hacking

	==Phrack Inc.==

	Volume Two, Issue 22, File 4 of 12

	+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	\| The LOD/H Presents \|
	++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++
	A Novice's Guide to Hacking- 1989 edition /
	========================================= /
	by /
	The Mentor /
	Legion of Doom/Legion of Hackers /
	/
	December, 1988 /
	Merry Christmas Everyone! /
	+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/


	The author hereby grants permission to reproduce, redistribute, or include this
	file in your g-file section, electronic or print newletter, or any other form
	of transmission that you choose, as long as it is kept intact and whole, with
	no ommissions, deletions, or changes.

	(C) The Mentor- Phoenix Project Productions 1988,1989 512/441-3088


	Introduction: The State of the Hack
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	After surveying a rather large g-file collection, my attention was drawn to the
	fact that there hasn't been a good introductory file written for absolute
	beginners since back when Mark Tabas was cranking them out (and almost
	everyone was a beginner!) The Arts of Hacking and Phreaking have changed
	radically since that time, and as the 90's approach, the hack/phreak community
	has recovered from the Summer '87 busts (just like it recovered from the Fall
	'85 busts, and like it will always recover from attempts to shut it down), and
	the progressive media (from Reality Hackers magazine to William Gibson and
	Bruce Sterling's cyberpunk fables of hackerdom) is starting to take notice
	of us for the first time in recent years in a positive light.

	Unfortunately, it has also gotten more dangerous since the early 80's. Phone
	cops have more resources, more awareness, and more intelligence than they
	exhibited in the past. It is becoming more and more difficult to survive as a
	hacker long enough to become skilled in the art. To this end this file is
	dedicated. If it can help someone get started, and help them survive to
	discover new systems and new information, it will have served it's purpose, and
	served as a partial repayment to all the people who helped me out when was a
	beginner.

	Contents
	~~~~~~~~
	This file will be divided into four parts:
	Part 1: What is Hacking, A Hacker's Code of Ethics, Basic Hacking Safety
	Part 2: Packet Switching Networks: Telenet- How it Works, How to Use it,
	Outdials, Network Servers, Private PADs
	Part 3: Identifying a Computer, How to Hack In, Operating System Defaults
	Part 4: Conclusion; Final Thoughts, Books to Read, Boards to Call,
	Acknowledgements

	Part One: The Basics
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	As long as there have been computers, there have been hackers. In the 50's at
	the Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT), students devoted much time and
	energy to ingenious exploration of the computers. Rules and the law were
	disregarded in their pursuit for the 'hack.' Just as they were enthralled with
	their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in
	breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge.

	To this end, let me contribute my suggestions for guidelines to follow to
	ensure that not only you stay out of trouble, but you pursue your craft without
	damaging the computers you hack into or the companies who own them.

	I. Do not intentionally damage any system.
	II. Do not alter any system files other than ones needed to ensure your
	escape from detection and your future access (Trojan Horses, Altering
	Logs, and the like are all necessary to your survival for as long as
	possible).
	III. Do not leave your (or anyone else's) real name, real handle, or real
	phone number on any system that you access illegally. They can and
	will track you down from your handle!
	IV. Be careful who you share information with. Feds are getting trickier
	Generally, if you don't know their voice phone number, name, and
	occupation or haven't spoken with them voice on non-info trading
	conversations, be wary.
	V. Do not leave your real phone number to anyone you don't know. This
	includes logging on boards, no matter how k-rad they seem. If you don't
	know the sysop, leave a note telling some trustworthy people that will
	validate you.
	VI. Do not hack government computers. Yes, there are government systems that
	are safe to hack, but they are few and far between. And the government
	has inifitely more time and resources to track you down than a company
	who has to make a profit and justify expenses.
	VII. Don't use codes unless there is NO way around it (you don't have a
	local telenet or tymnet outdial and can't connect to anything 800). You
	use codes long enough, you will get caught. Period.
	VIII. Don't be afraid to be paranoid. Remember, you are breaking the law.
	It doesn't hurt to store everything encrypted on your hard disk, or
	keep your notes buried in the backyard or in the trunk of your car. You
	may feel a little funny, but you'll feel a lot funnier when you when you
	meet Bruno, your transvestite cellmate who axed his family to death.
	IX. Watch what you post on boards. Most of the really great hackers in the
	country post nothing about the system they're currently working except
	in the broadest sense (I'm working on a UNIX, or a COSMOS, or something
	generic. Not "I'm hacking into General Electric's Voice Mail
	System" or something inane and revealing like that).
	X. Don't be afraid to ask questions. That's what more experienced hackers
	are for. Don't expect everything you ask to be answered, though.
	There are some things (LMOS, for instance) that a begining hacker
	shouldn't mess with. You'll either get caught, or screw it up for
	others, or both.
	XI. Finally, you have to actually hack. You can hang out on boards all you
	want, and you can read all the text files in the world, but until you
	actually start doing it, you'll never know what it's all about. There's
	no thrill quite the same as getting into your first system (well, ok, I
	can thinksavea couple of biggers thrills, but you get the picture).

	One of the safest places to start your hacking career is on a computer system
	belonging to a college. University computers have notoriously lax security,
	and are more used to hackers, as every college computer department ment has one
	or two, so are less likely to press charges if you should be detected. But the
	odds of them detecting you and having the personel to committ to tracking you
	down are slim as long as you aren't destructive.

	If you are already a college student, this is ideal, as you can legally explore
	your computer system to your heart's desire, then go out and look for similar
	systems that you can penetrate with confidence, as you're already
	familar with them.

	So if you just want to get your feet wet, call your local college. Many of
	them will provide accounts for local residents at a nominal (under $20) charge.

	Finally, if you get caught, stay quiet until you get a lawyer. Don't volunteer
	any information, no matter what kind of 'deals' they offer you. Nothing is
	binding unless you make the deal through your lawyer, so you might as well shut
	up and wait.

	Part Two: Networks
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	The best place to begin hacking (other than a college) is on one of the
	bigger networks such as Telenet. Why? First, there is a wide variety of
	computers to choose from, from small Micro-Vaxen to huge Crays. Second, the
	networks are fairly well documented. It's easier to find someone who can help
	you with a problem off of Telenet than it is to find assistance concerning your
	local college computer or high school machine. Third, the networks are safer.
	Because of the enormous number of calls that are fielded every day by the big
	networks, it is not financially practical to keep track of where every call and
	connection are made from. It is also very easy to disguise your location using
	the network, which makes your hobby much more secure.

	Telenet has more computers hooked to it than any other system in the world once
	you consider that from Telenet you have access to Tymnet, ItaPAC, JANET,
	DATAPAC, SBDN, PandaNet, THEnet, and a whole host of other networks, all of
	which you can connect to from your terminal.

	The first step that you need to take is to identify your local dialup port.
	This is done by dialing 1-800-424-9494 (1200 7E1) and connecting. It will
	spout some garbage at you and then you'll get a prompt saying 'TERMINAL= '.
	This is your terminal type. If you have vt100 emulation, type it in now. Or
	just hit return and it will default to dumb terminal mode.

	You'll now get a prompt that looks like a @. From here, type @c mail <cr> and
	then it will ask for a Username. Enter 'phones' for the username. When it
	asks for a password, enter 'phones' again. From this point, it is menu driven.
	Use this to locate your local dialup, and call it back locally. If you don't
	have a local dialup, then use whatever means you wish to connect to one long
	distance (more on this later).

	When you call your local dialup, you will once again go through the TERMINAL=
	stuff, and once again you'll be presented with a @. This prompt lets you know
	you are connected to a Telenet PAD. PAD stands for either Packet
	Assembler/Disassembler (if you talk to an engineer), or Public Access Device
	(if you talk to Telenet's marketing people.) The first description is more
	correct.

	Telenet works by taking the data you enter in on the PAD you dialed into,
	bundling it into a 128 byte chunk (normally... this can be changed), and then
	transmitting it at speeds ranging from 9600 to 19,200 baud to another PAD, who
	then takes the data and hands it down to whatever computer or system it's
	connected to. Basically, the PAD allows two computers that have different baud
	rates or communication protocols to communicate with each other over a long
	distance. Sometimes you'll notice a time lag in the remote machines response.
	This is called PAD Delay, and is to be expected when you're sending data
	through several different links.

	What do you do with this PAD? You use it to connect to remote computer
	systems by typing 'C' for connect and then the Network User Address (NUA) of
	the system you want to go to.

	An NUA takes the form of 031103130002520
	___/___/___/
	\| \| \|
	\| \| \|____ network address
	\| \|_________ area prefix
	\|______________ DNIC


	This is a summary of DNIC's (taken from Blade Runner's file on ItaPAC)
	according to their country and network name.


	DNIC Network Name Country DNIC Network Name Country
	_______________________________________________________________________________
	\|
	02041 Datanet 1 Netherlands \| 03110 Telenet USA
	02062 DCS Belgium \| 03340 Telepac Mexico
	02080 Transpac France \| 03400 UDTS-Curacau Curacau
	02284 Telepac Switzerland \| 04251 Isranet Israel
	02322 Datex-P Austria \| 04401 DDX-P Japan
	02329 Radaus Austria \| 04408 Venus-P Japan
	02342 PSS UK \| 04501 Dacom-Net South Korea
	02382 Datapak Denmark \| 04542 Intelpak Singapore
	02402 Datapak Sweden \| 05052 Austpac Australia
	02405 Telepak Sweden \| 05053 Midas Australia
	02442 Finpak Finland \| 05252 Telepac Hong Kong
	02624 Datex-P West Germany \| 05301 Pacnet New Zealand
	02704 Luxpac Luxembourg \| 06550 Saponet South Africa
	02724 Eirpak Ireland \| 07240 Interdata Brazil
	03020 Datapac Canada \| 07241 Renpac Brazil
	03028 Infogram Canada \| 09000 Dialnet USA
	03103 ITT/UDTS USA \| 07421 Dompac French Guiana
	03106 Tymnet USA \|

	There are two ways to find interesting addresses to connect to. The first and
	easiest way is to obtain a copy of the LOD/H Telenet Directory from the LOD/H
	Technical Journal 4 or 2600 Magazine. Jester Sluggo also put out a good list
	of non-US addresses in Phrack Inc. Newsletter Issue 21. These files will tell
	you the NUA, whether it will accept collect calls or not, what type of computer
	system it is (if known) and who it belongs to (also if known.)

	The second method of locating interesting addresses is to scan for them
	manually. On Telenet, you do not have to enter the 03110 DNIC to connect to a
	Telenet host. So if you saw that 031104120006140 had a VAX on it you wanted to
	look at, you could type @c 412 614 (0's can be ignored most of the time).

	If this node allows collect billed connections, it will say 412 614 CONNECTED
	and then you'll possibly get an identifying header or just a Username: prompt.
	If it doesn't allow collect connections, it will give you a message such as 412
	614 REFUSED COLLECT CONNECTION with some error codes out to the right, and
	return you to the @ prompt.

	There are two primary ways to get around the REFUSED COLLECT message. The
	first is to use a Network User Id (NUI) to connect. An NUI is a username/pw
	combination that acts like a charge account on Telenet. To collect to node
	412 614 with NUI junk4248, password 525332, I'd type the following:
	@c 412 614,junk4248,525332 <---- the 525332 will not be echoed to the
	screen. The problem with NUI's is that they're hard to come by unless you're a
	good social engineer with a thorough knowledge of Telenet (in which case you
	probably aren't reading this section), or you have someone who can provide you
	with them.

	The second way to connect is to use a private PAD, either through an X.25 PAD
	or through something like Netlink off of a Prime computer (more on these two
	below).

	The prefix in a Telenet NUA oftentimes (not always) refers to the phone Area
	Code that the computer is located in (i.e. 713 xxx would be a computer in
	Houston, Texas). If there's a particular area you're interested in, (say, New
	York City 914), you could begin by typing @c 914 001 <cr>. If it connects, you
	make a note of it and go on to 914 002. You do this until you've found some
	interesting systems to play with.

	Not all systems are on a simple xxx yyy address. Some go out to four or five
	digits (914 2354), and some have decimal or numeric extensions (422 121A = 422
	121.01). You have to play with them, and you never know what you're going to
	find. To fully scan out a prefix would take ten million attempts per prefix.
	For example, if I want to scan 512 completely, I'd have to start with 512
	00000.00 and go through 512 00000.99, then increment the address by 1 and try
	512 00001.00 through 512 00001.99. A lot of scanning. There are plenty of
	neat computers to play with in a 3-digit scan, however, so don't go berserk
	with the extensions.

	Sometimes you'll attempt to connect and it will just be sitting there after one
	or two minutes. In this case, you want to abort the connect attempt by sending
	a hard break (this varies with different term programs, on Procomm, it's
	ALT-B), and then when you get the @ prompt back, type 'D' for disconnect.

	If you connect to a computer and wish to disconnect, you can type <cr> @ <cr>
	and you it should say TELENET and then give you the @ prompt. From there, type
	D to disconnect or CONT to re-connect and continue your session uninterrupted.

	Outdials, Network Servers, and PADs
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	In addition to computers, an NUA may connect you to several other things. One
	of the most useful is the outdial. An outdial is nothing more than a modem
	you can get to over telenet -- similar to the PC Pursuit concept, except that
	these don't have passwords on them most of the time.

	When you connect, you will get a message like 'Hayes 1200 baud outdial,
	Detroit, MI', or 'VEN-TEL 212 Modem', or possibly 'Session 1234 established on
	Modem 5588.' The best way to figure out the commands on these is to type ? or
	H or HELP -- this will get you all the information that you need to use one.

	Safety tip here -- when you are hacking any system through a phone dialup,
	always use an outdial or a diverter, especially if it is a local phone number
	to you. More people get popped hacking on local computers than you can
	imagine, Intra-LATA calls are the easiest things in the world to trace
	inexpensively.

	Another nice trick you can do with an outdial is use the redial or macro
	function that many of them have. First thing you do when you connect is to
	invoke the 'Redial Last Number' facility. This will dial the last number used,
	which will be the one the person using it before you typed. Write down the
	number, as no one would be calling a number without a computer on it. This is
	a good way to find new systems to hack. Also, on a VENTEL modem, type 'D' for
	Display and it will display the five numbers stored as macros in the modem's
	memory.

	There are also different types of servers for remote Local Area Networks (LAN)
	that have many machine all over the office or the nation connected to them.
	I'll discuss identifying these later in the computer ID section.

	And finally, you may connect to something that says 'X.25 Communication PAD'
	and then some more stuff, followed by a new @ prompt. This is a PAD just like
	the one you are on, except that all attempted connections are billed to the
	PAD, allowing you to connect to those nodes who earlier refused collect
	connections.

	This also has the added bonus of confusing where you are connecting from. When
	a packet is transmitted from PAD to PAD, it contains a header that has the
	location you're calling from. For instance, when you first connected to
	Telenet, it might have said 212 44A CONNECTED if you called from the 212 area
	code. This means you were calling PAD number 44A in the 212 area. That 21244A
	will be sent out in the header of all packets leaving the PAD.

	Once you connect to a private PAD, however, all the packets going out from it
	will have it's address on them, not yours. This can be a valuable buffer
	between yourself and detection.

	Phone Scanning
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	Finally, there's the time-honored method of computer hunting that was made
	famous among the non-hacker crowd by that Oh-So-Technically-Accurate movie
	Wargames. You pick a three digit phone prefix in your area and dial every
	number from 0000 --> 9999 in that prefix, making a note of all the carriers you
	find. There is software available to do this for nearly every computer in the
	world, so you don't have to do it by hand.

	Part Three: I've Found a Computer, Now What?
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	This next section is applicable universally. It doesn't matter how you found
	this computer, it could be through a network, or it could be from carrier
	scanning your High School's phone prefix, you've got this prompt this prompt,
	what the hell is it?

	I'm NOT going to attempt to tell you what to do once you're inside of any of
	these operating systems. Each one is worth several G-files in its own right.
	I'm going to tell you how to identify and recognize certain OpSystems, how to
	approach hacking into them, and how to deal with something that you've never
	seen before and have know idea what it is.


	VMS - The VAX computer is made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and
	runs the VMS (Virtual Memory System) operating system. VMS is
	characterized by the 'Username:' prompt. It will not tell you if
	you've entered a valid username or not, and will disconnect you
	after three bad login attempts. It also keeps track of all failed
	login attempts and informs the owner of the account next time s/he
	logs in how many bad login attempts were made on the account. It is
	one of the most secure operating systems around from the outside,
	but once you're in there are many things that you can do to
	circumvent system security. The VAX also has the best set of help
	files in the world. Just type HELP and read to your heart's
	content.

	Common Accounts/Defaults: [username: password [[,password]]]

	SYSTEM: OPERATOR or MANAGER or SYSTEM or SYSLIB
	OPERATOR: OPERATOR
	SYSTEST: UETP
	SYSMAINT: SYSMAINT or SERVICE or DIGITAL
	FIELD: FIELD or SERVICE
	GUEST: GUEST or unpassworded
	DEMO: DEMO or unpassworded
	DECNET: DECNET


	DEC-10 - An earlier line of DEC computer equipment, running the TOPS-10
	operating system. These machines are recognized by their '.'
	prompt. The DEC-10/20 series are remarkably hacker-friendly,
	allowing you to enter several important commands without ever
	logging into the system. Accounts are in the format [xxx,yyy]
	where xxx and yyy are integers. You can get a listing of the
	accounts and the process names of everyone on the system before
	logging in with the command .systat (for SYstem STATus). If you
	seen an account that reads [234,1001] BOB JONES, it might be wise
	to try BOB or JONES or both for a password on this account. To
	login, you type .login xxx,yyy and then type the password when
	prompted for it.

	The system will allow you unlimited tries at an account, and does
	not keep records of bad login attempts. It will also inform you if
	the UIC you're trying (UIC = User Identification Code, 1,2 for
	example) is bad.

	Common Accounts/Defaults:

	1,2: SYSLIB or OPERATOR or MANAGER
	2,7: MAINTAIN
	5,30: GAMES

	UNIX - There are dozens of different machines out there that run UNIX.
	While some might argue it isn't the best operating system in the
	world, it is certainly the most widely used. A UNIX system will
	usually have a prompt like 'login:' in lower case. UNIX also will
	give you unlimited shots at logging in (in most cases), and there is
	usually no log kept of bad attempts.

	Common Accounts/Defaults: (note that some systems are case
	sensitive, so use lower case as a general rule. Also, many times
	the accounts will be unpassworded, you'll just drop right in!)

	root: root
	admin: admin
	sysadmin: sysadmin or admin
	unix: unix
	uucp: uucp
	rje: rje
	guest: guest
	demo: demo
	daemon: daemon
	sysbin: sysbin

	Prime - Prime computer company's mainframe running the Primos operating
	system. The are easy to spot, as the greet you with 'Primecon
	18.23.05' or the like, depending on the version of the operating
	system you run into. There will usually be no prompt offered, it
	will just look like it's sitting there. At this point, type 'login
	<username>'. If it is a pre-18.00.00 version of Primos, you can hit
	a bunch of ^C's for the password and you'll drop in. Unfortunately,
	most people are running versions 19+. Primos also comes with a good
	set of help files. One of the most useful features of a Prime on
	Telenet is a facility called NETLINK. Once you're inside, type
	NETLINK and follow the help files. This allows you to connect to
	NUA's all over the world using the 'nc' command.

	For example, to connect to NUA 026245890040004, you would type
	@nc :26245890040004 at the netlink prompt.

	Common Accounts/Defaults:

	PRIME PRIME or PRIMOS
	PRIMOS_CS PRIME or PRIMOS
	PRIMENET PRIMENET
	SYSTEM SYSTEM or PRIME
	NETLINK NETLINK
	TEST TEST
	GUEST GUEST
	GUEST1 GUEST

	HP-x000 - This system is made by Hewlett-Packard. It is characterized by the
	':' prompt. The HP has one of the more complicated login sequneces
	around -- you type 'HELLO SESSION NAME,USERNAME,ACCOUNTNAME,GROUP'.
	Fortunately, some of these fields can be left blank in many cases.
	Since any and all of these fields can be passworded, this is not the
	easiest system to get into, except for the fact that there are
	usually some unpassworded accounts around. In general, if the
	defaults don't work, you'll have to brute force it using the common
	password list (see below.) The HP-x000 runs the MPE operating
	system, the prompt for it will be a ':', just like the logon prompt.

	Common Accounts/Defaults:

	MGR.TELESUP,PUB User: MGR Acct: HPONLYG rp: PUB
	MGR.HPOFFICE,PUB unpassworded
	MANAGER.ITF3000,PUB unpassworded
	FIELD.SUPPORT,PUB user: FLD, others unpassworded
	MAIL.TELESUP,PUB user: MAIL, others unpassworded
	MGR.RJE unpassworded
	FIELD.HPPl89 ,HPPl87,HPPl89,HPPl96 unpassworded
	MGR.TELESUP,PUB,HPONLY,HP3 unpassworded

	IRIS - IRIS stands for Interactive Real Time Information System. It
	originally ran on PDP-11's, but now runs on many other minis. You
	can spot an IRIS by the 'Welcome to "IRIS" R9.1.4 Timesharing'
	banner, and the ACCOUNT ID? prompt. IRIS allows unlimited tries at
	hacking in, and keeps no logs of bad attempts. I don't know any
	default passwords, so just try the common ones from the password
	database below.

	Common Accounts:

	MANAGER
	BOSS
	SOFTWARE
	DEMO
	PDP8
	PDP11
	ACCOUNTING

	VM/CMS - The VM/CMS operating system runs in International Business Machines
	(IBM) mainframes. When you connect to one of these, you will get
	message similar to 'VM/370 ONLINE', and then give you a '.' prompt,
	just like TOPS-10 does. To login, you type 'LOGON <username>'.

	Common Accounts/Defaults are:

	AUTOLOG1: AUTOLOG or AUTOLOG1
	CMS: CMS
	CMSBATCH: CMS or CMSBATCH
	EREP: EREP
	MAINT: MAINT or MAINTAIN
	OPERATNS: OPERATNS or OPERATOR
	OPERATOR: OPERATOR
	RSCS: RSCS
	SMART: SMART
	SNA: SNA
	VMTEST: VMTEST
	VMUTIL: VMUTIL
	VTAM: VTAM

	NOS - NOS stands for Networking Operating System, and runs on the Cyber
	computer made by Control Data Corporation. NOS identifies itself
	quite readily, with a banner of 'WELCOME TO THE NOS SOFTWARE SYSTEM.
	COPYRIGHT CONTROL DATA 1978,1987.' The first prompt you will get
	will be FAMILY:. Just hit return here. Then you'll get a USER
	NAME: prompt. Usernames are typically 7 alpha-numerics characters
	long, and are extremely site dependent. Operator accounts begin
	with a digit, such as 7ETPDOC.

	Common Accounts/Defaults:

	$SYSTEM unknown
	SYSTEMV unknown

	Decserver- This is not truly a computer system, but is a network server that
	has many different machines available from it. A Decserver will say
	'Enter Username>' when you first connect. This can be anything, it
	doesn't matter, it's just an identifier. Type 'c', as this is the
	least conspicuous thing to enter. It will then present you with a
	'Local>' prompt. From here, you type 'c <systemname>' to connect to
	a system. To get a list of system names, type 'sh services' or 'sh
	nodes'. If you have any problems, online help is available with the
	'help' command. Be sure and look for services named 'MODEM' or
	'DIAL' or something similar, these are often outdial modems and can
	be useful!
	GS/1 - Another type of network server. Unlike a Decserver, you can't
	predict what prompt a GS/1 gateway is going to give you. The
	default prompt it 'GS/1>', but this is redifinable by the system
	administrator. To test for a GS/1, do a 'sh d'. If that prints out
	a large list of defaults (terminal speed, prompt, parity, etc...),
	you are on a GS/1. You connect in the same manner as a Decserver,
	typing 'c <systemname>'. To find out what systems are available, do
	a 'sh n' or a 'sh c'. Another trick is to do a 'sh m', which will
	sometimes show you a list of macros for logging onto a system. If
	there is a macro named VAX, for instance, type 'do VAX'.

	The above are the main system types in use today. There are
	hundreds of minor variants on the above, but this should be enough
	to get you started.

	Unresponsive Systems
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	Occasionally you will connect to a system that will do nothing, but sit there.
	This is a frustrating feeling, but a methodical approach to the system will
	yield a response if you take your time. The following list will usually make
	something happen.

	1) Change your parity, data length, and stop bits. A system that won't
	respond at 8N1 may react at 7E1 or 8E2 or 7S2. If you don't have a term
	program that will let you set parity to EVEN, ODD, SPACE, MARK, and NONE,
	with data length of 7 or 8, and 1 or 2 stop bits, go out and buy one.
	While having a good term program isn't absolutely necessary, it sure is
	helpful.
	2) Change baud rates. Again, if your term program will let you choose odd
	baud rates such as 600 or 1100, you will occasionally be able to penetrate
	some very interesting systems, as most systems that depend on a strange
	baud rate seem to think that this is all the security they need...
	3) Send a series of <cr>'s.
	4) Send a hard break followed by a <cr>.
	5) Type a series of .'s (periods). The Canadian network Datapac responds to
	this.
	6) If you're getting garbage, hit an 'i'. Tymnet responds to this, as does a
	MultiLink II.
	7) Begin sending control characters, starting with ^A --> ^Z.
	8) Change terminal emulations. What your vt100 emulation thinks is garbage
	may all of a sudden become crystal clear using ADM-5 emulation. This also
	relates to how good your term program is.
	9) Type LOGIN, HELLO, LOG, ATTACH, CONNECT, START, RUN, BEGIN, LOGON, GO,
	JOIN, HELP, and anything else you can think of.
	10) If it's a dialin, call the numbers around it and see if a company answers.
	If they do, try some social engineering.

	Brute Force Hacking
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	There will also be many occasions when the default passwords will not work on
	an account. At this point, you can either go onto the next system on your
	list, or you can try to 'brute-force' your way in by trying a large database of
	passwords on that one account. Be careful, though! This works fine on systems
	that don't keep track of invalid logins, but on a system like a VMS, someone is
	going to have a heart attack if they come back and see '600 Bad Login Attempts
	Since Last Session' on their account. There are also some operating systems
	that disconnect after 'x' number of invalid login attempts and refuse to allow
	any more attempts for one hour, or ten minutes, or sometimes until the next
	day.

	The following list is taken from my own password database plus the database of
	passwords that was used in the Internet UNIX Worm that was running around in
	November of 1988. For a shorter group, try first names, computer terms, and
	obvious things like 'secret', 'password', 'open', and the name of the account.
	Also try the name of the company that owns the computer system (if known), the
	company initials, and things relating to the products the company makes or
	deals with.
	Password List
	=============

	aaa daniel jester rascal
	academia danny johnny really
	ada dave joseph rebecca
	adrian deb joshua remote
	aerobics debbie judith rick
	airplane deborah juggle reagan
	albany december julia robot
	albatross desperate kathleen robotics
	albert develop kermit rolex
	alex diet kernel ronald
	alexander digital knight rosebud
	algebra discovery lambda rosemary
	alias disney larry roses
	alpha dog lazarus ruben
	alphabet drought lee rules
	ama duncan leroy ruth
	amy easy lewis sal
	analog eatme light saxon
	anchor edges lisa scheme
	andy erenity
	arrow elizabeth maggot sex
	arthur ellen magic shark
	asshole emerald malcolm sharon
	athena engine mark shit
	atmosphere engineer markus shiva
	bacchus enterprise marty shuttle
	badass enzyme marvin simon
	bailey euclid master simple
	banana evelyn maurice singer
	bandit extension merlin single
	banks fairway mets smile
	bass felicia michael smiles
	batman fender michelle smooch
	beauty fermat mike smother
	beaver finite minimum snatch
	beethoven flower minsky snoopy
	beloved foolproof mogul soap
	benz football moose socrates
	beowulf format mozart spit
	berkeley forsythe nancy spring
	berlin fourier napoleon subway
	beta fred network success
	beverly friend newton summer
	angerine
	bumbling george osiris tape
	cardinal gertrude outlaw target
	carmen gibson oxford taylor
	carolina ginger pacific telephone
	caroline gnu painless temptation
	castle golf pam tiger
	cat golfer paper toggle
	celtics gorgeous password tomato
	change graham pat toyota
	charles gryphon patricia trivial
	charming guest penguin unhappy
	charon guitar pete unicorn
	chester hacker peter unknown
	cigar harmony philip urchin
	classic harold phoenix utility
	coffee harvey pierre vicky
	coke heinlein pizza virginia
	collins hello plover warren
	comrade help polynomial water
	computer herbert praise weenie
	condo honey prelude whatnot
	condom horse prince whitney
	cookie imperial protect will
	cooper include pumpkin william
	create ingres puppet willie
	creation innocuous rabbit winston

	I hope this file has been of some help in getting started. If you're asking
	yourself the question 'Why hack?', then you've probably wasted a lot of time
	reading this, as you'll never understand. For those of you who have read this
	and found it useful, please send a tax-deductible donation
	of $5.00 (or more!) in the name of the Legion of Doom to:

	The American Cancer Society
	90 Park Avenue
	New York, NY 10016


	*******************************************************************************

	References:

	1) Introduction to ItaPAC by Blade Runner
	Telecom Security Bulletin 1

	2) The IBM VM/CMS Operating System by Lex Luthor
	The LOD/H Technical Journal 2

	3) Hacking the IRIS Operating System by The Leftist
	The LOD/H Technical Journal 3

	4) Hacking CDC's Cyber by Phrozen Ghost
	Phrack Inc. Newsletter 18

	5) USENET comp.risks digest (various authors, various issues)

	6) USENET unix.wizards forum (various authors)

	7) USENET info-vax forum (various authors)

	Recommended Reading:

	1) Hackers by Steven Levy
	2) Out of the Inner Circle by Bill Landreth
	3) Turing's Man by J. David Bolter
	4) Soul of a New Machine by Tracy Kidder
	5) Neuromancer, Count Zero, Mona Lisa Overdrive, and Burning Chrome, all by
	William Gibson
	6) Reality Hackers Magazine c/o High Frontiers, P.O. Box 40271, Berkeley,
	California, 94704, 415-995-2606
	7) Any of the Phrack Inc. Newsletters & LOD/H Technical Journals you can
	find.

	Acknowledgements:
	Thanks to my wife for putting up with me.
	Thanks to Lone Wolf for the RSTS & TOPS assistance.
	Thanks to Android Pope for proofreading, suggestions, and beer.
	Thanks to The Urvile/Necron 99 for proofreading & Cyber info.
	Thanks to Eric Bloodaxe for wading through all the trash.
	Thanks to the users of Phoenix Project for their contributions.
	Thanks to Altos Computer Systems, Munich, for the chat system.
	Thanks to the various security personel who were willing to talk to me about
	how they operate.

	Boards:

	I can be reached on the following systems with some regularity;

	The Phoenix Project: 512/441-3088 300-2400 baud
	Hacker's Den-80: 718/358-9209 300-1200 baud
	Smash Palace South: 512/478-6747 300-2400 baud
	Smash Palace North: 612/633-0509 300-2400 baud

	*********************************** EOF ***********************************