the town of Hardesty . From Hardesty , the road continues due east , crossing Palo Duro Creek and Chiquita Creek , two tributaries of the Beaver River . The highways then leave Texas County .
The third county US @-@ 412 and SH @-@ 3 enter is Beaver County , the panhandle 's easternmost county . The highways ' route across Beaver County is arrow @-@ straight , proceeding due east with only a single curve at the extreme east edge of the county . At the unincorporated location of Bryan 's Corner , approximately 7
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995 ; its entry was warmly welcomed by Malaysia .
In the 1990s , bilateral ties were characterised by trade and economic co @-@ operation ; other areas of bilateral co @-@ operation were explored from 2000 onwards . In that year , Vietnam and Malaysia reached an agreement on bilateral efforts on law enforcement and suppressing the trans @-@ national drug trade . In 2004 , three Memoranda of Understanding ( MoU ) in the areas of information technology , education and diplomatic ties , and co @-@ operation @-@ in @-@ general were signed . Bilateral co @-@ operation between both countries was also extended to defence matters in 2008 when another MoU was signed , which proposed for joint military trainings and collaboration in the defence industry between the Malaysian and Vietnamese militaries . The MoU also provided for the navies of both countries to prevent Vietnamese fishermen from encroaching into Malaysian waters for fishing activities as well as to control piracy .
= = = Relations with South Vietnam ( 1959 to 1975 ) = = =
Relations with the former state of South Vietnam were established when South Vietnam recognised the Federation of Malaya 's independence on 1957 . Since then , Malaya was providing aid to the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese army . Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman made a first visit on 1958 which was reciprocated twice by the South Vietnamese President Ngô Đình Diệm on 28 – 31 January 1958 and in October 1961 . By 1963 , when Malaya transformed into Malaysia ( with an additional territory in the island of Borneo ) , the main government in Kuala Lumpur worried the influence of North Vietnamese communists would threaten its existence in accordance to the Domino theory , thus changing its position to become very supportive of the American involvement in the Vietnam War as Malaysia also have experienced a communist insurgency of its own . Tunku Abdul Rahman then expressed these concerns in December 1966 and called on the United States and the United Kingdom to provide increased logistical support to war efforts in Vietnam . Malaysia hosted training courses in public administration and jungle warfare for government officials , and provided motorcycles to bolster the South Vietnamese police and military logistical capabilities . Towards the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 , Malaysia closed its embassy in Saigon in two stages ; first it withdrew the embassy dependants on 12 April 1975 , before a complete closure 16 days later — two days before the fall of Saigon . Malaysia had also extended recognition to the short @-@ lived Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam within days of its formation in May 1975 , citing Malaysia 's impartial position on political ideology and social system .
= = Embassy = =
The Embassy of Malaysia in Hanoi is currently located at 43 @-@ 45 Dien Bien Phu Street , where it has been located since 2004 . Malaysia also has a Consular Office in Ho Chi Minh City that was opened in 1991 , and its executive functions were later upgraded to that of Consular @-@ General one year later . The Malaysian embassy in Hanoi has shifted three times since 1976 :
Thong Nhat Hotel ( later renamed Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi ) , 1976 – 1983
Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound , 1983 – 1984
Fortuna Hotel Hanoi , 1984 – 2004
The Vietnamese embassy in Kuala Lumpur is located at 4 Persiaran Stonor and was opened in 1976 through the acquisition of the former South Vietnamese embassy . The Vietnamese embassy also has separate offices catering to labour and defence matters in two separate locations within Kuala Lumpur set up in the 2000s . In February 2013 , the Vietnamese embassy secured the purchase of 0 @.@ 69 hectares ( 2 acres ) of land in Precinct 15 , Putrajaya , that would be used for the construction and subsequent relocation of the Vietnamese embassy .
= = Economy and trade = =
Bilateral trade between Malaysia and Vietnam stood at US $ 2 @.@ 2 million following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 . Within the first three years after the war , Malaysia proposed to extend economic and technical assistance to Vietnam 's oil palm and rubber industries . Malaysia exported zinc to Vietnam and signed a contract that would facilitate the import of Vietnamese vegetables into Malaysia . These early co @-@ operations and proposals ended following Vietnam 's invasion of Cambodia in 1979 . Economic co @-@ operation slowly resumed from 1988 , when bilateral trade between the countries stood at $ 50 million . In 1990 , bilateral trade increased to $ 140 million and to $ 235 million in 1991 . Around this time , Malaysian businessmen began to open hotels in Vung Tau to cater to its flourishing tourism industry . At a bilateral summit in 1992 , both countries agreed on the idea of joint oil and gas exploration ; Vietnam has a sizeable number of oil fields in the South China Sea .
Around this time , Malaysian statuory boards and government @-@ linked companies including Bank Negara , MIDAS and Petronas started to provide technical assistance programmes to Vietnam . Vietnam also sought Malaysia 's assistance to develop its banking sector ; Malaysia 's Public Bank formed joint ventures with VID bank ( later BIDV bank ) to open branches in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City between 1993 and 1994 . By 1994 , Malaysia became ASEAN 's second largest investor in Vietnam . Exports from Vietnam to Malaysia mainly consisted of rice , rubber , oil seeds and machinery , while Malaysia exported machinery , equipment and chemicals mainly derived from the former 's economic assistance to the country . Malaysian businessmen were responsible for the development of the An Don Export Processing Zone beginning in 1994 in Danang . At an APEC meeting in 1994 , Malaysia 's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad spoke of the belief that Malaysia did not need to be totally self @-@ reliant in food , and expressed his interest in procuring some food from Vietnam as a means of strengthening economic ties . Two years later , Malaysian @-@ made Proton Wira cars were first sold in Vietnam .
A joint commission meeting between the countries in 1996 brought skilled and semi @-@ skilled workers entering Vietnam from Malaysia from that time onwards . Between 2002 and 2003 , the first wave of Vietnamese workers arrived in Malaysia to provide labour for its expanding manufacturing sector . By 2003 , there were 67 @,@ 000 Vietnamese workers in Malaysia ; both countries signed a memorandum of understanding exempting unskilled Vietnamese workers from needing a sufficient grasp of English or the Malay language to qualify for employment . The number of Vietnamese work permit holders increased slightly to 80 @,@ 000 @-@ 90 @,@ 000 by 2011 ; their presence later extended to other sectors including construction , housekeeping , agriculture and the service sector . A few Vietnamese workers found employment in Chinese restaurants as waiters , and learnt to speak some Chinese as well .
In 2015 , Malaysia was the largest ASEAN 's investor in Vietnam with total pledges of US $ 2 @.@ 47 billion . Malaysia and Vietnam have signed a joint statement on strategic partnership in economic matters along with a memorandum of understanding on joint patrol , hotline contact , search and rescue co @-@ ordination , and piracy prevention in the South China Sea .
= = Social developments = =
A sizeable number of Malaysian men have foreign wives especially with Vietnamese women . Accounts of such marriages first surfaced in the 1990s , but in the 2000s these marriages became especially popular with older Chinese Malaysian men . A thriving matchmaking industry in which prospective grooms could
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the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a " meditation upon death " .
= = = Crisis = = =
Another important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a crisis , a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death , or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover . After a crisis , a relapse might follow , and then another deciding crisis . According to this doctrine , crises tend to occur on critical days , which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease . If a crisis occurred on a day far from a critical day , a relapse might be expected . Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates , though it is possible that it predated him .
Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive . The therapeutic approach was based on " the healing power of nature " ( " vis medicatrix naturae " in Latin ) . According to this doctrine , the body contains within itself the power to re @-@ balance the four humours and heal itself ( physis ) . Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process . To this end , Hippocrates believed " rest and immobilization [ were ] of capital importance . " In general , the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient ; treatment was gentle , and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile . For example , only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds , though " dry " treatment was preferable . Soothing balms were sometimes employed .
Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen ; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis . Generalized treatments he prescribed include fasting and the consumption of apple cider vinegar . Hippocrates once said that " to eat when you are sick , is to feed your sickness . " However , potent drugs were used on certain occasions . This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones which required traction to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area . The Hippocratic bench and other devices were used to this end .
One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis . At Hippocrates ' time , medicinal therapy was quite immature , and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories .
= = = Professionalism = = =
Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism , discipline , and rigorous practice . The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well @-@ kempt , honest , calm , understanding , and serious . The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice : he followed detailed specifications for , " lighting , personnel , instruments , positioning of the patient , and techniques of bandaging and splinting " in the ancient operating room . He even kept his fingernails to a precise length .
The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation . These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner , so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians . Hippocrates made careful , regular note of many symptoms including complexion , pulse , fever , pains , movement , and excretions . He is said to have measured a patient 's pulse when taking a case history to discover whether the patient was lying . Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment . " To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation . " For this reason , he may more properly be termed as the " Father of Medicine " .
= = Direct contributions to medicine = =
Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions . He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers , an important diagnostic sign in chronic lung disease , lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease . For this reason , clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as " Hippocratic fingers " . Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis . Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff 's death in Act II , Scene iii. of Henry V.
Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute , chronic , endemic and epidemic , and use terms such as , " exacerbation , relapse , resolution , crisis , paroxysm , peak , and convalescence . " Another of Hippocrates ' major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology , physical findings , surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema , i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity . His teachings remain relevant to present @-@ day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery . Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings and techniques , while crude , such as the use of lead pipes to drain chest wall abscess , are still valid .
The Hippocratic school of medicine described well the ailments of the human rectum and the treatment thereof , despite the school 's poor theory of medicine . Hemorrhoids , for instance , though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm , were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways . Cautery and excision are described in the Hippocratic Corpus , in addition to the preferred methods : ligating the hemorrhoids and drying them with a hot iron . Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well . Today , " treatment [ for hemorrhoids ] still includes burning , strangling , and excising . " Also , some of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus are still in use . For example , the uses of the rectal speculum , a common medical device , are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus . This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy . Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to treat diseases such as diabetes , what is today called lifestyle medicine . He is often quoted with " Let food be your medicine , and medicine be your food " and " Walking is man 's best medicine " , however the quote " Let food be your medicine " is an apparent misquotation and its exact origin remains unknown .
= = Hippocratic Corpus = =
The Hippocratic Corpus ( Latin : Corpus Hippocraticum ) is a collection of around seventy early medical works from Alexandrian Greece . It is written in Ionic Greek . The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of the corpus has not been conclusively answered , but the volumes were probably produced by his students and followers . Because of the variety of subjects , writing styles and apparent date of construction , scholars believe Hippocratic Corpus
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of highway in Arizona . This section of the Interstate was complete in 1975 . Construction of the $ 7 @.@ 7 million bypass around Winslow began in 1977 . I @-@ 40 was completed in Arizona in 1984 , with the completion of a 6 @-@ mile ( 10 km ) section in Williams . This was also the last section of US 66 to be bypassed by the Interstate , which led to it being decertified by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) the following year .
= = Exit list = =
= Hurricane Joan – Miriam =
Hurricane Joan was a powerful hurricane that caused death and destruction in over a dozen countries in the Caribbean and Central America . Moving on a due west course for nearly two weeks in October 1988 , Hurricane Joan caused widespread flooding and over 200 deaths after moving into Central America . Widespread suffering and economic crises were exacerbated by Joan , primarily across Nicaragua , as heavy rains and high winds impacted those near the hurricane 's path .
After crossing Central America into the Pacific , the cyclone was renamed Tropical Storm Miriam , with the system 's dissipation occurring southwest of Mexico . Joan @-@ Miriam was the final hurricane of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season and the final named storm of the Pacific hurricane season .
= = Meteorological history = =
One of the latest Cape Verde @-@ type hurricanes to form in any season , Joan formed from an area of convection in the intertropical convergence zone that moved off the coast of Africa early in October . It developed banding and was upgraded to Tropical Depression Seventeen on October 10 and later designated as Tropical Storm Joan while located at low latitude in the central Atlantic Ocean .
Joan gradually strengthened as it passed over the southern Windward Islands on October 15 . It continued heading west in response to a strong Ridge , and passed over the Guajira Peninsula on October 17 . After entering the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea , Joan strengthened into a hurricane . It then slowly executed a small counterclockwise loop , possibly in response to the nearby Tropical Depression Eighteen . Upwelling caused by the quasi @-@ stationary hurricane weakened the system . As the nearby depression dissipated , Joan resumed its westward track . A strong anticyclone over the southwestern Caribbean Sea created an extremely favorable environment , and Joan underwent rapid deepening at a rate of 38 millibars in the space of a day . With a minimum pressure of 932 millibars , Joan was one of the strongest October hurricanes since 1961 . At the time , it was located at 12 ° N , the southernmost Category 4 hurricane ever recorded at the time . That record has since been broken by Hurricane Ivan .
Joan made landfall just south of Bluefields on October 22 . It passed over the northern portion of Lake Nicaragua , passed over Managua , and entered the Pacific Ocean near Leon on October 23 . Joan remained a hurricane or tropical storm during its entire passage over Central America , and was a minimal tropical storm when it reached the Pacific . As per the policy at the time , Joan was renamed Miriam .
Tropical Storm Miriam hugged the coast of Central America and reached its peak of 986 millibars on October 24 . Ordinarily , a pressure this low would indicate a Category 1 hurricane , but due to its disorganized convection , Miriam was not upgraded to a hurricane . Land interaction and wind shear weakened Miriam to a tropical depression on October 26 . Low @-@ level winds carried the system out to sea , and its convection dissipated on October 28 .
Miriam 's remnants continued out to sea , and they regenerated on October 30 . The tropical depression hung on for the next few days , until its second , and final , dissipation on November 2 .
= = = Unusual path = = =
Hurricane Joan 's path through the southern Caribbean in late October was highly unusual . Most October storms in the Atlantic gravitate towards the northern portion of the Caribbean , and often recurve quickly . Joan took the southernmost path of a tropical cyclone since a June system in 1933 , although Hurricane Irene in 1971 took a path that was just north of Joan 's . Joan @-@ Miriam was also unusual in that it survived passage from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean . Only seven other storms have been known to survive the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans .
= = Preparations = =
Tropical Storm watches and later warnings were issued for the Windward Islands as far north as Martinique on October 13 . They were dropped over the subsequent two days as Joan passed through . Along the coast of South America , additional warnings were raised and later dropped as Joan paralleled the coast .
The first hurricane watches were issued for parts of Panama , and Providencia starting on October 18 . The watch area was expanded to include Costa Rica and Nicaragua on October 19 as the watches were upgraded to warnings . These warnings provided several hours ' worth of lead time , allowing evacuations and preparations to be made . In addition , flash flood and mudslide warnings were issued for western Panama , Costa Rica , Honduras , and Nicaragua starting on October 21 .
In response to Miriam , the flood and mudslide warnings issued because of Joan were not lifted until October 23 and 25 . Tropical Storm warnings were issued for the Pacific coast of Nicaragua , El Salvador , and the Gulf of Fonseca on October 24 . They were dropped the next day . Guatemala was placed under a warning on October 24 . In addition , new flash flood and mudslide warnings were raised for Guatemala and the Mexican state of Chiapas on October 24 and 25 , respectively . All warnings and watches were discontinued later on October 25 as Miriam turned away from the coast .
Despite the dangers from the intense hurricane , evacuations in Bluefields were met with resistance and disbelief from residents . In Managua , 70 @,@ 000 people were evacuated to safe areas . In the remaining areas of Nicaragua , 30
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0 @,@ 000 people were evacuated . In Costa Rica , a total of 55 @,@ 000 people were evacuated .
= = Impact = =
Hurricane Joan killed at least 216 people , with 118 unaccounted for . The total cost of damage was around $ 2 billion ( 1988 USD ) . All of the deaths and most of the damage were due to the Joan portion of Hurricane Joan – Miriam .
= = = Lesser Antilles = = =
No casualties were reported in the Windward Islands , including Grenada , where , on October 15 , Joan made landfall . Passing just south , Joan brought rough seas and winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) with gusts to 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) to the islands of Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao on October 16 , damaging coastal facilities and roofs . Structural damage from the storm was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( 1988 USD ) . Increased moisture in Joan 's wake caused persistent rainfall on the islands for several days , leading to widespread flooding . In Trinidad and Tobago , Joan was described as a " minor inconvenience " . Sustained winds up to 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) with gusts up to 64 mph ( 103 km / h ) were recorded on Grenada . Heavy rains amounted to 6 in ( 152 @.@ 4 mm ) in St. George 's . Significant flooding was reported throughout the island , resulting in hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage . A rare invasion of African desert locusts in the Windward Islands were blamed on the storm .
= = = South America = = =
In Venezuela , 11 people were killed due to flash @-@ flooding caused by heavy rains . Landslides and flooding killed 25 people in Colombia . The rains and flooding left 27 @,@ 000 people homeless . Throughout Colombia , damages amounted to $ 1 billion .
= = = Nicaragua = = =
Most of the destruction was in Nicaragua . Throughout the country , 148 people perished , 184 were badly hurt , and 100 were unaccounted for . Roughly 23 @,@ 300 homes were destroyed , with 6 @,@ 000 being damaged . Many settlements on the Atlantic coast of the country were completely destroyed . The national electric company had 620 miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km ) of downed power lines , at the cost of 2 @.@ 5 million USD ( 1988 dollars ) . A port being constructed with Bulgarian help at El Bluff was severely damaged . On a brighter note , public health measures managed to keep the death toll lower than it could have been .
Bluefields was hit with extreme impact . Almost all of the 7 @,@ 500 structures in the city were demolished or had their roofs blown off . The majority of the main buildings in the city were destroyed . The hurricane also wreaked havoc on agriculture in the country . Around 15 @,@ 700 head of cattle , 20 @,@ 000 pigs , and 456 @,@ 000 chickens were killed . The hurricane caused severe disruption in most of Nicaragua 's remaining rain forests in the areas it hit , and also stripped trees of leaves . In the southeast rain forests , Joan toppled or snapped 80 percent of the trees and completely destroyed 500 @,@ 000 hectares ( 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 acres ) of canopy . Hurricane Joan caused transportation difficulties in the country . Floodwaters destroyed 30 bridges and seriously damaged 36 others . Roads totaling 404 miles ( 650 km ) in length were washed away .
In an unfortunate coincidence , Hurricane Joan hit shortly after an armed conflict in the region had started to cool off . The hurricane destroyed much of the infrastructure in Nicaragua , contributing to a recession that was already underway . The losses to cash crops severely reduced exports to under 200 million dollars ( 1988 USD ) . These factors combined to aggravate a recession and deepen the economic crisis . Government spending to rebuild infrastructure negated recently introduced anti @-@ inflation measures . Hurricane Joan was a partial cause of Nicaraguans being , on average , worse @-@ off than they were in the 1970s . In all , the storm left at least 250 @,@ 000 people homeless . Total damages in the country amounted to $ 751 @.@ 1 million . Joan was the first major hurricane to strike Nicaragua since Edith in 1971 .
= = = Rest of Central America = = =
In Costa Rica , 28 people were killed , 75 were injured , and 18 were missing . Rainfall caused 20 rivers to burst their banks , flooding 75 settlements , including the city of Quepos , Costa Rica on the Pacific coast . At Ciudad Neily , Costa Rica , the Rio Corredores broke through a dike . In total , 7 @,@ 500 Costa Ricans were rendered homeless . Damages in Costa Rica amounted to $ 65 million .
In the remaining portions of Central America , heavy rainfall , locally exceeding 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) , was reported . These rains caused flooding and landslides , especially in mountainous regions . Those heavy rains caused seven deaths in Panama and left $ 60 million in damages .
= = = Mexico = = =
In Mexico , heavy rainfall associated with Tropical Storm Miriam caused the cancellation of flights from the airport at Tuxtla Gutiérrez . The highest rainfall reported recorded was 10 @.@ 37 inches ( 263 mm ) at Lazaro Cardenas . In small settlements , rivers were flooded and mudslides were reported . Casualties from the flooding are not known .
= = Aftermath = =
The response to requests for international aid was moderate . American church groups , Cuba , and Mexico collectively contributed around 2 @,@ 500 tons of food and medicine . The Canadian , Swedish , West German , Spanish , and Dutch Governments contributed aid amounting to 2 million dollars ( 1988 ) each . No aid was sent by the United States government . The Soviet Union contributed an unknown sum . The slow response to requests for aid was contributed to by the Sandinista Government 's actions , which was viewed by a few anonymous diplomats from other countries who commented to the press , as undermining the peace process championed by Óscar Arias . Those actions were the July 10 arrests of opposition activists and the closing down of independent radio stations . In addition , the government also barred foreign humanitarian groups from receiving American aid , as well as turning back a relief shipment days before the storm .
On October 28 , 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly passed without a vote Resolution 17 of its 43rd session in response to the disaster . The resolution called on countries to contribute to the relief effort
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in 's proposal to hire Wenger . The appointment was delayed for several weeks as Wenger was under contract at Nagoya Grampus and the club wanted time to make a final decision . In the meantime the Arsenal board refused to confirm the identity of their next manager , but speculation grew that it would be Wenger once the club signed French midfielders Patrick Vieira and Rémi Garde . On 22 September 1996 , Wenger was unveiled as Arsenal manager , after Nagoya Grampus granted him his release . He officially assumed the role on 1 October 1996 . At his first press conference , he told reporters : " The main reason for coming is that I love English football , the roots of the game are here . I like the spirit round the game and at Arsenal I like the spirit of the club and its potential . "
Wenger 's arrival at Arsenal was greeted with perplexity by some of the club 's players , supporters and the local media . Although he was touted as a future technical director of The Football Association ( FA ) , he was a relative unknown in English football . Glenn Moore 's report in The Independent , dated 24 September 1996 , highlighted the mood : " It is a measure of the insularity of the English game that when Arsène Wenger 's name emerged as Arsenal 's favoured candidate for their vacant manager 's job many supporters were asking : ' Arsène who ? ' " Unlike his predecessors , Wenger was given control over transfers , contracts and training sessions , and the Arsenal board chose not to meddle in team affairs . One of his first acts as manager was to assure the experienced players they had a future at the club , but he noted the squad was " a bit tight , " and needed competition for places . Wenger adopted a hands @-@ on approach to training sessions which energised the squad and made steps to change the drinking culture that afflicted Arsenal . Although he initially allowed players to have a pint of beer , they were forbidden to drink on days off and in the players ' lounge . He later banned his players from casually drinking together . Wenger also promoted pasta as the pre @-@ match dish , encouraged boiled chicken instead of red meat and discouraged junk food . Players received optional vitamin injections and Creatine , which reduced fatigue and improved their stamina .
Wenger 's first match was a 2 – 0 away victory over Blackburn Rovers on 12 October 1996 , but he did suggest " one or two changes " to caretaker manager and later assistant Pat Rice in the team 's defeat to Borussia Mönchengladbach , a UEFA Cup match played on 25 September 1996 . The interference upset club captain Tony Adams , who on his first meeting with the manager expressed his disappointment : " I said to him that he had put our entire season in jeopardy by doing what he had done . " Wenger chose to take the criticism on board , and made an effort listening to Adams ' assessment of the club . This particular approach of management resonated with the other players , who were sceptical of his ideas at first . The English players often set up pranks on Wenger to relieve hostility and nicknamed him " Inspector Clouseau " because of his clumsy nature . Adams said his sense of humour helped build team spirit : " Not only does Wenger love a good laugh , but he can laugh at himself . He is this gangly wise man . "
Malicious rumours concerning Wenger 's private life surfaced during November 1996 , to the extent that the City of London reported that his exit from Arsenal was imminent . Having returned from a trip to Strasbourg to visit his parents , Wenger attended a press meeting and strongly refuted the claims : " If something comes out that is wrong I will attack . It is a serious matter if you can just create things that are not right . " Arsenal 's press officer Clare Tomlinson , who was present at the news conference , recalled Wenger phoning the next day and demanding why he could not take action against the press for printing the story . The culprit responsible for spreading gossip in the City later apologised to Wenger . Around this time Arsenal led the Premier League , but poor form in February 1997 caused Wenger to rule out his team 's chances of winning the title . They finished third in his first season and missed out on Champions League qualification ( occupied by Newcastle United , in second ) by goal difference – the tiebreaker used to determine the ranking between teams equal on points .
= = = = 1997 – 2001 : Early success = = = =
In preparation for the forthcoming season , Wenger took the Arsenal squad to Austria , which would become the club 's usual pre @-@ season base . The players were given a night out as a reward for vigorous training , which midfielder Ray Parlour revealed was spent at local pub with the other English players , while the " French lads " headed to the coffee shop and smoked . " How are we going to win the league this year ? We 're all drunk and they 're all smoking , " he recollected . Wenger in the meantime continued fine @-@ tuning the squad ; having vetoed John Hartson 's move to West Ham United in February 1997 , he convinced French teenager Nicolas Anelka to join Arsenal . He raided his old club Monaco to acquire the services of Christopher Wreh , Gilles Grimandi and Emmanuel Petit . The latter two were defenders , but Wenger thought both were capable of playing in midfield . To address the shortcomings of playing expansive football , winger Marc Overmars was purchased from Ajax , while Paul Merson moved to Middlesbrough . Wenger assessed Arsenal lost the Premier League because of their poor home performances , and felt they needed more pace and power .
Arsenal began the 1997 – 98 season well , but struggled in November ; though they beat Manchester United at Highbury without the suspended Dennis Bergkamp , it was their only league win in the month . Defeat at home to Blackburn Rovers left the club in sixth position before Christmas and seemingly out of contention for the title . Wright was booed off by supporters over his performance , which he responded to by criticising the crowd from the dressing room window . Wenger called for an urgent team meeting , where " home truths were spoken , fingers pointed , players were geed up . " The squad dictated how the conversation went , which the senior defenders made it clear they wanted Vieira and Petit to provide cover .
Such was the likelihood Manchester United would go on to retain the title , bookmaker Fred Done paid out on punters with two months of the season left . Arsenal however steadily closed the gap and victory against Wimbledon in March 1998 set up a title clash between themselves and the reigning champions . Wenger in the lead up to the game maintained it was possible for Arsenal to win the league , " Two or three weeks ago , the title was just a dream for us and people laughed when I said we could still do it , " and suggested Manchester United were responsible for making the title race " interesting " . At Old Trafford , Overmars scored the decisive goal to give Arsenal a 1 – 0 win . The victory was followed by nine consecutive league wins , the last of which was a home fixture against Everton that secured Arsenal 's status as
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, campaigned for his re @-@ election in 1916 , using the slogan " he kept us out of war " . By early 1917 , Germany had lifted all restrictions on attacks on neutral shipping supplying Britain and France , outraging many Americans . The publication in February of the Zimmermann Telegram , in which a German official proposed to Mexico that , if the U.S. entered the war , Mexico should declare war on them and the Germans would work to return Texas , Arizona , and New Mexico to Mexican control , also brought the United States closer to war . Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 , and Barkley voted for the resolution when it came before the House two weeks later . At 40 years old , he considered resigning his seat to enlist in the U.S. Army , but Wilson persuaded him not to do so .
After the declaration of war , Barkley supported bills implementing conscription and raising revenue for the fight . Between August and October 1918 , he joined an unofficial congressional delegation that toured Europe , surveying the tactical situation and meeting with leaders there . Like Wilson , he supported U.S. ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and participation in the League of Nations , but both measures failed after the election of a more conservative Congress in 1918 .
= = = Relations with Harding administration = = =
Barkley supported William Gibbs McAdoo for president at the 1920 Democratic National Convention , but the nomination went to James M. Cox . He campaigned for Cox and his running mate , Franklin D. Roosevelt , but his speeches focused more on Wilson 's progressive record than Cox 's fitness for office . Republican Warren G. Harding defeated Cox in the general election , and Barkley found common ground with him on issues such as the creation of the Veterans ' Bureau and the passage of the progressive Sheppard – Towner Act . Barkley thought the administration was too favorable to big business interests , however , and in 1922 , he proclaimed that if Harding had returned the country to normalcy , " then in God 's name let us have Abnormalcy " .
= = = Gubernatorial election of 1923 = = =
By the time of his 1922 re @-@ election bid , Barkley was the ranking Democrat on the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee . In the election , he carried every First District county , including the Republican strongholds of Caldwell and Crittenden counties . Despite the victory he lacked the political organization needed for higher office . According to Barkley biographer James K. Libbey , the establishment of such an organization , and not necessarily a desire to become governor , may have motivated him to announce his candidacy for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination on November 11 , 1922 . Critics charged that this was his intent , and he did little to deny it .
Opposing Barkley in the primary was Congressman J. Campbell Cantrill , who along with Stanley , led the conservative wing of the party , opposing prohibition and women 's suffrage . Beckham , leader of the liberal wing , intended to run , and his surrogates , particularly Louisville Courier @-@ Journal editor Robert Worth Bingham , began a " Business Man for Governor " campaign in late 1922 . Beckham had served as governor from 1900 to 1907 and later in the U.S. Senate , but he was out of office ( a " Business Man " ) , in contrast to Cantrill and Barkley . While Bingham 's campaign forced Barkley to declare his candidacy earlier than planned , the tactic was not successful outside Louisville ; Beckham supporters backed Barkley , more to prevent Cantrill 's nomination than because they desired Barkley 's . Barkley 's leadership team included his own supporters , influential members of the Beckham faction , and erstwhile Cantrill supporters .
Recognizing the need to broaden his appeal beyond western Kentucky , Barkley opened his campaign in the central Kentucky town of Danville on February 19 , 1923 . He employed the slogan " Christianity , Morality , and Good Government " , and he and Cantrill – colleagues in the House – agreed to refrain from personal attacks . Due to Percy Haly 's influence on Barkley and Barkley 's own admiration for Woodrow Wilson , he denounced the influence of the coal , racing , and railroad trusts in state politics . " Woodrow Wilson drove the crooks and corruptionists out of New Jersey , Governor Pinchot is driving them out of Pennsylvania , and if I am elected Governor of Kentucky I promise to drive them out of Frankfort , " he declared . In contrast to his usual preference for low taxes , he advocated a tax on coal deposits . In addition to reducing the coal trust 's political influence , he believed the increased revenue , which would largely be generated by out @-@ of @-@ state coal buyers , would result in lower property taxes on farmers . Friends in the Anti @-@ Saloon League convinced him that banning parimutuel betting would cripple the racing trust . Many Catholics and Protestants – notably those affiliated with the Louisville Churchmen 's Federation – favored prohibition and opposed parimutuel betting on religious grounds , and endorsed Barkley 's candidacy , but Bingham , typically a Beckham ally , was slow to endorse him . Like Bingham , Lexington Herald editor Desha Breckinridge had helped create the parimutuel betting system , and Barkley 's positions were enough to convince him to back Cantrill , despite the fact that Breckinridge generally disliked Cantrill .
Barkley campaigned across the state , earning the nickname " Iron Man " for making up to 16 speeches in a day . His proposals for a statewide highway system and improvements in education were popular , but coal mining and horse racing interests , based mostly in eastern Kentucky , opposed him . Counties east of a line from Louisville to Middlesboro generally supported Cantrill , while those west of the line mostly went for Barkley , who lost the primary by 9 @,@ 000 votes ( out of 241 @,@ 000 cast ) , marking his only election loss . He supported Cantrill in the general election , gaining goodwill within the Democratic Party . Cantrill died on September 2 , and the Democratic State Committee had to name his replacement . Barkley was not acceptable to many of the members of the committee , and he refused to accept nomination by party leaders instead of the voters . On September 11 , the committee nominated Congressman William J. Fields , and Barkley supported him in the general election , which he won over Republican Charles I. Dawson .
= = = Later House career = = =
Barkley 's party loyalty in the governor 's race made him a formidable candidate to challenge Stanley , who by 1924 had angered members of both party factions , but Barkley had spent most of his funds in his campaign against Cantrill , and he did not want to risk his reputation as a party unifier by challenging a Democrat . Instead , he decided to rebuild his war chest to unseat Kentucky 's incumbent Republican senator , Richard P. Ernst , in 1926 . In the meantime , he refrained from using his influence in state races to avoid losing any goodwill with Kentucky voters .
At the 1924 Democratic National Convention , Barkley again supported William G. McAdoo for president . Urban interests at the convention promoted New York Governor Al Smith , and a bitter convention fight ensued . During the course of 103 ballots , chairman Thomas J. Walsh needed a rest and temporarily yielded his position to Barkley . The convention was the first to be broadcast nationally , and Barkley 's service as chair
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The film opened in 13 additional territories on the weekend of January 30 , including Russia and Spain . With 3 @,@ 600 screenings in 26 markets , the film grossed $ 18 @.@ 6 million to maintain its top placement at the international box office for a second weekend in a row . Spain was its highest @-@ grossing territory with $ 2 @.@ 8 million , followed by Germany with $ 2 @.@ 3 million , the United Kingdom with $ 2 million , and $ 1 @.@ 9 million in Italy . As of April 13 , 2009 , the film has grossed $ 83 @,@ 079 @,@ 000 in the United States and Canada and an estimated $ 117 @,@ 198 @,@ 951 in other territories for a worldwide gross of $ 200 @,@ 276 @,@ 784 .
= = = Anti @-@ Scientology protests = = =
When Valkyrie premiered in New York City on December 15 , 2008 , it was shown in a private screening room at the Time Warner Center , rather than at a Lincoln Square theater . The venue was chosen in part to minimize the exposure to Scientology protesters gathered at the Time Warner Center . Protesters also appeared at the December 18 Los Angeles screening , where Cruise entered through a tunnel . While the US " red carpet " was held in private , Cruise interacted with fans in South Korea and Europe . There were small anti @-@ Scientology protests at the European premiere in Berlin , where Cruise signed one protester 's Guy Fawkes mask . Anti @-@ Scientology protests also occurred at the London premiere , and Amsterdam where Scientologists in the crowd engaged the protesters . The NTV news report about the January 26 Moscow premiere noted that journalists had to sign a document promising not to ask questions about Scientology , and their questions would be censored ; to this , the reporter remarked , " You can 't help getting reminded of those historic times depicted in Operation Valkyrie . "
In Germany , authorities and politicians expressed concern that if the film was successful , it would boost Scientology in the country . German politician Michael Brand encouraged his deputies to boycott Valkyrie , saying that Scientology pursued " totalitarian goals " . Germany 's Agency for the Protection of the Constitution ( BfV ) , which monitors the presence of Scientology in the country , expressed concern about the film 's impact . An anonymous BfV official said , " These Scientologists have two goals in Germany ... to get their message to children , and make their organization respectable . The film does both : it has put a top Scientologist at the center of a national debate about German history . "
In January 2009 , Cruise appeared in the highly popular German @-@ Swiss @-@ Austrian TV show , Wetten , dass . Cruise had already left the show , when German comedian Michael Mittermeier said : " In an interview , Tom Cruise claimed that he would have killed Hitler , too . To me , it would be sufficient if he had killed the Führer of Scientology . " Prior to the show , members of the Christian Democratic Junge Union protested against the broadcaster for being uncritical about Scientology .
= = = Home media = = =
Valkyrie was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on May 19 , 2009 , in three configurations : a single DVD edition , a two @-@ DVD set , and a Blu @-@ ray version . Valkyrie opened at # 2 on the DVD sales chart , selling 844 @,@ 264 units translating to revenue of $ 14 @,@ 816 @,@ 833 . According to the latest figures , 1 @,@ 631 @,@ 011 units have been sold , bringing in $ 27 @,@ 042 @,@ 657 in revenue .
= = Reception = =
The movie website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 62 % , based on 191 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Given the subject matter , Valkyrie could have been an outstanding historical thriller , but settles for being a mildly entertaining , but disposable yarn . " At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 56 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . In the United States , the film received mixed reviews from critics , however in Germany , there were different reports about how Valkyrie was received . The New York Times wrote , " It has been greeted with a measured and hospitable reception in Germany , where it was once viewed with suspicion . " The trade paper Variety reported that despite the controversy over Cruise 's ties to Scientology , " [ I ] nitial reviews have been positive , with many observers now hailing Cruise and predicting the pic will even improve the country ’ s image abroad . " Der Spiegel said that the film and its supporting actors were praised , but that Cruise was panned by German critics for " a surprisingly low @-@ key performance that fails to convey the charisma with which Stauffenberg inspired fellow plotters " . The AFP also said that the German critics " savaged Tom Cruise 's portrayal " of von Stauffenberg , yet " relished a homegrown hero getting the Hollywood treatment . "
= = = American critics = = =
Joe Morganstern wrote in The Wall Street Journal , " Mr. Cruise 's performance turns out to be brisk and reasonably plausible , though unexceptional , while the production as a whole succeeds as an elaborate procedural , impressively staged in historical locations . " . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times thought that Cruise gave " a fine , typically energetic performance in a film that requires nothing more of him than a profile and vigor " but that von Stauffenberg was too complex a character to adequately portray in a film designed as a thriller . Dargis also wrote of the director 's excess , " Though Mr. Singer ’ s old @-@ fashioned movie habits , his attention to the gloss , gleam and glamour of the image , can be agreeably pleasurable , he tends to gild every lily , " citing as an example the " spooky music " and " low camera angles " in the meeting between Hitler and von Stauffenberg .
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open @-@ air market place or soko . Her enthusiasm for the place was evident from her correspondence :
Picture me in this market @-@ place – I spend nearly every day there for it fascinates me completely – have done 16 drawings and two oil things so far – Am feeling thoroughly at home now so am going to take out my big oil box – wanted to get used to people and things first – Oh how I do love it all ! ... Oh the sun is shining I must out to work .
Morocco had a similar effect on Rix as it did on many artists who visited . Paintings were created in high @-@ keyed colours that captured the intense north African light , and most works focussed on the figures , dress and activity of the people , or the local architecture . One interpretation of the perspective of Rix is that she was an orientalist , in the sense used by academic Edward Said . However , Hoorn argues that she and her sister were to a significant extent counter @-@ orientalist : they focussed on the common nature of human experience rather than cultural expressions of difference and they sought to portray everyday life in Tangier as they found it , rather than presenting generalised views of the orient . Her works also reflected the modernist interest in the empirical : in using the bright light of north Africa to help bring out the structures and shapes that made up visual impressions . Stylistically , Rix 's Moroccan paintings have been characterised as the " most abstract , flat and post @-@ impressionistic of her career " . Whether this reflected the influence of Matisse is not known – despite the coincidences of their Tangier visits , it is not certain that they actually met . Rix was one of the first Australians to paint post @-@ impressionist landscapes , represented by works such as Men in the Market Place , Tangier ( 1914 ) and View of Tangier ( 1914 ) , produced at the time of a second visit to the city . Such works demonstrated the development of Rix 's style at the time : loose brush strokes , a palette confined to a few low @-@ keyed colours , and an emphasis on shadow and light , affecting both the overall impression made by the picture and the treatment of individual figures .
The 1912 trip represented a landmark in her work , led to several exhibitions and her first significant international critical acclaim . The journeys are also the subject of one of the few books about the artist 's work , Jeanette Hoorn 's Hilda Rix Nicholas and Elsie Rix 's Moroccan Idyll : Art and Orientalism . Exhibition of her first works produced immediate results : the French government purchased one of her pictures of the market in Tangiers , and in 1913 she again had paintings displayed at the Paris Salon . The purchase by the French government was of a pastel drawing , Grande marche , Tanger , which she would later copy in oils . The drawing was favourably discussed in the French edition of the New York Herald , but not by one The Sydney Morning Herald reviewer , who complained that " the drawing and colour are eccentric , after the post @-@ impressionist manner " and described the central figure as " grotesque in its want of finish " .
The Herald 's reviewer was at odds with prevailing sentiment . Her success was widely reported in Australian papers such as Hobart 's Mercury , Melbourne 's Argus and Adelaide 's Register . In addition to displaying the results of her trip at the Salon , she was invited to exhibit in a 1913 collection at the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français , also in Paris . Rix was made a member of the society . In November 1912 , there was a solo exhibition at a private gallery , Galerie J Chaine and Simonson . Her work was illustrated in the Notre Gazette , reflecting her emerging status as a significant artist , and the French press reported her exhibitions .
She returned to Tangiers again in early 1914 , this time with her sister Elsie , who also did some drawing and writing but whose main purpose was to provide her sister with company , assistance and protection from curious onlookers while she painted . Rix painted regularly at the soko , where she would both attract much attention and sometimes disrupt the flow of traffic as she sketched . The sisters returned to England and then to France , where Rix again spent the summer at Étaples , until the outbreak of World War I resulted in evacuation to London in August .
= = Disaster 1914 – 18 = =
The retreat to London marked the beginning of a tragic period . R
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– suggesting children prefer an attractive child in the story rather than an ugly old woman . The juvenile antagonist saw a succession of names : Silver Hair in the pantomime Harlequin and The Three Bears ; or , Little Silver Hair and the Fairies by J.B. Buckstone ( 1853 ) ; Silver @-@ Locks in Aunt Mavor 's Nursery Tales ( 1858 ) ; Silverhair in George MacDonald 's " The Golden Key " ( 1867 ) ; Golden Hair in Aunt Friendly 's Nursery Book ( ca . 1868 ) ; Silver @-@ Hair and Goldenlocks at various times ; Little Golden @-@ Hair ( 1889 ) ; and finally Goldilocks in Old Nursery Stories and Rhymes ( 1904 ) . Tatar credits Flora Annie Steel with naming the child ( 1918 ) .
Goldilocks 's fate varies in the many retellings : in some versions , she runs into the forest , in some she is almost eaten by the bears but her mother rescues her , in some she vows to be a good child , and in some she returns home . Whatever her fate , Goldilocks fares better than Southey 's vagrant old woman who , in his opinion , deserved a stint in the House of Correction , and far better than Miss Mure 's old woman who is impaled upon a steeple in St Paul 's church @-@ yard .
Southey 's all @-@ male ursine trio has not been left untouched over the years . The group was re @-@ cast as Papa , Mama , and Baby Bear , but the date of this change is disputed . Tatar indicates it occurred by 1852 , while Katherine Briggs suggests the event occurred in 1878 with Mother Goose 's Fairy Tales published by Routledge . With the publication of the tale by " Aunt Fanny " in 1852 , the bears became a family in the illustrations to the tale but remained three bachelor bears in the text .
In Dulcken 's version of 1858 , the two larger bears are brother and sister , and friends to the little bear . This arrangement represents the evolution of the ursine trio from the traditional three male bears to a family of father , mother , and child . In a publication ca . 1860 , the bears have become a family at last in both text and illustrations : " the old papa bear , the mama bear , and the little boy bear " . In a Routledge publication c 1867 , Papa Bear is called Rough Bruin , Mama Bear is Mammy Muff , and Baby Bear is called Tiny . Inexplicably , the illustrations depict the three as male bears .
In publications subsequent to Aunt Fanny 's of 1852 , Victorian nicety required editors to routinely and silently alter Southey 's " [ T ] here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out , and down came her 's , plump upon the ground " to read " and down she came " , omitting any reference to the human bottom . The cumulative effect of the several changes to the tale since its original publication was to transform a fearsome oral tale into a cozy family story with an unrealized hint of menace .
= = Interpretations = =
Maria Tatar in The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales ( 2002 ) notes that Southey 's tale is sometimes viewed as a cautionary tale that imparts a lesson about the hazards of wandering off and exploring unknown territory . Like " The Tale of the Three Little Pigs " , the story uses repetitive formulas to engage the child 's attention and to reinforce the point about safety and shelter . Tatar points out that the tale is typically framed today as a discovery of what is " just right " , but for earlier generations , it was a tale about an intruder who could not control herself when encountering the possessions of others .
In The Uses of Enchantment ( 1976 ) , the child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim describes Goldilocks as " poor , beautiful , and charming " , and notes that the story does not describe her positively except for her hair . Bettelheim mainly discussed the tale in terms of Goldilock 's struggle to move past Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems .
In Bettelheim 's view , the tale fails to encourage children " to pursue the hard labor of solving , one at a time , the problems which growing up presents " , and does not end as fairy tales should with the " promise of future happiness awaiting those who have mastered their Oedipal situation as a child " . He believes the tale is an escapist one that thwarts the child reading it from gaining emotional maturity .
Tatar criticizes Bettelheim 's views : " [ His ] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales , that is , in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child . While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes " Cinderella " does , it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just ' trying out ' things that do not belong to you . "
Elms suggests Bettelheim may have missed the anal aspect of the tale that would make it helpful to the child 's personality development . In Handbook of Psychobiography Elms describes Southey 's tale not as one of Bettelheimian post @-@ Oedipal ego development but as one of Freudian pre @-@ Oedipal anality . He believes the story appeals chiefly to preschoolers who are engaged in " cleanliness training , maintaining environmental and behavioral order , and distress about disruption of order " . His own experience and his observation of others lead him to believe children align themselves with the tidy , organized ursine protagonists rather than the unruly , delinquent human antagonist . In Elms 's view , the anality of " The Story of the Three Bears " can be traced directly to Robert Southey 's fastidious , dirt @-@ obsessed aunt who raised him and passed her obsession to him in a milder form .
= = Literary elements = =
The story makes extensive use of the literary rule of three , featuring
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three chairs , three bowls of porridge , three beds , and the three title characters who live in the house . There are also three sequences of the bears discovering in turn that someone has been eating from their porridge , sitting in their chairs , and finally , lying in their beds , at which point is the climax of Goldilocks being discovered . This follows three earlier sequences of Goldilocks trying the bowls of porridge , chairs , and beds successively , each time finding the third " just right " . Author Christopher Booker characterizes this as the " dialectical three " , where " the first is wrong in one way , the second in another or opposite way , and only the third , in the middle , is just right . " Booker continues " This idea that the way forward lies in finding an exact middle path between opposites is of extraordinary importance in storytelling " . This concept has spread across many other disciplines , particularly developmental psychology , biology , economics and engineering where it is called the " Goldilocks Principle " .
= = Adaptations = =
Kurt Schwertsik 's 35 @-@ minute opera Roald Dahl 's Goldilocks premiered in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall . The opera 's setting is the Forest Assizes where Baby Bear stands accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks . The tables are turned when the defense limns the trauma suffered by the bears at the hands of that " brazen little crook " , Goldilocks .
In Rooster Teeth Productions RWBY , Yang Xiao Long is a carefree , reckless yellow @-@ haired girl . She is a " rule @-@ breaker " who likes teddy bears . She is an allusion to Goldilocks which is reflected in her name , translated from Chinese as " sun " , referring to the color yellow . Also , in her trailer , Yang confronts Hei " Junior " Xiong , whose name is Chinese for " black bear . " Combining this with his nickname , he alludes to the Baby Bear .
" Goldilocks Eats Grits " has the bears living in a cave in Georgia in the United States .
in 2016 Bray Wyatt reads a dark version to Edge and Christian
= Killer Instinct Gold =
Killer Instinct Gold is a 1996 fighting video game based on the arcade game Killer Instinct 2 . The game was developed by Rare and released by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console . As in other series entries , players control characters who fight on a 2D plane set against a 3D background . Players press buttons to punch and kick their opponent in chains of successive hits , known as combos . Large combo successions lead to stronger attacks and brutal , stylistic finisher moves underscored by an announcer . Characters — including a gargoyle , a ninja , and a femme fatale — fight in settings such as a jungle and a spaceship . Killer Instinct Gold includes the arcade release 's characters , combos , and 3D , pre @-@ rendered environments , but excludes its full @-@ motion video sequences and some voiceovers due to restrictions of the cartridge media format . The Gold release adds a training mode , new camera views , and improved audiovisuals .
Rare was a prominent second @-@ party developer for Nintendo in the 1990s , and their Killer Instinct series was produced as an exclusive partnership in response to the popularity of Mortal Kombat . Following the success of the 1995 Killer Instinct port for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Rare began a sequel for the same platform but transitioned development to its successor , the Nintendo 64 , upon its unveiling . Gold was scheduled as a launch title for the new console but was delayed until its North American release in November 1996 . It was released in other regions in May 1997 . Gold was later included in Rare 's 2015 Xbox One retrospective compilation , Rare Replay .
Reviewers preferred the Nintendo 64 port over the arcade release , and appreciated its audiovisual enhancements , but felt that its graphical upgrades and memorization @-@ based combo gameplay were insufficient when compared to fighting games like Tekken 2 and Virtua Fighter 2 . Critics recommended Gold primarily for fans of the series and genre , but IGN reported that even fans were upset by changes in the combo system and the absence of several well @-@ liked characters . Gold ultimately did not replicate the success of its Super NES predecessor , and the series remained dormant through its 2002 acquisition by Microsoft until its 2013 reboot .
= = Gameplay = =
Killer Instinct Gold is a port of the arcade fighting video game Killer Instinct 2 . Like other entries in the Killer Instinct series , two characters controlled by humans or artificial intelligence fight in one @-@ on @-@ one matches to deplete their opponent 's health meter . While the characters move and attack on a 2D plane , the background is depicted in pre @-@ rendered 3D and gives the appearance of depth . Players fight with a six @-@ button setup : three punch buttons and three kick buttons , similar to the controls in Street Fighter II . Players can chain together a series of hits into " combos " for increased damage , with some combos requiring a specific , memorized sequences of button presses . Multiple hit combos lead to stronger attacks and brutal , stylistic finisher moves , or " fatalities " . Characters on the receiving end of a combo can interrupt the sequence with a " combo breaker " move . An announcer narrates major game moments with phrases like , " Awesome combo ! "
Gold features arcade , team , and tournament gameplay modes . The game 's new " practice mode " lets players rehearse their skills and follow tutorials . In the new knockout tournament mode , players cycle through a preselected team of characters when their current character is eliminated . Gold features the same characters , combos , and environments available in the arcade Killer Instinct 2 . Players can unlock new character appearances , gameplay difficulty levels , and additional playable character . Gold and Killer Instinct 2 's shared roster contains ten characters in total : three new additions and seven returning from the previous title . Characters include a gargoyle , a ninja , and a femme fatale . Fights are set in spaceship , jungle , and castle settings , among others , and some backgrounds are interactive . Gold features new camera functions that automatically zoom to better frame the fight . The release also includes enhancements to the 3D backgrounds and an upgraded soundtrack , but excludes the full @-@ motion video sequences and some voiceovers from the arcade release due to the Nintendo 64 's cartridge media data storage restrictions . While Gold 's backgrounds are fluidly animated in 60 frames per second , its character animations have fewer frames than its arcade equivalent .
= = Development = =
Killer Instinct Gold was developed by Rare during a time when the British company was becoming a prominent second @-@ party developer and ally for Nintendo , the game 's publisher . Rare modeled its Killer Instinct series on the Mortal Kombat fighting game series . As a departure from fighting game staples such as Street Fighter , both Killer Instinct and Mortal Kombat championed an aggressively fast pace of gameplay and placed less emphasis on patience and mastery . The Killer Instinct series began as an arcade game ( 1994 ) and became known as " Nintendo 's version of Mortal Kombat " upon its release on
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before 12 : 00 .
= = = Kyongju threatened = = =
By 1200 on September 4 , North Korean units had established roadblocks along the Kyongju @-@ An 'gang @-@ ni road within 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of Kyongju . A 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) gap existed between the ROK 3rd and Capital Divisions in the P 'ohang @-@ dong area . But the big break in the United Nations line was in the high mountain mass west of the Hyongsan valley and southwest of An 'gang @-@ ni . In this area northwest of Kyongju there was an 8 miles ( 13 km ) gap between the Capital Division and the ROK 8th Division to the west . From that direction the North Koreans posed a threat to the railroad and the road net running south through the Kyongju corridor to Pusan . Faced with this big gap on his left flank , Coulter put the US 21st Infantry in the broad valley and on its bordering hills northwest of Kyongju to block any approach from that direction .
The situation at Kyongju during the evening of September 4 was tense . Kim Hong Il , The South Korean corps commander , proposed to evacuate the town . He said that the North Koreans were only 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) away on the hills to the north , and that they would attack and overrun the town that night . Coulter told him that he would not move his command post . Coulter put four tanks around the building where the command posts were located . Out on the roads he stationed KMAG officers to round up ROK stragglers and get them into positions at the edge of the town . One KMAG Major stopped ROK troops fleeing south , sometimes having to do so with a pistol .
The expected North Korean attack on Kyongju , however , never came . The North Koreans turned east , crossed the highway north of the town , and headed toward Yonil Airfield . The next day the US Air Force , attacking North Korean gun positions 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) north of Kyongju along the road , found many targets in the Kigye @-@ Kyongju @-@ P 'ohang @-@ dong triangle as they caught the North Koreans advancing in the open .
= = = Fall of P 'ohang @-@ dong = = =
At 02 : 00 September 5 , Lieutenant Colonel Rollins S. Emmerich , one of the ROK I Corps KMAG advisers , hastened to Yonil Airfield where he conferred with Lieutenant Colonel D. M. McMains , commanding the 3rd Battalion , 9th Infantry , stationed there , and informed him of the situation in P 'ohang @-@ dong . Emmerich obtained a platoon of tanks and returned with them to the town . He placed the tanks in position and awaited the expected North Korean armored attack . At 05 : 30 he received information that elements of the ROK 22nd Regiment had retreated in the face of North Korean attack . North Korean troops entered this gap and just before 11 : 00 the American tanks in P 'ohang @-@ dong were under heavy North Korean machine gun fire . Five NK SU @-@ 76 self @-@ propelled guns approached and began firing . At a range of one city block the US tanks knocked out the lead gun , killing its three crew members . In the ensuing exchange of fire the other four withdrew . Emmerich then directed air strikes and artillery fire which destroyed the other four guns . But that afternoon at 14 : 35 the order came to evacuate all materiel and supplies from the Yonil airstrip .
That night , September 5 – 6 , events reached a climax inside P 'ohang @-@ dong . At midnight , after 10 rounds of North Korean mortar or artillery fire struck near it , the ROK 3rd Division command post moved to another location . North Korean fire that followed it to the new location indicated observed and directed fire . The South Korean division commander , Brigadier General Lee Jun Shik and several members of his senior staff claimed they became sick . The division withdrew from P 'ohang @-@ dong , and on September 6 it was again in North Korean hands . The South Korean Army relieved both the ROK I Corps and the ROK 3rd Division commanders . At this time new commanders were appointed for these major commands . Brigadier General Kim Paik Il took command of ROK I Corps , while Capital Division came under command of Colonel Song Yo Ch 'an , and ROK 3rd Division came under command of Colonel Lee Jong Ch 'an .
Because the big gap between the ROK Capital and ROK 8th Divisions made it impossible for ROK I Corps at Kyongju to direct the action of the 8th Division , the ROK Army transferred that division to the control of the ROK II Corps on September 7 , and attached to it the ROK 5th Regiment of the ROK 7th Division . This shift of command came just as the NK 15th Division penetrated the ROK 8th Division lines to enter Yongch 'on in the Taegu @-@ P 'ohang @-@ dong corridor . From west of An 'gang @-@ ni the ROK 3rd Regiment drove toward Yongch 'on , attempting to close the gap .
= = = US 24th Infantry Division arrives = = =
The gains of the North Koreans in the east on September 4 caused Walker to shift still more troops to that area . The day before , he had ordered the US 24th Infantry Division to move from its reserve position near Taegu to the lower Naktong River to relieve the US 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in the Naktong Bulge area of the US 2nd Infantry Division front . It bivouacked that night on the banks of the Naktong near Susan @-@ nil . On the morning of the 4th , before it could begin relief of the US Marine Corps forces there , the 24th Infantry Division received a new order to proceed to Kyongju . The assistant division commander , Brigadier General Garrison H. Davidson , proceeding at once by jeep , arrived at Kyongju that evening . Division troops and the US 19th Infantry Regiment started at 13 : 00 the next day , September 5 , and , traveling over muddy roads , most of them arrived at Kyongju just before midnight . Major General John H. Church , the 24th Division commander , had arrived there during the day . All division units had arrived by 07 : 00 , September 6 .
Coulter knew the NK 15th Division had crossed the Taegu lateral corridor at Yongch 'on and was heading in the direction of Kyongju . On September 6 , he ordered the US 21st Infantry to attack the next day up the valley and bordering hills that lead northwest from Kyongju into the high mountain mass in the direction of Yongch 'on . When it attacked there on September 7 the 21st Infantry encountered virtually no opposition .
At 12 : 30 Eighth Army redesignated Task Force Jackson as Task Force Church , and at 13 : 00 Coulter departed Kyongju for Taegu to resume his planning duties . Church was now in command on the eastern front . That afternoon , September 7 , Church canceled Coulter 's order for the 21st Infantry to attack into the mountains . He felt it was a useless dispersion of troops and he wanted the regiment concentrated near Kyongju . Church made still another change in the disposition of the task force . On the 8th he moved its command post from Kyongju to the vicinity of Choyang @-@ ni , 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) south . He believed the command post could be more easily defended there in the open if attacked than in a town , and that traffic congestion near it would be less .
= = = Deadlock = = =
Fighting continued between the North Koreans and the ROK Capital Division on the hills bordering the valley from An 'gang @-@ ni to Kyongju . The 3rd Battalion , US 19th Infantry , became involved there just after midnight on September 8 – 9 . A North Korean force attacked K Company and drove it from Hill 300 , a defensive position midway between An 'gang @-@ ni and Kyongju . North Koreans held the hill during September 9 against counterattack . Farther north , on the left side of the valley , the ROK 17th Regiment attacked and , with the support of the US 13th Field Artillery Battalion , captured Hill 285 and held it against several North Korean counterattacks . On the opposite , east side of the valley the ROK 18th Regiment made limited gains . These battles took place in drenching typhoon rains . Low @-@ hanging clouds allowed very little air support . The rains finally ceased on September 10 .
In this second week of September elements of the NK 5th Division had spread out over the hills west , southwest , and south of P 'ohang @-
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ani 's ideals for a cross @-@ dressing boy as a basis for the character including his pink hair , side pigtails , and him being forced to cross @-@ dress . When developing the members of the public morals committee , Tsukudani had already decided on having a pair of cross @-@ dressing brothers , which lead to Kaguya 's development . Tsukudani 's editor suggested making Kaguya the protagonist of the spin @-@ off manga Himegoto + , and she wanted to give Kaguya a partner , so she created No. 1 and thought she might as well make her into a cross @-@ dressing girl . For Mitsunaga and Hiro , she wanted them to cross @-@ dress due to some preconceived issue . Tsukudani was careful to design the characters to maintain a balance between them , including what hair color they would have .
Although Tsukudani kept a notebook with story ideas , she admitted that on many occasions the theme of a chapter was born out of her own daydreams . Once she decided on a theme , she had the characters move around in her head and then worked out the plot and storyboard . Since she had a solid grasp on who the characters were , she noted that they moved around for her on their own . Conversely , if the characters were stiff with a given theme , Tsukudani could not develop an interesting story and moved on to another idea . The theme developed for the manga serialized in Febri had to do with bonus aspects to the story that she was unable to draw in the main serialization , as well as events that occurred between chapters in the main story .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
Himegoto is written and illustrated by Norio Tsukudani . It began serialization in volume seven of Ichijinsha 's Waai ! magazine on November 25 , 2011 as a four @-@ panel comic strip manga , and continued until February 25 , 2014 when Waai ! suspended publication . A spin @-@ off series titled Himegoto + was serialized in Waai ! ' s sister magazine Waai ! Mahalo between April 25 , 2012 and December 25 , 2013 . Another version of Himegoto was serialized between the December 2013 issue of Ichijinsha 's Comic Rex magazine sold on October 27 , 2013 and the August 2015 issue sold on June 27 , 2015 . Tsukudani serialized another version of Himegoto in Ichijinsha 's Febri magazine between volume 23 sold on June 20 , 2014 and volume 29 sold on June 17 , 2015 . Ichijinsha published six tankōbon volumes between February 19 , 2013 and July 27 , 2015 . A special edition of volume four was bundled with a drama CD . Ichijinsha published an anthology titled Himegoto Comic Anthology ( ひめゴト コミックアンソロジー ) on September 3 , 2014 .
= = = Anime = = =
A 13 @-@ episode anime television series adaptation , directed by Yūji Yanase and produced by Asahi Production , aired in Japan between July 7 and September 29 , 2014 on BS11 . Each episode is about five minutes long . The screenplay is written by Kazuho Hyodō , and Masaaki Sakurai based the character design used in the anime on Norio Tsukudani 's original designs . The opening theme is " Troublemaker " ( とらぶるめーかー , Toraburumēkā ) and the ending theme is " Makeup ! " ( めーきゃっぷ ! , Mēkyappu ! ) ; both are sung by I My Me Mine , a group composed of Yūki Kuwahara , Yuka Matenrō , Saki Ono and Hisako Tōjō . The single containing the theme songs was released on March 5 , 2014 . The series was released on Blu @-@ ray in Japan on November 26 , 2014 .
An Internet radio show hosted by the members of I My Me Mine to promote the anime called Shimoshina Seitokai no Himegoto Radio ( 霜科生徒会のひめゴトラジオ , Shimoshina Student Council 's Himegoto Radio ) broadcast 24 episodes between April 16 and September 24 , 2014 . The show was streamed online every Wednesday and was produced by the Japanese Internet radio station Onsen . Six CD compilation volumes were released between July 1 and October 18 , 2014 .
= = = = Episode list = = = =
= = Reception = =
Reviewer Chris Beveridge described the anime 's short episode format as offering " more direct comedy , quicker hits and more playfulness and abuse when it comes to the gender issues . " He initially called the premise " familiar yet fun " with " enough off kilter material " to amuse the audience . By the end of the series , Beveridge noted that its approach focused on humiliation and shame , and went on to say that it " works one gag and does its best to run it into the ground as much as possible . " Tim Jones at THEM Anime Reviews heavily panned the series , calling the treatment of the student council girls towards Hime as " sinister and tasteless " . Jones pointed out his frustration with every episode , going on to heavily pan the characters and use of a " terrible one @-@ joke premise " .
= Tom Quinn ( Spooks ) =
Tom Quinn is a fictional character in the BBC espionage television series Spooks ( called MI @-@ 5 in the United States ) , which follows the exploits of Section D , a counter @-@ terrorism division of MI5 . He is portrayed by British actor Matthew Macfadyen . In the first two series , Tom is the chief of Section D. The character was in the first and second episode of the third series but was decommissioned as a result of sabotaging an operation .
Series creator David Wolstencroft believed that writing Tom was the most fun , yet hardest to work on . During the second series , the producers were unsure whether Macfadyen would return for the third ; because of this , Tom was originally killed in the second series finale . However , when Macfadyen decided to appear in the first two episodes of the third series , series writer Howard Brenton had to " unkill him . " Reaction towards the character by fans were positive , though critics were mixed about Macfadyen 's portrayal . Tom Quinn would later appear again as a cameo on the final episode of Spooks ; his brief return was met with generally positive reactions .
= = Role in Spooks = =
= = = Character arc = = =
Tom Quinn joined Section D in 1996 , where he eventually became Head of Section D following the imprisonment of predecessor Lucas North ( Richard Armitage ) during an operation in Russia . Throughout the first series , Tom engages in a relationship with Ellie Simm ( Esther Hall ) , who knows him as " Matthew Archer " , a civil servant in IT . In the second episode , Tom performed an undercover operation with fellow officer Helen Flynn ( Lisa Faulkner ) to recruit the wife of right @-@ wing businessman , Robert Osbourne , who was believed to incite race riots throughout the country . However , during the operation , Osbourne discovers they are spies and attempts to get his hands on information regarding MI5 operations . When Tom fails to cooperate Osbourne tortured Flynn with a deep fryer before killing her . Tom is able to escape and works with Harry to have Osbourne assassinated for retribution . When Tom is shot during a Turkish Consulate raid in the third episode , Tom is forced to admit his true identity and profession , which temporarily puts a strain on their relationship . In the series one finale , Tom has his home protected in order to keep Ellie and her daughter Maisie safe . However , in the end of the finale , he inadvertently brings home a laptop rigged with C4 ; Ellie and Maisie become trapped in the house with the bomb . The bomb fails to detonate . However , by the end of the second series premiere , Ellie leaves Tom , claiming that he will always choose his job over her .
Later in the second series , Tom starts a brief relationship with Vicky Westbrook ( Natasha Little ) , which he ends due to her behaviour after an EERIE ( Extreme Emergency Response Initiative Exercise ) in the fifth episode . In the following episode , Vicky retaliates by posting his phone number in Soho telephone boxes and clubs , garnering him unwanted attention . While Tom has Sam Buxton ( Shauna Macdonald ) find and destroy every leaflet , CIA liaison Christine Dale ( Megan Dodds ) makes Vicky stop the harassment . At the end of the episode , he starts a relationship with Dale , which superior Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) disapproves of , demanding that he end it . In later episodes , a shift in consciousness starts to interfere with Tom 's work , such as when he goes undercover to stop a renegade British Army major . In the series two finale , he learns from
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was not travelling towards the stumps . Initially , he claimed that he was attempting the give the ball back to the fielder at short leg , but he later admitted that he " should have just held up [ his ] hands and said ' I got it all wrong , I 'm an idiot . ' "
= = = Batsmen dismissed in international cricket = = =
= Star Trek : The God Thing =
Star Trek : The God Thing is an unproduced film script written by Star Trek series creator Gene Roddenberry . Following the success of Star Trek in broadcast syndication during the early 1970s , Paramount Studios sought to produce a feature film based on the property . The film 's plot follows the Enterprise crew after the events of The Original Series : when an alien entity declares itself God and begins travel to Earth , Admiral James T. Kirk reunites the crew , who send it back to its own dimension . Roddenberry completed the story on June 30 , 1976 , but Paramount rejected the script for reasons Roddenberry attributed to the religious views of company executives . The story was rewritten as In Thy Image for the proposed television series Star Trek : Phase II and then as Star Trek : The Motion Picture .
After Paramount rejected the film , Roddenberry sought to produce The God Thing as a novel in the late 1970s . He signed a deal with Bantam Books to publish it , but was given extensions because of his work ; first on Phase II and then The Motion Picture . During this period , Star Trek actor Walter Koenig helped Roddenberry expand the novel . In 1991 , shortly before Roddenberry 's death , his assistant Susan Sackett rediscovered the work on the novel . She contacted Pocket Books , which wanted to publish it ; discussions to hire Sackett and Fred Bronson to expand it to novel length were held , but negotiations stopped after Roddenberry 's death and Sackett 's dismissal from Star Trek : The Next Generation . Michael Jan Friedman was later engaged to expand the work but it went unpublished . The God Thing has been compared to the film Star Trek V : The Final Frontier that dealt with similar religious concepts .
= = Background = =
NBC canceled Star Trek following the third season in 1969 , but the episodes were released into broadcast syndication where they were successful . Because of this success and fans ' responses at science fiction conventions held in honor of the series , Paramount Pictures soon sought to create a movie based on the series . By March 1972 , series creator Gene Roddenberry said there was interest in a Star Trek feature film , and that the series could return to television on NBC .
= = Plot = =
The five @-@ year mission of Star Trek has finished and the crew has moved on from their postings on the starship Enterprise . Captain James T. Kirk has been promoted to Admiral , Doctor Leonard McCoy has left Starfleet to become a veterinarian , and other crew members have been given desk jobs . Engineer Montgomery Scott has become an alcoholic through boredom . Spock has returned to his home planet , Vulcan , where he was seeking to control the human half of his persona .
After an alien entity declaring itself to be God destroys spacecraft en route to Earth , the Enterprise is launched under the command of Admiral Kirk to engage the vessel . He re @-@ assembles the former crew , including Spock , and sets out to intercept the alien . As they approach the entity , it transports a humanoid probe on board the Enterprise that takes a variety of forms — including that of Jesus . The crew determine that the being and its craft are from an alternate dimension and have been responsible for the creation of religion of numerous planets to teach their inhabitants its laws in a manner understandable at their points in development
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70 nautical miles ( 130 km ; 81 mi ) south of Cape Salinas at position 38 ° 3 ′ 0 ″ N 3 ° 1 ′ 12 @.@ 00 ″ E. 131 officers and men , mainly from the ship 's machinery spaces , were lost in the sinking , Sixteen Sea Hurricanes were lost ; four from 801 were aloft when the ship was torpedoed , and landed on other carriers . The destroyers Laforey and Lookout and the tug Jaunty rescued 67 officers and 862 sailors .
= Vermont gubernatorial election , 2014 =
The 2014 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4 , 2014 , to elect the Governor of Vermont , concurrently with elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections . Incumbent Democratic Governor Peter Shumlin ran for re @-@ election to a third term in office against Republican businessman Scott Milne , Libertarian businessman Dan Feliciano and several other minor party and independent candidates .
Based on election polling , Shumlin 's large financial advantage and the state 's strong Democratic lean , Shumlin was expected to win easily , but he received only a plurality , not a majority , of the vote and polled only 2 @,@ 434 votes more than Milne out of 193 @,@ 087 cast . The Constitution of Vermont requires that the 180 @-@ member Vermont General Assembly choose the winner when no candidate receives over 50 % of the popular vote . On January 8 , 2015 , the Assembly chose Shumlin over Milne by a vote of 110 to 69 , with one abstention .
The result prompted much debate and analysis among commentators and the political parties . It took place among the 2014 U.S. elections , which saw Republicans make sweeping gains in federal , state and local offices across the country . In the nearby Democratic states of Maryland and Massachusetts , Republicans won unexpected gubernatorial victories . On June 8 , 2015 , Shumlin announced that he would not seek re @-@ election in 2016 .
= = Background = =
Four @-@ term Republican Governor Jim Douglas did not run for re @-@ election in 2010 . In the race to succeed him , Democratic nominee Peter Shumlin , the President Pro Tempore of the Vermont Senate , received 49 @.@ 5 % of the vote while Republican nominee Lieutenant Governor Brian Dubie received 47 @.@ 7 % . As neither candidate received a majority , the General Assembly was required to pick the winner in January 2011 . Dubie did not contest the vote ; he conceded the race on election night and called for Vermont to " unite " around Shumlin . Shumlin won the Assembly vote 145 to 28 , with 7 legislators not voting .
Shumlin was re @-@ elected in 2012 against Republican State Senator and former Vermont Auditor of Accounts Randy Brock by a landslide , 57 @.@ 8 % to 37 @.@ 6 % .
Vermont and New Hampshire are the only states in the country whose governors are elected every two years . An incumbent governor of Vermont has not been defeated for re @-@ election since 1962 , when Democrat Philip H. Hoff beat Republican F. Ray Keyser , Jr. by 1 @,@ 315 votes .
= = Democratic primary = =
Shumlin announced in December 2013 that he was running for re @-@ election to a third term in office , but said that he would not begin campaigning until after Labor Day 2014 , just two months before the election . He faced one opponent in the Democratic primary on August 26 : lifelong Republican and Washington , D.C. resident H. Brooke Paige , who simultaneously ran against Democratic incumbent William Sorrell in the Democratic primary election for Vermont Attorney General . Paige was also unsuccessful in that effort , losing by 80 % to 20 % .
= = = Candidates = = =
= = = = Declared = = = =
H. Brooke Paige , former CEO of Remington News Service and Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2012 ( also ran for Attorney General )
Peter Shumlin , incumbent Governor
= = = Results = = =
= = Republican primary = =
The Republicans initially struggled to recruit a candidate . Former Governor Douglas and Lieutenant Governor Phillip Scott announced early on that they would not run and it was not until March 2014 that a candidate entered the race : marijuana legalization activist and former Independent gubernatorial candidate Emily Peyton . This spurred Republicans to recruit a serious candidate , but they struggled to do so . Former Wall Street banker Bruce Lisman announced in May 2014 that he was not running , and attention turned to former State Senator and 2012 nominee Randy Brock , State Representative Heidi Scheuermann and businessman Scott Milne .
In May , Scheuermann said that she would not run , leaving the party with a month until the June 12 filing deadline to find a candidate . Milne , who was traveling in Africa , announced that he would decide shortly before the deadline . Brock was urged to run and considered doing so , but revealed on June 8 that he would not . On the morning of filing deadline day , Milne announced that he would run . He was joined in the Republican primary by Peyton and retired marketer and self @-@ described " modern @-@ day Mark Twain " Steve Berry . Also running but not appearing on the ballot was Dan Feliciano , who ran as a write @-@ in candidate for the Republican nomination and was uncontested for the Libertarian nomination . In the August 26 primary , Milne was nominated with over 70 % of the vote .
= = = Candidates = = =
= = = = Declared = = = =
Steve Berry , retired marketer
Dan Feliciano , businessman and Independent candidate for Governor in 2010 ( write @-@ in ; also ran as a Libertarian )
Scott Milne , businessman , candidate for the State House in 2006 and son of former State Legislators Don and Marion Milne
Emily Peyton , Independent candidate for Governor in 2010 and 2012 ( also ran as an Independent )
= = = = Declined = = = =
Randy Brock , former State Senator , former Vermont Auditor of Accounts and nominee for Governor in 2012
Jim Douglas , former Governor
Bruce Lisman , banker
Heidi Scheuermann , State Representative
Phillip Scott , Lieutenant Governor of Vermont ( ran for re @-@ election )
= = = Results = = =
= = Progressive primary = =
Satisfied with his support for single @-@ payer health care and his efforts to close Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant , the Vermont Progressive Party had not run a candidate against Shumlin in 2010 or 2012 . Its members discussed challenging him in 2014 because of his proposed cuts to social programs , but the party openly admitted that it lacked the money for a gubernatorial campaign , and no candidate came forward to run .
= = = Candidates = = =
= = = = Declined = = = =
Martha Abbott , former party Chairwoman
Emma Mulvaney @-@ Stanak , party Chairwoman and former Burlington City Councilor
Anthony Pollina , State Senator and former party Chairman
= = = Results = = =
= = Liberty Union primary = =
Peter Diamondstone , who co @-@ founded the Liberty Union Party and has run for elected office almost two dozen times , was unopposed .
= = = Candidates = = =
= = = = Declared = = = =
Peter Diamondstone , party co @-@ founder and perennial candidate
= = = Results = = =
= = Libertarian nomination = =
Feliciano , a businessman who also ran as a write @-@ in candidate in the Republican primary , was unopposed for the Libertarian nomination .
= = = Candidates = = =
= = = = Declared = = = =
Dan Feliciano , businessman and Independent candidate for Governor in 2010 ( also ran as a write @-@ in in the Republican primary )
= = Independent = =
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life thread in the film , saying " he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody . "
The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions . Crowe allegedly questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers . According to a DreamWorks executive , " ( Russell Crowe ) tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot . You know the big line in the trailer , ' In this life or the next , I will have my vengeance ' ? At first he absolutely refused to say it . " Nicholson , the third and final screenwriter , says Crowe told him , " Your lines are garbage but I 'm the greatest actor in the world , and I can make even garbage sound good . " Nicholson goes on to say that " probably my lines were garbage , so he was just talking straight . "
Russell Crowe described the script situation : " I read the script and it was substantially underdone . Even the character didn 't exist on the pages . And that set about a long process , that 's probably the first time that I 've been in a situation where the script wasn 't a complete done deal . We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks . "
Of the writing / filming process , Crowe added , " Possibly , a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my quote unquote volatility has to do with that experience . Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever , and I didn 't have anything to learn . I actually didn 't know what the scenes were gonna be . We had , I think , one American writer working on it , one English writer working on it , and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas , and then Ridley himself ; and then , on the occasion where Ridley would say , ' Look , this is the structure for it -- what are you gonna say in that ? ' So then I 'd be doing my own stuff , as well . And this is how things like , ' Strength and honor , ' came up . This is how things like , ' At my signal , unleash hell , ' came up . The name Maximus Decimus Meridius , it just flowed well . "
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
In preparation for filming , Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot . Over six weeks , production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse , including Italy , France , North Africa , and England . All of the film 's props , sets , and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to high costs and unavailability of the items . One hundred suits of steel armour and 550 suits in polyurethane were made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo . The unique sprayed @-@ polyurethane system was developed by Armordillo and pioneered for this production . Over a three @-@ month period , 27 @,@ 500 component pieces of armor were made .
= = = Filming = = =
The film was shot in three main locations between January and May 1999 . The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods , near Farnham , Surrey in England . When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove a section of the forest , he convinced them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down . Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a 45 @-@ degree shutter , creating stop motion effects in the
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007 , Final Fantasy Tactics Advance was named 14th best Game Boy Advance game of all time in IGN 's feature reflecting on the Game Boy Advance 's long lifespan . It was also rated the 67th best game made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Power 's Top 200 Games list .
Reviewers were pleased with graphics and visuals of Final Fantasy Tactics Advance ; GameSpot adding that the battles are " clear and colorful " , and character jobs are easily identified , though gameplay becomes slow when too many character sprites are in one screen . The gameplay is also lauded for retaining the elements of Tactics Ogre yet offers freedom to players to develop characters as they wish . GameNOW said that the game " lives up to its legacy — and then some " , and called it " easily one of the best GBA games around " . Criticism was thrown to the game 's menu , which was cluttered with complicated options in organizing the clan members , and did not detail out statistics for characters and equipment . Some reviewers thought there are too many character jobs since some jobs overlap one another and certain abilities are redundant .
= = Legacy = =
In 2007 , a sequel to Final Fantasy Tactics Advance was released for the Nintendo DS as part of the Ivalice Alliance series , Final Fantasy Tactics A2 : Grimoire of the Rift . While the story focuses on different characters than Advance , several characters from the game appear in cameo roles , such as Montblanc and Mewt . Montblanc also appears in Final Fantasy XII as the leader of Clan Centurio .
To commemorate the release of Final Fantasy Tactics Advance in Japan , several pieces of merchandise were introduced exclusive for the region : web money cards , posters , character card collections and a set of twenty pin badges . Square and Nintendo also announced a limited @-@ edition Final Fantasy Tactics Advance @-@ themed Game Boy Advance SP package to commemorate the game and the console 's launching in February 2003 . A Japanese @-@ exclusive adaptation of the game 's story in radio drama form was also released . It was aired in January to March 2003 . The series was released by DigiCube on CD in four separate parts , with some changes to plot details .
= Getty Conservation Institute =
The Getty Conservation Institute ( GCI ) , located in Los Angeles , California , is a program of the J. Paul Getty Trust . It is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa , and commenced operation in 1985 . The GCI is a private international research institution dedicated to advancing conservation practice through the creation and delivery of knowledge . It " serves the conservation community through scientific research , education and training , model field projects , and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field " and " adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust : service , philanthropy , teaching , and access . " GCI has activities in both art conservation and architectural conservation .
GCI conducts scientific research related to art conservation . It offers formal education and training programs , and it published a number of scholarly books . GCI has supported field projects around the world to preserve cultural heritage .
= = Scientific projects = =
GCI scientists study the deterioration of objects and buildings , and how to prevent or stop such deterioration . One of many projects in this area involved the effect of outdoor and indoor air pollutants on museum collections . Another project analyzed the cause of deterioration of the sandstone in the original National Capitol Columns now at the United States National Arboretum .
In addition , GCI " conducts scientific research on materials ' composition . " For example , a project on the conservation of photographs has as one of its objectives the creation of an " Atlas of Analytical Signatures of Photographic Processes " which will provide " a precise chemical fingerprint of all the 150 or so ways pictures have been developed . " As a part of that project , Getty scientists once examined the world 's first photograph from nature by Nicéphore Niépce . Using X @-@ ray fluorescence spectroscopy , reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , and other techniques during the 2002 @-@ 2003 project , they found ( for example ) that bitumen of Judea was present in the image .
Scientists at GCI viewed the CheMin instrument aboard the Curiosity rover , currently exploring the Gale crater on Mars , as a potentially valuable means to examine ancient works of art without damaging them . Until recently , only a few instruments were available to determine the composition without cutting out physical samples large enough to potentially damage the artifacts . The CheMin on Curiosity directs a beam of X @-@ rays at particles as small as 400 µm and reads the radiation scattered back to determine the composition of an object in minutes . Engineers created a smaller , portable version , named the X @-@ Duetto . Fitting into a few briefcase @-@ sized boxes , it can examine objects on site , while preserving their physical integrity . It is now being used by Getty scientists to analyze a large collection of museum antiques and the Roman ruins of Herculaneum , Italy .
= = Education and training = =
Training of interested parties around the world is important for the sustainability of GCI 's work . For example , GCI collaborated with other organizations to create a course " to assist museum personnel in safeguarding their collections from the effects of natural and human @-@ made emergencies . " Also , GCI developed a course on the " Fundamentals of the Conservation of Photographs " which is now taught in eastern Europe by the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava and the Slovak National Library . Besides courses and workshops , GCI has also been involved with long @-@ term education programs , such as establishing a Master 's degree program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation in collaboration with the University of California , Los Angeles .
= = Field projects = =
GCI 's field projects are " selected based on how they fit the institute 's goals of raising public awareness , contributing new , broadly applicable information to the field , and supporting cultural heritage " and " must be executed in collaboration with partners … who must be serious about their efforts … so that projects are assured of continuing after the Getty 's involvement ceases . " Among other completed GCI field projects were efforts to preserve the Mogao Caves and Yungang Grottoes in China ( announced in 1989 ) ; to restore prehistoric rock paintings of Sierra de San Francisco in Baja California Sur ( 1994 ) ; and to protect ancient buildings and archaeological sites in Iraq following the start of the Iraq war ( 2004 ) .
= = Dissemination of information = =
It has been stated that " perhaps the institute 's most profound contribution to conservation is the dissemination of information and methods learned in the field . " Methods of information dissemination include conferences ; lectures ; books ; and online publications , newsletters , video , and audio .
The following are selected books published by GCI :
Ward , Philip R. The nature of conservation : a race against time . Marina del Rey , CA : Getty Conservation Institute , 1986 . ISBN 0 @-@ 941103 @-@ 00 @-@ 5
The conservation of tapestries and embroideries : proceedings of meetings at the Institut royal du patrimoine artistique , Brussels , Belgium , September 21 – 24 , 1987 . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 1989 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 154 @-@ 9
Cather , Sharon . The conservation of wall paintings : proceedings of a symposium organized by the Courtauld Institute of Art and the Getty Conservation Institute , London , July 13 – 16 , 1987 . Marina del Rey , CA : Getty Conservation Institute , 1991 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 162 @-@ X
Beley , Ennis , and Jeffrey Levin . Picture LA : landmarks of a new generation . Marina del Rey , CA : Getty Conservation Institute , 1994 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 305 @-@ 3
Klein , Kathryn . The unbroken thread : conserving the textile traditions of Oaxaca . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 1997 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8923
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, Astrom , and executive producer Ian Brennan . The episode also features cover versions of Pink 's " Raise Your Glass " , Maroon 5 's " Misery " , The Beatles 's " Blackbird " , Hey Monday 's " Candles " , and Sonseed 's " Jesus Is My Friend " . All of the songs except " Jesus Is My Friend " and " Only Child " were released as singles available for digital download .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Original Song " was first broadcast on March 15 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It garnered a 4 @.@ 2 / 13 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and received over 11 @.@ 15 million American viewers during its initial airing , despite airing simultaneously with NCIS on CBS , The Biggest Loser on NBC , No Ordinary Family on ABC , and One Tree Hill on The CW . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were slightly down from those of the previous episode , " Sexy " , which was watched by 11 @.@ 96 million American viewers and received a 4 @.@ 6 / 14 rating / share in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic upon first airing on television .
In Canada , this episode also aired on March 15 , 2011 on Global Television Network . The episode was watched by 1 @.@ 8 million viewers , making it the ninth most @-@ watched television program of the week . In Australia , the episode drew 972 @,@ 000 viewers , making Glee the tenth most @-@ watched show of the night . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 41 million viewers ( 1 @.@ 97 million on E4 , and 440 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) , becoming the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Original Song " was met with mostly positive reception from critics upon its initial airing . James Poniewozik of Time called it a " solid " episode and wrote that " it did well by a couple of ongoing relationship stories . " Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times opined that it delivered several " long @-@ anticipated moments [ ... ] and several more we only wish we 'd thought to anticipate . " Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald deemed it a " great " episode , " filled with many great moments . " Robert Canning of IGN rated it 8 / 10 , signifying a " great " episode . Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly praised the development of " Original Song " , and wrote : " One great thing about the episode was that after last week 's plot @-@ bomb @-@ filled episode , the show didn 't completely abandon what we 'd learned that week . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club graded it " B − " ; he noted that he enjoyed the scenes , but criticized the show for its inconsistency . Brett Berk of Vanity Fair praised the episode for " not only [ ... ] retreating into the series ’ s standard , flailing , everybody @-@ in @-@ the @-@ pool narrative template , or filling this metaphorical slough with more leaden tropes than Richard Serra circa 1968 , but by having the results be precisely the inevitabilities we all knew would occur . " Akash Nikolas at Zap2It praised the new song and its performance as a metaphor for the show : " New Directions flashed Glee ’ s trademark “ L ” sign , which the show has renamed as something cool . And instead of cups full of slush that 's usually thrown at the Glee Club , the cups were filled with red confetti and thrown at the audience . This neat moment captured the show ’ s conceit : taking something ugly and oppressive and turning it into something beautiful and celebratory . "
The guest performances made by Kathy Griffin and Loretta Devine were met with mixed reception from several critics . Amy Reiter was more critical on Griffin 's performance as Tammy Jean Albertson , and noted " while Kathy Griffin was sight @-@ gag funny as local tea party candidate Tammy Jean Albertson [ ... ] her lines fell a bit flat . " She went on to praise Devine 's performance as Sister Mary Constance , saying that her lines " totally hit the bull 's @-@ eye . " Robert Canning praised both performances , saying that it was the best part of the episode . He continued , "
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did not read its script : " Not out of spite , but we wanted to start fresh , and not be influenced by what they ’ d done , " said Unkrich . " We didn 't look at any of the work they 'd done . We really didn 't want to know anything about it . " In February 2007 , Lasseter announced Toy Story 2 's co @-@ director , Unkrich , as the sole director of the film instead of himself ( Lasseter had directed the first two films and was busy directing Cars 2 ) , and Michael Arndt as screenwriter . 2010 was also announced as the tentative release date .
Unkrich , who had been working with Arndt and story development artists on the film since the middle of 2006 , said that he felt pressure to avoid creating " the first dud " for Pixar , since ( as of 2010 ) all of Pixar 's films had been critical and commercial successes . In February 2008 , the film 's plotline was reported : " Woody the cowboy and his toy box friends are dumped in a daycare centre after their owner , Andy , leaves for college . "
During the initial development stages of the film , Pixar revisited their work from the original Toy Story and found that , although they could open the old computer files for the animated 3D models , error messages prevented them from editing the files . This necessitated recreating the models from scratch . To create the chaotic and complex junkyard scene near the film 's end , more than a year and a half was invested on research and development to create the simulation systems required for the sequence .
Instead of sending Tom Hanks , Tim Allen and John Ratzenberger scripts for their consideration in reprising their roles , a complete story reel of the film was shown to the actors in a theater . The reel was made up of moving storyboards with pre @-@ recorded voices , sound effects , and music . At the conclusion of the preview , the actors signed on to the film .
Dolby Laboratories announced that Toy Story 3 would be the first film that will feature theatrical 7 @.@ 1 surround sound . Thus , even the Blu @-@ ray version will feature original 7 @.@ 1 audio , unlike other films which were remixed into 7 @.@ 1 for Blu @-@ ray .
= = Release = =
Toy Story 3 had its worldwide premiere on June 12 , 2010 , opening at Taormina Film Fest in Italy . In the United States , it premiered on June 13 , 2010 , at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California . El Capitan also hosted on June 17 , 2010 , a Toy Story marathon , showing for the first time all three Toy Story films together . The film went into its wide release on June 18 , 2010 , along with a release to IMAX 3D theaters .
The film was theatrically accompanied with the Pixar short film Day & Night , which focuses on what happens when an animated personification of Day meets his opposite , Night , and the resulting growth for both .
= = = Marketing = = =
The film 's first teaser trailer was released with Up in Disney Digital 3 @-@ D on May 29 , 2009 . On October 2 , 2009 , Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were re @-@ released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3 @-@ D. The first full @-@ length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the Toy Story double feature on October 12 , 2009 . A second teaser was released on February 10 , 2010 , followed by a second full @-@ length trailer on February 11 , and appeared in 3D showings of Alice in Wonderland and How to Train Your Dragon . On March 23 , 2010 , Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were released separately on Blu @-@ ray / DVD combo packs ; Toy Story included a small feature of " The Story of Toy Story 3 " and Toy Story 2 included one on the " Characters of Toy Story 3 " .
Mattel , Thinkway Toys , and Lego are among companies that produced toys to promote the film . Fisher Price , a Mattel Company , has released Toy Story 3 with 21 3D images for viewing with the View @-@ Master viewer . Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film Toy Story 3 : The Video Game , which was released for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , Wii , PlayStation 3 , Nintendo DS , and PSP on June 15 , 2010 . A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30 , 2010 as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2 , 2010 ( the same day Toy Story 3 was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray ) . It was also the last Disney / Pixar game to be released on PlayStation 2 .
Toy Story 3 was featured in Apple 's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8 , 2010 , with Steve Jobs demonstrating a Toy Story 3 @-@ themed iAd written in HTML5 . Pixar designed a commercial for the toy Lots @-@ O ' -Huggin ' Bear and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording . The recording was altered with distorted sound , noise along the bottom of the screen , and flickering video , all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983 . A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online , with the name " Lots @-@ O ' -Huggin Bear " replaced with " Little Hug @-@ Hug Bear " ( Japanese : ハグハグベアちゃん / Hagu Hagu Beya @-@ Chan ) .
On Dancing with the Stars ' May 11 , 2010 episode , the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish @-@ language version of the song " You 've Got a Friend in Me " , which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani . Both the song and dance are featured in the film . Toy Story 3 was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film 's release , including Disney Channel , Disney XD , and ABC Family . Sneak peeks of Toy Story 3 were also revealed , primarily on Disney Channel .
= = = = Oscar campaign = = = =
Toy Story 3 's " Not since ... " Oscar campaign drew a lot of attention , emphasizing the film 's uniqueness and critical acclaim . The campaign consisted of posters featuring characters from the film , comparing Toy Story 3 to previous winners such as The Lord of the Rings , Shakespeare in Love , Titanic and more . Walt Disney Studios Chairman Rich Ross explained they were going for the Best Picture win , not just Best Animated film . The Hollywood Reporter gave the campaign a bronze award in Key Art Awards Winners 2011 .
= = = Home media = = =
Toy Story 3 was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in North America on November 2 , 2010 , in a standard DVD edition , a two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray Disc , and in a four @-@ disc DVD / Blu @-@ ray / Digital Copy combo pack . Features include behind the scenes , including a sneak peek teaser for the upcoming Cars 2 , the sequel to the 2006 film Cars . A 10 @-@ disc Toy Story trilogy Blu @-@ ray box set arrived on store shelves that same day . A 3D version of the Blu @-@ ray was released in North America on November 1 , 2011 .
On its first week of release ( November 2 – 7 , 2010 ) , it sold 3 @,@ 859 @,@ 736 units ( equal to $ 73 @,@ 096 @,@ 452 ) , ranking No.1 for the week and immediately becoming the best @-@ selling animated film of 2010 in units sold ( surpassing How to Train Your Dragon ) . As of July 18 , 2012 , it has sold 10 @,@ 911 @,@ 701 units ( $ 185 @,@ 924 @,@ 247 ) . It has become the best @-@ selling DVD of 2010 in units sold , but it lacks in sales revenue and , therefore , ranks second behind Avatar on that list . It also sold about 4 @.@ 0 million Blu @-@ ray units , ranking as the fourth best @-@ selling film of 2010 .
In the United Kingdom , it broke the record for the largest first day ever
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study found that adult giraffes with longer necks actually suffered higher mortality rates under drought conditions than their shorter @-@ necked counterparts . This study suggests that maintaining a longer neck requires more nutrients , which puts longer @-@ necked giraffes at risk during a food shortage .
Another theory , the sexual selection hypothesis , proposes that the long necks evolved as a secondary sexual characteristic , giving males an advantage in " necking " contests ( see below ) to establish dominance and obtain access to sexually receptive females . In support of this theory , necks are longer and heavier for males than females of the same age , and the former do not employ other forms of combat . However , one objection is that it fails to explain why female giraffes also have long necks . It has also been proposed that the neck serves to give the animal greater vigilance .
= = = Internal systems = = =
In mammals , the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right ; in the giraffe it is over 30 cm ( 12 in ) longer . These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in any other living animal ; the left nerve is over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) long . Each nerve cell in this path begins in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve , then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx . Thus , these nerve cells have a length of nearly 5 m ( 16 ft ) in the largest giraffes . The structure of a giraffe 's brain resembles that of domestic cattle . It is kept cool by evaporative heat loss in the nasal passages . The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass . Its long neck gives it a large amount of dead space , in spite of its narrow windpipe . These factors increase the resistance to airflow . Nevertheless , the animal can still supply enough oxygen to its tissues and it can increase its respiratory rate and oxygen diffusion when running .
The circulatory system of the giraffe has several adaptations for its great height . Its heart , which can weigh more than 11 kg ( 25 lb ) and measures about 60 cm ( 2 ft ) long , must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain . As such , the wall of the heart can be as thick as 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) . Giraffes have unusually high heart rates for their size , at 150 beats per minute . When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down fairly unopposed and a rete mirabile in the upper neck prevents excess blood flow to the brain . When it raises again , the blood vessels constrict and direct the blood into the brain so the animal doesn 't faint . The jugular veins contain several ( most commonly seven ) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and right atrium while the head is lowered . Conversely , the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them . To solve this problem , the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight ; preventing too much blood from pouring into them .
Giraffes have oesophageal muscles that are unusually strong to allow regurgitation of food from the stomach up the neck and into the mouth for rumination . They have four chambered stomachs , as in all ruminants , and the first chamber has adapted to their specialised diet . The intestines of an adult giraffe measure more than 70 m ( 230 ft ) in length and have a relatively small ratio of small to large intestine . The liver of the giraffe is small and compact . A gallbladder is generally present during fetal life , but it may disappear before birth .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
= = = Habitat and feeding = = =
Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs , grasslands and open woodlands . They prefer Acacieae , Commiphora , Combretum and open Terminalia woodlands over denser environments like Brachystegia woodlands . The Angolan giraffe can be found in desert environments . Giraffes browse on the twigs of trees , preferring trees of the subfamily Acacieae and the genera Commiphora and Terminalia , which are important sources of calcium and protein to sustain the giraffe 's growth rate . They also feed on shrubs , grass and fruit . A giraffe eats around 34 kg ( 75 lb ) of foliage daily . When stressed , giraffes may chew the bark off branches . Although herbivorous , the giraffe has been known to visit carcasses and lick dried meat off bones .
During the wet season , food is abundant and giraffes are more spread out , while during the dry season , they gather
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introspective and more striking tone as he observed the world around him :
馬をさへながむる雪の朝哉 uma wo sae / nagamuru yuki no / ashita kana
even a horse / arrests my eyes — on this / snowy morrow [ 1684 ]
The trip took him from Edo to Mount Fuji , Ueno , and Kyoto . He met several poets who called themselves his disciples and wanted his advice ; he told them to disregard the contemporary Edo style and even his own Shriveled Chestnuts , saying it contained " many verses that are not worth discussing . " Bashō returned to Edo in the summer of 1685 , taking time along the way to write more hokku and comment on his own life :
年暮ぬ笠きて草鞋はきながら toshi kurenu / kasa kite waraji / hakinagara
another year is gone / a traveler 's shade on my head , / straw sandals at my feet [ 1685 ]
When Bashō returned to Edo he happily resumed his job as a teacher of poetry at his bashō hut , although privately he was already making plans for another journey . The poems from his journey were published as Account of Exposure to the Fields ( 野ざらし紀行 , Nozarashi kikō ) . In early 1686 he composed one of his best @-@ remembered haiku :
古池や蛙飛びこむ水の音 furu ike ya / kawazu tobikomu / mizu no oto
an ancient pond / a frog jumps in / the splash of water [ 1686 ]
Historians believe this poem became instantly famous : in April , the poets of Edo gathered at the bashō hut for a haikai no renga contest on the subject of frogs that seems to have been a tribute to Bashō 's hokku , which was placed at the top of the compilation . Bashō stayed in Edo , continuing to teach and hold contests , with an excursion in the autumn of 1687 when he traveled to the countryside for moon watching , and a longer trip in 1688 when he returned to Ueno to celebrate the Lunar New Year . At home in Edo , Bashō sometimes became reclusive : he alternated between rejecting visitors to his hut and appreciating their company . At the same time , he enjoyed his life and had a subtle sense of humor , as reflected in his hokku :
いざさらば雪見にころぶ所迄 iza saraba / yukimi ni korobu / tokoromade
now then , let 's go out / to enjoy the snow ... until / I slip and fall ! [ 1688 ]
= = Oku no Hosomichi = =
Bashō 's private planning for another long journey , to be described in his masterwork Oku no Hosomichi , or The Narrow Road to the Deep North , culminated on May 16 , 1689 ( Yayoi 27 , Genroku 2 ) , when he left Edo with his student and apprentice Kawai Sora ( 河合 曾良 ) on a journey to the Northern Provinces of Honshū . Bashō and Sora headed north to Hiraizumi , which they reached on June 29 . They then walked to the western side of the island , touring Kisakata on July 30 , and began hiking back at a leisurely pace along the coastline . During this 150 @-@ day journey Bashō traveled a total of 600 ri ( 2 @,@ 400 km ) through the northeastern areas of Honshū , returning to Edo in late 1691 .
By the time Bashō reached Ōgaki , Gifu Prefecture , he had completed the log of his journey . He edited and redacted it for three years , writing the final version in 1694 as The Narrow Road to the Interior ( 奥の細道 , Oku no Hosomichi ) . The first edition was published posthumously in 1702 . It was an immediate commercial success and many other itinerant poets followed the path of his journey . It is often considered his finest achievement , featuring hokku such as :
荒海や佐渡によこたふ天河 araumi ya / Sado ni yokotau / amanogawa
the rough sea / stretching out towards Sado / the Milky Way [ 1689 ]
= = Last years = =
On his return to Edo in the winter of 1691 , Bashō lived in his third bashō hut , again provided by his disciples . This time , he was not alone : he took in a nephew and his female friend , Jutei , who were both recovering from illness . He had a great many visitors .
Bashō continued to be uneasy . He wrote to a friend that " disturbed by others , I have no peace of mind " . He made a living from teaching and appearances at haikai parties until late August 1693 , when he shut the gate to his bashō hut and refused to see anybody for a month . Finally , he relented after adopting the principle of karumi or " lightness " , a semi @-@ Buddhist philosophy of greeting the mundane world rather than separating himself from it . Bashō left Edo for the last time in the summer of 1694 , spending time in Ueno and Kyoto before his arrival in Osaka . He became sick with a stomach illness and died peacefully , surrounded by his disciples . Although he did not compose any formal death poem on his deathbed the following , being the last poem recorded during his final illness , is generally accepted as his poem of farewell :
旅に病んで夢は枯野をかけ廻る tabi ni yande / yume wa kareno wo / kake meguru
falling sick on a journey / my dream goes wandering / over a field of dried grass [ 1694 ]
= = Influence and literary criticism = =
Rather than sticking to the formulas of kigo ( 季語 ) , which remain popular in Japan even today , Bashō aspired to reflect his real environment and emotions in his hokku . Even during his lifetime , the effort and style of his poetry was widely appreciated ; after his death , it only increased . Several of his students compiled quotations from him about his own poetry , most notably Mukai Kyorai and Hattori Dohō .
During the 18th century , appreciation of Bashō 's poems grew more fervent , and commentators such as Ishiko Sekisui and Moro Nanimaru went to great length to find references in his hokku to historical events , medieval books , and other poems . These commentators were often lavish in their praise of Bashō 's obscure references , some of which were probably literary false cognates . In 1793 Bashō was deified by the Shinto bureaucracy , and for a time criticizing his poetry was literally blasphemous .
In the late 19th century , this period of unanimous passion for Bashō 's poems came to an end . Masaoka Shiki , arguably Bashō 's most famous critic , tore down the long @-@ standing orthodoxy with his bold and candid objections to Bashō 's style . However , Shiki was also instrumental in making Bashō 's poetry accessible in English , and to leading intellectuals and the Japanese public at large . He invented the term haiku ( replacing hokku ) to refer to the freestanding 5 @-@ 7 @-@ 5 form which he considered the most artistic and desirable part of the haikai no renga .
Critical interpretation of Bashō 's poems continued into the 20th century , with notable works by Yamamoto Kenkichi , Imoto Nōichi , and Ogata Tsutomu . The 20th century also saw translations of Bashō 's poems into languages and editions around the world . The position of Bashō in Western eyes as the haiku poet par excellence gives great influence to his poetry : Western preference for haiku over more traditional forms such as tanka or renga have rendered archetypal status to Bashō as Japanese poet and haiku as Japanese poetry . Some western scholars even
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was sunk . However he also befriended the Chilean Admiral Patricio Lynch who later supported him in his business ventures . During the war , North was assisted by two British men : Robert Harvey , who had worked for the Peruvian government in the nitrates ( saltpetre ) industry , and John Dawson , a banker . North was able to use Harvey 's knowledge of the nitrates business and credit provided by Dawson to purchase nitrates bond certificates at low prices from investors who were panicked by Peru 's poor military performance during the war . After the war , the Chilean government annexed Tarapacá and allowed the bond holders to take possession of the title deeds to the nitrate fields , perhaps influenced by appeals from North 's friends . North thus managed to secure a large share of the Chilean nitrate industry for a very small initial investment in almost worthless bonds . The reason that the Chilean government allowed this is that it would have cost them GBP £ 4 million to buy the bonds from the mainly British nitrate speculators . By allowing the speculators to start mining the Chilean government could take a share of profits via export duties without having to provide the initial capital costs to begin production of nitrates .
North left Chile and returned to the United Kingdom in order to raise credit to provide for machinery , transport and employment costs . It was there , in February 1883 — still eight months before Peru officially ceded the nitrate fields to Chile — that he established the Liverpool Nitrate Company . North dispatched Robert Harvey to Chile with equipment and engineers to begin construction of the mines whilst North remained in Britain to manage the financial side of the enterprise . The mines were operation by 1884 and producing 3 @,@ 000 short tons of nitrates per month . The company turned large profits and was able to pay dividends in excess of 20 % each year until 1886 when it was liquidated by North and his partners in order to found other companies . As a result of his fantastic profits North became known as " The King Of Nitrates " and was a well known public figure in England .
Nitrates were an important source of income for the Chilean government and an increase in export duty from CLP 4 pesos per ton in 1878 to CLP 22 in 1882 resulted in revenue from nitrates increasing from CLP 6 to 25 million . This allowed the government to make cuts in both income and land tax . The reliance of Chile upon its nitrate income caused conflict between the government and the nitrate production cartel . The cartel wanted to maximise the price of nitrates by cutting production whilst the government wanted to maximise their duty income by maximising exports . The nature of the trade meant that the Chilean economy was also totally dependent on imports and exports to and from Britain . The periodic downturns in nitrate revenue caused by the cartel cutting production eventually forced the Chilean government to print more money , causing inflation to increase and the peso to devalue .
= = North 's monopolies = =
In the meantime North continued to invest in Chile and founded the Nitrate Railway Company which held a monopoly on nitrate rail transport in Tarapacá and also held a monopoly on the water supply in Iquique . He also owned several coal and iron fields along the Biobío River and a gasworks at Iquique . In Britain he set up North 's Navigation
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. After some trouble , Snake manages to finally get the car to the buyer 's yacht , using Ron 's boat , and is then attacked by Marrs . Following the firefight , the yacht and car are destroyed , Marrs and Captain Ron are dead , and Snake makes his escape in a helicopter with the 30 million credits owed to him for the job .
In 2014 , BOOM ! Studios began publishing an Escape From New York comic book by writer , Christopher Sebela . The first issue of the series was released on December 3 , 2014 and the story picks up moments after the end of the film .
BOOM ! will release a crossover comics miniseries between Snake and Jack Burton titled Big Trouble in Little China / Escape from New York in October 2016 .
= = = Game = = =
An Escape from New York board game was released in 1981 by TSR , Inc .
= = = Anime = = =
Carpenter was planning an anime spin @-@ off of Escape from New York , with Outlaw Star 's Mitsuru Hongo slated to direct . However , nothing new has emerged since that announcement .
= = Sequel = =
A sequel , Escape from L.A. , was released in 1996 , with Carpenter returning along with Russell , now also acting as producer and co @-@ writer .
= = Remake = =
In 2007 , Scottish actor Gerard Butler was close to signing a deal in which he would play Snake Plissken in a remake of Carpenter 's film . Neal Moritz was to produce and Ken Nolan was to write the screenplay which would combine an original story for Plissken with the story from the 1981 film , although Carpenter hinted that the film might be a prequel .
New Line Cinema ( one @-@ time video distributor of the original ) acquired the rights to the film from co @-@ rights holder StudioCanal , who will control the European rights , and Carpenter , who will serve as an executive producer and said , " Snake is one of my fondest creations . Kurt Russell did an incredible job , and it would be fun to see someone else try . " Russell has commented on the remake and on the casting of Butler as Plissken , saying , " I will say that when I was told who was going to play Snake Plissken , my initial reaction was ' Oh , man ! ' [ Russell winces ] . I do think that character was quintessentially one thing . And that is , American . "
Len Wiseman was attached to direct but he dropped out of the project ; rumors then circulated that Brett Ratner would helm the film . As Ratner did not formally commit to the project , the identity of the director became unclear . The studio brought Jonathan Mostow in to rewrite , with an option to direct . In addition , Gerard Butler bowed out of his role , claiming " creative differences " . Allan Loeb wrote a script for the New Line Cinema project . Breck Eisner was then announced as the director of the remake , which was said to have scrapped the idea of a post @-@ apocalyptic New York like the original , but rather would feature a New York that had been built after the bomb .
In November 2010 , reports cited Jeremy Renner as being in talks to play Snake Plissken . In July 2011 , Deadline Hollywood reported that New Line and Warner Bros. had dropped the option to remake the film , allowing other studios to potentially option it . On March 18 , 2013 , Joel Silver and his studio company Silver Pictures teamed with StudioCanal to reboot the film as a trilogy , starting with an origin story in a fashion similar to the way Rise of the Planet of the Apes restarted that franchise . On February 10 , 2014 , Collider interviewed Silver about the film saying that the film 's script is inspired by the video game Batman : Arkham City . On January 13 , 2015 , 20th Century Fox won the bid for the film rights of the remake with Andrew Rona and Alex Heineman 's The Picture Company will produce . On October 12 , 2015 , Neil Cross was announced to write the film 's script .
= Romney Classical Institute =
Romney Classical Institute was a 19th @-@ century coeducational collegiate preparatory school in Romney , Virginia ( present @-@ day West Virginia ) , which was in operation between 1846 and some time after 1866 . Prior to its establishment , Romney was served by Romney Academy . By 1831 , the academy had outgrown its facilities , and the Romney Literary Society set about raising the necessary funds for the construction of a new educational building . The Virginia General Assembly permitted the society to raise funds through a lottery . By 1845 construction of the building had commenced and was completed in 1846 . On December 12 , 1846 , the Virginia General Assembly formally established the Romney Classical Institute , and empowered the Romney Literary Society with its operation .
From 1846 to 1849 , the institute was operated under the direction of Presbyterian Reverend William Henry Foote , who had been a teacher and principal at Romney Academy . In 1849 , when the Romney Literary Society established a new operating code for the institute and a new system of bylaws , Foote took offense and in 1850 founded a rival school , which was known as the Potomac Seminary . Professor E. J.
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05B piloted by Brig Gen Joseph Moore ( commander of the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing ) set a world record of 1 @,@ 216 @.@ 48 miles per hour ( 1 @,@ 958 km / h ) over a 62 miles ( 100 km ) circuit . Difficulties with its avionics and the MA @-@ 8 fire @-@ control system were experienced early on ; typically the F @-@ 105 required 150 hours of maintenance for each flying hour . Most of these problems were addressed under Project Optimize . The lack of spares resulted in the entire F @-@ 105B fleet being briefly grounded in 1960 . In 1964 , modified F @-@ 105Bs with ballast replacing the cannon , fuselage and wing reinforcement for aerobatics , and the addition of a smoke generator , briefly flew with the United States Air Force Thunderbirds demonstration team . After only six shows , a fatal accident from overstressing the airframe led to the reintroduction of the F @-@ 100 Super Sabre .
By 1964 , the F @-@ 105B was relegated to USAF Air National Guard ( ANG ) squadrons . It was replaced in frontline service by the definitive F @-@ 105D whose advanced NASARR R @-@ 14A radar and AN / ASG @-@ 19 Thunderstick fire @-@ control system gave it all @-@ weather capability . The R @-@ 14A radar also added a terrain @-@ avoidance radar capability , while a completely new instrument panel was fitted , replacing dial @-@ type instrument with vertical tape instruments which were easier to read in combat . In order to accommodate the new radar , with a much larger radar dish , the forward fuselage was redesigned , increasing overall length by 16 inches ( 41 cm ) .
The F @-@ 105D entered service with the 335th TFS in September 1960 , although it was not fully operational on the F @-@ 105D until early 1961 . The first overseas F @-@ 105 units formed in West Germany in 1961 , with the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg Air Base in May and the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing at Spangdahlem Air Base in October . Both wings had a primary tactical nuclear strike role for NATO . The F @-@ 105D was also deployed to the Pacific , with the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing at Kadena in Okinawa converting in 1962 and the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing converting from 1963 .
Like the F @-@ 105B , the F @-@ 105D 's early career was plagued with maintenance problems and in @-@ flight failures . The origins of the nickname " Thud " were obscure ; some claim that it stood for the sound of an F @-@ 105 crashing into the ground . The entire F @-@ 105D fleet was grounded in December 1961 and then again in June 1962 . Many of the issues were worked out during the production run and by 1964 , early F @-@ 105Ds were upgraded with these fixes under Project Look Alike , although engine failures and fuel system problems persisted until 1967 .
Meanwhile , the USAF was gradually changing the anticipated F @-@ 105 mission from nuclear interdiction to conventional bombing . The Look Alike upgrades increased the aircraft 's capacity from four to 16 conventional 750 lb ( 340 kg ) bombs on underwing and fuselage centerline hardpoints and added the equipment to launch AGM @-@ 12 Bullpup air @-@ to @-@ ground missiles . In June 1961 , an F @-@ 105D delivered 15 @,@ 43
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0 lb ( 7 @,@ 000 kg ) of conventional bombs during a USAF test — at the time a record for a single @-@ engine aircraft with a payload three times heavier than American four @-@ engine heavy bombers of World War II such as the Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress and the Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator , though aerial refueling would be required for long missions . One of the F @-@ 105Ds was named Memphis Belle II after the famed World War II B @-@ 17 .
= = = Vietnam War = = =
In spite of a troubled early service life , the F @-@ 105 became the dominant attack aircraft early in the Vietnam War . The F @-@ 105 could carry more than twice the bomb load farther and faster than the F @-@ 100 , which was used mostly in South Vietnam . In a foreshadowing of its Wild Weasel role , the first F @-@ 105D combat mission of the war involved an attack on 14 August 1964 against an anti @-@ aircraft artillery site on Plaine des Jarres . This mission was carried out by aircraft of the 36th TFS , 6441st Tactical Fighter Wing deployed from Yokota Air Base , Japan to Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base , Thailand . The first Thunderchief lost in the war also occurred during this mission , although the pilot managed to return the aircraft to Korat . The first strike mission took place on 13 January 1965 with the destruction of the Ben Ken bridge in Laos . In early 1965 additional F @-@ 105 squadrons were deployed to Korat and Takhli air bases in Thailand . At the start of Operation Rolling Thunder in March 1965 , large numbers of F @-@ 105Ds were shipped to these bases to participate in intense bombing missions .
On 3 April 1965 , a total of 79 aircraft , including 45 F @-@ 105 Thunderchiefs , were sent against the Thanh Hoa Bridge , nicknamed " Dragon 's Jaw " . The next day , enemy MiGs were encountered during a second run upon the bridge ; a total of eight MiG @-@ 17s faced 46 F @-@ 105s escorted by a MiGCAP flight of 21 F @-@ 100 Super Sabres . The MiG @-@ 17s evaded the escorts using altitude and cloud cover , instead focusing upon the bomb @-@ laden Thunderchiefs . Two Thunderchiefs were lost to the MiG @-@ 17s ; a third , thought to be lost to groundfire , was later claimed by the North as downed by a MiG @-@ 17 . An F @-@ 100 claimed the only probable MiG @-@ 17 kill , although a Vietnamese pilot believes three of his comrades were shot down by F @-@ 105s . One F @-@ 1
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05 piloted narrowly escaped . USAF Chief of Staff General John P. McConnell was " hopping mad " to hear that two F @-@ 105s had been shot down by Korean War @-@ era subsonic North Vietnamese MiGs . The Thanh Hoa Bridge proved resistant to aerial bombing , multiple missions were flown to damage the bridge both by F @-@ 105s and U.S. Navy aircraft .
In December 1966 , the VPAF 's MiG @-@ 21 pilots of the 921st regiment downed 14 F @-@ 105s without any losses .
On a typical combat mission into North Vietnam , the F @-@ 105D carried two 450 US gal ( 1 @,@ 700 L ) wing @-@ mounted fuel tanks , a 390 US gal ( 1 @,@ 500 L ) fuel tank in the bomb bay , and five 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) or six 750 lb ( 340 kg ) bombs , and required inflight refueling going to and sometimes returning from Hanoi 700 mi ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) distant . F @-@ 105s flying in the vicinity of Hanoi would routinely travel around mountainous terrain nicknamed Thud Ridge to evade the air defenses surrounding the city . Colonel Jack Broughton , an F @-@ 105 pilot in Vietnam , noted the demands of flying close to Hanoi gave " simply no room for error " .
On 11 August 1967 , F @-@ 105Ds from 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron with support from F @-@ 105 Wild Weasels from 338th Tactical Fighter Squadron made the first of many successful attacks on the Paul Doumer bridge over the Red River . Flying low @-@ altitude missions and conducting dive bombings forced the F @-@ 105s into range of North Vietnamese anti @-@ aircraft guns , sometimes coming under heavy fire .
USAF F @-@ 105s were escorted by F @-@ 4s to protect them against enemy fighters . However , the Thunderchief was officially credited with 27 @.@ 5 air @-@ to @-@ air victories against North Vietnamese aircraft at the cost of 17 aircraft lost to enemy fighters ( North Vietnamese pilots claimed to have shot down an additional 23 F @-@ 105s but none have been confirmed by USAF ) . All victories were against MiG @-@ 17s . Of these 24 @.@ 5 were shot down with cannon fire ( one victory was shared with an F @-@ 4 ) , and three with AIM @-@ 9 Sidewinder missiles . One F @-@ 105F is unofficially credited with downing three MiGs — one by air @-@ to @-@ air missile , the second by cannon fire and the third by jettisoning the centerline rack full of bombs directly into the path of a surprised MiG .
On 31 May 1968 , a dedication ceremony took place at the United States Air Force Academy to honor graduates who had served in Vietnam . An F @-@ 105 , which had been assembled using parts from ten different F @-@ 105s that had seen service in Vietnam , was placed on permanent static display . The ceremony included
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the entire cadet wing , the superintendent and commandant of cadets of the USAFA , a representative of Republic Aircraft , members of the press , among others . To conclude the ceremony , a flight of four F @-@ 105s from McConnell AFB were to fly over in formation at 1 @,@ 000 feet above the ground and then fly over singly at 250 feet . The formation portion happened as planned . But the flight leader , Lt Col James " Black Matt " Matthews , came back for the single @-@ file pass and exceeded the speed of sound at less than 100 feet . The ensuing sonic boom broke hundreds of windows and fifteen people sustained cuts .
= = = = Medal of Honor recipients = = = =
Two Wild Weasel pilots received the Medal of Honor :
USAF Captain Merlyn H. Dethlefsen was awarded the Medal of Honor and Capt Kevin " Mike " Gilroy the Air Force Cross for an F @-@ 105F Wild Weasel mission on 10 March 1967 , flying F @-@ 105F , serial number 63 @-@ 8352 . After their aircraft was damaged by ground fire , Dethlefsen and Gilroy elected to stay in the skies above the steel works at Thai Nguyen until the SAM site was found and destroyed .
USAF Captain Leo K. Thorsness was awarded the Medal of Honor and Capt Harold Johnson the Air Force Cross for an F @-@ 105F Wild Weasel mission on 19 April 1967 , flying F @-@ 105F , serial number 63 @-@ 8301 . Thorsness and Johnson protected an attempted rescue of another Wild Weasel crew that had been shot down , in the process destroying two MiG @-@ 17s . After running out of ammunition , Thorsness and Johnson continued to act as decoys to draw the MiGs away from the rescue aircraft .
= = = Phase @-@ out and retirement = = =
As production of F @-@ 105s had ended , the type was replaced in the Vietnam War by other aircraft , primarily the McDonnell Douglas F @-@ 4 Phantom II . In October 1970 , the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing , based at Takhli RTAFB , Thailand , the last F @-@ 105D unit in Vietnam , began to return to the U.S. The F @-@ 105G Wild Weasel versions soldiered on until the end of the war . They were gradually replaced by F @-@ 4G Wild Weasel IVs .
The Thunderchief was rapidly withdrawn from USAF service after the end of the Vietnam War . Of the 833 F @-@ 105s built , a combined 395 F @-@ 105s were lost in Southeast Asia , including 334 ( 296 F @-@ 105Ds and 38 two @-@ seaters ) lost to enemy action and 61 lost in operational accidents . Following the war the U.S. Air Force began transferring the remaining aircraft to Air Force Reserve ( AFRES ) and Air National Guard ( ANG ) units . By the late 1970s , these aging Thunderchiefs were becoming difficult to maintain . The last F @-@ 105Gs with the 128th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the Georgia ANG were retired on 25 May 1983 . The last flight of the F @-@ 105 Thunderchief was by the AFRES 466th Tactical Fighter Squadron with F @-@ 105Ds on 25 February 1984 .
= = Variants = =
YF @-@ 105A
Two pre @-@ production prototypes with P & W J57 engine model .
YF @-@ 105B
Four pre @-@ production aircraft with P & W J75 engine .
F @-@ 105B
Initial production model with AN / APN @-@ 105 navigational radar , 71 built .
JF @-@ 105B
Test aircraft built from re @-@ allocated RF @-@ 105B airframes ; three built .
RF @-@ 105B
Proposed reconnaissance version of the F @-@ 105B ; none built . Three were ordered but completed as JF @-@ 105Bs .
F @-@ 105C
Proposed dual @-@ control trainer ; canceled in 1957 , none built .
F @-@ 105D
The definitive production model , all @-@ weather capability because of advanced avionics , including AN / APN @-@ 131 navigational radar ; 610 built .
RF @-@ 105D
Proposed reconnaissance version of the F @-@ 105D ; none built .
F @-@ 105E
Proposed trainer version of F @-@ 105D ; cancelled in 1959 , none completed .
F @-@ 105F
Two @-@ seat trainer version of F @-@ 105D with lengthened forward fuselage . It was fully combat @-@ capable and had dual controls , taller fin , and increased takeoff weight ; its first flight took place on 11 June 1963 . A total
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