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import type { WorkStore } from '../app-render/work-async-storage.external'
import { ReflectAdapter } from '../web/spec-extension/adapters/reflect'
import {
throwToInterruptStaticGeneration,
postponeWithTracking,
trackDynamicDataInDynamicRender,
annotateDynamicAccess,
trackSynchronousRequestDataAccessInDev,
} from '../app-render/dynamic-rendering'
import {
workUnitAsyncStorage,
type PrerenderStore,
type PrerenderStoreLegacy,
type PrerenderStorePPR,
type PrerenderStoreModern,
} from '../app-render/work-unit-async-storage.external'
import { InvariantError } from '../../shared/lib/invariant-error'
import { makeHangingPromise } from '../dynamic-rendering-utils'
import { createDedupedByCallsiteServerErrorLoggerDev } from '../create-deduped-by-callsite-server-error-logger'
import {
describeStringPropertyAccess,
describeHasCheckingStringProperty,
wellKnownProperties,
} from '../../shared/lib/utils/reflect-utils'
import {
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError,
throwForSearchParamsAccessInUseCache,
} from './utils'
import { scheduleImmediate } from '../../lib/scheduler'
export type SearchParams = { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined }
/**
* In this version of Next.js the `params` prop passed to Layouts, Pages, and other Segments is a Promise.
* However to facilitate migration to this new Promise type you can currently still access params directly on the Promise instance passed to these Segments.
* The `UnsafeUnwrappedSearchParams` type is available if you need to temporarily access the underlying params without first awaiting or `use`ing the Promise.
*
* In a future version of Next.js the `params` prop will be a plain Promise and this type will be removed.
*
* Typically instances of `params` can be updated automatically to be treated as a Promise by a codemod published alongside this Next.js version however if you
* have not yet run the codemod of the codemod cannot detect certain instances of `params` usage you should first try to refactor your code to await `params`.
*
* If refactoring is not possible but you still want to be able to access params directly without typescript errors you can cast the params Promise to this type
*
* ```tsx
* type Props = { searchParams: Promise<{ foo: string }> }
*
* export default async function Page(props: Props) {
* const { searchParams } = (props.searchParams as unknown as UnsafeUnwrappedSearchParams<typeof props.searchParams>)
* return ...
* }
* ```
*
* This type is marked deprecated to help identify it as target for refactoring away.
*
* @deprecated
*/
export type UnsafeUnwrappedSearchParams<P> =
P extends Promise<infer U> ? Omit<U, 'then' | 'status' | 'value'> : never
export function createSearchParamsFromClient(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams,
workStore: WorkStore
) {
const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()
if (workUnitStore) {
switch (workUnitStore.type) {
case 'prerender':
case 'prerender-client':
case 'prerender-ppr':
case 'prerender-legacy':
return createPrerenderSearchParams(workStore, workUnitStore)
case 'cache':
case 'private-cache':
case 'unstable-cache':
throw new InvariantError(
'createSearchParamsFromClient should not be called in cache contexts.'
)
case 'request':
break
default:
workUnitStore satisfies never
}
}
return createRenderSearchParams(underlyingSearchParams, workStore)
}
// generateMetadata always runs in RSC context so it is equivalent to a Server Page Component
export const createServerSearchParamsForMetadata =
createServerSearchParamsForServerPage
export function createServerSearchParamsForServerPage(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams,
workStore: WorkStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()
if (workUnitStore) {
switch (workUnitStore.type) {
case 'prerender':
case 'prerender-client':
case 'prerender-ppr':
case 'prerender-legacy':
return createPrerenderSearchParams(workStore, workUnitStore)
case 'cache':
case 'private-cache':
case 'unstable-cache':
throw new InvariantError(
'createServerSearchParamsForServerPage should not be called in cache contexts.'
)
case 'request':
break
default:
workUnitStore satisfies never
}
}
return createRenderSearchParams(underlyingSearchParams, workStore)
}
export function createPrerenderSearchParamsForClientPage(
workStore: WorkStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
if (workStore.forceStatic) {
// When using forceStatic we override all other logic and always just return an empty
// dictionary object.
return Promise.resolve({})
}
const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()
if (workUnitStore) {
switch (workUnitStore.type) {
case 'prerender':
case 'prerender-client':
// We're prerendering in a mode that aborts (cacheComponents) and should stall
// the promise to ensure the RSC side is considered dynamic
return makeHangingPromise(workUnitStore.renderSignal, '`searchParams`')
case 'cache':
case 'private-cache':
case 'unstable-cache':
throw new InvariantError(
'createPrerenderSearchParamsForClientPage should not be called in cache contexts.'
)
case 'prerender-ppr':
case 'prerender-legacy':
case 'request':
break
default:
workUnitStore satisfies never
}
}
// We're prerendering in a mode that does not abort. We resolve the promise
// without any tracking because we're just transporting a value from server to
// client where the tracking will be applied.
return Promise.resolve({})
}
function createPrerenderSearchParams(
workStore: WorkStore,
prerenderStore: PrerenderStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
if (workStore.forceStatic) {
// When using forceStatic we override all other logic and always just return an empty
// dictionary object.
return Promise.resolve({})
}
switch (prerenderStore.type) {
case 'prerender':
case 'prerender-client':
// We are in a cacheComponents (PPR or otherwise) prerender
return makeHangingSearchParams(prerenderStore)
case 'prerender-ppr':
case 'prerender-legacy':
// We are in a legacy static generation and need to interrupt the
// prerender when search params are accessed.
return makeErroringExoticSearchParams(workStore, prerenderStore)
default:
return prerenderStore satisfies never
}
}
function createRenderSearchParams(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams,
workStore: WorkStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
if (workStore.forceStatic) {
// When using forceStatic we override all other logic and always just return an empty
// dictionary object.
return Promise.resolve({})
} else {
if (
process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development' &&
!workStore.isPrefetchRequest
) {
if (process.env.__NEXT_CACHE_COMPONENTS) {
return makeUntrackedSearchParamsWithDevWarnings(
underlyingSearchParams,
workStore
)
}
return makeDynamicallyTrackedExoticSearchParamsWithDevWarnings(
underlyingSearchParams,
workStore
)
} else {
if (process.env.__NEXT_CACHE_COMPONENTS) {
return makeUntrackedSearchParams(underlyingSearchParams)
}
return makeUntrackedExoticSearchParams(underlyingSearchParams)
}
}
}
interface CacheLifetime {}
const CachedSearchParams = new WeakMap<CacheLifetime, Promise<SearchParams>>()
const CachedSearchParamsForUseCache = new WeakMap<
CacheLifetime,
Promise<SearchParams>
>()
function makeHangingSearchParams(
prerenderStore: PrerenderStoreModern
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParams.get(prerenderStore)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
const promise = makeHangingPromise<SearchParams>(
prerenderStore.renderSignal,
'`searchParams`'
)
const proxiedPromise = new Proxy(promise, {
get(target, prop, receiver) {
if (Object.hasOwn(promise, prop)) {
// The promise has this property directly. we must return it.
// We know it isn't a dynamic access because it can only be something
// that was previously written to the promise and thus not an underlying searchParam value
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
switch (prop) {
case 'then': {
const expression =
'`await searchParams`, `searchParams.then`, or similar'
annotateDynamicAccess(expression, prerenderStore)
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
case 'status': {
const expression =
'`use(searchParams)`, `searchParams.status`, or similar'
annotateDynamicAccess(expression, prerenderStore)
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
default: {
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
}
},
})
CachedSearchParams.set(prerenderStore, proxiedPromise)
return proxiedPromise
}
function makeErroringExoticSearchParams(
workStore: WorkStore,
prerenderStore: PrerenderStoreLegacy | PrerenderStorePPR
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParams.get(workStore)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
const underlyingSearchParams = {}
// For search params we don't construct a ReactPromise because we want to interrupt
// rendering on any property access that was not set from outside and so we only want
// to have properties like value and status if React sets them.
const promise = Promise.resolve(underlyingSearchParams)
const proxiedPromise = new Proxy(promise, {
get(target, prop, receiver) {
if (Object.hasOwn(promise, prop)) {
// The promise has this property directly. we must return it.
// We know it isn't a dynamic access because it can only be something
// that was previously written to the promise and thus not an underlying searchParam value
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
switch (prop) {
case 'then': {
const expression =
'`await searchParams`, `searchParams.then`, or similar'
if (workStore.dynamicShouldError) {
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
workStore.route,
expression
)
} else if (prerenderStore.type === 'prerender-ppr') {
// PPR Prerender (no cacheComponents)
postponeWithTracking(
workStore.route,
expression,
prerenderStore.dynamicTracking
)
} else {
// Legacy Prerender
throwToInterruptStaticGeneration(
expression,
workStore,
prerenderStore
)
}
return
}
case 'status': {
const expression =
'`use(searchParams)`, `searchParams.status`, or similar'
if (workStore.dynamicShouldError) {
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
workStore.route,
expression
)
} else if (prerenderStore.type === 'prerender-ppr') {
// PPR Prerender (no cacheComponents)
postponeWithTracking(
workStore.route,
expression,
prerenderStore.dynamicTracking
)
} else {
// Legacy Prerender
throwToInterruptStaticGeneration(
expression,
workStore,
prerenderStore
)
}
return
}
default: {
if (typeof prop === 'string' && !wellKnownProperties.has(prop)) {
const expression = describeStringPropertyAccess(
'searchParams',
prop
)
if (workStore.dynamicShouldError) {
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
workStore.route,
expression
)
} else if (prerenderStore.type === 'prerender-ppr') {
// PPR Prerender (no cacheComponents)
postponeWithTracking(
workStore.route,
expression,
prerenderStore.dynamicTracking
)
} else {
// Legacy Prerender
throwToInterruptStaticGeneration(
expression,
workStore,
prerenderStore
)
}
}
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
}
},
has(target, prop) {
// We don't expect key checking to be used except for testing the existence of
// searchParams so we make all has tests trigger dynamic. this means that `promise.then`
// can resolve to the then function on the Promise prototype but 'then' in promise will assume
// you are testing whether the searchParams has a 'then' property.
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
const expression = describeHasCheckingStringProperty(
'searchParams',
prop
)
if (workStore.dynamicShouldError) {
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
workStore.route,
expression
)
} else if (prerenderStore.type === 'prerender-ppr') {
// PPR Prerender (no cacheComponents)
postponeWithTracking(
workStore.route,
expression,
prerenderStore.dynamicTracking
)
} else {
// Legacy Prerender
throwToInterruptStaticGeneration(
expression,
workStore,
prerenderStore
)
}
return false
}
return ReflectAdapter.has(target, prop)
},
ownKeys() {
const expression =
'`{...searchParams}`, `Object.keys(searchParams)`, or similar'
if (workStore.dynamicShouldError) {
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
workStore.route,
expression
)
} else if (prerenderStore.type === 'prerender-ppr') {
// PPR Prerender (no cacheComponents)
postponeWithTracking(
workStore.route,
expression,
prerenderStore.dynamicTracking
)
} else {
// Legacy Prerender
throwToInterruptStaticGeneration(expression, workStore, prerenderStore)
}
},
})
CachedSearchParams.set(workStore, proxiedPromise)
return proxiedPromise
}
/**
* This is a variation of `makeErroringExoticSearchParams` that always throws an
* error on access, because accessing searchParams inside of `"use cache"` is
* not allowed.
*/
export function makeErroringExoticSearchParamsForUseCache(
workStore: WorkStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParamsForUseCache.get(workStore)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
const promise = Promise.resolve({})
const proxiedPromise = new Proxy(promise, {
get: function get(target, prop, receiver) {
if (Object.hasOwn(promise, prop)) {
// The promise has this property directly. we must return it. We know it
// isn't a dynamic access because it can only be something that was
// previously written to the promise and thus not an underlying
// searchParam value
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
}
if (
typeof prop === 'string' &&
(prop === 'then' || !wellKnownProperties.has(prop))
) {
throwForSearchParamsAccessInUseCache(workStore, get)
}
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
},
has: function has(target, prop) {
// We don't expect key checking to be used except for testing the existence of
// searchParams so we make all has tests throw an error. this means that `promise.then`
// can resolve to the then function on the Promise prototype but 'then' in promise will assume
// you are testing whether the searchParams has a 'then' property.
if (
typeof prop === 'string' &&
(prop === 'then' || !wellKnownProperties.has(prop))
) {
throwForSearchParamsAccessInUseCache(workStore, has)
}
return ReflectAdapter.has(target, prop)
},
ownKeys: function ownKeys() {
throwForSearchParamsAccessInUseCache(workStore, ownKeys)
},
})
CachedSearchParamsForUseCache.set(workStore, proxiedPromise)
return proxiedPromise
}
function makeUntrackedExoticSearchParams(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParams.get(underlyingSearchParams)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
// We don't use makeResolvedReactPromise here because searchParams
// supports copying with spread and we don't want to unnecessarily
// instrument the promise with spreadable properties of ReactPromise.
const promise = Promise.resolve(underlyingSearchParams)
CachedSearchParams.set(underlyingSearchParams, promise)
Object.keys(underlyingSearchParams).forEach((prop) => {
if (!wellKnownProperties.has(prop)) {
Object.defineProperty(promise, prop, {
get() {
const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()
if (workUnitStore) {
trackDynamicDataInDynamicRender(workUnitStore)
}
return underlyingSearchParams[prop]
},
set(value) {
Object.defineProperty(promise, prop, {
value,
writable: true,
enumerable: true,
})
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true,
})
}
})
return promise
}
function makeUntrackedSearchParams(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParams.get(underlyingSearchParams)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
const promise = Promise.resolve(underlyingSearchParams)
CachedSearchParams.set(underlyingSearchParams, promise)
return promise
}
function makeDynamicallyTrackedExoticSearchParamsWithDevWarnings(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams,
store: WorkStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParams.get(underlyingSearchParams)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
const proxiedProperties = new Set<string>()
const unproxiedProperties: Array<string> = []
// We have an unfortunate sequence of events that requires this initialization logic. We want to instrument the underlying
// searchParams object to detect if you are accessing values in dev. This is used for warnings and for things like the static prerender
// indicator. However when we pass this proxy to our Promise.resolve() below the VM checks if the resolved value is a promise by looking
// at the `.then` property. To our dynamic tracking logic this is indistinguishable from a `then` searchParam and so we would normally trigger
// dynamic tracking. However we know that this .then is not real dynamic access, it's just how thenables resolve in sequence. So we introduce
// this initialization concept so we omit the dynamic check until after we've constructed our resolved promise.
let promiseInitialized = false
const proxiedUnderlying = new Proxy(underlyingSearchParams, {
get(target, prop, receiver) {
if (typeof prop === 'string' && promiseInitialized) {
if (store.dynamicShouldError) {
const expression = describeStringPropertyAccess('searchParams', prop)
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
store.route,
expression
)
}
const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()
if (workUnitStore) {
trackDynamicDataInDynamicRender(workUnitStore)
}
}
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
},
has(target, prop) {
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
if (store.dynamicShouldError) {
const expression = describeHasCheckingStringProperty(
'searchParams',
prop
)
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
store.route,
expression
)
}
}
return Reflect.has(target, prop)
},
ownKeys(target) {
if (store.dynamicShouldError) {
const expression =
'`{...searchParams}`, `Object.keys(searchParams)`, or similar'
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
store.route,
expression
)
}
return Reflect.ownKeys(target)
},
})
// We don't use makeResolvedReactPromise here because searchParams
// supports copying with spread and we don't want to unnecessarily
// instrument the promise with spreadable properties of ReactPromise.
const promise = new Promise<SearchParams>((resolve) =>
scheduleImmediate(() => resolve(underlyingSearchParams))
)
promise.then(() => {
promiseInitialized = true
})
Object.keys(underlyingSearchParams).forEach((prop) => {
if (wellKnownProperties.has(prop)) {
// These properties cannot be shadowed because they need to be the
// true underlying value for Promises to work correctly at runtime
unproxiedProperties.push(prop)
} else {
proxiedProperties.add(prop)
Object.defineProperty(promise, prop, {
get() {
return proxiedUnderlying[prop]
},
set(newValue) {
Object.defineProperty(promise, prop, {
value: newValue,
writable: true,
enumerable: true,
})
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true,
})
}
})
const proxiedPromise = new Proxy(promise, {
get(target, prop, receiver) {
if (prop === 'then' && store.dynamicShouldError) {
const expression = '`searchParams.then`'
throwWithStaticGenerationBailoutErrorWithDynamicError(
store.route,
expression
)
}
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
if (
!wellKnownProperties.has(prop) &&
(proxiedProperties.has(prop) ||
// We are accessing a property that doesn't exist on the promise nor
// the underlying searchParams.
Reflect.has(target, prop) === false)
) {
const expression = describeStringPropertyAccess('searchParams', prop)
syncIODev(store.route, expression)
}
}
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
},
set(target, prop, value, receiver) {
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
proxiedProperties.delete(prop)
}
return Reflect.set(target, prop, value, receiver)
},
has(target, prop) {
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
if (
!wellKnownProperties.has(prop) &&
(proxiedProperties.has(prop) ||
// We are accessing a property that doesn't exist on the promise nor
// the underlying searchParams.
Reflect.has(target, prop) === false)
) {
const expression = describeHasCheckingStringProperty(
'searchParams',
prop
)
syncIODev(store.route, expression)
}
}
return Reflect.has(target, prop)
},
ownKeys(target) {
const expression = '`Object.keys(searchParams)` or similar'
syncIODev(store.route, expression, unproxiedProperties)
return Reflect.ownKeys(target)
},
})
CachedSearchParams.set(underlyingSearchParams, proxiedPromise)
return proxiedPromise
}
// Similar to `makeDynamicallyTrackedExoticSearchParamsWithDevWarnings`, but
// just logging the sync access without actually defining the search params on
// the promise.
function makeUntrackedSearchParamsWithDevWarnings(
underlyingSearchParams: SearchParams,
store: WorkStore
): Promise<SearchParams> {
const cachedSearchParams = CachedSearchParams.get(underlyingSearchParams)
if (cachedSearchParams) {
return cachedSearchParams
}
const proxiedProperties = new Set<string>()
const unproxiedProperties: Array<string> = []
const promise = Promise.resolve(underlyingSearchParams)
Object.keys(underlyingSearchParams).forEach((prop) => {
if (wellKnownProperties.has(prop)) {
// These properties cannot be shadowed because they need to be the
// true underlying value for Promises to work correctly at runtime
unproxiedProperties.push(prop)
} else {
proxiedProperties.add(prop)
}
})
const proxiedPromise = new Proxy(promise, {
get(target, prop, receiver) {
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
if (
!wellKnownProperties.has(prop) &&
(proxiedProperties.has(prop) ||
// We are accessing a property that doesn't exist on the promise nor
// the underlying searchParams.
Reflect.has(target, prop) === false)
) {
const expression = describeStringPropertyAccess('searchParams', prop)
warnForSyncAccess(store.route, expression)
}
}
return ReflectAdapter.get(target, prop, receiver)
},
set(target, prop, value, receiver) {
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
proxiedProperties.delete(prop)
}
return Reflect.set(target, prop, value, receiver)
},
has(target, prop) {
if (typeof prop === 'string') {
if (
!wellKnownProperties.has(prop) &&
(proxiedProperties.has(prop) ||
// We are accessing a property that doesn't exist on the promise nor
// the underlying searchParams.
Reflect.has(target, prop) === false)
) {
const expression = describeHasCheckingStringProperty(
'searchParams',
prop
)
warnForSyncAccess(store.route, expression)
}
}
return Reflect.has(target, prop)
},
ownKeys(target) {
const expression = '`Object.keys(searchParams)` or similar'
warnForIncompleteEnumeration(store.route, expression, unproxiedProperties)
return Reflect.ownKeys(target)
},
})
CachedSearchParams.set(underlyingSearchParams, proxiedPromise)
return proxiedPromise
}
function syncIODev(
route: string | undefined,
expression: string,
missingProperties?: Array<string>
) {
// In all cases we warn normally
if (missingProperties && missingProperties.length > 0) {
warnForIncompleteEnumeration(route, expression, missingProperties)
} else {
warnForSyncAccess(route, expression)
}
const workUnitStore = workUnitAsyncStorage.getStore()
if (workUnitStore) {
switch (workUnitStore.type) {
case 'request':
if (workUnitStore.prerenderPhase === true) {
// When we're rendering dynamically in dev, we need to advance out of
// the Prerender environment when we read Request data synchronously.
trackSynchronousRequestDataAccessInDev(workUnitStore)
}
break
case 'prerender':
case 'prerender-client':
case 'prerender-ppr':
case 'prerender-legacy':
case 'cache':
case 'private-cache':
case 'unstable-cache':
break
default:
workUnitStore satisfies never
}
}
}
const warnForSyncAccess = createDedupedByCallsiteServerErrorLoggerDev(
createSearchAccessError
)
const warnForIncompleteEnumeration =
createDedupedByCallsiteServerErrorLoggerDev(createIncompleteEnumerationError)
function createSearchAccessError(
route: string | undefined,
expression: string
) {
const prefix = route ? `Route "${route}" ` : 'This route '
return new Error(
`${prefix}used ${expression}. ` +
`\`searchParams\` should be awaited before using its properties. ` +
`Learn more: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/sync-dynamic-apis`
)
}
function createIncompleteEnumerationError(
route: string | undefined,
expression: string,
missingProperties: Array<string>
) {
const prefix = route ? `Route "${route}" ` : 'This route '
return new Error(
`${prefix}used ${expression}. ` +
`\`searchParams\` should be awaited before using its properties. ` +
`The following properties were not available through enumeration ` +
`because they conflict with builtin or well-known property names: ` +
`${describeListOfPropertyNames(missingProperties)}. ` +
`Learn more: https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/sync-dynamic-apis`
)
}
function describeListOfPropertyNames(properties: Array<string>) {
switch (properties.length) {
case 0:
throw new InvariantError(
'Expected describeListOfPropertyNames to be called with a non-empty list of strings.'
)
case 1:
return `\`${properties[0]}\``
case 2:
return `\`${properties[0]}\` and \`${properties[1]}\``
default: {
let description = ''
for (let i = 0; i < properties.length - 1; i++) {
description += `\`${properties[i]}\`, `
}
description += `, and \`${properties[properties.length - 1]}\``
return description
}
}
}